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La Istoria de Purim<strong>Musique</strong> <strong>et</strong> poésie <strong>des</strong> <strong>Juifs</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>Italie</strong>à <strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissance<strong>Music</strong> <strong>and</strong> po<strong>et</strong>ry of the Jewsof R<strong>en</strong>aissance ItalyEnsemble Lucidarium1


La Istoria de Purim<strong>Musique</strong> <strong>et</strong> poésie <strong>des</strong> <strong>Juifs</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>Italie</strong>à <strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissanceLes interprètesEnsemble LucidariumGloria Mor<strong>et</strong>ti : chant (GM)Viva Biancaluna Biffi : chant (VBB), vio<strong>la</strong> d’arco (VBB1), chant <strong>et</strong> vio<strong>la</strong> d’arco (VBB2)Enrico Fink : chant, récitation (EF)Avery Gosfield : flûte à bec (AG), flûte <strong>et</strong> tambour (AG1)Marco Ferrari : flûte à bec (MBF), flûte double (MBF1), flûte à bourdon (MBF2), douçaine (MBF 3), chalemie (MBF4)Francis Biggi : vio<strong>la</strong> da mano (FB), vio<strong>la</strong> da p<strong>en</strong>na (FB1), c<strong>et</strong>ra (FB2), co<strong>la</strong>scione (FB3)Massimiliano Dragoni : dulcimelo (MX), tamburello (MX1), tambour carré (MX2), tamburo a batt<strong>en</strong>ti (MX3)Elisab<strong>et</strong>ta B<strong>en</strong>f<strong>en</strong>ati : guitare r<strong>en</strong>aissance (BB1), chitarra batt<strong>en</strong>te (BB2)Federico Marinco<strong>la</strong> : luth basse (FM), chitarra batt<strong>en</strong>te (FM1)2


Le programme1 Prière pour <strong>en</strong>lever le Séfer Thorà de <strong>la</strong> Arche (En Kamokha / Shema Israel) 3'21EF2 Les Caterines / La Cara Cossa (La Folia) 6'43VBB2, GM, MX1+2, FB, BB1+2, FM, AG, MBF33 Dos lid fun der sreyfe in V<strong>en</strong>edig (Chanson sur l’Inc<strong>en</strong>die de V<strong>en</strong>ise) 5'33EF, FB2, MX, AG, MBF, VBB, GM4 Anello 5'27MX, MBF2, FB2, AG15 Toutes les créatures du ciel <strong>et</strong> de <strong>la</strong> terre (Kol Berue) 5'47EF, FB2, VBB1, MX2, MBF, AG6 Bofo-Bukh 8'27EF, VBB1Buovo d’AntonaGM, FB27 Moresca (sull’ Aria d’ottava) 3'08FB, FM1, BB1, MX, VBB1, AG1, MBF48 Tu dormi, io veglio e vo perd<strong>en</strong>do i passi 3'22VBB, BB1, FM9 Ish<strong>en</strong>a at ani geor v<strong>en</strong>odad 1'21GM, VB13


10 Tu dormi, io veglio a <strong>la</strong> tempesta e v<strong>en</strong>to 1'26GM, VBB, FB, FM, BB111 Pass’e mezo a <strong>la</strong> bolognesa 4'35MX3, FB, FM, BB1Saltarello a <strong>la</strong> bolognesaAG, MBF1, MX1, FB, FM, BB212 Chants pour <strong>la</strong> f<strong>et</strong>e de Pourim 14'42La Canson<strong>et</strong>ta da PurimEF, MX3, GM, AG1, MBF4, MX1, FB, VB1La Istoria de Purim io ve raccontoVBB2Meguil<strong>la</strong> d’EstherEF13 Ma Nishtana / Avadim Hainou 1'36EF14 Fuggi, fuggi, fuggi (Il Ballo di Mantova) 3'31GM, VB, FB, FM, BB, AG, MBF3, MX215 Khad Gadya / Un Capr<strong>et</strong>t 3'01EF16 Khad Gadya, Khad Gadya 3'07GM, VBB, FB, MX2, AG, MF3, EF> minutage total : 75'304


Qu’y a-t-il de commun <strong>en</strong>tre un <strong>en</strong>semblede musique anci<strong>en</strong>ne <strong>et</strong> le répertoiresynagogal itali<strong>en</strong> ?L’histoire de <strong>la</strong> musique <strong>des</strong> <strong>Juifs</strong> d’<strong>Italie</strong> est riche <strong>et</strong>complexe ; si riche <strong>et</strong> si complexe que <strong>la</strong> recherche dufil qui arrive jusqu’à <strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissance <strong>et</strong> bi<strong>en</strong> avant estsans aucun doute une <strong>en</strong>treprise désespérée.What can an early music group dowith the Italian synagogue repertoire?The history of the music of Italian Jews is a rich <strong>and</strong>complex one: so rich <strong>and</strong> so complex that trying totrace its origins back to the R<strong>en</strong>aissance <strong>and</strong> earliermight still be a pointless effort.Toutes les communautés <strong>en</strong> <strong>Italie</strong>, gran<strong>des</strong> oup<strong>et</strong>ites, ont gardé, au moins jusqu’au début du XX esiècle, leur propre tradition musicale. Ces mélodies,<strong>la</strong> plupart de tradition orale, port<strong>en</strong>t les traces demé<strong>la</strong>nges continus, avant tout dans les trois traditionsle plus rép<strong>and</strong>ues <strong>en</strong> <strong>Italie</strong> : le rite séfarade, le riteashkénaze <strong>et</strong> le rite itali<strong>en</strong>. De plus, le XVIII e sièclea mis <strong>en</strong> évid<strong>en</strong>ce une gr<strong>and</strong>e discontinuité dansl’histoire <strong>des</strong> <strong>Juifs</strong> d’<strong>Italie</strong> : <strong>la</strong> suppression <strong>des</strong> gh<strong>et</strong>tos,<strong>la</strong> participation au mouvem<strong>en</strong>t d’indép<strong>en</strong>danc<strong>en</strong>ationale qu’on appelle le Risorgim<strong>en</strong>to, <strong>en</strong> somme lephénomène appelé «émancipation» suscita p<strong>en</strong>dant<strong>des</strong> déc<strong>en</strong>nies une certaine euphorie. L’on bâtissaitde très gran<strong>des</strong> synagogues <strong>et</strong> l’on se consacraitavec ardeur à «moderniser» <strong>la</strong> tradition musicale,dem<strong>and</strong>ant à <strong>des</strong> compositeurs plus ou moins célèbresd’écrire <strong>des</strong> nouvelles mélodies avec <strong>des</strong> arrangem<strong>en</strong>tspour 'Chazzan' orgue <strong>et</strong> choeur, cherchant souv<strong>en</strong>tl’inspiration dans le monde de l’opéra lyrique qui étaittrès à <strong>la</strong> mode <strong>et</strong> qui faisait très «itali<strong>en</strong>».Que reste-t-il à chercher, pour un <strong>en</strong>semble de musiqueanci<strong>en</strong>ne dans le répertoire synagogal itali<strong>en</strong>? Nonpas <strong>des</strong> traces explicites, <strong>des</strong> musiques c<strong>la</strong>irem<strong>en</strong>treconductibles aux siècles passés, <strong>des</strong> morceaux anci<strong>en</strong>sfacilem<strong>en</strong>t id<strong>en</strong>tifiables. L’histoire de <strong>la</strong> musique sacrée<strong>des</strong> <strong>Juifs</strong> d’<strong>Italie</strong> est avant tout une histoire de mé<strong>la</strong>nges,d’interaction avec <strong>la</strong> musique itali<strong>en</strong>ne à travers lesépoques. Même les compositeurs du XIX e siècle, chargés5Every Jewish community in Italy, be it <strong>la</strong>rge or small,maintained its own musical tradition up at least upto the early 1900s. The melodies, g<strong>en</strong>erally orallytransmitted, show traces of constant cultural exchange.Italian Jews boast their own peculiar tradition, datingback from the communities pres<strong>en</strong>t in Rome well befor<strong>et</strong>he Diaspora ev<strong>en</strong> began: before the <strong>des</strong>truction of thesecond Temple, but there are also many communitieswho follow the rito te<strong>des</strong>co – Ashk<strong>en</strong>azim – or the ritospagnolo – the Sephardim, who arrived from Spain<strong>and</strong> southern Italy after the expulsion of the Jewsin 1492. In many towns, scuo<strong>la</strong> (shul) italiana, scuo<strong>la</strong>te<strong>des</strong>ca <strong>and</strong> scuo<strong>la</strong> spagno<strong>la</strong> have stood side by sidefor c<strong>en</strong>turies. The nin<strong>et</strong>e<strong>en</strong>th c<strong>en</strong>tury marked a turningpoint in the history of the Italian Jews: the op<strong>en</strong>ingup of the gh<strong>et</strong>toes, participation in the Risorgim<strong>en</strong>to– the whole ph<strong>en</strong>om<strong>en</strong>on usually referred to as the‘emancipation’ that brought deca<strong>des</strong> of som<strong>et</strong>hinglike euphoria. This included the building of <strong>en</strong>ormoussynagogues, <strong>and</strong> – why not? – the ‘modernization’ ofthe musical tradition: new melodies for the liturgy werecommissioned from famous or near-famous composers,usually for chazzan, choir <strong>and</strong> organ, oft<strong>en</strong> borrowingfrom the opera repertoire that was very fashionable– <strong>and</strong> very ‘Italian’.What is left, th<strong>en</strong>, for an early music group to findin the Italian liturgical repertoire? Not many explicittraces, to be sure; nor melodies easily id<strong>en</strong>tifiable asc<strong>en</strong>turies old. However, the history of the music of


de rénover le répertoire, ne voulur<strong>en</strong>t pas oublier toutà fait <strong>la</strong> gr<strong>and</strong>e histoire de c<strong>et</strong>te musique composite. Ilest facile de s’<strong>en</strong> r<strong>en</strong>dre compte <strong>en</strong> écoutant <strong>des</strong> chantsqui, sous une appar<strong>en</strong>ce «moderne», gard<strong>en</strong>t <strong>des</strong> échostrès marqués <strong>des</strong> musiques du XVIII e ou du XVII e siècle<strong>et</strong> même plus anci<strong>en</strong>nes. En fait, si nous écoutons leschants de Shabbat <strong>et</strong> de toutes les fêtes juives quirésonn<strong>en</strong>t aujourd’hui dans les synagogues itali<strong>en</strong>nes,ou qui résonnai<strong>en</strong>t il y a quelques déc<strong>en</strong>nies, avant que<strong>la</strong> t<strong>en</strong>tative de suppression de l’hébraïsme <strong>en</strong> Europeréalisée par le nazisme <strong>et</strong> le fascisme m<strong>et</strong>te à dureépreuve aussi <strong>la</strong> survie <strong>des</strong> communautés itali<strong>en</strong>nes,surtout celles <strong>des</strong> c<strong>en</strong>tres mineurs. Si nous écoutonsces chants qui, par miracle, sont <strong>en</strong>core vifs <strong>et</strong> trèssouv<strong>en</strong>t exécutés <strong>et</strong> non pas comme pour beaucoupd’autres traditions anci<strong>en</strong>nes, l’apanage exclusif <strong>des</strong>chercheurs, c’est comme si nous écoutions un conc<strong>en</strong>tréde l’histoire de <strong>la</strong> musique <strong>des</strong> <strong>Juifs</strong> d’<strong>Italie</strong> <strong>et</strong> <strong>des</strong>Itali<strong>en</strong>s. La mémoire de <strong>la</strong> musique que, p<strong>en</strong>dant <strong>la</strong>R<strong>en</strong>aissance, les <strong>Juifs</strong> échangeai<strong>en</strong>t avec les Itali<strong>en</strong>s est<strong>en</strong>core très prés<strong>en</strong>te. C<strong>et</strong> échange, c<strong>et</strong> <strong>en</strong>chevêtrem<strong>en</strong>t,c’est ce que notre travail essaye de raconter.Enrico Fink(traduction Luc<strong>et</strong>te Barattini Biggi)the Jews in Italy is above all a history of interaction,<strong>and</strong> its primary interaction has always be<strong>en</strong> with thesurrounding world: decade after decade, c<strong>en</strong>tury afterc<strong>en</strong>tury with the contemporary tr<strong>en</strong>ds of Italian music– the belcanto style used in the nin<strong>et</strong>e<strong>en</strong>th c<strong>en</strong>turyis just one of many examples. The same nin<strong>et</strong>e<strong>en</strong>thc<strong>en</strong>turycomposers who were called upon to modernize<strong>and</strong> aggr<strong>and</strong>ize had no <strong>des</strong>ire to compl<strong>et</strong>ely forg<strong>et</strong>the <strong>en</strong>tire history of this composite music: there are somany instances of this, with ‘modern’ tunes carryingstrong echoes of melodies from the eighte<strong>en</strong>th c<strong>en</strong>tury,the sev<strong>en</strong>te<strong>en</strong>th c<strong>en</strong>tury, <strong>and</strong>, som<strong>et</strong>imes, earlier still.If we list<strong>en</strong> to the melodies that fill the synagogues ofItaly every Shabbes <strong>and</strong> Jewish Holiday – although, insome cases, filled would perhaps be a more accurat<strong>et</strong>erm, referring to the situation before the Nazi-Fascist attempt to erase Italian <strong>and</strong> European Jewrymade it very difficult for the communities themselves,especially in the smaller towns, to survive; if we list<strong>en</strong>to this repertoire that is miraculously still vibrant, <strong>and</strong>regu<strong>la</strong>rly sung, unlike so many other old traditionswhich have become limited to material for study byacademics <strong>and</strong> researchers; If we list<strong>en</strong> to the melodiesthat fill the synagogues of Italy every Shabbes <strong>and</strong>Jewish Holiday – although ‘filled’ would, in somecases, perhaps be a more accurate term, referring tothe situation before the nazi-fascist attempt to eraseItalian <strong>and</strong> European Jewry made it very difficult forthe communities themselves, especially in the smallertowns, to survive - if we list<strong>en</strong> to this repertoire that ismiraculously still vibrant, <strong>and</strong> regu<strong>la</strong>rly sung, unlike somany other old traditions, that have become limited tomaterial for study by academics <strong>and</strong> researchers; if welist<strong>en</strong> closely, it is like list<strong>en</strong>ing to a cond<strong>en</strong>sed historyof Italian Jews <strong>and</strong> of Italians in g<strong>en</strong>eral. The memoryof the music that the Jews in R<strong>en</strong>aissance Italy sharedwith their Italian neighbors is still there. This exchange,this interdep<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong>ce, is the ‘Istoria’ that this programtries to tell.Enrico Fink6


La Istoria de Purim<strong>Musique</strong> <strong>et</strong> poésie <strong>des</strong> <strong>Juifs</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>Italie</strong>à <strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissanceLa Istoria de Purim<strong>Music</strong> <strong>and</strong> Po<strong>et</strong>ry of the Jewsof R<strong>en</strong>aissance ItalyLa vie juive à <strong>la</strong> croisée <strong>des</strong> cheminsdans l’<strong>Italie</strong> de <strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissanceDe toutes les popu<strong>la</strong>tions qui ont contribué dans le cours<strong>des</strong> siècles à <strong>la</strong> formation de l’id<strong>en</strong>tité du peuple itali<strong>en</strong>,on ne m<strong>en</strong>tionne que rarem<strong>en</strong>t les <strong>Juifs</strong>. Pourtant, <strong>la</strong>communauté hébraïque qui s’établit dans <strong>la</strong> Péninsuledeux siècles avant l’Ère Vulgaire est de loin <strong>la</strong> plusanci<strong>en</strong>ne d’Europe. Deux millénaires de vie communeont produit, malgré <strong>des</strong> mom<strong>en</strong>ts sombres <strong>et</strong> parfoistragiques, un échange int<strong>en</strong>se d’idées <strong>et</strong> de culture.Les communautés juives, <strong>en</strong> dépit de <strong>la</strong> s<strong>en</strong>sation deprécarité qui al<strong>la</strong>it de pair avec l’attitude inconstante<strong>et</strong> changeante <strong>des</strong> pouvoirs locaux, participèr<strong>en</strong>taux gr<strong>and</strong>s mouvem<strong>en</strong>ts économiques, politiques <strong>et</strong>culturels <strong>des</strong>tinés à marquer l’histoire itali<strong>en</strong>ne. Lesérudits juifs, fils d’un peuple cosmopolite par vocation<strong>et</strong> nécessité, contribuèr<strong>en</strong>t beaucoup au développem<strong>en</strong>t<strong>des</strong> idées de l’Humanisme <strong>et</strong> de <strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissance. Au XV e<strong>et</strong> XVI e siècles, avant <strong>la</strong> dégradation de leur situationau siècle suivant, ils fur<strong>en</strong>t nombreux au service <strong>des</strong>cours princières, toujours <strong>en</strong> équilibre <strong>en</strong>tre exclusion <strong>et</strong>reconnaissance.Dans <strong>la</strong> vie quotidi<strong>en</strong>ne, les communautés juivesdéf<strong>en</strong>dir<strong>en</strong>t leurs propres traditions culturelles <strong>et</strong>religieuses, toujours soucieuses de sauvegarder leurid<strong>en</strong>tité, mais elles ne s’isolèr<strong>en</strong>t pas du monde quiles <strong>en</strong>tourait. Leurs membres absorbèr<strong>en</strong>t <strong>des</strong>façons de vivre <strong>et</strong> <strong>des</strong> usages. Ils étai<strong>en</strong>t <strong>Juifs</strong>, maisaussi Piémontais, Véniti<strong>en</strong>s, Toscans… Aujourd’hui<strong>en</strong>core leurs traditions musicales témoign<strong>en</strong>t de c<strong>et</strong>teappart<strong>en</strong>ance.Malgré l’unicité de ces caractéristiques, l’att<strong>en</strong>tion<strong>des</strong> savants <strong>et</strong> du public s’est conc<strong>en</strong>trée plutôt surles traditions culturelles <strong>et</strong> musicales <strong>des</strong> groupes7Jewish Life at the Crossroadsin R<strong>en</strong>aissance ItalyOf all the popu<strong>la</strong>tions that have contributed over thec<strong>en</strong>turies to the birth of the id<strong>en</strong>tity of the Italianpeople, the Jews are only rarely cited. Y<strong>et</strong> the ItalianJewish community is the ol<strong>des</strong>t one in Europe, itsestablishm<strong>en</strong>t on the p<strong>en</strong>insu<strong>la</strong> going back to twoc<strong>en</strong>turies before the Common Era. Two thous<strong>and</strong> yearsof cohabitation that have produced, <strong>des</strong>pite dark <strong>and</strong>oft<strong>en</strong> tragic mom<strong>en</strong>ts, a continuous exchange of ideas<strong>and</strong> of culture. The various Jewish communities, <strong>des</strong>pitea g<strong>en</strong>eralized s<strong>en</strong>sation of precariousness, <strong>and</strong> theunstable attitude that many local powers demonstratedtowards them, participated actively in the majoreconomic political <strong>and</strong> cultural movem<strong>en</strong>ts that havemarked Italian history. A cosmopolitan people, by bothvocation <strong>and</strong> necessity, the Jews produced scho<strong>la</strong>rs whocontributed strongly to the developm<strong>en</strong>t of the basict<strong>en</strong><strong>et</strong>s of Humanism <strong>and</strong> the R<strong>en</strong>aissance. Numerous<strong>and</strong> active in the princely courts of the fifte<strong>en</strong>th <strong>and</strong>sixte<strong>en</strong>th c<strong>en</strong>turies (before the degradem<strong>en</strong>t of theirsituation in the following c<strong>en</strong>turies), they oscil<strong>la</strong>tedb<strong>et</strong>we<strong>en</strong> exclusion <strong>and</strong> recognition. In daily life, theJewish communities ard<strong>en</strong>tly def<strong>en</strong>ded their religious<strong>and</strong> cultural traditions, never, however, iso<strong>la</strong>tingthemselves from the world around them, assimi<strong>la</strong>ting<strong>and</strong> transmitting customs <strong>and</strong> music. They were Jews,but also Piedmontese, V<strong>en</strong><strong>et</strong>ians <strong>and</strong> Tuscans . . . Ev<strong>en</strong>today, their musical traditions bear full witness to thisbelonging.Despite its unique attributes, this musical culture hasremained in the shadow of that of the numericallyfar more important <strong>and</strong> geographically far more


plus nombreux <strong>et</strong> plus diffusés du point de vuegéographique, tels les Ashkénazes ou les Séfara<strong>des</strong>.Cecil Roth a écrit, dans The History of the Jews in Italy,que “l’importance de l’hébraïsme itali<strong>en</strong>, à travers sesdeux millénaires d’histoire, est fondée plutôt sur <strong>la</strong>qualité que sur <strong>la</strong> quantité”.C<strong>et</strong> <strong>en</strong>registrem<strong>en</strong>t est consacré à l’héritage poétique<strong>et</strong> musical <strong>des</strong> communautés juives itali<strong>en</strong>nes, à uneculture aux horizons ouverts <strong>et</strong> à son répertoire vivant<strong>et</strong> multiforme. Ces chants <strong>et</strong> ces musiques sont lerésultat d’un croisem<strong>en</strong>t fertile, fils de <strong>la</strong> confrontation<strong>et</strong> de l’échange <strong>en</strong>tre cultures. Ce sont les témoinsd’un <strong>des</strong> rares mom<strong>en</strong>ts de cohabitation pacifique <strong>et</strong>de respect réciproque <strong>en</strong>tre les <strong>Juifs</strong> <strong>et</strong> leurs voisins.À Mantoue, une troupe théâtrale juive divertissait <strong>la</strong>cour <strong>des</strong> Gonzague <strong>et</strong> partout <strong>en</strong> <strong>Italie</strong>, les chréti<strong>en</strong>sr<strong>en</strong>dai<strong>en</strong>t visite aux quartiers juifs pour participer, aumoins <strong>en</strong> tant qu’observateurs curieux, aux festivitésde Pourim. Parmi les savants itali<strong>en</strong>s les plus éc<strong>la</strong>irés, ilexistait un réel intérêt pour <strong>la</strong> culture <strong>et</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong>ngue juive,alors que les intellectuels juifs, ainsi que les musici<strong>en</strong>s <strong>et</strong>les compositeurs, les acteurs <strong>et</strong> les m<strong>et</strong>teurs <strong>en</strong> scène,les fabricants de costumes de théâtre <strong>et</strong> les maîtres dedanse, les poètes <strong>et</strong> les dramaturges, les medicins, lesphilologues <strong>et</strong> les savants abondai<strong>en</strong>t dans <strong>la</strong> Péninsule.L’<strong>Italie</strong> du Nord fut une terre de r<strong>en</strong>contres <strong>et</strong> decroisem<strong>en</strong>ts pour les <strong>Juifs</strong> prov<strong>en</strong>ant de plusieurs lieuxdiffér<strong>en</strong>ts. Il y avait les Ashkénazes qui v<strong>en</strong>ai<strong>en</strong>t <strong>des</strong> paysgermaniques <strong>et</strong> qui par<strong>la</strong>i<strong>en</strong>t le yiddish ; les Séfara<strong>des</strong>d’Espagne, du Portugal <strong>et</strong> de <strong>la</strong> Méditerranée ori<strong>en</strong>tale ;<strong>et</strong> les Italikim, qui par<strong>la</strong>i<strong>en</strong>t itali<strong>en</strong> <strong>et</strong> affirmait leurprés<strong>en</strong>ce <strong>en</strong> <strong>Italie</strong> à l’époque de l’Empire romain. Lestemps étai<strong>en</strong>t difficiles. Il y eut les expulsions <strong>des</strong> terressous domination espagnole, y compris Naples <strong>et</strong> <strong>la</strong>Sicile, alors qu’<strong>en</strong> Allemagne les viol<strong>en</strong>ces se suivai<strong>en</strong>tsans répit. Tout naturellem<strong>en</strong>t, les villes du Nord <strong>et</strong> duC<strong>en</strong>tre de l’<strong>Italie</strong>, avec leur climat de tolérance re<strong>la</strong>tive,devinr<strong>en</strong>t une sorte d’aimant pour l’immigrationjuive. L’intégration <strong>en</strong>tre ces communautés séparéespar l’histoire, <strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong>ngue <strong>et</strong> <strong>la</strong> culture ne se réalisapas sans friction <strong>et</strong> se superposa au système déjàtrès complexe <strong>des</strong> re<strong>la</strong>tions avec <strong>la</strong> société qui les8wi<strong>des</strong>pread Ashk<strong>en</strong>azic <strong>and</strong> Sephardic popu<strong>la</strong>tions.As Cecil Roth said in The History of the Jews in Italy,‘The importance of Italian Jewry, throughout its twomill<strong>en</strong>nia of history, has be<strong>en</strong> qualitative rather thanquantitative.’This program is dedicated to the musical <strong>and</strong> po<strong>et</strong>iclegacy of the Jewish communities of Italy, which pres<strong>en</strong>ta vast <strong>and</strong> <strong>en</strong>tertaining repertoire, the exuberantresult of the fertile crossover, fed by the confrontationb<strong>et</strong>we<strong>en</strong> differ<strong>en</strong>t cultures, made possible by oneof the rare mom<strong>en</strong>ts of peaceful cohabitation <strong>and</strong>mutual respect b<strong>et</strong>we<strong>en</strong> Jews <strong>and</strong> their neighbors.In Mantua, a Jewish theatrical group <strong>en</strong>tertained atthe Gonzaga court, <strong>and</strong> throughout Italy, the G<strong>en</strong>tilepopu<strong>la</strong>tion would visit the Jewish quarter to observ<strong>et</strong>he Purim festivities. Among <strong>en</strong>light<strong>en</strong>ed clerics, therewas a real curiosity about Jewish learning <strong>and</strong> practice,while Jewish musicians, composers, theatrical troupes,directors, costume-makers, dancing-masters, po<strong>et</strong>s <strong>and</strong>p<strong>la</strong>ywrights, as well as doctors, linguists, <strong>and</strong> sci<strong>en</strong>tists,abounded throughout the p<strong>en</strong>insu<strong>la</strong>.Northern Italy was the confrontation point b<strong>et</strong>we<strong>en</strong>a vari<strong>et</strong>y of Jewish communities: the Yiddish-speakingAshk<strong>en</strong>azim from north of the Alps; the Sephardim,from Spain <strong>and</strong> its holdings, Portugal <strong>and</strong> the Levant;<strong>and</strong> the Italikim, who spoke Italian <strong>and</strong> traced theirpres<strong>en</strong>ce in Italy back to the Roman Empire. Thiswas a period of turbul<strong>en</strong>ce throughout Europe,with expulsions from Spain, Portugal, the Kingdomof Naples <strong>and</strong> Sicily, <strong>and</strong> a series of repressionsthroughout Germany. It was only natural that northern<strong>and</strong> c<strong>en</strong>tral Italy, where the Jews found re<strong>la</strong>tive peace<strong>and</strong> prosperity, should become a magn<strong>et</strong> for Jewishimmigration. The interaction, not always withoutproblems, b<strong>et</strong>we<strong>en</strong> these distinct traditions, <strong>and</strong> thecomplex, y<strong>et</strong> close re<strong>la</strong>tionship that the Jews of Italyhad with the non-Jewish culture around them, were allcontributing factors to the formation of a rich cultural


<strong>en</strong>tourait. Au-delà <strong>des</strong> difficultés, c<strong>et</strong>te proximité futle terrain fertile d’un vrai brassage de cultures, auquelles Ashkénazes apportèr<strong>en</strong>t <strong>la</strong> tradition du judaïsmeallem<strong>and</strong>, français <strong>et</strong> prov<strong>en</strong>çal, <strong>et</strong> les Séfara<strong>des</strong>, <strong>des</strong>influ<strong>en</strong>ces de l’Espagne, de l’<strong>Italie</strong> du Sud <strong>et</strong> du Levant.Tous apportèr<strong>en</strong>t leur contribution au développem<strong>en</strong>tartistique <strong>et</strong> culturel de l’<strong>Italie</strong> de <strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissance.Le métissage <strong>des</strong> communautés juives, qui vivai<strong>en</strong>t toutesdans les mêmes quartiers, harmonisa graduellem<strong>en</strong>tles coutumes <strong>et</strong> <strong>la</strong> façon de vivre. En très peu de tempsles différ<strong>en</strong>ces <strong>en</strong>tre les traditions te<strong>des</strong>ca, spagno<strong>la</strong> <strong>et</strong>italiana se limitèr<strong>en</strong>t exclusivem<strong>en</strong>t au rite suivi dansles synagogues. Même si chaque famille essayait deconserver de façon soignée les liturgies <strong>et</strong> les chantstraditionnels <strong>des</strong> ancêtres, dans <strong>la</strong> vie quotidi<strong>en</strong>ne <strong>la</strong><strong>la</strong>ngue commune devint très tôt l’itali<strong>en</strong>, même dans sesformes locales <strong>et</strong> dialectales, fréquemm<strong>en</strong>t mé<strong>la</strong>ngées à<strong>des</strong> mots ou à <strong>des</strong> idiomes issus de <strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong>ngue hébraïque.En puisant dans une très gr<strong>and</strong>e vari<strong>et</strong>é de sources, quivont de <strong>la</strong> poésie à dec<strong>la</strong>mer <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>ngue judéo-itali<strong>en</strong>ne,<strong>en</strong> hébreu <strong>et</strong> <strong>en</strong> yiddish, <strong>en</strong> passant par les répertoiresliturgiques <strong>et</strong> dévotionnels preservés oralem<strong>en</strong>t dans lescommunautés du Nord <strong>et</strong> du C<strong>en</strong>tre de l’<strong>Italie</strong>, jusqu’auxpièces tirés <strong>des</strong> répertoires profanes de l’époque, nousavons essayé de brosser un portrait du monde musical<strong>des</strong> <strong>Juifs</strong> itali<strong>en</strong>s de <strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissance.life, where the Ashk<strong>en</strong>azim would bring German, Fr<strong>en</strong>ch<strong>and</strong> Prov<strong>en</strong>çal culture, the Sephardim influ<strong>en</strong>ces fromSpain, Southern Italy <strong>and</strong> the Levant; everyone addingto, as well as being in turn influ<strong>en</strong>ced by, the flourishingartistic <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t of R<strong>en</strong>aissance Italy.At the same time, the bl<strong>en</strong>ding of the variouscommunities in everyday life was such that th<strong>et</strong>erminology applied to each group - te<strong>des</strong>co, spagnoloor italiano - soon came, in practice, to refer exclusivelyto the Synagogue it att<strong>en</strong>ded <strong>and</strong> the kind of religiousservice it followed. Although families t<strong>en</strong>ded to conserv<strong>et</strong>he specific liturgical order <strong>and</strong> traditional melodiesof their ancestors, Italian (or the local dialect), albeitsom<strong>et</strong>imes peppered with Hebrew or another foreigntongue, was, with few exceptions, the <strong>la</strong>nguage spok<strong>en</strong>by the Italian Jews at home <strong>and</strong> on the stre<strong>et</strong>, no matterwhat their origin.Drawing on a vari<strong>et</strong>y of sources – sung po<strong>et</strong>ry inJudeo-Italian, Yiddish <strong>and</strong> Hebrew; the liturgical <strong>and</strong>paraliturgical repertoire that has be<strong>en</strong> preserved orally inthe various communities of north <strong>and</strong> c<strong>en</strong>tral Italy; <strong>and</strong>specific pieces drawn from the instrum<strong>en</strong>tal <strong>and</strong> vocalmusic of the era – this is our attempt to give an idea ofthe musical soundscape of the Jews of R<strong>en</strong>aissance Italy.<strong>Musique</strong> liturgique<strong>et</strong> para-liturgique <strong>en</strong> <strong>Italie</strong>La plupart <strong>des</strong> connaissances que nous avons <strong>des</strong>pratiques musicales <strong>des</strong> communautés juives itali<strong>en</strong>nesvi<strong>en</strong>n<strong>en</strong>t de l’extraordinaire travail de recherche réalisépar Leo Levi dans les années qui suivir<strong>en</strong>t <strong>la</strong> DeuxièmeGuerre mondiale. Au gré de ses voyages à travers l’<strong>Italie</strong>,<strong>la</strong> Mediterranée ori<strong>en</strong>tale, le Maghreb <strong>et</strong> Israël, Leviput <strong>en</strong>registrer <strong>et</strong> transcrire une imm<strong>en</strong>se quantitéde chants ; les traces ultimes de communautés quiavai<strong>en</strong>t <strong>en</strong>core été prospères juste quelques déc<strong>en</strong>niesauparavant. Grâce à sa solide préparation culturelle,musicale <strong>et</strong> <strong>et</strong>hnomusicologique, Levi fut aussi <strong>en</strong>9Traditional Liturgica<strong>la</strong>nd Paraliturgical <strong>Music</strong> in ItalyA great deal of what we know about the musicalpractices of these iso<strong>la</strong>ted Italian Jewish communitiesabroad, as well as liturgical <strong>and</strong> folk music traditionsamong the Jews in Italy, is due to the monum<strong>en</strong>talresearch conducted by Leo Levi in the years followingWorld War II. Traveling b<strong>et</strong>we<strong>en</strong> Italy, the EasternMediterranean, North Africa <strong>and</strong> Israel, he recorded <strong>and</strong>transcribed the melodies remembered by what wereoft<strong>en</strong> the <strong>la</strong>st survivors of once flourishing communities.His work is irrep<strong>la</strong>ceable, not only because without it,the memories of <strong>en</strong>tire communities would have be<strong>en</strong>


position d’analyser <strong>en</strong> profondeur le matériel recueilli <strong>et</strong>il put <strong>en</strong> tirer <strong>des</strong> conclusions surpr<strong>en</strong>antes. Par exemple,il postu<strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong> prés<strong>en</strong>ce, <strong>en</strong>core <strong>en</strong> usage de nos jours,d’empreintes musicales qu’il faisait remonter au XVI esiècle <strong>et</strong> même plus loin <strong>en</strong>core, jusqu’aux premièrestraces écrites de musique liturgique. Son travail nous afait connaître une musique aux traits archaïques, sourceirremp<strong>la</strong>çable de r<strong>en</strong>seignem<strong>en</strong>ts sur l’époque <strong>la</strong> plusanci<strong>en</strong>ne du chant sacré hébraïque. Une musique d’unebeauté émouvante.L’œuvre de Leo Levi a été codifié par quelquesmusicologues, <strong>en</strong> particulier par Francesco Spagnolo(producteur du CD qui nous sert de modèle pour deuxpièces <strong>en</strong>registrées ici) <strong>et</strong> le regr<strong>et</strong>té Roberto Leydi.D’autre part, dans les communautés <strong>des</strong> gran<strong>des</strong> villes,à Rome ou à Flor<strong>en</strong>ce, <strong>la</strong> tradition du chant liturgiques’est conservée, <strong>en</strong> dépit <strong>des</strong> événem<strong>en</strong>ts tragiques duXX e siècle. Comme <strong>la</strong> musique de <strong>la</strong> liturgie juive nefut jamais codifiée (contrairem<strong>en</strong>t au chant grégori<strong>en</strong>),elle est restée ouverte, au fil <strong>des</strong> siècles, aux influ<strong>en</strong>cesextérieures, sans jamais perdre certaines caractéristiquesd’un étonnant archaïsme.Même si on ne peut pas connaître avec précisionl’origine exacte d’une mélodie, <strong>et</strong> s’il est difficile dereconstituer le parcours qu’elle a suivi p<strong>en</strong>dant cinqsiècles, on peut trouver dans <strong>la</strong> tradition liturgiquede nos jours <strong>des</strong> parallélismes surpr<strong>en</strong>ants avec <strong>des</strong>répertoires qui remont<strong>en</strong>t à <strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissance. Parmi lestrès nombreux exemples, citons les vers<strong>et</strong>s chantéspour l’exposition de <strong>la</strong> Torah du samedi matin, quiutilis<strong>en</strong>t un fragm<strong>en</strong>t d’une mélodie très proche de«La Folia», morceau très connu qui jouissait d’unepopu<strong>la</strong>rité imm<strong>en</strong>se dans toute l’Europe p<strong>en</strong>dant plusde deux siècles, <strong>et</strong> qui arriva <strong>en</strong> <strong>Italie</strong> d’Espagne <strong>en</strong>même temps que les <strong>Juifs</strong> chassés par l’édit d’expulsionde <strong>la</strong> reine Isabelle. La musique d’un “Khad Gadya,”de <strong>la</strong> tradition flor<strong>en</strong>tine, chanté à <strong>la</strong> fin du souper dePessa'h’, ressemble au “Ballo di Mantova“, t<strong>and</strong>is que<strong>la</strong> mélodie du “Kol berue”, qui fait partie du servicereligieux de <strong>la</strong> Nouvelle Année dans le rite italikim, a<strong>des</strong> allures de danse profane.lost forever, but because he possessed the cultural tools,as well as the musicological <strong>and</strong> <strong>et</strong>hnomusicologicalknowledge, that allowed him to analyze, compare <strong>and</strong>draw important conclusions about the vast amount ofmaterial he collected. And what he found was surprising,mirroring tr<strong>en</strong>ds already pres<strong>en</strong>t in the sixte<strong>en</strong>th c<strong>en</strong>tury<strong>and</strong> earlier, going back ev<strong>en</strong> to the earliest examples ofnotated liturgy. With its oft<strong>en</strong> archaic traits, this musicgives us not only an irrep<strong>la</strong>ceable tool in reconstruction,but also a vibrant repertoire. Levi’s work has be<strong>en</strong>carried on <strong>and</strong> codified by several <strong>et</strong>hnomusicologists,most notably Francesco Spagnolo (who edited the CDthat serves as a model for two of the pieces used here)<strong>and</strong> the <strong>la</strong>te Roberto Leydi. In addition, in some of the<strong>la</strong>rger cities, such as Rome <strong>and</strong> Flor<strong>en</strong>ce, the liturgicaltradition has gone on <strong>des</strong>pite the tragic ev<strong>en</strong>ts of the<strong>la</strong>st c<strong>en</strong>tury. Because the music of the Jewish liturgy wasnot codified (as is the case, for example, with Gregorianchant) it has always be<strong>en</strong> op<strong>en</strong> to outside influ<strong>en</strong>ces, atthe same time r<strong>et</strong>aining surprisingly archaic traits.Although we can never know a piece’s exact origins, <strong>and</strong>it is difficult to imagine that it may have survived for 500years without undergoing changes, surprising parallelsb<strong>et</strong>we<strong>en</strong> liturgical <strong>and</strong> mainstream Italian repertoirecan be found. For example, the verses for the removalof the Torah from the Ark on Saturday morning containthe fragm<strong>en</strong>t of a melody that resembles ‘La Folia’ (apiece which, incid<strong>en</strong>tally, arrived in Italy from Spain <strong>and</strong>Portugal at exactly the same mom<strong>en</strong>t as the Jews fleeingthe Inquisition.) A Flor<strong>en</strong>tine s<strong>et</strong>ting of ‘Khad Gadya’,sung at the <strong>en</strong>d of the Passover supper, resembles the‘Ballo di Mantova’; the structure <strong>and</strong> melody of ‘Kolberue’, part of the Italian New Year’s service, might leadus to believe that it has its musical roots in a secu<strong>la</strong>rdance.10


<strong>Musique</strong>s pour les célébrations<strong>et</strong> <strong>la</strong> vie quotidi<strong>en</strong>ne“Je veux bi<strong>en</strong> ach<strong>et</strong>er avec vous, v<strong>en</strong>dre avec vous,causer avec vous, cheminer avec vous <strong>et</strong> ce qui s’<strong>en</strong>suit;mais je ne veux pas manger avec vous, boire avec vous,ni prier avec vous...» William Shakespeare, Le March<strong>and</strong>de V<strong>en</strong>ise, Acte I, scène 3 ; trad. François-Victor Hugo.Dans les synagogues il y avait <strong>des</strong> restrictions concernantle chant <strong>des</strong> femmes <strong>et</strong> l’utilisation d’instrum<strong>en</strong>ts. Endehors <strong>des</strong> temples, à certaines pério<strong>des</strong> de l’annéeles réjouissances <strong>et</strong> donc <strong>la</strong> musique étai<strong>en</strong>t mises àl’écart. Il y avait qu<strong>and</strong> même nombre de célébrationsqui traditionnellem<strong>en</strong>t appe<strong>la</strong>i<strong>en</strong>t le chant <strong>et</strong> <strong>la</strong> musique,comme dans le cas de Pourim <strong>et</strong> Pessa'h’. Les fêtes quimarquai<strong>en</strong>t les gr<strong>and</strong>s mom<strong>en</strong>ts heureux de <strong>la</strong> vie,<strong>la</strong> circoncision, <strong>la</strong> bar-mitsvah ou le mariage, étai<strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong>richies <strong>et</strong> caractérisées par <strong>la</strong> prés<strong>en</strong>ce de chants, demusiques <strong>et</strong> de danses. Il est fort probable que, dansles villes itali<strong>en</strong>nes de <strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissance, les <strong>Juifs</strong> <strong>et</strong> leschréti<strong>en</strong>s aimai<strong>en</strong>t <strong>la</strong> même musique <strong>en</strong> dehors de <strong>la</strong>synagogue ou de l’église.Les morceaux «fonctionnels» que nous pouvons <strong>en</strong>core<strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong>dre dans <strong>la</strong> liturgie de nos jours, apparaiss<strong>en</strong>tdans les sources à ce mom<strong>en</strong>t-là. Avec ses mélodieslinéaires <strong>et</strong> ses marches harmoniques à répétition, cerépertoire était idéal pour accompagner <strong>la</strong> danse oupour m<strong>et</strong>tre <strong>en</strong> musique <strong>des</strong> vers. Quelques piècesétai<strong>en</strong>t composées par <strong>des</strong> spécialistes de <strong>la</strong> musique«simple», d’autres étai<strong>en</strong>t <strong>la</strong> transcription ou <strong>la</strong> mise <strong>en</strong>tab<strong>la</strong>ture de morceaux qui avai<strong>en</strong>t été confiés p<strong>en</strong>dantde longues années à <strong>la</strong> transmission orale. Plusieursmusiques de ce g<strong>en</strong>re, comme <strong>la</strong> piva, <strong>la</strong> salterello, lepassamezzo ou <strong>la</strong> bergamasca, ont survécu jusqu’à nosjours dans un échange continu <strong>en</strong>tre culture officielle<strong>et</strong> tradition popu<strong>la</strong>ire, <strong>en</strong>tre écriture <strong>et</strong> transmissionorale. Ces échanges continus, qui constitu<strong>en</strong>t l’une<strong>des</strong> caractéristiques de base de <strong>la</strong> tradition popu<strong>la</strong>ire,dépass<strong>en</strong>t parfois toute imagination. C’est le cas de <strong>la</strong>«Mantovana» ou «Ballo di Mantova», qui remonte audébut de <strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissance. C’est une mélodie qui naîtà <strong>la</strong> cour <strong>des</strong> Gonzague, où se trouvai<strong>en</strong>t nombre de11<strong>Music</strong> for Celebrations <strong>and</strong> Everyday Life‘I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you, walkwith you, <strong>and</strong> so following; but I will not eat with you,drink with you, nor pray with you.’Shylock, William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of V<strong>en</strong>ice,Act I, Sc<strong>en</strong>e III.Although there were restrictions on the use ofinstrum<strong>en</strong>ts <strong>and</strong> wom<strong>en</strong>’s voices in the Synagogue, <strong>and</strong>mom<strong>en</strong>ts of the year wh<strong>en</strong> festivities, <strong>and</strong> thereforemusic, were forbidd<strong>en</strong>, music-making was an importantelem<strong>en</strong>t of many holidays, such as Purim <strong>and</strong> Passover.In addition, the celebrations of many of life’s transitions– such as circumcision, Bar Mitzvah, <strong>and</strong> marriage – were<strong>en</strong>riched by the pres<strong>en</strong>ce of singing, music <strong>and</strong> dance.In the urban c<strong>en</strong>ters of sixte<strong>en</strong>th-c<strong>en</strong>tury Italy, outsideof Church or Synagogue, Jews <strong>and</strong> G<strong>en</strong>tiles probably<strong>en</strong>joyed the same music.The ‘functional’ pieces that we have already se<strong>en</strong> tracesof in the liturgy began appearing in manuscript <strong>and</strong>printed sources at this time. With simple tunes <strong>and</strong>repeated harmonic progressions this repertoire wasideal for accompanying dance or for s<strong>et</strong>ting po<strong>et</strong>ry.Some were composed by specialists in “simple” music;some were probably transcriptions or intabu<strong>la</strong>tions ofpieces that had long be<strong>en</strong> part of the orally transmittedrepertoire. Many pieces of this kind - saltarello,passamezzo, piva bergamasca - survived well into the<strong>la</strong>st c<strong>en</strong>tury <strong>and</strong> beyond in a continuous loop b<strong>et</strong>we<strong>en</strong>the institutional <strong>and</strong> the popu<strong>la</strong>r, the notated <strong>and</strong> theorally transmitted. This ceaseless give <strong>and</strong> take, one ofthe primary aspects of the best of popu<strong>la</strong>r tradition,is som<strong>et</strong>imes so astonishing that it goes beyond theimagination. Such is the case of the ‘Ballo di Mantova’or ‘Mantovana’, which dates from the beginning of theR<strong>en</strong>aissance. It originated at the court of the Gonzagas,which boasted numerous Jewish dancing-masters,musicians, <strong>and</strong> actors. A melody that immediately<strong>en</strong>joyed great success, it was used at the <strong>en</strong>d of thesixte<strong>en</strong>th c<strong>en</strong>tury as the tune for the well-knownsong ‘Fuggi, fuggi, fuggi’, which exists in countless


maîtres de danse, musici<strong>en</strong>s <strong>et</strong> acteurs juifs. Ce morceaujouit d’un gr<strong>and</strong> succès <strong>et</strong> à <strong>la</strong> fin du XVI e siècle, servitde mélodie à une chanson très connue, «Fuggi, fuggi,fuggi», dont nous conservons plusieurs versions vocales<strong>et</strong> instrum<strong>en</strong>tales. La «Mantovana» est <strong>en</strong>core prés<strong>en</strong>tedans <strong>la</strong> tradition itali<strong>en</strong>ne, dans <strong>des</strong> lieux <strong>et</strong> sous <strong>des</strong>noms différ<strong>en</strong>ts. Après un voyage étonnant, qui l’aemm<strong>en</strong>ée <strong>en</strong> tout Europe à travers d’innombrablesvicissitu<strong>des</strong> <strong>et</strong> transformations, c<strong>et</strong>te mélodie estdev<strong>en</strong>ue l’hymne national de l’État d’Israël.La poésie <strong>et</strong> les poètesDepuis le XIV e siècle, l’une <strong>des</strong> caractéristiques les plusimportantes (<strong>et</strong> de nos jours l’une <strong>des</strong> moins connues)de <strong>la</strong> tradition poétique <strong>et</strong> musicale itali<strong>en</strong>ne a été legoût, partagé avec <strong>la</strong> même passion dans toutes lescouches de <strong>la</strong> société, pour <strong>la</strong> déc<strong>la</strong>mation.À mi-chemin <strong>en</strong>tre chant <strong>et</strong> récitation, <strong>la</strong> déc<strong>la</strong>mationpoétique est un <strong>des</strong> héritages majeurs que l’<strong>Italie</strong> atransmis à <strong>la</strong> culture musicale <strong>et</strong> littéraire de <strong>la</strong>R<strong>en</strong>aissance europé<strong>en</strong>ne. Le chant d’un soliste dansles poèmes strophiques (ottave, strambotti, capitoli,odi) était fréquemm<strong>en</strong>t sout<strong>en</strong>u par le son d’uninstrum<strong>en</strong>t à cor<strong>des</strong>, lyra da braccio ou luth. Lessavants humanistes considérai<strong>en</strong>t c<strong>et</strong>te forme qu’euxmêmesavai<strong>en</strong>t e<strong>la</strong>borée comme l’héritier fidèle de<strong>la</strong> tradition lyrique anci<strong>en</strong>ne. Ils <strong>la</strong> jugeai<strong>en</strong>t seulecapable de r<strong>en</strong>dre de façon parfaite le cont<strong>en</strong>u émotif<strong>et</strong> symbolique d’un texte. De ce style si popu<strong>la</strong>ire àl’époque <strong>et</strong> si profondém<strong>en</strong>t <strong>en</strong>raciné dans toutes lescouches de <strong>la</strong> société itali<strong>en</strong>ne, nous ne possédonsaucun témoignage musical direct. C’était un art confiéà <strong>la</strong> pure transmission orale. Si l’on se fie aux rarestraces que les sources de l’époque <strong>la</strong>iss<strong>en</strong>t transparaître,ainsi qu’aux infér<strong>en</strong>ces que perm<strong>et</strong>t<strong>en</strong>t les recherchesmusicologiques <strong>et</strong> <strong>et</strong>hnomusicologiques, il devaits’agir de formules de cad<strong>en</strong>ce plutôt que de vraiesmélodies, de lignes simples qu’on pouvait adapterà tous les textes du même mètre. Des structures quiperm<strong>et</strong>tai<strong>en</strong>t à tous de se livrer à <strong>la</strong> déc<strong>la</strong>mation, maisqui donnai<strong>en</strong>t <strong>la</strong> possibilité aux meilleurs de plier lechant aux besoins expressifs du texte, <strong>en</strong> utilisant <strong>des</strong>12instrum<strong>en</strong>tal <strong>and</strong> sung versions. The ‘Mantovana’ is stil<strong>la</strong> part of the Italian tradition, performed under a vari<strong>et</strong>yof differ<strong>en</strong>t names in various p<strong>la</strong>ces. After undertakingan extraordinary voyage, which has brought it througha thous<strong>and</strong> vicissitu<strong>des</strong> <strong>and</strong> transformations, it has alsobecome the basis for the melody of the national anthemof the State of Israel.Po<strong>et</strong>ry <strong>and</strong> Po<strong>et</strong>sFrom the fourte<strong>en</strong>th c<strong>en</strong>tury on, one of the mostimportant characteristics of the Italian po<strong>et</strong>ic <strong>and</strong>musical tradition (<strong>and</strong> today, paradoxically, one ofthe least noted) is without a doubt the appreciation,shared with equal passion by all levels of soci<strong>et</strong>y, ofdec<strong>la</strong>matory po<strong>et</strong>ry. A style b<strong>et</strong>we<strong>en</strong> singing <strong>and</strong>speaking, the dec<strong>la</strong>mation of strophic verse is oneItaly’s primary contributions to the musical <strong>and</strong> po<strong>et</strong>icalculture of the Italian R<strong>en</strong>aissance. Strophic airs, sungby solo voice, oft<strong>en</strong> supported by a string instrum<strong>en</strong>t:lyra da braccio or lute, were held in high regard bythe R<strong>en</strong>aissance Humanists who considered it, in theform that they themselves developed, the direct heirof the C<strong>la</strong>ssical lyric tradition, the only form capable ofr<strong>en</strong>dering the emotional <strong>and</strong> symbolic cont<strong>en</strong>t of th<strong>et</strong>ext in an idealized way, thanks to the intimate link thatdeveloped b<strong>et</strong>we<strong>en</strong> the suggestive power of the verses<strong>and</strong> the expressive pot<strong>en</strong>tial of the performer himself.Although the dec<strong>la</strong>matory style was so popu<strong>la</strong>r that itbecame a deep-rooted <strong>and</strong> inter-c<strong>la</strong>ss ph<strong>en</strong>om<strong>en</strong>on, ithas left us no direct musical testimony. If we follow whatthe original sources allow us to underst<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> whatmusicological <strong>and</strong> <strong>et</strong>hnomusicological research allowus to intuit, the poems were probably s<strong>et</strong> to simplepsalmodic structures, characterized by the alternationb<strong>et</strong>we<strong>en</strong> reciting tones <strong>and</strong> cad<strong>en</strong>tial formu<strong>la</strong>s. Thesingers would b<strong>en</strong>d this elem<strong>en</strong>tary structure to th<strong>en</strong>ecessity of their art, adapting it to their own voca<strong>la</strong>nd interpr<strong>et</strong>ative qualities. The writings of the Italianintellectuals of the fifte<strong>en</strong>th <strong>and</strong> sixte<strong>en</strong>th c<strong>en</strong>turies arefull of polemic allusions, oft<strong>en</strong> quite explicit, referring tothe superiority of dec<strong>la</strong>mation in respect to polyphony,especially wh<strong>en</strong> deemed necessary to r<strong>en</strong>der the cont<strong>en</strong>t


artifices dramatiques pour <strong>en</strong> souligner le cont<strong>en</strong>u,<strong>en</strong> alternant <strong>des</strong> passages syl<strong>la</strong>biques, presque parlésavec une ornem<strong>en</strong>tation virtuose <strong>des</strong> cad<strong>en</strong>ces ou <strong>des</strong>césures <strong>des</strong> vers, <strong>en</strong> variant sans arrêt <strong>la</strong> ligne mélodiquede base. Les humanistes itali<strong>en</strong>s <strong>des</strong> XV e <strong>et</strong> XVI e sièclesnous ont <strong>la</strong>issé <strong>des</strong> <strong>des</strong>criptions passionnées <strong>et</strong> vivantesde l’art <strong>des</strong> canterini qui s’exhibai<strong>en</strong>t aux coins de rue,ou <strong>des</strong> poètes de cour qui improvisai<strong>en</strong>t <strong>en</strong> prés<strong>en</strong>ce <strong>des</strong>seigneurs <strong>des</strong> villes. Dans leurs pages ils font référ<strong>en</strong>cede façon très explicite, parfois très polémique, à <strong>la</strong>supériorité de <strong>la</strong> déc<strong>la</strong>mation sur <strong>la</strong> polyphonie, qu<strong>and</strong> ilfal<strong>la</strong>it r<strong>en</strong>dre au mieux le cont<strong>en</strong>u expressif d’un poème.D’ailleurs, les humanistes m<strong>et</strong>t<strong>en</strong>t c<strong>la</strong>irem<strong>en</strong>t au mêm<strong>en</strong>iveau l’art du déc<strong>la</strong>mateur <strong>et</strong> celui du compositeur. Unexemple parmi nombre d’autres est celui de SerafinoAqui<strong>la</strong>no, poète courtois, auteur très réputé <strong>et</strong> trèscélébré de strambotti. Nous ne possédons de lui qu<strong>et</strong>rès peu de textes avec musique <strong>et</strong> il s’agit toujours depièces polyphoniques. Ce sont <strong>des</strong> musiques sorties de<strong>la</strong> plume de compositeurs de frottole, <strong>des</strong> spécialistes,elles ne sont pas une création de Serafino. Mais à sonépoque, grâce à son habil<strong>et</strong>é extraordinaire dans <strong>la</strong>déc<strong>la</strong>mation, dans le chant <strong>et</strong> dans l’improvisation, ilétait estimé comme le représ<strong>en</strong>tant le plus illustre de<strong>la</strong> musique profane, fréquemm<strong>en</strong>t considéré presquel’égal de Josquin, qui était alors le gr<strong>and</strong> maître de <strong>la</strong>polyphonie sacrée.Plusieurs formes poétiques étai<strong>en</strong>t utilisées pour <strong>la</strong>déc<strong>la</strong>mation. L’une d’elles, <strong>en</strong> particulier, a caractérisél’histoire de <strong>la</strong> culture itali<strong>en</strong>ne à travers les siècles,conservant jusqu’à nos jours une vitalité surpr<strong>en</strong>ante. Ils’agit du huitain d’h<strong>en</strong>décasyl<strong>la</strong>bes, l’ottava rima danssa version toscane, avec une organisation <strong>des</strong> rimes quirespecte <strong>la</strong> structure ABABABCC. La tradition de chanterles huitains improvisés ou écrits (cantar l’ottava) étaitjadis très rép<strong>and</strong>ue dans toute <strong>la</strong> P<strong>en</strong>insule. Aujourd’hui<strong>la</strong> tradition est <strong>en</strong>core vivante <strong>en</strong> <strong>Italie</strong> c<strong>en</strong>trale.Femmes au foyer, ouvriers, institutrices, m<strong>en</strong>uisiers,jeunes étudiants, liés à une tradition qu’ils r<strong>en</strong>ouvell<strong>en</strong>tconstamm<strong>en</strong>t avec amour, déc<strong>la</strong>m<strong>en</strong>t leurs vers sur unschéma mélodique archaïque, conservé exclusivem<strong>en</strong>tpar transmission orale.of a text in the most perfect fashion possible. Moreover,the Humanists clearly show that they hold the Artof Dec<strong>la</strong>mation <strong>and</strong> the Art of Composition in equalregard. Serafino Aqui<strong>la</strong>no, a very famous composer ofstrambotti, is one example among many. Very few of histexts have come down to us s<strong>et</strong> to music, <strong>and</strong> those thathave are all found in collections of polyphonic music.Serafino did not write their music, which is the workof frotto<strong>la</strong> specialists. Still, among his contemporaries,he was held to be the consummate repres<strong>en</strong>tative ofsecu<strong>la</strong>r music, in particu<strong>la</strong>r for his incomparable singingskills (oft<strong>en</strong> improvising the song texts as well), <strong>and</strong>looked upon as almost an equal of Josquin, who wasconsidered the master of sacred polyphony.Although a myriad of po<strong>et</strong>ic forms is used indec<strong>la</strong>mation, there is one above all that hascharacterized the history of Italian culture acrossthe c<strong>en</strong>turies, conserving its surprising vitality untiltoday: the Tuscan ottava rima. First docum<strong>en</strong>ted in th<strong>et</strong>hirte<strong>en</strong>th c<strong>en</strong>tury, it still survives in the oral traditionof Tuscany, Lazio <strong>and</strong> Umbria, sung to archaic melodiesby the modern day housewives, farmers, craftsm<strong>en</strong><strong>and</strong> factory workers who have lovingly conserved itstradition. Literary sources from the sixte<strong>en</strong>th c<strong>en</strong>turydemonstrate that the Jews of Italy participated fullyin this practice <strong>and</strong> in the practice of sung po<strong>et</strong>ry ing<strong>en</strong>eral.The Purim p<strong>la</strong>y La istoria de Purim io ve raconto, writt<strong>en</strong>by the Emilian scho<strong>la</strong>r <strong>and</strong> intellectual Mordecai Dato, isone of many poems in ottava rima. It is a vulgarizationof the Megil<strong>la</strong>t Esther, the story of Que<strong>en</strong> Esther, writt<strong>en</strong>in Italian, but in Hebrew characters. It was <strong>des</strong>igned forthe edification of the wom<strong>en</strong> of the congregation, whowould have be<strong>en</strong> able to read the characters withoutnecessarily being well versed in Hebrew itself, the use ofwhich was <strong>des</strong>tined for the liturgy <strong>and</strong> study, two areasof strictly masculine pertin<strong>en</strong>ce.The text, which pres<strong>en</strong>ts the story in a colorful <strong>and</strong> livelyfashion, b<strong>et</strong>rays the fact that the author had a certaindifficulty in controlling his versification. Its structuredemonstrates that Dato was compl<strong>et</strong>ely familiar withthe popu<strong>la</strong>r dec<strong>la</strong>matory g<strong>en</strong>re of the Italian tradition.13


Les sources littéraires du XVI e siècle attest<strong>en</strong>t queles <strong>Juifs</strong> d’<strong>Italie</strong> se consacrai<strong>en</strong>t au chant <strong>des</strong> poèmesavec le même <strong>en</strong>thousiasme que <strong>la</strong> popu<strong>la</strong>tion qui les<strong>en</strong>tourait.La Istoria de Purim io ve raconto de Mordekai Dato, unintellectuel émili<strong>en</strong>, est un <strong>des</strong> innombrables poèmes <strong>en</strong>ottava rima. Il s’agit d’une vulgarisation de <strong>la</strong> Megil<strong>la</strong>tEsther, l’histoire de <strong>la</strong> reine Esther, écrite <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>ngueitali<strong>en</strong>ne, mais <strong>en</strong> caractères hébraïques. Son butétait de contribuer à l’édification <strong>des</strong> <strong>en</strong>fants <strong>et</strong> <strong>des</strong>femmes de <strong>la</strong> communauté, qui savai<strong>en</strong>t lire mais quine compr<strong>en</strong>ai<strong>en</strong>t pas l’hébreu, <strong>la</strong>ngue sacrée, <strong>des</strong>tinéeaux étu<strong>des</strong> <strong>et</strong> à <strong>la</strong> liturgie, deux domaines strictem<strong>en</strong>tréservés aux hommes.Le texte, qui expose l’histoire de façon vivante, haute <strong>en</strong>couleurs, révèle une certaine difficulté dans <strong>la</strong> maîtrisede <strong>la</strong> versification. Par contre, sa structure internedémontre que Dato connaissait à fond les stéréotypesexpressifs <strong>et</strong> dramatiques propres aux poèmes àdéc<strong>la</strong>mer d’origine popu<strong>la</strong>ire. La Istoria de Purim io veraconto prés<strong>en</strong>te beaucoup de points <strong>en</strong> commun avecles sacre rappres<strong>en</strong>tazioni chréti<strong>en</strong>nes <strong>des</strong> XV e <strong>et</strong> XVI esiècles, écrites dans le même mètre. Un autre poème <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ngue vulgaire pour <strong>la</strong> fête de Purim, contemporainde La Istoria, est La Canson<strong>et</strong>ta da Purim, <strong>en</strong> quatrainsd’octosyl<strong>la</strong>bes, forme très rép<strong>and</strong>ue dans <strong>la</strong> traditionpopu<strong>la</strong>ire itali<strong>en</strong>ne. La Canson<strong>et</strong>ta da Purim, composéedans un mé<strong>la</strong>nge charmant de dialectes d’<strong>Italie</strong> du nord<strong>et</strong> d’expressions idiomatiques <strong>en</strong> hébreu, est écrite elleaussi <strong>en</strong> caractères hébraïques. Elle illustre parfaitem<strong>en</strong>tl’esprit joyeux qui a toujours présidé à l’une <strong>des</strong> fêtes lesplus aimées du cal<strong>en</strong>drier juif.L’attraction qu’exerça <strong>la</strong> culture <strong>des</strong> <strong>Juifs</strong> itali<strong>en</strong>s sur lesautres communautés europé<strong>en</strong>nes peut être observéedans l’œuvre de Elias Bachur Levita, un savant trèsr<strong>en</strong>ommé d’origine allem<strong>and</strong>e, qui avait fait de l’<strong>Italie</strong>sa patrie d’adoption. En marge d’une importanteproduction philologique <strong>et</strong> littéraire - dictionnaires <strong>en</strong>hébreu, yiddish <strong>et</strong> <strong>la</strong>tin, comm<strong>en</strong>taires <strong>des</strong> psaumes <strong>et</strong>de <strong>la</strong> Bible -, il a trouvé le temps d’écrire <strong>des</strong> poèmes <strong>en</strong>yiddish, c<strong>la</strong>irem<strong>en</strong>t influ<strong>en</strong>cés par <strong>des</strong> modèles itali<strong>en</strong>s.Parmi ses écrits figure le Bofo Bukh, adaptation d’un<strong>des</strong> plus popu<strong>la</strong>ires poèmes épiques de <strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissance,14La istoria de Purim reveals several points in commonwith the Catholic sacre rappres<strong>en</strong>tazioni, composedfrom the mid-fifte<strong>en</strong>th c<strong>en</strong>tury on, which would havebe<strong>en</strong> writt<strong>en</strong> in the same m<strong>et</strong>er. Another Purim p<strong>la</strong>yfrom the same era ‘<strong>la</strong> Canson<strong>et</strong>ta da Purim’, writt<strong>en</strong>in octosyl<strong>la</strong>bic quatrains (a form that as be<strong>en</strong> used forc<strong>en</strong>turies in popu<strong>la</strong>r Italian-<strong>la</strong>nguage po<strong>et</strong>ry) uses acharmingly naive combination of north Italian dialectwith Hebrew interpo<strong>la</strong>tions (again, all writt<strong>en</strong> inHebrew characters,) another perfect illustration of thejoy that has always gre<strong>et</strong>ed the most festive mom<strong>en</strong>tsof the Jewish cal<strong>en</strong>dar. The attraction that Italian Jewishculture held for outsiders can be se<strong>en</strong> from the influ<strong>en</strong>ceit had on an important German-born scho<strong>la</strong>r who madeItaly his adoptive home: Elias Bachur Levita. In additionto an impressive quantity of Hebrew, Yiddish <strong>and</strong> Latindictionaries, psalm trans<strong>la</strong>tions <strong>and</strong> Bible comm<strong>en</strong>taries,he also found time to write epic poems: in Yiddish,but clearly influ<strong>en</strong>ced in both form <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>en</strong>t by theItalian models around him, writt<strong>en</strong> in that most Italianof po<strong>et</strong>ic forms, the ottava rima. One of them, the BofoBukh, an adaptation of one of the best-known epicpoems of the sixte<strong>en</strong>th c<strong>en</strong>tury, the Buovo d’Antona,became one of the most popu<strong>la</strong>r poems in the historyof the Yiddish <strong>la</strong>nguage. It was reprinted until theearly tw<strong>en</strong>ti<strong>et</strong>h c<strong>en</strong>tury, becoming known as ‘BubbeMayse’ the ‘Old Wife’s Tale’, as ‘Bubbe’ (‘Gr<strong>and</strong>mother’in Yiddish) took the p<strong>la</strong>ce of ‘Bova’ (Bevis of Hampton,the hero of the story) in the collective consciousness.Another of his poems, Dos Lied fun der sreyfe inV<strong>en</strong>edig, is a rollicking Yiddish-<strong>la</strong>nguage account of afire of V<strong>en</strong>ice.The <strong>Music</strong>Finding the music to interpr<strong>et</strong> these lyrics is one of themajor obstacles to their interpr<strong>et</strong>ation. The fact thatthe tunes were transmitted orally, sung po<strong>et</strong>ry survivingonly in text form, is not a sign of musical ignorance, butrather of musical culture. Although we don’t know if itstarg<strong>et</strong> audi<strong>en</strong>ce, the literate minority (minority in thecase of the G<strong>en</strong>tiles: among the Jews, most of the m<strong>en</strong>would be able to read Hebrew <strong>and</strong> the local <strong>la</strong>nguage,while many of the wom<strong>en</strong> could read what they spoke -


le Buovo d’Antona, une vulgarisation itali<strong>en</strong>ne <strong>en</strong>ottava rima du roman chevaleresque français Beuved’Amptone, dérivé à son tour d’un original ang<strong>la</strong>is Bevisof Hampton. Le Bofo Bukh devint un <strong>des</strong> ouvrages lesplus popu<strong>la</strong>ires dans l’histoire de <strong>la</strong> littérature yiddish.Réemprimé maintes fois jusqu’au XX e siècle, il fut connusous le titre de «Bubbe Mayse», c’est-à-dire le «Contede <strong>la</strong> vieille femme». «Bubbe» <strong>en</strong> yiddish signifie gr<strong>and</strong>mère,<strong>et</strong> ce terme se substitua p<strong>et</strong>it à p<strong>et</strong>it au nom«Bofo». Un autre poème d’Elias, Dos Lied fun der sreyfein V<strong>en</strong>edig, est le récit cocasse d’un inc<strong>en</strong>die qui brû<strong>la</strong> lequartier du Rialto à V<strong>en</strong>ise.La musiqueIl nous a été extrêmem<strong>en</strong>t difficile de trouver unemusique qui convi<strong>en</strong>ne à ces textes. Bi<strong>en</strong> que noussachions qu’ils étai<strong>en</strong>t tous <strong>des</strong>tinés à être chantés,aucun <strong>des</strong> poèmes prés<strong>en</strong>ts dans c<strong>et</strong> <strong>en</strong>registrem<strong>en</strong>tne nous est parv<strong>en</strong>u avec <strong>la</strong> musique. Le fait que <strong>la</strong>poésie à déc<strong>la</strong>mer nous soit parv<strong>en</strong>ue sans notationmusicale n’est pas un signe de faiblesse ou d’unesorte de subordination culturelle. Bi<strong>en</strong> au contraire,ce<strong>la</strong> témoigne de <strong>la</strong> solidité d’une tradition musical<strong>et</strong>ellem<strong>en</strong>t <strong>en</strong>racinée qu’il n’y avait aucune nécessitéde fixer par écrit <strong>des</strong> mélodies que tout le mondeconnaissait.Nous ne savons pas si <strong>la</strong> p<strong>et</strong>ite minorité de l<strong>et</strong>trés à<strong>la</strong>quelle s’adressai<strong>en</strong>t les recueils de vers <strong>des</strong>tinés à<strong>la</strong> déc<strong>la</strong>mation (une minorité chez les chréti<strong>en</strong>s – carchez les Israélites <strong>la</strong> plupart <strong>des</strong> hommes savait lire<strong>et</strong> écrire l’hébreu <strong>et</strong> les <strong>la</strong>ngues locales <strong>et</strong> nombre defemmes étai<strong>en</strong>t au moins capables de lire <strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong>ngueparlée - itali<strong>en</strong>, judéo-itali<strong>en</strong>, yiddish, ou <strong>la</strong>dino- <strong>en</strong> caractères hébraïques) savait égalem<strong>en</strong>t lire <strong>la</strong>musique. Sûrem<strong>en</strong>t tous, g<strong>en</strong>s de culture, aristocratesou roturiers connaissai<strong>en</strong>t <strong>des</strong> dizaines, sinon <strong>des</strong>c<strong>en</strong>taines de mélodies par cœur. Parfois on a <strong>la</strong> chancede r<strong>et</strong>rouver quelques indications précises. Par exemple,le strambotto de Serafino Aqui<strong>la</strong>no Tu dormi, io veglio,qui fut le modèle pour le poème de Joseph SarphatiIsh<strong>en</strong>a at ani ge’or v<strong>en</strong>odad, jouissait d’une imm<strong>en</strong>sepopu<strong>la</strong>rité à <strong>la</strong> fin du XV e siècle. On conserve au moins15be it Italian, Judeo-Italian, Yiddish or Ladino - in Hebrewcharacters) could read music, we are sure that they knewdoz<strong>en</strong>s, if not hundreds, of melodies by heart. In somecases, ev<strong>en</strong> if the po<strong>et</strong>ry survived without music, thereare some indications: for example, Serafino Acqui<strong>la</strong>no’sTu dormi, io veglio, the model for Joseph Sarphati’sIesh<strong>en</strong>a at ani ge’or v<strong>en</strong>odad, was imm<strong>en</strong>sely popu<strong>la</strong>r,so that there are at least two polyphonic s<strong>et</strong>tings - oneof Serafino’s original poem, the other of one of themany anonymous poems inspired by it – to choose from.By a happy accid<strong>en</strong>t, a transcription of ‘Tzur Mishelo’,the song for Sabbath Eve that Elias Bachur Levita cites asthe melody for his Sreyfe Lied, has survived in a Germanmanuscript from this period, a source close in time <strong>and</strong>in spirit to Levita himself.Obviously, there is no record of the music that was usedto sing or dec<strong>la</strong>im Mordecai Dato’s ottava rima, th<strong>en</strong>orth Italian quatrains, or the stanze of the Bofo Bukh..However, thanks to ext<strong>en</strong>sive research that has traveledfrom literary sources <strong>and</strong> traces of the airs used forsinging strambotti <strong>and</strong> capitoli in early sixte<strong>en</strong>th-c<strong>en</strong>turycollections, to the precious indications suggested by thework of Leo Levi <strong>and</strong> the field study dal vivo of the sungottava rime <strong>and</strong> other sung po<strong>et</strong>ic forms that has be<strong>en</strong>conducted for many years <strong>and</strong> is still going on, we haveattempted to reconstruct a possible way of interpr<strong>et</strong>ingthe dec<strong>la</strong>imed po<strong>et</strong>ry of the R<strong>en</strong>aissance. Encouraged,if just barely, by the words of Elias Bachur Levita in hisintroduction to the 1541 edition of the Bofo Bukh:. . . Ober der nigun der dareif wird geh<strong>en</strong>,D<strong>en</strong> kon ich och nit gaeb<strong>en</strong> zu vorsteh<strong>en</strong>,D<strong>en</strong> ainer kont musiga oder solfahZo wolt ich him wol hob’n geholfahOber ich sing es mit aine welsche gesangkKon er darauf mache ain besserah so hob er dangk . . .‘. . . Although I am not capable of writing downThe melody that would go with this text,I would have g<strong>la</strong>dly be<strong>en</strong> helped byOne who underst<strong>and</strong>s music or harmony.Although I sing it to an Italian tune,He who s<strong>et</strong>s it to a b<strong>et</strong>ter one will have thanks . . .Avery Gosfield / Francis Biggi


deux morceaux de musique, dans le style de <strong>la</strong> frotto<strong>la</strong>,qui port<strong>en</strong>t le même titre. L’un d’<strong>en</strong>tre eux, anonyme,a été composé sur les vers de Serafino, l’autre, deTromboncino, accompagne un texte inspiré par celuidu poète. Les deux s’adapt<strong>en</strong>t parfaitem<strong>en</strong>t au poèmede Sarfati. Par une série exceptionnelle de coïncid<strong>en</strong>ces,une transcription du “Tzur Mishelo”, chanson pour <strong>la</strong>veille de Sabbath que Elias Bachur Levita cite comme<strong>la</strong> mélodie sur <strong>la</strong>quelle il chantait son Sreyfe Lied, a étéconservée dans un manuscrit allem<strong>and</strong> de <strong>la</strong> fin du XVI esiècle.Évidemm<strong>en</strong>t, qu<strong>and</strong> il s’agit <strong>des</strong> ottave de MordecaiDato, <strong>des</strong> quatrains de <strong>la</strong> Canzon<strong>et</strong>ta di Purim ou <strong>des</strong>stanze du Bofo Bukh, il ne reste aucune trace de <strong>la</strong>musique sur <strong>la</strong>quelle elles étai<strong>en</strong>t interprétées. Mais, à<strong>la</strong> suite de recherches très fouillées, qui se sont ét<strong>en</strong>dues<strong>des</strong> sources littéraires du XV e <strong>et</strong> XVI e siècles, <strong>des</strong> tracesd’airs pour chanter les strambotti dans les recueilsde musique polyphonique de l’époque, jusqu’auxprécieuses indications suggérées par le travail de LeoLevi <strong>et</strong> par <strong>la</strong> recherche <strong>et</strong>hnomusicologique sur <strong>la</strong>tradition de l’ottava cantata, nous avons essayé dereconstituer une façon vraisemb<strong>la</strong>ble d’interpréter <strong>la</strong>déc<strong>la</strong>mation poétique de <strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissance. Sout<strong>en</strong>us,dans c<strong>et</strong>te démarche absolum<strong>en</strong>t arbitraire, par les motsqu’Elias Levita inscrivit à <strong>la</strong> préface de son édition duBofo Bukh publiée <strong>en</strong> 1541 :«... Ober der nigun der dareif wird geh<strong>en</strong>,D<strong>en</strong> kon ich och nit gaeb<strong>en</strong> zu vorsteh<strong>en</strong>,D<strong>en</strong> ainer kont musiga oder solfahZo wolt ich him wol hob’n geholfahOber ich sing es mit aine welsche gesangkKon er darauf mache ain besserah so hob er dangk...”.... Même si je ne suis pas capable d’écrireLa mélodie qui va avec ce texte,J’aimerais bi<strong>en</strong> avoir l’aideDe quelqu’un qui compr<strong>en</strong>ne <strong>la</strong> musique <strong>et</strong> l’harmonie.Moi, je le chante sur une mélodie itali<strong>en</strong>ne,Mais je remercierais celui qui pourrait <strong>en</strong> composer unemeilleure....Avery Gosfield / Francis BiggiCosa ha a che fare un gruppo di musicaantica con il repertorio sinagogaleitaliano?La storia del<strong>la</strong> musica degli ebrei d’Italia è ricca ècomplessa; tanto ricca e tanto complessa che cercaredi ricostruirne il filo fino al Rinascim<strong>en</strong>to o primaancora è s<strong>en</strong>z’altro un’impresa disperata.Ogni picco<strong>la</strong> o gr<strong>and</strong>e comunità in Italia hamant<strong>en</strong>uto, alm<strong>en</strong>o fino agli inizi del ‘900, unapropria tradizione musicale. Melodie per lo più ditradizione orale portano con sé le tracce di continuemesco<strong>la</strong>nze, prima di tutto fra le tre tradizioni piùdiffuse in Italia: il rito sefardita (proprio degli ebrei didisc<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong>za spagno<strong>la</strong>, arrivati in Italia in seguito al<strong>la</strong>cacciata dal<strong>la</strong> Spagna nel 1492), quello ashk<strong>en</strong>azita(proprio degli ebrei di origine te<strong>des</strong>ca ed esteuropea stanziatisi nel corso dei secoli in gran partedell’Europa, compresa l’Italia s<strong>et</strong>t<strong>en</strong>trionale), e quelloitaliano (proprio delle comunità romane, pres<strong>en</strong>ti inItalia prima del<strong>la</strong> distruzione del tempio da parte deiRomani e dell’inizio del<strong>la</strong> diaspora ebraica). Per dipiù, l’Ottoc<strong>en</strong>to ha segnato una gr<strong>and</strong>e discontinuitànel<strong>la</strong> storia degli ebrei d’Italia: l’apertura dei gh<strong>et</strong>ti,<strong>la</strong> partecipazione al Risorgim<strong>en</strong>to, insomma quelf<strong>en</strong>om<strong>en</strong>o che va sotto il nome di “emancipazione”degli ebrei italiani ha portato a dec<strong>en</strong>ni di quasieuforia, in cui si costruivano sinagoghe gr<strong>and</strong>issime– e ci si dedicava a<strong>la</strong>crem<strong>en</strong>te ad “ammodernare”<strong>la</strong> tradizione musicale, chied<strong>en</strong>do a compositoripiù o m<strong>en</strong>o famosi di scrivere nuove melodie conarrangiam<strong>en</strong>ti per organo e coro, <strong>and</strong><strong>and</strong>o spesso apr<strong>en</strong>dere ispirazione dal mondo del<strong>la</strong> lirica che era digran moda – e faceva molto “italiano”.16


Cosa resta da cercare, allora, per un gruppo dimusica antica nel repertorio sinagogale italiano? Noncerto un gran numero di tracce esplicite, di branifacilm<strong>en</strong>te e chiaram<strong>en</strong>te riconducibili a secoli lontani.Ma, come s’è d<strong>et</strong>to, <strong>la</strong> storia del<strong>la</strong> musica degli ebreid’Italia è prima di tutto una storia di mesco<strong>la</strong>nze; e<strong>la</strong> mesco<strong>la</strong>nza, l’interazione fondam<strong>en</strong>tale è quel<strong>la</strong>con il mondo circostante, con <strong>la</strong> musica italiana deltempo – come anche le composizioni ottoc<strong>en</strong>teschein stile belcantistico stanno a dimostrare. Gli stessicompositori dell’Ottoc<strong>en</strong>to, chiamati a rinnovare, nonvollero dim<strong>en</strong>ticare del tutto <strong>la</strong> gr<strong>and</strong>e storia passatadi questa musica composita: è facile r<strong>en</strong>ders<strong>en</strong>econto, ascolt<strong>and</strong>o canti che in una chiave modernamant<strong>en</strong>gono evid<strong>en</strong>tissimi echi di musica dels<strong>et</strong>tec<strong>en</strong>to, del seic<strong>en</strong>to – e forse anche preced<strong>en</strong>te.Insomma, se ascoltiamo i canti che ogni Sabato ein ogni festa ebraica riecheggiano oggi nellesinagoghe italiane – o riecheggiavano fino a qualchedec<strong>en</strong>nio fa, prima che il t<strong>en</strong>tativo di cancel<strong>la</strong>zionedell’ebraismo italiano, oltre che europeo, messo inatto dal nazifascismo, m<strong>et</strong>tesse a durissima prova<strong>la</strong> sopravviv<strong>en</strong>za delle comunità, soprattutto quelledei c<strong>en</strong>tri minori; se ascoltiamo questa musicache, miracolosam<strong>en</strong>te, è ancora in molti casi vivae cantata, e non come per tante altre tradizioniantiche, appannaggio solo degli studiosi; è come seascoltassimo un conc<strong>en</strong>trato del<strong>la</strong> storia degli ebreid’Italia, e degli italiani.La memoria del<strong>la</strong> musica che gli ebrei nel Rinascim<strong>en</strong>tosi scambiavano con gli italiani è ancora tutta lì d<strong>en</strong>tro.Quello scambio, quell’intreccio, è ciò che questo discocerca di raccontare.Enrico FinkLa Istoria de Purimio vi racontoNel ricordare le molte g<strong>en</strong>ti che nel corso dei secolihanno contribuito al l<strong>en</strong>to nascere dell’id<strong>en</strong>tità delpopolo italiano, di rado ci si ricorda degli Ebrei. Eppure,<strong>la</strong> comunità ebraica italiana è <strong>la</strong> più antica d’Europa,visto che il suo insediam<strong>en</strong>to nel<strong>la</strong> P<strong>en</strong>iso<strong>la</strong> risale al IIsecolo avanti l’Era Volgare. Due mill<strong>en</strong>ni di vita comunehanno prodotto, nonostante mom<strong>en</strong>ti oscuri e a volt<strong>et</strong>ragici, uno scambio continuo di idee e di cultura. Lecomunità israelitiche, malgrado il s<strong>en</strong>so di precari<strong>et</strong>àche si accompagnava all’attitudine mutevole che imolti poteri locali dimostravano nei loro confronti,parteciparono attivam<strong>en</strong>te ai gr<strong>and</strong>i movim<strong>en</strong>tieconomici, politici e culturali che hanno caratterizzato<strong>la</strong> nostra storia. Figli di un popolo cosmopolita pervocazione e necessità, gli eruditi ebrei contribuironomoltissimo allo sviluppo delle idee dell’Umanesimo edel Rinascim<strong>en</strong>to. Nel Quattroc<strong>en</strong>to e nel Cinquec<strong>en</strong>to,prima che <strong>la</strong> loro situazione si degradasse nelsecolo segu<strong>en</strong>te, in gran numero furono attivi nellecorti principesche, sempre in bilico tra esclusione ericonoscim<strong>en</strong>to.Nel<strong>la</strong> vita quotidiana, le comunità ebraiche difeserocon ardore le proprie tradizioni culturali e religiose,ma non si iso<strong>la</strong>rono mai dal mondo che li circondava.Assorbirono e trasmisero consu<strong>et</strong>udini di vita e musiche,furono Ebrei, ma anche Pugliesi, Piemontesi, V<strong>en</strong>eziani,Toscani... ed ancor oggi le loro tradizioni musicalitestimoniano di questa appart<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong>za.Nonostante questi caratteri unici, l’att<strong>en</strong>zione deglistudiosi e del pubblico degli appassionati si è conc<strong>en</strong>tratapiuttosto sulle tradizioni di gruppi più importantinumericam<strong>en</strong>te e più diffusi geograficam<strong>en</strong>te, come lecomunità Ask<strong>en</strong>azi o Sefardi. Come ha scritto Cecil Rothnel suo The History of the Jews in Italy, “l’importanzadell’ebraismo italiano, attraverso i suoi due mill<strong>en</strong>ni distoria, sta assai più nel<strong>la</strong> sua qualità che nel<strong>la</strong> quantità.”Questo prog<strong>et</strong>to è dedicato al <strong>la</strong>scito po<strong>et</strong>ico e musicaledelle comunità ebraiche italiane nel Rinascim<strong>en</strong>to, a17


una cultura dagli orizzonti aperti e al suo repertoriovivo e multiforme. E’ un viaggio tra fonti che <strong>des</strong>crivonouna tradizione vasta, avvinc<strong>en</strong>te e complessa, risultatoesuberante di un ricco scambio tra culture e popoli, resopossibile dal periodo di re<strong>la</strong>tiva pace e prosperità di cuigli Ebrei god<strong>et</strong>tero nell’Italia di quel tempo. A Mantova,una compagnia teatrale ebraica intratt<strong>en</strong>eva <strong>la</strong> cortedei Gonzaga ed in tutta Italia, i “G<strong>en</strong>tili” visitavano iquartieri ebraici per partecipare, alm<strong>en</strong>o in qualità disp<strong>et</strong>tatori curiosi e divertiti, ai festeggiam<strong>en</strong>ti per <strong>la</strong>celebrazione di Purim. Tra gli intell<strong>et</strong>tuali italiani piùilluminati, vi era un sincero interesse per <strong>la</strong> cultura e<strong>la</strong> lingua ebraiche m<strong>en</strong>tre numerosi furono in tutta <strong>la</strong>P<strong>en</strong>iso<strong>la</strong> gli intell<strong>et</strong>tuali e i p<strong>en</strong>satori ebrei. Vi furonomusici illustri e stimati, drammaturghi riconosciuti,medici e filologi. Furono ebrei alcuni tra i principalicoreografi e tecnici del ballo di corte, un’arte che facevaparte integrante del<strong>la</strong> formazione del nobiluomorinacim<strong>en</strong>tale.In Italia S<strong>et</strong>t<strong>en</strong>trionale si v<strong>en</strong>nero a confrontare diversecomunità israelitiche, Ask<strong>en</strong>azi che par<strong>la</strong>vano Yiddish,prov<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>ti dal Nord, Sefardi originari di Spagna,Portogallo e del Levante e Italikim, <strong>la</strong> cui pres<strong>en</strong>zarimontava all’Impero Romano. Il XVI secolo fu unperiodo turbol<strong>en</strong>to e difficile. Accanto alle lotte direligione tra Cristiani si assist<strong>et</strong>te all’espulsione degliEbrei dal<strong>la</strong> P<strong>en</strong>iso<strong>la</strong> Iberica e da gran parte dell’ItaliaMeridionale, ad un’ondata di viol<strong>en</strong>ze e al<strong>la</strong> repressioneantigiudaica in Germania. In diverse terre dell’Alta Italiaregnava un clima di re<strong>la</strong>tiva pace e prosperità, oltre aduna certa tolleranza religiosa. Questi luoghi div<strong>en</strong>neroambiti c<strong>en</strong>tri di immigrazione.L’integrazione tra popoli, anche se non sempre privadi frizioni, e il complesso sistema di re<strong>la</strong>zioni tra gliEbrei italiani e <strong>la</strong> soci<strong>et</strong>à che li circondava, diederoorigine al fiorire di una tradizione unica, ricchissima. Uncrogiolo nel quale, ai caratteri originali del<strong>la</strong> comunitàItalikim, si misce<strong>la</strong>vano gli influssi portati dagli Ask<strong>en</strong>azidi Francia, Germania e Prov<strong>en</strong>za, dai Sefardi di Spagna,Portogallo e Medio Ori<strong>en</strong>te. Questo ambi<strong>en</strong>te fervido,in rapida trasformazione, crebbe all’ombra, del<strong>la</strong> culturarinascim<strong>en</strong>tale italiana influ<strong>en</strong>z<strong>and</strong>one a sua volta18molteplici asp<strong>et</strong>ti.La mesco<strong>la</strong>nza delle comunità ebraiche nel<strong>la</strong> vitaquotidiana era tale che in breve tempo le differ<strong>en</strong>z<strong>et</strong>ra le tradizioni te<strong>des</strong>ca, spagno<strong>la</strong>, italiana si limitaronoesclusivam<strong>en</strong>te al rito seguito nelle diverse Sinagoghe.Per quanto le osservanze t<strong>en</strong><strong>des</strong>sero a conservare gliordinam<strong>en</strong>ti liturgici e le melodie loro proprie, <strong>la</strong> linguapar<strong>la</strong>ta da tutti div<strong>en</strong>ne b<strong>en</strong> presto l’Italiano, anch<strong>en</strong>elle sue forme dial<strong>et</strong>tali, spesso mesco<strong>la</strong>to a vocaboli ostrutture mutuate dall’ebraico o dai par<strong>la</strong>ri delle regionidi prov<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>za dei gruppi .<strong>Music</strong>a liturgica e paraliturgica in Italia.Gran parte delle conosc<strong>en</strong>ze che abbiamo sullepratiche musicali di queste comunità v<strong>en</strong>gono dallostraordinario <strong>la</strong>voro di ricerca compiuto da Leo Levinegli anni immediatam<strong>en</strong>te segu<strong>en</strong>ti <strong>la</strong> Seconda GuerraMondiale. Levi, viaggi<strong>and</strong>o tra Italia, MediterraneoOri<strong>en</strong>tale, Nord Africa e Israele ha registrato e trascrittoinnumerevoli melodie dal<strong>la</strong> voce degli ultimi eredi dicomunità fior<strong>en</strong>ti fino a pochi dec<strong>en</strong>ni prima. Il suo<strong>la</strong>voro è insostituibile, non solo perchè s<strong>en</strong>za di lui, <strong>la</strong>memoria di intere comunità sarebbe caduta nell’oblio,ma anche perchè, grazie al<strong>la</strong> sua solida preparazioneculturale, musicale ed <strong>et</strong>nomusicologica egli fu in gradodi analizzare a fondo il materiale raccolto, giung<strong>en</strong>do adimportanti conclusioni a proposito del<strong>la</strong> sua formazionee diffusione. Levi giunse a conclusioni sorpr<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong>ti,giung<strong>en</strong>do a scorgere nell’uso contemporaneo traccedi tradizioni risal<strong>en</strong>ti al XVI secolo ed anche oltre, finoalle primissime tracce di musica liturgica scritta. Lamusica delle comunità italiane,con i suoi tratti arcaici,si dimostra non soltanto una fonte irrinunciabile diinformazioni sull’epoca più antica del canto sacroisraelitico, ma rappres<strong>en</strong>ta anche un repertorio divibrante bellezza.L’opera di Leo Levi è stata codificata e organizzata daalcuni studiosi, in partico<strong>la</strong>re da Francesco Spagnoloe del compianto Roberto Leydi. D’altro canto, nellegr<strong>and</strong>i città, come Roma o Fir<strong>en</strong>ze, <strong>la</strong> tradizione delcanto liturgico si è conservata, nonostante le tragichevic<strong>en</strong>de consumatesi nel XX secolo. Poichè si tratta diun repertorio mai codificato (contrariam<strong>en</strong>te a quanto


è avv<strong>en</strong>uto con il canto gregoriano), il canto sacroebraico è stato sottoposto nel corso dei secoli ad infiniteinflu<strong>en</strong>ze e traformazioni, pur riusc<strong>en</strong>do a conservareintatte le tracce di una straordinaria arcaicità.Non è possibile stabilire l’origine esatta delle melodieutilizzate nei riti, nè si può definire con precisione qualitrasformazioni abbiano subito nel corso di cinque secoli.Siamo in grado tuttavia di individuare nel<strong>la</strong> tradizioneliturgica contemporanea alcune similitudini sorpr<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong>ticon il repertorio profano del Rinascim<strong>en</strong>to. Tra i variesempi, citiamo i vers<strong>et</strong>ti cantati per l’estrazione del<strong>la</strong>Torah dall’Arca <strong>la</strong> mattina del Sabato. La melodia sucui sono intonati cita s<strong>en</strong>za dubbio l’aria del<strong>la</strong> “Folia”,brano conosciutissimo, giunto in Italia dal<strong>la</strong> Spagna neglistessi anni in cui arrivavano gli Ebrei cacciati dall’edittodi espulsione del<strong>la</strong> regina Isabel<strong>la</strong>. La musica di un “Khadgadya”, del<strong>la</strong> tradizione fior<strong>en</strong>tina, cantato al<strong>la</strong> finedel<strong>la</strong> c<strong>en</strong>a di Pesah, è molto simile al “Ballo di Mantova”,m<strong>en</strong>tre <strong>la</strong> melodia del “Kol berue,”, che fa parte delservizio religioso per l’Anno Nuovo del rito Italikim, hal’<strong>and</strong>am<strong>en</strong>to di una danza.<strong>Music</strong>he per le Celebrazioni“Io sono disposto a comperare con voi, a v<strong>en</strong>dere convoi, a par<strong>la</strong>re con voi, a camminare con voi e così via...Ma non mangerò in vostra compagnia, nè berrò, nèpregherò con voi.” William Shakespeare, “Il Mercante diV<strong>en</strong>ezia”, sc<strong>en</strong>a III.; trad. Enzo Giachino.Nelle sinagoghe vigevano restrizioni importanti cheriguardavano il canto delle donne e l’uso di strum<strong>en</strong>timusicali. Anche fuori dai luoghi di culto, in alcunimom<strong>en</strong>ti dell’anno festeggiam<strong>en</strong>ti e musica eranoscrupolosam<strong>en</strong>te b<strong>and</strong>iti. Vi era però un certo numerodi celebrazioni che prevedevano tradizionalm<strong>en</strong>te ilcanto e <strong>la</strong> musica, come nel caso di Purim e Pesah.Anche le feste che segnavano i gr<strong>and</strong>i mom<strong>en</strong>ti del<strong>la</strong>vita, <strong>la</strong> Circoncisione, il Bar Mitzvah o il matrimonioerano arricchite e caratterizzate dal<strong>la</strong> pres<strong>en</strong>za di canti,musiche e danze.I brani “funzionali”, cioè adattabili a diverse occasioni,appaiono nelle fonti proprio agli albori del Rinascim<strong>en</strong>to.Melodie lineari e strutture armoniche ess<strong>en</strong>ziali: questibrani erano perf<strong>et</strong>ti per accompagnare il ballo o per19sost<strong>en</strong>ere il canto di strofe di circostanza. Alcuni branierano l’opera di specialisti del<strong>la</strong> musica “semplice”, altrierano <strong>la</strong> trascrizione o l’arrangiam<strong>en</strong>to in intavo<strong>la</strong>turadi brani affidati per lunghi anni al<strong>la</strong> trasmissione orale.Diverse musiche di questo g<strong>en</strong>ere, come <strong>la</strong> Piva, ilSaltarello, il Passemezzo o <strong>la</strong> Bergamasca sono giuntefino ai nostri giorni, grazie ad uno scambio ininterrottotra cultura “alta” e cultura popo<strong>la</strong>re, tra scrittura <strong>et</strong>rasmissione orale.Questi scambi continui di cui <strong>la</strong> migliore tradizionepopo<strong>la</strong>re è infarcita, sono a volte così sorpr<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong>ti dasuperare <strong>la</strong> fantasia. E’ il caso del “Ballo di Mantova”o “Mantovana”, le cui origini risalgono al primoRinascim<strong>en</strong>to, al<strong>la</strong> corte dei Gonzaga dove erano attivinumerosi maestri di danza, musici ed attori ebrei. È unamelodia che ebbe immediatam<strong>en</strong>te gr<strong>and</strong>e popo<strong>la</strong>rità eal<strong>la</strong> fine del Cinquec<strong>en</strong>to div<strong>en</strong>ne l’aria di una canzonemolto conosciuta:”Fuggi, fuggi, fuggi”, del<strong>la</strong> qualeesistono innumerevoli versioni strum<strong>en</strong>tali e testuali. La“Mantovana” è ancora in uso nel<strong>la</strong> tradizione italiana,in vari luoghi e con nomi diversi. Segu<strong>en</strong>do un viaggiostraordinario, attraverso mille vicissitudini e mill<strong>et</strong>rasformazioni, è div<strong>en</strong>uta anche <strong>la</strong> melodia dell’innonazionale dello Stato di Israele.La Poesia e i po<strong>et</strong>iFin dal XIV secolo, una delle caratteristiche piùimportanti e oggi m<strong>en</strong>o note del<strong>la</strong> tradizione po<strong>et</strong>ica emusicale italiana è stata s<strong>en</strong>za dubbio <strong>la</strong> predilezione,condivisa con uguale passione da tutti gli strati del<strong>la</strong>soci<strong>et</strong>à, per <strong>la</strong> dec<strong>la</strong>mazione.Stile a m<strong>et</strong>à fra il cantato e il par<strong>la</strong>to, <strong>la</strong> dec<strong>la</strong>mazioneè una delle principali eredità che l’Italia ha trasmessoal<strong>la</strong> cultura musicale e l<strong>et</strong>teraria del Rinascim<strong>en</strong>toeuropeo. Il canto di forme strofiche a voce so<strong>la</strong>, ottave,strambotti, capitoli, odi, era spesso sorr<strong>et</strong>to da l’ausiliodi uno strum<strong>en</strong>to a corda, lyra da braccio o liuto. Gliintell<strong>et</strong>tuali Umanisti lo considerarono, nel<strong>la</strong> forma daloro e<strong>la</strong>borata, come l’erede fedele del<strong>la</strong> tradizionelirica c<strong>la</strong>ssica. Lo consideravano l’unica forma musicale ingrado di r<strong>en</strong>dere in modo perf<strong>et</strong>to il cont<strong>en</strong>uto emotivoe simbolico del testo.


Di questo stile, così popo<strong>la</strong>re da essere un f<strong>en</strong>om<strong>en</strong>oradicato e interc<strong>la</strong>ssista <strong>des</strong>tinato a sfidare i secoli, nonabbiamo alcuna testimonianza musicale dir<strong>et</strong>ta. Eraun’arte affidata al<strong>la</strong> memoria. Da quanto le rare traccepres<strong>en</strong>ti nelle fonti d’epoca <strong>la</strong>sciano int<strong>en</strong>dere, si dovevatrattare di un’alternanza di formule cad<strong>en</strong>zali e di cordedi recita, piuttosto che di vere e proprie melodie definite;linee semplici che potevano adattarsi a tutti i poemiscritti nello stesso m<strong>et</strong>ro. ma che davano ai migliori <strong>la</strong>possibilità di piegare il canto alle necessità espressivedei testi, utilizz<strong>and</strong>o una serie di artifici drammatici<strong>des</strong>tinati a sottolinearne i cont<strong>en</strong>uti, altern<strong>and</strong>o passaggisil<strong>la</strong>bici quasi par<strong>la</strong>ti a melismi assai virtuosi sulle cad<strong>en</strong>zeo sulle cesure del verso, in una costante variazionedel<strong>la</strong> melodia originale. Gli Umanisti italiani del XVe del XVI secolo ci hanno tram<strong>and</strong>ato appassionate epartico<strong>la</strong>reggiate <strong>des</strong>crizioni dell’arte dei canterini chesi esibivano agli angoli delle strade o dei po<strong>et</strong>i di corteche improvvisavano al<strong>la</strong> pres<strong>en</strong>za dei Signori del<strong>la</strong> città.Sono pagine non di rado pi<strong>en</strong>e di acc<strong>en</strong>ni polemici,spesso molto espliciti, al<strong>la</strong> superiorità del<strong>la</strong> dec<strong>la</strong>mazionerisp<strong>et</strong>to al<strong>la</strong> polifonia, alm<strong>en</strong>o qu<strong>and</strong>o era necessarior<strong>en</strong>dere in modo perf<strong>et</strong>to il cont<strong>en</strong>uto di un testo. D’altrocanto, gli intell<strong>et</strong>tuali dell’epoca p<strong>en</strong>savano che l’arte deldec<strong>la</strong>matore e quel<strong>la</strong> del compositore fossero degne dipari considerazione.Un esempio fra i molti è quello di Serafino Aqui<strong>la</strong>no,po<strong>et</strong>a cortese, celeberrimo compositore di strambotti.Di lui ci sono giunti pochissimi testi musicati, tutti inraccolte di composizioni polifoniche. Anche se fornitodi una preparazione tecnica non trascurabile - icontemporanei testimoniano del<strong>la</strong> sua maestria nell’artedel contrappunto - molto probabilm<strong>en</strong>te egli non èl’autore delle musiche, che sono opera di specialisti delg<strong>en</strong>ere frottolistico. Tuttavia, Serafino era consideratoil sommo rappres<strong>en</strong>tante del<strong>la</strong> musica profana: perl’impareggiabile bravura nel cantare a «a solo» sul liutoo sul<strong>la</strong> lira, era avvicinato nell’eccell<strong>en</strong>za a Josquin, ilgr<strong>and</strong>e maestro del<strong>la</strong> polifonia sacra.Diverse forme po<strong>et</strong>iche erano usate per dec<strong>la</strong>mare. Una,in partico<strong>la</strong>re, a segnato <strong>la</strong> storia del<strong>la</strong> cultura italianaattraverso i secoli, conserv<strong>and</strong>o fino ad oggi una vitalitàche stupisce. È l’ottava di <strong>en</strong>decasil<strong>la</strong>bi nel<strong>la</strong> sua versione20toscana, che segue lo schema di rime ABABABCC. L’usodi cantar l’ottava, su testi improvvisati o l<strong>et</strong>terari era untempo diffusissimo in tutta <strong>la</strong> P<strong>en</strong>iso<strong>la</strong>. Oggi, <strong>la</strong> tradizioneè ancor viva in vaste aree dell’Italia C<strong>en</strong>trale. Donne dicasa, operai, insegnanti, falegnami, stud<strong>en</strong>ti, legati aduna tradizione che rinnovano con amore, dec<strong>la</strong>manoversi su uno schema melodico arcaico, conservatosiesclusivam<strong>en</strong>te per trasmissione orale.Le fonti cronachistiche e l<strong>et</strong>terarie del Rinascim<strong>en</strong>todimostrano come gli Ebrei italiani del tempo sidedicassero al<strong>la</strong> dec<strong>la</strong>mazione e al<strong>la</strong> composizione dipoemi con lo stesso <strong>en</strong>tusiasmo dei loro vicini.La Istoria de Purim io ve raconto, scritta da MordecaiDato, intell<strong>et</strong>tuale emiliano, è una tra le mille narrazioniin ottava rima. É una versione in lingua italiana, mascritta in caratteri ebraici, del<strong>la</strong> Megil<strong>la</strong>t Ester, <strong>la</strong> storiadel<strong>la</strong> regina Ester. Come altre redazioni simili, <strong>la</strong> Istoriaera <strong>des</strong>tinata all’edificazione di quei membri del<strong>la</strong>comunità, in g<strong>en</strong>ere donne e bambini, che non capivano<strong>la</strong> lingua ebraica, in origine <strong>des</strong>tinata allo studio e al<strong>la</strong>liturgia, terr<strong>en</strong>i di pertin<strong>en</strong>za esclusivam<strong>en</strong>te maschile.Il testo pres<strong>en</strong>ta in modo vivace e colorito il racconto,ma rive<strong>la</strong> una certa difficoltà dell’autore nel controllodel<strong>la</strong> versificazione, anche se appare come Dato fosse asuo agio con gli stereotipi del poema epico di tradizioneitaliana.Vi sono anche diversi punti in comune con il vastorepertorio delle Sacre Rappres<strong>en</strong>tazioni in ottava,composte fin dal<strong>la</strong> m<strong>et</strong>à del Quattroc<strong>en</strong>to. Un’altravolgarizzazione del<strong>la</strong> storia di Ester è scritta in quartinedi ottonari, uno dei versi più diffusi del<strong>la</strong> tradizionepopo<strong>la</strong>re ed è in un colorito dial<strong>et</strong>to piemontese,arricchito da interpo<strong>la</strong>zioni in lingua ebrea. Anche inquesto caso, il testo ci è perv<strong>en</strong>uto trascritto in caratteriebraici ed è un altro esempio esplicito del clima di gioiache accompagnava una delle festività più importanti delcal<strong>en</strong>dario.L’attrazione che <strong>la</strong> cultura ebraica italiana delRinascim<strong>en</strong>to esercitò sulle altre comunità europee èb<strong>en</strong> illustrata dal caso di Elias Bachur Levita, illustreintell<strong>et</strong>tuale e poligrafo di origine Ask<strong>en</strong>azi, nato inGermania, che scelse l’Italia come patria d’adozione.Accanto ad un’impressionante mole di dizionari e


lessici in Latino, Ebraico e Yiddish, alle traduzioni edai comm<strong>en</strong>ti dei Salmi, egli trovò anche il tempo perper scrivere alcuni poemi epici in Yiddish, chiaram<strong>en</strong>teinflu<strong>en</strong>zati dal<strong>la</strong> coeva poesia cavalleresca italiana nel<strong>la</strong>forma e nel cont<strong>en</strong>uto.Uno di questi, il Bofo Bukh (il Libro di Bofo), e<strong>la</strong>borazionedi un poema eroico conosciutissimo nel Rinascim<strong>en</strong>to, il“Buovo d’Antona”, (versione italiana del<strong>la</strong> chanson degeste francese “Beuve d’Hanstone” risal<strong>en</strong>te al<strong>la</strong> fine delXIII secolo, a sua volta derivata da un più antico originaleanglonormanno) div<strong>en</strong>ne uno dei testi più popo<strong>la</strong>rinel<strong>la</strong> storia del<strong>la</strong> l<strong>et</strong>teratura yiddish. Fu ristampato finoal XX secolo con il titolo di “Bubbe Mayse” ovvero il“Racconto del<strong>la</strong> Nonna”, dove il termine m<strong>en</strong>o epico, mapiù familiare “Bubbe” (nonna), sostituì nel<strong>la</strong> cosci<strong>en</strong>zacoll<strong>et</strong>tiva l’originale nome dell’ eroe. Un altro poema diElias Bachur è “Dos Lied fun der Sreyfe in V<strong>en</strong>edig,” unanarrazione piuttosto agitata dell’incedio che bruciò ilquartiere di Rialto a V<strong>en</strong>ezia.La musicaTrovare <strong>la</strong> musica per dec<strong>la</strong>mare queste liriche è stata unadelle difficoltà maggiori incontrate nel<strong>la</strong> realizzazione diquesto prog<strong>et</strong>to. Pur ess<strong>en</strong>do poesia da cantare nessunodei testi ci è perv<strong>en</strong>uto con <strong>la</strong> musica. Le linee melodicheerano tram<strong>and</strong>ate oralm<strong>en</strong>te ed il fatto che ci sianoperv<strong>en</strong>uti solo i versi non è un segno di debolezza osubordinazione culturale. Al contrario, è <strong>la</strong> prova del<strong>la</strong>solidità di una tradizione orale talm<strong>en</strong>te radicata esicura, da non s<strong>en</strong>tire minimam<strong>en</strong>te l’urg<strong>en</strong>za di fissarein qualche modo melodie che erano note a tutti.Non sappiamo se <strong>la</strong> picco<strong>la</strong> minoranza di l<strong>et</strong>terati a cuierano <strong>des</strong>tinate le raccolte di versi da dec<strong>la</strong>mare fosserocapaci di leggere anche <strong>la</strong> notazione musicale (picco<strong>la</strong>minoranza presso i Cristiani. Presso gli Ebrei gran partedegli uomini sapeva leggere e scrivere l’ebraico e lelingue locali, m<strong>en</strong>tre molte donne erano in grado dileggere in caratteri ebraici alm<strong>en</strong>o <strong>la</strong> lingua corr<strong>en</strong>te).Certam<strong>en</strong>te tutti, nobili, mercanti e popo<strong>la</strong>ni, ill<strong>et</strong>terati ono, conoscevano a memoria decine, se non c<strong>en</strong>tinaia, dimelodie. Di rado, abbiamo <strong>la</strong> fortuna di trovare qualcheindicazione re<strong>la</strong>tiva al<strong>la</strong> musica. Lo strambotto di Serafino21Aqui<strong>la</strong>no “Tu dormi, io veglio” che fu modello per ilpoema di Gioseffo Sarphati “Ish<strong>en</strong>a at ani geor v<strong>en</strong>odad”god<strong>et</strong>te di gr<strong>and</strong>e popo<strong>la</strong>rità al<strong>la</strong> fine del XV secolo.Ne conserviamo alm<strong>en</strong>o due redazioni musicali diverse.Una, di autore ignoto, utilizza i versi di Serafino. L’altradi Tromboncino, accompagna un testo anonimo, ispiratodir<strong>et</strong>tam<strong>en</strong>te a quello dell’Aqui<strong>la</strong>no.Per una serie di coincid<strong>en</strong>ze inusuali, una versione del“Tzur Mishelo,” canzone per <strong>la</strong> veglia de Shabbat, cheElias Bachur Levita cita come <strong>la</strong> melodia sul<strong>la</strong> qualecantare il suo“Sreyfe Lied,” ci è perv<strong>en</strong>uta in unmanoscritto te<strong>des</strong>co del Cinquec<strong>en</strong>to.Evid<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te, nel caso delle ottave di Mordecai Dato,delle quartine piemontesi o delle stanze del Bovo Bukh, nonesiste alcuna evid<strong>en</strong>za del<strong>la</strong> musica su cui erano cantate, omeglio, dec<strong>la</strong>mate. Però grazie ad un <strong>la</strong>voro approfonditodi ricerca che ha variato dalle fonti l<strong>et</strong>terarie alle traccedi arie per cantar strambotti o capitoli nelle raccolte dimusiche del primo Cinquec<strong>en</strong>to, o fino alle prezioseindicazioni suggerite dal <strong>la</strong>voro di Leo Levi e dalle ricerchesul<strong>la</strong> tradizione dell’ottava cantata in Italia C<strong>en</strong>trale,abbiamo cercato di ricostruire un modo verosimile perinterpr<strong>et</strong>are <strong>la</strong> poesia dec<strong>la</strong>mata del Rinascim<strong>en</strong>to.Confortati, in quest’operazione assolutam<strong>en</strong>te arbitraria,dalle parole di Elias Levita nel<strong>la</strong> prefazione all’edizionedel 1541 del “Bofo Bukh”:«... Ober der nigun der dareif wird geh<strong>en</strong>,D<strong>en</strong> kon ich och nit gaeb<strong>en</strong> zu vorsteh<strong>en</strong>,D<strong>en</strong> ainer kont musiga oder solfahZo wolt ich him wol hob’n geholfahOber ich sing es mit aine welsche gesangkKon er darauf mache ain besserah so hob er dangk...«... Poichè non sono in grado di copiare<strong>la</strong> melodia adatta a questo versi,di chi sappia di musica e solfare,l’aiuto con gran gioia, acc<strong>et</strong>terei.Io canto su di un’aria italiana,ma c’è chi saprà dargli miglior tono…Avery Gosfield / Francis Biggi


1 Prière pour <strong>en</strong>lever le Séfer Thorà (Livre de <strong>la</strong> Thorà) de l'ArcheTirée de : <strong>Music</strong>al Traditions of the Italian Jews , collection de Leo Levi, éditée par Francesco SpagnoloPrière pour <strong>en</strong>lever le Séfer Thorà (Livre de <strong>la</strong> Thorà) de l’Arche où il est conservé, pour le service religieux dusamedi matin dans <strong>la</strong> tradition itali<strong>en</strong>ne ashkénaze de Gorizia.Le texte réunit <strong>des</strong> vers<strong>et</strong>s bibliques, <strong>la</strong> bénédition de <strong>la</strong> Thorà <strong>et</strong> le premier vers du “Shema Israel”En Kamokha/Shema IsraelEn Kamokha/Shema IsraelEn kamokha vaelim haShem, ve<strong>en</strong> kema’assekha.malkhutekha malkhut kol ‘o<strong>la</strong>mim,umemshaltekha bekhol dor vadorhaShem melekh, haShem ma<strong>la</strong>kh,haShem imlokh le’o<strong>la</strong>m va’edhaShem ‘oz le’amo itt<strong>en</strong>, haShem ievarekh<strong>et</strong> ‘amo vashalom.Av harakhamim, h<strong>et</strong>ivah virtzonekha <strong>et</strong> tzion,tivneh khomot irusha<strong>la</strong>yimki vekha levad batakhnu, melekh kEl ram v<strong>en</strong>issa,adon ‘o<strong>la</strong>mim.vaihi binsoa’ aaron vaiomer moshe:kumah haShem veiafutzu oievekhaveianussu messanekha mipanekha,ki mitzion t<strong>et</strong>ze torahudvar haShem mirusha<strong>la</strong>yim.Barukh sh<strong>en</strong>atan torah le’amo israel bikdushatohaShem ‘oz le’amo itt<strong>en</strong>, haShem ievarekh<strong>et</strong> ‘amo vashalom.shema’ israel, haShem Elok<strong>en</strong>u, haShem ekhadekhad Elok<strong>en</strong>u gadol adon<strong>en</strong>u kadosh shemoGadelu haShem ittiunrommemah shemo iakhdavQui, parmi les puissants, peut être comparé à toi,mon Dieu, <strong>et</strong> quelles sont les œuvres qui peuv<strong>en</strong>t êtrecomparées aux ti<strong>en</strong>nes ?Ton règne est de toute éternité,<strong>et</strong> ta domination s’ét<strong>en</strong>d à toutes les générations.L’Éternel règne, l’Éternel a régné, <strong>et</strong> l’Éternel régnera à jamais.L’Éternel donne <strong>la</strong> victoire à son peuple,l’Éternel gratifie son peuple de <strong>la</strong> paix.Père de toute miséricorde,rép<strong>and</strong>s ta grâce <strong>et</strong> ta bi<strong>en</strong>vail<strong>la</strong>nce sur Sion.Relève les ruines de Jérusalem.Notre espoir est <strong>en</strong> toi tout seul,ô Roi tout-puissant, souverain maître <strong>des</strong> mon<strong>des</strong>.Et lorsque l’arche se m<strong>et</strong>tait <strong>en</strong> mouvem<strong>en</strong>t,Moïse disait : “Lève-toi, ô Éternel,que tes <strong>en</strong>nemis se dispers<strong>en</strong>t<strong>et</strong> que tes adversaires fui<strong>en</strong>t devant toi” :car <strong>la</strong> Loi vi<strong>en</strong>t de Sion,<strong>et</strong> <strong>la</strong> parole du Dieu de Jérusalem.Loué soit celui qui, dans sa saint<strong>et</strong>é,a donné sa loi à Israël.Écoute Israël, l’Éternel notre Dieu,l’Éternel est un.Notre maître est gr<strong>and</strong> ;Son nom est saint.Exaltez avec moi l’Éternel.Célébrons <strong>en</strong>semble sa gloire.(Traduction de l’hébreu par A. B<strong>en</strong> Baruch,Prières Quotidi<strong>en</strong>nes, Paris : Librairie israélite, 1869)22


1 Prayer for the removal of the Torah from the ArkPrayer for the removal of the Torah from the Ark during the Saturday morning services, from the Italian Ashk<strong>en</strong>azictradition of Gorizia. Inclu<strong>des</strong> biblical verses, Torah b<strong>en</strong>ediction <strong>and</strong> the first verse of ‘Shema Israel’ (Hear, O Israel)Sung by Giacomo Farber, Mi<strong>la</strong>n,12/4/1954(<strong>Music</strong>al Traditions of the Italian Jews from the Leo Levi collection, Francesco Spagnolo, editor)En Kamokha/Shema IsraelEn Kamokha / Shema IsraelThere is none like unto Thee among the gods, O Lord;And there are no works like unto Thine.Thy kingdom is an ever<strong>la</strong>sting kingdom,And Thy dominion <strong>en</strong>dur<strong>et</strong>h throughout all g<strong>en</strong>erations.The Lord reign<strong>et</strong>h; the Lord hath reigned;The Lord shall reign for ever <strong>and</strong> ever.The Lord will give str<strong>en</strong>gth unto His people;The Lord will bless his people with peace.Father of mercies, do good in Thy favor unto Zion;Build Thou the walls of Jerusalem.For in Thee alone do we trust,O King, high <strong>and</strong> exalted God,Lord of worlds.And it came to pass, wh<strong>en</strong> the ark s<strong>et</strong> forward,That Moses said:‘Rise up, O Lord,And Thine <strong>en</strong>emies shall be scattered,And they that hate Thee shall flee before Thee,For out of Zion shall go forth the Law,And the word of the Lord from Jerusalem.’Blessed be He who in His holinessGave the Torah to His people Israel.Hear, O Israel: the Lord our God,The Lord is One.One is our God;Great is our Lord;Holy is His name.Magnify the Lord with me,And l<strong>et</strong> us exalt His name tog<strong>et</strong>her.English trans<strong>la</strong>tion from Prayer Book Abridged for Jews in theArmed Forces of the United States New York: National JewishWelfare Board, 1943. Gift of the Synagogue of Sarrebourg.23I falsi idoli non sono come te, Signore,e non c’è nul<strong>la</strong> che uguagli le tue opere.Il tuo regno è regno di tutti i secoli,il tuo dominio si est<strong>en</strong>de ad ogni g<strong>en</strong>erazione.Hashem regna, Hashem ha regnato,Hashem regnerà per l’<strong>et</strong>ernità.Hashem darà forza al suo popolob<strong>en</strong>edirà il suo popolo con <strong>la</strong> pace.Padre compassionevole,nel tuo amore fa grazia a Sion,rialza le mura di Gerusalemmesecondo il tuo volere.Solo in Te crediamo,sopra tutti esaltato ed elevato,Signore del Creato.Qu<strong>and</strong>o l’arca partì, Mosè disse:«Sorgi, Signore,e siano dispersi i tuoi nemicie fuggano da te coloro che ti odiano”.Da Sion uscirà <strong>la</strong> Toràe da Gerusalemme <strong>la</strong> paro<strong>la</strong> di Hashem.B<strong>en</strong>ed<strong>et</strong>to Colui che, nel<strong>la</strong> sua Santità, ha datoLa Torà al popolo di Istraele.Ascolta Israele: Hashem è il tuo Dio,Hashem è l’Unico e il Solo.Uno è il nostro Dio, gr<strong>and</strong>e è il nostro Signore,Santo è il suo Nome.Proc<strong>la</strong>miamo <strong>la</strong> gr<strong>and</strong>ezza di Hashemed esaltiamo insieme il Suo Nome.


2Les Caterines / La Cara Cossa (La Folia)<strong>Musique</strong>: “La Cara Cossa” Anonyme, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mus. Ms. 1503Texte : “Les Caterines”, Joan Escrivà (Val<strong>en</strong>ce, 1450 - fin du XVe siècle). (Traduction André Thibaut / Francis Biggi)Les Caterinessembl<strong>en</strong> regines;donques veuremquines cob<strong>la</strong>s ne fem.Ta<strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong> volem.Las que he troba<strong>des</strong>son obblida<strong>des</strong>;per que, cerca<strong>des</strong>,d’altras ne farem.Tale <strong>la</strong> volem.Jo n’am unames que naguna,e vol Fortunatrebal passem.Tale <strong>la</strong> volem.Es cara cossa,g<strong>en</strong>til come rosa;mes no reposalo mal que prem.Ta<strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong> volem.Es molt cortesa,de gran noblesa:de amor <strong>en</strong>sesacom <strong>la</strong> veurem?Ta<strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong> volem.Cara de sancta,de virtut tanta;no puch dir quanta,ne <strong>la</strong> compr<strong>en</strong>.Ta<strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong> volem.Es <strong>des</strong>embolta,muda <strong>la</strong> voltames de revoltahi jugarem.Ta<strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong> volem.24Les “Catherines”ressembl<strong>en</strong>t à <strong>des</strong> reines,donc, voyonsquels coupl<strong>et</strong>s inv<strong>en</strong>ter :c’est ainsi que nous <strong>la</strong> voulons.Ceux déjà composés,on les a oubliés,alors on chercheraà <strong>en</strong> faire d’autres :c’est ainsi que nous <strong>la</strong> voulons.Moi, j’<strong>en</strong> aime unemeilleure que les autres,<strong>et</strong> Fortune veutqu’on doive souffrir :c’est ainsi que nous <strong>la</strong> voulons.C’est une chose chérie,g<strong>en</strong>tille comme une rose ;<strong>la</strong> douleur qui m’écras<strong>en</strong>e peut plus se taire :c’est ainsi que nous <strong>la</strong> voulons.Elle est très courtoisepleine de noblesse,brû<strong>la</strong>nte d’amour,comme je <strong>la</strong> désire.C’est ainsi que nous <strong>la</strong> voulons.Visage d’une saintepleine de vertu,je ne peux pas vous direà quel point elle <strong>en</strong> est remplie :c’est ainsi que nous <strong>la</strong> voulons.Elle est vo<strong>la</strong>ge,elle change d’espritplusieurs fois ;nous jouerons ici:c’est ainsi que nous <strong>la</strong> voulons.


2Les Caterines / La Cara Cossa (La Folia)<strong>Music</strong>: Anonymous, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mus. Ms. 1503Text: ‘Les Caterines’, Joan Escrivà, (Val<strong>en</strong>cia, 1450; died <strong>en</strong>d of 15th c<strong>en</strong>tury)The ‘Catherines’Seem like que<strong>en</strong>s.So, l<strong>et</strong>’s seeWhat verses we can make up:That’s the way we like them.Those I’ve already writt<strong>en</strong>Have be<strong>en</strong> forgott<strong>en</strong>,That’s why we’ll tryTo write some fresh ones:That’s the way we like them.There’s one I likeMore than any other:But FortuneWants us to suffer:That’s the way we like them.She’s a dear thing,Swe<strong>et</strong> as a rose.But the pain that crushes me,Gives no respiteThat’s the way we like them.She’s very gracefulOf great nobilityF<strong>la</strong>ming with loveHow do we see them?The way that we like them.O saintly face,So full of virtue,I can’t ev<strong>en</strong> tell youhow much it contains:That’s the way we like them.She’s free <strong>and</strong> easy,Changes her mood,Each timeWe p<strong>la</strong>y,Because that’s the way we like them.25Le “Caterine”paiono regine,dunque, vediamoquali strofe fare.Così ci piace.Quelle già compostele abbiamo dim<strong>en</strong>ticate,per cui, cerc<strong>and</strong>o,ne faremo altre:Così ci piace.A me ne piace unamigliore di tutte,e <strong>la</strong> Fortuna vuoleche dobbiamo soffrire:Così ci piace.È una cara cosa,g<strong>en</strong>tile come rosa:più non taceil dolore che mi preme.Così ci piace.È molto corteseDi gran nobiltàAccesa d’amoreCome <strong>la</strong> vogliamo?Così ci piace.Volto da santa,pi<strong>en</strong>a di virtù,non posso dire quantapuò cont<strong>en</strong>erne:Così ci piace.È disinvoltacambia di umorevolta per voltaqui giocheremoCosì ci piace.


3Dos lid fun der sreyfe in V<strong>en</strong>edig (Chanson sur l'Inc<strong>en</strong>die de V<strong>en</strong>ise)Ce poème est une parodie <strong>des</strong>tinée aux célébrations de Pourim. Il a été composé <strong>en</strong>tre 1508 <strong>et</strong> 1513. Il raconteun inc<strong>en</strong>die sur le pont du Rialto à V<strong>en</strong>ise <strong>et</strong> les méfaits commis à c<strong>et</strong>te occasion, <strong>et</strong> s’<strong>en</strong> pr<strong>en</strong>d à Hillel Coh<strong>en</strong>, quiavait accusé, de façon malhonnête, <strong>la</strong> femme de Bachur Levita de lui avoir donné <strong>des</strong> bi<strong>en</strong>s volés.Texte : Elias Bachur Levita<strong>Musique</strong> : Tzur Mishelo, D-Mu, Cod. Ms.757(4°), Allemagne méridionale (ca. 1505-1518)Transcription : Israel Adler, texte <strong>en</strong> itali<strong>en</strong> écrits par Enrico FinkDos Lied hot Elyah Bokher gemakht oyf der sreyfe funV<strong>en</strong>edigEyn lid banign “Tzur Mishelo Akhalnu”Nokh vil ikh oykh eyn vintsig zingnMit mayne boyzn kolFun noye gez<strong>en</strong> dingnDi eyderman visn zolFun der make un der mageyfeDi do iz gevesn dos dozik molTzu Vindig in der sreyfeAsher saraf Abonay.Es vos eyn grosn yomarnDa do br<strong>en</strong>t er RialtFun koyf loyt un y<strong>en</strong>tilomernUn fun yudn yung un altYudn rufn yudnDos zi kem<strong>en</strong> baldUn vluks grit oyf ludnLemaan AbonayM<strong>en</strong> vos zikh veyntlikh oyf <strong>la</strong>d<strong>en</strong>Un shikt zi in di veytEtlekh t<strong>et</strong>n shad<strong>en</strong>Zi gingn af bazoytZi meyntn reykh tzu vernGar in kurtzer tzaytZi zukhn dos onglik gernUn danktn dem AbonayEtlekh lipn lesn mit zeknZi h<strong>et</strong>n es gern g<strong>en</strong>um<strong>en</strong> als.Eyner kam uber ein hoyf<strong>en</strong> mit beknDi loyd er oyf zeyn halzUn wil mit ab di stignDi der rialt der klung <strong>des</strong> pals26Eliyah Bokher a composé ce poème sur l’inc<strong>en</strong>die deV<strong>en</strong>ise, à chanter sur <strong>la</strong> mélodie de “Tzur MisheloAkhalnu”Encore une fois, je voudrais chanteravec ma voix de ri<strong>en</strong> du tout,quelques événem<strong>en</strong>ts arrivés récemm<strong>en</strong>tqui devrai<strong>en</strong>t être connus de tout le monde ;les mauvaises choses arrivéesp<strong>en</strong>dant l’inc<strong>en</strong>die de V<strong>en</strong>isepar <strong>la</strong> volonté du S*gneur.Il y eut un gr<strong>and</strong> affolem<strong>en</strong>t,qu<strong>and</strong> Rialto brû<strong>la</strong>,parmi les march<strong>and</strong>s <strong>et</strong> les g<strong>en</strong>tilshommes,parmi les <strong>Juifs</strong> jeunes <strong>et</strong> vieux,Juif appe<strong>la</strong>it Juifpour qu’il vi<strong>en</strong>ne sans tarder ;soudain un cri se levavers le S*gneur.Certains agir<strong>en</strong>t comme <strong>des</strong> b<strong>and</strong>its<strong>en</strong> vo<strong>la</strong>nt tout ce qu’ils pouvai<strong>en</strong>t,d’autres, pris par <strong>la</strong> folie<strong>en</strong>dommagèr<strong>en</strong>t maintes chosesils rêvai<strong>en</strong>t de dev<strong>en</strong>ir riches très vite !Ils cueillir<strong>en</strong>t le mal avec joiep<strong>en</strong>dant qu’ils remerciai<strong>en</strong>tnotre S*gneurCertains courai<strong>en</strong>t avec <strong>des</strong> sacs,ils aurai<strong>en</strong>t volontiers tout emm<strong>en</strong>é.Un autre sortit d’une cour avec <strong>des</strong> seauxqu’il avait p<strong>en</strong>dus à son cou.Et il essaya de grimper sur les poutres du Rialto,mais il tomba <strong>et</strong> il perdit son chargem<strong>en</strong>t


3Dos lid fun der sreyfe in V<strong>en</strong>edig (Song about the Fire in V<strong>en</strong>ice)This poem, a <strong>la</strong>mpoon for Purim writt<strong>en</strong> b<strong>et</strong>we<strong>en</strong> 1508 <strong>and</strong> 1513, talks about a fire on the Rialto in V<strong>en</strong>ice <strong>and</strong> thelooting which w<strong>en</strong>t on during it, in particu<strong>la</strong>r, the adv<strong>en</strong>tures of one Hillel Coh<strong>en</strong>, who accused the wife of Levitaof passing him stol<strong>en</strong> goodsText: Elias Bachur Levita<strong>Music</strong>: Tzur Mishelo, D-Mu, Cod. Ms.757(4°) South Germany, ca. 1505-1518Transcription: Israel Adler, Italian texts by Enrico FinkEliyah Bokher composed this poemabout the fire in V<strong>en</strong>iceA song to the melody of ‘Tzur Mishelo Akhalnu’Once again, I would like to sing to you a bitWith my poor voice,About some things se<strong>en</strong> rec<strong>en</strong>tlyThat everyone should know about:About the p<strong>la</strong>gue <strong>and</strong> the scourgeThat occurred, duringThe fire in V<strong>en</strong>ice,By the h<strong>and</strong> of G*d.There was a great outcryAs the Rialto burned:From merchant <strong>and</strong> g<strong>en</strong>tleman,And from Jews young <strong>and</strong> old.Jew called JewTo come right away,And quickly, a loud cry rang out :‘Towards the L*rd’.They acted like b<strong>and</strong>its,Many caused damage,As they w<strong>en</strong>t wild.They meant to become richAs quickly as possible.They sought out mischief with relish,While giving thanks to G*d.Many ran around carrying bags:They would have g<strong>la</strong>dly carried away everything.One man came across a courtyard with buck<strong>et</strong>sHung about his neckHe tried to climb up the pil<strong>la</strong>rs of the Rialto,But fell down <strong>and</strong> lost his load27Eliyah Bokher ha composto questo poema sull’incediodi V<strong>en</strong>eziaUna canzone sull’aria di “Tzur Mishelo Akhalnu”Ancora una volta, vorrei cantare un po’Col<strong>la</strong> mia voce da poco,su alcune cose accadute di rec<strong>en</strong>te,che dovrebbero essere conosciute da tutti,sulle disgrazie e le afflizionioccorse durantel’inc<strong>en</strong>dio di V<strong>en</strong>ezia,per volontà del S*gnoreCi fu gr<strong>and</strong>e scalporeQu<strong>and</strong>o Rialto bruciò:tra i mercanti e i g<strong>en</strong>tiluomini,tra gli Ebrei giovani e vecchi.L’Ebreo chiamò l’Ebreo,percèe accorresse subito.Immediatam<strong>en</strong>te si levò un gridodinanzi al S*gnoreAltri ancora si comportarono comeb<strong>and</strong>iti, port<strong>and</strong>o via tutto.Alcuni provocarono danni,qu<strong>and</strong>o presi da follia,sognarono di div<strong>en</strong>tare ricchiIn gran fr<strong>et</strong>ta.Coglievano il male con gioia,m<strong>en</strong>tre ringraziavano il S*gnore.Molti correvano intorno port<strong>and</strong>o sacchi:avrebbero portato via tutto vol<strong>en</strong>tieri.Unoi v<strong>en</strong>ne da una corte con dei secchiE li portava appesi al collo.Così cercò di arrampicarsisui piloni di Rialto,


Er lip der fun un lis es lignUn schrei “Ovi Abonay”Der noch noz er veyter shtreybnUn lis im oyf <strong>la</strong>dn zekein mol volt er gebnein pagam<strong>en</strong>t in ein ekein goy zokh in avek sleichnUn sprakh un vashtn bekOber zeyn koyp vos er in shtreykhnDos im vos vi nokh AbonayDer nokh lip er in eyn goshinUn zokht hin un herOb er <strong>et</strong>zvish kunt der vashnDo v<strong>and</strong> er eyn shnayder sherEr h’t zi vider bukh lornEr trog zi nit gar ver.Un ver tzum dalot iz geborn,dem bashert der Abonay<strong>et</strong> il cria “S*gneur Père!”Il essaya de remonter avec effort,<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>issant son sac rempli au sol.Puis, il essaya de cacherde l’arg<strong>en</strong>t dans un coin.Un goy [un non-Juif] voulut l’emm<strong>en</strong>er,<strong>en</strong> par<strong>la</strong>nt il prit un seau<strong>et</strong> lui tapa sur <strong>la</strong> tête,comme s’il vou<strong>la</strong>it l’<strong>en</strong>voyer voir le S*gneurPuis il courut vers un “goshin”<strong>en</strong> cherchant partout,<strong>en</strong> espérant arracher quelque chose.il trouva <strong>des</strong> ciseaux de couturier,mais <strong>en</strong>core une fois, il les perdit.Il n’arriva pas à les emporter.Qui est né pauvre,est vraim<strong>en</strong>t l’ élu du S*gneur5Toutes les créatures du ciel <strong>et</strong> de <strong>la</strong> terre (Kol Berue)Mélodie pour Rosh Hashanah (Nouvelle Année), tradition italikim de Padoue.Tirée de : <strong>Music</strong>al Traditions of the Italian Jews, collection de Leo Levi, éditée par Francesco SpagnoloKol berue ma’<strong>la</strong>h umattahIe’idun iagidun kul<strong>la</strong>m keekhadhaShem ekhad ushmo ekhadSheloshim ushtaim n<strong>et</strong>ivot shevi<strong>la</strong>khVekhol mevin sodam iessaperu <strong>et</strong> god<strong>la</strong>khVehem iakiru ki hakol she<strong>la</strong>khVeattah hakEl hammeiukhadIe’idun …Levavot bekhoshbam ‘o<strong>la</strong>m banuiImtzeu khol iesh biltekha shanuiBemispar bemishkal hakol manuiKul<strong>la</strong>m nitt<strong>en</strong>u mero’eh ekhadIe’idun…Merosh ve’ad sof iesh <strong>la</strong>kh simanTzafon veiam vekedem v<strong>et</strong>emanToutes les créatures du ciel <strong>et</strong> de <strong>la</strong> terreproc<strong>la</strong>m<strong>en</strong>t <strong>et</strong> annonc<strong>en</strong>t d’une même voixque l’Éternel est Un <strong>et</strong> Un est son nom.Infinis sont les chemins qui mèn<strong>en</strong>t à ta contemp<strong>la</strong>tion.Combi<strong>en</strong> sont ceux qui compr<strong>en</strong>n<strong>en</strong>t le mystère,ceux qui célèbr<strong>en</strong>t Ta gr<strong>and</strong>eur,ceux qui sav<strong>en</strong>t que tout est à Toi <strong>et</strong> Tu est le Seul D*euToutes les créatures ...Les cœurs, <strong>en</strong> p<strong>en</strong>sant à <strong>la</strong> construction du monde,compr<strong>en</strong>n<strong>en</strong>t que tout changerait si Tu n’existais pas.Mais tout reste comme s’il était compté <strong>et</strong> peséparce que tout est gouverné par une seule Provid<strong>en</strong>ce.Toutes les créatures ....Du premier au dernier être vivant, tout témoigne de ton exist<strong>en</strong>ce,Ori<strong>en</strong>t <strong>et</strong> Occid<strong>en</strong>t, Sept<strong>en</strong>trion <strong>et</strong> Méridi<strong>en</strong>,28


And yelled “G*d the father!”Afterwards he kept on struggling,And left his loaded sackOnce, he tried to hideSome money in a corner:A goy [non-Jew] tried to pull him away,And spoke <strong>and</strong> grabbed his buck<strong>et</strong>He was hitting him over the headAs if he would s<strong>en</strong>d him to his makerAfterwards, he ran into a “goshin”And searched back <strong>and</strong> forth.Hoping to grab onto som<strong>et</strong>hing in the meantime,He found a tailor’s scissors there,But lost it once again:He couldn’t carry it far at all:And he who is born to povertyIs G*d’s soulmate.Ma cadde giù <strong>la</strong>sci<strong>and</strong>o il caricoe urlò “Signor Padre!”Rit<strong>en</strong>tò ancora sforz<strong>and</strong>osi,e <strong>la</strong>sciò il suo sacco pi<strong>en</strong>o.Poi voleva nascondereDei soldi in un angoloun goy (non ebreo) cercò di trascinarlo,par<strong>la</strong>ndo prese il suo secchioe lo picchiava in testacome se avesse voluto spedirlo al S*gnorePoi corse verso un“goshin”Cerc<strong>and</strong>o dappertutto.Sper<strong>and</strong>o di agguantare qualcosa,trovò delle forbici da sarto,ma le perse ancora una volta.Non potè proprio portarsele via:Chi è nato in povertàÈ veram<strong>en</strong>te el<strong>et</strong>to dal S*gnore.5All the Creatures of the Sky <strong>and</strong> Eart (Kol Berue)Poem in acrostics (‘Shelomoh’) that <strong>des</strong>cribes all of the creatures.Melody for Rosh Hashanah (New Year) in the Italikim tradition of Padua. Sung by Paolo Nissim, Trieste, 14/3/1956(<strong>Music</strong>al Traditions of the Italian Jews from the Leo Levi collection, Francesco Spagnolo, editor)All the Creatures of the Sky <strong>and</strong> EarthDec<strong>la</strong>re <strong>and</strong> call with one Voice:That Eternity is One, <strong>and</strong> One is its NameThe Ways of contemp<strong>la</strong>ting You are infiniteHow many underst<strong>and</strong> the Mystery by exalting Your GreatnessKnowing that All is YoursAnd that You are the only G*d… Dec<strong>la</strong>re <strong>and</strong> call with one Voice:The hearts, thinking on how the World was made,Underst<strong>and</strong> that All would have changed, had You never existed;Instead, All has remained as if it had be<strong>en</strong> counted <strong>and</strong> weighedBecause all is se<strong>en</strong> for by One Divine Provid<strong>en</strong>ce… Dec<strong>la</strong>re <strong>and</strong> call with one Voice:From the first to the <strong>la</strong>st Being, All is Sign of Your Exist<strong>en</strong>ceThe East <strong>and</strong> the West, the North <strong>and</strong> the South,29Tutte le creature del cielo e del<strong>la</strong> terraProc<strong>la</strong>mano e annunciano ad una voceChe l’Eterno è Uno ed Uno il suo nomeInfinite sono le vie per contemp<strong>la</strong>rTiQuanti compr<strong>en</strong>dono il mistero,celebrano <strong>la</strong> Tua gr<strong>and</strong>ezzaSaanno che tutto è Tuo e Tu sei l’Unico D*oProc<strong>la</strong>mano e annunciano…I cuori, p<strong>en</strong>s<strong>and</strong>o al<strong>la</strong> costruzione del mondoCapiscono che ogni cosa muterebbe se Tu non fossi;tutto invece resta come fosse contato e pesatoperché tutto è disposto da una Unica Provvid<strong>en</strong>zaProc<strong>la</strong>mano e annunciano…Dal primo all’ultimo essere, tutto è segno del<strong>la</strong> tua esist<strong>en</strong>zaL’ori<strong>en</strong>te e l’occid<strong>en</strong>te, il s<strong>et</strong>t<strong>en</strong>trione e il mezzogiorno


Shakhak v<strong>et</strong>evel lekha ‘ed neemanMizeh ekhad umizeh ekhadIe’idun…Hakol mimmekha nizbad zavodAttah ta’amod vehem iovedu avodLakh<strong>en</strong> kol i<strong>et</strong>zur lekha itt<strong>en</strong> kavodKi merosh ve’ad sof halo av ekhadIe’idun…Uvtoratekha katuv lemor:haShem Elok<strong>en</strong>u haShem ekhadLe ciel <strong>et</strong> <strong>la</strong> terre sont Tes témoins.Partout où le regard peut se poser, Tu est Un.Toutes les créatures ....Tout est un don de ta puissance ;tu existeras toujours, le monde périratous les êtres Te r<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong>t honneur :parce que du premier au dernier, tous ont un Seul Père.Toutes les créatures ....Et dans Ta loi, il est écrit :Notre S*gneur, Notre D*eu, le S*gneur est Un.6Bofo Bukh / Anonyme : Buovo d’AntonaExtraits du Bofo Bukh <strong>et</strong> du modèle dont il est tiré, le poème chevaleresque Buovo d’Antona. Les stanze qui suiv<strong>en</strong>tsont le récit de <strong>la</strong> r<strong>en</strong>contre <strong>en</strong>tre Pulican, l’ami fidèle de Buovo, <strong>et</strong> les moines d’un monastère ou il s’était r<strong>en</strong>dupour chercher à manger. En même temps, Buovo, Drusiane <strong>et</strong> leurs nouveaux-nés att<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong>t dans le bois. Pulicanest un être fantastique, moitié homme <strong>et</strong> moitié chi<strong>en</strong>.Nous remercions le docteur C<strong>la</strong>udia Ros<strong>en</strong>zweig de nous avoir fourni ses transcriptions de l’original <strong>et</strong> aussi lestraductions du yiddish, toujours de sa main.Elias Bachur Levita : Bofo Bukh<strong>Musique</strong>: traditionnelle, V<strong>en</strong>ise, transcription de Giuseppe Bar<strong>et</strong>ti, 1768 - arrangem<strong>en</strong>t : Enrico Fink“Pullicane, mostro mezzo uomo e mezzo cane,corre per il bosco al<strong>la</strong> ricerca di cibosu richiesta dell’amico Bovo, che lo att<strong>en</strong>de ai padiglioni.Scorge in lontananza un monasteroe decide di ripulirlo compl<strong>et</strong>am<strong>en</strong>te.”Buovo dit : “N’att<strong>en</strong>ds pas, va,<strong>et</strong> essaie de rev<strong>en</strong>ir ici au plus tôt.”Pulican partit, il courut vite dans <strong>la</strong> forêt.Ici, il vit un beau monastère,il p<strong>en</strong>sa : «Je ne dois plus att<strong>en</strong>dre,je dois vider ce monastère !»Bofo BukhVluks lof er hinan bis an das housun’ klopft mit ainem stek<strong>en</strong>.ain k<strong>la</strong>in mönchlein sach zum v<strong>en</strong>ster ousun’ vil gleich hinter sich vor schreck<strong>en</strong>.un’ mit ainem angst un’ grouslof es vun dem v<strong>en</strong>ster hin wek<strong>en</strong>un’ sagt dem apt mit schrei<strong>en</strong> un’ wain<strong>en</strong>“es st<strong>et</strong> ainer vor der tür, der g<strong>et</strong> ouf vir bain<strong>en</strong>”.Der apt spracht zu im: “mach dich der fun!Rapide, Pulican arriva devant le bâtim<strong>en</strong>t<strong>et</strong> il frappa à <strong>la</strong> porte.Un p<strong>et</strong>it moinillon regarda dehors<strong>et</strong> il tomba effrayé.Épouvanté <strong>et</strong> angoisséil courut loin de <strong>la</strong> f<strong>en</strong>être,<strong>et</strong> <strong>en</strong> criant <strong>et</strong> <strong>en</strong> pleurant il dit à l’abbé :«Il y a un tel, dehors, qui marche à quatre pattes!»Et l’abbé dit à Pulican:30


The Sky <strong>and</strong> the Earth all bear You WitnessWherever one turns, You are the only One… Dec<strong>la</strong>re <strong>and</strong> call with one Voice:All is a Gift of Your Omnipot<strong>en</strong>ceYou will always exist, while all else will perishSo that every Being r<strong>en</strong>ders you HomageBecause, from the First to the Last,All share one Father… Dec<strong>la</strong>re <strong>and</strong> call with one Voice:In Your Law it is writt<strong>en</strong>:The L*rd is our G*d, the L*rd is OneIl cielo e <strong>la</strong> terra Ti sono testimoniDa qualunque parte uno si volga, Tu sei UnoProc<strong>la</strong>mano e annunciano…Tutto è dono del<strong>la</strong> tua onnipot<strong>en</strong>zaTu sempre esisterai, il tutto periràPerciò ogni essere Ti r<strong>en</strong>de onore:perché dal primo all’ultimo, tutti hanno un Unico PadreProc<strong>la</strong>mano e annunciano…E nel<strong>la</strong> tua legge è scrittoIl S*gnore nostro Dio, il S*gnore è Uno6Bofo Bukh / Anonym: Buovo d’AntonaThese excerpts from the Bofo Bukh <strong>and</strong> its model, the Italian poem Buovo d’Antona recount how Pelukan, halfman,half-dog, Bovo’s faithful fri<strong>en</strong>d, goes to find food at a monastery while Bovo <strong>and</strong> his companion, Drusiana,wait in a nearby wood with their newborn sons.Many thanks to Dr. C<strong>la</strong>udia Ros<strong>en</strong>zweig for allowing us to use her transcription from the Yiddish of the Bofo Bukh.Elias Bachur Levita : Bofo Bukh<strong>Music</strong> from V<strong>en</strong>ice, Transcription from Giuseppe Bar<strong>et</strong>ti, 1768, arrangem<strong>en</strong>t by Enrico FinkBovo spoke: ‘L<strong>et</strong>’s tarry no longer,So that you’ll soon be back.’Pelukan left them behind, running speedily through the forestUntil he saw from far away, a fine monastery st<strong>and</strong>ingbefore him.He thought – “I won’t wait here any longerBefore going to clean out that monastery.”Bovo disse “ Allora non att<strong>en</strong>dere piùE fai in modo di essere qui per tempo”Pelukan cominciò ad <strong>and</strong>areCorse velocem<strong>en</strong>te attraverso <strong>la</strong> foresta.Qui vide da lontanoun bel monasteroP<strong>en</strong>sò “ non devo att<strong>en</strong>dere oltreSvuoterò compl<strong>et</strong>am<strong>en</strong>te quel monastero”He ran up to the building quickly,Knocking with his stick.A little monk peered out of the window,And was so afraidThat he fell back right away.With fear <strong>and</strong> terror, he ran away from the window,<strong>and</strong> said to the Abbot, With screaming <strong>and</strong> crying:‘There’s someone at the door who walks on four legs!’The abbot spoke to him: ‘G<strong>et</strong> out of here!31Velocem<strong>en</strong>te corse avanti fino al<strong>la</strong> casaE bussò con un bastoneUn piccolo monachello guardò fuori dal<strong>la</strong> finestra esubito cadde dal terrore.E con gr<strong>and</strong>e paura e angosciaCorse via dal<strong>la</strong> finestraE disse all’abate con grida e con pianto:c’è uno fuori dal<strong>la</strong> porta che cammina su quattro gambe.E l’abate gli dissero: “vai via di qui!


in dem kloster solstu nit belib<strong>en</strong>.was solt ain hunt bei uns tun?wilstu lern<strong>en</strong> oder wiltu schreib<strong>en</strong>?”es wor<strong>en</strong> wol irer zwainzig nunmit gewalt wolt<strong>en</strong> si in hinous treib<strong>en</strong>ir kut<strong>en</strong> hob<strong>en</strong> si an ouf zu schürz<strong>en</strong>ainer warf in mit ainem holz schuch, das er was stürz<strong>en</strong>“Sag mir, warum bistu kum<strong>en</strong> her?warum wilstu uns nem<strong>en</strong> unser leb<strong>en</strong>?”Pelukan sprach “es is mein beger,das ir mir eß<strong>en</strong> un’ trink<strong>en</strong> solt geb<strong>en</strong>”do das hort der apt, wi’ vro war erer sprach: “sag mir nurt, was dir is eb<strong>en</strong>,ain mol wil ich loß<strong>en</strong> zu richt<strong>en</strong> uns bed<strong>en</strong>das du mir nischt wilst tun, das solstu mir gered<strong>en</strong>”.«Va-t-<strong>en</strong>, tu ne dois pas rester ici.Que peut faire un chi<strong>en</strong> dans un couv<strong>en</strong>t?Tu veux étudier ou écrire ?»Il y avait une bonne vingtaine de moinesqui vou<strong>la</strong>i<strong>en</strong>t le chasser avec <strong>la</strong> force.Ils soulevèr<strong>en</strong>t leurs frocs,l’un lui tira un sabot mais <strong>en</strong> le faisant, il tomba.«Dis-moi, pourquoi es-tu v<strong>en</strong>u ici?Veux-tu pr<strong>en</strong>dre nos vies ?»Pulican dit: «Ce que je désireest d’avoir à boire <strong>et</strong> à manger.»Qu<strong>and</strong> l’abbé <strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong>dit ces mots, il fut heureux<strong>et</strong> il dit «Que voudrais-tu manger ?Je vais comm<strong>and</strong>er qu’on prépare un repas pour nous deux,pourvu que tu ne me fasses ri<strong>en</strong> !»Anonyme: “Stanze” du “Buovo d’Antona”“Fessi sedere al<strong>la</strong>to el sacrestanoDic<strong>en</strong>do mangia e porta da mangiareMangiava pullican tanto sopranoChe monaci facea maravigliareNon si potea servir con <strong>la</strong> sua manoEt assai roba per lui non vi pareDisse alo sagrestano imantin<strong>en</strong>te“Hor ti coci carne se tu nai ni<strong>en</strong>te”Tutta <strong>la</strong> nocte fece cosinarePoi <strong>la</strong> matina in su <strong>la</strong>lba del giornoImprimam<strong>en</strong>te si volse mangiareE poi li polli cotti in quel contornoIn un gran sacco lui fece conciareCon molte herbe odorifere dintornoQuatro fiaschi de vin bianco e vermiglioNelle man sue prese con artiglioSuave pullicano caminavaCaricato era per nul<strong>la</strong> guastarePer lo diserto pullicano <strong>and</strong>avaCol foco acceso che un diavol pareTanto che padiglioni ello arivavaQu<strong>and</strong>o buovo lo vide ritornareAnonyme: «Stanze» du «Buovo d’Antona»<strong>Musique</strong>: Tradition toscane, é<strong>la</strong>boration Gloria Mor<strong>et</strong>tiIl fit asseoir à son côté le sacristain,<strong>en</strong> lui disant : «Mange <strong>et</strong> emmène à manger.»Pulican mangea une telle quantité de chosesque les moines <strong>en</strong> fur<strong>en</strong>t tous émerveillés.Il ne pouvait pas se servir avec ses mains<strong>et</strong> il n’y avait jamais assez à manger pour lui.Il dit soudainem<strong>en</strong>t au sacristain :«Cuis de <strong>la</strong> vi<strong>and</strong>e, si tu <strong>en</strong> as !»Il fit faire <strong>la</strong> cuisine toute <strong>la</strong> nuit,puis au p<strong>et</strong>it matinil reprit à manger.Après, il prit les poul<strong>et</strong>s rôtis<strong>et</strong> il les fit m<strong>et</strong>tre dans un gr<strong>and</strong> sac,assaisonnés avec <strong>des</strong> herbes aromatiques.Il prit <strong>en</strong>tre ses mains, avec ses griffes,quatre f<strong>la</strong>sques de vin b<strong>la</strong>nc <strong>et</strong> vermeil.Heureux Pulican marchait :soigneux, pour ne pas gâcher les m<strong>et</strong>s,il courait dans le désertcomme un diable poursuivi par les f<strong>la</strong>mmes.Il arriva vite au campem<strong>en</strong>t,<strong>et</strong> qu<strong>and</strong> Buovo le vit rev<strong>en</strong>ir,32


This is no p<strong>la</strong>ce for you!What can a dog do here?Would you like to study, or are you interested in writing?’There were a good tw<strong>en</strong>ty m<strong>en</strong> now,Who tried to drag him out by force.They lifted up their robes,One threw a wood<strong>en</strong> shoe at him, trying to harm.Tell me, why did you come here?Why do you want to deprive us of our lives?Pelukan spoke: ‘My missionIs to g<strong>et</strong> food <strong>and</strong> drink from you.’Wh<strong>en</strong> the abbot heard these words,He was overjoyed. He said:‘Just tell me what you wish for, <strong>and</strong> I will s<strong>en</strong>d for it forboth of us:But first you must promise that you will not harm me.’Non devi rimanere nel conv<strong>en</strong>to.Cosa ci può fare un cane qui da noi?Vuoi studiare oppure vuoi scrivere?”Erano ora una buona v<strong>en</strong>tina di loroVolevano m<strong>and</strong>arlo fuori con <strong>la</strong> viol<strong>en</strong>za.Cominciarano a sollevare le loro tonacheUno gli g<strong>et</strong>tò una scarpa di legno di modo che egli cadde.“Dimmi, perché sei v<strong>en</strong>uto qui?Perché vuoi pr<strong>en</strong>derci le nostre viti?”Pelukan disse: E’ mio <strong>des</strong>iderio,che voi mi diate da bere e da mangiare.”Qu<strong>and</strong>o l’abate s<strong>en</strong>tì questo, come fu feliceEgli disse “dimmi solo, cosa ti va b<strong>en</strong>e,un pranzo farò preparare per noi duea patto che tu non mi faccia ni<strong>en</strong>te,questo mi devi prom<strong>et</strong>tere.”Anonymous Stanzas from Buovo d’Antona<strong>Music</strong>: Traditional Tuscan, arrangem<strong>en</strong>t by Gloria Mor<strong>et</strong>tiHe had him sit down next to the sexton,Telling him to eat <strong>and</strong> to bring food.Pulikan ate so much thatThe monks were amazed.He couldn’t serve himself with his h<strong>and</strong>s,And since it didn’t seem <strong>en</strong>ough,He said to the sexton:‘Now go <strong>and</strong> cook some meat if there is some.’He had him cook all night,Th<strong>en</strong>, the next morning at the break of dawn,He first ate some more.And th<strong>en</strong> wrapped the boiled chick<strong>en</strong>sIn a big sack which he had s<strong>et</strong> up,Surrounded by many swe<strong>et</strong>-smelling herbs.He grabbed four f<strong>la</strong>sks of red <strong>and</strong> white wineWith his c<strong>la</strong>ws.Quickly w<strong>en</strong>t Pulikan.His burd<strong>en</strong> didn’t hold him back.Across the <strong>des</strong>ert w<strong>en</strong>t Pulikan,Like a burning f<strong>la</strong>me, so fast he seemed a devil,Until he got to their t<strong>en</strong>tWh<strong>en</strong> Bovo saw him r<strong>et</strong>urning,33Anonimo : Stanze dal Buovo d’Antona<strong>Music</strong>a : tradizione toscana, e<strong>la</strong>borazione Gloria Mor<strong>et</strong>ti“Fessi sedere al<strong>la</strong>to el sacrestanoDic<strong>en</strong>do mangia e porta da mangiareMangiava pullican tanto sopranoChe monaci facea maravigliareNon si potea servir con <strong>la</strong> sua manoEt assai roba per lui non vi pareDisse alo sagrestano imantin<strong>en</strong>te“Hor ti coci carne se tu nai ni<strong>en</strong>te”Tutta <strong>la</strong> nocte fece cosinarePoi <strong>la</strong> matina in su <strong>la</strong>lba del giornoImprimam<strong>en</strong>te si volse mangiareE poi li polli cotti in quel contornoIn un gran sacco lui fece conciareCon molte herbe odorifere dintornoQuatro fiaschi de vin bianco e vermiglioNelle man sue prese con artiglioSuave pullicano caminavaCaricato era per nul<strong>la</strong> guastarePer lo diserto pullicano <strong>and</strong>avaCol foco acceso che un diavol pareTanto che padiglioni ello arivavaQu<strong>and</strong>o buovo lo vide ritornare


Gr<strong>and</strong>e allegrezza ne fe suo compareEt aiutollo presto a scaricareBofo BukhWi’ es im war gang<strong>en</strong>, sagt im Pelukanun’ do si das ger<strong>et</strong> hat<strong>en</strong> ab ge<strong>la</strong>d<strong>en</strong>,do macht<strong>en</strong> si ain gros vouer anun’ wermt<strong>en</strong> waßer, di kinder zu bad<strong>en</strong>.zu ainem koch wur Bovo, der edel man,er macht gute pasted<strong>en</strong> un’ v<strong>la</strong>d<strong>en</strong>un’ m<strong>and</strong>el reis un’ krepflich un’ gute ger<strong>et</strong>lichapfel müslich un’ küchlich un’ warme br<strong>et</strong>lich.il fut très heureux<strong>et</strong> aida son ami à décharger.Du “Bofo Bukh” :Pulican raconte son histoirecomme il s’était emparé de ces bonnes choses.Ils allumèr<strong>en</strong>t un gr<strong>and</strong> feu,ils chauffèr<strong>en</strong>t l’eau pour baigner l’<strong>en</strong>fant.Buovo, le g<strong>en</strong>tilhomme, devint un cuisinier,il fit de bons patés <strong>et</strong> <strong>des</strong> fougassesdu riz aux aman<strong>des</strong>, <strong>des</strong> crêpes, <strong>des</strong> pot-au-feu excell<strong>en</strong>ts,une purée de pommes, de p<strong>et</strong>its gâteaux, <strong>des</strong> rôtis chauds.8Tu dormi, io veglio e vo perd<strong>en</strong>do i passi (Serafino Aqui<strong>la</strong>no)Texte : Serafino Aqui<strong>la</strong>no (1466-1500) - <strong>Musique</strong> : anonyne, (Frottole libro Sexto: P<strong>et</strong>rucci, V<strong>en</strong>ezia: 1506)Tu dormi, io veglio e vo perd<strong>en</strong>do i passie torm<strong>en</strong>t<strong>and</strong>o intorno alle tue mura;tu dormi, el mio dolor resveglia i sassi,e fo per gran pi<strong>et</strong>à <strong>la</strong> luna oscura;tu dormi, ma non già questi occhi <strong>la</strong>ssi,dove il sonno v<strong>en</strong>ir mai se assicura:perché ogni cosa da mia m<strong>en</strong>te fugge,se non l’imagin tua, che mi distrugge.Tu dors, je veille <strong>et</strong> je perds mes pas,je me tourm<strong>en</strong>te autour de tes murs.Tu dors <strong>et</strong> ma douleur réveille les pierres,<strong>et</strong> par pitié, <strong>la</strong> lune se fait obscure.Tu dors, mais mes yeux fatigués ne dorm<strong>en</strong>t jamais,le sommeil ne vi<strong>en</strong>t jamais,parce que tout s’<strong>en</strong>fuit de mon esprithormis ton image, qui me détruit.9Ish<strong>en</strong>a at ani geor v<strong>en</strong>odad (Joseph Sarphati)Iesh<strong>en</strong>a at ani ge’or v<strong>en</strong>odadumitnamnem seviv b<strong>et</strong>ekh ‘adinaiesh<strong>en</strong>a at ani tsurim a’odedbemakhovi veakhshikh allevanaiesh<strong>en</strong>a at vezir marekh ieshodedt<strong>en</strong>uma mik<strong>en</strong>ot ‘<strong>en</strong>ai vesh<strong>en</strong>ab<strong>et</strong>selmekh kol mezimoti k<strong>en</strong>ussimvekhaddonag b<strong>et</strong>okh ishekh nemassimTu dors, je veille <strong>et</strong> je perds mes pas,je me tourm<strong>en</strong>te autour de tes murs.Tu dors <strong>et</strong> ma douleur réveille les pierres,<strong>et</strong> par pitié, <strong>la</strong> lune se fait obscure.Tu dors, mais mes yeux fatigués ne dorm<strong>en</strong>t jamais,le sommeil ne vi<strong>en</strong>t jamais,parce que tout s’<strong>en</strong>fuit de mon esprithormis ton image, qui me détruit.34


He greatly rejoiced to see him again,And helped him to unload right away.Bofo Bukh‘How did it go?’, he asked Pelukan,And helped him to unload.Th<strong>en</strong> he made a big campfire,And warmed up water to bathe the childr<strong>en</strong>.Bovo, that noble man, became a cook:He made good pasties <strong>and</strong> pies;Almond rice <strong>and</strong> other good things;Apple pies <strong>and</strong> warm mush.Gr<strong>and</strong>e allegrezza ne fe suo compareEt aiutollo presto a scaricareDal Bofo BukhPelukan raccontò come gli era <strong>and</strong>ataE li aveva alleggeriti del<strong>la</strong> roba,accesero un gran fuocoe scaldarano dell’acqua per fare il bagno ai bambini.Bovo, il nobil uomo, div<strong>en</strong>ne un cuoco,fece delle buone paste e focacce e riso alle m<strong>and</strong>orlee frittelle e prelibati stufati, e una puréa di melee dolc<strong>et</strong>ti e arrosti caldi.8Tu dormi, io veglio e vo perd<strong>en</strong>do i passi (Serafino Aqui<strong>la</strong>no)Text : Serafino Aqui<strong>la</strong>no (1466-1500) - <strong>Music</strong> : anonymous, (Frottole libro Sexto: P<strong>et</strong>rucci, V<strong>en</strong>ezia: 1506)You sleep whilst I wake, wasting my stepsAs I twist <strong>and</strong> turn about your walls.You sleep, while my pain could wake the stones:The moon dark<strong>en</strong>s with pity.You sleep, but not these tired eyes,To whom sleep never comes:Because all flees from my thoughtsSave your image, which consumes meTu dormi, io veglio e vo perd<strong>en</strong>do i passie torm<strong>en</strong>t<strong>and</strong>o intorno alle tue mura;tu dormi, el mio dolor resveglia i sassi,e fo per gran pi<strong>et</strong>à <strong>la</strong> luna oscura;tu dormi, ma non già questi occhi <strong>la</strong>ssi,dove il sonno v<strong>en</strong>ir mai se assicura:perché ogni cosa da mia m<strong>en</strong>te fugge,se non l’imagin tua, che mi distrugge.9Ish<strong>en</strong>a at ani geor v<strong>en</strong>odad (Joseph Sarphati)You sleep whilst I wake, wasting my stepsAs I twist <strong>and</strong> turn about your walls.You sleep, while my pain could wake the stones:The moon dark<strong>en</strong>s with pity.You sleep, but not these tired eyes,To whom sleep never comes:Because all flees from my thoughtsSave your image, which consumes meTu dormi, io veglio e vo perd<strong>en</strong>do i passie torm<strong>en</strong>t<strong>and</strong>o intorno alle tue mura;tu dormi, el mio dolor resveglia i sassi,e fo per gran pi<strong>et</strong>à <strong>la</strong> luna oscura;tu dormi, ma non già questi occhi <strong>la</strong>ssi,dove il sonno v<strong>en</strong>ir mai se assicura:perché ogni cosa da mia m<strong>en</strong>te fugge,se non l’imagin tua, che mi distrugge.35


10Tu dormi io veglio’a <strong>la</strong> tempesta’e v<strong>en</strong>toSu <strong>la</strong> marmorea p<strong>et</strong>ra di tua portaTu dormi io veglio’e con amaro’acc<strong>en</strong>toOgnhor chiamo pi<strong>et</strong>a che’è per me morta.Tu dormi io veglio con grave torm<strong>en</strong>toNé trovo al mio p<strong>en</strong>ar chi me conforta,Tu dormi riposata s<strong>en</strong>za’affannoE gli’occhi miei serrati mai non stanno12Tu dormi, io veglio e <strong>la</strong> tempesta e v<strong>en</strong>to (anonyme)Tu dors, je veille à <strong>la</strong> tempête <strong>et</strong> au v<strong>en</strong>tsur <strong>la</strong> pierre marbrée de ta porte.Tu dors <strong>et</strong> je veille, <strong>et</strong> avec d’amers acc<strong>en</strong>tsj’appelle <strong>la</strong> pitié qui pour moi est morte.Tu dors <strong>et</strong> je veille <strong>en</strong> gran<strong>des</strong> peines,personne ne peut réconforter ma douleur.Tu dors, reposée <strong>et</strong> sans souci,<strong>et</strong> mes yeux ne peuv<strong>en</strong>t pas se fermer.Chants pour <strong>la</strong> f<strong>et</strong>e de PourimPour <strong>la</strong> fête de Pourim, l’histoire de <strong>la</strong> reine Esther <strong>et</strong> <strong>des</strong> événem<strong>en</strong>ts qui l’am<strong>en</strong>èr<strong>en</strong>t à sauver le peuple d’Israël<strong>des</strong> m<strong>en</strong>aces de l’abject ministre Aman est chantée <strong>en</strong> hébreu, utilisant <strong>la</strong> «Meguil<strong>la</strong>» (le rouleau). Les célébrationsinclu<strong>en</strong>t, outre le boire <strong>et</strong> le manger à l’excès, <strong>des</strong> représ<strong>en</strong>tations théâtrales de l’histoire de <strong>la</strong> reine, écrites dans<strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong>ngue ou dans le dialecte local, <strong>des</strong>tinées aux membres de <strong>la</strong> Communauté – surtout <strong>des</strong> femmes <strong>et</strong> <strong>des</strong> <strong>en</strong>fants– qui ne compr<strong>en</strong>ai<strong>en</strong>t pas l’hébreu. La “Meguil<strong>la</strong>” est chantée sur une mélodie traditionnelle juive itali<strong>en</strong>ne <strong>en</strong>alternance avec deux textes <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>ngue vulgaire. Le premier, <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>ngue lombarde/véniti<strong>en</strong>ne, est <strong>en</strong> quatrains d’octonaires.Le deuxième est le poème <strong>en</strong> ottava rima de Mordekay DatoTexte tiré du Ms. GB Lo BM, Ms. 10,463, Gaster 678Nous remercions le docteur Maria Luisa Mayer-Mod<strong>en</strong>a pour avoir mis à notre disposition sa transcription <strong>des</strong>quatrains, qui étai<strong>en</strong>t <strong>en</strong> caractères hébraïques dans <strong>la</strong> rédaction originale.<strong>Musique</strong> : tradition de l’App<strong>en</strong>in émili<strong>en</strong>, é<strong>la</strong>boration Gloria Mor<strong>et</strong>ti.C<strong>et</strong>te chanson a été faite le soir de Pourim,pour célébrer le seudà pour être <strong>en</strong> allégresse tous <strong>en</strong>semble à boire <strong>et</strong> à manger jusqu’à <strong>en</strong> avoir le v<strong>en</strong>tre éc<strong>la</strong>té !La Canson<strong>et</strong>ta da PurimRadunatovi congregaacomodatovi in caregao in scagno o in banchiacciò non siate stanchi.Udite mo una gran botache è cosa di gran notaaprite vostre orecisia giovani come veci.Réunissez vous, <strong>la</strong> congrégationasseyez-vous sur <strong>des</strong> chaisesou sur un tabour<strong>et</strong> ou sur <strong>des</strong> bancspour ne pas vous fatiguer.Écoutez un événem<strong>en</strong>t éc<strong>la</strong>tant,très bi<strong>en</strong> connu,ouvrez vos oreilles,les jeunes <strong>et</strong> les vieux.36


10Tu dormi, io veglio e <strong>la</strong> tempesta e v<strong>en</strong>to (anonymous)You sleep, whilst I keep guard against the winds <strong>and</strong> stormUpon the marbled stone of your doorstep.You sleep, I wake, <strong>and</strong> with bitter tone,Call upon pity, which for me means death.You sleep whilst I wake in great torm<strong>en</strong>t,Finding no-one to comfort my suffering.You sleep, well rested <strong>and</strong> without care,While my eyes refuse to close.Tu dormi io veglio’a <strong>la</strong> tempesta’e v<strong>en</strong>toSu <strong>la</strong> marmorea p<strong>et</strong>ra di tua portaTu dormi io veglio’e con amaro’acc<strong>en</strong>toOgnhor chiamo pi<strong>et</strong>a che’è per me morta.Tu dormi io veglio con grave torm<strong>en</strong>toNé trovo al mio p<strong>en</strong>ar chi me conforta,Tu dormi riposata s<strong>en</strong>za’affannoE gli’occhi miei serrati mai non stanno12<strong>Music</strong> for PurimFor Purim, the ‘Festival of Lots’, the story of Esther’s salvation of the Jews is sung in Hebrew using the traditionalMeghil<strong>la</strong>t (scroll.) The festivities usually also include (besi<strong>des</strong> much eating <strong>and</strong> drinking), theatrical performancesin the local <strong>la</strong>nguage or dialect, allowing wom<strong>en</strong> <strong>and</strong> childr<strong>en</strong>, who would not necessarily underst<strong>and</strong> Hebrew, tounderst<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> participate in the story. Here, the Meghil<strong>la</strong>t is sung to a traditional Jewish-Italian melody, combinedwith two 16th-c<strong>en</strong>tury Italian Purim p<strong>la</strong>ys. The first, an anonymous Lombard/Hebrew poem, uses the m<strong>et</strong>er ofthe traditional Italian sung theatrical Maggio. The other, of much higher tone, uses the ottava rima – eight lines ofh<strong>en</strong>decasyl<strong>la</strong>bles.Text from Ms. GB Lo BM, Ms. 10,463, Gaster 678Many thanks to Dr. Maria Luisa Mayer-Mod<strong>en</strong>a for allowing us to use her transcription of this poem from theJudeo-Italian.This song was writt<strong>en</strong> for Purim eve, in order to celebrate the ceremony, so that everyone can be happy tog<strong>et</strong>hereating <strong>and</strong> drinking until their bellies burst.Questa cansone e statta fatta <strong>la</strong> sera di Purim da celebrarsi <strong>la</strong> serra seudà per star alegre tutti in sieme a beuere emangiare a creppa pansa.Canson<strong>et</strong>ta da PurimGather round, congregation,Sit down in a chair,Or in an armchair or on b<strong>en</strong>ches,Just as long as you’re not tiredList<strong>en</strong> while I tell you about the great ev<strong>en</strong>t,That famous thing,Op<strong>en</strong> your ears,Both young <strong>and</strong> old.Radunatovi congregaacomodatovi in caregao in scagno o in banchiacciò non siate stanchi.Udite mo una gran botache è cosa di gran notaaprite vostre orecisia giovani come veci.37


Quantunque vi v<strong>en</strong>go a parteciparnon <strong>la</strong>sate da bever e mangiartobim has<strong>en</strong>aim min ha>ehadseb<strong>et</strong> ahim gam yahadProcuriamo il shalomdurante <strong>la</strong> veglia e durante ilbehaqez>om,e fra tuti boni yehudimmalidiamo quei zedimMême si je vous parle,n’arrêtez pas de boire <strong>et</strong> de manger :tobim has<strong>en</strong>aim min ha>ehadseb<strong>et</strong> ahim gam yahad[mieux deux qu’un, qu<strong>and</strong> les frères se r<strong>en</strong>contr<strong>en</strong>t].Faisons <strong>en</strong> sorte de trouver le shalom [<strong>la</strong> paix]p<strong>en</strong>dant <strong>la</strong> veillée <strong>et</strong> lebehaqez>om,<strong>et</strong> nous tous, bons yehudim [<strong>Juifs</strong>]maudissons ces zedim [méchants].Extrait de <strong>la</strong>“Istoria de Purim” (Mordekay Dato)tiré de l’édition de Giulio Busi (V<strong>en</strong>ise : Luisè Editore, 1987)<strong>Musique</strong> : Tradition de l’Ombrie, é<strong>la</strong>boration de Viva Biancaluna BiffiO re <strong>et</strong>erno, bontà infinita,o somma sapi<strong>en</strong>zia e vero Iddio,prego che a l’ingegno mio doni aitae porgi grazia a l’intell<strong>et</strong>to mio,che possi raccontar con lingua ispeditali toi miracoli e mostrar come el reoponisci e al giusto porgi favore,come buon guardian e ver pastore.Congregateve donni tutti quantie tutti quelli che non han dottrinain <strong>la</strong> Sancta Scrittura e in li santiparoli de li prof<strong>et</strong>i, e <strong>la</strong> mattinade Purim o qualche giorno innanti,m<strong>en</strong>tre se coce <strong>la</strong> vostra cocina,v<strong>en</strong>iti, che in versi, da ponto in ponto,<strong>la</strong> istoria de Purim io ve raccontoRoi éternel, bonté infinieSagesse suprême, <strong>et</strong> Dieu véritable,je te prie, aide mon tal<strong>en</strong>t<strong>et</strong> sois miséricordieux avec mon esprit,libère ma <strong>la</strong>ngue, pour que je puisseraconter tes miracles <strong>et</strong> montrercomme tu punis le méchant <strong>et</strong> comme tutournes ta bi<strong>en</strong>veil<strong>la</strong>nce vers le juste,comme un bon gardi<strong>en</strong> <strong>et</strong> un vrai pâtre.Rassemblez-vous, femmes,<strong>et</strong> ceux qui n’ont pas <strong>la</strong> connaissancede l’Écriture Sainte <strong>et</strong> dans les motssacrés <strong>des</strong> prophètes, <strong>et</strong> le matinde Pourim, ou quelques jours plus tôt,p<strong>en</strong>dant que les m<strong>et</strong>s cuis<strong>en</strong>tv<strong>en</strong>ez, qu’ <strong>en</strong> rime, d’un bout à l’autreje vous raconte l’histoire de Pourim.Extraits de <strong>la</strong> Meguil<strong>la</strong> (rouleau) d’Esther(traduits de l’hébreu par les membres du Rabbinat français sous <strong>la</strong> direction de Zadoc Kahn)6 Khur, karpas utkhel<strong>et</strong>akhuz bekhavley-vuts veargaman‘al-ghelile khesef ve’amude sheshmitot zahav vachesef‘al ritzafat bahat vashesh vedar vesohar<strong>et</strong>;38[6] Ce n’étai<strong>en</strong>t que t<strong>en</strong>tures b<strong>la</strong>nches, vertes, <strong>et</strong> bleu deciel, fixées par <strong>des</strong> cordons de byssus <strong>et</strong> de pourpre sur<strong>des</strong> cylindres d’arg<strong>en</strong>t <strong>et</strong> <strong>des</strong> colonnes de marbre ; <strong>des</strong>divans d’or <strong>et</strong> d’arg<strong>en</strong>t sur <strong>des</strong> mosaïques de porphyre,de marbre b<strong>la</strong>nc, de nacre <strong>et</strong> de marbre noir.


Ev<strong>en</strong> if I’m telling you a story,Don’t stop drinking or eatingB<strong>et</strong>ter two than oneWh<strong>en</strong> brothers gather tog<strong>et</strong>her.May we find peace,During Purim eve <strong>and</strong>afterwards,And b<strong>et</strong>we<strong>en</strong> all good Jews:Down with all who are bad to us.Quantunque vi v<strong>en</strong>go a parteciparnon <strong>la</strong>sate da bever e mangiartobim has<strong>en</strong>aim min ha>ehadseb<strong>et</strong> ahim gam yahad[meglio due che uno qu<strong>and</strong>o fratelli si ritrovano].Procuriamo il shalom [pace]durante <strong>la</strong> veglia e durante ilbehaqez>om,e fra tuti boni yehudim [ebrei]malidiamo quei zedim [cattivi].From La Istoria de Purim (Mordekay Dato)<strong>Music</strong> from V<strong>en</strong>ice, transcription from Giuseppe Bar<strong>et</strong>ti, 1768arrangem<strong>en</strong>t by Viva Biancaluna BiffiO King <strong>et</strong>ernal, infinite goodness,O height of knowledge, <strong>and</strong> true God,I beseech you to give help to my spirit,And give grace to my intellect,So that I may recount, with nimble tongue,Your miracles, to show how you punish the wickedAnd favor the good,Like a good watchman, <strong>and</strong> true pastorGather round, Ladies all,And all of those who <strong>la</strong>ck educationIn the Holy Scriptures, <strong>and</strong> in the SacredWords of the Proph<strong>et</strong>s. On the morningOf Purim, or some other day before,While cooking your meals,Come here so that, in verse, from point to point,I may tell you the story of Purim.O re <strong>et</strong>erno, bontà infinita,o somma sapi<strong>en</strong>zia e vero Iddio,prego che a l’ingegno mio doni aitae porgi grazia a l’intell<strong>et</strong>to mio,che possi raccontar con lingua ispeditali toi miracoli e mostrar come el reoponisci e al giusto porgi favore,come buon guardian e ver pastore.Congregateve donni tutti quantie tutti quelli che non han dottrinain <strong>la</strong> Sancta Scrittura e in li santiparoli de li prof<strong>et</strong>i, e <strong>la</strong> mattinade Purim o qualche giorno innanti,m<strong>en</strong>tre se coce <strong>la</strong> vostra cocina,v<strong>en</strong>iti, che in versi, da ponto in ponto,<strong>la</strong> istoria de Purim io ve raccontoFrom the Meghil<strong>la</strong>t Esther6 There were hangings of white, fine cotton, <strong>and</strong> blue,bordered with cords of fine lin<strong>en</strong> <strong>and</strong> purple, uponsilver rods <strong>and</strong> pil<strong>la</strong>rs of marble; the couches were ofgold <strong>and</strong> silver, upon a pavem<strong>en</strong>t of gre<strong>en</strong>, <strong>and</strong> white,<strong>and</strong> shell, <strong>and</strong> onyx marble.396 Vi erano cortine di lino fine e di porpora vio<strong>la</strong>,sospese con cordoni di bisso e di porpora rossa ad anellid`arg<strong>en</strong>to e a colonne di marmo bianco; divani d`oro ed`arg<strong>en</strong>to sopra un pavim<strong>en</strong>to di marmo verde, bianco edi madreper<strong>la</strong> e di pi<strong>et</strong>re a colori.


7 vehashkot bikhley zahavvekhelim mikelim shunimveieyn malkhut rav keiad hamelekh;8 vehash<strong>et</strong>iya khadat <strong>en</strong> oneski kh<strong>en</strong> issad hamelekh‘al kol rav b<strong>et</strong>o<strong>la</strong>’assot kirtzon ish vaish;9 gam vashti hamalka‘asta mishte nashim b<strong>et</strong> hamalkhutasher <strong>la</strong>melekh akhashverosh;10 baiom ashevi’ik<strong>et</strong>ov lev hamelekh baiainamar limhuman biz<strong>et</strong>a kharvona bigta vaavagta z<strong>et</strong>ar vekharkasshiv’at hassarisim hameshartim<strong>et</strong> p<strong>en</strong>e hamelekh akhashverosh;11 lehavi <strong>et</strong>-vashti hamalkalifne hamelekh bekh<strong>et</strong>er malkhutleharot ha’amim vehassarim <strong>et</strong> iafiyaki-tovat mare hi;[7] Les boissons étai<strong>en</strong>t offertes dans <strong>des</strong> vases d’or, quiprés<strong>en</strong>tai<strong>en</strong>t une gr<strong>and</strong>e variété ; <strong>et</strong> le vin royal étaitabondant, digne de <strong>la</strong> munific<strong>en</strong>ce du roi.[8] On buvait à volonté, sans aucune contrainte ; car leroi avait recomm<strong>and</strong>é à tous les officiers de sa maisonde se conformer au désir de chacun.[9] La reine Vasthi donna, de son côté, un festin auxfemmes dans le pa<strong>la</strong>is royal appart<strong>en</strong>ant au roi Assuérus.[10] Le septième jour, comme le cœur du roi était mis<strong>en</strong> liesse par le vin, il ordonna à Mehouman, Bizz<strong>et</strong>a,Harbona, Bigta, Abagta, à Zêtar <strong>et</strong> Carcas (les septeunuques qui étai<strong>en</strong>t de service auprès du roi Assuérus)[11] d’am<strong>en</strong>er devant le roi <strong>la</strong> reine Vasthi, ceinte de <strong>la</strong>couronne royale, dans le but de faire voir sa beauté aupeuple <strong>et</strong> aux gr<strong>and</strong>s ; car elle était remarquablem<strong>en</strong>tbelle.De <strong>la</strong>“Istoria de Purim” (Mordekay Dato)S<strong>et</strong>te servitori delli principalifuro el<strong>et</strong>ti a sì alto esercizio :a far v<strong>en</strong>ire <strong>la</strong> regina in vesta regale,tal ch’ognun po<strong>des</strong>se darne bon giudiziode sua bellezza, e che con l’inperialecorona in testa per più somma delizia v<strong>en</strong>isse.E lei respuse : Con river<strong>en</strong>zia vostra,io non son cavallo da v<strong>en</strong>ir in mostra.Sept serviteurs <strong>des</strong> plus illustresfur<strong>en</strong>t élus à une très haute tâche :faire v<strong>en</strong>ir <strong>la</strong> reine dans sa parure régale,pour que chacun puisse jugerde sa beauté, avec <strong>la</strong> couronne impérialesur sa tête pour que le p<strong>la</strong>isir <strong>en</strong> soit <strong>en</strong>core plus gr<strong>and</strong>.Et elle répondit : «Avec tout mon respect,je ne suis pas une jum<strong>en</strong>t à exposer.»Du Ms. GB Lo BM, Ms. 10,463, Gaster 678Come seguì a BalshazarFilio di NebucadnezarPerchè fese il qo<strong>des</strong>h hol (perche r<strong>en</strong>deva il sacro profano)Fu taliato suo colIl Satan li ha lusingatiA discorar baronatiDisputavan con acutesaDi soi donni di belesaComme il arriva à Balshazarle fils de Nebucadnezarqui fit le qo<strong>des</strong>h hol[qui transforma le sacré <strong>en</strong> profane]on coupa son cou.Satan les a poussésà discuter, les barons :ils discutai<strong>en</strong>t avec finessede leurs femmes <strong>et</strong> de <strong>la</strong> beauté.40


7 And they gave them drink in vessels of gold – the vesselsbeing differ<strong>en</strong>t one from another – <strong>and</strong> royal wine inabundance, according to the bounty of the king.8 And the drinking was according to the <strong>la</strong>w; none didcompel; for so the king had appointed to all the officersof his house, that they should do according to every man’spleasure.9 Also Vashti the que<strong>en</strong> made a feast for the wom<strong>en</strong> inthe royal house which belonged to king Ahasuerus.7 Si porgeva da bere in vasi d`oro di forme svariate e il vinodel re era abbondante, grazie al<strong>la</strong> liberalità del re.8 Era dato l`ordine di non forzare alcuno a bere, poiché il reaveva prescritto a tutti i maggiordomi che <strong>la</strong>sciassero fare aciascuno secondo <strong>la</strong> propria volontà.9 Anche <strong>la</strong> regina Vasti offrì un banch<strong>et</strong>to alle donne nel<strong>la</strong>reggia del re Assuero.10 On the sev<strong>en</strong>th day, wh<strong>en</strong> the heart of the king wasmerry with wine, he comm<strong>and</strong>ed Mehuman, Bizz<strong>et</strong>ha,Harbona, Bigtha, <strong>and</strong> Abagtha, Z<strong>et</strong>har, <strong>and</strong> Carcas, thesev<strong>en</strong> chamber<strong>la</strong>ins that ministered in the pres<strong>en</strong>ce ofAhasuerus the king,11 To bring Vashti the que<strong>en</strong> before the king with thecrown royal, to show the peoples <strong>and</strong> the princes herbeauty; for she was fair to look on.10 Il s<strong>et</strong>timo giorno, il re che aveva il cuore allegro per ilvino, ordinò a Meumàn, a Bizz<strong>et</strong>à, a Carbonà, a Bigtà, adAbagtà, a Z<strong>et</strong>àr e a Carcàs, i s<strong>et</strong>te eunuchi che servivano al<strong>la</strong>pres<strong>en</strong>za del re Assuero,11 che conducessero davanti a lui <strong>la</strong> regina Vasti con<strong>la</strong> corona reale, per mostrare al popolo e ai capi <strong>la</strong> suabellezza; essa infatti era di asp<strong>et</strong>to avv<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong>te.From La Istoria de Purim (Mordekay Dato)Sev<strong>en</strong> of the most important servantsWere chos<strong>en</strong> to carry out so high a comm<strong>and</strong>,To bring the que<strong>en</strong> in her royal attire,So that all pres<strong>en</strong>t could judge her beauty,And that she might come with the imperial crown on her headTo give them the most pleasure.And she answered: ‘With all due respect to your Highness,I am not a prize horse to be put on disp<strong>la</strong>y!’From Ms. GB Lo BM, Ms. 10,463, Gaster 678S<strong>et</strong>te servitori delli principalifuro el<strong>et</strong>ti a sì alto esercizio :a far v<strong>en</strong>ire <strong>la</strong> regina in vesta regale,tal ch’ognun po<strong>des</strong>se darne bon giudiziode sua bellezza, e che con l’inperialecorona in testa per più somma delizia v<strong>en</strong>isse.E lei respuse : Con river<strong>en</strong>zia vostra,io non son cavallo da v<strong>en</strong>ir in mostra.As it came to pass with Balshazzar,Son of Nebuchadnezzar,Because he r<strong>en</strong>dered the holy profane,His throat was cut for himIt was Satan who <strong>en</strong>couragedthe Barons conversation:They argued, with finesseabout their <strong>la</strong>dies <strong>and</strong> their beautyCome seguì a BalshazarFilio di NebucadnezarPerchè fese il qo<strong>des</strong>h hol (perche r<strong>en</strong>deva il sacro profano)Fu taliato suo colIl Satan li ha lusingatiA discorar baronatiDisputavan con acutesaDi soi donni di belesa41


Il gran vino fu cagionedi non star in ragioneusì for di propositopublicar suo depositoPer cont<strong>en</strong>tar quei sarím (consiglieri)nabalim wearurim (non-ebrei cattivi)far comparir <strong>la</strong> gebirta (signora)nuta come una che<strong>la</strong>bta (cagna)L’excès de vin fut <strong>la</strong> causede sa perte de raison ;[le roi] perdit son jugem<strong>en</strong>t<strong>et</strong> il manifesta ses int<strong>en</strong>tions :Pour le bonheur de ses sarím [ministres]nabalim wearurim [non-<strong>Juifs</strong> méchants]il vou<strong>la</strong>it montrer <strong>la</strong> gebirta [<strong>la</strong> dame]nue comme une che<strong>la</strong>bta [chi<strong>en</strong>ne].De <strong>la</strong> Meguil<strong>la</strong> d’Esther12 vatema<strong>en</strong> hamalka vashti<strong>la</strong>vo bidvar hamelekh asher beiad hassarisimvayiktzof hamelekh meodvakhamato ba’ara vo;13 vaiomer hamelekh<strong>la</strong>khakhamim iode ha’itimki-kh<strong>en</strong> devar hamelekhlifne kol-yode dat iadin;14 vehakarov e<strong>la</strong>vkarsh<strong>en</strong>a sh<strong>et</strong>ar admata tarshish meres mars<strong>en</strong>a memukhanshiv’at share paras umadai roe p<strong>en</strong>e hamelekhhaishvim rishona bamalkhut;15 kedat ma-<strong>la</strong>’assot bamalka vashti‘al asher lo-‘asta <strong>et</strong> maomar hamelekh akhashveroshbeiad assarisim?[12] Mais <strong>la</strong> reine Vasthi refusa de se prés<strong>en</strong>ter, suivantl’ordre du roi transmis par les eunuques. Le roi <strong>en</strong> fut trèsirrité, <strong>et</strong> sa colère s’<strong>en</strong>f<strong>la</strong>mma.[13] Puis le roi, s’addressant aux sages, initiés à <strong>la</strong>connaissance <strong>des</strong> temps – car c’est ainsi que les affaires duroi étai<strong>en</strong>t portées devant ceux qui connaiss<strong>en</strong>t <strong>la</strong> loi <strong>et</strong> ledroit ;[14] <strong>et</strong> ceux qui l’approchai<strong>en</strong>t de plus près, c’étai<strong>en</strong>tCarch<strong>en</strong>a, Châtar, Admata, Tarchich, Mérés, Mars<strong>en</strong>a <strong>et</strong>Memucan, les sept seigneurs qui avai<strong>en</strong>t accès auprès de <strong>la</strong>personne du roi <strong>et</strong> t<strong>en</strong>ai<strong>en</strong>t le premier rang dans le royaume ;[15] le roi dem<strong>and</strong>a quel traitem<strong>en</strong>t méritait, d’après <strong>la</strong> loi,<strong>la</strong> reine Vasthi, pour avoir désobéi à l’ordre du roi Assuérus,communiqué par les eunuques.Chants pour <strong>la</strong> célébration du Pessa’h / Fuggi, fuggiC<strong>et</strong>te partie du programme débute par un extrait de <strong>la</strong> “Haggadah”, le guide qui règle les cérémonies pourcommémorer <strong>la</strong> sortie d’Égypte conduite par Moïse. Suiv<strong>en</strong>t deux versions du “Khad Gadya” (Un chevreau), chanttrès diffusé <strong>et</strong> très connu, dont les origines remont<strong>en</strong>t au XVIe siècle, chanté à <strong>la</strong> fin du dîner de Pessa’h.La première est <strong>en</strong> dialecte de Ferrare, <strong>la</strong> deuxième, de <strong>la</strong> tradition flor<strong>en</strong>tine, est <strong>en</strong> hébreu.De <strong>la</strong> Haggadah de Pessa’h (traductions de l’hébreu tirées de <strong>la</strong> Haggadah didactique de l’Alliance israéliteuniverselle)42


The excess of wine was to b<strong>la</strong>me,For the loss of reason(The king,) losing all measure,L<strong>et</strong> his will be known.To please his sarím (ministers)nabalim wearurim (those wicked non-Jews)He wished to have his gebirta (<strong>la</strong>dy)appear before them, as naked as a che<strong>la</strong>bta (female dog)Il gran vino fu cagionedi non star in ragioneusì for di propositopublicar suo depositoPer cont<strong>en</strong>tar quei sarím (consiglieri)nabalim wearurim (non-ebrei cattivi)far comparir <strong>la</strong> gebirta (signora)nuta come una che<strong>la</strong>bta (cagna)From the Meguil<strong>la</strong> d’Esther12. But the que<strong>en</strong> Vashti refused to come at the king’scomm<strong>and</strong>m<strong>en</strong>t by his chamber<strong>la</strong>ins: therefore was theking very wroth, <strong>and</strong> his anger burned in him.13. Th<strong>en</strong> the king said to the wise m<strong>en</strong>, which knew th<strong>et</strong>imes (for so was the king’s manner toward all that knew<strong>la</strong>w <strong>and</strong> judgm<strong>en</strong>t;14. And the next unto him was Carsh<strong>en</strong>a, Sh<strong>et</strong>har, Admatha,Tarshish, Meres, Mars<strong>en</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> Memucan, the sev<strong>en</strong>princes of Persia <strong>and</strong> Media, which saw the king’s face,<strong>and</strong> which sat the first in the kingdom):15. What shall we do unto the que<strong>en</strong> Vashti according to<strong>la</strong>w, because she hath not performed the comm<strong>and</strong>m<strong>en</strong>tof the king Ahasuerus by the chamber<strong>la</strong>ins?12 Ma <strong>la</strong> regina Vasti rifiutò di v<strong>en</strong>ire, contro l`ordineche il re aveva dato per mezzo degli eunuchi; il re ne fuassai irritato e <strong>la</strong> collera si accese d<strong>en</strong>tro di lui.13 Allora il re interrogò i sapi<strong>en</strong>ti, conoscitori dei tempi.- Poiché gli affari del re si trattavano così, al<strong>la</strong> pres<strong>en</strong>zadi quanti conoscevano <strong>la</strong> legge e il diritto,14 e i più vicini a lui erano Cars<strong>en</strong>à, S<strong>et</strong>àr, Admàta, Tarsìs,Mères, Mars<strong>en</strong>à e Memucàn, s<strong>et</strong>te capi del<strong>la</strong> Persia edel<strong>la</strong> Media che erano suoi consiglieri e sedevano aiprimi posti nel regno.15 Dom<strong>and</strong>ò dunque: «Secondo <strong>la</strong> legge, che cosa sideve fare al<strong>la</strong> regina Vasti che non ha eseguito l`ordinedatole dal re Assuero per mezzo degli eunuchi?»Pesach / Fuggi FuggiA selection of pieces for the Pesach supper celebration. First, a portion of the Haggadah, the guide for the ceremonywhich commemorates Moses’ escape from Egypt. This is followed by two versions of the song ‘Khad Gadya’(One Goat) traditionally sung at the <strong>en</strong>d of the Pesach supper. The song has its origins in a Yiddish song from the16th c<strong>en</strong>tury. Here it is sung in trans<strong>la</strong>tion: first in a in the dialect of Ferrara, th<strong>en</strong> in Hebrew.43


13Mah nishtanah ha<strong>la</strong>i<strong>la</strong>h hazeh mikol ha<strong>la</strong>ylot ?En quoi c<strong>et</strong>te soirée se distingue-t-elle <strong>des</strong> autres soirées ?Ma nishtana ha<strong>la</strong>y<strong>la</strong> hazeh mikol haleylotMa nishtana ha<strong>la</strong>y<strong>la</strong> hazeh mikol haleylot ;Shebekhol haleylot <strong>en</strong> anu m<strong>et</strong>abelin afilu pa’am akhat,Veha<strong>la</strong>y<strong>la</strong> hazeh sh<strong>et</strong>e pe’amim ;Shebekhol haleylot anu okhlin kham<strong>et</strong>z o matzah,Ve ha<strong>la</strong>y<strong>la</strong> hazeh kulo matzahShebekhol haleylot anu okhlin shear ierakot,Ve ha<strong>la</strong>y<strong>la</strong> haze maror ;Shebekhol haleylot anu okhlin b<strong>en</strong> ioshevin uv<strong>en</strong> mesubinve ha<strong>la</strong>y<strong>la</strong> haze ku<strong>la</strong>nu mesubinEn quoi c<strong>et</strong>te soirée se distingue-t-elle <strong>des</strong> autres soirées ?Tous les autres soirs nous pouvons manger du pain levéou du pain non levé, ce soir seulem<strong>en</strong>t du pain non levé.Tous les autres soirs nous pouvons manger toutes sortesd’herbes, ce soir seulem<strong>en</strong>t <strong>des</strong> herbes amères.Tous les autres soirs nous n’avons pas besoin de tremper,pas même une fois.Tous les autres soirs nous mangeons assis droits ouaccoudés, ce soir accoudés seulem<strong>en</strong>t.‘Avadim hayinu le-far’o bemitzrayim‘Avadim hayinu le-far’o bemitzrayim ;Vaiotzi<strong>en</strong>u haShem Elok<strong>en</strong>u misham beyad hazakahuvizroa’ n<strong>et</strong>uyah ,Veillu lo hotzi hakadosh barukh hu <strong>et</strong> avot<strong>en</strong>umimmitzrayim‘adain anu uvan<strong>en</strong>u uvne van<strong>en</strong>umeshu’badim hayinu lefar’o bemitzrayim ;Va’afilu ku<strong>la</strong>nu khakhamim ku<strong>la</strong>nu nevonim ;Ku<strong>la</strong>nu iode’im <strong>et</strong> hatorah ;Mitzvah ‘al<strong>en</strong>u lesaper bitziat mitzrayim ;Vekhol hammarbeh lesaper bitziat mitzrayimHare zeh meshubakhNous avons été les esc<strong>la</strong>ves de Pharaon <strong>en</strong> ÉgypteNous avons été les esc<strong>la</strong>ves de Pharaon <strong>en</strong> ÉgypteL’Eternel notre Dieu nous a fait sortir de ce payspar sa main puissante <strong>et</strong> son bras ét<strong>en</strong>du.Si le Saint-béni soit-Il n’avait pas fait sortirnos ancêtres d’Égypte,nous <strong>en</strong>core, nous <strong>et</strong> nos <strong>en</strong>fants serionsassuj<strong>et</strong>tis au Pharaon d’Égypte.Fussions-nous tous <strong>des</strong> sages<strong>des</strong> suj<strong>et</strong>s intellig<strong>en</strong>ts, expérim<strong>en</strong>tés,tous instruits dans <strong>la</strong> Loi,Ce serait <strong>en</strong>core pour nous un devoirde nous <strong>en</strong>tr<strong>et</strong><strong>en</strong>ir de <strong>la</strong> sortie d’Égypte,Et plus on s’<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong>tr<strong>et</strong>i<strong>en</strong>dra,plus on méritera d’être loué.14Fuggi fuggi fuggi / Fuis, fuis fuis de notre cielAnon., I-Fc Codex Barbera G.F.83 (Italy, early 17th C<strong>en</strong>tury)Fuggi fuggi fuggi da questo cieloaspr’ e duro spi<strong>et</strong>ato gieloTu ch’il tutto i prigioni e leghine per pianto ti frangi o pieghiFier tiranno giel dell’annoFuggi fuggi fuggi <strong>la</strong> dove il vernosu le brine ha seggio <strong>et</strong>ernoVi<strong>en</strong>i vi<strong>en</strong>i c<strong>and</strong>ida vi<strong>en</strong> vermiglia3044Fuis, fuis fuis de notre ciel,froid, dur <strong>et</strong> sans pitié,toi, qui emprisonnes le monde,tu ne te plies aux <strong>la</strong>rmes,froid, cruel tyran de l’annéefuis, fuis, fuis, là où l’hivera son throne éternel au milieu <strong>des</strong> g<strong>la</strong>ces.Vi<strong>en</strong>s, vi<strong>en</strong>s c<strong>and</strong>ide <strong>et</strong> vermeille,


13Mah nishtanah ha<strong>la</strong>i<strong>la</strong>h hazeh mikol ha<strong>la</strong>ylot ?Why is this night differ<strong>en</strong>t from all the other nights?Why is this night differ<strong>en</strong>t from all the other nights?On all other nights, we eat either leav<strong>en</strong>ed bread ormatzah;Why, on this night, only matzah?On all other nights, we eat all kinds of herbs;Why, on this night, do we especially eat bitter herbs?On all other nights, we do not dip herbs at all;Why, on this night, do we dip them twice?On all other nights, we eat in an ordinary manner;Why, tonight, do we dine with special ceremony?We were s<strong>la</strong>ves to Pharaoh in EgyptWe were s<strong>la</strong>ves to Pharaoh in Egypt,But Adonai our God brought us out from there with amighty h<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> an outstr<strong>et</strong>ched arm.If the Holy One had not redeemed us,we <strong>and</strong> our <strong>des</strong>c<strong>en</strong>dants would still be Pharaoh’s s<strong>la</strong>ves.Ev<strong>en</strong> if all of us were wise, all of us people ofunderst<strong>and</strong>ing, all of us learned in Torah,It is still incumb<strong>en</strong>t upon us to tell the story of theExodus.The more we search deeply into its meaning<strong>and</strong> the more we exp<strong>and</strong> upon its message of freedom,the more praiseworthy are we.Mah nishtanah ha-<strong>la</strong>i<strong>la</strong>h ha-zeh mi-kol ha-<strong>la</strong>ylot?Come è diversa questa sera da tutte le altre sere? Infatti,in tutte le altre sere noi non intigiamo le verdur<strong>en</strong>eppure una volta m<strong>en</strong>tre questa sera lo facciamodue volte; in tutte le altre sere noi possiamo mangiarepane o azzima m<strong>en</strong>tre questa sera mangiamo soloazzima; in tutte le altre sere noi mangiamo ogni tipodi verdura m<strong>en</strong>tre questa sera noi mangiamo solo erbaamara; in tutte le altre sere noi mangiamo stano sedutio appoggiati m<strong>en</strong>tre questa sera noi tutti mangiamost<strong>and</strong>o appoggiati.Noi fummo schiavi del Faraone in EgittoNoi fummo schiavi del Faraone in Egitto, ma il SignoreDio nostro ci ha fatto uscire di là con mano poss<strong>en</strong>te econ braccio disteso. Ma se il Signore santo e b<strong>en</strong>ed<strong>et</strong>tonon avesse fatto uscire dall’Egitto i nostri padri, noi edi nostri figli ed i figli dei nostri figli saremmo ancoraassogg<strong>et</strong>tati al Faraone. E anche se fossimo tuttisapi<strong>en</strong>ti, intellig<strong>en</strong>ti e conoscitori del<strong>la</strong> Torà, sarebbeugualm<strong>en</strong>te doveroso per noi narrare l’episodiodell’uscita dall’Egitto è degno di elogio.14Fuggi fuggi fuggi / Flee, flee, fleeAnon., I-Fc Codex Barbera G.F.83 (Italy, early 17th c<strong>en</strong>tury)Flee, flee, flee from this sky,Harsh <strong>and</strong> unyielding rel<strong>en</strong>tless frost;You, who shackle all in prison,Tears will never b<strong>en</strong>d or break you,You proud tyrant, year’s frost,Flee, flee, flee to the p<strong>la</strong>ceWhere winter reigns <strong>et</strong>ernally over frost.Come, come white, come vermilion.45Fuggi fuggi fuggi da questo cieloaspr’ e duro spi<strong>et</strong>ato gieloTu ch’il tutto i prigioni e leghine per pianto ti frangi o pieghiFier tiranno giel dell’annoFuggi fuggi fuggi <strong>la</strong> dove il vernosu le brine ha seggio <strong>et</strong>ernoVi<strong>en</strong>i vi<strong>en</strong>i c<strong>and</strong>ida vi<strong>en</strong> vermiglia


tu del mondo sei maravigliaTu nemica d’amare noieda ad anima delle gioieMessaggera per primaveraTu sei dell’anno <strong>la</strong> giovinezzatu del mondo sei <strong>la</strong> vaghezza.Vi<strong>en</strong>i vi<strong>en</strong>i vi<strong>en</strong>i leggiadra e vagaprimavera d’amor presagaOdi Zeffiro che t’invitae <strong>la</strong> terra col ciel maritaAl suo raggio v<strong>en</strong>ga MaggioPi<strong>en</strong>o il grembo di bei fior<strong>et</strong>tivi<strong>en</strong> su l’ali dhe Zeffir<strong>et</strong>titu es <strong>la</strong> merveille du monde.Toi, <strong>en</strong>nemie <strong>des</strong> <strong>en</strong>nuis amersdonne <strong>la</strong> joie à l’âme.Messagère du printemps,tu es <strong>la</strong> jeunesse de l’anné<strong>et</strong>u es <strong>la</strong> beauté du mondeVi<strong>en</strong>s, vi<strong>en</strong>s, vi<strong>en</strong>s, gracieuse <strong>et</strong> aimablesaison du printemps, tu press<strong>en</strong>s l’amour.Écoute, Zéphyr t’invite<strong>et</strong> il marie <strong>la</strong> terre <strong>et</strong> le ciel.Son rayonnem<strong>en</strong>t nous amènera Mai ;son sein rempli de belles fleursil vi<strong>en</strong>t sur les ailes d’un doux v<strong>en</strong>t.15 & 16Khad Gadya / Un capr<strong>et</strong>t / Un chevreauKhad gadya khad gadyaDezabin abbah bitrezuzekhad gadya khad gadyaveatta shunradeakh<strong>la</strong>h legadyaDezabin abbah bitrezuzekhad gadya khad gadya…Veatta haKadosh baruch huveshakhat lema<strong>la</strong>kh hammav<strong>et</strong><strong>des</strong>hakhat leshokh<strong>et</strong><strong>des</strong>hakhat l<strong>et</strong>ora <strong>des</strong>hatta lemaiadekhavah l<strong>en</strong>ura<strong>des</strong>araf lekhutradeikkah lekhalvahd<strong>en</strong>ashakh leshunradeakh<strong>la</strong>h legadyaDezabin abba bitrezuzekhad gadya khad gadyaHad gadia, Had gadiaun chevreau, un chevreauque monsieur le père avait ach<strong>et</strong>é au marché pour deux écus.Un chevreau, un chevreau...La chatte est v<strong>en</strong>ue, <strong>la</strong> chatte qui a mangé le chevreau,que monsieur le père avait ach<strong>et</strong>é au marché pour deux écus.Un chevreau, un chevreau...Le chi<strong>en</strong> est v<strong>en</strong>u, le chi<strong>en</strong> qui a mangé <strong>la</strong> chatte,<strong>la</strong> chatte qui a mange le chevreau, le chevreau quemonsieur le père avait ach<strong>et</strong>é au marché pour deux écus.Un chevreau, un chevreau...hakaddosh baruch hu (le S*gneur) est v<strong>en</strong>u,il a tué le ma<strong>la</strong>kh hammav<strong>et</strong> (l’Ange de <strong>la</strong> mort),qui a tué le shockèt (le boucher rituel),qui a tué le bœuf, le bœuf qui a bu l’eau,l’eau qui a éteint le feu, le feu qui a brûlé le bâton,le bâton qui a frappé le chi<strong>en</strong>, le chi<strong>en</strong> qui a mangé <strong>la</strong>chatte, <strong>la</strong> chatte qui a mange le chevreau, le chevreauque monsieur le père avait ach<strong>et</strong>é au marché pour deux écus.Un chevreau, un chevreau...46


You are the marvel of the worldAnd the nemesis of all things dreary.You give joy to the soul,Mess<strong>en</strong>ger of spring.You are the year’s youthAnd of the world, its beauty.Come, come, come, light <strong>and</strong> beautifulSpring, bringing promises of love,List<strong>en</strong> to Zephyr, calling you,And to the earth, wedded to the sky,With its rays comes the month of May,Her apron full of lovely flowers,As she comes to us upon Zephyr’s wings.tu del mondo sei maravigliaTu nemica d’amare noieda ad anima delle gioieMessaggera per primaveraTu sei dell’anno <strong>la</strong> giovinezzatu del mondo sei <strong>la</strong> vaghezza.Vi<strong>en</strong>i vi<strong>en</strong>i vi<strong>en</strong>i leggiadra e vagaprimavera d’amor presagaOdi Zeffiro che t’invitae <strong>la</strong> terra col ciel maritaAl suo raggio v<strong>en</strong>ga MaggioPi<strong>en</strong>o il grembo di bei fior<strong>et</strong>tivi<strong>en</strong> su l’ali dhe Zeffir<strong>et</strong>ti15 & 16Khad Gadya / One goat / Un capr<strong>et</strong>tOne goat, one goatThat my father bought for two c<strong>en</strong>tsOne goat, one goatTh<strong>en</strong> came the cat, that ate the goatThat my father bought for two c<strong>en</strong>ts,One goat, one goat.Th<strong>en</strong> came the dog, that bit the cat,The cat that ate the goat,That my father bought for two c<strong>en</strong>ts,One goat, one goat.Th<strong>en</strong> came the Holy OneWho killed the Angel of Death,Who killed the butcher,That s<strong>la</strong>ughtered the ox, that drank the water,that put out the fire, that burned the stick,That hit the dog, that bit the catThat ate the goatThat my father bought for two c<strong>en</strong>ts.One goat, one goat.Had gadia, Had gadiaUn capr<strong>et</strong>t, un capr<strong>et</strong>tChe avea comprato in piazza il signor padre per due scudiUn capr<strong>et</strong>t un capr<strong>et</strong>tE é v<strong>en</strong>u’ <strong>la</strong> gatta, <strong>la</strong> gatta che ha magnà el capr<strong>et</strong>to, cheavea comprato in piazza il signor padre, per due scudiUn capr<strong>et</strong>t, un capr<strong>et</strong>tE è v<strong>en</strong>u’ el can, el can che ha morsegà <strong>la</strong> gatta, <strong>la</strong> gattache ha magnà el capr<strong>et</strong>to, che avea comprato in piazza ilsignor padre, per due scudiUn capr<strong>et</strong>t, un capr<strong>et</strong>tE è v<strong>en</strong>u’ hakaddosh baruch hu,che ha massà el ma<strong>la</strong>kh hammav<strong>et</strong>,che ha massà el schich<strong>et</strong>, che ha massà el bov, el bov cheha bevu’ l’acqua, l’acqua che ha smorsà el fog, el fog cheha brusà el baston, el baston che ha bastonà el can, , elcan che ha morsegà <strong>la</strong> gatta, <strong>la</strong> gatta che ha magnà elcapr<strong>et</strong>to, che avea comprato in piazza il signor padre, perdue scudiUn capr<strong>et</strong>t, un capr<strong>et</strong>t47


C<strong>et</strong>te formation internationale, spécialisée dans<strong>la</strong> musique du Moy<strong>en</strong> Age <strong>et</strong> de <strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissance,existe depuis une dizaine d’années. Elle a à son actifnombre de concerts dans les plus importants festivalsinternationaux, <strong>des</strong> col<strong>la</strong>borations importantes avec<strong>des</strong> c<strong>en</strong>tres d’<strong>en</strong>seignem<strong>en</strong>t <strong>et</strong> de recherche tels que leC<strong>en</strong>tre de <strong>Musique</strong> Anci<strong>en</strong>ne de G<strong>en</strong>ève, le CERIMM deRoyaumont ou le CNSM de Lyon.Le travail de recherche de Lucidarium se consacre à <strong>des</strong>répertoires considérés mineurs, mais qui ont représ<strong>en</strong>té,pour le Moy<strong>en</strong> Age <strong>et</strong> pour <strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissance, <strong>des</strong> véhiculespuissants de diffusion <strong>et</strong> d’expérim<strong>en</strong>tation de nouvellesidées musicales. Il s’agit de musiques <strong>des</strong>tinées à unusage quotidi<strong>en</strong> <strong>et</strong> à une vaste diffusion, le refl<strong>et</strong> de <strong>la</strong>s<strong>en</strong>sibilité <strong>et</strong> du goût <strong>en</strong> vogue à l’époque. Elles pos<strong>en</strong>t<strong>des</strong> questions fascinantes sur les re<strong>la</strong>tions <strong>en</strong>tre écritureEnsemble LucidariumThis international group specializing in medieval <strong>and</strong>R<strong>en</strong>aissance music was formed more than t<strong>en</strong> yearsago. Besi<strong>des</strong> a busy concert cal<strong>en</strong>dar, the <strong>en</strong>semblecol<strong>la</strong>borates regu<strong>la</strong>rly with important educational <strong>and</strong>sci<strong>en</strong>tific institutions, such as the C<strong>en</strong>tre de <strong>Musique</strong>Anci<strong>en</strong>ne de G<strong>en</strong>ève, the CERIMM of Royaumont <strong>and</strong>the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Lyon.Much of LUCIDARIUM’s research is dedicated torepertoires considered ‘minor’, which were, in reality,powerful vehicles for spreading <strong>and</strong> evolving newmusical concepts during the Middle Ages <strong>and</strong> theR<strong>en</strong>aissance. This music, meant for daily use <strong>and</strong> widedistribution, mirrors the taste <strong>and</strong> m<strong>en</strong>tality of theera, at the same time raising a series of questionsabout the re<strong>la</strong>tionship b<strong>et</strong>we<strong>en</strong> writt<strong>en</strong> music <strong>and</strong>48Emmanuel Mathez


<strong>et</strong> transmission orale, sur l’échange continu de formes<strong>et</strong> de thèmes dans les différ<strong>en</strong>tes couches de <strong>la</strong> société.Chaque programme exige un travail de préparation dansde nombreux domaines: d’où une sonorité à chaquefois nouvelle, un mé<strong>la</strong>nge d’instrum<strong>en</strong>ts <strong>et</strong> de voix quiperm<strong>et</strong>t<strong>en</strong>t une reconstruction rigoureuse - mais libre<strong>et</strong> bruissante de vie - de l’univers sonore médiéval <strong>et</strong> de<strong>la</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissance. Depuis sa fondation, c<strong>et</strong>te fusion <strong>en</strong>trepréparation méticuleuse <strong>et</strong> création vivante, ouvrantde nouvelles perspectives dans l’interprétation de <strong>la</strong>musique anci<strong>en</strong>ne, a permis à l’<strong>en</strong>semble de gagnerl’approbation du public <strong>et</strong> de <strong>la</strong> critique.Les <strong>en</strong>registrem<strong>en</strong>ts de LUCIDARIUM ont gagnéde nombreuses récomp<strong>en</strong>ses auprès de <strong>la</strong>critique internationale. L’<strong>en</strong>semble a déjà effectué degran<strong>des</strong> tournées dans toute l’Europe <strong>et</strong> <strong>en</strong> Amériquedu Nord.oral transmission, <strong>and</strong> about the continuous exchangeof forms <strong>and</strong> themes b<strong>et</strong>we<strong>en</strong> the differ<strong>en</strong>t levels ofmedieval <strong>and</strong> R<strong>en</strong>aissance soci<strong>et</strong>y.Each program is the fruit of a long period of research<strong>and</strong> preparation in various fields, resulting in a differ<strong>en</strong>tsonority for each program: a lively combination ofvoices <strong>and</strong> instrum<strong>en</strong>ts with the freedom in executionwhich comes from a solid knowledge of musicalstyle <strong>and</strong> historical background. This combinationof m<strong>et</strong>iculous preparation <strong>and</strong> creativity, which hasop<strong>en</strong>ed up new perspectives in historical performancepractice, has brought the <strong>en</strong>semble both popu<strong>la</strong>r <strong>and</strong>critical acc<strong>la</strong>im ever since it was founded.LUCIDARIUM’S CDs have received numerousinternational awards. The <strong>en</strong>semble has touredext<strong>en</strong>sively throughout Europe <strong>and</strong> North America.Lucidarium wishes to thank the following sco<strong>la</strong>rs,without whose work this project would not have be<strong>en</strong> possible:Israel Adler, Dan Almagor, Giulio Busi, S<strong>et</strong>h Jerchower, George Jochnowitz, Maria Luisa Mayer Mod<strong>en</strong>a,C<strong>la</strong>udia Ros<strong>en</strong>zweig, Francesco Spagnolo, André Thibaut, Erika Timm;<strong>and</strong> the <strong>la</strong>te Léo Levi z.l. <strong>and</strong> Robert Leydi z.l.We would like to thank the following libraries (<strong>and</strong> their librarians) for helping us with our research:La Bibliothèque de l’Alliance Universelle Israelite (Paris), YIVO Institute for Jewish Research (New York),University of P<strong>en</strong>nsylvania Library (Phi<strong>la</strong>delphia),Il C<strong>en</strong>tro di Docum<strong>en</strong>tazione Ebraica Contemporanea (Mi<strong>la</strong>no).In addition, we would like to thank L<strong>en</strong>a Stanley C<strong>la</strong>mp of the European Association for Jewish Culture;Isabel Stierli, Thomas Gartmann, <strong>and</strong> Manue<strong>la</strong> Sonanini of Pro Helv<strong>et</strong>ia;The Circolo ARCI «E. Curiel» <strong>and</strong> the Sezione del Partito dei Democratici di Sinistra of Cesano Maderno<strong>and</strong> the family of Rabbi Fern<strong>and</strong>o Belgrado z.l.And <strong>la</strong>st but not least: Lily, Nonna, Jelly <strong>and</strong> FlipEnrico Fink appears courtesy of Materiali SonoriTrans<strong>la</strong>tions copyright 2004/2005 Francis Biggi, Enrico Fink, Avery Gosfield, Luc<strong>et</strong>te Barattini Biggi49


Le lieu de l'<strong>en</strong>registrem<strong>en</strong>tL'Église Sainte Thérèse de Vasperviller (Moselle)Elle se dresse <strong>en</strong> surplomb, telle une s<strong>en</strong>tinelle sur <strong>la</strong>route qui conduit de Sarrebourg à Saint-Quirin. Le premierregard peut y voir un simple cube massif prolongéd’un campanile ajouré <strong>en</strong> son somm<strong>et</strong> ; l’<strong>en</strong>sembleévoquant ainsi à première vue les constructions simi<strong>la</strong>iresde Ronchamp ou de l’Arbresle. Il faut sans douteplus d’att<strong>en</strong>tion pour déceler <strong>la</strong> véritable polyphonieformelle mise <strong>en</strong> jeu ici, articu<strong>la</strong>nt de fait quatre volumesprincipaux avec autant de volumes intermédiairesdont <strong>la</strong> contemp<strong>la</strong>tion att<strong>en</strong>tive conduit à une réelleplénitude visuelle. Mieux <strong>en</strong>core… il faut s’offrir le luxed’un p<strong>et</strong>it raidillon de c<strong>en</strong>t mètres à peine <strong>et</strong> de pénétrerdans ce sanctuaire pour compr<strong>en</strong>dre <strong>en</strong>fin qu<strong>en</strong>ous sommes au cœur de l’un <strong>des</strong> chef d’œuvre de l’artsacré édifié dans <strong>la</strong> seconde moitié du XXème siècle.C’est l’église Sainte Thérèse de Vasperviller, conçue parl’architecte Carl Litz<strong>en</strong>burger.C’est au cours de <strong>la</strong> seconde guerre mondiale <strong>et</strong>parmi une partie de <strong>la</strong> popu<strong>la</strong>tion du vil<strong>la</strong>ge expulséedans le Midi de <strong>la</strong> France, que naquit l’idée de construireune église à son r<strong>et</strong>our ; tel un vœu médiéval. Unefamille ayant fait don du terrain pour son édification,dés le r<strong>et</strong>our <strong>des</strong> expulsés, une baraque de guerre futach<strong>et</strong>ée <strong>et</strong> dressée sur p<strong>la</strong>ce pour y servir de premierlieu de culte. Mais <strong>en</strong> 1967, elle m<strong>en</strong>açait ruine <strong>et</strong> il fallutsonger à son remp<strong>la</strong>cem<strong>en</strong>t. Certains optai<strong>en</strong>t pourune restauration, pour une p<strong>et</strong>ite église grange sans refl<strong>et</strong><strong>et</strong> sans art. D’autres, une minorité, p<strong>en</strong>sai<strong>en</strong>t qu’ilfal<strong>la</strong>it faire œuvre nouvelle <strong>et</strong> de valeur. Une associationpour <strong>la</strong> construction de l’église fut alors créée <strong>et</strong>C. Litz<strong>en</strong>burger fut chargé de <strong>la</strong> réalisation du proj<strong>et</strong>.Les p<strong>la</strong>ns définitifs fur<strong>en</strong>t terminés <strong>en</strong> 1967. Mais lesresponsables n’étai<strong>en</strong>t pas au bout de leurs peines. Desdifficultés vertigineuses les att<strong>en</strong>dai<strong>en</strong>t, tant du côté50de l’administration de tutelle, <strong>des</strong> autorités ecclésiastiques,que d’un certain nombre d’habitants. Il fallutune équipe résolue, animée d’une volonté de fer, pourabattre tous les obstacles. Ce n’est que grâce à l’appuidirect d’André Malraux, alors Ministre de <strong>la</strong> Culture,que ceux-ci tombèr<strong>en</strong>t les uns après les autres, <strong>et</strong> que <strong>la</strong>construction débuta le 3 novembre 1967, r<strong>en</strong>due possiblepar une étonnante mobilisation locale perm<strong>et</strong>tantde susciter dons <strong>et</strong> travaux bénévoles. C’est sans doute<strong>en</strong> ce<strong>la</strong> que l’on peut écrire à juste titre que l’égliseSainte Thérèse de Vasperviller est le seul chef d’œuvrearchitectural contemporain popu<strong>la</strong>ire !Le plus remarquable <strong>en</strong>core est l’intérieur de cesanctuaire, marqué par <strong>la</strong> prés<strong>en</strong>ce du « Mémorial<strong>des</strong> Trois-Saints », une puissante ferronnerie froide <strong>et</strong>roide, évoquant par <strong>la</strong> hache, <strong>la</strong> corde <strong>et</strong> <strong>la</strong> pomme àgaz, le sinistre « Nacht und Nebel » <strong>des</strong> camps de <strong>la</strong>mort. Car l’église Sainte Thérèse est dédiée à troishommes du pays, moins connus que Kolbe ou Bonhoeffer<strong>et</strong> incarnant le sacrifice <strong>des</strong> martyrs <strong>des</strong> troisreligions du Livre : le prêtre Georges Meyer, le m<strong>en</strong>noniteH<strong>en</strong>ri Mosimann <strong>et</strong>, <strong>en</strong>fin, Moïse Perkalowitsch,juif, <strong>en</strong>fant de Sarrebourg. À Vasperviller, leur souv<strong>en</strong>irest dev<strong>en</strong>u déterminant pour l’architecture de l’église.Il a <strong>en</strong>g<strong>en</strong>dré « <strong>la</strong> Tour dans l’église », noyau <strong>et</strong> cœurde l’<strong>en</strong>semble ; comme un appel, une aspiration vers leCiel, contre <strong>la</strong> décad<strong>en</strong>ce <strong>et</strong> pour le r<strong>en</strong>ouveau.


The recording locationThe church of Sainte Thérèse, Vasperviller (Moselle)It rises like a s<strong>en</strong>tinel, overhanging the road thatleads from Sarrebourg to Saint-Quirin. At first g<strong>la</strong>nceit may seem like no more than a massive block, surmountedby a bell tower with arcaded op<strong>en</strong>ings at itstop; h<strong>en</strong>ce the overall grouping initially suggests simi<strong>la</strong>rstructures at Ronchamp <strong>and</strong> L’Arbresle. Doubtless amore careful scrutiny is required to perceive the formalpolyphony brought into p<strong>la</strong>y here, which in fact connectsfour principal volumes with the same number ofintermediate volumes: wh<strong>en</strong> contemp<strong>la</strong>ted att<strong>en</strong>tively,they induce a real s<strong>en</strong>se of visual pl<strong>en</strong>itude. B<strong>et</strong>ter still,one should take the time to walk up the steep littlepath, scarcely a hundred m<strong>et</strong>res long, <strong>and</strong> <strong>en</strong>ter thissanctuary, there to realise that one is at the heart ofone of the masterpieces of sacred art built in the secondhalf of the tw<strong>en</strong>ti<strong>et</strong>h c<strong>en</strong>tury. For such is the church ofSainte Thérèse at Vasperviller, <strong>des</strong>igned by the architectCarl Litz<strong>en</strong>burger.It was during the Second World War, among membersof the vil<strong>la</strong>ge’s popu<strong>la</strong>tion expelled to the south ofFrance, that the idea arose of building a church on theirr<strong>et</strong>urn home; som<strong>et</strong>hing like a medieval vow. A familydonated <strong>la</strong>nd for the purpose as soon as the exilesr<strong>et</strong>urned, <strong>and</strong> a prefabricated military shed was bought<strong>and</strong> erected there to serve as a p<strong>la</strong>ce of worship. But by1967 it was threat<strong>en</strong>ing to fall in ruins, <strong>and</strong> som<strong>et</strong>hingwas needed to rep<strong>la</strong>ce it. Some people opted for restoration,for maintaining a small barn church devoid ofprestige <strong>and</strong> artistry. Others, who were in the minority,thought that what was required was a new edifice of<strong>la</strong>sting value. Thus an association was founded for thepurpose of building the church, <strong>and</strong> Carl Litz<strong>en</strong>burgerwas giv<strong>en</strong> responsibility for <strong>des</strong>igning it. The final p<strong>la</strong>nswere ready in 1967. But those in charge of the projectwere not y<strong>et</strong> home <strong>and</strong> dry. They were faced with51<strong>en</strong>ormous difficulties on the part of the regu<strong>la</strong>tory administration,the ecclesiastical authorities, <strong>and</strong> a certainnumber of inhabitants. A resolute, iron-willed teamwas needed to surmount all these obstacles. It was onlythanks to the personal support of André Malraux, th<strong>en</strong>Minister of Culture, that they finally disappeared oneafter the other, <strong>and</strong> building could begin on 3 November1967, made possible by an astonishing mobilisationof local resources through donations <strong>and</strong> voluntarywork. In this respect, it may rightly be said thatthe church of Sainte Thérèse at Vasperviller is the onlypopu<strong>la</strong>r masterpiece of contemporary architecture!Ev<strong>en</strong> more remarkable is the church interior,marked by the pres<strong>en</strong>ce of the ‘Memorial to ThreeSaints’, a powerful wrought-iron sculpture, rigid <strong>and</strong>cold, which by means of the axe, the rope <strong>and</strong> thegas nozzle evokes the sinister ‘Nacht und Nebel’ ofthe death camps. For the church of Sainte Thérèse isdedicated to the memory of three local m<strong>en</strong>, less wellknownthan Kolbe or Bonhoeffer, who embody thesacrifice of the martyrs of the three religions of theBook: the priest Georges Meyer, the M<strong>en</strong>nonite H<strong>en</strong>riMosimann, <strong>and</strong> finally Moïse Perkalowitsch, a Jewishnative of Sarrebourg. At Vasperviller, their memoryd<strong>et</strong>ermined the very architecture of the church. It <strong>en</strong>g<strong>en</strong>deredthe ‘Tower in the Church’, the core, the heartof the whole edifice, like a call, an aspiration towardsheav<strong>en</strong>, st<strong>and</strong>ing out against decad<strong>en</strong>ce <strong>and</strong> in favourof r<strong>en</strong>ewal.Trans<strong>la</strong>tion: Charles Johnston


La Moselle <strong>et</strong> "Le Couv<strong>en</strong>t" de Saint UlrichQu’un C<strong>en</strong>tre de ressources consacré aux musiquesbaroques de l’Amérique <strong>la</strong>tine ait vu le jour <strong>en</strong> Moselle<strong>et</strong> rayonne au-delà <strong>des</strong> frontières <strong>et</strong> <strong>des</strong> océans, ne <strong>la</strong>issepoint de surpr<strong>en</strong>dre. On peut y voir l’un <strong>des</strong> signes,nombreux, d’un <strong>en</strong>gagem<strong>en</strong>t du Conseil Général auxcôtés <strong>des</strong> initiatives les plus originales, pourvu qu’ellessoi<strong>en</strong>t fécon<strong>des</strong> <strong>et</strong> porteuses d’ouverture vers de nouveauxhorizons culturels.C<strong>et</strong>te initiative innovante, que vi<strong>en</strong>t prolonger l'activitééditoriale discographique de K617, participeainsi à une démarche plus <strong>la</strong>rge de développem<strong>en</strong>tculturel bénéficiant de l’att<strong>en</strong>tion perman<strong>en</strong>te d<strong>en</strong>otre Assemblée."Le Couv<strong>en</strong>t", porté par une société d'économiemixte innovante née de l'initiative du Conseil Généralde <strong>la</strong> Moselle <strong>et</strong> de <strong>la</strong> Ville de Sarrebourg, rassemb<strong>la</strong>ntdésormais le C<strong>en</strong>tre International <strong>des</strong> Cheminsdu Baroque <strong>et</strong> le Label discographique K617, estaujourd'hui un véritable site culturel, riche de proj<strong>et</strong>s<strong>et</strong> promis au plus bel av<strong>en</strong>ir.Le Conseil Général de <strong>la</strong> Moselle est fier de son <strong>en</strong>gagem<strong>en</strong>taux côtés de ceux qui font <strong>et</strong> feront de ce lieu,un terrain de découvertes <strong>et</strong> de r<strong>en</strong>contres, un espacede développem<strong>en</strong>t artistique <strong>et</strong> culturel.Il suffit ici de rappeler les actions m<strong>en</strong>ées pour <strong>la</strong> mise<strong>en</strong> valeur du patrimoine musical dans le départem<strong>en</strong>t,l’accompagnem<strong>en</strong>t fidèle <strong>des</strong> amateurs regroupés <strong>en</strong>sociétés de musique, <strong>des</strong> <strong>en</strong>sembles instrum<strong>en</strong>tauxprofessionnels ainsi que <strong>des</strong> festivals, sans om<strong>et</strong>tre<strong>en</strong>fin les écoles de musique qui ont un rôle prépondérantdans <strong>la</strong> formation <strong>des</strong> jeunes musici<strong>en</strong>s.Puisse "Le Couv<strong>en</strong>t", C<strong>en</strong>tre International <strong>des</strong> Cheminsdu Baroque de Saint Ulrich, poursuivre son développem<strong>en</strong>tdans un <strong>en</strong>vironnem<strong>en</strong>t aujourd’hui <strong>en</strong> pleinemutation <strong>et</strong> <strong>en</strong> plein épanouissem<strong>en</strong>t, avec le muséede Sarrebourg, le site archéologique de <strong>la</strong> vil<strong>la</strong> galloromainede Saint Ulrich, le Festival international demusique…52

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