International Journal of Noni Research - Noni Family

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P. Rethinam et al. Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) - the Miracle Fruit - a holistic review Morinda glaucescens Morinda reticulata Morinda rigida Morinda decipiens Morinda montana Morinda kanalensis Morinda myrtifolia Morinda glomerata Morinda grayi Morinda collina Morinda umbellata Morinda tenuifolia General description of the genus Morinda Plant : Woody vines, lianas, shrubs, medium-sized trees or tall canopy trees; raphides present; auxiliary thorns absent. Morinda citrifolia is a small evergreen shrub or tree, usually less than 10 feet height and occasionally rising to 20 feet (Nelson, 2002). Stipules : Interpetiolar, free at base or interpetiolar, connate at base or sheathing (not splitting on one side), oblong or ligulate, spatulate or bifid, sheathing at base, with two small (non-foliose) lobes each side, persistent. Leaves : Opposite or whorled, rarely ternate, 3 per node, long or shortpetiolate; blades ovate, broadly elliptic, oblong or oblanceolate, chartaceous or stiffly chartaceous; foliar pellucid glands absent; domatia sparse or dense tufts of hairs or absent. Inflorescence : Axillary or terminal, simple panicle or umbellate heads, not frondose, globose, not subtended by bracts. Flowers : Bisexual, protandrous. The flower heads grow to become mature fruit, 3 to 4 inches in diameter . The surface is divided into somewhat warty polygonal pitted cells (Camble and Ash, 1994). Calyx: Tubular, urceolate or hemispheric, extremely reduced, with small lobes or short tubular, caducous; lobes absent (calyx truncate or undulate) or 4 to 7, broadly triangular, minute. Calycophylls absent. Corolla : Tube, more or less funnel shaped, hypocrateriform or narrowly infundibuliform, actinomorphic, white to cream-white; tube externally glabrous, internally glabrous or pubescent; without a pubescent ring inside; orifice annular thickening absent; lobes 4 to 7, valvate in bud, lanceolate or oblong, margin entire, obtuse or acute at apex. Stamens : Alternate to the corolla lobes, included, partially exerted (only tips exerted) or exerted just beyond the corolla; anthers narrowly oblong or elongate, round at base, with acuminate extensions at apex, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, dorsifixed near the middle; filaments attached at the middle of the corolla tube, free at base, slender, long, shorter than corolla tube, equal, glabrous. Intl. J. Noni Res. 2007, 2(1-2) 8
9 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2007, 2(1-2) P. Rethinam et al. Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) - the Miracle Fruit - a holistic review Style : Exerted just beyond the corolla, terete throughout, not fleshy, capitate, glabrous; lobes absent or 2, ovate, oblong or linear, stigmatic surface located at style apex. Exert. Ovary : Inferior, 2- or 4- locular, narrowly obovoid; placenta reduced, ovules basally inserted, 1 per locule. Fruit : Densely clustered globose syncarp, fleshy. The Noni fruit is initially green in colour, turns yellow and the ripened fruit has unpleasant, insipid, foul or fetid odour (Francis, 2003). Seeds : Vertical, medium-sized, ovoid to obovoid or reniform; wings absent. Planting Material Production Noni is relatively easy to propagate from seeds, stem, or rooted cuttings and air layering . The preferred methods of propagation are by seeds and cuttings made from stem verticles (Nelson, 2001). Micro propagation using tissue culture is the other possibility of multiplication of planting material. Seeds : Seeds are extracted from the fruits and sowing can be done immediately after extraction. Hot and wet conditions are required for maximum germination. Under green house condition or raising seedling in the warmest part of land provide better environment for better seed germination (Singh et. al ., 2007). Seeds after drying in shade for 3 or 4 days can be stored in air-tight containers at room temperature. However, the storage studies are yet to be taken up (Singh et. al., 2007).The treatment with hot water at 40 oC for a period of 24 hours and a treatment with sulphuric acid at 50 % concentration for 5 minutes was able to overcome the seed dormancy (Ponnaiyan and Vezhavendan, 2005). The highest germination of seeds were obtained where the seeds were nicked and then treated Gibberllic acid (GA) at 1000ppm for a period of 24 hours (Ponnaiyan and Vezhavendan, 2005). Seeds treatment with hot water at 40 oC combined into sea weed, (Ascophyllum riodosum) Biozyme and the treatment with sulphuric acid 50% for 5 minute combined with Biozyme were able to break seek dormancy as well as better health and vigour to the germinated seedlings (Muthu and Mathan 2006). Seed germination studies of soaking seeds for 24 hours with Gibberlic Acid (GA) at 800 ppm increased the germination percentage to 91.06% as against mere water treatment (51.4 %). The inter action of seed soaking and treatment by GA 800 ppm increased high percentage of seedlings and number of leaves (Singh and Rai (2005) and Singh et. al., 2007). Pre treatment of seeds with Na HClO3 (5% available chlorine for 30 minutes) increased the germination up to 84%. However, the growth parameters were good in KNO3 (150 ppm)(Sudha and Singh, 2007).
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