arnold Ciqobavas arnold Ciqobavas sakiTxavebi sakiTxavebi XXI
arnold Ciqobavas arnold Ciqobavas sakiTxavebi sakiTxavebi XXI
arnold Ciqobavas arnold Ciqobavas sakiTxavebi sakiTxavebi XXI
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<strong>arnold</strong> <strong>Ciqobavas</strong> saxelobis<br />
enaTmecnierebis instituti<br />
m u S a o b i s g e g m a<br />
13 aprili, 11 saaTi<br />
v. S e n g e l i a, fragmentebi mogonebidan akademikos <strong>arnold</strong><br />
Ciqobavaze. XXXVII_XL<br />
IV<br />
T. u T u r g a i Z e, delimitaciuri sistemis CamoKalibebisaTvis<br />
qarTulSi (ara<br />
nawilakis mixedviT)<br />
<strong>arnold</strong> <strong>Ciqobavas</strong><br />
<strong>sakiTxavebi</strong><br />
<strong>XXI</strong><br />
2010 wlis 13-16 aprili<br />
m a s a l e b i<br />
n. q u T e l i a, fonetika-fonologiis sagnis Sesaxeb<br />
m. s u x i S v i l i, pirdapiri obieqtis mravlobiTobis sufiqsis<br />
Sesaxeb zmnaTa erT JgufSi<br />
g. g o g o l a S v i l i, mwerlis enobrivi Tavisufleba da<br />
subieqturi meore da obieqturi mesame pirTa gamoxatva<br />
zmnaSi<br />
a. a r a b u l i, enobrivi potenciis realizaciis erTi sagulisxmo<br />
SemTxvevisaTvis (d a j a m e b u l i)<br />
s. o m i a Z e, sametKvelo komunikaciis strategiebi genderpoetikuri<br />
rakursiT<br />
m. b u k i a, qarTvelizmebis SeTvisebis tendencia afxazuri<br />
enis dialeqtebSi<br />
T. b u r y u l a Z e, rTuli TanwKobili winadadebis erTi<br />
sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2010<br />
n. S a v r e S i a n i, Tanaobis pirmiumarTavi damatebisaTvis<br />
svanurSi<br />
m. T e T r a Z e, bacburi enis CVC tipis saxelur fuZeTa<br />
fonemuri struqturisaTvis<br />
3
14 aprili, 14 saaTi<br />
15 aprili, 11sa<br />
saaTi<br />
a. y i n y a r a u l i, `vefxistKaosnis~ avtoris vinaobisa-<br />
Tvis heruli (ingilouri) leqsika poemaSi<br />
S. a f r i d o n i Z e, metKvelebis nawilTa formaluri<br />
opoziciebisaTvis (adieqtiuri da adverbialuri<br />
sitKvebi)<br />
l. s a n i k i Z e, mimGeobis erTi zmnuri kategoriis Sesaxeb<br />
bacbur (wova-TuSur) enaSi<br />
m. G l o n t i, ufali da Tavisufali<br />
t. g u r g e n i Z e, gramatikuli klasebis ierarqiuli<br />
struqtura neitralizaciis fonze<br />
m. s a G l i a n i, Ge-/Gen/-GŠn/-Gena/-GŠna/-Genð/-Gen‰/-Gen‹<br />
nawilakis Sesaxeb svanurSi<br />
n. o T i n a S v i l i, sofel KanCaveTis onomastika<br />
k. m i T a g v a r i a, saxelis sufiqsuri warmoeba adiGeur<br />
enaSi<br />
a. a v a k i m o v i, akad. q. lomTaTiZe saxelis srulxmovnobis<br />
Sesaxeb afxazur da abazur enebSi<br />
n. b e n d u q i Z e, uKoloba-uqonlobis aGmniSvneli saxelebi<br />
qarTulsa da CeCnurSi<br />
i. C a n t l a Z e, kvlav `kodor~-is etimologiisaTvis<br />
n. a r d o t e l i, sabrunebeli saxelis fuZe bagvalur<br />
enaSi<br />
n. y o x o n e l i Z e, mcenareTa saxelwodebebi r. inaniSvilis<br />
enaSi<br />
m. r o b a q i Z e, `Tav~ sitKviT Sedgenili ori antonimuri<br />
kompozitis Sesaxeb qarTul enaSi<br />
e. g i u n a S v i l i, saSualo sparsuli onomatikis kvlevisaTvis<br />
qarTul wKaroebSi<br />
S. g a b e s k i r i a, xeTuri masalis Seswavlis mniSvneloba<br />
qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis<br />
l. a z m a i f a r a S v i l i, -or<br />
da -al<br />
sufiqsebiani arsebiTi<br />
saxelebis Sesaxeb xunZurSi<br />
e. S e n g e l i a, ricxvSi fuZemonacvle zmnebi lazurSi<br />
m. C a C a n i Z e, saxelis leqsikografiuli paradigmis Taobaze<br />
qarTulSi<br />
q. m a r g i a n i - s u b a r i, svanuri enis evidencialur da<br />
epistemikur formaTa tipologiuri analizisaTvis<br />
e. n a p i r e l i, kodTa urTierTmimarTebis zogi sakiTxi<br />
lagodexis raionSi<br />
4<br />
5
16 aprili, 11 saaTi<br />
r. f a r e u l i Z e, piris niSanTa warmomavlobisaTvis qisturSi<br />
n. m a y a v a r i a n i, nawlavGruianTa afxazuri saxelwodebebis<br />
semantikur-struqturuli analizi<br />
m. q u r d i a n i, kaxianebis gvaris warmomavlobisaTvis<br />
T. v a S a k i Z e, n. J o r b e n a Z e, viTarebiTbrunvisformian<br />
saxelTa morfologiuri da sintaqsur-semantikuri<br />
statusisaTvis<br />
T. m a x a r o b l i Z e, zmniswinis funqciebi da klasifikaciis<br />
principebi<br />
n. x a x i a S v i l i, arsebobis semantikuri velis zmnaTa-<br />
Tvis (sufeva)<br />
l. g i g l e m i a n i, reduplikaciiT miGebuli zmnisarTebi<br />
svanurSi<br />
g. v a n i l i S i, hidronim `kalende[r]iS Galis~ etimologia<br />
r. l o l u a, namKos formebis warmoebisaTvis udiur enaSi<br />
n. f o n i a v a, ori saerToqarTveluri ZirisaTvis<br />
s. p a p i a S v i l i, kuTxuri identobis sakiTxi dialeqtur<br />
kunZulSi (aspinZis raionSi Casaxlebuli imerlebis<br />
magaliTze)<br />
a r t i o m a v a k i m o v i<br />
akad. q. lomTa<br />
TaTi<br />
TiZe saxe<br />
xelis srulxmov<br />
xmovno<br />
nobis Sesa<br />
saxeb<br />
afxazur da abazur enebSi<br />
akademikos q. lomTaTiZis kvlevebSi mniSvnelovania srulxmovnobis<br />
sakiTxi, romelic mecniers ganxiluli aqvs afxazurabazur<br />
enaTa oTxive dialeqtis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
miCneulia, rom am enaTa amosavali viTarebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
iyo srulxmovnoba, xolo TanxmovanTa Tavmoyra aris<br />
Zlieri maxvilis moqmedebis Sedegi; umaxvilo poziciaSi myofi<br />
a da ˆˆ xmovnebi mezobel marcvalSi Zlieri maxvilis qonis SemTxvevaSi<br />
ikargeboda. (mag.; abJ. dial.: amS´´ `dRe~ < * a-ma<br />
ma-S´a<br />
`id.~, tap. dial.: mSˆˆ `dRe~ < * maSa<br />
`id.~ da a.S.).<br />
abJuursa da bzifur dialeqtTa Soris srulxmovnobis<br />
mxriv ori ZiriTadi kanonzomiereba gamoikveTa: a) rode<br />
desac<br />
bzifur dialeqt<br />
leqtSi gvaqvs srulxmov<br />
xmovno<br />
noba<br />
ba, abJu<br />
Juur ur dialeqt<br />
leqtSi<br />
mokve<br />
kveci<br />
cilia xmova<br />
vani<br />
ni, (mag.; bzif. akoaTana `guTani~, abJ.<br />
akoaTan|| agoaTan `id.~, bzif. akoata `ixvi~, abJ. akoat `id.~ da<br />
a.S.); es wesi moqmedebs afxazur enaSi qarTulidan Semosul<br />
leqsikaSi. b) rode<br />
desac bzifur dialeqt<br />
leqtSi gvaqvs srulxmov<br />
xmov-<br />
noba<br />
ba, abJu<br />
Juur<br />
urSi Sekum<br />
kumSu<br />
Sulia fuZif<br />
Zise<br />
seuli smova<br />
vani<br />
ni, (mag.; bzif.<br />
agoarÿTa `ezo~, abJ. agoÿrTa `id~, bzif. aT¥gara `amoReba, amoyvana~,<br />
abJ. aTgarÿÿ`id.~ da a.S.); es procesi ZiriTadad sakuTar<br />
masalaSi gvaqvs da dakavSirebulia maxvilTan: maxvilis gadaweva<br />
iwvevs xmovnis SekumSvas.<br />
irkveva, rom aSxarulsa da tapanTurSi arsebuli viTareba<br />
identuria abJuurisa da bzifuris. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,<br />
aSxarul da tapanTur dialeqtebSic SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi<br />
mimarTeba: a) rode<br />
desac aSxa<br />
xarul dialeqt<br />
leqtSi gvaqvs srul-<br />
xmovno<br />
noba<br />
ba, tapan<br />
panTur dialeqt<br />
leqtSi mokve<br />
kveci<br />
cilia amosa<br />
sava<br />
vali xmova<br />
va-<br />
ni, (mag.; aSx. raba `maTi mama~, tap. rab `id.~, aSx. (a)qˆTa `sofeli~,<br />
tap. qˆT `id.~ da a.S.) da b) rode<br />
desac aSxa<br />
xarul dia-<br />
leqtSi gvaqvs srulxmov<br />
xmovno<br />
noba<br />
ba, tapan<br />
panTur<br />
TurSi Sekum<br />
kumSu<br />
Sulia fuZi<br />
Zi-<br />
6<br />
7
seuli smova<br />
vani<br />
ni, (mag.; aSx. Cafara `keTeba~, tap. aCfara `id~,<br />
aSx. abaga `mgeli, mela~, tap. abga `id.~ da a.S.).<br />
rusi mkvlevari g. serdiuCenko afxazur-abazur enebSi cdilobda<br />
fomematuri mniSvnelobis mqone geminirebuli Tanxmovnebis<br />
gamoyofas, magram q. lomTaTiZem gaarkvia, rom ori er-<br />
Tnairi Tanxmovnis Tavmoyra fuZeSi aris srulxmovnobis darRvevis<br />
Sedegi afxazur-abazur enebSi. ufro metic, aSxaruli<br />
dialeqtis orsave kilokavSi (afsuis, kuvinskis) saTanado SemTxvevebSi<br />
or Tanxmovans erTad iSviaTad Tu sadme SevxvdebiT,<br />
(mag.; aSx. GoÿGoa `Zlieri~ Sdr. abJ. / bzif. ÿGoGoa `id.~, aSx.<br />
ZoÿZoara `recxva~ Sdr. abJ. / bzif. ÿZoZoara `id.~ da sxv.). rogorc<br />
Cans, afxazur dialeqtebSi, abazurisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
ganusazrvrelobis a-s gaCenis Semdeg, moxda maxvilis gadatana,<br />
ris Sedegadac abJuur da bzifur dialeqtebSi am procesma<br />
gamoiwvia fuZiseuli xmovnis SekumSva.<br />
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTi dialeqtis or sxvadasxva<br />
kilokavSi gvaqvs procesebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia dialeqtTa<br />
Soris dadasturebul or zemoT dasaxelebul ZiriTad<br />
kanonzomierebasTan, kerZod, es faqti dadasturebulia abJuuri<br />
dialeqtis jgerdisa da baRmaranis kilokavebSi (mag., jgerd.<br />
amaS´ˆn `zRva~, baRm. amS´ˆn `id.~.<br />
maSasadame, kvlevis Sedegad gairkva, rom aSxaruli dialeqti<br />
Tavisi srulxmovnobiT mihyveba bzifurs (raba `maTi mama~,<br />
(a)qˆTa `sofeli~ da sxv.), xolo tapanTuri, Tavis mxriv, mihyveba<br />
abJuurs (a)Cfara `keTeba~, abga `mgeli, mela~ da sxv.).<br />
bzifuri dialeqtisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sruli, SeukumSavi<br />
fuZe, xolo abJuurisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia SekumSuli an Sekvecili<br />
fuZe. egeve iTqmis abazuris dialeqtebze: aSxarulSi<br />
Segvxvdeba srulxmovniani sityvebi, xolo tapanTurSi _ saTanado<br />
adgilas xmovani dakargulia.<br />
l e v a n a z m a i f a r a S v i l i<br />
-or da -al sufiq<br />
fiqse<br />
sebi<br />
biani arse<br />
sebi<br />
biTi saxe<br />
xele<br />
lebis Sesa<br />
saxeb<br />
xunZur<br />
ZurSi<br />
xunZur enaSi moipoveba arsebiTi saxelebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSic,<br />
specialuri analizis meSveobiT, SesaZlebelia gamovlena<br />
amjamad ukve umoqmedo afiqsebisa. saxelis fuZes Sezrdil<br />
amgvar afiqsTa Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT -or<br />
da -al<br />
al.<br />
-or<br />
or: ƒ o m - o r `mgeli~. Jer kidev p. uslari varaudobda,<br />
rom es sitKva ukavSirdeba zmnas ƒ a m - i - z e `motaceba~. mar-<br />
Talia, am substantivis agebulebis analizi mkvlevars ar moucia,<br />
magram, miuxedavad amisa, varaudi sarwmuno Cans. ƒ o m- ←<br />
ƒ a m- cvlilebis mizezi advilad SeiZleba avxsnaT: bolosarTi<br />
-or<br />
sitKvaSi maxviliania, ris Sedegadac o xmovnis mier asimilirebulia<br />
fuZiseuli a: ƒom-£r ← *ƒam-£r. unda iTqvas, rom<br />
ama Tu im morfemis mier fuZeSi gamowveuli regresuli asimilaciis<br />
aseTi SemTxvevebi xunZur enaSi ar warmoadgenen iSvia-<br />
Tobas.<br />
zedmiwevniTi mniSvneloba sitKvisa ƒ o m o r (`mgeli~), amrigad,<br />
unda KofiliKo `mtacebeli~, rac, albaT, tabus SemTxvevas<br />
warmoadgens. mglis tabus odindel arsebobaze mianiSneben<br />
sxva daGestnuri enebic, romlebSic `mglis~ saxelwodeba<br />
Canacvlebulia `mxecis~ mniSvnelobis mqone sitKviT: darg. janivar,<br />
lezg. Tab. janavar, aGul. Janavur, wax. Janavar (sitKva<br />
nasesxebia sparsulidan, Sdr. agreTve xunZ. janavar `mxeci~). am<br />
TvalsazrisiT saKuradGeboa agreTve svanuri saxelwodeba<br />
mglisa: T x Š r e . rogorc irkveva, misTvis amosavali iKo `nadiris~<br />
semantika; Sdr. m e - T x … - r `monadire~, i - T x … -<br />
r `nadirobs~... (m. Cuxua). mglis tabus naTel magaliTad<br />
xunZur enaSi warmogvidgeba agreTve sitKva m a l „ u n `wKeuli~.<br />
es sitKva arabuli warmomavlobisaa. mglis metsaxelad igi<br />
Crdilour xunZurSia dadasturebuli z. JafariZis mier.<br />
-al<br />
al: ƒ a m - a l - o `bua~ (bavSvebis SesaSineblad gamogoni-<br />
8<br />
9
li arseba). es sitKvac warmomdgari Cans zmnisagan ƒ a m - i - z e<br />
`motaceba~. meore, ufro gavrcelebuli saxelwodeba am arsebisa<br />
aris b o „ o l o . interess iwvevs am mimarTebiT teqsti<br />
erT-erTi xunZuri akvnis simGerisa:<br />
10<br />
„ali ƒame, bo„olo,<br />
dir muh´amad t¾elaro.<br />
fati ƒame, ƒ a m a l o,<br />
dir x´irad du t¾elaro.<br />
`ali moitace, bua,<br />
Cems muhamads ar mogcem.<br />
fati moitace, `taciav~,<br />
Cems Zvirfass Sen ar mogcem~.<br />
bolokiduri -o (ƒamal-o), safiqrebelia, aq iseTive derivati<br />
unda iKos, rogoric gvaqvs sitKvaSi m e s e d -o `mSvenieri<br />
qali~, `mzeTunaxavi~; Sdr. mesed `oqro~. ƒ a m - i - z e (`motaceba~)<br />
zmnisagan -al<br />
sufiqsis darTviT nawarmoebia agreTve arsebiTi<br />
saxeli ƒ a m - a l `Zarcva-gleJa~, `dataceba~, `aoxreba~.<br />
a v T a n d i l a r a b u l i<br />
enobrivi potenciis realizaciis erTi sagulisxmo<br />
SemTxvevisaTvis (d a J a m e b u l i)<br />
garkveul nayofTa s i m w i f i s a da u m w i f r o b i s aRsaniSnavad<br />
sulxan-saba orbeliani iyenebs Jam- fuZidan warmoqmnil<br />
mimReobebs; redaqciebis mixedviT gvaqvs:<br />
ZA: nuSTa, nigozTa da egeviTarTa, cercvTa, simindTa da<br />
egeviTarTa d a u J a m e b e l s a da simagrenaklebsa<br />
o d o S s a uwoden, xolo yanaTasa _ e t e r s a .<br />
B: nuSTa ... da egeviTarTa a r a d a J a m e b u l s a ,<br />
aramed naklebsa o d o S s uwoden, xolo yanaTasa _<br />
e t e r s a .<br />
C: o d o S a d iTqmis TxilTa, nigozTa, nuSTa da<br />
egeviTari cercvi da simindi a r a m o w e v n u l i<br />
mowilvad, aramed oden m o J a m e b u l i da naklebi<br />
mcired, xolo yana e t e r a d iTqmis.<br />
DE : odoSad iTqmis Txili, nigozi, nuSi da egeviTari,<br />
cercvi da simindi a r a m o J a m e b u l i (aramed D)<br />
mcired naklebi, xolo yana _ e t e r a d.<br />
saleqsikono statiis redaqciebidan Cans, rom Jam- fuZidan<br />
nawarmoebia nairgvari formebi, anu leqsikurad (terminulad)<br />
es warmoeba jer kidev damdgari ar aris. Sinaarsi, cxadia, Zveli<br />
qarTulidan iRebs saTaves, sadac moJa<br />
Jame<br />
mebu<br />
buli<br />
`drodamdgars,<br />
moweuls, drouls~ niSnavda. `vefxistyaosanSi~ (`aw wadi,<br />
naxe Seni mze naxvisa moJamebulman~), viqtor nozaZis Tanaxmad,<br />
moJa<br />
Jame<br />
mebu<br />
buli<br />
`moaxloebulia~.<br />
aRniSnuli semantikuri tendencia fxovur dialeqtur<br />
arealSi (unda vifiqroT _ damoukideblad) terminul mniSvnelobad<br />
damdgara:<br />
1. momwifebuli [muwuki] (am SemTxvevaSi pirdapiri mimReoburi<br />
Sinaarsi jerac xelSesaxebia): `d a J a m e -<br />
b u l i iara, nestariT gamosarwyavi~ (vaJa).<br />
2. daJamebuli, daJamuli (fS. xevs. mox.) damwifebuli,<br />
mwife: `Tqmula: d a J a m u l s esroden, dabla cvioda<br />
koxia~ (a. San., al. WinWar.).<br />
n o d a r a r d o t e l i<br />
sabru<br />
brune<br />
nebe<br />
beli saxe<br />
xelis fuZe bagva<br />
valur enaSi<br />
bagvalur enaSi, axlomonaTesave enaTa analogiurad, brunebis<br />
paradigmaSi gamoiKofa sabrunebeli saxelis fuZis oTxi saxeoba:<br />
1) marti<br />
tivi<br />
(ara<br />
aramar<br />
marki<br />
kire<br />
rebu<br />
buli<br />
li) fuZe<br />
Ze, rome<br />
melic nulo<br />
lova<br />
va-<br />
ni morfe<br />
rfemiT aris warmodge<br />
dgeni<br />
nili da grama<br />
mati<br />
tiku<br />
kuli gamoxa<br />
xatu<br />
tu-<br />
lebiT Ziri<br />
riTa<br />
Tadad mxolo<br />
loobi<br />
biTi ricxvis saxe<br />
xelo<br />
lobi<br />
biTis<br />
(resp.<br />
abso<br />
solu<br />
luti<br />
tivis<br />
vis) formas emTxve<br />
Txveva<br />
va; 2) meore<br />
(`iri<br />
iribi<br />
bi~) fuZe<br />
Ze,<br />
11
ome<br />
melic speci<br />
cialu<br />
luri marke<br />
kere<br />
rebiT<br />
formde<br />
mdeba<br />
ba; 3) mravlo<br />
lobi<br />
biTi<br />
ricxvis pirve<br />
veli fuZe<br />
Ze, rome<br />
melic saxe<br />
xelo<br />
lobi<br />
biTis formas ud-<br />
ris; 4) mravlo<br />
lobi<br />
biTi ricxvis meore<br />
(`iri<br />
iribi<br />
bi~) fuZe<br />
Ze, rome<br />
melic<br />
metwi<br />
twilad standar<br />
darti<br />
tize<br />
zebu<br />
bulia<br />
lia.<br />
1. mxoloobiT ricxvSi fuZeTa warmoebisas saxelobiTis<br />
forma, rogorc klasmimarT aqtantTa gamomxatveli morfologiuri<br />
odenoba, upiratesad gamoiKeneba ara uSualod `irib~<br />
brunvaTa formebis sawarmoeblad, aramed meore (`irib~) fuZe-<br />
Ta warmosaqmnelad, mag.: sax. milh `mze~ _ fuZ. milh-i-, sax.<br />
as `vercxli~ _ fuZ. as-i- da sxv. am tipis magaliTebi<br />
cxadKofen, rom saxelobiTis forma, Tu -V struqturis markerebs<br />
brunvis niSanTa kuTvnilebad ar miviCnevT, `irib~ brunva-<br />
Ta fuZes edeba safuZvlad.<br />
2. meore (`iribi~) fuZe SeiZleba gamoiKenebodes rogorc<br />
klasmimarT aqtantTa brunvebis (erg<br />
erg., mic., afeqt.) sawarmoeblad,<br />
ise klasmiumarTav aqtantTa brunvis (naT<br />
naT.) sawarmoebladac.<br />
meore fuZe SeiZleba warmodgenili iKos: a) nulovani morfemiT<br />
{-∅}, roca saxelobiTi da meore fuZe formobrivad<br />
erTmaneTs emTxvevian; b) {-V} struqturis markeriT, romlis<br />
darTva, am enis fonotaqtikidan gamomdinare, bolokiduri<br />
xmovnis apokopes axdens, mag., musa<br />
`xari~ _ erg. mus-u-r (< mu-<br />
sa-u-r)...; g) {-CV} struqturis formantebiT, romelTa darTva<br />
fuZis warmoebisas semantikurad motivirebulia: {-S´u}<br />
daerTvis I gramatikuli klasis saxelebs (garda …as´ `Zma~ da<br />
mamakacTa sakuTar saxelebisa), xolo {-lÀ´<br />
À´i} gvevlineba II klasis<br />
Kvela da III klasisi erTi Jgufis saxelTaTvis (garda as´<br />
`da~ qalTa sakuTari saxelebisa). sporadulad daCndeba agreTve<br />
{-da<br />
da}, {-la<br />
la} elementebi, romlebic fuZes Sexorcebuli<br />
odindeli formantebi Canan, mag.: sax. raj `niori~ _ naT. raj-<br />
da-lÀ´ (Sdr. xunZ. raji-du<br />
du-l `id.~), sax. muC… `qari~ _ naT. mu-<br />
Cu-la<br />
la-lÀ´ º muC-u-lÀ´ da misT.<br />
3. mravlobiTi ricxvis pirveladi (martivi) fuZe, Tu morfonologiur<br />
cvlilebebs ar gaviTvaliswinebT, mravlobiTis<br />
saxelobiTs emTxveva. igi iwarmoeba sxvadasxva sufiqsebiT ({-V-<br />
bi/-mi<br />
mi}, {-da<br />
dari<br />
ri}, {-iba<br />
ibadi<br />
di/-ba<br />
badi<br />
di}, {-a}, {-i}, {-e}, {-di<br />
di}, {-lÀ´<br />
À´a}...),<br />
romelTa gamoKeneba semantikurad motivirebulia, Tumca amgvari<br />
Sepirobebuloba Tanamimdevrulad da bolomde ar aris gatarebuli.<br />
mravlobiTobis formebi nawarmoebia mxoloobiTi<br />
ricxvis saxelobiTis formebisagan (xSirad) an imave ricxvis<br />
irib brunvaTa fuZisagan (iSviaTad).<br />
4. mravlobiTi ricxvis meore (`iribi~) fuZe mTlianad moicavs<br />
mravlobiTi ricxvis saxelobiTis ucvlel an modificirebul<br />
formas. mxoloobiTi ricxvisagan gansxvavebiT, mravlobiT-<br />
Si gamoiKofa ori ZiriTadi semantikuri Jgufi: a) adami<br />
mian<br />
anTa<br />
klasi<br />
(I-II kl. _ b klasifikatoriT) da b) nivTTa Ta klasi<br />
(III<br />
kl. _ r klasifikatoriT). am or Jgufs irib brunvaTa fuZe<br />
gansxvavebulad ewarmoeba: 1) pirvel JgufSi gaerTianebul gonier<br />
sulier da maTTan gaTanabrebul arsebebs meore fuZe<br />
ewarmoeba {-alu<br />
alu}, {-lu<br />
lu}, {-u} markerebiT, romelTagan pirveli<br />
ori rTuli agebulebisaa: -a nivTis klasis saxelTa `iribi~<br />
fuZis mawarmoebelia, -l _ damoukidebeli elementi, -u _ II<br />
fuZis niSani, rac adamianis klasis markirebas axdens [gudava<br />
1971: 96]; 2) meore JgufSi Semaval nivTis klasis saxelTa fu-<br />
Zis markerebad, mxoloobiTis msgavsad, dasturdeba {-a} da<br />
{-i}, romelTagan ufro produqtiulia {-a}. rac Seexeba {-i}-s,<br />
{-i} niSniT dasrulebul sul ramdenime saxelis fuZes daer-<br />
Tvis da SerwKmis safuZvelze am ukanaskneli xmovnis dagrZelebas<br />
iwvevs, mag.: qoT-i `nabdis fexsacmelebi~ _ erg. qoT-‹-r<br />
(
S u q i a a f r i d o n i Z e<br />
metKvele<br />
lebis nawil<br />
wilTa forma<br />
malu<br />
luri opozi<br />
zici<br />
ciebi<br />
bisa<br />
saTvis<br />
(adieqtiuri da adverbialuri sitKvebi)<br />
1. morfologiisa da sintaqsis mWidro kavSiris erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
gamovlena Tanamedrove qarTulSi gulisxmobs zogierTi<br />
metyvelebis nawilis formalur SezRudvas.<br />
saxelebi, romlebsac brunebis unari aerTianebs, specifikuri<br />
semantikuri funqciis kvalobaze gamorCeul formebs<br />
gviCvenebs, kerZod, aRmni<br />
niSvne<br />
vneli<br />
da mimTi<br />
mTiTe<br />
Tebe<br />
beli<br />
saxelebi sxvadasxvagvar<br />
formalur CarCoebSi Tavsdeba prepoziciur msazRvrelebad<br />
maTi gamoyenebisas.<br />
2. msazRvrelebad gamoyenebuli aRmniS<br />
mniSvne<br />
vneli<br />
saxelebi, romlebic<br />
aRniSnaven sagans, Tvisebas, ricxvs an rigs, zoma-wonas,<br />
qveynis mxares... axasiaTebs moqmedsa Tu samoqmedo pirs da sxv.<br />
_ Sesabamisad, arsebiTi, zedsarTavi, ricxviTi saxelebi da mimReobebi<br />
_ saxelobiTSi mudam xmovanze mTavrdeba. es xmovani<br />
an fuZiseulia (xmovanze fuZegaTavebul saxelebSi), an –saxelobiTis<br />
-i niSani (Tanxmovanze fuZegaTavebul saxelebSi).<br />
3. gamonakliss warmoadgens mxolod mimTi<br />
mTiTe<br />
Tebe<br />
beli<br />
saxelebi,<br />
kerZod, III piris nacvalsaxelebTan Tanxvedrili CvenebiTi<br />
nacvalsaxelebi es, is, eg, romelTac rogorc saxelobiTSi, ise<br />
sxva brunvebSi Tanxmovanze uTavdebaT fuZe (orfuZianobis pirobebSi),<br />
Sesabamisad _ am, im, mag). sainteresoa, rom Tanxmovanzeve<br />
daboloebuli I da II piris nacvalsaxelebi Cven, Sen,<br />
Tqven, romelTa pirveli sami brunva formalurad identuoria<br />
da mxolod sintaqsuri analizi gamogvacnobinebs maTs funqcias,<br />
kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebad gar daqmnisas TanxmovanfuZian<br />
msazGvrelTa rigSi gadainacvlebs da gahKveba am tipis brunebas.<br />
aseve iqceva I piris mx. ricxvis xmovanfuZiani nacvalsaxeli<br />
me, romelic mTlianad icvlis fuZes (> Cem-) da TanxmovanfuZian<br />
msazGvrelebs SeuerTdeba SeTanxmebis saerTo wesiT.<br />
4. rogorc Cans, saxelebis msazGvrelebad gamoKenebisas<br />
14<br />
gadamwKvetia msazGvrel saxelTa aGmniSvne<br />
vneli<br />
(da ara mimTi<br />
mTiTe<br />
Te-<br />
beli<br />
li) xasiaTi, sxva sitKvebiT rom vTqvaT, maTi srulmniS<br />
mniSvne<br />
vne-<br />
lovno<br />
noba<br />
ba, rasac nacvalsaxeli moklebulia (aki TviT termini<br />
nacval<br />
cvalsa<br />
saxe<br />
xelic<br />
swored imas miuTiTebs, rom igi SeiZleba Seenacvlos<br />
Kvela saxis saxels!).<br />
5. saxelebisagan mkveTr sxvaobas gviCvenebs adver<br />
verbi<br />
bialu<br />
luri<br />
sitKvebi _ zmnisar<br />
sarTe<br />
Tebi<br />
bi, romelTa umravlesoba saTanado zedsarTavebisgan<br />
iwarmoeba, Tanxmovanze Tavdeba da am saxiTaa gaqvavebuli<br />
(rogorc wesi, Tanamedrove an istoriul viTarebiTsa<br />
da moqmedebiTSi (kar<br />
kargi<br />
> kargad<br />
gad, cudi<br />
> cudad<br />
dad; aseve: wi-<br />
na > wina<br />
na()T, zemo<br />
> wemo<br />
mo()T, marJve<br />
Jvena<br />
> marJvniv<br />
Jvniv, marcxe<br />
cxena<br />
><br />
marcxniv<br />
cxniv; wasas<br />
sasvle<br />
vleli<br />
li (kaci) > wasas<br />
sasvle<br />
vlelad<br />
lad (gaemzada) da a. S.).<br />
ramdenime gamonaklisi gvxvdeba zmnisarTebis xmovanze fu-<br />
Zis gaTavebisa (ne<br />
nela<br />
la, Cqara<br />
ra, maGla, dabla<br />
la, male<br />
le), magram umravlesoba<br />
istoriulad Tanxmovanze Tavdeboda (maGlad<br />
><br />
maGla, mali<br />
liad<br />
> male<br />
le, neli<br />
liad<br />
> nela<br />
la...), rac saerTo suraTs<br />
ar cvlis. iqac ki, sadac zmnisarTebi xmovanze Tavdeba, saTanado<br />
zedsarTavTan opoziciuri Tanafardoba mainc mKardeba<br />
(Cqa<br />
Cqara<br />
_ Cqari<br />
ri, maGla _ maGali, nela<br />
_ neli<br />
li) da misT.<br />
6. adieqtiur da adverbialur sitKvebs Soris Tanafardobis<br />
es wesi sruliad urKevia da mis realizebas araviTari dabrkoleba<br />
ar Sehqmnia.<br />
maSasadame,<br />
prepo<br />
pozi<br />
zici<br />
ciur<br />
msazGvrelad gamoKenebu<br />
buli<br />
srulmniS<br />
mniSvne<br />
vnelo<br />
lova<br />
vani<br />
brune<br />
neba<br />
badi<br />
saxe<br />
xeli<br />
nomi<br />
mina<br />
nativ<br />
tivSi<br />
(anu<br />
sawKis brunvaSi) bolo<br />
loki<br />
kidu<br />
duri xmovnis gare<br />
reSe ar ixma<br />
mareba<br />
ba.<br />
mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, xmovanze uTavdeba amgvar<br />
msazGvrels fuZe, Tu _ Tanxmovanze. xmovanfuZianebi, wesisamebs,<br />
sruliad ucvleli rCeba, xolo TanxmovanfuZianebi mihKveba<br />
am saxis msazvrelTa brunebis saerTo wess. es wesi normatiulia<br />
da mis revizias araviTari safuZveli ara aqvs.<br />
15
n i n o b e n d u q i Z e<br />
uKoloba<br />
ba-uqon<br />
uqonlo<br />
lobis aGmniSvne<br />
vneli saxe<br />
xele<br />
lebi<br />
qarTul<br />
Tulsa da CeCnur<br />
nurSi<br />
uyoloba-uqonlobis saxelTa warmoeba qarTulSi ori tipisaa:<br />
uyoloba-uqonloba iwarmoeba u_ur<br />
ur da u_o konfiqsebiT.<br />
iSviaTad gvxvdeba oden u- TavsarTiani warmoebac:<br />
1) u_ur<br />
ur (raenarev fuZeebTan disimilaciiT u_ul)<br />
gvxvdeba saxelTa mcire ricxvSi: u-bed-ur-i, u-mad-ur-i, u-gemur-i.<br />
aseve disimilaciiT miRebuli: u-fer-ul-i, u-wver-ul-i<br />
da a. S.<br />
2) u_o Cveulebrivi mawarmoebelia uyoloba-uqonlobis<br />
saxelebisa arsebiTTagan: u-gul-o, u-qud-o, u-Wku-o, u-unar-o.<br />
3) gvaqvs oden u- TavsarTiani warmoebac: u-ricxv-i.<br />
uyoloba-uqonlobis aRmniSvneli saxelebi dasturdeba CeCnurSic.<br />
Cvens mier amowerili masala a. karasaevisa da a. macievis<br />
`rusul-CeCnuri leqsikonidan~, romelic daaxloebiT 160<br />
erTeuls Seadgens, davalageT struqturis mixedviT. analizma<br />
gviCvena, rom CeCnur enaSi uyoloba-uqonlobis saxelebi SeiZleba<br />
or jgufad daiyos:<br />
pirvel jgufSi, romelic SedarebiT mravalricxovania,<br />
gamoiyofa is saxelebi, romlebic uqonlobas aRweriTad gamoxataven.<br />
aRweriTi formebi Sedgeba saxelisagan, romelsac mosdevs<br />
dac `ar aris~ zmnis awmyos mimReoba d<br />
cu<br />
cu. unda aRiniSnos,<br />
rom dac zmna nawarmoebia du `aris~ zmnisagan uaryofiTobis<br />
-c nawilakis darTviT, amasTanave, -c nawilakis darTva<br />
iwvevs zmnis fuZeSi u xmovnis a-Ti Secvlas, romelic am<br />
zmnaSi amosavali xmovani Cans. savaraudod, du meoreulia da<br />
momdinareobs da-sagan. da forma dasturdeba CeCnuri enis zog<br />
kilokavSi (mag.: maisTurSi), inguSur da wova-TuSur enebSi.<br />
mocemul zmnaSi d- cvalebadi gramatikuli klasis niSania, -axmovani<br />
awmyos mawarmoebeli formanti Cans. zmnas fuZe dakarguli<br />
aqvs. Tavis mxriv -c nawilaki momdinareobs -ca<br />
ca-sagan, ro-<br />
16<br />
melsac xmovani mokvecili aqvs bolokidur poziciaSi. aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom -ca<br />
nawilaki CeCnurSi, Cveulebriv, zmnis win dgas,<br />
magram mocemul zmnaSi is am saxiT, mxolod bolokidur poziciSi<br />
dasturdeba.<br />
rogorc iTqva, d<br />
cu<br />
(dcu) mimRe<br />
mReobis<br />
funqcia uyoloba-uqonlobis<br />
gamoxatvaa. arsebiTi saxeli dgas mxolobiTi ricxvis<br />
saxelobiT brunvaSi.<br />
magaliTad:<br />
meƒaS dcu `uulvaSo~<br />
bexq bcu `udanaSaulo~<br />
xi dcu `uwylo~<br />
hava’ dcu `uhaero~<br />
bram bcu `uzomo~ da a.S.<br />
aRniSnul mimReobasTan arsebiTi saxeli SeiZleba idges<br />
mravlobiTi ricxvis saxelobiT brunvaSic. Sdr. b‘rg bocu<br />
`uTvalo~ da b‘rgaS dcu `uTvalebo.~ cerg (cergaS)<br />
ucu `ukbilo (ukbilebo)~.<br />
sainteresoa, rom `uyuros~ mniSvnelobiT amJamad ixmareba<br />
xuram<br />
ram, albaT nasesxebi sityva. igi lerg d<br />
d<br />
cu<br />
`uyuro~-Si<br />
gamoyenebuli sityvis sinonimia. e bcu `utvino~ aRweriT<br />
formas SeiZleba Seenacvlos ‘ovdal `suleli, briyvi, abdali~.<br />
esec nasesxebi sityvaa.<br />
maJ cu `uwvero~ || qsa `qosa~ da a. S sinonimuri paralelebi,<br />
savaraudod, nasesxebi unda iyos (Sdr. qarTuli qosa).<br />
uyoloba-uqonlobis aRmniSvneli saxelebi CeCnurSi aRweriTi<br />
formebis paralelurad iwarmoeba organuladac. uyoloba-uqonlobis<br />
mawarmoebeli sufiqsi CeCnurSi aris -za<br />
za, Sdr.<br />
zemoT dasaxelebuli magaliTi: bram bcu `usazRvro, uzomo~<br />
da igive saxeli -za<br />
nawilakiT: baram-za<br />
za.<br />
-za<br />
sufiqsi CeCnurSi zedsarTav saxelebs awarmoebs arsebiTTagan.<br />
mag.: e `sindisi, namusi~ _ evaza `usindiso, unamu-<br />
17
so~. dya `wili, nawili~ da dya-za<br />
uwilo, ubeduri~. Cam `gemo~<br />
Cm-za<br />
`ugemuri~ ( aRweriTad Cam bocu `gemos armqone~).<br />
18<br />
b‘rg `Tvali~ sityvisgan -g segmentis mokveciT nawarmoebia<br />
b‘rze `uTvalo, brma~. sainteresoa CeCnuri b‘ar<br />
da qarTuli<br />
brma fuZeebis Sedareba.. qarTuli brma, albaT momdinare bar-<br />
ma-sagan fonetikurad hgavs CeCnurs. xom ar aris es ori leqsema<br />
identuri?.<br />
aseve saintereso suraTs iZleva CeCnuri yora<br />
`yru~<br />
formis Sedareba qarTul `yur<br />
yur~-Tan. CeCnurSi `yu<br />
yuri<br />
ri~ sityvas<br />
Seesabameba lerg ( a-pa<br />
pa-<br />
rasa<br />
`prasi~; abJuurSi mis leqsikur fardad a-pras<br />
prasqia<br />
/ a-pa<br />
pa-<br />
rasq½a gvaqvs, rac megruli puras<br />
raskia<br />
kia-sgan (`prasi~) momdinareobs.<br />
2. afxazuris orive dialeqtSi xis saxlis aRsaniSnavad<br />
hibriduli kompozitia gamoyenebuli. bzifurSi qarTuli pa-<br />
lo-s afxazurad adaptirebul a-pal<br />
pal-s erTvis saxlis aRmniSvneli<br />
afxazuri (a)‚nˆ, da `Zeluris~ aRsaniSnavad gvaqvs a-<br />
pal-‚nˆ forma. abJuurSi ki kompozitis pirvel ingredentad<br />
gamoyenebulia megruli jargva<br />
gvali<br />
da sityva a-jarg<br />
jarg°al<br />
al‚nˆ formiTaa<br />
warmodgenili.<br />
3. `Sekmazuli fxalis~ aRsaniSnavad bzifuri dialeqti<br />
iyenebs qarTuli Warxal<br />
xal- formisgan miRebul a-War<br />
Warxal<br />
/ a-<br />
Wˆrxal<br />
sityvas. abJuurSi ki a-x°ˆl gvxvdeba, romelic megruli<br />
xul-is (`keJera, kolrabi~) fardia.<br />
4. `tylapi~ bzifurSi gadmocemulia SeTvisebuli a-<br />
mty½al<br />
sityviT, romlis amosavali forma qarTuli tyemal<br />
mal-ia,<br />
abJuurSi ki megrulidan (resp. dasavluri dialeqtebidan) nasesxebi<br />
a-ty<br />
ty½ab<br />
gvxvdeba (q. lomTaTiZe).<br />
5. Tav-is avadmyofobis aRsaniSnavad bzifurSi a-Sa<br />
Sakik<br />
forma gvaqvs. marTalia, sityva arabuli warmomavlobisaa, magram<br />
afxazurisTvis sesxebis Sualeduri rgoli qarTuli Saki<br />
ki-<br />
ki unda iyos. megrulSi am avadmyofobis aRsaniSnavad Saki<br />
kita<br />
taxa<br />
gvxvdeba. es ukanasknelia amosavali abJuuri a-Sak<br />
Sak½tax<br />
tax½a-sTvis<br />
(`Sakiki~).<br />
6. `cementi~ bzifurSi gadmoicema a-ce<br />
cement<br />
saxiT, romelic<br />
SeiZleba nasesxebi iyos qarTulidan, an rusulidan. abJuur<br />
a-ca<br />
camet<br />
formas ki megrulis kvali etyoba (megr. came<br />
meti<br />
`cementi~).<br />
19
aseTi sinonimuri wyvilebi mravlad gvxvdeba.<br />
msgavs leqsikur wyvilTa analizi TavisTavad aCens ki-<br />
Txvas, ra garemoSi, ra viTarebaSi unda esesxebina bzifur dialeqts<br />
qarTuli sityvebi. vvaraudobT, am mimarTulebiT kvlevis<br />
gagrZeleba bevr saintereso kiTxvaze gagvcems pasuxs.<br />
kombalze... –sadaobiTi. maSasadame, isini struqturulad sxvadasxva<br />
niuansisani arian.<br />
3) zemoT ganxiluli winadadebebi ar arian Serwymulni<br />
ara marto imitom, rom sxvadasxva brunvaSi dganan da imarTvian,<br />
aramed imitomac, rom maTTan sxvadsxvagvari semantikuri mimarTebaa.<br />
vfiqrobT, dasaxelebuli winadadebebi rTuli Tanwyobili<br />
winadadebebia. msgavsi tipi unda gavaerTianoT Tanwyobil<br />
winadadebaTa calke wyebis saxiT.<br />
T e a b u r y u l a Z e<br />
rTuli TanwKobi<br />
wKobili wina<br />
nada<br />
dade<br />
debis erTi saki<br />
kiTxi<br />
Txisa<br />
saTvis<br />
qarTul<br />
TulSi<br />
1) saenaTmecniero literaturaSi agebulebis mixedviT<br />
gamoyofen sami tipis winadadebas: martivs, rTuls (Tanwyobilsa<br />
da qvewyobils) da Serwymuls. xSirad Cndeba xolme sadavo<br />
sakiTxebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rogori wyobisaa winadadeba:<br />
rTuli Tanwyobili Tu Serwymuli? sakiTxis sirTules iwvevs<br />
is faqtic, rom, rogorc cnobilia, Serwymuli winadadeba zogjer<br />
momdinareobs rTul Tanwyobil winadadebaTagan.<br />
2) qarTulSi gvxvdeba aseTi tipis winadadebebi: `im qar-<br />
Tuli puris madlis eSxiT<br />
xiT, simar<br />
marTliT<br />
TliT, qaRald<br />
Raldze<br />
gadamaqvs~<br />
(g.leon.); `mudmiv iara<br />
raRiT<br />
da kombal<br />
balze<br />
uWiravs Tvali~ (m.javax.);<br />
`Cumi xmiT, nana<br />
nasa<br />
saviT<br />
daiwyo~ (m.javax.); `poetebi mxolod<br />
qaRald<br />
Raldze<br />
ze, riTme<br />
mebiT<br />
molaparakeni rodi arian~ (g.leon.)<br />
erTi SexedviT aseTi wyobis winadadebebi SeiZleboda CagveTvala<br />
ubralodamatebebian Serwymul winadadebebad. radgan<br />
marTva Semasmenelsa da ubralo damatebebs Soris calmxrivia<br />
da zmnisagan modis, TiTqos Serwymuli tipis winadadebisaTvis<br />
ar unda hqonoda mniSvneloba sxvadasxva brunvas. yvelgan ubralo<br />
damatebebia(simarTliT, eSxiT, qaRaldze, iaraRiT...), magram<br />
aq araerTgvari ubralo dmatebebi gvaqvs: simarTliT, eSxiT,<br />
iaraRiT saWurvlis ubralo damatebebia, xolo qaRaldze,<br />
20<br />
S a l v a g a b e s k i r i a<br />
xeTu<br />
Turi masa<br />
salis Seswav<br />
swavlis mniSvne<br />
vnelo<br />
loba qarTu<br />
Tuli enis<br />
isto<br />
tori<br />
riisa<br />
saTvis<br />
moxsenebaSi gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, uZvelesi<br />
indoevropuli enis xeTuris (nesituri) araindoevropuli fenis<br />
mniSvnelovan komponents qarTuli warmoadgens, romlis nawili<br />
xaTuri (protoxeTuri) warmomavlobisaa.<br />
mkvlevarTa mier gamovlenili mravali xeTur-qarTveluri<br />
paraleli axsnilia, rogorc indoevropul-qarTvelur saerTo<br />
kontinuumidan momdinare an xeTebisgan qarTvelebis mier Se-<br />
Tvisebul masalad. am ukanasknels mcire aziidan Zvel iberiaSi<br />
gadmosaxlebul xeTizebul mesxTa memkvidreobadac miiCneven.<br />
xeTuri enisa da nawilobriv xaTuris, romelic xeTologebis<br />
azriT, Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi `STanTqes~ indoevropulma<br />
enebma, monacemebis ganxilva qarTulTan avlens Kvela enobriv<br />
doneze arsebul Tanxvedrebs, gansakuTrebiT morfologiaSi:<br />
saerTo brunvis niSnebi, qarTuli nacvalsaxelebis xeTur<br />
zmnis uGvlilebaSi gamoKeneba, qarTulis msgavsad xeTurSi dativi<br />
da lokativi ar ganirCeva.<br />
xeTebis panTeonis, romelzedac xaTebis didi gavlena eyvs<br />
ar iwvevs, GvTaebaTa saxelebi Zvel saqarTveloSi darCa, ro-<br />
21
gorc: 1. warmarTul GvTaebaTa saxelebi, mag.: armazi, zadeni,<br />
Telefia. 2. piris saxelebi: Tarxuni, daTa, talia, xuxa. 3. sazogado<br />
saxelebi: Tаr-u `amindis GvTaeba~, qarT. dar-i, šant `yeqa-quxilis,<br />
elvis GvTaeba~, qarT. SanT-i.<br />
mkvlevarTa nawili fiqrobs, rom Zveli iberiis dedaqalaqis<br />
GvTaebaTa nawili iranulia (armazi, zadeni), gaim ki semituradaa<br />
miCneuli (n. mari). moxsenebaSi gatarebulia Tvalsazrisi,<br />
rom warmarTobis epoqis GvTaebebi qarTulia _ `Zvelni<br />
GmerTni mamaTa CvenTani~. qarTuli Teonimebi xeTur teqstebSi<br />
kanonzomieradaa gadmocemuli, piruku ki dabrkolebebs awKdeba.<br />
mag. qarT. armaz-i `mTvaris GvTaeba~ > xeT. arma `mTvare~,<br />
sadac armazis bolokiduri Tanxmovani xeTurSi saxelobiTi<br />
brunvis niSnad iqna gaazrebuli.<br />
didi msgavseba vlindeba winaaziur da qarTvelur toponimebs<br />
Soris, romelTa nawilsac qarTveluri formantebi da<br />
etimologia aqvs. arqaulobis TvalsazrisiT hidronimebia<br />
gamosaKofi, xeTebis udidesi mdinare, klasikuri periodis halisi<br />
(Sdr. qarT. Gele: zan. Gal-i), Topada (tba kapadokiaSi)<br />
da sxva.<br />
Ḫatt (`xaTis qveKana da misi dedaqalaqi~), Ḫattusa da Ḫattu<br />
(xeTebis dedaqalaqi) qarTuli sakuTari saxelebis semiturenovan<br />
gadmocemas unda warmoadgendes.<br />
eTno-toponim qarTudan (`qarTveli~, `qarTvelTa qveKana~,<br />
romlis zanuri SesatKvisia qorTu `aGmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mkvidri, qarTveli~), SesaZloa, migveGo qarTus-i, e. i. qarTus<br />
qalaqi. am ukanasknelisgan aqaduri enis fonetikuri normebis<br />
mixedviT unda iKos miGebuli xeTebis dedaqalaqis xaTuri<br />
forma Ḫattus.<br />
qarTu udevs qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba qarTvels safuZvlad.<br />
dedaqalaqebis oreulebis TvalsazrisiT aGsaniSnavia kapadokiaSi<br />
mesx eTnonimidan miGebuli mazaka da Zveli iberiis<br />
dedaqalaqi mcxeTa (← *mesxTa).<br />
22<br />
termin xaT-s ukavSirdeba aseve ḫattili `xaTuri ena~, `xaTu-<br />
rad~, iseve rogorc luwili `luviuri ena~, palaili `palauri ena~.<br />
-ili sufiqsi qarTuli -el-is gadmocemas unda warmoadgendes,<br />
romelic reliqturad Zvel qarTulSic dasturdeba: ebraeli<br />
ena. Zvel qarTulSi enebTan ixmareba -ebr (Sdr. xeT. iṷr `msgavsad~).<br />
amgvarad, uZveles, `xeTuri~ periodis qarTulSi am funqciiT<br />
ixmareboda -el sufiqsi, Zvel qarTulSi -ebr (romelic<br />
ibr formiT somxurma enamac isesxa), xolo axal qarTulSi<br />
-ur- / -ul damkvidrda.<br />
l e l a g i g l e m i a n i<br />
redup<br />
dupli<br />
lika<br />
kaci<br />
ciiT iT miGebuli zmnisar<br />
sarTe<br />
Tebi svanur<br />
nurSi<br />
ÒÄÃÖÐËÉÊÀÝÉÀ, ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÀáÀË ÓÉÔÚÅÀÈÀ ßÀÒÌÏÄÁÉÓ ÄÒÈ-ÄÒÈÉ<br />
ÓÀÛÖÀËÄÁÀ, ßÀÒÌÏÃÂÄÍÉËÉÀ ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÓÅÀÍÖÒ ÓÀáÄËÄÁÓÀ ÃÀ ÆÌÍÄÁÛÉ,<br />
ÉÓÄ ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÄÁÛÉÝ, ÊÄÒÞÏÃ, ÃÀÓÔÖÒÃÄÁÀ ×ÖÞÉÓ ÂÀÏÒÊÄÝÄÁÉÓ<br />
ÓáÅÀÃÀÓáÅÀ ÛÄÌÈáÅÄÅÄÁÉ.<br />
1. ÂÅáÅÃÄÁÀ ÖÊÀÅÛÉÒÏ ×ÖÞÄÂÀÏÒÊÄÝÄÁÖËÉ ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÄÁÉ:<br />
ÀÌÑÉ-ÀÌÑÉ (ÁØ.) ,,ÀÓÄ ÃÀ ÀÓÄ”, ÉÌÄ-ÉÌÄ (ÁÆ.), (ØÓ.) ÉÌÂæð-ÉÌÂæð<br />
(ÁØ.) ,,ÀËÀÂ-ÀËÀÂ, ÀØÀ-ÉØ,” ÆÏÂÀÍ, ÜÉØÉ- ÜÉØÉ (ÁØ.), ÜÉØëÎ ÜÉØÄ (ËÛá.),<br />
ÜÉØÄÎ- ÜÉØ (ËÍÔ.) ,, ãÄÒãÄÒÏÁÉÈ”, ËÄØæÀ-ËÄØæÀ (ÁÆ.) ,,ØÅÄÅÉÈ-<br />
ØÅÄÅÉÈ”, ËÄÑÀ-ËÄÑÀ (ÁÆ.) ,,ÆÄÅÉÈ-ÆÄÅÉÈ.”<br />
ÌÀÂ: ÀÜÀÃáÏÙæ ÀÌÑÉ-ÀÌÑÉ ËÀÒÃÀÛ ËðÈáÄËÉÈÄ (ÁØ.) _<br />
ßÀÅÉÃÍÄÍÏ ÀÓÄ ÃÀ ÀÓÄ ÁÉÍÉÓ ("ÓÀÌÚÏ×ÉÓ") ÓÀÞÄÁÍÄËÀÃ.<br />
ÉÌÄ-ÉÌÄ ÑÉ ÉÛæÌÉÍÄá (ÁÆ.) ,, ÀØÀ-ÉØ ÛÄÉÓÅÄÍÄÁÄÍ”<br />
ÉÌÂæð-ÉÌÂæð ÌÀÓÀÒà âÄÃÍÉ ÊÄÝÄÍ (ÁØ.) ,,ÆÏÂÀÍ ÁÄÅÒÉ áÏÒÁÀËÉ<br />
ÌÏÃÉÓ”<br />
ÜÉØÉ-ÜÉØÉ ÌÀÌÂæÄÛ ÌÉàÉÒ (ÁØ.) ,,ãÄÒÄãÄÒÏÁÉÈ ÀÒÀ×ÄÒÉ ÌÉàÉÒÓ”<br />
ËÄØæÀ-ËÄØæÀ ÏÙæÄÒ (ÁÆ.) ,,ØÅÄÅÉÈ-ØÅÄÅÉÈ ßÀÌÏÅÄÃÉ”<br />
ËÄÑÀ-ËÄÑÀ ÄÓáÒÉ ,,ÆÄÅÉÈ-ÆÄÅÉÈ ÌÉÃÉÓ”<br />
2. ×ÖÞÉÓ ÂÀÏÒÊÄÝÄÁÉÓÀÓ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÌÄÏÒÄ ÊÏÌÐÏÍÄÍÔÉ ÒÏÌÄËÉÌÄ<br />
ÁÒÖÍÅÀÛÉ( ÌÉÝÄÌÉÈÛÉ, ÌÏØÌÄÃÄÁÉÈÛÉ ÀÍ ÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÈÛÉ) ÌÏÂÅÄÅËÉÍÏÓ.<br />
23
À) ÌÉÝÄÌÉÈÉ: ÍÄÁÏÆ-ÍÄÁÏÆÓ ,,ÓÀÙÀÌÏ-ÓÀÙÀÌÏÏÁÉÈ”, ÞÉÍÀÒ-<br />
ÞÉÍÀÒÓ ,,ÃÉË-ÃÉËÀÏÁÉÈ”…<br />
ÌÀÂ: ÄÙæÄ ÛÉà áÖÙæÄ ËÉÝ ×ÄÃÉÀÓ, Ñ'ÀËÝÖÍÄá ÍÄÁÏÆ-ÍÄÁÏÆÓ<br />
(ËÄÍÔ.) ,,ÈÖ ÀØÅÈ ßÚÀËÉ ÀáËÏÓ, ÒßÚÀÅÄÍ ÓÀÙÀÌÏÏÁÉÈ”.<br />
ÄÎ ÃÄÍÀ ÃÄÝáÄÍÜÖ ÀËÌðÆËÉ ÞÉÍðÒ-ÞÉÍðÒÓ (ËÍÔ.) ,,ÄÓ ÂÏÂÏ<br />
ÝÉÃÀÍ ÜÀÌÏÃÉÏÃÀ ÈÖÒÌÄ ÃÉË-ÃÉËÀÏÁÉÈ”.<br />
Á) ÌÏØÌÄÃÄÁÉÈÉ: ÊÀÜ-ÊÀÜæÛ (ÁÆ.),,ÀÙÌÀÒÈ-ÀÙÌÀÒÈ”, ÆéÌ-ÆéÌÛæ<br />
(ÁÆ.) ,,ÝÏÔ-ÝÏÔÀÈÉ”…<br />
ÌÀÂ: ÈÏÈÀÍÓ ÄÓÙÖÒÉ ÊÀÜ-ÊÀÜæÛ ,,ÈÏÈÀÍÆÄ ÌÉÅÃÉÅÀÒ ÀÙÌÀÒÈ-<br />
ÀÙÌÀÒÈ”.<br />
ÆéÌ-ÆÖÌÛæ áÏÜÉËà ÀÒÉ ,,ÝÏÔ-ÝÏÔÀÈÉ ÖÊÄÈÀÀ”<br />
Â) ÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÈÉ: ÁéÂÉ-ÁéÂÉà (ÁÆ., ËÛá.) ,,ÌÀÂÒÀ-ÌÀÂÒÀÃ,” ÊÀÒÂÀ<br />
ÌÀÂÒÀÔ. ÈêÌðÛ-ÈêÌðÛà (ÁÆ.) ,,ÍÄË-ÍÄËÀ”, ÈÀÂ-ÈÀÂà (ÁØ., ËÍÔ.) ,,ÀØÀ-<br />
ÉØ, ÌÄÜáÄÒÀÃ.”<br />
ÌÀÂ: ÍÀÝÀÒØÄØÉÀÎ ÃêæÓ áÀÞÂêÒÎÄË ÈÄÔëÍÓ ÁéÂÉ-ÁéÂÉà (ËÛá.)<br />
,,ÍÀÝÀÒØÄØÉÀ ÃÄÅÓ ÊÀÒÂÀ ÌÀÂÒÀÃ (,,ÌÀÂÒÀ-ÌÀÂÒÀÃ") ÀÞÂÄÒÄÁÓ ÓÀÃÂÉÓÓ.”<br />
ÈÀÌÈÀÌðÛà ÁÀÑà ÏÍâæÄà (ÁØ.) ,,ÍÄËÍÄËÀ ÂÏÍÓ ÌÏÅÄÃÉ.”<br />
ÉÈØðÒ ÈÀÂ-ÈÀÂà ÆÉá ËéâÀÍÉÓÂÀ (ÁØ.) ,,áÍÖËÛÉ ÌÀÒÝÅËÄÁÉ ÀØÀ-<br />
ÉØÀÀ.”<br />
ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÛÄÂÅáÅÃÄÓ ÈÀÍÃÄÁÖËÃÀÒÈÖËÉ ×ÏÒÌÄÁÉÝ ÌÀÂ.,<br />
ÊÀÜ-ÊÀÜÑÉ ÍðâÄÃæ ÌÀ×ÛðÒ áæðÓæ (ÁØ.) ,,ÀÙÌÀÒÈ-ÀÙÌÀÒÈ<br />
ÍÀÓÉÀÒÖËÄÅÉ ÃÀÙËÉËÉ ÅÉÚÀÅÉ.”<br />
ÀËÎðÒÓ ÏáÁÉÍÀá ÆéÌ-ÆéÌÑÉ ÍÄÍÜðÛ ËÉØÜÄ (ÁØ) ,,ÀÌÀÈ ÝÏÔ-<br />
ÝÏÔÀÈÉ ÔÚÉÓ àÒÀ ÃÀÖßÚÉÀÈ.”<br />
3. -ÉÍ, -ÖÍ, -éÍ ÓÖ×ÉØÓÉÈ ÂÀ×ÏÒÌÄÁÖËÉ ÒÄÃÖÐËÉÝÉÒÄÁÖËÉ<br />
ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÄÁÉ.<br />
ÊðË-ÊðËÖÍ ËáÌ., ÊðËÊðËéÍ ÜÁá. ,,ÆÏÂãÄÒ, ÃÒÏÂÀÌÏÛÅÄÁÉÈ,<br />
ÃÒÏÃÀÃÒÏ, ÀØÀ-ÉØ”. ÎÄÓ-ÎÄÓÉÍ (ÁÆ., ËÛá.) ÎÄÓ-ÎÄÓÖÍ, ÎðÓ-ÎðÓéÍ<br />
(ÁØ.) ÄÓÉ-ÄÓÉÍ, ÎÄÓÉ-ÎÄÓÉÍ (ËÍÔ.) ,,áÀÍÃÀáÀÍ, ÆÏÂãÄÒ”.<br />
ÌÀÂ: ÌÀÒÄÌ ÌéØÀ×à ÊðË-ÊðËÖÍ ÌÉÜÀ ÍÀÜÏÌ ÄÓÄÒ ÒÀÂÃÉ ,,ÊÀÝÉÓ<br />
ÍÀÝÅËÀà ÆÏÂãÄÒ ÌÉÓÉ ÍÀÌÏØÌÄÃÀÒÉ ËÀÐÀÒÀÊÏÁÓÏ” ( ÛÃÒ.ÌÄÂÒ. ÊÀË-<br />
ÊÀËÄ ÊÀÍ-ÊÀËÄ ,,ÆÏÂÉÄÒÈÉ”, ÊÀË-ÊÀËÄÛÀ ,,ÆÏÂãÄÒ-áÀÍÃÀáÀÍ”)<br />
ÎðÓ-ÎðÓÖÍ ÃÏÓà ÀÛÃÖÄ ËÀáæðÒÓ (ÁØ.) ,,ÌÈÄÁÓ ÆÏÂãÄÒ ÀÃÒÄ<br />
ÃÀÀÈÏÅÓ.”<br />
ÎÄÓ-ÎÄÓÉÍ ØÀ ÉÃêÒÉ ( ËÛá.) ,,áÀÍÃÀáÀÍ ÂÀÌÏÉÃÀÒÄÁÓ.”<br />
4. ÒÄÃÖÐËÉÝÉÒÄÁÖËÉ ×ÖÞÄÖÝÅËÄËÉ ÊÏÌÐÏÆÉÔÄÁÉ ÆÏÂãÄÒ<br />
ÊÀÅÛÉÒÉÈ ÀÒÉÀÍ ÛÄÄÒÈÄÁÖËÉ.<br />
ÀÛ É ÀÛ ,,ÀÓÄ ÃÀ ÀÓÄ” (ÆÓ., ËÍÔ.) ,,ÈÀÍÃÀÈÀÍ,” æÏÃ É æÏà (ÁÆ.)<br />
,,ÄÒÈáÀÍÓ, ÅÉÃÒÄÌÃÄ”. ÄãÙÀÎÄãÙÀ (ÁØ.) ,,ÌÀÉÍÝÃÀÌÀÉÍÝ”, ØÀÎØÀ (ÆÓ.,<br />
ËÍÔ.) ØêÎØÀ (ËÛá.),, ÉØÉÈ-ÉØÉÈ”<br />
24
ÌÀÂ: ÀÛ É ÀÛ ,,ÄÓÄÒ áÏÚÒÀ ÌÉÜðÛà ÂÌÉÒÓ” (ÁÆ.) ,,ÀÓÄ ÃÀ ÀÓÄ ÖØÍÉÀ<br />
ÂÌÉÒÓ ÜÄÌÈÅÉÓÏ.”<br />
æÏÃ É æÏà ÄÓÄÒ ËéÌÂÉàæÉÍ É ÀÈá' ëÓÄÒ ÃÄÛ ÏÈÂìàÀ ,,ÄÒÈáÀÍÓ<br />
ÅÀÊÀÅÄÁÃÉÏ ÃÀ ÀáËÀ ÅÄÙÀÒ ÛÄÅÀÊÀÅÄÏ”.<br />
ÄãÙÀÎÄãÙÀ ÃÄÌ ËÀÌÚÄÜÍÉ, ÄÛáÖ ÂÀÜÉËÓ ÌÉ áæÉÞÂÒÉÍÄ, ÌÄÒÌÄ<br />
ÂÀÜÉËÓ ÓÉ ãÀÞÂÒÉÍÄ ,,ÌÀÉÍÝÃÀÌÀÉÍÝ ÈÖ ÀÒ ÌÏÌÄÛÅÄÁÉ, ÄÒÈ ÃÀÍÀÓ ÌÄ<br />
ÅÉÊÒÀÅ, ÌÄÏÒÄÓ ÛÄÍ ÂÊÒÀÅ”<br />
ØêÎØÀ ÄÌÔÄáëËÉ àÚÉÍÔ ,,ÁÉàÉ ÉØÉÈ-ÉØÉÈ ÂÀßÄÖËÀ.”<br />
ØÀÉØÀ ØÉáÄ ,,ÉØÉÈ-ÉØÉÈ ßÄÅÓ.”<br />
ÀÌ ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÓ ÀØÅÓ ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÓÉÅÒÝÖËÉ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÁÀ, ÀÓÄÅÄ<br />
ÃÒÏÉÓ ÂÀÂÄÁÀÝ.<br />
ÂÅÀØÅÓ ×ÖÞÄÝÅËÉËÉ ÒÄÃÖÐËÉÊÀÝÉÉÓ ÛÄÌÈáÅÄÅÀÝ:<br />
À) áÌÏÅÍÉÓ ÛÄÝÅËÀ À-Ö : ÊêËðÒ- ÊÖËðÒ ,,ÊÀËÄË-ÊÖËÄËÄÁÉ”<br />
Á) ÈÀÍáÌÏÅÍÉÓ ÛÄÝÅËÀ: ÓïÌÉÚïÌÉà ,,ÌÛÅÉÃÀÔ, ÅÄÃÃÉÁÄÃÃ<br />
,,ÞËÉÅÞËÉÅÏÁÉÈ”.<br />
e l e n e g i u n a S v i l i<br />
saSu<br />
Sualo sparsu<br />
suli onoma<br />
mati<br />
tikis kvlevi<br />
visa<br />
saTvis qarTul<br />
wKaroeb<br />
ebSi<br />
islamamdeli iranisa da qarTlis (iberiis) samefos istoriul-kulturul<br />
urTierTobebs mravalsaukunovani tradicia<br />
aqvs.<br />
es kontaqtebi gansakuTrebiT mravalmxrivi da mniSvnelovani<br />
xdeba<br />
sasanelTa mmarTvelobis xanaSi (III-VII ss. Cv.w.). sasanuri<br />
iranis Rrma gavlenam qarTul civilizaciaze saTanado asaxva<br />
hpova im drois (iseve rogorc gviandeli periodis) qarTul<br />
suliersa da materialur kulturaSi.<br />
sasanelTa dominirebas saqarTveloSi Tan axlda maTi<br />
oficialuri, religiuri da saliteraturo enis – saSualo<br />
sparsulis farTo gavrceleba (ix. J. Gippert, Zum Status des Mittel-<br />
25<br />
persischen im südlich Kaukasus, Proceedings of the conference “Bilingualism<br />
in Iranian Cultures”, Bamberg 1992 ).<br />
qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi gamovlenilia sasanuri leqsikis<br />
mravalricxovani da mravalferovani nimuSebi, romlebic<br />
wignuri an zepiri gziT iyo SeTvisebuli.<br />
saSualo sparsuli nasesxobebidan metad mniSvnelovania<br />
sasanuri onomastika (anTroponimebi, toponimebi da eTnonimebi),<br />
romlis sistemuri Seswavla aucilebelia (Zvel) iranulqarTuli<br />
enobrivi intereferenciis Rrma kvlevisaTvis. zogier-<br />
Ti maTgani ganxiluli iyo m. andronikaSvilis monografiasa<br />
(narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan, 1966,<br />
gv. 417-517) da T. CxeiZis calkeul SromebSi.<br />
iranul enaTa istoriuli gramatikisa da dialeqtologiis,<br />
aseve qarTvelologiuri kvlevebis Tanamedrove done am<br />
sakiTxebis axleburi gaazrebisa da gansxvavebuli Teoriuli<br />
ganzogadebis safuZvels qmnis.<br />
moxsenebaSi warmodgenilia sasanuri religiur-Teoforuli<br />
anTroponimebis (adar<br />
adarza<br />
zani<br />
ni, buzmi<br />
miri<br />
ri, burzo<br />
zo, gri-or<br />
ormiz<br />
mizdi<br />
di, pa-<br />
naguS<br />
guSnas<br />
naspi<br />
pi, xuara<br />
da sxv.) sistemuri etimologiuri, semantikuri<br />
da struqturul-tipologiuri analizi, maTi arqetipebisa<br />
da qarTulSi auTenturi gadmocemis Cvenebis cdiT.<br />
g i o r g i g o g o l a S v i l i<br />
mwerlis enobrivi Tavisufleba da<br />
subieqturi meore da obieqturi<br />
mesame pirTa gamoxatva zmnaSi<br />
akaki SaniZe SeniSnavs: `dResac e r T a d - e r T i s a z o m i<br />
h a e s a d a s a n i s x m a r e b i s s a k i T x i s g a d a s a W -<br />
r e l a d a r i s T v i T e u l i m w e r l i s s u r v i l i<br />
d a m o w o n e b a: visac r o g o r m o s w o n s, i m g v a r a d<br />
x m a r o b s s a u b a r S i c a d a w e r a S i c~. ras niSnavs<br />
26
mwerlis `survili da mowoneba~? ra gansazRvravs mas? es<br />
`mwerlis survili da mowoneba~ e. w. `mwerlis enobrivi Tavisuflebis~<br />
sferoSi Sedis, Tu raime enobrivi kanonzomiereba<br />
gansazRvravs mas?<br />
`survili da mowoneba~ rom ar aris SemTxveviTi, iqidanac<br />
Cans, rom klasikosi mwerlebi principulad moiTxoven h- da s-<br />
prefiqsebis dacvas TavianT nawerebSi.<br />
vaJa-fSavela sTxovda Tavis gamomcemlebs, h-s ar Sexebodnen:<br />
`amasTan gTxovT umorCilesad, bgera `h~ daicvaT Cems nawerebSi<br />
ise, rogorc me vxmarob~.<br />
akaki wereTeli iumors moiSveliebs: frazaSi hyvavis vis gu-<br />
ria h-s Tu amovagdebT, yvavebis qveyanaze iqneba saubario.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe xelnawerebSi sagangebod muSaobda h- / s- prefiqsebis<br />
gasworebaze (z. WumburiZe).<br />
k. gamsaxurdia vrclad msjelobs am Temaze: `akademikosi Tofuria<br />
kvlav mtruladaa ganwyobili `h~ da `s~-s mimarT... Cveni<br />
lingvistebi amtkiceben, `h~ yrua da amitom aRar gvesaWiroebao.<br />
es gaxlavT smenis ameraciis Sedegi. sityvebSi: `hqonda~, `mihqris~,<br />
sruliad araa es asoniSani yru. miqris _ es xom Rimilis<br />
momgvreli sityvaa... igivea `hyvavis~ nacvlad `yvavis~ rom iTqvas...<br />
me gaocebuli var, ram SeaZulaT Cvens enaTmecnierebs hae... savsebiT<br />
gaugebaria, rad SeiZules asoniSani sani. `Cans~ _ ra qarTulia;<br />
ucilod unda daiweros `sCans~, `swers~ da ara `wers~.<br />
araerTi Canaweri aqvs m. javaxiSvils am Temaze Tavis cnobil<br />
`bloknotebSi~; xSirad aRizianebs kidec `mSrali~ gramatikuli<br />
wesebi: `marto gramatikoss jer arsad Seuqmnia ena. sa-<br />
Wiroa didi Semomqmedic, an Tavdapirvelad Semomqmedi, romelic<br />
sanimuSo droSas hqsovs epoqisaTvis. da mebrZol laSqarsac,<br />
bedma Tu gangebam, uceb mouvlina medroSe~.<br />
cxadia, mecnieruli kamaTi aq warmodgenili azrebis Sesaxeb<br />
Sedegs ver mogvcems. Cven SeiZleba kiTxva davsvaT: ratom<br />
uCndebaT survili mwerlebs, am Temaze ekamaTon enaTmecnierebs?<br />
xom aris sakiTxebi, romlebSic isini eTanxmebian lingvistebs?<br />
aq ra xdeba? ras xedaven mwerlebi am formebSi (hyvavis,<br />
sCans...) iseTs, rasac ver vamCnevT enaTmecnierebi? ratom miaCniaT,<br />
rom am konkretul SemTxvevaSi sworia hyvavis<br />
vis, sCans da<br />
misTanani (e. i. aranormatuli) da ara, ase vTqvaT, normatuli<br />
27<br />
(yvavis, Cans...) formebi? xom ar dadga dro, visa<br />
saub<br />
ubroT h da s<br />
prefiq<br />
fiqse<br />
sebis<br />
`ra<br />
raRac sxva funqci<br />
qcieb<br />
ebze<br />
ze~ am tipis (e. w. aranormatul)<br />
formebSi? faqtia, miniSneba aris S 2 -ze an O 3 -ze, Tumca<br />
Semodis damatebiTi niuansi.<br />
erTi konkretuli magaliTi: Zvel qarTulSi S 2 piris niSani<br />
brZanebiTis formebSi ar gvqonda da es iyo wesi:<br />
TxrobiTi: da-s-were<br />
h-kiTxe<br />
brZanebiTi: da-were!<br />
kiTxe!<br />
axal qarTulSi xSir SemTxvevaSi Tu TxrobiTSi S 2 h an s<br />
dakargulia, brZanebiTis formebSi Cndeba:<br />
ar gastydeT<br />
stydeT, qarTvlis Svilebo! (g. leon.); aR-s-deq<br />
deq, saqarTvelov!<br />
(g. leon.); ga-s-wi<br />
wi, ga-h-kur<br />
kurcxle<br />
cxle, Cemo merano!<br />
(n. baraT.); nu s-ti<br />
tiri<br />
ri, mSveniero! (v. barn.); nu s-Cqa<br />
Cqaro<br />
rob, yaflan!<br />
(b. barn.); droSa qveiT da-s-wie<br />
wie! (m. javax.); ar ga-h-be<br />
bedo<br />
do!<br />
(m. javax.); s-TqviT<br />
TqviT, miam<br />
ambeT<br />
beT, ra moxda! (m. javax.); midi, da-h-ka<br />
ka!<br />
(m. javax.); anda: ratom aris `ade<br />
adeqi<br />
qi~, magram `Se<br />
Se-s-deq<br />
deq!~ da misTanani.<br />
ar Cans SemTxveviTi es faqtebi. aq S 2 piris niSans damatebiTi<br />
niuansi Semoaqvs: ara _ gramatikuli _ aramed stilisturi...<br />
TiTqosda raRac intensiuri moqmedeba aisaxeba... es<br />
faqti Seswavlas saWiroebs... vTqvaT, imave k. gamsaxurdiasTan,<br />
m. javaxiSvilTan, v. barnovTan, o. CxeiZesTan am kuTxiT aucilebelicaa<br />
sakiTxis ganxilva... h- da s- prefiqsTa funqciebis reintepretacia<br />
xdeba. es ar Cans axali dawyebuli. am TvalsazrisiT<br />
unda gadaixedos axali qarTuli enis Zeglebi, dialeqtebi.<br />
amitom saubari imis Taobaze, rom mwerali arRvevs enobriv<br />
normebs da uSvebs Secdomebs, safrTxiloa...<br />
am TvalsazrisiT sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs dialeqturi<br />
monacemebis Seswavla; erTi saintereso detali: dRevandel<br />
qarTul dialeqtebSi subieqturi meore da obieqturi mesame<br />
piris niSnad 18 variantia dadasturebuli. vfiqrobT, rogorc<br />
klasikos mweralTa SemTxvevaSi, ise dialeqtur metyvelebaSi<br />
es problema met yuradRebas imsaxurebs; sakiTxis amgvarad<br />
dasma martivi da araswori Sefasebaa movlenisa: `am saqme-<br />
Si didi arev-darevaa: sadac niSani saWiroa, bevrgan ar weren,<br />
xolo sadac saWiro araa, aseve bevrgan weren~ (i. imnaiSvili).<br />
28
t a r i e l g u r g e n i Z e<br />
gramatikuli klasebis ierarqiuli<br />
struqtura neitralizaciis fonze<br />
zogadi wesis mixedviT (t. gurgeniZe: 1984), mravlobiTi<br />
ricxvis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT ivaraudeba, rom Tu c i c i =C i<br />
da c j c j =C j , xolo c i c j =C i , maSin c i > c j .<br />
rusul enaSi uZveles safexurze (I etapze) mesame piris nacvalsaxelisTvis<br />
mravlobiT ricxvSi (mxolobiTis msgavsad:<br />
с 1 =онъ, с 2 =онá, с 3 =онó) sami forma arsebobda: они, оны, óна, romlebsac<br />
Sesabamisad aRvniSnavT C 1 , С 2 da С 3 simboloebiT. Cveni<br />
varaudiT isini Semdeg kombinaciebs aRniSnavdnen:<br />
C 1 ={c 1 c 1 , c 1 c 2 , c 1 c 3 }, C 2 ={c 2 c 2, c 2 c 3 }, C 3 ={c 3 c 3 }.<br />
c 1 c 1= C 1, c 2 c 2 =C 2 , xolo c 1 c 2 =C 1 ; anu, zogadi wesis mixedviT c 1 > c 2 .<br />
aseve, c 1 c 1= C 1, c 3 c 3 =C 3 , xolo c 1 c 3= C 1, anu, c 1 > c 3 ; da bolos, c 2 c 2 =C 2 ,<br />
c 3 c 3 =C 3 , xolo c 2 c 3= C 3, anu, c 2 > c 3 . am safexurze (I etapze) aseTi<br />
ierarqiuli struqtura ivaraudeba: c 1 > c 2 > c 3 .<br />
momdevno safexurze (II etapze) mravlobiT ricxvSi mesame piris<br />
nacvalsaxelisTvis ori forma SemogvrCa: С 1 = они da С 2 = оне,<br />
romlebic aRniSnaven Semdeg kombinaciebs: C 1 ={c 1 c 1 , c 1 c 2 , c 1 c 3 ; c 3 c 3 },<br />
C 2 ={c 2 c 2, c 2 c 3 }. rogorc vxedavT, c 3 c 3 kombinaciis gamoxatva II<br />
etapze ikisra C 1 formam.<br />
c 1 c 1= C 1, c 2 c 2 =C 2 , xolo c 1 c 2 =C 1 ; anu, c 1 > c 2 ;<br />
c 2 c 2= C 2, c 3 c 3 =C 1 , xolo c 2 c 3 =C 2 ; anu, c 2 > c 3 .<br />
vinaidan c 1 c 1 =c 3 c 3 =c 1 c 3 =C 1 , amitom am etapze zogadi wesiT ver<br />
davadgenT ierarqiul mimarTebas c 1 da c 3 simboloebs Soris. aq<br />
Semodis damatebiTi kriteriumi: vinaidan c 1 > c 2 , xolo c 2 > c 3 ,<br />
amitom c 1 > c 3 (tranzitulobis Tvisebis gaTvaliswinebiT); anu II<br />
etapzec aseTi ierarqiuli struqtura gvaqvs: c 1 > c 2 > c 3 .<br />
imave Sedegs miviRebT neitralizaciis gaTvaliswinebiT: vinaidan<br />
wina safexurze arsebuli C 1 ~ C 3 opoziciis neitralizaciis<br />
Sedegad momdevno safexurze SemogvrCa am opoziciis erTerTi<br />
wevri, kerZod, C 1 (xolo C 3 daikarga), amitom SegviZlia<br />
vTqvaT, rom II etapze c 1 > c 3 . rac Seexeba C 2 -s, II etapze igi оне<br />
formiT warmogvidga (I etapis оны formis nacvlad).<br />
III etapze mravlobiT ricxvSi mesame piri erTaderTi<br />
29<br />
С 1 =оны formiT gamoixateba, romelic yvela kombinacias aRniSnavs:<br />
C 1 ={c 1 c 1 , c 1 c 2 , c 1 c 3 ; c 2 c 2 , c 2 c 3 ; c 3 c 3 }.<br />
am etapisTvis, zogadi wesis mixedviT veRar davadgenT<br />
ierarqiul struqturas c 1 > c 2 > c 3 . arc damatebiTi kriteriumebi<br />
(tranzitulobis Tviseba da neitralizaciis gaTvaliswineba)<br />
gamogvadgeba. Tumca, is faqti, rom SemorCa C 1 =c 1 c 1 forma,<br />
TavisTavad ukve metyvelebs c 1 simbolos gabatonebul mdgomareobaze<br />
danarCeni (c 2 da c 3 ) simboloebis mimarT.<br />
zedsarTaul struqturaSi I etapze gvqonda aseTi suraTi:<br />
с 1 =новый, с 2 =новая, с 3 =новое; sami forma gvqonda mravlobiT ricxvSic:<br />
С 1 =новии, С 2 =новыя, С 3 =новая. С 1 , С 2 da С 3 simboloebi imave<br />
kombinaciebs aRniSnavdnen, rogoric vivaraudeT nacvalsaxelur<br />
struqturaSi. amitom, zedsarTaul struqturaSic, I<br />
etapze ivaraudeba ierarqiuli struqtura: c 1 > c 2 > c 3 .<br />
II etapze zedsarTaul struqturaSi mravlobiT ricxvSi<br />
ori forma SemogvrCa: C 1 =новые, С 2 =новыя, romlebic Semdeg kombinaciebs<br />
aRniSnaven: C 1 ={c 1 c 1 , c 1 c 2 , c 1 c 3 }; C 2 ={c 2 c 2, c 2 c 3 , c 3 c 3 }. rogorc<br />
vxedavT, c 3 c 3 kombinaciis gamoxatva II etapze ikisra С 2<br />
formam.<br />
c 1 c 1= C 1, c 2 c 2 =C 2 , xolo c 1 c 2 =C 1 ; anu, c 1 > c 2 ;<br />
c 1 c 1= C 1, c 3 c 3 =C 2 , xolo c 1 c 3 =C 1 ; anu, c 1 > c 3 .<br />
vinaidan c 2 c 2 =c 3 c 3 =c 2 c 3 =C 2 , amitom II etapze zogadi wesiT ver davadgenT<br />
ierarqiul mimarTebas c 2 da c 3 simboloebs Soris. damatebiT<br />
kriteriumad aq tranzitulobis Tvisebac aRar gamogvadgeba<br />
(nacvalsaxeluri struqturisagan gansxvavebiT). samagierod,<br />
neitralizaciis gaTvaliswinebiT gveqneba: vinaidan I<br />
etapze arsebuli C 2 ~ C 3 opoziciis neitralizaciis Sedegad<br />
momdevno safexurze SemogvrCa am opoziciis erT-erTi wevri,<br />
kerZod, C 2 (xolo C 3 daikarga), amitom SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom II<br />
etapze zedsarTaul struqturaSi c 2 > c 3 ; rac Seexeba C 1 -s, igi II<br />
etapze новые formiT warmogvidga (I etapis новии formis nacvlad).<br />
rogorc vxedavT, II etapzec aseTi ierarqiuli struqtura<br />
gvaqvs: c 1 > c 2 > c 3 .<br />
III etapze mravlobiT ricxvSi erTaderTi C 1 =новые forma<br />
SemogvrCa, romelic yvela kombinacias gamoxatavs. aqac iseTive<br />
suraTia, rac nacvalsaxelur struqturaSi gvqonda. amitom<br />
30
daskvnac analogiuri iqneba.<br />
xunZuri enisTvis I etapze aseTi amosavali sistema ivaraudeba:<br />
{c 1 c 1 , c 1 c 2 , c 1 c 3 , *c 1 c 4 }= C 1 ;<br />
{c 2 c 2 , c 2 c 3 , *c 2 c 4 }= C 2 ;<br />
{c 3 c 3 , *c 3 c 4 }= C 3 ;<br />
{*c 4 c 4 }=*C 4 .<br />
I epatze aseT ierarqiul struqturas vvaraudobT:<br />
c 1 > c 2 > c 3 > c 4 . IV gramatikuli klasis gaqrobis Semdeg am klasSi<br />
Semavali sityvebi gadavidnen III klasSi, e. i. *c 4 c 4 kombinaciis<br />
gamoxatva ikisra C 3 formam.<br />
xunZuri enisTvis ganviTarebis II etapze gvaqvs:<br />
{c 1 c 1 , c 1 c 2 , c 1 c 3 }= C 1<br />
{c 2 c 2 , c 2 c 3 }= C 2 ║C 4<br />
{c 3 c 3 }= C 3<br />
II etapze С 1 , С 2 , С 3 formebis paralelurad ixmareba ufunqciod<br />
darCenili C 4 forma. Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT C 4 formas,<br />
maSin II etapze aseTi ierarqiuli struqtura ivaraudeba:<br />
c 1 > c 2 > c 3 .<br />
da bolos, TandaTan gandevna ra paraleluri С 1 , С 2 , С 3<br />
formebi, III etapze C 4 erTaderT formad mogvevlina:<br />
{c 1 c 1 , c 1 c 2 , c 1 c 3 }=<br />
{c 2 c 2 , c 2 c 3 }= C 4<br />
{c 3 c 3 }=<br />
is faqti, rom III etapze SemorCa mxolod C 4 forma, ar<br />
gvaZlevs imis uflebas, rom I etapze c 4 ierarqiis umaRles safexurze<br />
davayenoT.<br />
neitralizaciis gaTvaliswineba, rac Cven damatebiT kriteriumad<br />
ganvixileT, gulisxmobs wina epatze arsebuli opoziciis<br />
neitralizaciis Sedegad (diaqroniuli neitralizacia!)<br />
daskvnebis gakeTebas momdevno etapis mimarT.<br />
zogadi wesis mixedviT, amosaval sistemaSi, anu I etapze, c 4<br />
ierarqiul struqturis yvelaze dabal safexurze imyofeba.<br />
Cven mier SemuSavebuli zogadi wesi `muSaobs~ konkretul sin-<br />
31<br />
qroniul WrilSi.<br />
sinqroniul WrilSi SeiZleba vilaparakoT ori saxis neitralizaciaze:<br />
1. neitralizacia siRrmuli donidan zedapirul struqturebSi<br />
gadasvlis dros;<br />
2. neitralizacia zedapirul struqturaSi, anu, formobrivi<br />
opozicia SeiZleba moiSalos garkveul SemTxvevebSi.<br />
da bolos, Tu davuSvebT I a saxis sistemas:<br />
32<br />
{c 1 c 1 , c 1 c 2 , c 1 c 3 , c 1 c 4 }=<br />
{c 2 c 2 , c 2 c 3 , c 2 c 4 }=<br />
{c 3 c 3 , c 3 c 4 }= C 4<br />
{c 4 c 4 }=<br />
maSin I a etapze neitralizaciis momentis gaTvaliswinebiT c 4<br />
unda iyos gabatonebul mdgomareobaSi danarCeni (c 1 , c 2 , c 3 ) simboloebis<br />
mimarT.<br />
g u b a z v a n i l i S i<br />
hidronim `kalende<br />
kalende[r]iS Ralis~ etimologia<br />
xelvaCauris raionis sofel sarfis aRmosavleTiT aris dasaxlebuli<br />
ubani kalen<br />
lende<br />
de[r]i, aqve Camoedineba mdinare amave<br />
saxelwodebiT, rac Cveulebrivi movlenaa, rogorc aRniSnavs<br />
giorgi yazbegi: ... `TurqeTis saqarTveloSi... yoveli sofeli,<br />
yoveli SesaniSnavi sagani aZlevs maT (mdinareebs) saxelwodebas~<br />
(yazbegi, 1983: 55). amave regionSia toponimi okanda<br />
dale<br />
_<br />
sakandele da okanda<br />
daleS Rali<br />
_ sakandelis Rele. kalen<br />
len-<br />
de[r]iS Rali<br />
li-s saxelwodebas dRes xsnian TurqulTan kavSiriT.<br />
TiTqos swori saxelwodeba am toponimisa da mdinarisa<br />
aris kalnidere e. i. sisxliani xevi (kalni _ sisxliani, dere<br />
_ xeoba, xevi), rac saeWvod migvaCnia. jer erTi, analogiuri<br />
saxelwodebiT mdinare TurqeTSi qalaq xofasTan Camoedineba
da arc iq da arc aq adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi mdinares kalnideres<br />
ar uwodeben, aramed _ kalende[r]is. TurqeTSi aris<br />
mdinare saxelwodebiT dere<br />
remen<br />
mende<br />
dere<br />
resi<br />
si, rac sityvasityviT `wisqvilis<br />
xevs~ niSnavs (baqraZe, 2003: 18).<br />
cnobilia, rom qarTul da kolxur warmoqmnil hidronimeb-<br />
Si gavrcelebulia -ur<br />
ur//-ul<br />
ul sufiqsi. damoukideblad -ur<br />
ur// -ul<br />
da kninobiTobis a-s darTviT: -ur<br />
ur-a//-ul<br />
ul-a. magaliTad, -ur<br />
ur:<br />
eng-ur<br />
ur-i, tex-ur<br />
ur-i (mdinareebi kolxeTSi); -ul<br />
ul: riwe-ul<br />
ul-i, Sara-ul<br />
ul-i (mdinareebi raWaSi). es sufiqsi kninobiTobis a-s darTviT<br />
ufro gavrcelebulia: Zir-ul<br />
ul-a (mdinare zemo imereT-<br />
Si), qvedr-ul<br />
ul-a (mdinare raWaSi), -ura<br />
ura: laiS-ura<br />
ura, Cix-ura<br />
(mdinareebi imereTSi da sxva (a. Rlonti). aRniSnuli magali-<br />
Tebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom mdinare kalende[r]is<br />
adrindeli saxelwodeba iyo kale<br />
lend<br />
nd-u[r]a an kalend<br />
lendu[r]i<br />
da SesaZlebelia fuZed sazogado arsebiTi saxeli, an<br />
toponimi iyos. analogiurad warmoqmnili hidronimia Sqapaj-<br />
uri Rali `Sqapajuri Rele~ (koptone, arqabi, TurqeTi _<br />
o. memiSiSi).<br />
toponimi kalend<br />
lend-ur<br />
ur-i (kalenduri, kalendura), zemoT naxsenebi<br />
okandale, okandaleSi Rali (okandele) kavSirSia kalandas<br />
dResaswaulTan, romlis warmarTuli warmoSobis miuxedavad<br />
is kargad adaptirebuli iyo qristianobasTan. saqar-<br />
TveloSi is xis kultTanac SeiZleba yofiliyo kavSirSi. mosaxleobas<br />
is mainc qristianul dResaswaulebTan dakavSirebiT<br />
hqonda gaazrebuli da ara warmarTobasTan. amitom mosaxleobis<br />
cnobierebaSi ar iwvevda winaaRmdegobas is, rom warmarTuli<br />
warmoSobis dasaxlebuli punqtisa da mdinares axlos aSenebuli<br />
iyo eklesia, romlis nangrevebi axlac dasturdeba zemoT<br />
aRniSnul dasaxlebaSi. TviTon termini kalanda warmo-<br />
SobiT ukavSirdeba laTinursa da berZnuls.<br />
Cveni azriT, toponimi `kalende[r]i~ da hidronimi `kalende[r]iS<br />
Rali~ unda aixsnas berZnul-romauli gavleniT. toponimi<br />
`kalende[r]i~ formis mixedviT SedarebiT axlos dgas la-<br />
Tinur Calendae-sTan.<br />
lazur yofaSi kaland-is dResaswaulis adgilis gansazRvra<br />
sakvlvia.<br />
T a m a r v a S a k i Z e, n i n o j o r b e n a Z e<br />
viTarebiTbrunvisformian saxelTa morfologiuri<br />
da sintaqsur-semantikuri semantikuri statusisaTvis<br />
viTarebiTbrunvisformiani saxeli, romelic sintaqsurad<br />
ubralo damateba, viTarebis, adgilis, droisa Tu miznis garemoeba<br />
an Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxeladi nawili SeiZleba<br />
iyos, yovelTvis imarTvis zmnis, mimGeobisa da masdarisagan<br />
(viT. brunvis formiT) da amavdroulad Tavadac marTavs substantiur<br />
msazGvrels naTesaobiT brunvaSi:<br />
a) wavida, wasuli, wasvla<br />
wyl-is mosatan-ad<br />
b) mivida, misuli, misvla<br />
megobr-is saxl-a-mde (º mdis)<br />
zmnis, mimGeobisa Tu masdaris mier viTarebiTi brunvis<br />
formiT marTuli saxeli Tavis mxriv brunvaSi iTanxmebs TanxmovanfuZian<br />
an xmovanfuZian msazGvrels, magram Tanamedrove<br />
qarTulSi (Zveli qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT) aseT SemTxvevebSi<br />
nulsafexurebrivi SeTanxmeba gvaqvs (Sdr. Zv. qarT. saxier-ad<br />
ad<br />
moZRur-ad<br />
ad, wmida-d d mowame-d):<br />
a) gadaiqca, gadaqceuli, gadaqceva<br />
did-Ø dev-ad<br />
33<br />
34
) gadaiqca, gadaqceuli, gadaqceva<br />
patara-Ø bavSv-ad<br />
analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs Tandebulian variantebTan:<br />
a) mivida, misuli, misvla<br />
did-Ø saxl-a-mde (º mdis)<br />
b) mivida, misuli, misvla<br />
patara-Ø saxl-a-mde (º mdis)<br />
-mde<br />
(º -mdis<br />
mdis) Tandebuliani forma Tavadac gvevlineba<br />
marTul msazGvrelad (asa<br />
asamde<br />
wigni, asamde<br />
wignma, asamde<br />
wigns...).<br />
nairgvaria viTarebiTi brunvis formiT warmodgenili saxelebis<br />
semantikuri funqciebic. igi gamoxatavs: a) pacienss (orbeliani<br />
ludoviko meToTxmetesTan alodines da meTxuTmete<br />
kacad<br />
Sevida...), b) gardaqcevas (Tu isari sadme mindvrad moadenda<br />
sxepas, _ qva yvavi<br />
vilad<br />
iqceoda, yvavili ki peplad<br />
lad...),<br />
g) viTarebas (aragvs zemoT, aragvs qvemoT welamdea saTibebi,<br />
kenkeSa da ukadrisa, nazsa<br />
zsaTu<br />
TuTad<br />
Tad natifebi...), d) msgavsebas (mogonebebi<br />
elvareben isev beWdebad<br />
bad, mova demoni, dafiqrdeba da<br />
SeeWvdeba; zustad iseTnairad uTxra, rogorc Sen eubnebi<br />
xolme...), e) Tanaobas (fes<br />
fesve<br />
vebi<br />
bianad<br />
amoZirkva is sarevela...),<br />
v) jerobas (sikvdils arCevda, gamarjvebuls, is aTaswi<br />
wilad<br />
lad...),<br />
z) uqonlobas (mogwyinda gana unayofod, elCo, yiali?),<br />
T) ganmeorebas (visgan ras iTxovT, xelme<br />
meored<br />
aGar momsvlelno?),<br />
i) sixSiresa Tu iSviaTobas (me misi Crdili xSirad<br />
mxiblavda<br />
da xSirad<br />
mwvavda trfobis survili; da iSvi<br />
viaTad<br />
velebze<br />
gavliT mezobel soflad gadava mgzavri...), k) fers (mefereba<br />
mze alersis mTxovars, vardis<br />
disfe<br />
ferad<br />
caman CamomTova...),<br />
35<br />
l) krebiTobas (bavSvebi jguf-jgufad<br />
jgufad dadiodnen...), m) adgils _<br />
Sigmyofobasa Tu siaxloves (mzeze hyvaoda soflad<br />
aluCa da<br />
gaismoda debis simGera; myudro GameSi moxetiale beduins<br />
sizmrad<br />
minaxavs mxare; rom ar aanTos isev sanTeli, daviwyebuli<br />
xatis maxlob<br />
xloblad<br />
lad...), n) miwevniTobas (yvela am xmebSi dabudebula,<br />
SeerTebula da adis camde<br />
mde...), o) dros (or zGvas Sua<br />
Zvelis<br />
lisZve<br />
Zvelad<br />
saomari iyo lelo...), p) miwevniTobas droSi<br />
(GmerTo, micocxle megobrebi, vinc dRemde momyva...), j) mizans<br />
(mTvare rom amobrwyindeba, guli gafre<br />
frenad<br />
mzad aris; Semoqmedis<br />
mxarze vzivar, me var SaSvi mgalobeli, sakal<br />
kalma<br />
masod<br />
sod, samu<br />
mu-<br />
Sakod<br />
kod, saaSi<br />
Sikod<br />
gamoveli...), r) kuTvnilebas (Ce<br />
Cemad<br />
rom dagigule,<br />
neta, Tu icodi?), s) ricxobriv gardaqcevas (devis erTi<br />
Tavi<br />
cxrad iqca...), t) simcire-naklebobas (orad<br />
ori<br />
megobari, ori juja varT...).<br />
viTarebiTbrunviani forma morfologiurad saxelia (arsebiTi,<br />
zedsarTavi, nacvalsaxeli, mimGeoba...) da ara zmnisarTi.<br />
sintaqsur-semantikuri funqcia ar unda gansazGvravdes ama Tu<br />
im formis morfologiur statuss.<br />
m a k a T e T r a Z e<br />
bacburi enis CVC tipis saxelur fuZeTa<br />
fonemuri struqturisaTvis<br />
I. bacburi enis fonemuri Sedgeniloba da sintagmaturi<br />
analizi ukve ori saukunea Seswavlis sagania, da sxvadasxva<br />
dros ganxiluli aqvT a. Sifners, i. deSerievs, d.imnaiSvils,<br />
k. WrelaSvils, r. gaguas da sxvebs.<br />
Cven SeviswavleT bacburi enis saxeluri fuZeebis struqtura<br />
sinqroniuli aspeqtiT. saanalizod aRebulia yvela is<br />
fuZe, rac dadasturebulia bacbur leqsikonSi (d. da n. qadagiZeebi,<br />
`wova-TuSur-qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni~). gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
gvaqvs rogorc sakuTari, ise nasesxebi leqsikuri erTeulebi.<br />
36
II. erTmarcvlian fuZeebSi raodenobrivad yvelaze mravalricxovani<br />
aRmoCnda CVC tipi. am modelSi vgulisxmobT xmovniT<br />
daSorebul TanxmovanTa mimdevrobas, sadac anlautSic da<br />
auslautSic SeiZleba gvqondes rogorc cali konsonanti, aseve<br />
TanxmovanTa orwevra da samwevra kompleqsebi.<br />
CVC tipi warmodgenilia 12 struqturuli nairsaxeobiT,<br />
romlebSic ganawilebulia 642 fuZe. aRsaniSnavia, rom erTmarcvliani<br />
fuZeebi rig SemTxvevaSi ormarcvliani fuZeebis gamartivebiTaa<br />
miRebuli; gansakuTrebiT es exeba qarTulidan<br />
Sesul ormarcvlian xmovanfuZian saxelebs, romlebic bacbur-<br />
Si bolo xmovans kargaven da erTmarcvliandebian. es procesi<br />
exeba TiTqmis yvela struqturul models.<br />
III. CVC tipis fuZeebSi yvela sada xmovani gvxvdeba. grZeli<br />
xmovnebidan Tanxmovani+xmovani+Tanxmovani tipis saxelebSi<br />
warmodgenilia ‰ xmovani , sul ramdenime fuZeSi; grZeli ‹<br />
dasturdeba CCVC tipis erT fuZeSi (tჵ‹r _ `varskvlavi1.)<br />
CVC tipis struqturul modelSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes damavali<br />
difTongic: buჲh `bu~, daჲr `daira~.<br />
IV. TanxmovanTa ganawileba erTamrcvlian CVC tipis fuZeebSi<br />
ZiriTadad Tavisufalia, magram, rogorc samecniero literaturidanaa<br />
cnobili, zogierTi Tanxmovnis funqcionireba<br />
poziciurad SezRudulia. davamatebT or SezRudvasac, romlebic<br />
Segvxvda CVC tipis fuZeebSi, kerZod, a) CVC tipis fuZeebSi<br />
J mxolod erT fuZeSi davadastureT fuZis Tavkidura<br />
poziciaSi: Jang `Jangi~, b) p anlautSi mxolod nasesxeb fuZeebSi<br />
gvxvdeba.<br />
V. CVC struqturis fuZeSi pirveli Tanxmovnis mixedviT<br />
SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT xmovnis momdevno Tanxmovani. bacburi<br />
amJRavnebs tendencias, rom fuZeSi ar SeiZleba gvqondes erTi<br />
da imave rigis Tanxmovnebi. am wess srulad iziareben bagismierebi<br />
b f p m.<br />
sxva rigis TanxmovnebTan es wesi vrceldeba, Tu ar iqneba<br />
erTi da igive fonema; es erTnairad exeba xSulebsac da spirantebsac.<br />
identuri Tanxmovnebis Tanmimdevrobis fuZeebi rom<br />
gavaanalizoT, vnaxavT, rom umravlesoba nasesxebi saxelebia.<br />
gamonaklisia WoW `piri~, tut `buzi~.<br />
37<br />
erTsa da imave fuZeSi ar gvxvdeba SiSina da sisina afrikatebi<br />
Z c w j C W; aseve afrikatebTan erTad fuZeSi ar Segvxdeba<br />
SiSina da sisina spirantebi: z s J S.<br />
xSulebsa da afrikatebSi Tu erTi mJReria, meore Tanxmovani<br />
ar iqneba fSvinvieri. gamonaklisis saxiT SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />
bVq, bVT´, dVf, qVd, qVj mimdevrobebi, aqedan sakuTriv<br />
bacburi fuZe mxolod buT´ `mTvare~ aris, danarCenebi qarTulidan<br />
SeTvisebuli fuZeebia.<br />
sonorTagan erT fuZeSi ar gvaqvs ori r da ori m.<br />
gvaqvs wyvileulTa rogorc decesiuri (upiratesad), ise<br />
aqcesiuri kompleqsebi. sakuTriv bacbur saxelebSi yvelaze produqtiuli<br />
Cans CSp tipis kompleqsebi anlautSi da SSp tipis<br />
kompleqsebi _ auslautSi. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom erTi da imave<br />
mimdevrobis kompleqsebi ar gvxvdeba anlautsa da auslautSi.<br />
ori xSulis Tanmimdevroba anlautSi nasesxebi fuZeebiTaa<br />
warmodgenili, xolo auslautSi nasesxeb saxelebTan erTad<br />
gvaqvs ori bacburi saxelic: h´adb `baga~, Tabw `Subi~.<br />
ori spirantis Tanmimdevroba anlautsa da auslautSi aseve<br />
nasesxebi saxelebiTaa warmodgenili.<br />
amgvarad, CVC tipis fuZeebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia rigi<br />
fonotaqtikuri SezRudvebi, romlebic exeba TanxmovanTa kompleqsebsac<br />
da distanciur, xmovniT gaTiSul mimdevrobebsac.<br />
am SezRudvebis gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovani iqneba sxva tipis<br />
fuZeTa agebulebis analizisTvis.<br />
r o m a n l o l u a<br />
namyos formebis warmoebisaTvis udiur enaSi<br />
udiuri zmnisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli dro-kiloTa<br />
analitikuri warmoeba maSin, rodesac aseTi warmoebaZalze gavrcelebulia<br />
sxva daRestnur enebSi. safiqrebelia, rom istoriulad<br />
udiurSi analitikuri formebi uxvad unda gvqonoda.<br />
amis Sesaxeb, Tvistom enaTa Cvenebis garda, udiuri enis namyo<br />
38
drois -Á formantis meSveobiT nawarmoebi (meoradi) formebic<br />
metyvelebs.<br />
evg. jeiraniSvili udiurSi namyo drois aRmniSvnel sam finitur<br />
formas imowmebs, esenia: namyo-uwyveteli (imperfeqti),<br />
aoristi I da aoristi II (perfeqti _ r. l.). vl. fanCviZes-<br />
Tan am formebis garda namyo-winarewarsulic (pluskvamperfeqti)<br />
gvxvdeba.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom udiurs moepoveba mxolod ori `pirveladi~<br />
(uSualod zmnis fuZeze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi) namyos<br />
drois forma _ aoristi (-i mawarmoebliani) da perfeqti (-e<br />
mawarmoebliani), xolo danarCeni formebi (imperfeqti, pluskvamperfeqti<br />
da sxva) -Á formantis meSveobiT iwarmoeba, romelic<br />
enklitikurad daerTvis zmnas.<br />
-Á enklitikis awmyos formaze darTvisas xdeba moqmedebis<br />
drois Secvla: awmyo + -Á > namyo usruli (imperfeqti). Tu es<br />
mawarmoebeli isedac namyo drois formas daerTvis, maSin mi-<br />
Rebul formas moqmedeba winarewarsulSi gadaaqvs. garda amisa,<br />
-Á enklitika myofadze darTviT awarmoebs pirobiT-natvri-<br />
Ti kilos formebs, ix. -Á (-iÁ) enklitikis meSveobiT nawarmoebi<br />
namyos aRmniSvneli meoreuli formebi b-es `keTeba~ (masdaris<br />
forma) zmnis magaliTze:<br />
sawyisi forma<br />
awmyo b-es-a=(ne)** `akeTebs~<br />
perfeqti b-e=(ne)<br />
aoristi b-i=(ne)<br />
nawarmoebi forma<br />
imperfeqti b-es-a=(ne)=Á<br />
pluskvamperfeqti b-e=(ne)=Á<br />
perfeqti II (SedegobiTi)b-iÁo=(ne) ----------------------<br />
myofadi I (ZiriTadi) b-al=(ne)<br />
*pluskvamperfeqti II b-i=(ne)=Á<br />
pirobiT-natvriTi I b-al=(ne)=Á<br />
myofadi aucileblobiTi b-ala=(ne) pirobiT-natvriTi aucileblobiTi<br />
b-ala=(ne)=Á<br />
myofadi II (potenciuri) b-o=(ne)<br />
koniunqtivi b-a=(ne)<br />
*kondicionali b-aÁi=(n)<br />
pirobiT-natvriTi II (potenciuri)<br />
b-o=(ne)=Á<br />
namyos koniunqtivi b-a=(ne)=Á<br />
*kontrafaqtivi b-aÁi=(n)=iÁ<br />
* warmodgenili formebi mxolod nijur kiloSi gvxvdeba.<br />
** frCxilebSi Casmulia piris aRmniSvneli formanti.<br />
39<br />
-Á formantiT nawarmoebi formebisagan evg. jeiraniSvilTan<br />
oden namyo-uwyvetelia (imperfeqti) aRniSnuli, xolo vl. fan-<br />
CviZesTan am formis garda gvaqvs: namyo-winarewarsuli (pluskvamperfeqti)<br />
da masze nawarmoebi pirobiT-natvriTi kavSirebi-<br />
Ti (awarmoebs gi- klitika), kavSirebiTi II (namyos koniunqtivi)<br />
da myofadi ZiriTadisagan da myofadi potenciurisagan nawarmoebi<br />
pirobiT-natvriTi kilos ori forma.<br />
am CamonaTvals unda daematos pirobiT-natvriTi kilos mesame<br />
forma, romelic myofadi aucileblobiTisagan iwarmoeba,<br />
mag.: zu tÁa baq-i-gi<br />
gi-zu<br />
zu-Á Sotin meno uk-ala<br />
ala-Te<br />
Te-ne<br />
ne-Á `me rom<br />
mand vyofi<br />
fili<br />
liya<br />
yavi<br />
vi, is amas ar ityoda<br />
[ueWvelad]~, xolo pirobiT-natvriTi<br />
kavSirebiTis gamoyofa calke formad, piriqiT,<br />
saeWvod moCans.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom es sami forma, garda pirobiT-natvri-<br />
Ti kilos mniSvnelobis gamoxatvisa, ori drois mijnaze ganvi-<br />
Tarebul moqmedebasac aRniSnavs. gramatikulad es formebi<br />
myofads warmoadgens, magram maTi moqmedeba viTardeba namyo<br />
droSi myofadsa an awmyoze miTiTebiT, mag.: meno baq-ala<br />
ala-ne<br />
ne-Á,<br />
ama baTeneqi `es unda momxda<br />
mxdari<br />
riyo<br />
yo, magram ar moxda~.<br />
safiqrebelia, rom -Á formanti istoriulad namyos mawarmoebeli<br />
meSveli zmna unda yofiliyo da aseTi funqciiT is dasturdeba<br />
kidec zogierT lezgiur enaSi, Sdr. aRuluri: mehemed<br />
m‘‡elim e `muhamedi maswavlebelia~ da mehemed m‘‡elim iÁ `muhamedi<br />
maswavlebeli iyo~. lezgiur enaSic namyo drois aRmniSvneli<br />
sxvadasxva formebis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebulia -Á mawarmoebeli,<br />
mag.: raxazva `ambobs~ _ raxazva-Á `ambobda~, iÁizma `ake-<br />
Tebs~ _ iÁizma-Á `akeTebda~, iÁida `gaakeTebs~ _ iÁida-Á `gaake-<br />
Tebda~. -Á formanti namyos mawarmoeblad gvevlineba kavkasiis albanurSic,<br />
mag.: q[risto]sen buya<br />
yana<br />
nabi<br />
biÁ-a-Á haWink eklesiax `rogorc<br />
(viTarc) qristes (erg.) Seuy<br />
uyvar<br />
varda<br />
eklesia (mic.)~ (ef. 5, 25),<br />
Tumca misi meSveli zmnis funqciiT gamoyeneba ver davadastureT.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom -Á mawarmoebeli udiurSi SeiZleba sxva<br />
metyvelebis nawilebsac daerTos, magram mxolod piris formantis<br />
Semdgom, postfiqsur poziciaze. namyos mawarmoeblisa<br />
da piris niSnisagan Semdgari kompleqsi faqtobrivad meSveli<br />
zmnis funqcias iZens, mag.: Sair Te-zu<br />
zu-Á, vðzTadalo-zu- `poeti<br />
ar viyavi, maswavlebeli viyavi~...<br />
40
q e T e v a n m a r g i a n i - s u b a r i<br />
svanuri enis evidencialur da epistemikur<br />
formaTa tipologiuri analizisaTvis<br />
1. lingvistikaSi farTo gagebiT evidencialoba da epistemikuroba<br />
erT kategoriad ganixileba (givoni), mkvlevarTa nawilis<br />
(dendale, tasmovski, kozinceva, kordi...) mosazrebiT, isini<br />
gansxvavebuli kategoriebia: evidencialoba informaciis wyarosTan<br />
aris mimarTebaSi, epistemika ki informaciis ueWvelobasTan.<br />
ukanaskneli formulirebis mixedviT, evidencialobas<br />
svanur enaSi moqmedebis unaxaobis aqti Seesabameba, am TvalsazrisiT<br />
igi (iseve, rogorc danarCeni qarTveluri enebi) miekuTvneba<br />
im enaTa ricxvs, romlebSic evidencialobis kategoriis<br />
mniSvnelobebi Tavis gamoxatulebas poveben rogorc morfologiaSi,<br />
aseve sintaqsSi. aRniSnuli sakiTxi svanurSi saTanado<br />
donezea Seswavlili da moqmedebis aqti ki _ morfologiur<br />
kategoriad miCneuli; magram epistimikuroba ratomRac dRemde<br />
niSandoblivad aravis CauTvlia am enisTvis. ufro metic, gamo-<br />
Tqmulia mosazreba (vileti, sumbaTova), rom svanurs, iseve<br />
rogorc qarTuls, evidencialuri formebis Semdgomi detalizacia-diferenciacia<br />
(epistimika, inferencia...) ar axasiaTebs.<br />
2. svanur enaSi arsebobs myofadusrulad da pirobiTusruladwodebuli<br />
formebi, romelTa badali mwkrivebi qar-<br />
Tuls ar moepoveba. maTi semantika swored epistemikuria, qar-<br />
TulSi msgavsi Sinaarsi mxolod aRweriTad gadmoicema; myofadusruli:<br />
ÉÃÂðÒÉÍÉ (bz.), ÉÃÂÒæÍÉ (bq.) _É`klavdes iqneba,<br />
rom klavdes~; ÉÎÒæÍÉ/ÉÎÒÖÍÉ _ `werdes iqneba, rom werdes~;<br />
pirobiTusruli: ÉÃÂÀÒæÍíË/ÉÃÂÀÒæÍÉæ _ `klavda iqneb, rom<br />
ekla~; ÉÎÒÖÍíË/ÉÎÒÖÍÉæ `werda iqneb, rom ewera...~;<br />
3. qarTulSi myofadi ZiriTadad awmyos zmniswinian formas<br />
warmoadgens: wers _ dawers..., msgavsi warmoebis myofadi<br />
svanursac moepoveba: awmyos forma + e. w. `windebul-Tandebuli~:<br />
ÀÃÂðÒÉ `klavs~ _ ÜæÀÃÂðÒÉ `mo-klavs~; maTi semantika absoluturad<br />
Seesatyviseba qarTulisas: dro _ momavali, aspeqti<br />
_ sruli, araevidencialuri, ueWveli, damatebiTi qveniuansebis<br />
gareSe (`idealuri codna~, delensi). Tumca sakuTari<br />
41<br />
warmoebis mqone myofadsrulis formebi (am ukanasknelTagan<br />
gansxvavebiT da myofadusrulis msgavsad) cxadi, ueWveli moqmedebis<br />
(mdgomareobis) Sinaarss moklebulni arian, maTTvis<br />
pirobiTobaa niSandoblivi: ËðÉÒðÒÓ ÉàæÃÖÍÉ ËéÈÄÒ áÄ×ÓÉ<br />
(bq.) _ `wignebs Tu ikiTxavs<br />
naswavli gamova~; ÌéáðÒ Ñ'íÃÒÉ,<br />
ÌéáðÒÄÜáðÍ ÜÖÔæÄáæÍÉ (bz.) _ `xval Tu aval, zeg Camovbrundebi<br />
(Sdr: ÌéáðÒ ÑÉ ÙÖÒÉ, ÌéáðÒÄÜáðÍ ÜÖ ÔæÄáæÍÉ `xval aval<br />
(ueWvelad,), zeg Camoval~) _ epistemia, Sesasrulebeli moqmedebis<br />
mimarT mxolod varaudis qona, aris is niuansi, ris<br />
gamoc qarTuli da svanuri zmnis myofadis formebi semantikurad<br />
erTmaneTs ver faraven. epistemikuri elementi aseve niSandoblivia<br />
svanurSi pirobiTis mwkrivis saxeliT cnobil formaTaTvis,<br />
romlebic formalurad myofadisgan namyousrulis<br />
sufiqsebiTRa gansxvavdebian, Sinaarsoblivad ki moqmedebis<br />
droiT (warsuli): ÉàæÃÖÍíË `rom (iqneb) kiTxulobda~ (Sdr.<br />
uwyvet. ÉàæÃðÍÃÀ/ÉàæÃÉæ `kiTxulobda~...)<br />
4. aseve, svanur enaSi Cven mier bolo dros dadasturebuli<br />
zmnaTa formebi, romlebic gadmogvcemen warsulSi savaraudo,<br />
dauzustebeli, pirobiTad Sesrulebuli moqmedebis statikur<br />
Sedegs awmyo-myofadSi (áëÌÉ `albaT (iqneb) uWamia~, áëÂÉ `albaT<br />
(iqneb) uSenebia~, `wasula~ _ áÄÆÍÉ `iqneb wasula~, áÄÜÃÉ `iqneb<br />
yofila~) an warsulSive (áëÌíË `albaT (iqneb) eWama~, áëÂíË<br />
`albaT (iqneb) eWama~, áÄÆÍíË `iqneb (albaT, rom...) wasuliyo~;<br />
áÄÜÃíË `iqneb (albaT, rom...) yofiliyo~). aRniSnuli formebi<br />
statikur zmnaTa models imeoreben da, Cveni azriT, maTive inversiaqmnili<br />
formebia, vinaidan semantikac migvaniSnebs aRniSnul<br />
mwkrivebTan maTs mimarTebaze: epistemikuroba (moqmedebis<br />
ganxorcielebis damajereblobis erTgvari pirobiToba, romli-<br />
Tac myofadi (gansakuTrebiT _ myofadusruli) xasiaTdeba, am<br />
formebisTvisac niSandoblivia. Sdr. áæÀÌêÒÖÍÉ `iqneb (rom) vamzadebde~<br />
_ ÌÄÌóÒÉ `iqneb (albaT, rom...) mimzadebia~, ÌÄÌÀÒíË<br />
`iqneb (albaT, rom...) memzadebina~. aRniSnuli formebi I an II SedegobiTs<br />
ekedleba, magram maTgan semantikur gansxvavebas swored<br />
epistemikuroba ganapirobebs: warsulSi Sesrulebuli moqmedeba<br />
an misi statikuri Sedegi mTqmelisTvis savaraudoa, dauzustebelia:<br />
ÓÉ æÏÛêÌÉÍ ãÄÆÍÉ ËÀáæÈÄ? `Sen sava<br />
varaudod ram-<br />
denjer<br />
wasul<br />
sulxar<br />
(iqnebi asuli) mTaSi~? (Sdr. æÏÛêÌÉÍ ãÉÆÍÀ?<br />
42
`ramdenjer wasulxar?~) æÏÛÀ ËðÎÒ áÄàæÃêÍíË ÉÓÂÖ ÌÖÓ? `sa<br />
sa-<br />
vara<br />
raudod<br />
(ne<br />
netav<br />
tav) ramdeni wigni waekiTxa (eq<br />
eqne<br />
nebo<br />
boda waki<br />
kiTxu<br />
Txu-<br />
li) mamaSens?~ (Sdr. æÏÛÀ ËðÎÒ áÏàæÃêÍóÍ?.. `ramdeni wigni waekiTxa<br />
= hqonda wakiTxuli?~..)<br />
evidencialobia-epistemikurobis TvalsazrisiT svanuris vi-<br />
Tareba Zalian mogvagonebs zogierTi indo-evropuli enisas; magaliTad<br />
frangulSi `modaluri kondicionali (-rais sufiqsiani<br />
formebi) umetesad gamoxataven ararealur an potenciur moqmedebas,<br />
romelic damokidebulia garkveuli pirobis realizaciaze~<br />
(kordi); Sdr. svan. ÌéáðÒà ËÄÙæ ÜæðÃ×ÀàæÉ `xvalamde<br />
xorci gafuWdeba (`SesaZloa gafuWdes~) _ erTi mxriT epistemikuria,<br />
wyaro ki aris inferencia (daskvna sakuTari gamocdilebis,<br />
samyaros Sesaxeb codnis niadagze: xorci malfuWebadi produqtia...),<br />
meore mxriv, es moqmedeba (gafuWeba) potenciuria<br />
(Sdr. ÜæÉ×àðæÉ `gafuWdeba!~ _ gamoxatavs moqmedebis ara SesaZleblobas,<br />
aramed namdvilobas, e. w. `idealuri codnas~); evidencialur<br />
elementad iTvleba Tavisi funqciiT germanulSi koniunqtivi<br />
I (xanzeni). bulgarulSi, rogorc sxva balkanur eneb-<br />
Si evidencialuri sistema modalizebulia, anu modaloba da<br />
evidencializmi xSirad faraven erTmaneTs: magaliTad, konkluzivi,ÖÒromelic<br />
gamoxatavs sakuTar inferenciaze dafuZnebul<br />
azrs an meryev, dauzustebel codnas... (nicolova).<br />
svanurSi saanalizo formebi (myofadusruli da -sruli,<br />
pirobiTusruli da -sruli, pirobiT-SedegobiT I da II) Sesrulebuli<br />
Tu Sesasrulebeli moqmedebis Sesaxeb mxolod savaraudo<br />
codnas, albaTobas gamoxataven; amasTan, maT yovelgvari<br />
modaluri leqsemisa Tu nawilakis gareSe SeswevT hipotaqsis<br />
unari, sadac damokidebuli winadadeba xSirad swored pirobi-<br />
Tia, mTavari da damokidebuli winadadebis SeerTeba ki, Ziri-<br />
Tadad, ukavSiroa, radgan zmna-Semasmeneli Tavad Seicavs saWiro<br />
niuanss; aRniSnul nakvTTa es funqcia swored epistemikurobiT<br />
aris ganpirobebuli. amdenad, vfiqrobT, evidencialoba<br />
da epistimika svanurSi morfosintaqsuri kategoriebia.<br />
43<br />
n a n a m a W a v a r i a n i<br />
nawlavRruianTa afxazuri saxelwodebebis<br />
semantikur-struqturuli struqturuli analizi<br />
enis leqsikis ama Tu im ubanSi ukufenilia enobrivi er-<br />
Tobis yofis sxvadasxvaoba, radgan yofis sxvadasxvaoba gansazGvravs<br />
swored im Taviseburebebs, romlebic sxvadasxva enis<br />
leqsikuri fondis Sinagan danawevrebaSi SeimCneva.<br />
afxazuri enis ZiriTad leqsikur fondSi gamoiyofa nawlavGruianTa<br />
saxelwodebebis mcire jgufi:<br />
akamˆrS´S´a `lokokina~, akamˆrS´aS´ (bzif.), akamˆrS´S´´a ac°a<br />
`lokokinas niJara~,<br />
arw°ˆrax°ac `Wiayela~, Sdr. ax°ac,<br />
aGuerwk½ `Wiayela~,<br />
abJ´ˆ `nexvis Wia, Wiafandura, bostana~,<br />
apay∂a `tkipa, JGiba~,<br />
moxsenebaSi mocemulia am saxelwodebaTa semantikurstruqturuli<br />
analizi.<br />
nawlavGruianTa leqsikaSi struqturuli TvalsazrisiT<br />
gamoiyofa sxvadasxva modelebi: saxelwodebani warmodgenilia<br />
gauformebeli fuZiT an kompoziciiT.<br />
T a m a r m a x a r o b l i Z e<br />
zmniswinis funqciebi da klasifikaciis principebi<br />
tradiciuli qarTveluri enaTmecnierebis mixedviT, zmniswins<br />
aqvs 4 funqcia. Cven gamovyofT zmniswinis eqvs funqci<br />
qcias<br />
as:<br />
1. gezis gamoxatva,<br />
2. orientaciis gamoxatva,<br />
3. aspeqtis dasruleba,<br />
4. mwkrivis formaTa warmoeba,<br />
5. sityvis mniSvnelobis cvla,<br />
44
6. zmnis pirianobis cvla.<br />
aRsaniSnvia is garemoeba, rom sakmaod xSiria zmniswinis<br />
funqciaTa gadakveTa. zemoT CamoTvlili funqciebidan bolo,<br />
meeq<br />
eqvse funqcia<br />
pirvelad aris warmodgenili. zmniswinis mier<br />
pirianobis cvla ZiriTadad exeba lokalur aqtants.<br />
pirianobis matebisas gamovyofT or SemTxvevas:<br />
1. pirianobis zrda xdeba zmniswinis cvliT:<br />
daarRvia man is _ SemoarRvia man mas is<br />
aaSena man is _ moaSena man mas is / miaSena man mas is /<br />
daaSena man mas is<br />
davwere me is (aRvwere / amovwere / gadavwere) _<br />
movwere me mas is / mivwere me mas is<br />
gavtexe me is _ movtexe me mas is<br />
gavWeri/davWeri me is _ movWeri/SemovaWeri me is mas<br />
2. pirianobis zrda xdeba zmniswinis damatebiT:<br />
vtiri me _ davtiri me mas<br />
vyviri me _ davyviri me mas<br />
vwere me is _ movwere me mas is / mivwere me mas is<br />
vaxvie me is _ Semovaxvie me is mas / davaxvie me is mas /<br />
movaxvie me is mas<br />
vWam me mas _ movWam me mas mas<br />
zmniswini Tavis Tavze iRebs xmovan prefiqsTa erT-erT ZiriTad<br />
funqcias _ pirianobis kleba-matebas. es gasagebi movlenaa<br />
enis ganviTarebis ekonomikis universaluri principidan<br />
gamomdinare. gvaqvs ori tipis SemTxveva:<br />
1. zmniswini zrdis pirianobas xmovanis prefiqsis gareSe:<br />
gavtexe me is _ movtexe me mas is, gavglije me is _ movglije<br />
me is mas, SevWame me is _ movWame me is mas da sxv.<br />
2. zmniswini zrdis pirianobas xmovan prefiqsTan erTad,<br />
Tumca xmovani prefiqsis darTva araobligatorulia: gavtexe<br />
me is _ movatexe me mas is, gavglije me is _ movaglije me is<br />
mas, SeWame me is _ movaWame me is mas da sxv.<br />
zmniswinis eqvsidan xuTi funqcia aris derivaciuli. sir-<br />
Tules ar warmoadgens am afiqsebis derivaciul semantikaTa<br />
sistemuri gaazreba da garkveuli jgufebis gamovlena.<br />
gTavazobT zmniswinis klasifikaciis axlebur principebs<br />
inerciisa da asimetriulobis kanonebis gaTvaliswinebiT. saer-<br />
45<br />
Tod, zmniswini sakmaod mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs polipersonaluri<br />
struqturebis sistemaSi.<br />
k o b a m i T a g v a r i a<br />
saxe<br />
xelis sufiq<br />
fiqsu<br />
suri warmoeba<br />
adiRe<br />
Reur enaSi<br />
adiReuri ena saxelebis sityvawarmoebiTi afiqsebis struqturis<br />
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. SesaZlebelia gamoiyos<br />
Semdegi struqturuli tipebi:<br />
46<br />
a) C<br />
- (–) adiR. da-– `Txilnari~ (Sdr. d– `Txili~)<br />
-… adiR. fs–-…(ˆ) `cocxali~ (Sdr. fs– `suli~)<br />
-Rº(ˆ) adiR. nˆs–-Rº(ˆ) `rZlebi erTmaneTisaTvis~ (Sdr. nˆs–<br />
`rZali~).<br />
-S adiR. haW´–-S `stumrebis misaRebi oTaxi~ (Sdr. haW´–<br />
`stumari~)<br />
-lÀ(–) adiR. SˆRºˆ-lÀ `samarile~ (Sdr. SˆRºˆ `marili~)<br />
-b adiR. kºˆr-b `Rrmuli~ (Sdr. kºˆ `Sua~ ("середина")<br />
-† adiR. …ˆfsa-† `burbuSela~ (Sdr. …ˆfsˆn `randva~)<br />
-ƒ(–) º -xº(ˆ), eseni sinonimuri sufiqsebia: nˆb–ƒ º nˆb–-xº(ˆ)<br />
`Ripiani~ (Sdr. nˆb– `muceli~).<br />
-t(–) adiR. bR–-t– `farTomkerdiani~ (Sdr. bR– `mkerdi~).<br />
-l(–) adiR. Wa-l– `biWi~ (Sdr. W– `axalgazrda, axali~),<br />
adiR. n–pa-l `didwarba~ (Sdr. nap– `warbi~).<br />
-j(–) adiR. bza-j– `boroti (Sdr. bz– `ena~)<br />
-c(–) adiR. nˆba-c `msunagi~ (Sdr. nˆb– `muceli~)<br />
b) VC<br />
-aR<br />
adiR. lÀ–RÀ-aR<br />
`simaRle~ (Sdr. lÀaRÀ– `maRali~)
g) CV<br />
-R– adiR. «ˆ-R– `vaJkacoba~ (Sdr. «ˆ `kaci, mamakaci~)<br />
-W– adiR. kºa-W– `siarulis manera~ (Sdr. kº– `siaruli~)<br />
-kº– adiR. –ja-kº– `moswavle~ (Sdr. –j– `swavla~)<br />
-m– adiR. …ˆ-m– `xis didi uro~ (Sdr. …–n (`da)rtyma~)<br />
-d– adiR. ‡a-d–-…ad `xelsawyoebi~ (Sdr. ‡– `xeli~)<br />
-s– adiR. fa-s– `adrindeli~ (Sdr. f– `dasawyisi~)<br />
-T– adiR. shan-T– `baliSi~<br />
-r– adiR. ad-r– `sxva~ (Sdr. ad– `iq~)<br />
-qº– adiR. bza-qº– `munji~ (Sdr. bz– `ena~)<br />
-S– adiR. n–-S– `elami~ (Sdr. n– `Tvali~)<br />
-l– adiR. za-l– `erTi goji~ (Sdr. zˆ `erTi~)<br />
-‡º– (< yab. ƒº–) adiR. Thˆbˆ-‡º– `kuziani~<br />
-z– adiR. n–-z– `elami~ (Sdr. n– `Tvali~)<br />
-Jˆ<br />
adiR. †ˆ-Jˆ<br />
`TeTri~<br />
d) CC<br />
-fx<br />
fxÀ adiR. gºˆbJ´ˆ-fx<br />
fx `ficxi~<br />
-nC<br />
nC´(–) adiR. ƒar…ˆ…-nC<br />
nC´(–) `susti~ (n- fonetikuri danarTia)<br />
-nj<br />
adiR. bRºˆ-nj<br />
`iribi~, `mrudi~ (Sdr. adiR. bRºˆ<br />
`gverdi~ ("бок").<br />
-nt<br />
nt(–) adiR. S´xºa-nt<br />
nt– `mwvane~<br />
-Sx<br />
SxÀº(ˆ) adiR. ƒºaj–-Sx<br />
SxÀº(ˆ) `didi sofeli~ (Sdr. ƒºaj– `sofeli~)<br />
e) CCV<br />
-bl<br />
bl– adiR. Ra-bl– `SimSili~ (Sdr. R– `weli~)<br />
-fC<br />
fC– adiR. Rºa-fC<br />
fC– `nacrisferi~ (gvxvdeba mxolod am sityvaSi)<br />
v) CVC<br />
-rˆl<br />
rˆl(–) (< r– + l–); -rˆn<br />
rˆn(–) adiR. gºˆbJ´ˆrˆl `braziani,<br />
mrisxane~<br />
47<br />
48<br />
-Rºa¬<br />
¬º(–) (< -Rº(–) + ¬ºˆ `kargi~)<br />
-na…<br />
adiR. wˆkºˆ-na…<br />
`Zalian patara~ (Sdr. wˆkºˆ `patara~)<br />
-Rºa<br />
a(–) adiR. pºˆ-Rºa `Znelad aRsazrdeli~ (Sdr. pºˆn<br />
`aRzrda~)<br />
-rˆ<br />
(< r– + –) adiR. gºˆSˆ‡–-rˆ<br />
ˆ `ybedi~<br />
-W´a<br />
(< W– + ) adiR. ¬a-Wa<br />
`uzrdeli~<br />
-Ra<br />
(< Ra + ) adiR. a¼a-Ra<br />
`metismetad mTvrali~.<br />
z) VCV<br />
-an<br />
an– adiR. S-an<br />
an– < Sˆ + an– `erTi mesamedi~<br />
T) VCVCV sufiqsis es tipi prefiqsebTan erTad gvxvdeba<br />
ricxviT saxelebSi: -an<br />
an–r– adiR. aS-an<br />
an–r– `mesame~.<br />
rogorc zemoaRniSnulidan Cans yvelaze produqtiulia<br />
C, CV struqturis sufiqsebi.<br />
yvelaze iSviaTia VC, VCV, VCVCV tipis sufiqsebi.<br />
zogi adiReuri sufiqsi sxva afxazur-adiRur enebSi hpovebs<br />
paralelebs.<br />
e l e n e n a p i r e l i<br />
kodTa urTierTmimarTebis zogi sakiTxi<br />
lagodexis raionSi<br />
saqarTveloSi me-20 saukuneSi ganxorcielebuli migraciebis<br />
Sedegad qarTuli dialeqtebis teritoriuli gavrcelebis<br />
suraTi sagrZnoblad Seicvala. es migraciebi sxvadsxva xasiaTisa<br />
da masStabis iyo da Sesabamisad, qarTuli eTnokulturuli<br />
da lingvisturi suraTis CamoyalibebaSi sxvadasxva rolic<br />
xvdaT wilad. erT-erTi masStaburi migracia, romelmac mniSvnelovani<br />
roli iTamaSa saqarTvelos politikuri da kultu-
uli momavlis gansazRvraSi, iyo lagodexis raionSi ganxorcielebuli<br />
migraciebi me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi.<br />
am migraciis Sedegad kaxeTis regionSi Seiqmna kompaqturad<br />
dasaxlebuli imeruli soflebi, e. w. `lagodexis imeruli<br />
dialeqturi kunZuli~, romelic, marTalia, sakuTar birTvul<br />
enobriv areals ar moscilebia, magram sxvadasxva mizezis gamo<br />
arsebobas ganagrZobs misi warmomSobi eTnografiuli kuTxidan<br />
moSorebiT, ganicdis sxva dialeqtebisa da, amasTanave, saliteraturo<br />
enis gavlenas, rac Zalze sayuradReboa kodTa urTierTmimarTebis<br />
sakiTxisTvis.<br />
aRvniSnavT, rom sametyvelo kodebis Tanaarsebobis dros<br />
sakuTari da mezoblis kilouri Taviseburebebisadmi gacnobierebuli<br />
damokidebuleba warmoSobs erTgvar ,,zonebs~, sadac<br />
SeuZlebelia raime gavlenaze laparaki. gavlenisadmi yvelaze<br />
Seuvali da gamZle aRmoCndeba is niSnebi, romelic molaparakes<br />
Tavisi metyvelebis ZiriTad Tvisebad miaCnia, agreTve, SeuZlebelia,<br />
man miiRos paraleluri kodis is niSani, romelic<br />
gamorCeviT miuCnevia sxvisi metyvelebis maxasiaTeblad.<br />
kodTa urTierTmimarTeba sxvadasxva ierarqiul doneze Seiswavleba,<br />
magram amJamad warmovadgenT mxolod ma-, Sa- zmniswinebis,<br />
rogorc koduri markerebis sakiTxs kaxu<br />
xuri<br />
da imeru<br />
ru-<br />
li sametyvelo kodebis mimarTebisas.<br />
ma-, Sa-, zmniswinebi da maTi me-, Se- varinatebi damaxasia-<br />
Tebelia rogorc imeru<br />
ruli<br />
li, ise kaxu<br />
xuri<br />
dialeqtisTvis.<br />
naSromSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom ma- da Sa- zmniswinebis,<br />
rogorc koduri markeris funqcia kaxur<br />
xurSi e xmovnis win<br />
ramdenadme SezRudulia. amasTan ma- ukve TiTqmis aRar gvxvdeba<br />
am poziciaSi, Sa- ki paralelurad gvxvdeba Se-s gverdiT.<br />
kaxur<br />
xurSi<br />
ma-, Sa- zmniswinebi e xmovnis win umetesad warmodgenilia<br />
me-; Se- variantebiT.<br />
imerulSic, romelsac garkveul poziciebSi, rogorc<br />
vTqviT, axasiaTebs ma- da Sa- zmniswini, e xmovnis win warmodgenilia<br />
mxolod me-, Se- saxiT.<br />
imeru<br />
ruli<br />
da kaxu<br />
xuri meeta<br />
tana<br />
na, Seeta<br />
tana<br />
na... tipis formebi ori<br />
sxvadasxva procesis Sedegs warmoadgenen: moetana > meetana<br />
(imeruli) da moetana > maetana > meetana (kaxuri) (jorbenaZe,<br />
1998, 317).<br />
imeruli kodis matareblisTvis kaxurSi dadasturebuli<br />
meeta<br />
tana<br />
na, meey<br />
eyva<br />
vana<br />
na, meewona<br />
ar igivdeba sakuTar kodSi dadasturebul<br />
analogiur formebTan. erTgvari qvecnobieri `lingvisturi<br />
analizis~ Sedegad am kompleqsebis cvlilebisas miRebuli<br />
identuri formebi (me<br />
meeta<br />
tana<br />
na...) aRqmulia, rogorc sxvadasxva<br />
amosavali formidan miRebuli da es, rogorc vTqviT,<br />
aisaxeba kodebis gadarTvis dros. erTi mxriv, imereli saliteraturo<br />
kodze gadarTvisas amJRavnebs Tavis lingvistur codnas<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom amosavali saliteraturo forma aris mo-<br />
zmniswini, meore mxriv, kaxuris Sesatyvis formad aRiarebs ma-<br />
zmniswins. imis miuxedavad, rom, rogorc iTqva, e xmovnis win<br />
aseT foemebSi kaxurSic didi xania ma- naklebad gvxvdeba.<br />
moxsenebaSi warmodgenili iqneba sailustracio masala Cven<br />
mier mopovebuli teqstebidan, agreTve `qarTuli dialeqturi<br />
korpusidan~.<br />
n i k o l o z o T i n a S v i l i<br />
sofel KanCaveTis onomastika<br />
sofeli mdebareobs qsnis Sua welze misgan dasavleTiT<br />
oTxi kilometris mocilebiT mTa zebeKuris ganStoebis wKalgamKofze,<br />
romelic qsnisa da lexuris auzebs miJnavs. igi erTerTi<br />
Zveli dasaxlebuli punqtia, romelic araerT istoriul<br />
wKaroSia moxsenebuli.<br />
vaxuSti bagrations Tavis `aGweraSi~ moxseniebuli aqvs<br />
KanCieTis formiT da rukazec datanili aqvs sasaxlis aGmniSvneli<br />
niSniT. sofels aseve asaxelebs meTvramete saukuneSi<br />
germaneli mogzauri giuldenStedti, romelic aGniSnavs, rom<br />
49<br />
50
`qsanze mdinare KanCaveTis xevze qanebia qviSiani kirqva namarxebiT~.<br />
ufro adre ki qsnis erisTavTa sagvareuli matiane `Zegli<br />
erisTavTa~ (XIV s.) sofels aGniSnavs KanCaeTis formiT.<br />
sofelSi moZiebuli toponimebi sul asormoc erTeuls<br />
Seadgens; dadasturebuli gvaqvs ocdaxuTi gvari (oris gamoklebiT<br />
Kvela qarTulia). mcxovrebT raodenoba 250 komlia.<br />
dGeisaTvis cnobili movlenebis gamo komlTa raodenoba ganaxevrebulia.<br />
mcxovrebTa gvarebia: berianiZe, musaiZe, mwiTuri,<br />
gabitaSvili, xuciSvili, daviTuri, mayaraSvili, tatunaSvili,<br />
TeziaSvili, dauSvili, gagaZe, JiquriZe, winamZGvriSvili, cqvitiSvili,<br />
JarmelaSvili, papiaSvili, sabiaSvili, durgliSvili,<br />
TamaraSvili, qoqaSvili, garievi.<br />
toponimebidan kompozitur saxelTa meore komponentad<br />
gvxvdeba wKali, wKaro, xevi, Gele: Sirmis wKali, wiTeli<br />
wKali, TeTri wKali, yuylauri wKaro, armaislis wKaro, SuSura<br />
wKaro, Cakiduli wKaro, Cakiduli xevi, kupreveli xevi, xadis<br />
xevi, veZa wKaro, Gele, asanaaT Gele (tatunaSvili), Gromi<br />
Gele; mTebis qedebis meore komponentad gvxvdeba veli, mTa, qedi,<br />
Cirdili: batatis veli (sakuTari saxelia), nacixora veli,<br />
zebeKuri // zebaKuri mTa, balias mTa, Gele mTa, saniaoT qedi,<br />
wminda giorgis qedi, wminda giorgis qedi, Savi kldis Cirdili,<br />
CoGa Cirdeli da sxva.<br />
tomonimur saxelTa meore komponentad gvxvdeba ubani an<br />
win erTvis zemo, qvemo, Sua: zemo ubani (CrdiloeTis mxare),<br />
qvemo ubani (cqvitiSvilebis ubani), Sua ubani (tatunaSvilebis<br />
ubani).<br />
toponimur saxelTa erTi Jgufi Seicavs adamianis gvars<br />
an saxels, romelsac Tan erTvis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi -an<br />
an//<br />
-anT<br />
anT: qurTaulaani (soflidan wasuli gvaria), zazaani (zazaSvili,<br />
wasuli gvaria), gagaZiaani (gagaZeebi), JGabuanTi (gagaZeebis<br />
erTi Sto), faqizaanTi (JarmelaSvilebis erTi Sto), dafqviaanTi<br />
(JiquriZeebi) da sxva.<br />
qarTuli dialeqtis qsnur metKvelebaSi -ur<br />
// -ul<br />
sufiqsebs<br />
aqvT potencia Seasrulon sxvadasxv funqcia. toponimi-<br />
51<br />
uri leqsika warmoqmnilia sakuTari saxelisagan da TviT toponimidan.<br />
magaliTad: zebeKuri // zebaKurebi (wKalgamKofi qedia<br />
ori mdinarisa), gediaurebi (sof. CrdiloeTiT velia<br />
aGniSnuli gvaridan warmoSobili), binkaurebi (nasaxlarebi),<br />
xduri (buCqnari, nasaxlarebi), armazuli mamulebi (wKalgamKofi<br />
qedis dasavleTiT lexuris marcxena mxares (ekuTvnoda<br />
KanCaveTs), armazis niSi (864 wlis armazis bazilikis niSi<br />
aGniSnul qedze), feiqruli (mindori soflis samxreTiT), xayilauri<br />
(gvaridan warmoqmnili mindvris saxelia sof. samxre-<br />
TiT). mravlobiTSi gvxvdeba toponimebi, romlebic adgilis sidides<br />
aGniSnavs: sasaxleebi _ sasaxlis naSTi, romelic qsnis<br />
erisTavebis ganaKar ratiSvilebs ekuTvnoda. ratiaanTi _ adgili<br />
soflis centrSi, sadac es gvari cxovrobd, nakafebi (velebi),<br />
tbebi (saZovari), naqoxrebi (mindvrebi), farnebi (niSi,<br />
muxnari).<br />
gvxvdeba na-, sa- prefiqsebiT nawarmoebi toponimebi: sagumbari<br />
(tKe), saburTalo (mindori), saqere (mindori), saziaro<br />
(velebi), nasaKdrali (niSi), nazvrevi (mindori), nakafi<br />
(tKe), nacixora (ratiSvilebis sasaxlis koSki).<br />
religiuri mniSvnelobis toponimebs ganekuTvneba: wminda<br />
giorgi (eklesia), wminda marine (eklesia), niSi (muxisa da cacxvis<br />
koromebi or adgilas), lomisa (niSi), amaGleba (eklesia),<br />
KanCaeTis kabeni (agebulia GvTismSoblis saxelze).<br />
sofelSi gvxvdeba ramdenime -ar<br />
sufiqsiani toponimi: samgubari,<br />
fuZnari (nasaxlarebia), naqoxari (mamulebi), nafetvari<br />
(sadac es mcenare iTeseboda), naTaTuxari (Kofili saxnavi)<br />
da sxva.<br />
52
s a l o m e o m i a Z e<br />
samet<br />
metKve<br />
velo komu<br />
muni<br />
nika<br />
kaci<br />
ciis is strate<br />
tegi<br />
giebi<br />
gender<br />
derpo<br />
poeti<br />
tiku<br />
kuri rakur<br />
kursiT<br />
enaSi imgvari Sesityvebebis arseboba, rogoricaa `qaluri<br />
poezia~, `mamakacuri leqsebi~, bunebrivad aCens qaluri da mamakacuri<br />
sametyvelo komunikaciis strategiaTa gamovlenis interess,<br />
radgan cxadia, rom am gamonaTqvamebSi mxolod qaluri<br />
da mamakacuri Temebi ar igulisxmeba, romelTa Sesaxeb msjeloba<br />
tradiciulia literaturaTmcodneobaSi.<br />
genderpoetikuri kvlevisaTvis avirCieT erTmaneTis Tanamedrove<br />
poetebis _ ana kalandaZisa da muxran maWavarianis<br />
Semoqmedeba.<br />
kulturuli, fsiqologiuri da socialuri aspeqtebi<br />
ganapirobebs erovnuli enobrivi pirovnebis qcevas. stereotipuli<br />
mosazrebis mixedviT, mamakacisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Zalauflebis<br />
demonstrireba, imperatiuloba, sentenciebis xSiri<br />
gamoyeneba, rac daadastura muxran maWavarianis poeturma diskursma.<br />
mamakacis saubari TviTprezentacia ufroa, vidre Tanamosaubris<br />
Zieba da misi azris gaziarebis survili _ omaxianad<br />
gaismis muxran maWavarianis xma, ualternativodaa warmodgenili<br />
misi mosazrebebi maSin, roca ana kalandaZe TiTqmis yovel-<br />
Tvis sxvisi azris mosasmenadaa mzad, dialogs mieltvis, yovel-<br />
Tvis Tanamosaubris mZebnelia. ana absolutur WeSmaritebasac<br />
ki SekiTxviTa da eWvis gamoTqmiT gvawvdis, sakuTari azris<br />
utyuarobis dadasturebas igi sametyvelo komunikaciis sxva<br />
monawilis an monawileTagan iTxovs. orive poetur diskursSi<br />
mudmivad SesagrZnobia maTi Semqmneli poetebis konfesiuri<br />
kuTvnileba, riTac ar dasturdeba erT-erTi genderuli<br />
stereotipi imis Sesaxeb, rom qalebi ufro religiurebi arian,<br />
vidre mamakacebi, magram am mimarTulebiT garkveuli gansxvaveba<br />
mainc gamoCnda: ana kalandaZis poeziaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili<br />
uWiravs RvTismSoblis, yovladwmida qalwulis saxes, rom-<br />
53<br />
lis Zalisa da madlis, mfarvelobis imedi qristian qarTvelebs<br />
yovelTvis hqondaT da aqvT, gansakuTrebiT ki _ qalebs.<br />
muxran maWavarianTan RvTismSoblisadmi mimarTva ar Segvxvedria,<br />
poeti Zalian xSirad axsenebs ufals (RmerTi, ufali<br />
qriste), ana kalandaZesTanac dasturdeba ieso qristes Semdegi<br />
saxelebi: ufali, RmerTi, macxovari, CvenTvis jvarcmuli, mesia,<br />
uzenaesi, rabi. anasTvis ufali miuwvdomelia, uaRresi krZalva<br />
igrZnoba yoveli misi xsenebisas, misdami mimarTvisas. muxrani<br />
ki zogjer ufro gabedulia, ufro met siTamames avlens, igi<br />
qristes gankacebuls, Cven Soris myofs xedavs da mas, zogjer<br />
rogorc miwiers, ise mimarTavs (erTgan emduris kidec).<br />
sametyvelo komunikaciis mamakacuri strategiis niSnebad<br />
unda davasaxeloT muxran maWavarianis SemoqmedebaSi inveqtiuri,<br />
obscenuri da Jargonuli leqsikis gamoyeneba. araerTi<br />
striqonis moyvana SeiZleba, romlebSic swored mxolod mamakacis<br />
TvaliT danaxuli xorcieli qali Cans.<br />
genderologebis dakvirvebiT, mamakacebi xSirad iyeneben<br />
neologizmebsa da terminebs, isini ufro midrekili arian sityvaTSemoqmedebisken,<br />
vidre qalebi. ana kalandaZesTan arc Cven<br />
Segvxvedria uCveulo warmoeba, muxran maWavarianTan ki amis magaliTebi<br />
aris (`yovlad uqristo~, `ixelaxlebs~, `fexaRricxviT~,<br />
`ginda afrena _ abeRureba~, `siSore gawarsulebs~, `gavganTiaddi~...).<br />
samyaros feriTi Semecnebis mxriv ver aRmovaCineT verc<br />
erTi maxasiaTebeli, romelic qali poetisa da mamakaci poetis<br />
mier samyaros suraTis xedvis, aRqmisa da am suraTis reproduqciis<br />
gansxvavebulobas dagvanaxvebda. ar dadasturda genderul<br />
fsiqologiasa da sociologiaSi gavrcelebuli Semdegi<br />
stereotipuli mosazreba: `qalebi ferTa ufro farTo<br />
speqtrs aRiqvamen, vidre mamakacebi~.<br />
cxadia, es SemosazRvrul empiriul masalaze dayrdnobiT<br />
miRebuli daskvnebia. Cveni mcire kvleva, ra Tqma unda, ar kmara<br />
analizis Sedegebis gansazogadeblad. erTi qali poetisa da<br />
erTi mamakaci poetis aRqmasa da sametyvelo komunikaciis<br />
54
strategiebSi gamovlenili msgavseba-gansxvavebebi saanalizo poetur<br />
diskursTa (poetebis genderul wyvilTa) gazrdis interessa<br />
da Seswavlili Tu sxva damatebiTi niSnebis mixedviT<br />
maTi analizis aucileblobas badebs.<br />
s o f i o p a p i a S v i l i<br />
kuTxu<br />
Txuri idento<br />
tobis saki<br />
kiTxi dialeq<br />
leqtur kunZul<br />
ZulSi<br />
(aspinZis raionSi Casaxlebuli imerlebis magaliTze)<br />
cnobilia, rom jgufis TviTdasaxeleba koleqtiuri vinaobis<br />
erT-erTi mTavari markeria. misi meSveobiT jgufi Tavis<br />
Tavs gareSeTagan mijnavs. swored TviTdasaxelebaSi axdens jgufi<br />
sakuTari arsis imgvar Sejamebas, TiTqos saxelSi arsebobdes<br />
misi gadarCenis garantia. koleqtiur saxels Tilismis<br />
msgavsi mistikuri konotacia aqvs.<br />
mesxeTSi Cveni eqspedicia maSin Sedga, rodesac dialeqturi<br />
teqstis zepir istoriad gamoyenebis precendenti CvenSi<br />
ukve arsebobda. Cven vsargeblobdiT am gamocdilebiT, gvqonda<br />
Sesabamisi instruqcia, viyenebdiT specialur kiTxvars da<br />
vcdilobdiT, Cven mier mopovebuli masala saintereso yofiliyo<br />
rogorc dialeqturi teqstis, ise zepiri istoriis statusiTac.<br />
Sesabamisad, Cveni respondentebis saubari motivirebuli<br />
iyo Cveni samecniero miznis Sesabamisad _ mogvepovebina,<br />
rac SeiZleba vrceli lingvisturi da faqtobrivi masala migraciuli<br />
procesebis Sesaswavlad.<br />
aRniSnaven, rom mSobliuri garemosgan da sakuTari vinaobisgan<br />
daSorebiT gamowveuli simptomebi erTmaneTs hgavs, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, fizikuri gadaadgilebiT aRmoCndeba pirovneba<br />
ucxo garemoSi Tu Tavissave samSobloSi gaucxovdeba. mesxeTSi<br />
migrirebuli mosaxleoba kvlav Tavis samSobloSi cxovrobs. aq<br />
Seiqmna dialeqturi kunZulebi, romlebic kvlav samSoblos<br />
55<br />
farglebSia moqceuli, Tumca misi mcxovrebni, moSorebuli<br />
arian mSobliur kuTxeebs. amitom kuTxuri identobis, TviTdasaxelebis<br />
problema met-naklebad maTac aqvT da aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
mniSvnelovani da saintereso iyo maT mier gansazRvruli<br />
TviTidentoba da isic Tu rogor gansazRvraven isini<br />
TavianTi mezoblebis identobas. pasuxebi sakmaod mravalferovani<br />
iyo:<br />
56<br />
• `oSoridan var axla, Svilo, am wuTSi oSoridan var,<br />
mesxeTidan var... imereli var, magram, axla mesxeTSi<br />
vcxovrob ager, Svilo da mesxeli var, aba raRa var?<br />
imereTidan ro Camovedi patara bavSvi viyavi, didi ki<br />
ara~ (meliko qasraSvili, aspinZa);<br />
• `rom gekiTxebian sadauri xarTo, ras pasuxobT? gamesxebuli<br />
imereli-meTqi (elguja cinaZe, aspinZa);<br />
• `aqve, biZia, mesxebi cxovroben Cvens mezoblad~ (elguja<br />
cinaZe).<br />
Cvens respondentebTan saubarSi kidev erTi, uaRresad saintereso<br />
aspeqti gamokveTa. saqme isaa, rom dialeqtTa TviTgamijvnis<br />
procesSi enobrivi koleqtivis wevrebi, faqtobrivad,<br />
`lingvistebad~ gvevlinebian, vinaidan maT kargad aqvT SeniSnuli<br />
rogorc TavianTi, ise sxva kuTxis warmomadgenelTa dialeqtisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. bunebrivia, rom es saki-<br />
Txi Cveni interesis sferos warmoadgenda da amitom sagangebod<br />
vekiTxebodiT maT imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor afasebdnen maT<br />
irgvliv arsebul enobriv garemos, vTxovdiT, daexasiaTebinaT<br />
mezobeli sametyvelo kodis Taviseburebani, gamoejavrebinaT<br />
sxva kodis warmomadgenalTaTvis. pasuxebi namdvilad STambeWdavi<br />
iyo. TiToeul maTgans kargad aqvs SeniSnuli sametyvelo<br />
kodTa gansxvaveba:<br />
elgu<br />
guJa a cina<br />
naZe<br />
Ze, imere<br />
reli<br />
li:<br />
• `Cven<br />
viciT magaliTad saqoneli wamodene, amaTma<br />
ician:<br />
wamaasxi saqoneli~;
• `Cven<br />
ro daiZaxeb ojaxSi, batono, ase viciT pasuxis<br />
gacema. amgen<br />
genma<br />
ara, hee, romeli xar~;<br />
• `balRo, raÁ Cadi, e, maixede aqeT, kaco. sad midixar,<br />
biWo, pasuxsac ara mcem~.<br />
iulia zedgi<br />
gini<br />
niZe<br />
Ze, mesxi<br />
sxi:<br />
• `imerlebi xo aqana<br />
da iqana<br />
ician~.<br />
nina<br />
na Jva<br />
vari<br />
riZe<br />
Ze, mesxi<br />
sxi:<br />
• `ra vici, aba, mTiulebis saqme, Cven mesxe<br />
sxele<br />
lebi varT,<br />
Cven Cvene<br />
nebu<br />
burad vlapa<br />
para<br />
rakobT<br />
kobT, isini mTiulu<br />
lurad la-<br />
para<br />
rako<br />
koben<br />
ben. exlandeli momavali mainc Cven enaze laparakobs,<br />
mTiulurad aRar laparakoben da ai, Cemi xnis<br />
xalxi, iqidan vinc aris Camosuli, is laparakobs mTiulurad.<br />
imerulic egrea~.<br />
am dialeqturi kunZulis Seswavlisas identobis marker-<br />
Ta saintereso opoziciuri wyvilebi ikveTeba: Cven _ amaT (am<br />
am-<br />
genma<br />
ma)<br />
• `Cven<br />
viciT magaliTad saqoneli wamodene, amaTma<br />
ician:<br />
wamaasxi saqoneli~;<br />
• `Cven<br />
ro daiZaxeb ojaxSi, batono, ase viciT pasuxis<br />
gacema. amgen<br />
genma<br />
ara, hee, romeli xar~;<br />
aRniSnuli wyvili aqtiurdeboda maSinac, rodesac mesxe-<br />
Tis adgilobrivi da migrirebuli mosaxleoba kerZebis Sesaxeb<br />
gvesaubreboda:<br />
• `Cven<br />
vicodiT, amaT (am<br />
amgen<br />
genma<br />
ma) ar icoden.<br />
• `Cven<br />
Cvenma<br />
xalxma aswavla suyvelaferi: Wamac, dalevac,<br />
gakeTebac, stumris mobrZanebac, ra icodnen~;<br />
• `kerZebi, sacivi amaTma ar icoden ra iyo, Cven CamevitaneT,<br />
es sacivis gakeTeba iqidan. Cven xinkali ar vicodiT,<br />
amge<br />
genis<br />
nisgan<br />
viswavleT aq, xinkali aq mzaddeboda,<br />
ase, Cemi qalbatoni. Cveni tradicia iyo kargi sacivi,<br />
kargi Romi zed mere, kargi civi Rvino WinWila-<br />
Ti da aseTi rame.~ .<br />
asevea: aqauri<br />
_ iqauri<br />
ri, Cvene<br />
nebu<br />
buri<br />
_ adgi<br />
gilob<br />
lobri<br />
rivi<br />
vi...<br />
57<br />
m e r a b r o b a q i Z e<br />
`Tav<br />
Tav~ sitKviT Sedge<br />
dgeni<br />
nili ori anto<br />
toni<br />
nimu<br />
muri<br />
kompo<br />
pozi<br />
zitis Sesa<br />
saxeb qarTul enaSi<br />
.<br />
1. `Tav<br />
Tav~ sityvas .gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba pirovnuli<br />
Tvisebebis gamosaxvaSi aqvs. igi enacvleba Zvel xelnawerul<br />
ikiTxvisebSi iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa guli<br />
li, suli<br />
li,<br />
gone<br />
neba<br />
ba, romlebic aseve mTlianpirovnuli semantikis matarebelnic<br />
arian. es imas rodi niSnavs, rom xelnawerebSi areulia<br />
es mniSvnelobebi _ isini semantikur planSi kveTen erTmaneTs,<br />
rogorc mTlianpirovnuli Sinaarsis sityvebi. am cnebaTa pirovnul<br />
mniSvnelobas gvidasturebs agreTve maTTan `kac<br />
kac~ sityvis<br />
monacvleoba.<br />
2. Tavs, rogorc calke aRebul leqsikur erTeuls, qar-<br />
TulSi ara erTi mniSvneloba aqvs. bunebrivia, rom am Tavisi<br />
polisemiuri mniSvnelobebiT Sedis kompozitebSi. amasTan, Ta-<br />
vi kompozitebSi gviCvenebs simbolur-gadataniT semantikas _<br />
igi mTliani<br />
pirov<br />
rovne<br />
nebis<br />
mniSvnelobiT itvirTeba.<br />
3. Tavi<br />
visuf<br />
sufle<br />
leba<br />
konceptualuri semantikis Semcveli kompozitia<br />
igi adamianobis ideas gamoxatavs da sxvadasxva leqsikuri<br />
erTeulebiT gadmoicema qarTul enaSi (aznaureba, ƒsna,<br />
ganrineba). Tavi<br />
visuf<br />
sufle<br />
lebis<br />
ideis arsebiTi marcvali adamianis<br />
monuri yofisgan ganTavisuflebaa. es idea gansakuTrebuli sim-<br />
ZafriTaa mowodebuli `vefxistyaosanSi~. Tavisuflebis mopovebamde<br />
adamiani viRacis an riRacis monaa, mas didi Sinagani ZalisxmeviT<br />
uxdeba `vnebisgan~ (codvisgan) ganTavisufleba da<br />
Tavisi Tavis pirovnebad dadgineba. vnebaTagan xsna da ganrineba.<br />
Tavi<br />
visuf<br />
sufle<br />
leba<br />
sikeTesTanaa wilnayari. Sdr. Tavƒsni<br />
snieri<br />
(sa<br />
sa-<br />
ba), Tavxsni<br />
xsnili<br />
(mTiul.)=Tavisufali.<br />
Tavi<br />
visuf<br />
sufle<br />
leba<br />
rom monu<br />
nuri<br />
mdgomareobidan (farTo gagebiT<br />
_ fizikuri da sulieri) xsnaa, es genialuri mxatvruli<br />
gadawyvetiTaa mocemuli rusTavelis poemaSi, romelSic araerT<br />
sayuradRebo gamonaTqvams vxvdebiT adamianis umaRlesi Rirebulebisa<br />
da Rirsebis Sesaxeb. avTandilis werilSi rostevanisadmi<br />
naTqvamia: `miec glaxakTa saWurWle, aTavi<br />
visuf<br />
sufle<br />
mone<br />
ne-<br />
bi~. anda: `SiSi ver gixsnis<br />
sikvdilsa~. ra Tqma, unda, mcdaria<br />
58
poemis ikiTxvisebi: `SiSi ver ixsnis<br />
sikvdilsa~, radgan xsna,<br />
Tavi<br />
visuf<br />
sufle<br />
leba<br />
winaaRmdegobis daZleviT (riRacisgan an viRacisgan<br />
ganTavi<br />
visuf<br />
sufle<br />
lebiT<br />
biT, xsniT, ganri<br />
rine<br />
nebiT<br />
biT, distan<br />
tanci<br />
cire<br />
rebiT<br />
biT) moipoveba.<br />
`Ta<br />
Tavi<br />
visuf<br />
sufle<br />
leba<br />
ba~ ori sxvadasxva fuZiT Sedgenili kompozitia,<br />
Zveli qarTuli enis ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis kuTvnili<br />
sityvaa da misi gaazreba qarTveli eris erovnuli gonis<br />
originaluri filosofiuri gamoxatulebaa. es sityva dasturdeba<br />
uZveles qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi, bibliaSi.<br />
4. sayuradReboa Sesityveba `Ta<br />
Tavis<br />
Sekvra<br />
kvra~,<br />
romlis semantika<br />
pirovnul<br />
rRvevas<br />
vas ukavSirdeba, rac pirovnebis mTlianobis<br />
deformaciis ukiduresi gamovlenaa. `kruloba~ pirovnebis<br />
mTlianobis rRvevis ukiduresi xarisxia, vnebaTa ukiduresi<br />
gamZafrebaa, umZimesi Sinagani vnebaa. sayuradReboa erTi adgili<br />
`vefxistyaosnidan~: `Tav<br />
Tavsa<br />
mrTelsa<br />
rad Seik<br />
ikrav<br />
rav, wylulsa<br />
axlad rad iwyluleb?~ _ eubneba avTandili tariels (876.4)<br />
da konteqstidan sruliad cxadia, rom `SekvraSi~ poemis<br />
avtori gulisxmobs tarielis gauwonasworebel sulier mdgomareobas,<br />
mis ukidures sasowarkveTas.<br />
5. naSromSi struqturul-semantikur aspeqtSi `Tavisuflebis~<br />
cnebasTan mimarTebiT gaanalizebulia somxuri Sesatyvisebi<br />
_ ինքնատէր [inqnater], ինքնիշխան<br />
[inqniSxan],<br />
անձնատէր [anZnater], անձնիշխան [anZniSxan]], ազատ [azat].<br />
l a t a v r a s a n i k i Z e<br />
mimGeobis erTi zmnuri kategoriis Sesaxeb<br />
bacbur (wova<br />
wova-TuSur<br />
TuSur) enaSi<br />
bacburSi, rogorc cnobilia, mimGeobsaTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />
z m n u r i n i S n e b i c, msgavsad sxva enebisa: aspeqti,<br />
dro (uwinares-SemdgomiToba)...<br />
specifikuria mimGeobis funqcia SesitKvebaSi _ saxeli +<br />
mimGeoba + saxeli: igi s a x e l s m a r T a v s brunvaSi i s e -<br />
59<br />
v e, rogorc z m n a. zmnasTan analogiuria agreTve g r a m a -<br />
t i k u l i k l a s e b i s asaxva mimGeobaSi.<br />
mimGeoba arsebiT saxelTan msazGvrelis funqciiT gvxvdeba<br />
(dacin ƒav _ gaTibuli Kana). sazGvrul saxels mimGeoba uTanxmdeba<br />
garkveuli formiT zedsarTavi saxelebis analogiurad; saxelobiTisagan<br />
gansxvavebulia ergativisa da irib brunvaTa formebi:<br />
sax. dal»in<br />
in taTeb<br />
`micemuli fuli~, erg. dal»inC<br />
inC<br />
taTbuv<br />
buv, naT. dal»inC<br />
inC taTbu<br />
bu¹, mic. dal»inC<br />
inC taTbun<br />
bun... es wesi<br />
im SemTxvevebzec vrceldeba, rodesac sazGvrul mimGeobas<br />
Tavis mxriv axlavs msazGvreli: sax. as aTin Tux˜ `Cemi danaKili<br />
marili~, erg. as aTinC Tuxov<br />
xov, naT. as aTinC Tuxo<br />
xo¹...<br />
msazGvrel mimGeobas Cveulebriv axlavs msazGvreli, mas-<br />
Tan mimGeoba sazGvrulis funqciiT gvxvdeba: agas dien<br />
Cxindri<br />
`bebias moqsovili windebi~. aseTi sazGvruli SeiwKobs<br />
substantiur msazGvrels s a x e l o b i T S i an e r -<br />
g a t i u l brunvaSi.<br />
mimGeobas aqvs moqmedebiTi gvarisa (aqtiuri) da vnebiTis<br />
(pasiuri) m n i S v n e l o b a: abun˜ `1, mkeravi; 2. Sesakeri~.<br />
maTi gamiJvna xdeba sintaqsur doneze. dasturdeba ori saxis<br />
mimGeoburi konstruqcia: I. nanas nas Tetun<br />
tun˜ maƒ˜ `dedis<br />
dasayreli puri~; II. maƒ˜ Tetun<br />
tun˜ nan `puris damyreli deda~.<br />
orive konstruqciisaTvis amosavalia gardamavali zmnis<br />
konstruqcia _ nanas nas Tet maƒ˜ `deda yris purs~.<br />
I konstruqciidan (nanas Tetun˜ maƒ˜) SesitKvebaSi<br />
(maszGvrel-sazGvruli) Tetun<br />
tun˜ maƒ˜ _ maƒ˜ sazGvrulia,<br />
Tetun<br />
tun˜ _ msazGvreli. am mimGeoburi konstruqciisaTvis<br />
amosaval zmnur konstruqciaSi, _ nanas nas TetT<br />
et maƒ˜, _ maƒ˜<br />
o b i e q t i _ damatebaa, amdenad, _ p a s i u r i. SesitKvebaSi<br />
igi, maqvemdebarebeli s a z G v r u l i, SeiwKobs Tavis<br />
m s a z G v r e l mimGeobas da mas p a s i u r mniSvnelobas aniyebs.<br />
msazGvreli mimGeoba nawilobriv inarCunebs zmnur ni-<br />
Sans: marTavs mxolod substantiur msazGvrels _ saxels (romelic<br />
momdinareobs zmnuri konstruqciis s u b i e q t i d a n<br />
_ qvemdebaridan) e r g a t i v S i (na<br />
nanas<br />
nas), zmnuri konstruqciis<br />
o b i e q t i (damateba) maƒ˜) masTan sazGvrulad daCndeba da<br />
ar aris marTuli mimGeobisagan: msazGvreli mimGeoba daqvemde-<br />
60
arebulia sazGvruli saxelisadmi, SeewKoba mas atributuli<br />
msazGvrelis formiT (ix. zemoT).<br />
aqac, SesitKvebaSi _ msazGvrel-sazGvruli, bacburisa-<br />
Tvis saerTo wesis Tanaxmad, m s a z G v r e l i m i m G e o b a<br />
pirvel adgil<br />
gilzea<br />
zea, sazGvruli saxeli _ meoreze (Te<br />
Tetun<br />
tun˜<br />
maƒ˜ `da<br />
dasay<br />
sayre<br />
reli<br />
puri<br />
ri~).<br />
II konstruqciaSi, _ maƒ˜<br />
Tetun<br />
tun˜<br />
nan, _ nan<br />
s a z G v r u l i a, a q t i u r i, zmnuri konstruqciidan.<br />
mimGeobas (Tetun˜) igi a q t i u r Sinaarss (myreli) aniyebs.<br />
msazGvreli mimGeoba ver marTavs Tavis s a z G v r u l s (nan<br />
nan).<br />
amave dros Tetun<br />
tun˜ sazGvrulia substantiuri msazGvrelisa<br />
(maƒ<br />
maƒ˜) da mas m a r T a v s s a x e l o b i T brunvaSi ise, rogorc<br />
saTanado zmnuri konstruqciis zmna. aqac substantiuri<br />
m s a z G v r e l i (maƒ<br />
maƒ˜) pirvel adgilzea, s a z G v r u l i<br />
mimGeoba (Te<br />
Tetun<br />
tun˜) _ meoreze, mas m o q m e d e b i T i gvaris<br />
(aqtiuri) mniSvneloba aqvs.<br />
m i m G e o b a inarCunebs s a x e l i s m a r T v i s<br />
z m n u r T v i s e b a s n a w i l o b r i v: erTi mxriv, rogorc<br />
sazGvruli, zmnis analogiurad, substantiur msazGvrels mar-<br />
Tavs brunvaSi, meore mxriv, sazGvruli misgan umarTavia, piriqiT,<br />
TviTon (mimGeoba) SeewKoba sazGvruls, rogorc atributuli<br />
msazGvreli.<br />
m e d e a s a G l i a n i<br />
ÙÄ/-ÙÄÍ/-ÙëÍ/-ÙÄÍÀ/-ÙëÍÀ/-ÙÄÍð/-ÙÄÍêÎ/-ÙÄÍì<br />
ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ<br />
ÅÀÒËÀÌ ÈÏ×ÖÒÉÀ ÓÅÀÍÖÒ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÄÁÆÄ ÌÓãÄËÏÁÉÓÀÓ ÂÀÌÏÚÏ×Ó<br />
ÒÀÌÃÄÍÉÌÄ ÂÀÖÒÊÅÄÅÄËÉ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÁÉÓ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÓ. ÄÓÄÍÉÀ: ÙÄÍ, ÄÍÂÉ,<br />
ÂÏÌÍì, ÌÉÒ ÃÀ àÖÒ.<br />
ÀÌãÄÒÀà ÜÅÄÍ ÛÄÅÄáÄÁÉÈ -ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÓ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÓÀÊÌÀÏÃ<br />
ÐÒÏÃÖØÔÉÖËÉÀ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ ÄÍÉÓ ÓÀÌ ÃÉÀËÄØÔÛÉ: ÁÀËÓÆÄÌÏÖÒÛÉ,<br />
ËÀÛáÖÒÓÀ ÃÀ ËÄÍÔÄáÖÒÛÉ ÃÀ, ÀÂÒÄÈÅÄ, ÜÏËÖÒÖË ÌÄÔÚÅÄËÄÁÀÛÉ,<br />
áÏËÏ ÁÀËÓØÅÄÌÏÖÒÛÉ ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖËÉ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉÓ áÌÀÒÄÁÀ ÀÒÝ<br />
61<br />
ÐÖÁËÉÊÀÝÉÄÁÛÉ ÃÀ ÀÒÝ ÈÀÍÀÌÄÃÒÏÅÄ ÝÏÝáÀË ÌÄÔÚÅÄËÄÁÀÛÉ ÀÒ<br />
ÃÀÂÅÉ×ÉØÓÉÒÄÁÉÀ.<br />
-ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ ÓáÅÀÃÀÓáÅÀ ÃÉÀËÄØÔÖÒ<br />
ÍÀÉÒÓÀáÄÏÁÄÁÓ ÉÞËÄÅÀ: (ÁÆ.) -ÙÄ 1 , (ÁÆ., ËÛá.) -ÙÄÍ, (ÁÆ., ËÛá., ÜÏË.)<br />
-ÙëÍ, -ÙëÍÀ, (ÁÆ., ØÓ.) -ÙÄÍÀ, (ÁÆ., ËÍÔ.) -ÙÄÍð, (ÜÏË.) -ÙÄÍêÎ, -ÙÄÍì.<br />
ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÝÍÏÁÉËÉÀ, ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÈÀ ÒÀÌÃÄÍÉÌÄ<br />
×ÖÍØÝÉÖÒ ãÂÖ×Ó ÂÀÌÏÚÏ×ÄÍ, ÒÏÌÄËÈÀ ÄÒÈ ÍÀßÉËÓ, ØÀÒÈÖËÉÓ<br />
ÌÓÂÀÅÓÀÃ, ÓÖ×ÉØÓÖÒÉ ÄËÄÌÄÍÔÉÓ ÓÀáÄ ÀØÅÓ, ÌÄÏÒÄ ÍÀßÉËÓ ÊÉ _<br />
ÃÀÌÏÖÊÉÃÄÁÄËÉ ÓÉÔÚÅÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÉÓÉÍÉ, ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÝÍÏÁÉËÉÀ, ÆÌÍÀÓÈÀÍÀÝ<br />
ÃÀÓÔÖÒÃÄÁÉÀÍ ÃÀ _ ÓÀáÄËÈÀÍÀÝ.<br />
-ÙÄ/-ÙÄÍ/-ÙëÍ/-ÙÄÍÀ/-ÙëÍÀ/-ÙÄÍð/-ÙÄÍêÎ/-ÙÄÍì ÈÀÍÀÌÄÃÒÏÅÄ<br />
ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ, ÄÒÈÉ ÛÄáÄÃÅÉÈ, ×ÖÍØÝÉÀÃÀÊÀÒÂÖËÉ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉÓ<br />
ÛÈÀÁÄàÃÉËÄÁÀÓ ÔÏÅÄÁÓ. ÉÂÉ ÂÀÌÏÉÚÄÍÄÁÀ ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÍÄÁÉÓÌÉÄÒÉ<br />
ÌÄÔÚÅÄËÄÁÉÓ ÍÀßÉËÈÀÍ (ÀÒÓÄÁÉÈÉ ÓÀáÄËÉ, ÆÄÃÓÀÒÈÀÅÉ ÓÀáÄËÉ,<br />
ÒÉÝáÅÉÈÉ ÓÀáÄËÉ, ÍÀÝÅÀËÓÀáÄËÉ, ÆÌÍÀ, ÆÌÍÉÆÄÃÀ, ÈÀÍÃÄÁÖËÉ,<br />
ÊÀÅÛÉÒÉ, ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ) 2 , ÀÓÄÅÄ ÓÀáÄËÆÌÍÀÓÈÀÍÀÝ (ÓÀßÚÉÓÈÀÍ ÃÀ<br />
ÌÉÌÙÄÏÁÀÓÈÀÍ). ÀÙÓÀÍÉÛÍÀÅÉÀ ÉÓÉÝ, ÒÏÌ ÜÀÄÒÈÅÉÓ ÆÌÍÉÓßÉÍÓÀ ÃÀ<br />
ÆÌÍÀÓ ÛÏÒÉÓÀÝ:<br />
1. ÀÒÓÄÁÉÈÉ ÓÀáÄËÉ + -ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ÌÀÂ.: ÁÆ. ÌÄÝØæÉËÓÙÄÍ<br />
ËÏáæÆéÆÉ! `ÌÏÃÉ ÃÀ ÌÏÝÉØÖËÓ ÂÀÅÖÂÆÀÅÍÉ"! ËÍÔ. ÌÉÛÂæÉ ÂæðÒ<br />
ÞÉÒÞæÄË ÂæðÒÙÄÍ ËÉ ÄÎ ÓÏ×ÄËÉÓÀ `ÜÄÌÉ ÂÅÀÒÉ ÞÉÒÞÅÄËÉ ÂÅÀÒÉÀ ÉÌ<br />
ÓÏ×ÄËÛÉ"...).<br />
2. ÆÄÃÓÀÒÈÀÅÉ ÓÀáÄËÉ + -ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ÌÀÂ.: ËÍÔ. ÀËÄ ÌðÃ<br />
ÌÀÊÖ, áÏÜÀÙÄÍ ðÌÉâÃ! `ÄÓ ÀÒ ÌÉÍÃÀ, ÄÒÈÉ ÊÀÒÂÉ (`ÊÀÒÂÉÙÀ")<br />
ÌÏÌÉÔÀÍÄ"! ÜÏË. áÏËÀÙÄÍ ÄÜáÉ ÄÈÉÔá! `ÀÁÀ, ÄÒÈÉ, ÝÖÃÉ ÉØÉÈ ÂÀßÉÄ<br />
(`ÃÀÉÁÒÖÍÄ")"!...).<br />
3. ÒÉÝáÅÉÈÉ ÓÀáÄËÉ + -ÙÄÍ/-ÙÄÍÀ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ÌÀÂ.: ËÍÔ.<br />
ÓÄÌÉÙÄÍ ÌðßæÄÍ! `ÀÁÀ, ÄÒÈÉ, ÓÀÌÉ (`ÓÀÌÉÙÀ") ÌÀÜÅÄÍÄ"! ÜÏË. ØÀ ÌÀßÄ<br />
ÄÛáÖÙÄÍÀ! `ÌÀÍÀáÄ, ÀÁÀ, ÄÒÈÉ"!...).<br />
4. ÍÀÝÅÀËÓÀáÄËÉ + -ÙÄ/-ÙÄÍ/-ÙëÍ/-ÙÄÍð ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ: À) ÐÉÒÉÓ<br />
ÍÀÝÅÀËÓÀáÄËÉ + -ÙÄÍ/-ÙÄÍÀ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ÁÆ. {ÁÀÐà áóØæÉÍ àÚÉÍÔÓ}:<br />
ÎÀÙÏ, ÓÉÙÄÍ ËðÃÉ ÌÉ ËðÌÌðÒãæ! `ÌÙÅÃÄËÌÀ ÖÈáÒÀ ÁÉàÓ: `ÀÁÀ, ÛÄÍ<br />
1<br />
ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖËÉ ÓÀÀÍÀËÉÆÏ ×ÏÒÌÀ Å. ÈÏ×ÖÒÉÀÓÀ ÃÀ Ì. ØÀËÃÀÍÉÓ `ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ<br />
ËÄØÓÉÊÏÍÉÓ" ÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈ ÉÂÉÅÄÀ, ÒÀÝ ÙÄÍ (Éá. ÂÅ. 793), ÈÖÌÝÀ ÓÀËÄØÓÉÊÏÍÏ ÓÔÀÔÉÀÛÉ<br />
(Éá. ÂÅ. 794) ÙÄ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ ÂÀÌÏÔÏÅÄÁÖËÉÀ. ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÜÀÍÓ, ÛÄÌÈáÅÄÅÉÈÀÀ ÂÀÌÏÒÜÄÍÉËÉ.<br />
2<br />
ÄÒÈÀÃÄÒÈ ÂÀÌÏÍÀÊËÉÓÓ ßÀÒÌÏÀÃÂÄÍÓ ÛÏÒÉÓÃÄÁÖËÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÈÀÍÀÝ ÅÄÒ<br />
ÃÀÅÀÃÀÓÔÖÒÄÈ.<br />
62
(`ÛÄÍÙÀ"), ÄÒÈÉ, ÃÙÄÓ ÌÄ ÃÀÌÄáÌÀÒÄ"!...), Á) ÜÅÄÍÄÁÉÈÉ ÍÀÝÅÀËÓÀáÄËÉ<br />
ÌÉÜ `ÌÀÓ" + ÍÀÔÅÒÉÈ-ÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÉÈÉ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ -Ö `ÌÝÀ" + ÍÀÔÅÒÉÈ-<br />
ÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÉÈÉ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ -ÖæÉ `ÌÝÀ" + ÓáÅÀÈÀ ÓÉÔÚÅÉÓ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ ÄÓÄÒ<br />
`-Ï-" + -ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ÁÆ. àÚÉÍÔà áóØæ: ÎÀÙÏ, ÌÉÜîæÉ ÄÓÄÒÙÄÍ<br />
ËÀáæëÌá! `ÁÉàÌÀ ÖÈáÒÀ: ÀÁÀ, ÄÒÈÉ, ÌÄÝ (`ÌÀÓÌÝÀÌÝÀÏÙÀ") ÌÏÌÄÝÉÈÏ<br />
(`ÌÉÓÝÄÓ")"!), Â) ÊÉÈáÅÉÈÉ ÍÀÝÅÀËÓÀáÄËÉ + -ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ËÛá.<br />
ÃëÓÀÌÀ áÏÌâÄÒêÍ, ÌÉÜ ÌêÎÙÄÍ áêÃÀá ÀËÎÀÒ `ÀÒÀ×ÄÒÉ ÉÝÏÃÀ<br />
(`ÂÀÄÂÄÁÏÃÀ"), ÌÉÓÈÅÉÓ (`ÌÀÓ") ÅÉÍ ÉÚÅÍÄÍ ÄÓÄÍÉ (`ÒÀÙÀ äØÏÍÃÀÈ<br />
ÄÓÄÍÉ")", Ã) ÊÉÈáÅÉÈÉ ÍÀÝÅÀËÓÀáÄËÉ + -ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ + æóÎ `-Ý"<br />
ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ÁÆ. ÌÉÍÖ ËéàðÈ ËÉá, ÄÜÎÀÒÄ ËÀßðÃÈÄ ÌíÃÄ ÀÜÄá, ÌóÙÄÍæóÎ<br />
ÄÓÄÒ ÀÌÈêÍðÒ ËÉá ÄãÎðÒ?! `ÜÅÄÍ (`ÈÅÉÈÏÍÌÝÀ") ÃÀßÚÄÅËÉËÉ ÅÉÚ-<br />
ÏÈ (`ÀÒÉÀÍ"), ÉÌÀÈ (`ÉÌÄÄÁÉ{Ó}") ÓÀÍÀáÀÅÀà ÈÖ ÀÒ ßÀÅÉÃÄÈ<br />
(`ßÀÅÉÃÍÄÍ"), ÀÌÉÓÈÀÍÄÁÉ ÅÉÍ (`ÒÀÙÀÌÝÀ") ÀÒÉÀÍ ÉÓÉÍÉ"?!), Ä) ÊÉÈá-<br />
ÅÉÈÉ ÍÀÝÅÀËÓÀáÄËÉ + ÓáÅÀÈÀ ÓÉÔÚÅÉÓ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ ËÏØ `-Ï" + -ÙÄÍ<br />
ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ËÛá. ÈÄÖÒ ÌêÒíËà ËëØæÄ: ÎÀÒ ËÏØÙÄÍ ËéÌêÒ ÀËÄ<br />
æÏãÀáÀÛÄÍÄÁÖË? `ÖÓÉÍÀÈËÏ ÊÀÝÌÀ ÈØÅÀ: `ÍÄÔÀ ÅÉÍ ÉÚÏÏ ÄÓ<br />
ÏãÀáÀÛÄÍÄÁÖËÉ"?), Å) ÊÉÈáÅÉÈÉ ÍÀÝÅÀËÓÀáÄËÉ + -ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ +<br />
æêÎ `-Ý" ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ + ÃÒÏÉÓ ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÉ ÜÉØÀ `ÃÒÏÓ" (ËÛá.<br />
ÌéÚÒíÍÔÀËÄ ÙÏÛà ËÉÔÄáÓ ÃÄÛÄÒ ÉÌâÄÒÉ, ÌÀÎÙÄÍæêÎ ÜÉØÀ ÔÄáÍÉá<br />
`ßÄÒÏÄÁÉÓ ÖÊÀÍ ÃÀÁÒÖÍÄÁÀÓ ÅÄÒÀÅÉÍ ÉÂÄÁÓ, ÈÖ ÒÀ (`ÒÀÙÀÌÝÀ") ÃÒÏÓ<br />
ÁÒÖÍÃÄÁÉÀÍ"...).<br />
5. ÆÌÍÉÓ ×ÖÞÄ + -ÙÄÍ/-ÙÄÍÀ/-ÙÄÍð ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ÁÆ. ÀÙÄÙÄÍð!<br />
`ßÀÌÏÃÉ (`ßÀÌÏÃÉÙÀ"), ÄÒÈÉ"!..): À) ÆÌÍÉÓ ×ÖÞÄ + ÓáÅÀÈÀ ÓÉÔÚÅÉÓ<br />
ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ -Éã `-ÌÄÈØÉ, -ÈØÏ" + -ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ...<br />
6. ÆÌÍÉÓßÉÍÉ (ÌÀÒÔÉÅÉ ÀÍ ÒÈÖËÉ) + -ÙÄÍ/-ÙÄÍÀ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ +<br />
ÆÌÍÉÓ ×ÖÞÄ (ÁÆ. ÑÉÙÄÍ ðáÌêÒðÍ! `ÌÏÃÉ ÃÀ ÌÏÄÌÆÀÃÄ"!..) : À)<br />
ÆÌÍÉÓßÉÍÉ + ÓáÅÀÈÀ ÓÉÔÚÅÉÓ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ ÄÓÄÒ `-Ï" + -ÙÄÍÀ + ÆÌÍÉÓ<br />
×ÖÞÄ (ÁÆ. ÀË áÄËßÉ×É ÂÄÆÀËà ÀÃàÊîÒÄ: ÜÖ ÄÓÄÒÙÄÍÀ ÀÊÒÄ ÀË<br />
ÏÈðáÉ ÚíÒÓ, ÌóÎ ÄÓÄÒ ìÒÉ, ìÒÉ `ÀÌ áÄËÌßÉ×ÉÓ ÛÅÉËÌÀ É×ÉØÒÀ:<br />
ÂÀÅÀÙÄÁÏ (`ÂÀ-À-ÊÀÒ-ÄÁ-Ó-Ï") ÀÌ ÏÈÀáÉÓ ÊÀÒÓ, ÒÀÝ ÉØÍÄÁÀ, ÉØÍÄÁÀÏ"...),<br />
Á) ÆÌÍÉÓßÉÍÉ + ÍÀÔÅÒÉÈ-ÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÉÈÉ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ -Öæ `ÌÝÀ" + -ÙÄÍ<br />
ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ÁÆ. ... ÆÖÒêËà áóØæ {ÀËÀÓ}: îÎ, ã'ëÓÄÒ ÚðáÁÀ, Ü'îæÙÄÍ<br />
ÄÓÄÒ ÄÓÂÄÍÄ, ÀÌÍÉóÍà ÄÓÄÒ Ìóæ áðÚÒÉÓ ÌÉÜ ÌÉÜÀ àÀÛæÄÌ! `ØÀËÌÀ ÖÈáÒÀ<br />
ÀÌÀÓ: ÅÖÉ, ÛÄ (`ÈÅÉÈÏÍÏ") ÊÀáÐÀÅ, ÌÏÉÝÀ (`ÃÀ-ÃÂ-À-ÌÝÀ-ÊÄÍ-Ï"),<br />
ÀÌÉÓÈÅÉÓ ÒÀ ÂÉØÍÀÓÏ (`ÃÀÌÀÒÈÏÓ") ÛÄÍ (`ÌÀÓ") ÜÄÌÌÀ (`ÌÉÓÌÀ")<br />
ÌÄÖÙËÄÌ (`ÊÀÝ-ÌÀ")"!...), Â) ÆÌÍÉÓßÉÍÉ + ÂÀÞËÉÄÒÄÁÉÈÉ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ -ÀÃ<br />
`ÊÉÃÄÅ, ÊÅËÀÅ" + -ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ÁÆ. {áæÄãÄà áóØæÉÍ ÀËÀÓ}: ÎÀÙÏ,<br />
63<br />
ÓÂ'êÃÙÄÍ ðÈÜÉáÍðÍ ÌëÒÌÀ áÏÒÄæÓ! `áÅÄãÄÌ ÖÈáÒÀ ÀÌÀÓ: ÀÁÀ, ÉÓÄÅ<br />
ÛÄÞÅÄÒÉ (`ÛÄ-Ä-Üá-ÉÒ-À") ÌÄÏÒÄ ÂÒÏÅÀÛÉ (`áÒÏÅÀ-Ó")"!...), Ã)<br />
ÆÌÍÉÓßÉÍÉ + ÍÀÔÅÒÉÈ-ÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÉÈÉ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ -Àæ `ÌÝÀ" + ÓáÅÀÈÀ<br />
ÓÉÔÚÅÉÓ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ ÄÓÄÒ `-Ï" + -ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ + ÆÌÍÉÓ ×ÖÞÄ (ÁÆ.<br />
ÌéáÌïÒÉà áÀÛÂæÌÉÍ: Ø'êæ ÄÓÄÒÙÄÍ ËÀáæëÌá! `ÌÄÙÏÒÄÌ ÓÈáÏÅÀ:<br />
ÌÏÌÄÝÉÈÏ (`ÌÉÓÝÄÓÌÝÀÏ"), ÄÒÈÉ"!...), Ä) ÆÌÍÉÓßÉÍÉ + ÍÀÔÅÒÉÈ-<br />
ÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÉÈÉ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ -Àæ `ÌÝÀ" + ÆÌÍÉÓ ×ÖÞÄ + -ÙÄÍÀ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ<br />
(ËÛá. ... ÌÀÒÈÀË ÌêÒíËà {áëØæ}: Ø'êæ ÏáâÉÃÙÄÍÀ ÂÏÁ `ÌÀÒÈÀËÌÀ<br />
ÊÀÝÌÀ ÖÈáÒÀ: ÀÁÀ, ÄÒÈÉ, ÂÏÁÉ ÂÀÌÏÌÉÔÀÍÄÏ"!...).<br />
7. ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÉ + -ÙÄÍ-/-ÙÄÍÀ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ: À) ÃÒÏÉÓ ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÉ + -<br />
ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ËÛá. ËÀÂæÀÍÉ ÓÂÏÁÍÄ ËÀÃÄÙ ÀÆÆÉá ÌéÁÑìÍêËÉÓ, ÄÒÄ<br />
Ñ'ÀáÌÄâÒÀËæÍÀá ÀÓÀÁÉÀÎÓ, ÛíÌêÎÙÄÍ áëÒÉá ËÀÂæÀÍ `ÂÀÓÅÄÍÄÁÉÓ ßÉÍÀ<br />
ÃÙÄÓ ÀÂÆÀÅÍÉÀÍ ÌÀÝÍÄÄÁÓ (`ÛÄÌÔÚÏÁÉÍÄÁÄËÓ"), ÒÏÌ ÂÀÀÂÄÁÉÍÏÍ<br />
ÍÀÈÄÓÀÏÁÀÓ (`ÀÓÀÁÉÀ-Ó"), ÈÖ ÒÏÃÉÓ ÄØÍÄÁÀÈ ÂÀÓÅÄÍÄÁÀ"), Á) ÀÃÂÉËÉÓ<br />
ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÉ + -ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ËÛá. ÉÌÈëÙÄÍ áêÒ ËëÆÉ, ÄÜÀ ÌêÌ áÏáÀË<br />
`ÓÀà (`ÓÀÉÈÊÄÍÙÀ") ÖÍÃÀ ßÀÅÉÃÄÓ (`ÀØÅÓ ÓÀÅÀËÉ"), ÉÓ (`ÉÌÉÓÉ") ÀÒ<br />
ÉÝÉÓ"...), Â) ÊÉÈáÅÉÈÉ ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÉ + -ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ËÛá. ÌÉÜÀ ÌÖ<br />
ÉÌÑìÎÙÄÍ ÀÈæÀ×, ÀËÄ ÜÖ áÀáËëÍÀ (ËÛá., ÓÅ. ÐÒÏÆ., ÂÅ. 62:14)<br />
`ÌÀÌÀÌÉÓÉ ÒÏÂÏÒ ÃÀÉÊÀÒÂÀ, ÄÓ ÓÝÏÃÍÉÀ"...), Â) ÌÉÌÀÒÈÄÁÉÈÉ ÆÌÍÉÓ-<br />
ÀÒÈÉ + -ÙÄÍ/-ÙÄÍÀ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ÁÆ. {ÀÌÍëÌ áóØæ}: ÄÜìÛ ÃëÓÀÌÀ ÌÉáë,<br />
ÉÓÂæÀ ØÄÓóÛ, ÉÌæóÎÙÄÍ ãÉÒÉ `ÀÌÀÍ ÖÈáÒÀ: ÌÉÓÉ ÀÒÀ×ÄÒÉ ÀÒ ÅÉÝÉ, Ä,<br />
ÛÄÍÉ ØÉÓÉÓ, ÓÀà (`ÓÀÃÙÀÝÀ") ÂÀØÅÓ (`ÂÚÀÅÓ")", ËÛá. ÀÍâÀà ÉÌáÄÍìÙÄÍ<br />
{ÀËÄ} `ÓÀÉÃÀÍÙÀÝ ÌÏÅÉÃÀ ÄÓ"...), Ã) ÂÀÍÖÓÀÆÙÅÒÄËÏÁÉÈÉ ÆÌÍÉÓ-<br />
ÀÒÈÉ + -ÙÄÍ/-ÙÄÍÀ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ËÛá. ÀÌÄÑÉ ÀÌÊÀËÉÁ ÀÒÀÊÓ êÌÁæÉá: ÄÛáÖ<br />
ËÏØ {ÌÖáæÁÄ} ÜæÄÌÓÄà ÉÌëÎÙÄÍ ÛÃêÛæà `ÀÌÀÆÄ ÀÓÄÈ ÀÒÀÊÓ ÚÅÄÁÉÀÍ:<br />
ÄÒÈÉ ÞÌÀ ÃÀÒÜÀÏ ÓÀÃÙÀÝ ÌÀÒÔÏ"...).<br />
ÓÅÀÍÖÒ ÓÀÀÍÀËÉÆÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀÆÄ ÃÀÊÅÉÒÅÄÁÀÌ ÂÅÉÜÅÄÍÀ, ÒÏÌ -æêËÄ,<br />
-ÌÏÛ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÒÃÀ ÂÀÍÖÓÀÆÙÅÒÄËÏÁÉÈÉ ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÉÓ<br />
ÌÉÓÀÙÄÁÀà -ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉÝ ÂÀÌÏÉÚÄÍÄÁÀ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÓÉÔÚÅÀÓ ÌÄÔ ÄØÓÐ-<br />
ÒÄÓÉÖËÏÁÀÓ ÀÍÉàÄÁÓ.<br />
8) ÈÀÍÃÄÁÖËÉÀÍÉ ÓÀáÄËÉ + -ÙÄÍ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ: À) ÈÀÍÃÄÁÖËÉÀÍÉ<br />
ÓÀáÄËÉ + ÓáÅÀÈÀ ÓÉÔÚÅÉÓ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ ÄÓÄÒ `-Ï" + -ÙÄÍ/-ÙÄÍÀ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ<br />
(ÁÆ. ÄÜØÀ ÒÏÓÔÏÌà áóØæ {ÀËÀÓ}: ë, ÞÖÙæÀÈ'ëÓÄÒÙÄÍ ÍíÓêæ<br />
ÏÈÊæÀÒÀ, ÀÃÏ áÌÄËëÈÓ ÄÓÄÒ ãÀÎ Ñ'ðÍÌðÒÂÉ `ÌÀÛÉÍ ÒÏÓÔÏÌÌÀ ÖÈáÒÀ<br />
ÀÌÀÓ: Ä, ÍÄÔÀÅÉ ÆÙÅÀÛÉ ÀÒ (`ÍÖ-ÌÝÀ") ÂÀÃÀÌÀÂÃÏÓÏ (`ÂÀÃÀÖÂÃÉÀ"),<br />
ÈÏÒÄÌ áÌÄËÄÈÆÄ ÌÄÝ (`ÈÅÉÈÏÍÀÝ") ÅÉÅÀÒÂÄÁÏ"), Á) ÈÀÍÃÄÁÖËÉÀÍÉ<br />
ÓÀáÄËÉ + -ÙÄÍ/-ÙÄÍÀ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ + ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ æðÎ `-Ý".<br />
64
9. ÊÀÅÛÉÒÉ + -ÙÄÍ/-ÙëÍ/-ÙÄÍÀ/-ÙÄÍð ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ.<br />
10. ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ + -ÙÄÍ/-ÙëÍ/-ÙÄÍÀ/-ÙÄÍð ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ.<br />
11. ÓÀáÄËÆÌÍÀ (ÌÀÓÃÀÒÉ ÀÍ ÌÉÌÙÄÏÁÀ) + -ÙÄÍ/-ÙëÍ/-ÙÄÍÀ<br />
ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ (ÁÆ. ...ÌÉÜÀ æðÆÒðËÓ áóØæ {áÄËßÉ×Ã}: ÄãÀ ÌêÃÄÎ<br />
ËÉÚÒÖËÙÄÍ ÏËÁÉÍÀà ÂÖÛÂæÄÎ ËÀÜêÑìÒÓ `ÈÀÅÉÓ (`ÌÉÓ") ÅÄÆÉÒÄÁÓ<br />
ÖÈáÒÀ áÄËÌßÉ×ÄÌ: ÉÓ ÊÉ ÀÒÀ ÃÀ ÃÀÒÀãÏÁÀ (`ÚÀÒÀÖË-ÏÁ-À")<br />
ÃÀÅÖßÚÏÈ ÜÅÄÍÓ ÈÀÅËÀÓ") ÃÀ À. Û.<br />
ÜÅÄÍÉ ÃÀÊÅÉÒÅÄÁÉÈ, -ÙÄ/-ÙÄÍ/-ÙëÍ/-ÙÄÍÀ/-ÙëÍÀ/-ÙÄÍð/-ÙÄÍêÎ/-<br />
ÙÄÍì ÍÀßÉËÀÊÓ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ, ÄÒÈÉ ÛÄáÄÃÅÉÈ, ÂÀÀÜÍÉÀ ÒÀÌÃÄÍÉÌÄ<br />
×ÖÍØÝÉÀ, ÊÄÒÞÏÃ, ÉÂÉ ÂÀÌÏÉÚÄÍÄÁÀ ÂÀÍÖÓÀÆÙÅÒÄËÏÁÉÈÉ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉÓ<br />
×ÖÍØÝÉÉÈ, ÂÅÉÜÅÄÍÄÁÓ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÖËÄÁÀÓ ÃÀ ÌÀÓÈÀÍ ÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÖË<br />
ÓÉÔÚÅÀÓ ÈÉÈØÏÓ ÌÄÔ ÄØÓÐÒÄÓÉÖËÏÁÀÓ ÀÍÉàÄÁÓ. ÈÖÌÝÀ, ÖÍÃÀ ÉÈØÅÀÓ,<br />
ÒÏÌ ÌÉÓÉ ÐÉÒÅÀÍÃÄËÉ ×ÖÍØÝÉÀ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ ÓáÅÀ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÄÁÈÀÍ<br />
ÛÄÃÀÒÄÁÉÈ ÛÄÓÖÓÔÄÁÖËÉÀ ÃÀ ÖÌÄÔÄÓ ÛÄÌÈáÅÄÅÀÛÉ ÊÏÍÔÄØÓÔÉÓ<br />
ÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈÀÝ ÊÉ àÉÒÓ ÓÀÀÍÀËÉÆÏ ËÄØÓÄÌÉÓ ×ÖÍØÝÉÉÓ ÂÀÒÊÅÄÅÀ.<br />
ÒÀÝ ÛÄÄáÄÁÀ ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖËÉ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉÓ ßÀÒÌÏÌÀÅËÏÁÀÓ, ÛÄÓÀÞËÏÀ,<br />
ÛÄÌÏÓÖËÉ ÉÚÏÓ ØÀÒÈÖËÉÃÀÍ (ÛÃÒ. ØÀÒÈÖËÉ ÄÍÉÓ ÃÉÀËÄØÔÄÁÛÉ<br />
ÂÀÅÒÝÄËÄÁÖËÉ ÖÞÅÄËÄÓÉ ÍÀßÉËÀÊÉ -ÚÄ/-ÚÄÍ) ÀÍËÀÖÔÛÉ Ù/Ú ÈÀÍáÌÏÅ-<br />
ÀÍÈÌÏÍÀÝÅËÄÏÁÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÀÃ.<br />
m u r m a n s u x i S v i l i<br />
pirdapiri obieqtis mravlobiTobis<br />
sufiqsis Sesaxeb zmnaTa erT JgufSi<br />
Zvel qarTulSi gamoiyofa zmnaTa erTi jgufi, romelTac<br />
SesityvebaSi pirdapiri damateba ar eZebneba, zmnis morfologia<br />
ki II seriis mwkrivebSi pirdapiri obieqtis mravlobiTobas<br />
migvaniSnebs. aseTi zmnebia: Sexed-n-a (moxed-n-a, STaxed-n-a...),<br />
ganicin-n-a, ganiRim-n-a, Semog‚Wurit-n-a, aRmoiWurit-n-a, imuxln-a...,<br />
iy‚r-n-a, ikrxial-n-a, ikrCxial-n-a, aRimRer-n-a, aRiyef-n-a...<br />
ra Tqma unda, paralelurad es zmnebi gvxvdeba n-s gare-<br />
Sec: ganicina, ganiRima... dasaxelebuli zmnebiT nagulisxmevi<br />
65<br />
moqmedebani adamianis (an cxovelis) somatur organoTa (Tvali,<br />
bage, piri, muxli...) saTanado funqcias afiqsirebs.<br />
mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis azriT (a. SaniZe, arn. Ciqobava,<br />
ant. kiziria, i. imnaiSvili...), pirdapiri damatebis arqona am<br />
rigis zmnaTa SesityvebaSi meoreulia.<br />
msgavsi semantikis zmnaTa analogiiT (mag., aRixilna Tualni...),<br />
Sexed-n-a, SemoguWurit-n-a zmnaTa SesityvebaSi pirdapir<br />
obieqtad aseve Tual<br />
alni<br />
aRdgeba: Sexed-n-a, SemoguWurit-n-a<br />
*Tualn-i (Sdr., Zv. qarT. saxedveli `Tvali~ i. abulaZe, 1973).<br />
aseTi aRdgenis realurobas zogjer konteqstic adasturebs:<br />
`a R i x i l n a nikon Tual<br />
alni<br />
da m i x e d n a m.cx. 257,11 (v. imnaiSvili,<br />
1975, 425). ganiRimna, ganicinna zmnebis SesityvebaSi<br />
SesaZlo pirdapir obieqtad b a g e n i ivaraudeba (sarjvelaZe,<br />
1982, 555 1 , v. imnaiSvili, 1975, 425). am varaudis semantikuri<br />
argumentaciisaTvis mniSvnelovania s i c i l i s a da R i m i l i s<br />
sabaseuli ganmarteba: s i c i l i ... ganyofani sicilTani ese<br />
ars: R i m i l i ars sicili simSvidiT, uƒmo, bage<br />
geTa<br />
oden Seetyobodes;<br />
s i c i l i ars mcired ƒmiani da mdabali~, Rim-Rimi<br />
`pi<br />
piris<br />
Secinili~... sicilisa da Rimilis procesebSi piris, bageebis<br />
monawileobas Zv. qarTulis saTanado konteqstebic<br />
adasturebs: m R i m v a r i T a p i r i T a etyoda duksa (pat. I, 83-<br />
45); b a g i s - y o f a dacinva, `kicxeva~ bages-moyofden me O, _<br />
mekicxviden me pb (ierem. 38, 19) (abulaZe, 1973).<br />
bunebrivia, imuƒl-n-a zmnisaTvis pirdapir damatebad aseve<br />
somaturi saxeli m u ƒ l i igulisxmeba: `xolo igi mivida sakurTxevlad,<br />
i m u ƒ l n a da mun dasTxia sisxli T‚si~ (klarj.<br />
mr. 1991, 357); Sdr., i m u ƒ l n a (mrk. 10,17) C m u ƒ l n i d a -<br />
i d g n a DE (am da msgavsi faqtebis sxvagvari gaazrebisaTvis ix.<br />
l. nozaZe, 1974, gv. 51; 2005. gv. 228).<br />
gansxvavebuli viTareba gvaqvs `xmianobis~ gamomxatvel<br />
zmnebSi i k r C x i a l n a , a R i y e f n a , i y ‚ r n a da a.S. rogorc<br />
mxolobiT, aseve mravlobiT ricxvSi dasmuli pirdapiri damatebis<br />
aRdgena SesityvebaSi am semantikis zmnaTa morfologiiT<br />
SeuZlebeli ar aris, magram bevr kiTxvas aCens. Sdr.: `aRi<br />
aRiyuv<br />
yuv-<br />
66
la yovelman erTbaSad R a R a d e b a didi da Zlieri~ (isu n.<br />
6,20 G). `didad r a m e aRmoifS<br />
ifS‚nna<br />
nna. erTgzis xolo, da misca<br />
wmida suli T‚si wmidaTa angelozTa~ (cx. g. mTawm. 397,14).<br />
ganxilul zmnaTa SesityvebebSi pirdapiri damatebis<br />
odindeli arsebobis erTgvar sakontrolo saSualebad SeiZleba<br />
gamodges sagulvebeli pirdapiri damatebis nacvlad SesityvebaSi<br />
amave fuZis moqmedebiTbrunviani substitutis Canacvlebac<br />
(suxiSvili, 2007, 31-32): m o x e d n a (ricxv. 16,5), Sdr.,<br />
m o x e d n a T u a l i T a (lim. 115,9); `da movides igini misa parexsa<br />
mas da i k r x i a l n a mwared~ (parxl. mravalT. 324 v, 28-<br />
30 b); Sdr., `i k r x i a l n a ƒ m i T a maRliTa, vidremde mSobel-<br />
Taca misTa ganuk‚rda~ [iqve 327 v, 10-12 b] (sarjvelaZe, 1995)...<br />
gamoricxuli ar aris, rom `xmianobis~ aRmniSvnel zmneb-<br />
Si -n gviandeli CanarTi iyos. es -n mogviano xanis ZeglebSic<br />
dasturdeba: i y v i r n a (q. cx. II 88,20). a R i z a x n e s (q. cx. II<br />
249,5), d a i y v i r n a (rusud. 44, 8)... sayuradReboa, rom amgvar<br />
zmnebTan Sexamebuli gansazRvrebis tipis saxelebi mravlobiT<br />
ricxvSi dganan da zmnasTan erTad moqmedebis intensivobis<br />
funqcias gamoxataven: d a i y v i r n a s a z a r e l n i man<br />
devman (rusud. 56, 34-35), zav d i d n i d a i W e x n a (rusud.<br />
124, 35) da sxv.<br />
baSi da, meore mxriv, ara nawilakisa (resp. sada<br />
nacvalsaxelis)<br />
urTierTobaSi zmnaTa formebTan: Zv. qarTulSi bunebrivia<br />
msazGvrel-sazGvrulis /kacisa Ze/ tipi; iqve uzmniswino da<br />
zmniswinian formaTa win erTnairad ixmareboda ara (resp.<br />
sada). am wesTa mixedviT Tanamedrove qarTuli arsebiTad ganxsvavdeba<br />
Zveli qarTulisagan.<br />
axal qarTulSi delimitaciis unari SeiZines zmniswinebmac<br />
da koneqciuri kategoriebis mawarmoeblebmac: ara (resp. sa-<br />
da) dauSvebelia zmniswinTa win, agreTve gvaris, qcevis, kauzaciis<br />
da situaciis mawarmoebel prefiqsTa win: bunebrivia /ar<br />
dawers/, arabunebrivia /ara dawers/, bunebrivia /ar exmareba/,<br />
arabunebrivia /ara daexmareba/ da sxv.<br />
axal qarTulSi delimitaciis unari SeiZina -a sufiqsma<br />
saxelTa bolos micemiT, naTesaobiT, moqmedebiT da viTarebiT<br />
brunvebSi, moTxrobiT brunvaSic. Tu saxeli xmovanfuZiania:<br />
bunebrivia /Zmasa hkiTxa/, arabunebrivia /Zmasa gamohkiTxa/ _<br />
zmniswinTa win dauSvebelia gavrcobili formebi.<br />
delimitaciuri unaris qona-arqona vlindeba Txzul saxelTa<br />
formebSic imave wesiT, ra wesic moqmedebs ara nawilakis<br />
damoukideblad xmarebisas. Zvel qarTulSi gvaqvs ramdenime<br />
gamonaklisi (a r c a, a r G a, Sdr. arave), rac aixsneba sxva wes-<br />
Ta gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
T e d o u T u r g a i Z e<br />
delimitaciuri sistemis CamoKalibebisaTvis qarTulSi<br />
(ara nawilakis mixedviT)<br />
Zveli qarTulis sintagmebSi emfatikur xmovansa da<br />
zmniswinebs, agreTve koneqciuri kategoriis mawarmoeblebs Jer<br />
kidev ara hqondaT delimitaciis unari, rac kargad Cans, erTi<br />
mxriv, substantiuri msazGvrelisa da sazGvrulis urTierTo-<br />
r o s t o m f a r e u l i Z e<br />
piris niSanTa warmomavlobisaTvis qisturSi<br />
1. naxur enaTa zmnaSi, rogorc specialuri literaturidan<br />
aris cnobili, piris formaTa gasarCev ZiriTad saSualebebad<br />
gamoKofilia: pirTa nacvalsaxelebis gamoKeneba piris niSnebad<br />
(wovaTuSurSi), sxvadasxva drouli formebis gamoKeneba<br />
(CeCnuri enis qisturi dialeqti), gramatikuli klas-kategori-<br />
67<br />
68
is niSanTa gamoKeneba (CeCnuri enis zogi dialeqti, inguSuri<br />
ena) (d. imnaiSvili).<br />
2. qisturi dialeqti pirebs ganarCevs mxolod gardamavali<br />
zmnis awmKosa da namKo uwKvetlis formebSi, kerZod, I da II<br />
pirTa saziaro forma upirispirdeba III piris formas. Sdr.:<br />
inf. m a l a ¹ `daleva~, awmKo: I da II p. m e l ( - e), II p. m o l ( - o)...<br />
3. piris niSnebad pirTa nacvalsaxelebis gamoKeneba ar<br />
aris wovaTuSuris Tavisebureba. piris nacvalsaxelTa (garkveul<br />
poziciasa da fonetikuri procesebis Semdeg) gamoKeneba<br />
piris niSnebad Cveulebrivia qistur dialeqtSic. am mxriv maT<br />
Soris gansxvaveba umniSvneloa.<br />
4. piris nacvalsaxelTa zmnasTan SerwKmis Sedegad<br />
warmoiqmneba piris niSnebi. qisturSi zmnis droul formebs<br />
erwKmian CV struqturis piris nacvalsaxelebi, ris Sedegadac<br />
ikargeba nacvalsaxelis xmovniTi nawili. aGsaniSnavia, rom CV<br />
struqturaSi xmovani unda iKos sada, martivi. aseTi struqturisaa<br />
qisturSi I da II piris nacvalsaxelebi (I piris inkl.<br />
formis gamoklebiT) saxelobiTsa da naTesaobiTSi (naT-is<br />
formantis Cavardnis Sedegad). garda amisa, amave struqturisaa,<br />
agreTve, II piris nacvalsaxeli ergativSi (Sdr., qisturi<br />
»a, salt. CeCnuri »ah´, `Sen~).<br />
5. moxsenebaSi ganxilulia qistur zmnaSi piris kategoriis<br />
sakiTxis Sesaxeb specialur literaturaSi arsebuli Sexedulebebi.<br />
gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom qisturSi, wovaTuSuris<br />
msgavsad, piris kategoria ukve CamoKalibebulia.<br />
am fuZis zanur Sesatyvisad migvaCnia forx(v)-ia<br />
ia: 1. `dafexvili,<br />
davardnili (avadmyofobiT), orive fexiT koWli~ (o.<br />
qajaia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni). 2. zogi mTqmelis ganmartebiT,<br />
forxvia<br />
aris nebismieri oda saxli. zogis TqmiT,<br />
forxvia<br />
daZvelebuli, waqcevis piras misuli saxlia, ityvian<br />
Raribul saxlzec.<br />
forxvia<br />
gvxvdeba zmnur formaSic: ako-forx<br />
forx-ua<br />
`dafexva,<br />
daCaCanakeba~, es Ziri warmodgenilia mimReobaSic: ako-<br />
forxv-il<br />
il-i `dafexvili, daCaCanakebuli~.<br />
svanurSi dasturdeba lˆforx-al<br />
al-e || l-forx<br />
forx-al<br />
al-e<br />
`zereled aSenebuli~ (masala mogvawoda medea saRlianma).<br />
Cveni azriT, es leqsema svanurSi megrulidan unda iyos<br />
Sesuli, vinaidan, s.q. a-s Sesatyvisad svanurSi o araa mosalodneli,<br />
s.q. ƒ ki ucvlelad unda gadasuliyo.<br />
2. s .q. Txe…-, qarT. Txev-l-a `Tevzaoba~; m-Txev<br />
Txev-l-ar<br />
ar-i<br />
|| me-sa<br />
sa-Txev<br />
Txev-l-e `meTevze, monadire~; sa-Txev<br />
Txev-el<br />
el-i `bade~.<br />
es Ziri samecniero literaturaSi (n. mari, g. klimovi)<br />
dakavSirebulia svanur TxŠ- || Tx… ZirTan. x-eTxŠ<br />
eTxŠ-l-i `eZebs~,<br />
li-TxŠ<br />
TxŠ-li<br />
`Zebna~, an-TxŠ<br />
`moZebna~; me-Tx<br />
Tx…-ðr `monadire~,<br />
la-Tx<br />
Tx…-ð `sanadiro~.<br />
g. klimovs qarTul-zanuri erTianobis xanisaTvis aRudgenia<br />
*Txe<br />
Txe…l- arqetipi. Cveni azriT, s.q. Txe…- Ziris Sesatyvisi<br />
unda iyos zanuri Txil-. megr. Txil-ua<br />
`darajoba, mwyemsva,<br />
Tvalyuris devneba, mofrTxileba~. ma-Txil<br />
Txil-ar<br />
ar-i || ma-Txil<br />
Txil-e<br />
`mcveli, mwyemsi~; o-T-xil<br />
xil-ar<br />
ar-i `sacavi, Tvalyuris sadevnebeli~.<br />
n a T i a f o n i a v a<br />
ori saerToqarTveluri ZirisaTvis<br />
1. qarTuli enis imerxeul dialeqtSi dasturdeba farƒ-<br />
iel-i `sabZlis wina nawili, gadaxuruli~ (S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis<br />
qarTuli).<br />
69<br />
n a T e l a q u T e l i a<br />
fone<br />
neti<br />
tika<br />
ka-fo<br />
fono<br />
nolo<br />
logi<br />
giis is sagnis SesaS<br />
saxeb<br />
XX saukunem gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa lingvistikis<br />
rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi. swored man gansazRvra ena,<br />
rogorc sakuTriv lingvistikis obieqti, Tavis srul da mravalmxriv<br />
ganzomilebaSi.<br />
70
`fonemis~ da `morfemis~, rogorc abstraqtul erTeul-<br />
Ta, axleburma gagebam saSualeba misca lingvistebs Seiswavlon<br />
enaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva ierarqiuli doneebi. `fonema~ da<br />
`morfema~, rogorc enis ierarqiuli erTeulebi, qmnian realur<br />
enobriv struqturebs enobrivi ierarqiis sxvadasxva doneze,<br />
romelTa urTierTmimarTeba ayalibebs enas rogorc sistemas<br />
mTlianobaSi.<br />
humanitaruli mimarTulebis arc erT dargs ara aqvs ise-<br />
Ti zusti meTodebi, rogorc enaTmecnierebas. imis mixedviT,<br />
Tu rogorc ganviTardeba enobriv movlenaTa mecnieruli sistematizacia,<br />
misi albaTobis xarisxi miT ufro TvalsaCino iqneba<br />
ierarqiul doneTa erTeulebis sintagmaturi mimarTebani,<br />
romlebic ayalibeben enas mTlianobaSi _ rogorc diaqroniuli,<br />
ase sinqroniul WrilSi.<br />
mecniereba enis Sesaxeb ise, rogorc yvela sxva mecniereba,<br />
dogmaTa sistema ar aris, vinaidan meTodebi icvleba. `fonema~<br />
sametyvelo bgeraa, is realurad arsebobs da enaTmecnierebis<br />
Seswavlis sagans warmoadgens. enaSi, rogorc sistemaSi,<br />
Tanamoqmedebs bgeris fizikur-akustikuri substancia da funqcia.<br />
substanciisa da funqciis organuli Serwymis safuZvelzea<br />
SesaZlebeli enis sxvadasxva ierarqiul doneTa Tanamoqmedeba,<br />
amaSi mdgomareobs `fonemis~, rogorc abstraqtuli er-<br />
Teulis, axleburi gageba da ara fonetikisa da fonologiis<br />
dapirispirebaSi, rogorc es n. trubeckoisTan gvaqvs (arn. Ciqobava).<br />
`fonologia rogorc saenaTmecniero disciplina swavlobs<br />
sametyvelo bgeras anu fonemas sityvaTganmasxvaveblobi-<br />
Ti funqciis TvalsazrisiT, gamodis ra misi (fonemis) akustikur-fiziologiuri<br />
raobidan~ (g. axvlediani).<br />
fonema abstraqcia ar aris am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT.<br />
imaves amtkiceben `funqcionaluri fonetikis~ rogorc<br />
fonetikis axali mimarTulebis Casaxvis da Teoriis Camoyalibebis<br />
pionerebi: p. uslari, i. boduen de kurtene, n. kruSevski,<br />
l. SCerba, mogvianebiT, g. axvlediani da a. martine.<br />
lingvistikis sauniversiteto kursebSi TiTqmis damkvid-<br />
71<br />
rda termini _ `fonetika-fonologia~. vfiqrob, amTaviTve unda<br />
ganixilebodes problema: aris es terminTa dapirispireba,<br />
Tu arsebiTad erTi da igivea _ rasakvirvelia, erTi da igivea,<br />
vinaidan igulisxmeba sametyvelo anu socialurad Rirebuli<br />
bgeris Seswavlis ori aspeqti: fizikuri (artikulaciur-akustikuri)<br />
da funqcionaluri (socialuri), rac Tavis mxriv Seicavs:<br />
koartikulacias da masTan dakavSirebul Sida da gare<br />
`sandhis kanonTa~ gamovlenas da am kanonTa moqmedebis Sedegs;<br />
fonetikur tendenciebs, romelTa qronologia da dinamika<br />
scildeba koartikulaciur qmedebaTa sferos da globaluria<br />
enisTvis, rac aisaxeba kidec paradigmatul sistemebSi da fonematur<br />
struqturebSi; ekonomiis principi (a. martine) da<br />
fonetikuri cvlilebebi; fonematuri sistemis diaqroniuli<br />
transformacia; fonotaqtika; universaluri fonetikuri kanonebi<br />
da maTi SezRudva droiTa da sivrciT; sxva kanonis Careva<br />
da kanonis reinterpretacia; da bolos _ gansazRvravs Tu ara<br />
fiikuri da funqcionaluri aspeqtebis TanaJamieri moqmedeba<br />
enis fonemur da morfologiur doneTa modelis Camoyalibebas.<br />
m i x e i l q u r d i a n i<br />
kaxi<br />
xiane<br />
nebis gvaris warmomav<br />
mavlo<br />
lobi<br />
bisa<br />
saTvis<br />
72<br />
kaxianebis sagvareulo saqarTveloSi, balszemoTa svaneT-<br />
Si _ mulaxis qveynis (resp. Temis) muJalis mxaris (mdinare<br />
mulxras marcxena napiri) sofel JabeSSi saxlobs.<br />
kaxianTa gvaris warmomadgenlebi XIV saukunidan moixsenebian<br />
wyaroebSi (mag.: XIV-XV ss. bin[de] kaxiani damowmebulia ,<br />
rogorc `mouravi~ anu mediatori; XV s. babonai kaxiani damowmebulia<br />
sabuTSi, rogorc mowme; XV-XVI ss. Zviad kaxiani damowmebulia<br />
rogorc `mowme~ da sxv. ix. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeg-
lebi, t. I, Tbilisi: `mecniereba~, 1986). Tumca, es wyaroebi ZiriTadad<br />
mestiuria da ara mulaxuri, magram amaSi araCveulebrivi<br />
araferia, amave dokumentebSi sxva mulax-muJaluri gvarebic<br />
gvxvdeba. saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi (Tbilisi, samtredia,<br />
quTaisi...) kaxianis gvaris xalxi swored JabeSidan aris gansaxlebuli.<br />
mulaxSi arsebuli gadmocemis Tanaxmad, kaxianebis sagvareulo<br />
arahomogenuria da or Semadgenels Seicavs: pirveli<br />
kaxianebi Zirad qaSagebi anu Cerqezebi // adiRebi yofilan da<br />
`kesaris~ dros (svanurSi kesar<br />
aRniSnavs zogadad `did mefes~,<br />
`mefeT-mefes~) dasaxlebulan muJalSi (m. qurdianis etimologiiT:<br />
muJa<br />
Jali<br />
igive Ziria, rac qarTuli mzvare<br />
da zanuri<br />
mJora<br />
da niSnavs `mziur adgils~). muJalelTa mier monaTesave<br />
qaSagTa, romlebsac qarTveluri tomebi aRiqvamdnen `Tvisad~<br />
da ara `ucxod~, didi da Zlieri ojaxebis TavisTan Casaxleba<br />
da Temis wevrebad miReba mulaxelebTan tradiciul qiSpobaSi<br />
sakuTari poziciebis gamagrebis surviliT unda yofiliyo<br />
nakarnaxevi.<br />
gvarsaxel kaxi<br />
xiani<br />
ni-s etimologiac adiRur (Cerqezul) eTnonims<br />
kax½ unda ukavSirdebodes. am saxeliT sxva Cerqezuli<br />
tomebi moixseneben qvemo adiRelebs anu sakuTriv adiRelebs<br />
(Ziri Wax½ <br />
WiSx; *kaC- WS da sxv.) aseve adiReur enas, oRond Tu svanurSi<br />
es fonetikuri procesi dRemokle aRmoCnda da paradigma srulad<br />
ver moicva, adiReurSi is sistemurad realizda. kax-<br />
( W procesi svanurSi aRar, adiReurSi<br />
ki jer kidev ar moqmedebda. svanuri gvari Wexa<br />
xani<br />
ni, ki gaformda<br />
mogvianebiT, maSin, rodesac adiReurSi palatalizacia<br />
k > W ukve funqcionirebda.<br />
m e d e a R l o n t i<br />
ufali da Tavi<br />
visu<br />
sufa<br />
fali<br />
1. ufal-is leqsikur-semantikur budeSi Tavmoyrili as<br />
ocdaaTamde leqsikuri erTeuli moicavs oTx aTeulamde semantikur<br />
vels da, mTlianobaSi, urTierdapirispirebul paradigmas<br />
Seadgens: erTi mxriv _ `sa<br />
sakuT<br />
kuTriv RmerTis<br />
Tis, yove<br />
veli<br />
live ze-<br />
74
ciuri<br />
risa da masTan dakav<br />
kavSi<br />
Sire<br />
rebu<br />
bulis<br />
lis~ aRmniSvnelni da, meore<br />
mxriv _ `ma<br />
maRa<br />
Rali wode<br />
debis adami<br />
mianis<br />
nis, Zala<br />
lauf<br />
ufle<br />
lebis<br />
bis, pati<br />
tivi<br />
visa<br />
da qone<br />
nebis mflo<br />
lobe<br />
belis<br />
lis~ aRmniSvnelni.<br />
2. ufal-is leqsikur-semantikuri budis kuTvnilebaa zemoxsenebuli<br />
paradigmis miRma STenili `Tavisufalis~ (Tavisufali,<br />
uuflo, T‚Tmflobeli, T‚TmflobelobiTi, umeufeo,<br />
nebebiTi, nebieri, T‚Tƒelmwife, aznauri, azati, Tarxani) da<br />
`Ta<br />
Tavi<br />
visuf<br />
sufle<br />
lebis<br />
bis~ (T‚Tmflobeloba, T‚Tƒelmwifeba, aznaureba,<br />
aznaurobiTi) semantikuri velebi.<br />
gamWvirvale Sedgenilobis kompozitebis Tavis<br />
vis-ufa<br />
ufali<br />
da<br />
Tavis<br />
vis-uf<br />
ufle<br />
leba<br />
semantika dReisaTvis umTavresad adamianis (aseve<br />
sagnis an movlenis) fizikuri, xorcieli mdgomareobisa Tu vi-<br />
Tarebis WrilSi ganixileba (ix. qegl-i). Zvel qarTulSi polisemiuri<br />
Tavi<br />
visu<br />
sufa<br />
fali<br />
(`Tavisufali~, `ganTavisuflebuli~, `rac<br />
enebos, qnas~, `aravisi mona~, `warCinebuli~, `didgvarovani~,<br />
`aznauri~, `keTilSobili~, `upatrono~) sami semantikuri mimarTulebiT<br />
warmodgeba: `sa<br />
sazo<br />
zoga<br />
gadod<br />
Tavi<br />
visu<br />
sufa<br />
fali<br />
li~, `ra<br />
raimes<br />
mesgan<br />
an vinmes<br />
mesgan<br />
Tavi<br />
visu<br />
sufa<br />
fali<br />
li~ da `sa<br />
sagan<br />
ange<br />
gebo<br />
(ma<br />
maRa<br />
Rali<br />
li) soci<br />
cialu<br />
luri<br />
statu<br />
tusis<br />
mqone<br />
ne~.<br />
3. ufal-Si aRadgenen arqetipebs: erTi mxriv _ *-uf<br />
//<br />
*uf<br />
+ -al<br />
(n. mari, s. janaSia, r. gordeziani), meore mxriv _<br />
*uf<br />
uf- // *f- + al, Sdr.: uf-l-eb-a; me-uf<br />
uf-e → me-f-e; s-uf<br />
uf-ev-a<br />
(feinrixi-sarjvelaZe) da mesame mxriv _ oden *f (v. Tofuria,<br />
g. maWavariani, T. uTurgaiZe).<br />
*ufal<br />
ufal-, *uf<br />
uf-, *fal<br />
fal-, *f- arqetipTa Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobad<br />
varaudoben `floba; qona-yola~-s (n. mari, arn. Ciqobava,<br />
f. erTeliSvili, g. maWavariani, r. gordeziani), ris dasturadac<br />
uTiTeben: zan. ma-f-un<br />
un, ga-f-un<br />
`qona, yola~. Riad rCeba<br />
Tavkiduri u-s Tavdapirveli funqcia da mniSvneloba. arqetip-<br />
Ta amgvari etimologiuri gaazreba gvavaraudebinebs ufal-is<br />
(`RmerTis~) amosaval semantikas: `yo<br />
yovel<br />
velTa<br />
da yove<br />
veli<br />
lives<br />
uze-<br />
naesi<br />
si, meuf<br />
ufle<br />
le, mflobe<br />
beli<br />
(mqo<br />
mqoni<br />
da myoli<br />
li)~ → `yo<br />
yove<br />
veli<br />
lives<br />
zeci<br />
cieri<br />
bato<br />
toni<br />
ni, patro<br />
roni<br />
ni~ → `yo<br />
yove<br />
veli<br />
lives<br />
da yovel<br />
velTa<br />
zeci<br />
cie-<br />
ri meufe<br />
fe~.<br />
75<br />
4. Tavi<br />
visu<br />
sufa<br />
falis<br />
Tavdapirveli semantikis gasaazreblad<br />
uaRresad sagulisxmoa u_o uqonlobis afiqsiT nawarmoebi<br />
Zveli qarTuli u-ufl<br />
ufl-o `upatrono; `Tavisufali~ (aseve<br />
msgavsi warmoebis u-me<br />
meuf<br />
uf-o, u-me<br />
mefo<br />
fo- `Tavisufali~).<br />
ieremia winaswarmetyvelis wignSi (`Tqua erman Cemman, da<br />
uuflo<br />
viyvneT<br />
vneT da Senda arRara movideT merme~ _ ieremia 2,<br />
31) uuflo<br />
Taviseburi leqsikur-semantikuri funqciiT<br />
warmoCndeba: israelianebma uari Tqves ufalze<br />
(zecier meufeze),<br />
da sakuTari nebiT gaiTavisufles Tavi zecieri patronisagan,<br />
maT Tavis nebaze yofna amjobines da darCnen uuflod<br />
`upatronod~ (anu umeufod<br />
_ zecieri meufisa da patronis<br />
gareSe). amgvari boroti arCevaniT eri Tu kaci sakuTari Tavis<br />
uflad sakuTarsave Tavs ganagebs (Sdr. am muxlis Zveli rusuli<br />
Targmani: "мы сами себе господа") da amdenad aris uuflo<br />
(←*u-fal<br />
fal-o) `Tavisufali~, anu `sakuTari nebiT ganTavisuflebuli<br />
zecieri uflisagan~.<br />
Zveli qarTuli uuflo<br />
gasaocari sizustiT gamoxatavs<br />
qristiani qarTveli eris uaryofiT damokidebulebas uuflo<br />
(uRmerTo) myofobasa da cxovrebis wesze, rodesac uaryof<br />
ufal RmerTs, jiutad rCebi T‚Tmflobe<br />
belad<br />
da gaugonari<br />
kadnierebiT ewevi TviTrjulobas (Sdr.: Zveli qarTuli T‚Tu-<br />
fali<br />
`kadnieri~ da T‚Tufle<br />
leba<br />
`kadniereba~).<br />
5. amis sapirispirod, sakuTriv Tavis<br />
vis-ufal<br />
ufal-is Tavdapirveli<br />
semantika itevs `Tavisuflebis~ namdvil qristianul Sinaarss:<br />
WeSmaritad Tavis<br />
vis-ufa<br />
ufali<br />
igia, visac Tavis<br />
patronad<br />
ufali<br />
hyavs da Tavis<br />
neba-survilebs uflis<br />
nebisaebr warmar-<br />
Tavs. RvTivmoniWebuli WeSmariti Tavisuflebis RirsebiT is<br />
imoseba, vinc Tavis<br />
`wadilTa nebas~ dauf<br />
ufle<br />
lebia<br />
da Tavi<br />
visi<br />
nebiT<br />
damorCilebia ufals (da ara codvas). mxolod amgvar Ta-<br />
visuf<br />
sufle<br />
lebas<br />
ziarebuli adamiani Tavisufldeba codvaTagan<br />
(Sdr.: `ukueTu Zeman gangaTavisuflnes, WeSmaritad Tavisufal<br />
iyvneT...~ (ioane 36), `xolo aw ganTavisuflebul xarT codvisa<br />
da damonebul RmrTisa~ (romaelTa mimarT 6, 22).<br />
76
Í À Ô Ï Û À Å Ò Ä Û É À Í É<br />
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ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ<br />
ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÝÍÏÁÉËÉÀ, ÖÁÒÀËÏ ÃÀÌÀÔÄÁÀ ÂÀÃÌÏÉÝÄÌÀ ÌÉÝÄÌÉÈ,<br />
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ÈÀÍÃÄÁÖËÉÀÍÉ ÀÍ ÖÈÀÍÃÄÁÖËÏ ÓÀáÄËÉÈ. ÓßÏÒÄà ÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÈÉ<br />
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ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖËÉ ÁÒÖÍÅÉÓ ÓÉÍÔÀØÓÖÒÉ ×ÖÍØÝÉÄÁÉ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ<br />
ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÀà ØÀÒÈÖËÉÓ ÌÓÂÀÅÓÉÀ, ÄÓ ÓÀÊÉÈáÉ ÓÀÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÏ<br />
ËÉÔÄÒÀÔÖÒÀÛÉ ÌÊÅËÄÅÀÒÈÀ ÌÉÄÒ (Í. ÀÁÄÓÀÞÄ, À. ÊÉÆÉÒÉÀ...)<br />
ÀÒÀÄÒÈÂÆÉÓ ÂÀÍáÉËÖËÀ.<br />
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ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ ÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÈÉ ÁÒÖÍÅÉÈ ÂÀÃÌÏÝÄÌÖËÉ ÖÁÒÀËÏ ÃÀÌÀÔÄÁÀ,<br />
ØÀÒÈÖËÉÓÀÂÀÍ ÂÀÍÓáÅÀÅÄÁÉÈ, ÈÀÍÀÏÁÀÓ ÅÄÒ ÂÀÌÏáÀÔÀÅÓ: `ÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÈ<br />
ÁÒÖÍÅÀÛÉ ÃÀÓÌÖËÉ ÖÁÒÀËÏ ÃÀÌÀÔÄÁÀ ØÀÒÈÖËÛÉ ÆÏÂãÄÒ<br />
ÈÀÍÀÏÁÀÓÀÝ ÂÀÃÌÏÓÝÄÌÓ, ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈÒÄÁÉÈ -ÉÀÍ<br />
ÓÖ×ÉØÓÉÀÍ ÓÀáÄËÄÁÈÀÍ.<br />
ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ ÊÉ ÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÈÉ ÁÒÖÍÅÉÈ ÈÀÍÀÏÁÉÓ ÂÀÃÌÏÝÄÌÀ ÀÒ áÃÄÁÀ,<br />
ÓÀÀÌÉÓÏà ÀÒÓÄÁÏÁÓ ÓÀÂÀÍÂÄÁÏ ÈÀÍÃÄÁÖËÉ -ÝÀáêÍ<br />
| -ÝÀáÀÍ<br />
| -ÝáÀÍ<br />
"<br />
(Í. ÀÁÄÓÀÞÄ).<br />
ÖÍÃÀ ÀÙÉÍÉÛÍÏÓ, ÒÏÌ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉÓ ÚÅÄËÀ ÃÉÀËÄØÔÛÉ ÃÀ ÌÀÈ<br />
ÛÏÒÉÓ ÜÏËÖÒÖËÛÉ, ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖË ÛÄÌÈáÅÄÅÀÛÉ, ÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÈÛÉ ÃÀÓÌÖËÉ<br />
ÖÁÒÀËÏ ÃÀÌÀÔÄÁÀ -ÝÀáÀÍ<br />
ÈÀÍÃÄÁÖËÉÓ ÃÀÖÒÈÅÄËÀÃÀÝ ÂÀÌÏáÀÔÀÅÓ<br />
ÈÀÍÀÏÁÀÓ Ëé- ÐÒÄ×ÉØÓÉÓ ÌÄÛÅÄÏÁÉÈ. ØÀÒÈÖËÛÉ, ÒÏÂÏÒÝ<br />
ÝÍÏÁÉËÉÀ, -ÉÀÍ<br />
ÓÖ×ÉØÓÉÀÍÉ ßÀÒÌÏÄÁÀ ÂÅÀØÅÓ, ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ ÊÉ Ëé-<br />
ÐÒÄ×ÉØÓÉÀÍÉ:<br />
Ëé-ÁÏ×Û-à áÀÌÖÒãÃÀ ØÀ ËìÔæÓ (ÜÏË.) `ÁÀÅÛÅÄÁÉÀÍÀÃ<br />
ÀÐÉÒÄÁÃÀ ÂÀØÝÄÅÀÓ"<br />
ËéÝÉÝæ-ËéÊÉÔæà ÛïÃÍÉá ØêÌÈÄ ÌÀ (ÜÏË.) `ÊÀÔÉÀÍ-<br />
ÊÍÖÔÄÁÉÀÍÀà ÂÀÌÏÉÚÒÄÁÉÀÍ áÏËÌÄ ÂÀÒÄÈ ÚÅÄËÀÍÉ"<br />
ËéÉÓæ-ËéãÉãæà ÀÈæÉ×á ËÀÛÉêËÉÓÀ (ËÛá.) `ÖÊÅÀËÏÃ<br />
ÃÀÊÀÒÂÄÓ ÏÌÛÉ"<br />
ËéÃÉÌÈÉËà ÉÛÂÌÉÍê ÎÄáæ?! (ËÛá.) `ÓÉÃÄÃÒÉÀÍÀà ÉÈáÏÅÀ<br />
ÝÏËÉ?!"...<br />
e T e r S e n g e l i a<br />
ricxv<br />
cxvSi fuZe<br />
Zemo<br />
monac<br />
nacvle zmnebi lazur<br />
zurSi<br />
rogorc cnobilia, lazurSi subieqturi Tu obieqturi<br />
pirebis ricxvi zmnaSi, qarTulis msgavsad, saTanado niSnebiT<br />
gamoixateba. magram qarTulSi moipoveba erTi wyeba zmnebisa,<br />
romlebic Taviseburebas avlenen ricxvis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
kerZod, Tu zmna ver awarmoebs mravlobiTi ricxvis<br />
formas, is Seinacvlebs sxva fuZes. aseTi zmnebi ricxvSi monacvleni<br />
arian (a.SaniZe): jdoma _ sxdoma; vardna _ cvivna; gdeba<br />
_ yra; sma _ sxma; kvla _ xocva; yvana _ sxma; gdeba _ reka...<br />
saintereso viTarebaa am mxriv lazurSi. moZiebul masalaSi<br />
calke jgufs qmnis ricxvSi fuZemonacvle zmnebi:<br />
tkom- (metkomers) `agdebs~ _ bR- (dobRafs) `yris~; Zi-<br />
(Zin) `devs~ _ bR- (obRun) `yria~;<br />
tax- (taxufs) `texs~ _ funCxol<br />
Cxol- (funCxolufs) `amtvrevs~,<br />
`amsxvrevs~;<br />
Rur- (Rurun) `kvdeba~ _ Wyod- (eWyodun) xof. || Wkod-<br />
(eWkodun) viw.-arqab. || Skund- (eSkundu) aTin.-arTaSn. `ixoceba~;<br />
l- (melafs) `vardeba~ _ bR- (dibRen) xof. || xv- (nixven)<br />
aTin.-arTaSn. `cviva~;<br />
yvil- (yvilufs) `klavs~ _ Wyvid- (eWyvidufs) `xocavs~;<br />
Can- (Cans) `abia~ _ Cxeel<br />
el- (Cxeelen) `ixunZleba~.<br />
ricxvis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT, lazurSi yuradRebas<br />
iqcevs erTeuli zmnebi:<br />
a) oden mravlobiTis Sinaarsis gamomxatveli zmna, romelsac<br />
mxolobiTis Sesabamisi forma ar eZebneba: qos- (qosufs)<br />
`xvets, gvis~;<br />
b) zmna, romelic mravlobiTobis Sinaarss aRweriTad<br />
gadmoscems: CxenCe<br />
Celis<br />
lisTe<br />
Te Cans `bevri asxia~ (CxenCxeli `akido~,<br />
`Ciri~ e. i. akidosaviT, CiriviT asxmulia~).<br />
saanalizo erTeulebi Taviseburebas avlenen mwkrivTa<br />
warmoebisa da saxelTan SeTanxmebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
77<br />
78
v a J a S e n g e l i a<br />
fragmen<br />
mente<br />
tebi mogo<br />
gone<br />
nebi<br />
bidan akade<br />
demi<br />
mikos<br />
<strong>arnold</strong> Ciqo<br />
qoba<br />
bava<br />
vaze<br />
ze. XXXVII_XLIV<br />
XXXVII. arn. <strong>Ciqobavas</strong> stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo<br />
azris mokled da naTlad Camoyalibebis unari. amas moiTxovda<br />
sxvebisganac... ambobda: mokled da gasa<br />
sage<br />
gebad wera Znelia<br />
lia,<br />
vrclad da bundovnad _ advilio...<br />
maxsovs, erTxel erT-erT TanamSromels usayvedura gaugebrad<br />
weris gamo da ironiiT dasZina: bundovanno!<br />
XXXVIII. ormocdaaTiani wlebis meore naxevarSi, rodesac<br />
stalinis mxileba da kritika daiwyo, arn. <strong>Ciqobavas</strong> aZalebdnen,<br />
rom eTqva _ saenaTmecniero diskusiis Semajamebeli<br />
werili stalins me davuwereo (miTumetes _ stalinis am werilSi<br />
faqtobriv arn. <strong>Ciqobavas</strong> debulebaTa mxardaWera iyo<br />
gamJRavnebuli)... b-ma <strong>arnold</strong>ma kategoriuli uari ganacxada:<br />
stalinTan ramdenime Sexvedra gaimarTa da maT mxolod<br />
sakon<br />
kon-<br />
sulta<br />
tacio<br />
xasi<br />
siaTi<br />
hqonda<br />
da, rac gamoqveynda, Tavad mas<br />
ekuTvniso...<br />
X<strong>XXI</strong>X. zogierTma n. maris damsaxurebis miCqmalva daswama<br />
usamarTlod: mars _ revoluciamdel burJuaziul mecniers _<br />
maRal Sefasebas aZlevs, xolo mars _ Camoyalibebul sabWoTa<br />
mecniers _ akritikebso... es maSin politikur braldebad<br />
aRiqmeboda.<br />
cdilobdnen, n. maris saxeli arn. <strong>Ciqobavas</strong> winaaRmdeg<br />
gamoeyenebinaT, razec b-ni <strong>arnold</strong>i dananebiT aRniSnavda:<br />
Tqven ggoni<br />
niaT<br />
aT, mari<br />
undaT<br />
daT? ara, Ciqo<br />
qoba<br />
bava<br />
ar undaT<br />
da mars<br />
joxad<br />
iyene<br />
nebe<br />
beno<br />
no... am konteqstSi sayuradReboa arn. <strong>Ciqobavas</strong><br />
SeniSvna: n. mars hyavda bevri momxre da mowinaaRmdege, magram<br />
wamkiTxveli _ cota...<br />
79<br />
XLI. arn. Ciqobava samecniero Tu sxva xasiaTis miRwevebs<br />
miesalmeboda, magram mcire<br />
Sede<br />
degis<br />
didad<br />
dad warmoCe<br />
Cenis<br />
mcde-<br />
loba<br />
ba, gabu<br />
buqe<br />
qeba<br />
aRizi<br />
zianeb<br />
nebda<br />
da, ambobda: "Шумим, брат, шумим!"<br />
XLII. b-ni <strong>arnold</strong>i TanamSromlebisa da aspirantebisagan<br />
akademiur da akuratul muSaobas moiTxovda; yura<br />
radRe<br />
dRebas<br />
aq-<br />
cevda<br />
rogorc naSro<br />
Sromis<br />
pozi<br />
ziti<br />
tiur<br />
Sede<br />
degebs<br />
da logi<br />
gikur<br />
ga-<br />
marTu<br />
Tulo<br />
lobas<br />
bas, ise _ gafor<br />
forme<br />
meba<br />
basac<br />
sac...<br />
aspiranturaSi Semosvlisas sabuTebTan erTad referati<br />
unda warmogvedgina. davwere referati n. iakovlevisa da d. aSxamafis<br />
`adiReuri saliteraturo enis gramatikis~ Sesaxeb. es<br />
wigni soliduri moculobisa iyo da, Sesabamisad, Cemi referatic<br />
(masSi Sefasebis elementebic iyo) vrceli gamovida (Tabaxis<br />
40 gverdze meti). b-ni <strong>arnold</strong>i gaecno Cems naSroms, Sinaarsi<br />
momiwona, magram xeli damiwuna: aseT nawers ver miviRebT,<br />
unda gadaweroTo. vuTxari: sabuTebis Setanis vada xval gadis<br />
da gadaweras ver movaswreb, radgan kargi naweri rom gamomivides,<br />
nela unda vwero-meTqi... mkacrad mipasuxa: unda moaswro-<br />
To... miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli Rame gavaTene, meore dRisa-<br />
Tvis referatis gadawera ver movaswari. b-n iv. gigineiSvils<br />
SevCivle Cemi gasaWiri (universitetSi Cemi leqtori iyo da<br />
maSin institutis direqtoris moadgiled muSaobda). damamSvida:<br />
ara uSavs! sabuTebs dRes miviRebT da referati xval moitaneTo...<br />
ase gadavrCi!<br />
aspiranturaSi swavlis dros davwere Tezisebi moxsenebisa,<br />
romelic enaTmecnierebis institutis aspirantTa da axalgazrda<br />
mecnier TanamSromelTa konferenciaze unda wamekiTxa.<br />
oTxad gakecili ori furceli jibeSi karga xans medo, sanam b-<br />
ni <strong>arnold</strong>is naxvas movaxerxebdi (maSin ar viyavi ise daaxloebuli,<br />
rom masTan Sin advilad mivsuliyavi). daaxloebiT ori<br />
kviris Semdeg universitetSi Sevxvdi kavkasiur enaTa kaTedraze<br />
da Tezisebi gadaveci gasacnobad (vizireba iyo saWiro). meore<br />
dRisaTvis damibara... Tezisebi damibruna. Tezisebs aseTi<br />
warwera `amSvenebda~: `WuWyianis STabeWdilebas tovebs... etyo-<br />
80
a, jibiT utarebia avtors. Sinaarsi sainteresoa... arn. Ciqobava~.<br />
damwyebi mkvlevarisaTvis es, bunebrivia, sawyenic iyo da<br />
gasaxaric, kargi gakveTilic...<br />
XLIII. arn. <strong>Ciqobavas</strong> damsaxureba qarTuli saliteraturo<br />
enis normaTa dadgenis saqmeSi cnobilia (sakmarisia iTqvas,<br />
rom normaTa dadgenis principebi da mravali norma mis mier<br />
aris SemuSavebuli). b-ni <strong>arnold</strong>i normaTa dadgenisas, sxva arsebiT<br />
sakiTxebTan erTad, did mniSvnelobas aniWebda damkvidrebul<br />
tradicias...<br />
gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi daiwyo qarTul enciklopediaze<br />
muSaoba da pirvel rigSi misi `sityvanis~ sakiTxi dadga.<br />
`sityvanis~ proeqti, bunebrivia, enaTmecnierebis institutmac<br />
miiRo gansaxilvelad. sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, orTografiis<br />
sakiTxebic idga. institutis TanamSromlebis mier<br />
warmodgenili SeniSvnebi sabWos unda ganexila...<br />
1973 Tu 1974 wels samecniero sabWos sxdomaze (maSin<br />
sabWos swavluli mdivani viyavi) sxvadasxva sakiTxi gamoitanes<br />
gansaxilvelad. erT-erTi iyo _ qarTulad monRo<br />
Roli<br />
unda dagvewera<br />
Tu mongo<br />
goli<br />
li. sabWos wevrebis meti wili mongol-s<br />
uWerda mxars (evropul enebSi asea da monRolurSic g gvaqvso)...<br />
b-ma <strong>arnold</strong>ma moismina argumentebi da ganacxada: qarTvelebma<br />
monRolebi XIII saukuneSi naxes da monRo<br />
Roli<br />
li-o _ ase<br />
uwodes... mas Semdeg aRar unaxavT...<br />
samecniero sabWom monRo<br />
Roli<br />
li, rogorc norma, daamtkica.<br />
XLIV. gamoCenili qarTveli mecnieri, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis vice-prezidenti, akad. s. durmi<br />
miSi<br />
SiZe<br />
b-ni <strong>arnold</strong>is<br />
didi pativismcemeli iyo, rac araerTxel gamoumJRavnebia (ker-<br />
Zod, mniSvnelovani iyo is mxardaWera, rasac is arn. <strong>Ciqobavas</strong><br />
xsovnis ukvdavyofis RonisZiebebis, maT Soris _ enaTmecnierebis<br />
institutisaTvis misi saxelis mikuTvnebis, mimarT gamoxatavda)...<br />
81<br />
1984 wels Jurnal `mnaTobSi~ daibeWda s. durmiSiZis SekiTxva,<br />
romliTac is qarTvel mecnierebs mimarTavda, da maTi<br />
pasuxebi (SekiTxvis adresati iyo 18 cnobili mecnieri). Seki-<br />
Txva aseTi iyo: `aqvs Tu ara Tavisi poezia mecnierebas da, Tu<br />
aqvs, raSi gamoixateba igi?~ sainteresoa b-ni <strong>arnold</strong>is pasuxi:<br />
`poezia Tu esTetika!<br />
didi sixaruli, rac axali kanonzomierebis S e r C e v a -<br />
s a Tu g a m o v l e n a s mkvlevarisaTvis moaqvs, e s T e t i -<br />
k u r i ZaliT yovel poezias waaWarbebda.<br />
amis gareSe mecnieruli akribia mZime tvirTad iqceoda<br />
(da an intrigis Sxams ra gauZlebda?)~.<br />
i z a C a n t l a Z e<br />
kvlav `kod<br />
kodor<br />
or~-is etimo<br />
molo<br />
logi<br />
giisa<br />
saTvis<br />
daleli svanebi TavinT xeobas arc afxazeTs uwodeben<br />
da arc svaneTs. mavanni amboben, rom es teritoria marSaniebis<br />
samflobelo iyoo _ ki, magram marSaniebi maruSianebi (e. i.<br />
svanebi) ar iyvnen istoriulad?!! arc TavianT Tavs uwodeben<br />
svans _ isini arian ÃÀËðÒ (`dal-el-eb-i~, Ìé-ÃðË `dal-el-i~):<br />
`fetvs dalSi<br />
aRaravin Tesavs, svane<br />
neTi<br />
Tidan<br />
gvigzavniano~ _ gvi-<br />
Txres xeobaSi. savele samuSaoebis dros gavarkvieT, rom svanebi<br />
dResac ki ar aRiqvamen kodoris xeobas afxazeTis teritoriad,<br />
amitomac uwodeben mas maTTvis ufro axlobel, anu svanuri<br />
samyarosTvis bunebriv toponims ÃðË da ara kodor<br />
_ es<br />
ukanaskneli rom svanuri warmomavlobisa iyos, maSin umlautiani<br />
forma *kod<br />
kodæer<br />
unda gvqonoda; amitomac qeTevan margianidadvanisa<br />
(1998:95) da zurab WumburiZiseuli gaazreba svanuri<br />
ÓÊíÃÉ (`Rrma~) leqsemidan saanalizo toponimis momdinareobis<br />
Sesaxeb, saeWvo Cans (WumburiZe, 2007:34); auxsneli rCeba, agreTve,<br />
rogorc Ziriseuli o xmovnis sigrZis dakargvis, ise anlautis<br />
s Tanxmovnis ukvalod gauCinarebis sakiTxi. esec rom<br />
82
ar iyos, raWuli skodo<br />
dori<br />
ri’s (mdinare rionis erTi monakveTis<br />
saxelwodeba onsa da ambrolaurs Soris) analogiuri toponimebi<br />
dasturdeba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. esenia soflebi:<br />
skind-or<br />
or-i, skand-e (WiaTura), kud-ar<br />
ar-o (raWa), kvad-o-<br />
ur-a (mcire mdinare sofel RoreSaSi) da kod-a-ur<br />
ur-a (tye zemo<br />
imereTSi). vfiqrobT, aRniSnul toponimTa Tu hidronimTa<br />
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe `kodoris~ etimologiaze msjeloba<br />
srulyofili ver iqneba.<br />
abaSis raionis mikrotoponimiaSi ramdenimejer dasturdeba<br />
forma kodo<br />
dore<br />
re. Tu amovalT qarTvelur enaTa qrestoma-<br />
Tiuli xmovanTSesatyvisobidan (qarT. a: zan. o: svan. a) da angariSs<br />
gavuwevT rogorc kad- Ziris semantikas, ise -or<br />
sufiqsis<br />
gansakuTrebulad farTo gavrcelebulobas megrulSi, ma-<br />
Sin SesaZloa am leqsemisTvis saerToqarTvelur doneze aRvadginoT<br />
*kad<br />
kad- Ziri, romelic Tanamedrove qarTulis yvela dialeqtsa<br />
Tu U saliteraturo enaSi warmodgenilia na-kad<br />
kad- da<br />
na-kad<br />
kad-ul<br />
ul- fuZeTa saxiT. misi zanuri Sesatyvisi iqneboda<br />
kod-or<br />
or-, xolo svanuri _ la-kad<br />
kad-a (Sdr. toponimi la-kad<br />
kad-a<br />
afxazeTSi da hidronimi la-kad<br />
kad-ur<br />
ur-i Cxorowyus raionSi).<br />
vfiqrobT, rom kodo<br />
dori<br />
svanuri kadar<br />
(`mSrali, xmeli adgili,<br />
xmeleTi~) sityvis `zanizebuli forma ki ar unda iyos (mibCuani<br />
1989:132)~, aramed qarTveluri -kad<br />
kad-Ziris amsaxveli,<br />
romelic, albaT, `wyals~ aRniSnavda Tavis droze, iseT wyals,<br />
mzis gulze mdebare mTisZira gorak-ferdobebidan rom iRebda<br />
saTaves (la<br />
la-kad<br />
kad-a’s mniSvnelobis ganmartebisTvis ix. vukol beriZis,<br />
qeTevan ZoweniZis, oTar qajaias, paata cxadaiasa da vilena<br />
jojuas imeruli da megruli leqsikonebi). rom kodo<br />
dori<br />
`wylis~ semantikas Seicavs da ara `mTis ferdobis an xmeleTisas~,<br />
unda Candes samegrelos teritoriaze daculi erTi toponimidanac,<br />
esaa kod-or<br />
or-fon<br />
fon-i (abaSa). sayuradReboa, rom na-<br />
kad-el<br />
el-i moxeur dialeqtSi aRniSnavs `fSans, mdinaris gantotebas~;<br />
qarTlSi is `sarwyavi wylis erTeulia~ an `nakveTis<br />
rwyvis dros wylis mimarTulebis Sesacvleli tixari~ (Sdr.<br />
guruli na-kad<br />
kad-i `CamoTxrili an Camoqceuli ferdi~ da kod-<br />
me `mTis koncxi, ferdobi, mdinaris amaRlebuli napiri~).<br />
m a n a n a C a C a n i Z e<br />
saxe<br />
xelis leqsi<br />
sikog<br />
kogra<br />
rafi<br />
fiuli para<br />
radig<br />
digmis<br />
Taoba<br />
baze qarTul<br />
TulSi<br />
lingvisturi leqsikonebisaTvis enis leqsikografiuli<br />
parametrizaciis sakiTxi aris is fundamenti, romelic principulad<br />
gansazRvravs leqsikis mecnieruli damuSavebisa da leqsikografiuli<br />
warmodgenis formats. leqsikografiul parametrTa<br />
ori ZiriTadi jgufi _ sakuTriv enobrivi da eqstralingvisturi<br />
_ Sesabamisad, diskretuli da aradiskretuli,<br />
gvawvdis ra informacias rogorc TviT enis, ise enis Seswavlis<br />
Sesaxeb, mTlianad eqvemdebareba e.w. parametrTa Tavisuflebis<br />
kanons. aqedan gamomdinare, leqsikografiul parametrTa asaxva<br />
konkretul leqsikonSi ganisazRvreba enis specifikiT, leqsikografiuli<br />
tradiciiT, leqsikonis tipiTa da daniSnulebiT<br />
da am leqsikonis avtor-leqsikografisa Tu leqsikografebis<br />
SexedulebebiT.<br />
qarTulSi enis leqsikografiuli parametrizaciis Teoriuli<br />
da praqtikuli sakiTxebis damuSaveba-warmodgenis TvalsazrisiT<br />
normatiuli mniSvnelobisaa iseTi akademiuri lingvisturi<br />
leqsikonebi, rogoricaa: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi<br />
leqsikoni da qarTuli enis orTografiuli leqsikoni. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom es leqsikonebi zogadad gansxvavdebian enis<br />
leqsikografiuli parametrizaciis asaxvis cendridanuli da<br />
centriskenuli tendenciebiT, CvenTvis sainteresoa orive maTganisaTvis<br />
saerTo ZiriTadi leqsikografiuli parametri, ker-<br />
Zod, gramatikuli (morfologiur-sintaqsuri) parametri da<br />
misi warmodgenis forma saxelisaTvis. moxsenebaSi gaanalizebulia<br />
aRniSnuli leqsikonebis monacemebi da dadgenilia saxelis<br />
leqsikografiuli paradigmis specifika qarTulSi.<br />
83<br />
84
a l e q s i W i n W a r a u l i<br />
`vefxistyaosnis<br />
vefxistyaosnis~ avtoris vinaobisaTvis<br />
heruli (ingilouri<br />
ingilouri) leqsika poemaSi<br />
I. ukanis<br />
1. tarieli uambobs avTandils: mama momikvda weliwdamdis<br />
sabnelos vijeqio<br />
`uka<br />
ukanis<br />
gamomiyvanes xasTa maT winamdgomelTa~ (336;<br />
340/337).<br />
`vefxistyaosnis~ damdgeni komisiis mTavarma redaqciam daadgina,<br />
rom ukanis aris zmnizeda da niSnavs: `Semdeg~, `bolos~.<br />
2. amis kvalobaze poemaSi gasasworebia gadamwerTagan Seryvnili<br />
kidev ori taepi:<br />
a) `mas<br />
ukaniT<br />
gonebaman misman asre damamxoca~ (128;<br />
124/128)<br />
poemis avtoris mSobliuri kilos, herul-ingilouris<br />
monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT dgindeba, rom avtografSi unda<br />
gvqonoda mas ukanis<br />
nis. am varauds mxars uWers TariRian xelnawerTa<br />
Soris yvelaze uZvelesi E (1646 w.) xelnaweri.<br />
b) `mas<br />
ukaniT<br />
gauwyvedlad deba mWirdis cecxlTa cxel-<br />
Ta~ (1210; 1214)<br />
zustad igive viTarebaa am taepSiac. amitom, orivegan unda<br />
davbeWdoT _ mas ukanis<br />
nis.<br />
II. frew- | friw-<br />
1. es zmna Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonebSi mwirad aris<br />
warmodgenili: `ga<br />
gafre<br />
frewa<br />
gaxeva. `g a n v f r i w e naxevari misi da<br />
naxevari igi moviblardne~ (onofr. cnoba, 38) (i. abulaZe) (2)<br />
`ve<br />
vefxis<br />
fxistya<br />
tyaosa<br />
sani<br />
ni~:<br />
abjarsa frewdis, gacudda simagre javSan-qafisa (1410;<br />
1415/1416);<br />
85<br />
`miT erTiTa maTraxiTa Tavi asre g a r d a h f r i w~<br />
(206; 210/209);<br />
`TqvenTa mterTa da orgulTa dahfrew<br />
hfrewdiT<br />
diT, da-casWridi-<br />
Ta~ (1558; 1562/1563);<br />
ar darCa kaci cocxali mun misgan d a u f r e w e l i<br />
(1039; 1043).<br />
herul<br />
rul-in<br />
ingi<br />
gilo<br />
louri<br />
ri:<br />
`da<br />
dafre<br />
frewa<br />
wa 1. dafxrewa, daxeva, dagleja. wigni dafrewaÁ<br />
(furclis dafxrewa, daxeva). mimR.: dafre<br />
frewul<br />
wul, danaf<br />
nafrew<br />
rew, dafxrewili.<br />
2. dapoba, wvrilad daxeTqa (SeSisa, xisa, ficrisa<br />
da misT.) ∼ SiSas waldi h f r e w e n. mimR.: dafre<br />
frewul<br />
wul, danaf<br />
naf-<br />
rew dapobili.<br />
2. frew- Ziri ara Cans arc erT sxva qarTul dialeqtSi.<br />
igi mxolod herul-ingiloursa da `vefxistyaosanSia~, rac<br />
utyuari sabuTia imisa, rom poemis avtori heri iyo.<br />
86<br />
III. dagde<br />
gdeba<br />
| gawir<br />
wirva<br />
1. aris SemTxvevebi, roca azerbaijanuls herul-ingilouridan<br />
sityva ganudevnia, Tavisi sityviT Caunacvlebia, magram<br />
es sityva herul-ingilouris monaTesave fxour dialeqtebs da<br />
`vefxistyaosans~ Semounaxavs. aseTebia sinonimebi _ gawir<br />
wirva<br />
da<br />
dagde<br />
gdeba<br />
ba.<br />
2. sxvaoba is aris, rom herul-ingilourSi g a w i r v a<br />
aRar Cans, dagdeba ki Zalian xSirad ixmareba. amis mizezi isic<br />
aris, rom fxouri dialeqtebi, herul-ingilouri dialeqti da<br />
`vefxistyaosani~ ar icnoben zmnas d a t o v e b a .<br />
herul<br />
rul-in<br />
ingi<br />
gilo<br />
louri<br />
ri:<br />
`da<br />
dagde<br />
gdeva<br />
va datoveba, mitoveba. pur gaTibis ukan miwas kedem<br />
abruneven, a g d e v e n faÁzibe pur daaTesula. (toveben<br />
SemodgomisTvis puris dasaTesad)~ (3).<br />
xevsu<br />
suru<br />
ruli<br />
li:<br />
cxenis lurjais wamyvano, dagagda boslis karzeda (xevs.<br />
Taviseb. 179, 12) (9)
TuSu<br />
Suri<br />
ri:<br />
alvanSi ambav d a a g d i : `CaTmaSi dagvcnes canio!~ (xevs.<br />
poez. 211, 40) (9).<br />
`ve<br />
vefxis<br />
fxistya<br />
tyaosa<br />
sani<br />
ni~;<br />
`me waval da Sen d a g a g d e b~ (887; 891/890); `d a -<br />
v a g d e zRvari indoTa~ (419; 424/421).<br />
3. gawir<br />
wirva<br />
(`datoveba“, `mitoveba“).<br />
xevsu<br />
suru<br />
ruli<br />
li:<br />
[jaWvi] `ielovanze g a v w i r e , gaqanda, rogorc wyalio~<br />
(xevs. poez. 44, 18) (9).<br />
droebam Camoiara, yvela g a w i r a v s Zvelsao,<br />
Tqvenac g a m w i r e T , qalebo, nucru nu mixvevT Ãelsao<br />
(399, 3) (iqve).<br />
`ve<br />
vefxis<br />
fxistKaosa<br />
sani~:<br />
kacsa RmerTi ar g a s w i r a v s (887; 592/589); Cemsa<br />
tyvesa ver g a v s w i r a v (644; 649/646); rad dagvyarna, rad<br />
g a g v w i r n a (824; 898/826); ver g a v s w i r a v xeli xelsa<br />
(734; 738/736).<br />
n i n e l i W o x o n e l i Z e<br />
mcena<br />
nare<br />
reTa saxel<br />
xelwo<br />
wode<br />
debe<br />
bebi bi r. r<br />
inaniS<br />
iSvi<br />
vilis<br />
enaSi<br />
TvalsaCino qarTveli mwerlis r. inaniSvilis enaSi uxvadaa<br />
warmodgenili rogorc adgilobrivi, ise Semotanili da<br />
Cveni wyal-WalisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli xeebis, buCqebis, balaxebis,<br />
rogorc veluri ise kulturul mcenareTa saxelwodebebi,<br />
romelTa `surneleba, sadac unda iyo, Cems miwas gagaxsenebs,<br />
Cems velebsa da mTebs~. umetesi maTgani, gansakuTrebiT _ xeTa<br />
da buCqebis saxelebi (komSi, broweuli, fSati, Txili, Trimli,<br />
87<br />
mayvali, wnori, muryani, nekerCxali...) dasturdeba rogorc Zveli<br />
ise axali qarTulis samwerlo ZeglebSi, balaxebis saxelebi<br />
ki (Zurwa, WanWyata, xari Cliqa, anisuli, avSani, varskvlava,<br />
vardkaWaWa, vaciwvera, zRarba, Tagvisyana, kenkeSa...) ZiriTadad<br />
dialeqtebidanaa cnobili.<br />
rig SemTxvevaSi mwerals endemuri mcenareebis saxeldebisas<br />
gamoyenebuli aqvs adgilobrivi saxelebi. am SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad<br />
dasturdeba aRweriTi warmoeba. mag.: kaWa<br />
WaWa bala<br />
laxi<br />
xi:<br />
aseT adgilas aqa-iq amowvdili nari da k a W a W a b a l a x i c<br />
ki gaxarebs (saRamo xanis Canawerebi, 1973). R v i n i s f e r i<br />
s a n T e l a: yvavis yviTelgula, TeTrgvirgvinebiani gvirila,<br />
lurjad akunwluli vardkaWaWa, R v i n i s f e r i s a n T e l a<br />
(keTili miwa, 1984).<br />
wylis mati<br />
tite<br />
tela<br />
la: ufro Rrmad Sig wyalSi, baiebi, dumfarebi,<br />
w y l i s m a t i t e l e b i da samyurebi (Sveli zamTar-<br />
Si, 1986). prasa bala<br />
laxi<br />
xi: iqac gvaswavlidnen: es p r a s a b a -<br />
l a x i a, es Tagvisyana, es SavTava, es sosanio da sxv. (t. I,<br />
1968). mwerlis enaSi gvxvdeba rogorc kuTxuri, ise axali nawarmoebi<br />
saxelebic. mag.: lomis<br />
mispi<br />
pira<br />
ra: es maRlebi, xom ici, georginebia,<br />
ai iqiTebi _ l o m i s p i r e b i, aqeT _ qrizantemebi<br />
(wveTebi foTlebze, 1962). daTvi<br />
vija<br />
jaga<br />
gara<br />
ra: mis napirebze xvavrielad<br />
xarobs leli da Wili, d a T v i j a g a r a da Cala<br />
(Sveli zamTarSi, 1986).<br />
rig SemTxvevaSi mwerals mcenareTa saxelebi misi kuTxis-<br />
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli fonetikuri cvlilebebiT aqvs warmodgenili:<br />
brtyena<br />
na, geor<br />
orgi<br />
gina<br />
na, qrizan<br />
zante<br />
tema<br />
ma, uTxova<br />
vari<br />
ri, Svindlar<br />
dlarwa<br />
wa,<br />
xomar<br />
mardu<br />
duli<br />
da sxv., xan ki mimarTavs orsave formas, rogorc<br />
literaturuls (avtoriseuli metyvelebis), ise kuTxurs (personaJTa<br />
metyvelebis) gadmocemis SemTxvevaSi. mag.: Sindi<br />
º<br />
Svindi<br />
di, ifani<br />
º ifni<br />
ni: kvirtebi dahberiaT, sacaa dauskdebaT<br />
jagmuxas da uzans, S i n d s a da i f a n s (cisferi gorgali,<br />
1968); bevri vicodiT: rcxila, i f n i, qorafi, S v i n d i,<br />
Svindlarwa, bevri ara: WanWyata, xeWrela, Trimli, uTxovari<br />
(t. I, 1953-1968).<br />
88
n i n o x a x i a S v i l i<br />
arse<br />
sebo<br />
bobis bis seman<br />
manti<br />
tiku<br />
kuri velis<br />
zmnaTa<br />
TaTvis<br />
Tvis (sufeva<br />
sufeva)<br />
enaSi xSirad erTi da imave moqmedebis gamosaxatavad<br />
sxvadasxva zmnaa gamoyenebuli da piriqiT, erTi da igive zmnuri<br />
(an saxeluri) Ziri axali semantikis mqone erTeulebs<br />
udevs safuZvlad.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa arsebobamyofobis<br />
aRmniSvneli zmnebi, romlebic uZveles leqsikur<br />
fonds warmoadgens.<br />
`arsebobis~ semantikuri velis zmnaTaTvis, rogorc araerTxel<br />
aRniSnula samecniero literaturaSi, niSandoblivia<br />
`qona-yolis~ zmnebad transformaciis unari, agreTve, `mdgomareoba-moZraobisa~,<br />
`gangeba-qmnisa~ da a. S. mniSvnelobebis zmnebad<br />
gardaqmna. amasTan erTad, `arsebobis~ zmnebs SeswevT unari<br />
garkveuli morfologiuri saSualebebiT zmnuri semantikis<br />
gaaqtiurebisa, dinamikur zmnebad gardasaxvisa (Sdr.: ar-s da<br />
i-ar-ebis, h-g-ies da gana-g-ebs...)... masalobrivi da semantikuri<br />
momentebis gaTvaliswinebiT samecniero literaturaSi gamo-<br />
Tqmulia Tvalsazrisi, rom `arseboba-mdgomareobisa~, `qona-yolisa~<br />
da `moZraobis~ zogierT zmnasa da nacvalsaxels saerTo<br />
Zireuli masala gaaCniaT, kerZod: [r]: a-r-s _ r-a; [g]:h-g-ies, e-<br />
g-o _ i-g-i, e-g-e; [vi]: u-vi-s _ vi-n (a. arabuli, e. osiZe, m.<br />
qurdiani).<br />
Zvel qarTulSi arsebobis aRsaniSnavad gvxvdeba sufe<br />
feva<br />
(su<br />
sufevs<br />
fevs) zmnac; romelic Zveli qarTulis leqsikonebSi umetesad<br />
ganmartebulia, rogorc `mefoba, batonoba~.<br />
`ufali s u f e v s, Sueniereba Seimosa~ fsal. 92, 1<br />
sufe<br />
feva<br />
va, sasu<br />
sufe<br />
feve<br />
veli<br />
li, ufali<br />
da a. S. ukve xanmet teqstebSia<br />
dadasturebuli:<br />
`mamao Cueno [zecaTao[ romeli xar caTa Sina wmida xiyavn<br />
saxeli Seni movedin s u f e v a Seni~... maTe 6, 910. luka<br />
11, 2. `s a s u f e v e l i c a T a xiiZulebis~... maTe 11, 12.<br />
`mieriTgan s a s u f e v e l i R m r T i s a xexarebis~... luka<br />
16, 16.<br />
sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, sufe<br />
feva<br />
`maRali mefobaa~, sa-<br />
sufe<br />
feve<br />
veli<br />
ki: `ese ars samyofi angelozTa, sada wmidani arian<br />
winaSe R½Tisa B~... (sulxan-saba, II).<br />
rogorc arn. Ciqobava aRniSnavs, `s-uf-ev-s, me-uf-e, ufal-<br />
erTi Ziridan nawarmoebi Cans; esaa uf- (romelSic SesaZlebelia<br />
-u- Zirs Sexorcebuli prefiqsi iyos). s-uf-ev-s zmna-<br />
Si s- prefiqsi isevea Semonaxuli, rogorc Se-i-s-yid-a, gamo-i-syid-a-Si~...<br />
(arn. Ciqobava).<br />
sufe<br />
feva<br />
qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi asea ganmartebuli:<br />
`Zv. da wign. saxeli sufevs zmnis moqmedebisa, _ mefoba,<br />
batonoba; arseboba, yofna... sasu<br />
sufe<br />
feve<br />
veli<br />
ekl. wmindanTa<br />
sulebis samkvidrebeli zecaSi, _ samoTxe~... (qegl VI, Tb.,<br />
1960).<br />
sufe<br />
feva<br />
zmnis amosavali mniSvneloba `arseboba, myofoba~<br />
unda yofiliyo, Semdeg ki `mefoba, batonoba, mflobeloba~ da<br />
a. S. da es bunebrivicaa, radganac, rogorc aRniSnulia samecniero<br />
literaturaSi, qona-yolis zmnebi pirveladni ar arian,<br />
isini saTaves arseboba-mdgomareobis zmnebidan iReben. am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
sainteresoa, rom msoflioSi gvaqvs iseTi enebi, romlebSic<br />
`qona-yolis~ aRmniSvneli zmna ar moipoveba, magram<br />
warmodgenilia `arsebobis~ gamomxatveli zmnebi (e. benvenisti),<br />
xolo iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi `qona-yolis~ Sinaarsis gadmocemis<br />
TvalsazrisiT ramdenime safexuri gamoiyofa (v. Sengelia).<br />
amgvarad, varauds qarTulSi `arsebobis~ semantikis pirveladobis<br />
Sesaxeb sxva enebSi arsebuli viTarebac uWers mxars.<br />
89<br />
90