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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 2I36. I. I 986 NHZ. 3.4.1.4 Slep 4. Determine the likelihood for operation or maintenance personnel to be within the NHZ during normal operation. 3.4.15 Step 5. Determine if other (nonlas€r) hazards exist (see Section ?, Special Considerations), 3,4.2 Outdoor Laser Operaaions Over Extended Distances. The total hazard evaluation of a particular laser system depends on defining the extent of several potentially hazardous conditions. In this evaluation, consider all optics (lenses, mirrors, fiber optics etc.) which are a permanent part of lhe laser beam path. This may be done in a step-by-step manner, as given in 3.4.2.I through 3.4.2.5. 3.4.2.1 Step l Determine the NHZ of the laser, Calculations of radiant exposure or beam irradiance as a function of ftrnge can be made with the raDge equation for a circular beam (see Appendix B). These calculated ranges are only estimates beyond a few hundred meters. since uncertainties arise from atmospheric effects (for example, scintillation due to turbulence; see ?,6.3). 3.4.2.2 Step 2. Evaluate potential hazards from transmission through windows and specular reflections, Specular surfaces ordinarily encountered (for example, windows and mirrors in vehicles and windows in buildings) arc oriented vertically and will usually reflect a horizontal beam in a horizontal plane. As much as 89o of the beam's original inadiance or radiant exposure can be reflected toward the laser from a clear glass window which is oriented perpendicular to the beam. If the beam strikes a flat, specular surface at an angle, a much greater percentage of the beam can be reflected beyond or to the side of the target area. If the beam strikes a still pond or other similar surface at a grazing angle, effective reflectivity also may be high. Specular reflective surfaces, such as raindrops, wet leaves, and most other shiny natural objects, seldom reflect hazardous radiant intensities beyond a meter from thesc reflectors. 3.4.2.3 Step 3. Determine whether hazardous diffuse reflections exist (see Table 3 and 8.3.2.3, Examples 8 and 9). Determine the coresponding NHZ. 3.4.2.4 Step 4. Evaluate the stabiliry of rhe laser platfom to determine the extent of lateral range control and the lateral constraints that should be placed on the beam traverse. Determine the l0 corresponding NHZ during normal operatlon. 3.4.2.5 Step 5, Consider the likelihood of people being in the NHZ. 3.5 Personn€I. The personnel who may b€ in the vicinity of a laser and its emitted beam(s), including maintenance personnel, service personnel and the operator, can influence the total hazard evaluation and hence influence the decision to adopt additional control measures not specifically required for the class of laser being employed. This depends upon the classification of the laser or laser system. 35.1 If children or others unable to read or und€rstand waming labels may be exposed to potentially hazardous laser radiation, the evaluation of the hazard is affected and control measures may require appropriate modifi cation. 3.5.2 The type of personnel influences the total hazard evaluation. It must be kept in mind that for certain lasers or laser systems (for example, military laser rangefinders and some lasers used in the construction industry), the principal hazard conrol rests with the operator, whose responsibility is to avoid aiming the laser at personnel or flat mirrorlike surfaces. The following are considerations regarding operating personnel and those who may be exposed: ( | ) Maturity ofjudgment of the laser user(s) (2) General level of training and experience of laser user(s) (that is, whether high school students, military personnel, production line operators, scientists, etc.) (3) Awareness on the part of onlookers that potentially hazardous laser radiation may b€ present and the relevant safety precautions (4) Degree of training in laser safety of all individuals involved in the laser's operation (5) Reliability of individuals to follow standard operating procedures (SOP) and recommended control procedures (6) Number of individuals and their location relative to the pdmary beam or reflections, and potential for accidental exposure (71 Other hazards not due to laser radiation which may cause the individuals to rEact unexpectedly or which influence the choice of personnel protective equipment NOTE: Examples of typical lasers classified in accordance with this standard are given in Appendix A. Examples of
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ZI36.I - 1986 diagnostic, therapeutic, or medical research purposes, by or under the direction of qualified professionals engaged in the healing arts. However, those administering and assisting in the administering of the laser radiation as well as the patient where applicable, shall be protected by the control measures as outlined hercin, and, as applicable, to the requirements as specified in the American National Standard for Laser Safety in Health Care Faciliries, ANSI Zt 36.3. 4.1.4 El€ctrical, Beam Int€raction, and other Associated Hazards. The ancillary hazards associated with the use of laser or laser systems can be significant. For example, loss of life has occuned during elecrical servicing and testing of laser equipment incorporaiing high-voltage power supplies. In addition, toxic fumes, particulates and intense blackbody radiation (which can prcsent additional eye hazards) may be released during the interaction of laser energy with materials. The controls for associated hazards are included in this section. and Section ?. 4.2 Laser Safety Officer (LSO). The LSO shall have the responsibility and authority to monitor and enforce the control of laser hazards and effect fte knowledgeable evaluation and control of laser hazards. This shall include, but not be limited to, such actions as establishing an NHZ, approving standard operating procedures (SOP's), avoiding unnecessary or duplicate controls, seleclion ol allernate controls and training. (See Sections l, 3, 5 and Appendix D.) 4.3 Engineering Controls. The engineering control measules fol a )aser ol laser sysrems are as specified in4.3.1to4.3.15. Although corimercial laser products ihanufactured in compliance with the Federal Laser Product Pedormance Standard will be certified by the manufacturer and will incorporate some engineering controls, the use of the additional conhols outlined in this section shall be considered in order to reduce the potential lbr hazard associated with some applications of lasers and laser systems. The engineering controls (performance features) which are supplied by the mtmufacturer of cenified products and are used in this documenl are described in 4.3. l, 4.3.2, 4.3.-1, 4.3.4, 4.3.5. l, 4.3.7, 4.3.tt. 4.3.9, and 4.3.14. NOTE: Lasers and laser systems which have been altered by other than the user may necessitatc rccenilication, reclassilication and compliance reporl;ng under the t1 requirements of the Federal Laser hoducl Performance Standard. 4,3.1 Protective Housings: (All Classes). A protective housing shall be provided (except as noted in 4.3. l.l ) for all classes of lasers or laser systems. (See 4.4.8) The pmtective housing may require interlocks (4.3.2) and labels (4.7). 43,1.1 Laser Use without Protecaive Housing: (All Classes). In some circumsiances, such as research and development and during the manufacture of la.sers, operation of laser or laser systems without a protective housing may become necessary. In such cases the LSO shall determine the hazard and ensure that controls are instituted appropriate to the class of maximum accessible emission to assure safc operation. These controls may include, but not b€ limited to: (l) access restriction (see 4.3.10) (2) eye protection (see 4.6.?) (3) area controls (see 4.3.10 and 4.3.1 l) (4) barriers, shrouds, beam stops etc. (see 4.3.8) (5) administrative and pmcedural controls (see 4.4) (6) education and training (Section 5) 43,2 Interlocks on Removablc Protective Housings (Embedded Class 3a, Class 3b or Class 4). Protective housings which enclose embedded Class 3a, Class 3b or Class 4 lasers or laser systems shall be provided with an interlock system which is activated when the protective housing is intended to be opened during operation and maintenance. The interlock or interlock sysrem shall be designed to prevent access to laser radiation above the applicable MPE. The interlock may, for example, be electrically or mechanically interfaced to a shutter which interrupts the beam when the protective housing is removed (see 7.4.2 for electrical design criteria). Failsafe interlocks shall be provided for any ponion of the protective housing which, by design, can be removed or displaced during normal operaiion and maintenance and thereby allows access to laser radialion of an embedded Class 3b or Class 4 laser. One method to fulfill the fail-safe requirement is the use oI redundanl electrical series-connected interlocks. The protective housing interlock shall not be defeated or overridden during operation.
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APPENDIX B3.3 Central-Beam Irradian
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APPENDIX NOTE 3: For rectangular or
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o APPENDIX ' 0,1+(200)(5 x t0-3) l.
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o o APPENDIX Step 3. Determine the
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APPENDIX Table Bl Typical Diffuse R
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I t APPENI)IX l--rxe6e---.1 Fig. B{
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o APPENDIX 't6 UJ (L d F x 9 J (r l
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APPENDIX 7lr SYMBOL AND BORDER. BLA
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APPENDIX D3. Safety Committee D3.l
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APPENDIX 82 Table Dl Recomrnended T
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APPENDIX been linked to working wit
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APPENDIX F2. Cryogenic Liquids Cryo
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APPENDIX simple heat flow models aP
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o APPENDIX Goldman, L., Rockwell, R
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Table l0 Control Measures for the F
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