International Journal of Noni Research - Noni Family

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D.R.Singh et al. Peptide and Mineral profile of Morinda citrifolia fruits and leaves Morinda citrifolia, commonly known as noni, is a shrub or small tree belongs to a family Rubiaceae, is a native to Southeast Asia and Australia but has been extensively spread by man throughout India and into the Pacific islands. In Andaman & Nicoabri islands, it is commonly known as Lovany, Burmaphal, Pongee phal and Surangi by the tribals ( Singh et. el., 2005). Over the last decade, a growing number of people have become interested in the medicinal uses of noni juice, made from the fruit of the Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) of the South Pacific Islands of Tahiti, and more recently from Hawaii. Morinda citrifolia has been used in folk remedies by Polynesians for over 2000 years, and is reported to have a broad range of therapeutic effects, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, antihelminthic, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and immune enhancing effects (Singh et.al., 1984, Whistler, 1985). It has attained significant economic importance worldwide in recent years through a variety of health and cosmetic products made from leaves and fruits. These include fruit juice as well as powders made from the fruit or leaves. However, scientific evidence or the research findings are limited.The history of published medical research on noni phytochemicals numbers only around a total of 120 reports which began appearing in the 1950s. Just since 2000, about 105 publications on noni have been published in medical literature, defining a relatively young research field. Nearly all noni research is at a preliminary stage, still in the laboratory as in vitro or basic animal experiments. Despite the large market for juice products and research developments, the nutrient and phytochemical profiles of noni have not been extensively studied. Morinda citrifolia has been documented to contain a mixture of anthraquinones, organic acids, xeronine, several vitamins (such as beta-carotene, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine), some minerals, iron and calcium (Duke, 1992, Levand & Larson , 1979, Moorthy & Reddy, 1970).The potassium content is similar to that in tomato juice and orange juice. Some of the beneficial constituents of Noni include various terpene compounds, caproic and caprylic acids, vitamin C and alkaloids. However, Noni is most famous for the presence of an alkaloid proxeronine, which is believed to be a precursor to xeronine (Heinicke, 1985). In order to obtain better understanding of the medicinal characteristics of the noni fruits and leaves, the biochemical profile and the mineral compositions of the fruits and leaves of the M.citrifolia is very important. The present study was conducted to study the biochemical profile and the mineral profile of the fruit and leaf of M. citrifolia plants present in different locality of these islands. The extent and pattern of mineral deficiencies/imbalances in plants vary in different agro-climatic condition as available mineral content in the green Intl. J. Noni Res. 2007, 2(1-2) 76
77 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2007, 2(1-2) D.R.Singh et al. Peptide and Mineral profile of Morinda citrifolia fruits and leaves vegetation depend on physical and chemical property of soil, soil erosion, cropping pattern, fertilizer/chemical application, species and genetic difference of plant, stage of maturity, presence of other mineral, etc. (McDowell et al., 1993). Studies on soil-plant relationship in respect of minerals are important and to understand the mineral uptake and the contents of the fruits and leaves the soil from the respective areas were also collected for micro and macro mineral analysis. Materials & Methods An extensive survey was made in South Andaman and as per the location of the tree various accessions were given and soil samples were collected by using maun cover (7 cm & 60 cm length) auger. The soil samples were air dried, powdered with wooden mallet and sieved through a 2 mm sieve. The sieved samples ( < 2 mm) were analyzed for potassium ( K), sodium ( Na), calcium ( Ca), magnesium ( Mg), iron ( Fe), copper ( Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc ( Zn) content as suggested by Page et al., ( 1982). The fruit qualitative parameters were determined by the method as described by Ranganna (1986). The TSS of the samples was estimated by hand refractometer. The fruit size and general appearance were estimated by metroglyph method and mature fruits of different accessions were washed and pulp was taken out with the help of knife and dried in an air circulatory tray drier at 60 0 C for 48 h. Dried pieces were cooled and powdered in a heavy duty grinder. For analysis, the powder was sieved using a 60 mesh sieve and packed in 200 gauge high density polythene bags (Chavan et al., 1995). The quantitative estimation of minerals in fruits and leaves were carried out by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The dry ashing method was followed for estimation of micro and macro minerals immature dried leaves (Jones et al., 1969). Peptide profile by HPLC : Raw juice extracted from M. citrifolia fruits and leaves were prepared for estimation of the peptide profile. The peptide profile of the Morinda citrifoilia fruits and leaves water extract were studied by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The water extract of M.citrifolia fruits and leaves were prepared and filtered through 0.45 u membrane filter. The extract was run through HPLC column C-18 with mobile phase water and acetonitrinle in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in gradient condition. The flow rate of the column was adjusted at 1 ml/min. The standard peptide mixtures were run through the column. The eluent A of mobile phase was a 0.1% by weight aqueous solution of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and eluent B was acetonitrile containing 0.1% by weight TFA. A fifty minute linear gradient from 0 to 30% B was run at a flow rate of 1 ml/min.
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