for the sqfe use of lqsers - LIGO

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using Class 4 lasers, 4.6.4 Other Personnel Protective Equipment. Respirators and hearing protection may be required whenever engineering contlols cannot provide protection from a harmful ancillary envimnment (see 7.1). 4.7 Warning Signs and Labels 4.7.1 Design of Signs. Sign dimensions, letter size and color. etc.. shall be in accordance with American Nationel Standard Specification for Accident Prevention Signs, ANSI Z35-l-1972 (or the latest revision thereof). Figures la and lb show sample signs for Class 2, Class 3a, Class 3b and Class 4 lasers or laser systems. 4.7.2 Symbols. The laser hazard symbol shall be a sunburst panem consisting of two sets of radial spokes of different lengths and one long spoke, radiating from a common center. The color, dimensions, and location of the symbol within lhe sign shall be as specified in the American National Standard Specification for Accident Prevention Signs, ANSI 235.1- 1972, (or the latest revision thereoO. NOTE: Classification labeling in accordance with the Federal Laser Product Performance Standard may be used to satisfy the labeling requirements in this section. 4.7,3 Signal Words 4.7.3.1 The signal word "Caution" shall be used with all signs and labels associated with Class 2 lasers and laser syslem.s and all Class 3a lasers and laser systems that do not exceed the appropriate MPE for irradiance (see Figure ta). The signal word "Danger" shall be used with all signs and labels associated with all other Class 3a, and all Class 3b and Class 4 lasen and laser systems (see Figurc lb). 4.7,3.2 A Class 2a laser or laser system shall have a label affixed which instructs: "Avoid Long- Term Viewing of Direct Laser Radiation". This label need not bear the waming symbol (see 4.7.2) or signal words but must be clearly visible during operation and bear the designation "Class 2a Laser". 4.7.3.3 The word "Radiation" on signs and labels may be replaced by the word "Light" for lasers operating in the visible mnge at wavelengths greater than 0.4 pm and equal to or less than 0.7 pm. For lasers operating outside of this visible range th€ word "invisible" shall be placed prior to the word "radiation". AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ZI 36. I.I986 4.7.4 Inclusion of Pertinent Information. Signs and labels shall conform to the following specifications. 4.7.4.1 The rypropriate signal word (Caution or Danger) shall be located in the upper panel. 4.7.4.2 Adequate spac€ shall be left on all signs and labels to allow the inclusion of pertinent informanon. Such information may be included during the printing of the sign or label or may be handwritten in a legible manner, and shall include the following: (l) At position I above the tail of the sunburst, special precautionary instructions or protective actions required by the reader such as: (a) For Class 2 and Class 3a lasers and laser systems wherc the accessible irradiance does not exceed the appropriate MPE based upon a 0.25 second exposure (see 3.2.3.3.3) "Laser Radiation - Do Not Stare into Beam or View with Optical Instruments" (b) For all other Class 3a las€rs and laser systems, "l-aser Radiation - Avoid Direct Eye Exposure" (c) For all Class 3b lasers and laser systems, "Laser Radiation - Avoid Direct Exposure to Beam" (d) For Class 4 lasers and laser systems, "Laser Radiation - Avoid Eye or Skin Exposure to Direct or Scattered Radiation" (2) At position I above the tail of the sunburst, special precautionary instructions or protecliv€ action such as: Invisible Laser Radiation; Knock Before Entering; Do Not Enler When Light is On; Restricted Arcai etc, (3) At posilion 2 below the tail of the sunbuIst, type of laser (Ruby, Helium-Neon, etc.), or the emitted wavelength, pulse duration (if appropriate), and maxtmum output (4) At position 3, the class of the laser or laser sysrem 4.7,4.3 Temporary Laser Controlled Area Signs: lClass 3b or Class 4). A notice sign (see Figure lc) shall be posted outside a temporary laser controlled area (see4.3.12) for example, during periods of service. When a temporary laser controlled area is created, the area outside the temporary area remains Class l, while the area within is either Class 3b or class 4 and the appropriate danger ?l
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 2136,1- I986 waming is required. (See Figure lb.) 4.7.4.4 Display Signs and Labels, All signs and labels shall be conspicuously displayed in locations where they best will serve to wam onlookers. 4.7.4.5 Existing Signs and Labels. Signs and labels prepared in accordance with previous revisions of this standard are considered to fulfill the recuirement of the standard. 4.E Service and Repair of Laser Systerns. Following any service or repair which may affect the output power or operating characteristics of a laser or laser system so as to make it potentially more hazardous, the LSO shall ascenain whether any changes are required in control measures. 4.9 Modiffcation of Laser Systems. Whenever deliberate modifications are made which could change a laser or laser system's class and affect its output power or operating characteristics so as to make it potentially more hazardous, the LSO shall ascenain whether any changes and control mgasures are required. 5. Laser Safety and Training Programs 5.1 Organization. The management (employer) shall establish and maintain an adequate program for the control of laser hazards. Safety and training progmms shall be required for Class 3a, Class 3b or Class 4 lasers and laser systems. Safety and training programs should be required for Class 2 lasers and laser systems. Safety and training programs are not required for Class I or Class 2a lasers and la,ser systems, The program shall include provisions for the following: (1) Delegarion of authority and responsibility to the LSO for the monitoring and enforcement of hazard evaluation and control of laser hazards. Depending on the extent and number of laser operations, the position of LSO may or may not be a full-time assignment. Where the number and diversity of laser operations warrants, an nssociated Safety Committee may be formed and utilized. When there is normally no requirement for an LSO, such as the operation of Class I or Class 2 lasers and laser systems which contain lasers with a higher classification, the designation of LSO for temporary periods of access for servicing, training, etc, may be the responsibility of the organization requiring access, such as a service 22 organization. However, there shall be a designated LSO for all circumstances of operations of a laser or laser system above Class 2. Specific minimum duties of the LSO are detailed in l3.2 (2) Education of authorized penonnel (LSOs, operators, sewice personnel and others) in the assessment and control of laser hazards. This may be accomplished thmugh training programs (3) Application of adequate protective measures for the control of laser hazards as required in Section 4 (4) Incident investigation, including reporting of alleged accidents, and preparation of action plans for the futur€ prevention of accidents following a known or susp€cted incident. (See reference [7] in D7 for Federal reporting requirements.) (5) Provide an appropriate rnedical surveillance pmgram in accordance with Section 6 A guide for the organization of a laser safety proglam is outlined in Appendix D. 5.2 Education. The management shall provide training to the LSO on the potential hazards (including bioeffects), control m€asures, applicable standards, medical surveillance (if applicable) and other pertinent information pertaining to laser safety or provide to the LSO adequate consultive services. The training shall be commensurate to at least the highest class of laser under the jurisdiction of the LSO. Safety raining program(s) shall be provided to the users of Class 3a, Class 3b or Class 4 lasers and laser systemsr and should be provided to the users of Class 2 lasers and laser systems. Users shall include operators, technicians, engineers, maintenance and service personnel, etc., working with lasers. The training shall ensure that the users are knowledgeable of the potential hazards and the control mealurcs for laser equipment they may have occasion to use. Where applicable, training shall include elecrical safety and cardiopulmonary rcsuscitation (CPR). (See 7.4.7.) A guide for the organization of a training program is outlined in D6. 5.3 lmplementation. The management shall provide adequate supewision, personnel training, facilities, equipmeDt fid supplies to control potential hazands of laser and laser systems.
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APPENDIX Table Bl Typical Diffuse R
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I t APPENI)IX l--rxe6e---.1 Fig. B{
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o APPENDIX 't6 UJ (L d F x 9 J (r l
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APPENDIX 7lr SYMBOL AND BORDER. BLA
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APPENDIX D3. Safety Committee D3.l
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APPENDIX 82 Table Dl Recomrnended T
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APPENDIX been linked to working wit
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APPENDIX F2. Cryogenic Liquids Cryo
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APPENDIX simple heat flow models aP
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o APPENDIX Goldman, L., Rockwell, R
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Table l0 Control Measures for the F
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