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UNEP/POPS/POPRC.1/INF/8 2.4 Potential for long range environmental transport Lindane is a volatile compound that can undergo vaporization and condensation cycles and can be found in remote regions where it is not used, such as the Arctic. It was calculated that the annual loading of lindane to the Arctic is 13,000 kg per year (Willet, 1998). The transport and deposition processes have led to the accumulation of lindane in all environmental compartments in the Arctic. Lindane is measured consistently in Arctic air, sea water and fresh water bodies. Lindane and alpha-HCH made up about 75% of the organochlorine compounds measured in snowpack in the Canadian Arctic (Gregor et al, 1989) evidencing long rang transport mechanisms. Estimations of lindane and technical-HCH global usage have been presented based on atmospheric concentrations and modeling of estimated emissions throughout the world. (Yi et al, 1996). 2.5 Adverse effects The most common human exposure pathway to lindane is through food. An important correlation exists between fish and meat and dairy products and lindane concentrations in body fat and human milk. (De Voto et, 1998 Raum et al, 1998). Indigenous populations in the Arctic are considered at risk because high levels of organochlorine compounds, including lindane, are contained in their subsistence diet. Another important human exposure pathway is the use of pharmaceutical products containing lindane as treatments for head lice and scabies. This is of special concern for vulnerable populations like children. Lindane is moderately to highly toxic in acute rat studies, with a LD 50 ranging from 55 to 480 mg/kg orally (WHO, 1991). Lindane is the most acutely toxic HCH isomer and acute effects include central nervous system excitation, convulsions, respiratory failure, pulmonary edema and dermatitis (Extoxnet, 1996). Several studies indicate an association between chronic lindane exposure and aplastic anemia. Animals fed with gamma-HCH have had convulsions and presented liver and kidney effects, reduced ability to fight infection and injury to testes and ovaries. (ATSDR, 2003). There is sufficient evidence to classify lindane as carcinogenic in mice (IARC, 1998) although this is still not clear in humans. While the US Center for Disease control (CDC in Atlanta) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) consider lindane a proven liver carcinogen, the US EPA recently reclassified lindane in the category “Suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity, but not sufficient to assess human carcinogenic potential”. 3. STATEMENT OF THE REASONS FOR CONCERN AND NEED FOR GLOBAL ACTION. Lindane is persistent and is frequently found in environmental compartments. Due to its physicochemical properties it has the potential to be transported long distances. It is ecotoxic and has acute and chronic adverse effects in humans. Pharmaceutical uses, mainly in children, should be of particular concern. Adding to this data on the harmful effects of lindane to human health and the environment, is the fact that in the production and purification process to obtain 99% pure gamma-HCH, for every ton of lindane produced there are 6 – 10 metric tonnes of the other isomers that must be disposed of or otherwise managed. Lindane being the only isomer in the mixture that has insecticidal properties, there is very limited to none commercial value for the other isomers obtained. Because of this waste isomer problem, the production of HCH/lindane has been a worldwide problem for years. The International HCH and Pesticide Forum exists in order to bring together experts to solve the problems associated with the clean-up of former HCH/Lindane production sites. (www.hchforum.com/forumInfo.php). Other HCH isomers can be as toxic, persistent and contaminant as lindane, or even more so. The continued use of lindane in the world is causing this important polluting source. Global action is therefore needed to halt the pollution caused worldwide by lindane and its production. 7
UNEP/POPS/POPRC.1/INF/8 References: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, ATSDR Toxicological Profile Information Sheet 2001 AMAP. 1998. Persistent Organic Pollutants. B.G.E. de March, C.A. de Wit, and D.C.G. Muir. In AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP), 183-373. Oslo, Norway: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). DeVoto, E., L. Kohlmeier, and w. Heeschen. 1998. Some dietary predictors of plasma organochloride concentrations in an elderly German population. Arch. Environ. Health 53:147-55. Extoxnet. Oregon State University. Revised June 1996. USDA/Extension Service/National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. Gregor, D.J. and Gummer W.D. Evidence of atmospheric transport and deposition for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Canadian Arctic snow. 1989. Environ. Sci. technol. 23: 561-565. International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs Programme on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, http://monographs.iarc.fr Mössner, S., I. Barudio, and K. Ballschmiter. 1994. Determination of HCHs, PCBs, and DDTs in brain tissues of marine mammals of different age. Fres. J. Anal Chem. 349: 708-16. Raum, E, A. Seidler, M. Schlaud, A. Knoll, H. WeBling, K. Kurtz, F.W. Schwartz, and B.P. Robra. 1998. Contamination of human breast milk with organochlorine residues: a comparison between East and West Germany through sentinel practice network. J. Epdiem. Commun. Health 52 (suppl 1): 50S-5S. U.S Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Walker, K., and D.A. Vallero, and R.G. Lewis. 1999. Factors influencing the distribution of lindane and other hexachlorohexanes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33:4373-4378. Wania,F., and D. Mackay. 1999. Global Chemical fate of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. 2. Use of a global distribution model for mass balancing, source apportionment, and trend prediction. Enviorn. Toxicol. Chem. 18: 1400-1407. WHO. 1991. Environmental Health Criteria 124 Lindane: World Health Organization. Geneva. Willett, K., E.M. Ulrich, and R.A. Hites. 1998. Differential toxicity and environmental fates of hexachlorocyclohexane. Environ. Sci. Technol 32: 2197-207. Yi, F. L., McMillan, A. Scholtz M.T., Global HCH Usage with 1x1 longitude/latitude Resolution. Environ. Sci. and Technol. Vol 30, No 12, 1996. 8
Page 1 and 2: UNEP/POPS/POPRC.1/INF/8 Secretariat
Page 3 and 4: UNEP/POPS/POPRC.1/INF/8 2. INFORMAT
Page 5: UNEP/POPS/POPRC.1/INF/8 Lindane (γ
Page 9 and 10: Contenido Prólogo ................
Page 11 and 12: CUADROS Y FIGURAS Cuadro 1. Propied
Page 13 and 14: Prólogo El presente documento “E
Page 15 and 16: Aire (t ½ ) ≥ 2 d 2.3 - 13 d 4 a
Page 17 and 18: El paso y translocación del lindan
Page 19 and 20: Con base en toda la información pr
Page 21 and 22: del Convenio. Aunque son muchos los
Page 23 and 24: Es importante recalcar que por cada
Page 25 and 26: Cuadro 5. Usos agropecuarios del li
Page 27 and 28: S.A.; China, Zhejiang Chem. Import
Page 29 and 30: Gammex Gammex Gammex Germate Plus H
Page 31 and 32: 2.2.5.1. Cesión o revocación de r
Page 33 and 34: 17 2000 S00/2540 Agromundo IND-INAC
Page 35 and 36: toneladas (ver cuadro 13), las cual
Page 37 and 38: indica que sí ha habido importacio
Page 39 and 40: • Zacatecas Se presentan a contin
Page 41 and 42: Presentación 20, 50 y 500 pastilla
Page 43 and 44: Cuadro 21 (Continúa). Posibles Sus
Page 45 and 46: *No es un pediculicida ni un escabi
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Page 49 and 50: 2.5 Investigación sobre el indano
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Schwarzenbach, R.P., P.M. Gschawand
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ANEXO B (EN INGLÉS) ALTERNATIVAS P
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Site (last date end-use products le
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Site (last date end-use products le
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ANEXO C MINUTA DE LA REUNIÓN DE TR
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Alberto Rosales de COFEPRIS indicó
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mejorar el Catálogo Oficial de Pla
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Mario Yarto inició la reunión con
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salud, entonces concluyó que no de
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Mexico, DF, June 29, 2005 Secretariat for the Stockholm Convention ...

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