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o AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ZI36.I-I986 the intrabeam MPE values as given in 8.2 may be applicable). (See Figs. Bl, 82, and 83 in Appendix B for illustrated viewing conditions-) For the purposes of this standard, except for shortdistance viewing of small diameter focused Class 3 lasers (see 3.4.1.3), only Class 4 lasers are capable of producing hazardous diffuse reflections; hence calculations for viewing diffuse reflections from Class l, 2, and 3 systems are normally unnecessary. The laser hazard classification system is based entirely on the laser radiation emission. Other ancillary hazards must be dealt with separately and are addressed in Section 7 (Special Considerations). Other special application standards within the 2136 series may have provisions which are exceptions to the requirements of this standard. Each exception is valid only for applications within the scope of the standard in which it appears. 1.3 Laser Safety Officer (LSO) 1.3.1 General, An individual shall be designated the Laser Safety Officer (LSO) with the authority and responsibility to monitor and enforce the control of laser hazards, and to effect the knowledgeable evalua- (ion and control of laser hazards. Depending on the extent and numb€r of laser installations, the position of LSO may or may not be a full time assignment. In some instances, designation of an LSO may not be required. Such instances could include operation and maintenance which are limited to Class I and Class 2 lasers. However, under some circumstances it may be necessary to designate an LSO for example, if service is performed on a laser product having an embedded Class 3a, Class 3b, or Class 4laser. In such iostances, the designation ofan LSO may be the responsibility of the organization requiring access to the embedded laser or laser system, such as the service company or organization. There shall be a designated LSO for all circumstances of operation, maintenance, and service of a Class 3a, Class 3b or Class 4 laser or laser system. 1.3,2 LSO Specific Responsibililies 13.2.1 Classification. The LSO shall classily, or verify classifications, of lasers and laser systems used under the LSO's jurisdiction. 1.3,2.2 Hnard Evaluation. The LSO shall be responsible for hazard evaluation of laser work areas, including the establishment of Nominal Hazard Zones (NHZ). (See 3.4.) 2 1.3.2.3 Control Measures. The LSO shall be responsible for assuring that the prescribed control measures are in effect, recommending or approving substitute or altemate control measures when the primary ones are not feasible or practical, and periodically auditing the functionability of those controls measures in use. 13.2.4 Procedure Approvals, The LSO shall approve standard operating procedures, alignment procedures, and other procedures that may be part of the requirements for administrative and procedural control measures. 1,3.2.5 Protective Equipment. The LSO shall recommend or approve protective equipment i.e., eyewear, clothing, barriers, scrcens, etc., as may be required to assure personnel safety. The LSO shall assure that protective equipment is audited periodically to ensure proper working order. 1,3.2.6 Signs and Labels. The LSO shall approve the wording on area signs and equipment labels. 1.3.2.7 Facility and Equipment. The LSO shall approve laser installation facilities aod laser equipment prior to use. This also applies to modification of existing facilities or equipment. 1.3.2.8 Training, The LSO shall assur€ that adequae safety education and training is provided to laser area penionnel. 1.3.2.9 Medical Surveillance. The LSO shall determine the personnel categories for medical surveillance. (See 6.2) 1.3,2.10 Additional. Additional recommended duties of the LSO are included in Appendix D. 2. Definitions The definitions of the lerms listed below are based on r pragmatic rathor than u basic approach. The tcrms delined are therefore limited to those actually used in this standard and its appendixes and are in no way intended to constitute a dictionary of terms used in the laser lield as a whole. absorption. Transformation of radiant energy to a differenr form ofenergy by interaction with matter. accessible emission limit (AEL). The maximum accessible emission level p€rmined wiftin a particular class.
accessible radiation. Radiation to which it is possible fbr the humiln eye or skin to be cxposed in nonuill usage. (Inmi^. See limiting dngular subtense. apertDre. An opening through which radiation can pass. apparent visual angle. The angular subtense of the source as calculated from source size and distance from the eye. It is not the beam divergence of the source. (See 8.1 for criteria.) attenuation. The decrease in the radiant flux as it passes through an absorbing or scattering medium. average power. The total energy imparted during exposurc divided by the exposure duration. aversion response. Movement of the eyelid or the head to avoid an exposure to a noxious stimulant or bright light. It can occur within 0.25 s, including the blink reflex time. beam. A collection of rays which may be parallel, divergent, or convergent, beam diameter. The distance between diametrically opposed points in that cross-seciion of a beam where the power per unit area is l/e (0.368) tim€s that of the peak power per unit area. blink reflex. See aversion response, calorim€ter. A device for.measuring the total amount of energy absorbed from a source of electromagnetic radiation. carcinogen. An agent potentially capable of causing cancer. coherent. A light beam is said to be coherent when the electric vector at any point in it is related to that at any other poiDt by a definite, continuous function. collimated beam. Effectively, a "parallel" beam of Iight with very low divergence or convergence. (See 8.1 for criteria.) conjunctival discharge (of the eye). Increased secretion of mlrcus from the surface of the eyeball. continuous wave (cw). The output of a laser which is operated in a continuous rather than a pulsed mode. In this standard, a laser operating with a continuous output for a period >0.25 s is regarded as a cw laser. controlled area, An area where the occupancy and activity of those within is subject to contml and supelvision for the purpose of protection from radiation hazards. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ZI 36. I -I 986 cornea. The transparent outer co&t of the human eye which covers the iri$ and ahe cryst{lline lens. The comea is the main refracting element of the eye. cryogenics. The branch of physics dealing with very low temperatures. depigmentation. The rcmoval of the pigment of melanin granules fmm human tissues. dermatology. A branch of medical science that deals with the skin, iis structure, functions, and diseases, diffraction. Deviation of part of a beam, determined by lhe wave nature of radiation and occuring when the radiation passes the edge ofan opaque ob$iacle. diffuse reflection. Change of the spatial distribution of a beam of radiation when it is reflecied in many directions by a surface or by a medium. divergence. The increase in the diameter of the laser beam with distance from the exit aperture. The value gives the full angle at the point where the laser energy or irradiance is l/e (36.8%) of the maximum value. For the purposes of lhis standard, divergence is taken as the full angle, expressed in radians, of the beam diameter measured between those points which include laser energy or irradiance equal to l/e of the maximum value (the angular extend of a beam which contains all the radius vectors of the polar curve of radiant intensity that have length rated at 36.8Eo of the maximum). Sometimes this is also refened to as beam spread, edema. The swelling of tissues in the human body due to the presence of abnormal amounts of fluid in the extracellular spaces. electromagnetic radiation. The flow of energy consisting of orthogonally vibrating electric and magnetic fields lying transverse to the dir€ction of propagation. X-ray, ulraviolet, visible, infrared, and radio waves occupy various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and differ only in frequency and wavelength. embedded laser. A laser with an assigned class number higher than the inherent capability of the laser system in which it is incorporated, where the systems lower classiflcation is appropriate due to the engineering fearures limiting accessible emission. energy. The capacity for doing work. Energy content is commonly used to characterize lhe output from pulsed lasers, and is generally expressed in joules (J). epidemiologJr. A brarch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution and control of
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o Appendixes Appendix A This Append
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APPENDIX Laser Type Helium-Cadmium
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o o APPENDIX source d-in = Minimum
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APPENDIX which has an output of thr
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APPENDIX B3.3 Central-Beam Irradian
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APPENDIX NOTE 3: For rectangular or
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o APPENDIX ' 0,1+(200)(5 x t0-3) l.
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o o APPENDIX Step 3. Determine the
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APPENDIX Table Bl Typical Diffuse R
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I t APPENI)IX l--rxe6e---.1 Fig. B{
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o APPENDIX 't6 UJ (L d F x 9 J (r l
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APPENDIX 7lr SYMBOL AND BORDER. BLA
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APPENDIX D3. Safety Committee D3.l
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APPENDIX 82 Table Dl Recomrnended T
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APPENDIX been linked to working wit
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APPENDIX F2. Cryogenic Liquids Cryo
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APPENDIX simple heat flow models aP
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o APPENDIX Goldman, L., Rockwell, R
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Table l0 Control Measures for the F
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