saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari – warsuli da awmyo
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari – warsuli da awmyo
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari – warsuli da awmyo
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sagareo politikisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis programa<br />
www.css.ge<br />
seqtemberi 2012<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>sazRvari</strong> <strong>–</strong> <strong>warsuli</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>awmyo</strong><br />
nikoloz samxaraZe<br />
asocirebuli mkvlevari<br />
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis doqtoranti<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> universiteti<br />
socialur mecnierebaTa centris proeqti “sadoqtoro<br />
programebis ganviTareba iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
universitetSi<br />
grantis kodi: E0476
sarCevi<br />
I. Sesavali ......................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
II. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvris Camoyalibebis istoria me-20 saukuneSi 6<br />
III. molaparakebebi delimitaciis Sesaxeb .......................................................................... 21<br />
IV. <strong>da</strong>skvna ......................................................................................................................................... 25<br />
avtoris Sesaxeb ............................................................................................................................. 28<br />
2
I. Sesavali<br />
saqarTvelom <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba 1991 wlis dekemberSi aRidgina, mas<br />
Semdeg rac sabWoTa kavSirma oficialurad Sewyvita arseboba.<br />
sabWoTa kavSirSi mezobel sabWoTa socialistur respublikebs Soris<br />
arsebuli sazRvrebi administraciul sazRvrebad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
“moZme” respublikebSi ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba yovelgvari sasazRvro Semowmebis<br />
gareSe iyo SesaZlebeli. erTi mokavSire respubliki<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svlaze mxolod avtoinspeqciis TeTr-lurji jixurebi <strong>da</strong> sagzao<br />
abrebi Tu mianiSneb<strong>da</strong>, gansxvavebiT saqarTvelo-TurqeTis<br />
sazRvrisagan, romelic amavdroulad sabWoTa kavSirsa <strong>da</strong> natos wevr<br />
qveyanas Soris <strong>–</strong> evrokavSiris Tanamedrove terminologias Tu<br />
gamoviyenebT <strong>–</strong> gare sazRvris funqciasac asruleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saTanadod<br />
iyo delimitirebuli <strong>da</strong> demarkirebuli. 1998 wels ruseTis sasazRvro<br />
jarebis ukanasknelma qve<strong>da</strong>nayofma <strong>da</strong>tova saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> axlad<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebelma <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m sazRvris <strong>da</strong>cva sakuTari resursebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo. samwuxarod, <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebi<strong>da</strong>n 21 wlis Semdeg<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvris 2148 kilometri<strong>da</strong>n, mxolod<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 13%, anu 275 kilometria delimitirebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
demarkirebuli. sazRvris delimitacia xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong> rTuli procesi<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. dReisaTvis kavkasiis regionSi mxolod ruseTma <strong>da</strong><br />
azerbaijanma moaxerxes sazRvris oficialurad gaformeba.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelom verc erT mis mezobel qveyanasTan ver<br />
miaRwia SeTanxmebas <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvris Taobaze, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />
rom samive qveyanasTan sazRvris delimitacia-demarkaciis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
komisiebi jer kidev 1993-94 wlebSi Seiqmna.<br />
sawyis etapze komisiebs sakmaod rTul pirobebSi moux<strong>da</strong>T muSaoba,<br />
magram TiTqmis ocwliani molaparakebebis Semdegac ki ruseTis<br />
federaciasTan komisiebis doneze SeTanxmeba sazRvris mxolod 86%-is<br />
3
Taobaze moxerx<strong>da</strong>, somxeTTan 71%-ze <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanTan - 66%-ze. 1<br />
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom <strong>sazRvari</strong> nawilobriv ver SeTanxmdeba.<br />
molaparakebebi maSin iTvleba <strong>da</strong>srulebulad, rodesac SeTanxmeba<br />
sazRvris mTel monakveTze aris miRweuli. bolo ramdenime wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi samxreT kavkasiis qveynebTan molaparakebis procesi<br />
stagnacias ganicdis <strong>da</strong> sinaTle gvirabis bolos jer kidev ar Cans.<br />
mdgomareoba kidev ufro uaresia ruseTTan mimarTebaSi, radgan mis<br />
mier 2008 wels afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
aRiarebis Semdeg, molaparakebebi gaurkveveli vadiT Sewy<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvris marTvis strategiis Tanaxmad, romelic am<br />
sferoSi ZiriTad <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> dokuments warmoadgens, saqarTvelo-<br />
ruseTis sazRvris delimitaciis komisia muSaobas mxolod ruseTis<br />
mier afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis deokupaciis Semdeg ganaaxlebs. 2<br />
amrigad, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> yofil sabWoTa mosazRvre respublikebs<br />
Soris <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvris Taobaze SeTanxmebis miRweva Soreuli<br />
perspeqtivaa, rac Zirs uTxris <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s erT-erT fun<strong>da</strong>mentur<br />
maxasiaTebel niSans <strong>–</strong> gansazRvrul teritorias. sazRvrebis<br />
SeuTanxmebloba qmnis <strong>da</strong>matebiT <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />
mezobel qveynebs Soris urTierTobaSi, rac <strong>da</strong>viT garejis monasterSi<br />
axlaxans momx<strong>da</strong>ri incidentiTac <strong>da</strong>sturdeba. 3 gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />
<strong>da</strong>udgeneli sazRvrebi <strong>da</strong>matebiT <strong>da</strong>brkolebas qmnis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
gacxadebuli sagareo politikuri miznis <strong>–</strong> nato-Si integraciis<br />
miRwevis saqmeSi.<br />
iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, rom sazogadoeba yovelTvis Zalian mtkivneulad<br />
aRiqvams teritoriul <strong>da</strong>vebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac<br />
SesaTanxmebeli sazRvris monakveTi kulturuli <strong>da</strong> religiuri<br />
memkvidreobis adgilebze gadis, rogorc es <strong>da</strong>viT garejis<br />
1 <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvris marTvis strategia, 2012<br />
2 <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvris marTvis strategia, 2012, gv. 18<br />
3 Georgia, Azerbaijani FMs discuss disputed border section at monastery complex area,<br />
http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id n =24779<br />
4
SemTxvevaSia (saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis <strong>sazRvari</strong>), mdgomareoba<br />
advilad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iZabos <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>azaralos mmarTveli reJimis<br />
popularoba. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, miwis mcireoden nawilze arsebulma<br />
uTanxmoebamac ki SesaZlebelia mTeli regionis stabilurobac<br />
Searyios.<br />
amrigad, winamdebare statiis Tema - <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
sazRvrebis delimitacia sakmaod aqtualuria <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiis<br />
regionis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebs Soris urTierTobis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
elementia. igi trans-sasazRvro urTierTobebSi <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis uSret<br />
wyaros warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> qveynebs Soris SeuTanxmebloba xSirad iwvevs<br />
sazogadoebis aRSfoTebas, rac qveynis xelmZRvanelobas aiZulebs<br />
sasazRvro incidentebis seriozuloba <strong>da</strong>akninos.<br />
statia mimoixilavs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> axlandeli sazRvris Camoyalibebis<br />
process me-20 saukuneSi, agreTve moicavs <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebis<br />
Semdeg sazRvris delimitaciis Sesaxeb <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobis<br />
poziciis analizs. statiis pirveli nawili eTmoba 1918-1921 wlebs,<br />
rodesac samxreT kavkasiaSi mniSvnelovan sasazRvro cvlilebebs<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili, Semdeg ganxilulia sabWoTa periodi <strong>da</strong> 1991-93 wlebi<br />
rodesac sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris (ssrk)<br />
memkvidre qveynebma xelaxla <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stures ssrk-is Si<strong>da</strong> respublikuri<br />
sazRvrebi. statiis meore nawilSi aRwerilia <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
aRdgenis Semdeg sazRvris delimitaciis Sesaxeb mezobel<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebTan warmoebuli molaparakebebis procesi. rasakvirvelia,<br />
sazRvris delimitacia calmxrivad ar miiRweva. es ormxrivi procesia<br />
<strong>da</strong> konsensusis miRwevis saqmeSi warumatebloba orive mxares un<strong>da</strong><br />
mieweros. Tumca, am statiis mizania ara <strong>da</strong>mnaSave mxaris<br />
identificireba, aramed molaparakebebze winsvlis ararsebobis<br />
mizezebis <strong>da</strong>dgena. statia asaxavs qarTuli mxaris xedvas, radgan igi<br />
efuZneba saqarTveloSi Catarebul interviuebsa <strong>da</strong> dokumentebis<br />
analizs. winamdebare kvlevis Tanaxmad, sazRvris delimitaciis<br />
procesis gaWianurebis mTavari mizezi molaparakebis mxareTa<br />
politikuri nebis ararsebobaa.<br />
5
statia warmoadgens mcdelobas gamoikvlios sazRvris delimitaciis<br />
sakiTxi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>TaSoris urTierTobebSi. samwuxarod, sazRvris<br />
delimitaciis Temis irgvliv Rrma kvleva ar Catarebula, rac am<br />
statiis droulobasa <strong>da</strong> relevanturobas ganapirobebs.<br />
II. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvris Camoyalibebis istoria me-<br />
20 saukuneSi<br />
statiaSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvris formirebis istoria sam<br />
perio<strong>da</strong>d aris <strong>da</strong>yofili: 1918-1921 - pirveli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis periodi,<br />
1921-1991 - sabWoTa periodi <strong>da</strong> 1991-1993 - meore <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
periodis adreuli etapi. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvrebis<br />
Tanamedrove saxiT Camoyalibeba swored aRniSnul periodebSi mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1. pirveli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis periodi<br />
me-20 saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> axlandeli teritoria<br />
mTlianad ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi iyo <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis<br />
mefisnacvlis teritoriis ganuyofel nawils Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. 1917 wlis<br />
ianvrisaTvis kavkasiis samefisnacvlo Semdegi erTeulebisagan<br />
Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>: baqos, elizavetpolis, quTaisis, tfilisis, Savi zRvis <strong>da</strong><br />
erevnis guberniebi. guberniebi Tavis mxriv Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> olqebisa <strong>–</strong><br />
(baTumi, <strong>da</strong>Restani, yarsi, yubani, Tergi) <strong>da</strong> momcro administraciuli<br />
erTeulebisgan <strong>–</strong> okrugi <strong>da</strong> mazra. es teritoriebi imarTebo<strong>da</strong> 1883<br />
wlis “kavkasiis administraciuli aqtis” Sesabamisad (“kavkasiis<br />
samxareo marTvis <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba”- “Учреждение управления Кавказского<br />
края”) <strong>da</strong>Yyubanisa <strong>da</strong> Tergis olqebis gar<strong>da</strong> Seadgendnen amierkavkasias<br />
(Закавказье). amasTan, Savi zRvis gubernias gaaCn<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli<br />
statusi. tfilisisa <strong>da</strong> quTaisis guberniebis samxreT miwebi ruseTis<br />
imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> 1877-1878 wlis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi<br />
ruseTis gamarjvebis Sedegad.<br />
6
1917 wlis Tebervlisa <strong>da</strong> oqtombris reoluciebis <strong>da</strong> ruseTSi<br />
gaafTrebuli samoqalaqo omis gaCaRebis Semdeg, amierkavkasiis<br />
komisariatma - amierkavkasiis marTvis mizniT ruseTis gar<strong>da</strong>mavali<br />
mTavrobis mier Seqmnili amierkavkasiis specialuri komitetis<br />
memkvidrem, 1918 wlis ianvarSi amierkavkasiis parlamenti (seimi)<br />
moiwvia. seimi ruseTis <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis kavkasieli<br />
deputatebisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>, romelic oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg<br />
bolSevikebma <strong>da</strong>iTxoves.<br />
seims rTuli misia hqon<strong>da</strong> mZime saerTaSoriso mdgomareobis fonze.<br />
ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> germanias Soris 1918 wlis martSi <strong>da</strong>debuli brest-<br />
litovskis SeTanxmeba sxva sakiTxebTan erTad baTumis, yarsisa <strong>da</strong><br />
artaanis miwebis TurqeTisTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> 4 . Tumca, es<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba kavkasiis politikur elitasTan konsultaciis gareSe<br />
iyo miRebuli ramac mdgomareobis <strong>da</strong>Zabva gamoiwvia. seimi ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>eTanxma brest-litovskis SeTanxmebis pirobebs <strong>da</strong> TurqeTs<br />
samSvidobo molaparakebebis gamarTva SesTavaza.<br />
trapizonis molaparakebebis pirveli raundi warumateblad <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> Sedegad, osmalebma <strong>da</strong>ipyres baTumi, artaani, ozurgeTi <strong>da</strong><br />
axalcixe, agreTve azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> somxeTis didi nawili.<br />
molaparakebebis gasagrZeleblad osmalebma amierkavkasiis<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gamocxadeba moiTxoves. 1918 wlis 22 aprils<br />
gamocxad<strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublika,<br />
romelic 27 aprils aRiara TurqeTma. 5 amierkavkasiis demokratiuli<br />
federaciuli respublikis Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gare sazRvrebi emTxveo<strong>da</strong> im<br />
teritoriuli erTeulebis <strong>–</strong>guberniebis, olqebisa <strong>da</strong> okrugebis<br />
sazRvrebs, romlebic kavkasiis samefisnacvlos amierkavkasiis nawils<br />
Seadgendnen. amierkavkasiis demokratiulma federaciulma respublikam<br />
samSvidobo molaparakebebi <strong>da</strong>iwyo TurqeTTan, magram qarTvel<br />
menSevikebs, somex <strong>da</strong>Snakebsa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanel musavatebs Soris Si<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebam (romlebic respublikis seimis umravlesobas<br />
4 brest-litovskis xelSekruleba, 3 marti, 1918, http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/dokumente/brest/index.html<br />
5 franc fon listi, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublikis uflebebi, tfilisi, 1918,: akaki baqraZe, istoriuli<br />
raritetebi, Tbilisi, 1989<br />
7
Seadgendnen), agreTve TurqeTTan <strong>da</strong>zavebis mimarT am partiebis<br />
interesTa SeuTavseblobam amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli<br />
respublikis politikuri erTianoba Searyia. 1918 wlis 26 maiss<br />
TurqeTma amierkavkasiis demokratiul federaciul respublikas<br />
ultimatumi wauyena, rom 72 saaTis ganmavlobaSi eRiarebina axali<br />
sazRvrebi <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis jarisTvis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriaze gavlis<br />
saSualeba mieca. seimis sxdomaze sami partiis sagareo politikuri<br />
interesebi kvlav erTmaneTs Seejaxa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebi miReba<br />
SeuZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong>. Sedegad, seimma Tavi <strong>da</strong>Slilad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. 6<br />
ramdenime saaTis Semdeg saqarTvelom, xolo ori dRis Semdeg ki -<br />
somxeTma <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanma <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublika (sdr) omis pirobebSi <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong>.<br />
TurqeTs ukve <strong>da</strong>pyrobili hqon<strong>da</strong> samxreT saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> borjomis<br />
xeobasa <strong>da</strong> tfiliss emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>. amasTan, sazRvrebi, romelzec sdr<br />
pretenzias acxadeb<strong>da</strong> ruseTis imperiis administraciul-teritoriuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofis mixedviT, sa<strong>da</strong>vo gax<strong>da</strong> yvela mezobel subieqtTan. TurqeTis<br />
okupaciisgan <strong>da</strong>narCeni <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>sarCenad, 4 ivniss sdr-is<br />
mTavrobam osmaleTis imperiasTan baTumis xelSekrulebas moawera<br />
xeli, romelic iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> TurqeTisTvis baTumis <strong>da</strong> yarsis<br />
olqebisa <strong>da</strong> axalcixisa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis mazrebis (sul 11000 kv. km)<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemas. 7 Tumca, es xelSekruleba ar yofila ratificirebuli<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> parlamentis mier <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad arasodes hqonia<br />
iuridiuli Zala. 1918 wlis zafxulSi, saqarTveloSi germanuli<br />
qve<strong>da</strong>nayofebis Semosvlam TurqeTis intervencia SeaCera <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobas mieca saSualeba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mSvidobian<br />
viTarebaSi eSenebina <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>edgina sazRvrebi.<br />
1918 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelom molaparakebebi <strong>da</strong>iwyo general<br />
denikinTan <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> mis mier Seqmnil yubanis respublikas<br />
Soris sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>dgenis Taobaze. yubanis respublikam<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>gan soWisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis <strong>da</strong>Tmoba moiTxova <strong>da</strong> samxedro<br />
operaciac ki Caatara gagris <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad. qarTulma jarebma Seteva<br />
6 a.surgulaZe, p. surgulaZe, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoria, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 196<br />
7 roin metreveli, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoria, leqsikoni, Tbilisi 1979, gv. 114<br />
8
moigeries <strong>da</strong> ganlagdnen soWTan axlos mdinare mexadirTan. sasazRvro<br />
xazis <strong>da</strong>dgenis Taobaze molaparakebebi warumateblad <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. 8<br />
amasobaSi, germaniam <strong>da</strong> TurqeTma pirvel msoflio omSi kapitulacia<br />
gamoacxades <strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiaSi ganlagebuli germanuli qve<strong>da</strong>nayofebi<br />
britanuli kontigentiT Seicvala. mudrosis sazavo xelSekrulebis<br />
Tanaxmad, TurqeTs sakuTari jari un<strong>da</strong> gaeyvana brest-litovskis<br />
xelSekrulebis Semdeg okupirebuli samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
regionebi<strong>da</strong>n. samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi aRdga Tbilisis<br />
mmarTveloba, gamonakliss mxolod baTumis olqi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelic britaneTis jarebis uSualo kontrols eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>. 9<br />
1919 wlis martSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobam parizis sazavo<br />
konferenciisaTvis moxseneba moamza<strong>da</strong> sakuTari politikuri<br />
moTxovnebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvrebis Sesaxeb. moxsenebaSi<br />
Camoyalibebuli iyo moTxovna imis Sesaxeb, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
sazRvrebi un<strong>da</strong> moicavdes tfilisisa <strong>da</strong> quTaisis yofil guberniebs,<br />
Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleTiT soxumis okrugs <strong>da</strong> Savi zRvis guberniis soWis<br />
okrugis teritorias mdinare makofsemde, samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTiT baTumis<br />
olqs, yarsis olqis artaanisa <strong>da</strong> olTisis okrugebs, erzrumis<br />
vilaieTis nawils (Woroxis ze<strong>da</strong> napiri) <strong>da</strong> lazistanis sanjayis<br />
nawils, aRmosavleTiT aseve zaqaTalis okrugs. moxsenebaSi naTqvami<br />
iyo, rom es teritoriebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriuli miwebia <strong>da</strong><br />
mosaxleobis 75% eTnikuri qarTvelebisgan Sedgeba. 10 aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>sTvis am miwebis <strong>da</strong>bruneba<br />
istoriul samarTlianobas aRadgen<strong>da</strong>. bedis ironiiT, erTa ligam<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublika am sazRvrebSi 1921 wlis 27<br />
ianvars aRiara, mas Semdeg rac erTi TviT adre uari uTxra<br />
organizaciaSi gawevrebaze, Tumca es aRiareba Zalian <strong>da</strong>gvianebuli<br />
8 a. surgulaZe, p. surgulaZe, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoria, Tbilisi 1991 , gv. 221<br />
9 a. surgulaZe, p. surgulaZe, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoria, Tbilisi 1991 , gv. 218<br />
10 a. surgulaZe, p. surgulaZe, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoria, Tbilisi 1991 , gv. 380<br />
9
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, radgan <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis bedi<br />
kremlSi ukve ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili iyo. 11<br />
manamde, <strong>sazRvari</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris ukve SeTanxmebuli<br />
iyo, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> ruseTis sabWoTa federaciul socialistur<br />
respublikas (rsfsr) Soris 1920 wlis 7 maiss xelmowerili<br />
SeTanxmebis farglebSi. am SeTanxmebis me-3 muxlis mixedviT<br />
“<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>sazRvari</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris gadis Savi<br />
zRvi<strong>da</strong>n md. fsous gaswvriv asaxCis mTamde, ga<strong>da</strong>dis asaxCis <strong>da</strong><br />
agapetis mTaze <strong>da</strong> midis yofil Savi zRvis, quTaisisa <strong>da</strong> Tfilisis<br />
guberniebis CrdiloeT sazRvriT zaqaTalis olqamde <strong>da</strong> xsenebuli<br />
olqis aRmosavleT sazRvriT midis somxeTis sazRvrebamde”. 12 me-4<br />
muxlis Tanaxmad, mesame muxlSi CamoTvlili Savi zRvis guberniis<br />
miwebis gar<strong>da</strong>, ruseTma <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriis ganuyofel nawilad<br />
scno Semdegi guberniebi <strong>da</strong> ruseTis yofili olqebi: tfilisi, quTaisi<br />
<strong>da</strong> baTumi yvela mazriTa <strong>da</strong> okrugiT, soxumis <strong>da</strong> zaqaTalis okrugebi.<br />
1922 wlamde neitralurad gamocxad<strong>da</strong> sasazRvro uReltexilebi,<br />
specialuri komisiis mier am adgilebze sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>dgenamde. 13<br />
ruseTTan xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>deba qarTuli diplomatiis udidesi<br />
warmateba iyo, rTul regionSi CrdiloeTisa <strong>da</strong> Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
sazRvris usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriuli<br />
moTxovnebis ZiriTadi nawili <strong>da</strong>kmayofil<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kidevac gasc<strong>da</strong><br />
quTaisis guberniis soxumis okrugis sazRvrebs <strong>da</strong> gagris teritoria<br />
moicva, romelic manamde Savi zRvis guberniis soWis okrugis<br />
SemadgenlobaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelSekrulebis gaformebam <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
amierkavkasieli mezoblebis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. im droisaTvis<br />
ukve gasabWoebuli azerbaijanis xelmZRvanelobam protesti gamoTqva<br />
zaqaTalis okrugis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis<br />
11 avTandil menTeSaSvili, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis sabWoTa ruseTTan <strong>da</strong> antantis<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebTan urTierTobis istoria 1918-1921 (rusul enaze), Tbilisi, 2000, gv . 86<br />
12 1920w. 7 maisis ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelSekruleba: manana xvedeliZe, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>sazRvari</strong><br />
konstituciebsa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi, Tbilisi, 1999. gv. 8.<br />
13 1920w. 7 maisis ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelSekruleba: manana xvedeliZe, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>sazRvari</strong><br />
konstituciebsa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi, Tbilisi, 1999. gv 8.<br />
10
sazRvrebSi moqcevis gamo, radgan misi mosaxleobis udidesi nawili<br />
muslimani iyo. 1916 wels, zaqaTalis okrugis 76000 mosaxli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mxolod 19000 iyo qarTveli, xolo <strong>da</strong>narCen mosaxleobas 45000 leki<br />
<strong>da</strong> 12000 Turqi, sparsi <strong>da</strong> qurTi Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. 14 protests mohyva<br />
zaqaTalaSi qarTuli <strong>da</strong> azerbijanuli jarebis ganTavseba <strong>da</strong><br />
mciremasStabiani sabrZolo moqmedebebi. <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis aRsakveTad<br />
ruseTmac ganaTavsa Tavisi jarebi okrugSi. 1920 wlis 12 maiss<br />
saqarTvelom <strong>da</strong> ruseTma <strong>da</strong>matebiT xelSekrulebas moaweres xeli,<br />
romelic iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis<br />
warmomadgenlebisgan Semdgari erToblivi komisiis Seqmnas, romelsac<br />
ruseTis (rsfsr) warmomadgeneli uxelmZRvaneleb<strong>da</strong>. komisiasTan un<strong>da</strong><br />
SeeTanxmebinaT zaqaTalis sa<strong>da</strong>vo teritoriis <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo-<br />
azerbaijanis sazRvris statusi. komisiis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
Sesruleba orive mxarisaTvis savaldebulo iyo. 15<br />
ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelSekrulebam somxeTis protestic gamoiwvia. 1920<br />
wlis 15 ivniss saqarTveloSi somxeTis diplomatiurma<br />
warmomadgenelma bekzadianma nota gagzavna romelSic aprotesteb<strong>da</strong><br />
tfilisis guberniis <strong>da</strong> baTumis olqis yvela okrugisa <strong>da</strong> mazris<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis teritoriis ganuyofel<br />
nawilad aRiarebas. “es xelSekruleba arRvevs saqarTvelo-somxeTis<br />
1919 w. 17 ianvris xelSekrulebas sa<strong>da</strong>vo teritoriebis Sesaxeb. amitom<br />
somxeTis mTavroba am xelSekrulebis nawils, romelic tfilisis<br />
guberniasa <strong>da</strong> baTumis olqs exeba, baTilad acxadebs” <strong>–</strong> naTqvami iyo<br />
saprotesto notaSi. 16 somexi diplomatis mier moxseniebuli<br />
xelSekruleba <strong>da</strong>ido 1918 wlis dekembris saqarTvelo-somxeTis<br />
xanmokle omis Semdeg. qarTulma jarma moigeria ra somxeTis jaris<br />
Seteva, romelsac borCalos <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis mazrebis nawili hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebuli, kontrSetevaze ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. britaneTis Suamdgomlobis<br />
14<br />
ivane javaxiSvili, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvrebi, Tbilisi, 1919: akaki baqraZe , istoriuli raritetebi, Tbilisi,<br />
1989<br />
15<br />
ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi SeTanxmeba, : manana xvedeliZe,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>sazRvari</strong> konstituciebsa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi, Tbilisi, 1999. gv.<br />
17<br />
16<br />
avTandil menTeSaSvili, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis sabWoTa ruseTTan <strong>da</strong> antantis<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebTan urTierTobis istoria 1918-1921 (rusul enaze), Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 61<br />
11
Sedegad miRweuli cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebam qarTul<br />
nawilebs borCalos mazris sofel sa<strong>da</strong>xloSi mouswro. 17 somxeTma<br />
moiTxova borCalosa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis mazrebis neitralur zonebad<br />
gamocxadeba saerTo mmarTvelobiT, maTi saboloo statusis<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenamde. saqarTvelom uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis mazris<br />
erTobliv administraciaSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemaze <strong>da</strong> iq qarTuli administracia<br />
SeinarCuna, Tumca <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> erTobliv mmarTvelobaze borCalos<br />
mazris lores teritoriaze sa<strong>da</strong>xlos xazis samxreTiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
qarTulma jarebma Seteva SeaCeres. 17 ianvars droebiTi xelSekruleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>ido, romlis Sedegad somxeTis mTavrobam uari Tqva Tavis<br />
pretenziaze axalqalaqTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, xolo saqarTvelom <strong>da</strong>karga<br />
teritoriis nawili lores samxreTiT. lores <strong>da</strong>rCenili teritoria<br />
britaneTis mier <strong>da</strong>kavebul qarTul-somxur erTobliv administracias<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>eca. 18 neitraluri zonis CrdiloeTis sazRvrad is xazi un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, romelic qarTul jarebs ekavaT 1918 wlis 31 dekembris<br />
Ramis 12 saaTis mdgomareobiT (cecxlis Sewyvetamde): “...deRli-<strong>da</strong>Ris mTa,<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri xazi uReltexilze s. irRanCaimdis pir<strong>da</strong>piri xazi 798 simaRlemdis;<br />
Semdeg kulu<strong>da</strong>Sis simaRlemdis (855.5) simaRle 676, sof. saaTli, simaRle 694; sof.<br />
axkerpi, pir<strong>da</strong>piri xaziT sofel ofreTis simaRle 492, xojornis axlos sof.<br />
baraZoris eklesiis nangrevebi, - sof. sa<strong>da</strong>xlo, sadg. sa<strong>da</strong>xlo, sa<strong>da</strong>xlos<br />
CrdiloeTiT mTis wveri 1554, - Semdeg 2660 simaRlimdis (mTa tana <strong>da</strong>Ri), Semdeg<br />
wyaros warweramdis, romelic borCalos mTis haluTli-baSi warweris CrdiloeTiT<br />
aris. soflebi irRanCai, jan<strong>da</strong>ri, axkerpi, ofreTi, xojorni, baraZori, sa<strong>da</strong>xlo <strong>–</strong><br />
rCebian am xazis CrdiloeTiT”. 19 aRsaniSnavia, rom dReisaTvis <strong>sazRvari</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> somxeTs Soris swored am xazze gadis.<br />
xelSekrulebis erT-erTi pirobis mixedviT konfliqti sabolood<br />
parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze un<strong>da</strong> mogvarebuliyo, iseve<br />
rogorc sazRvris saboloo delimitaciis sakiTxi, rac sinamdvileSi<br />
ver moxerx<strong>da</strong>. 1920 wlis somxeT-TurqeTis omSi, TurqeTis mier<br />
somxeTis teritoriebis <strong>da</strong>kavebam suraTi kidev erTxel Secvala.<br />
17 akaki ramiSvili, Cveni Secdomebi 1918-1921, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 29.<br />
18 Andersen, Andrew and Egge, Georg, Armeno-Georgian War of 1918 and Armeno-Georgian Territorial Issue in the 20 th Century,<br />
http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/Armeno_Georgian_War18_E.html<br />
19 Andersen, Andrew and Egge, Georg, Armeno-Georgian War of 1918 and Armeno-Georgian Territorial Issue in the 20 th Century,<br />
http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/Armeno_Georgian_War18_E.html<br />
12
Turqebis mier lores SesaZlo mitacebis SiSiT <strong>da</strong>Snakurma somxeTma<br />
sdr-is jarebs seqtorSi sami TviT Sesvlis saSualeba misca. 20<br />
molaparakebebis Semdegi raundi seqtoris statusis Sesaxeb 1921 wlis<br />
TebervalSi un<strong>da</strong> gamarTuliyo, magram 1920 wlis 29 noembers somxeTSi<br />
sabWoTa wyobileba <strong>da</strong>myar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> lores seqtori kidev erTi wliT<strong>–</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gasabWoebamde <strong>da</strong>rCa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gamgeblobaSi. un<strong>da</strong><br />
aRiniSnos, rom qarTul-somxuri teritoriuli <strong>da</strong>va parizis<br />
samSvidobo konferenciaze aseve ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong> artaanis, yarsis <strong>da</strong><br />
olTisis miwebs, magram iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare rom es teritoriebi dRes<br />
arc somxeTs <strong>da</strong> arc <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ar ekuTvnis, es sakiTxi naklebad<br />
mniSvnelovania qarTul-somxuri sazRvris formirebisTvis.<br />
zaqaTalis okrugis sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis Sedegad<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiulma respublikam <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis sabWoTa<br />
socialisturma respublikam (assr) 1920 wlis 12 ivniss aRstafaSi<br />
samSvidobo xelSekrulebas moaweres xeli, romlis mixedviT<br />
<strong>sazRvari</strong> or qveyanas Soris borCalosa <strong>da</strong> yazaxis mazrebis<br />
sazRvrebze, romelic iwyeba somxeTis zoni<strong>da</strong>n, ga<strong>da</strong>dis poverCaSis<br />
mTaze, Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>ivlis vartiSis mTebis gaswvriv, Suaze Wri<strong>da</strong> wiTel<br />
xids <strong>da</strong> foilos xids, Semdeg grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> Zveli administraciuli<br />
sazRvris gaswvriv zaqaTalis okrugis sazRvramde. yazaxis mazraSi<br />
ramdenime neitraluri zona ganisazRvra, sa<strong>da</strong>c erTi wliT aikrZala<br />
jarebis ganTavseba <strong>da</strong> fortifikaciebis mSenebloba. neitraluri<br />
zonebis mmarTveloba azerbaijanis xelSi rCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
es dokumenti a<strong>da</strong>stureb<strong>da</strong> ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelSekrulebis punqts<br />
imis Taobaze, rom zaqaTalis okrugis statusis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta erToblivi<br />
komisiis prerogativas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, 21 <strong>da</strong> rom molaparakebaSi CarTuli<br />
delegaciebi am sakiTxSi ver SeTanxmdnen. igive dokumentiT <strong>da</strong>myar<strong>da</strong><br />
diplomatiuri urTierToba <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiul respublikasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis ssr-s Soris. xelSekrulebis ratifikacia<br />
20 avTandil menTeSaSvili, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis sabWoTa ruseTTan <strong>da</strong> antantis<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebTan urTierTobis istoria 1918-1921 (rusul enaze), Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 86<br />
21 samSvidobo xelSekruleba sdr-sa <strong>da</strong> assr-s Soris: manana xvedeliZe <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>sazRvari</strong><br />
konstituciebsa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi, Tbilisi, 1999. gv. 19-22.<br />
13
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis mier<br />
ori kviris Semdeg ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>. 22<br />
samwuxarod, es xelSekruleba aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> ukanaskneli SeTanxmeba<br />
sasazRvro sakiTxebze, romelic <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli<br />
respublikis istoriaSi <strong>da</strong>ido mezobel qveyanasTan. 1921 wlis<br />
TebervalSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublika wiTel armiasTan<br />
brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> TbilisSi sabWoTa wyobileba <strong>da</strong>myar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublika <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sabWoTa<br />
socialistur respublikad (sssr) ga<strong>da</strong>iqca. marTalia, saqarTvelo-<br />
ruseTis <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis sazRvris didi monakveTi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mier ukve<br />
SeTanxmebuli iyo, magram uReltexilebis, neitraluri zonebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, zaqaTalis sakiTxis mogvareba, romelic<br />
erTobliv komisias 1921 wels un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>eWra, aseve sasazRvro<br />
xelSekrulebebis <strong>da</strong>deba somxeTTan <strong>da</strong> TurqeTTan, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssr-<br />
is axali bolSevikuri mmarTvelobis organos <strong>–</strong> revoluciuri<br />
komitetis prerogativa gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
2. sabWoTa mmarTveloba<br />
1921 wlis 12 Tebervals lores neitralur zonaSi adgilobrivi<br />
komunistebis ajanyebis sababiT, wiTeli armiis sajariso erTeulebi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvrebSi SemoiWrnen <strong>da</strong> cameti dRis Semdeg Tbilisi<br />
<strong>da</strong>ikaves. TurqeTma, romelsac somxeTTan omSi ukve <strong>da</strong>brunebuli<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>T 1878 wels <strong>da</strong>karguli teritoriebis udidesi nawili,<br />
isargebla SemTxveviT <strong>da</strong> 1878 wels <strong>da</strong>karguli teritoriis qarTuli<br />
nawilis <strong>da</strong>brunebac ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. 22 Tebervals, ankaraSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
elCs acnobes, rom TurqeTis jarebi artaanis <strong>da</strong> arTvinis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas<br />
apirebdnen <strong>da</strong> marTlac meore dRes TurqeTis jarebi Sevidnen artaansa<br />
22 manana xvedeliZe, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvris samarTlebrivi, geografiuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2000. gv. 35<br />
14
<strong>da</strong> arTvinSi. 23 11 marts, Turqebma baTumic <strong>da</strong>ikaves, romelic<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mxolod amierkavkasii<strong>da</strong>n britaneTis jarebis saboloo<br />
gasvlis Semdeg, 1920 wlis ivlisSi <strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong>. menSevikebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> axali bolSevikuri xelmZRvanelobis erToblivi<br />
samxedro qmedebis wyalobiT eqvsi dRis Semdeg Turqebi baTumi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gandevnes.<br />
am dros, 1921 wlis 16 marts, ruseTis sabWoTa federaciulma<br />
socialisturma respublikam <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis qemalisturma didma<br />
erovnulma yrilobam, romelTac sakuTar qveynebSi legitimaciis<br />
problema hqon<strong>da</strong>T, moskovSi “Zmobisa <strong>da</strong> megobrobis xelSekrulebas”<br />
moaweres xeli. es xelSekruleba sxva sakiTxebTan erTad adgen<strong>da</strong><br />
TurqeTis Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleTis sazRvars. am xelSekrulebis pirvel<br />
muxlSi weria rom: “<strong>sazRvari</strong> iwyeba Savi zRvis sanapiroze sof. sarfSi, kveTs<br />
xedismTas <strong>da</strong> gauyveba SavSeTis <strong>da</strong> kani-<strong>da</strong>Ris mTebis wyalgamyof xazs. Semdeg<br />
miuyveba artaanis <strong>da</strong> yarsis sanjayis CrdiloeT administraciul zols, md. arfa-Cais<br />
<strong>da</strong> araqss, <strong>da</strong> yara-sus qve<strong>da</strong> dinebamde aRwevs”. 24 meore muxlic <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
teritorias exebo<strong>da</strong>: “TurqeTi Tanaxmaa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong>uTmos suvereniteti<br />
qalaq-port baTumze, agreTve sazRvris CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritoriebze,<br />
romlebic winamdebare xelSekrulebis 1-el muxlSia gansazRvruli <strong>da</strong> romlebic<br />
baTumis olqis nawils Seadgenen....”. 25 im faqtis gamo, rom TurqeTis<br />
Crdilo-aRmosavleTis teritoria formalurad <strong>da</strong>moukidebel sabWoTa<br />
respublikebs <strong>–</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> somxeTs esazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>, moskovis<br />
xelSekrulebas am <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebisTvis kanonieri Zala ar hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amrigad, moskovSi SeTanxmebuli sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>samtkiceblad didi<br />
erovnuli yrilobis mTavrobam <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, somxeTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
azerbaijanis sabWoTa socialisturma respublikebma 1921 wlis 13<br />
oqtombers yarsSi xeli moaweres xelSekrulebas, romlis me-4 muxli<br />
faqtiurad moskovis xelSekrulebaSi gansazRvrul sazRvrebs<br />
amtkiceb<strong>da</strong> 26 im gansxvavebiT, rom misi I <strong>da</strong> II <strong>da</strong>narTebi ganasxvaveb<strong>da</strong><br />
23 Mango, Andrew, Atatuerk, London, 2004, p.310<br />
24 1921 w. 16 martis moskovis xelSekruleba, http://www.deutscharmenischegesellschaft.de/?page_id=2407<br />
25 1921 w. 16 martis moskovis xelSekruleba, http://www.deutscharmenischegesellschaft.de/?page_id=2407<br />
26 yarsis xelSekruleba, muxli 4: manana xvedeliZe <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>sazRvari</strong> konstituciebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi, Tbilisi, 1999. gv.36<br />
15
TurqeT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> TurqeT-somxeTis sazRvrebs. 27 yarsis<br />
xelSekruleba ZalaSi 1922 wlis 11 seqtembers Sevi<strong>da</strong>, rodesac<br />
mxareebma erevanSi saratifikacio sigelebi gacvales.<br />
yarsis xelSekrulebiT saqarTvelom baTumis olqis arTvinisa <strong>da</strong><br />
artaanis mazrebi <strong>da</strong>karga, romlebsac igi srulad akontroleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konstituciis<br />
Tanaxmad avtonomiuri statusi hqon<strong>da</strong>T miniWebuli 28 . <strong>da</strong>ikarga agreTve<br />
istoriuli taos <strong>da</strong> lazeTis (olTisis mazra <strong>da</strong> lazistanis sanjayi)<br />
sxva teritoriebic, romlebic erTa ligis mier <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
suverenul teritoriad iyo aRiarebuli, magram verasodes<br />
kontroldebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis<br />
mier. sainteresoa, rom am sazRvris ga<strong>da</strong>xedvis sakiTxi meore msoflio<br />
omis Semdeg pots<strong>da</strong>mis konferenciaze kidev erTxel <strong>da</strong>dga dRis<br />
wesrigSi. 1945 wlis 22 ivliss, sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa<br />
ministrma molotovma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom arTvinis, artaanisa <strong>da</strong> yarsis<br />
teritoriebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong> somxeTis sabWoTa respublikebs un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebo<strong>da</strong>T, raTa aRdgeniliyo istoriuli samarTlianoba. 29 sabWoTa<br />
gegmas win aRudgnen britaneTisa <strong>da</strong> a.S.S. delegaciebi, romlebic eWvis<br />
TvaliT uyurebdnen sabWoTa kavSiris gegmebs axlo aRmosavleTis<br />
mimarTulebiT. kavkasiaSi teritoriebis <strong>da</strong>brunebis sakiTxma, romelic<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdeg ssrk-is sagareo politikis dRis wesrigis<br />
erT-erTi umTavresi Tema iyo, Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan <strong>da</strong>karga mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong><br />
sabolood 1953 wlis maisSi ssrk-m TurqeTis mimarT yvela<br />
teritoriuli pretenzia moxsna. 30 amrigad, saqarTvelo-TurqeTis<br />
<strong>sazRvari</strong> sabolood <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
sakvirvelia, magram <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gasabWoebis Semdeg yvela sasazRvro<br />
<strong>da</strong>va mezoblebTan (azerbaijani <strong>da</strong> somxeTi) swrafad mogvar<strong>da</strong>, iqi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, rom sabWoTa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobam uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong><br />
yvela sa<strong>da</strong>vo teritoriaze. es mas Semdeg mox<strong>da</strong>, rac stalinma 1921<br />
27<br />
yarsis xelSekruleba, <strong>da</strong>narTi I, : manana xvedeliZe <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>sazRvari</strong> konstituciebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi, Tbilisi, 1999. gv.42<br />
28<br />
sdr 1921 wlis konstitucia, muxli 107, www.tbappeal.court.ge/upload/r_848.pdf<br />
29<br />
pots<strong>da</strong>mis sami lideris konferencia <strong>–</strong> ssrk, aS.S. <strong>da</strong> didi britaneTi (rusul enaze), moskovi, 1984, gv. 135-<br />
136.<br />
30<br />
ssrk mTavrobis gancxadeba TurqeTis mTavrobisadmi, 30 maisi, 1953, www.obraforum.ru/pdf/fourth.pdf gv.109<br />
16
wlis ivlisSi gamarTul komunisturi partiis kavkasiis biuros<br />
sxdomaze ramdenime maRalCinosans partiuli kursi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
nacionalizmisken ga<strong>da</strong>xvevis braldeba wauyena.<br />
1921 wlis 5 ivliss, amierkavkasiis respublikebis saSinao sazRvrebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>regulirebisadmi miZRvnil konferenciaze gamoica <strong>da</strong>dgenileba<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssr-sa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis ssr-s sasazRvro zolis Sesaxeb.<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenilebis 1-eli punqti amtkiceb<strong>da</strong> arsebul sazRvars Tu ki<br />
sxvagvarad ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gansazRvruli sxva muxlebSi. me-2 punqtSi ki<br />
yaraias velis statusi iyo gansazRvruli, kerZod, igi yazaxis mazris<br />
glexebis sakuTrebaSi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo im pirobiT, rom zust sazRvrebs<br />
specialuri erToblivi komisia gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>. igive komisias <strong>da</strong>evala<br />
el<strong>da</strong>ris velis statusis gansazRvra. me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ss respublikam uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> zaqaTalis okrugze. 31<br />
konferenciis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis <strong>da</strong> specialuri erToblivi komisiis<br />
masalebis safuZvelze 1921 wlis 15 noembers <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />
azerbaijanis sabWoTa socialisturma respublikebma sasazRvro<br />
xelSekrulebas moaweres xeli. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad “sazRvris xazi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis ssr Soris gansazRvrulia Semdegnairad: <strong>sazRvari</strong><br />
iwyeba wiTel xidi<strong>da</strong>n, miemarTeba CrdiloeTisken Torfan-Tanisken, midis swori<br />
xaziT, kveTs md. mtkvars <strong>da</strong> qozluxis tyis gavliT aRwevs yaraias sarwyavi sistemis<br />
me-17 rus samxreTiT bolomde, sai<strong>da</strong>nac imave me-17 rus <strong>da</strong>savleTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n midis<br />
CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT <strong>da</strong> moicavs sofel Sixlis mcxovrebTa mier <strong>da</strong>muSavebul<br />
yvela mimdebare miwas. Semdeg <strong>sazRvari</strong> miemarTeba CrdiloeTisaken, moicavs bek-<br />
qiasiqis mamuls, kveTs jan<strong>da</strong>ris tbas, tovebs ra mis aRmosavleT - azerbaijanis ss<br />
respublikis mflobelobaSi, xolo <strong>da</strong>savleT naxevars <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ss respublikis<br />
mflobelobaSi <strong>da</strong> miemarTeba CrdiloeTisaken, yiriSlis mTaze, aRwevs qeSiS-gzeis<br />
mTamde, eSveba samxreT-aRmosavleTiT <strong>da</strong> miemarTeba Sixli-qaravan-elis uReltexilis<br />
gavliT, kveTs did gzas, uxvevs CrdiloeTisaken, adis lebsizin<strong>da</strong>aze, kveTs aram-<br />
diare xrams, Semouvlis quTnas, aRwevs yalageris mTamde, midis mdinare ioramde,<br />
masze gayolebiT ki qesamalis mijnamde <strong>da</strong> Semdeg miemarTeba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvris<br />
gayolebiT”. 32 Zalzed mniSvnelovania, rom xelSekrulebis me-3 punqtiT<br />
31<br />
manana xvedeliZe, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvris samarTlebrivi, geografiuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2000. gv. 42<br />
32<br />
manana xvedeliZe, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvris samarTlebrivi, geografiuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2000. gv. 51<br />
17
ZalaSi Sedis zaqaTalis okrugTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />
sazRvrebis regulirebisadmi miZRvnil konferenciaze miRebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenilebis me-4 punqtis Sesabamisad. am xelSekrulebam sabolood<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita zaqaTalis okrugis <strong>da</strong> yaraias velis bedi, romlebic<br />
azerbaijanis ssr-is ganuyofel nawilad iqcnen. saqarTvelo-<br />
azerbaijanis axlandeli <strong>sazRvari</strong> TiTqmis identuria im sazRvrisa,<br />
romelic 1920 wels SeTanxm<strong>da</strong> aRniSnuli cvlilebebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
rac Seexeba saqarTvelo-somxeTis sazRvars, 1921 wlis 6 noembers<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong> somxeTis ssr-ebma xeli moaweres sasazRvro<br />
xelSekrulebas, romlis Tanaxmad <strong>sazRvari</strong> “iwyeba uC-Tafalaris mTaze<br />
klaknili xaziT midis <strong>da</strong>savleTisaken aRmosavleTis 8456 simaRlemde <strong>da</strong> aRwevs<br />
orTul-<strong>da</strong>Ris uReltexils <strong>da</strong> oqiuz-<strong>da</strong>Ris mTas, Semdeg xazi uxvevs Crdilo-<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTisaken, Semdeg aRmosavleTiT, tovebs CrdiloeTiT ma<strong>da</strong>Tis tbas <strong>da</strong> sofel<br />
troickoes, xolo samxreTiT <strong>–</strong> tatoi-xaraba, karmir-xaraba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>r-qei <strong>da</strong> aRwevs<br />
deli-<strong>da</strong>Ris mTas”. 33 aqe<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>sazRvari</strong> neitraluri zonis CrdiloeTiT<br />
gadio<strong>da</strong>, rogorc es 1919 wlis xelSekrulebaSia aRwerili (ix. zemoT).<br />
am xelSekrulebiT, sabolood <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong> lores teritoriis statusi,<br />
romelic <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssr-is xelmZRvanelobam sabWoTa somxeTs<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sca. neitraluri zonis CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritoria <strong>da</strong><br />
yofili axalqalaqis mazris teritoria <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssr-is<br />
farglebSi <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />
yvela mezobel <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>sTan sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>dgenis Semdeg 1922 wlis<br />
12 marts <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis ssr-ebma Seqmnes<br />
amierkavkasiis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublika<br />
(asfsr). 1922 wlis dekemberSi asfsr sabWoTa socialisturi<br />
respublikebis kavSirs (ssrk) SeuerT<strong>da</strong> rogorc <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli wevri.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis avtonomiuri<br />
erTeulebis gauqmebis <strong>da</strong> Crdilo kavkasieli xalxebis Sua aziaSi<br />
deportaciis gamo ramdenimejer Seicvala <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssr-is<br />
33 manana xvedeliZe, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvris samarTlebrivi, geografiuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2000. gv. 48<br />
18
CrdiloeT <strong>sazRvari</strong> rsfsr-sTan. 1943 wels, yaraCais avtonomiuri olqi<br />
gauqm<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi teritoria rsfsr-is stavropolis mxaresa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssr-s Soris ga<strong>da</strong>nawil<strong>da</strong>. analogiurad, 1944 wels<br />
gauqm<strong>da</strong> rsfsr-is CeCen-inguSeTis avtonomiuri ssr <strong>da</strong> misi samxreTi<br />
teritoria <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssr-s ga<strong>da</strong>eca. imave wels yabardo-balyareTis<br />
avtonomiuri ssr-is samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis nawili <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssr-s<br />
teritorias SeuerT<strong>da</strong>. am cvlilebebis Sedegad <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssr-is<br />
CrdiloeT sazRvarma CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ga<strong>da</strong>inacvla. Tumca, es<br />
mdgomareoba maleve Seicvala. CrdiloeT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n deportirebuli<br />
erebis repatriaciisa <strong>da</strong> maTi avtonomiuri erTeulebis<br />
TanmimdevrobiT aRdgenis Semdeg, <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mier 1943-44<br />
wlebSi miRebuli teritoriebis rsfsr-Tvis <strong>da</strong> misi avtonomiuri<br />
erTeulebisTvis <strong>da</strong>bruneba. es procesi 1955 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong> 1957 wels<br />
<strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ssrk-s periodSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvarma somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis<br />
ssr-ebTan Zalzed mciredi cvlileba ganica<strong>da</strong>. amierkavkasiis sfsr-is<br />
gauqmebis Semdeg <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis ssr-ebis<br />
centralurma aRmasrulebelma komitetebma 1938 wels <strong>da</strong>amtkices<br />
administraciul/respublikuri <strong>sazRvari</strong> 1:500000 masStabis verstul<br />
rukaze. 1945 wels, metruli sistemis topografiuli ruqebis SemoRebis<br />
Semdeg, Seiqmna axali 1:100000 masStabis ruqebi <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa<br />
respublikebis umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumebs maTi xelaxali<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkiceba sTxoves. saqarTvelo-somxeTis administraciul/<br />
respublikuri <strong>sazRvari</strong> 1963 wels <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong> somxeTis<br />
ssr-ebis umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumebis mier. rac Seexeba saqarTvelo-<br />
azerbaijanis sazRvars, igi mxolod <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssr-m <strong>da</strong>amtkica.<br />
azerbaijanis ssr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma axali ruqis<br />
ratifikaciaze uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amrigad, saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiri<strong>da</strong>n igive sazRvrebiT gamovi<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romlebic mas gaaCn<strong>da</strong> ssrk-Si Sesvlisas.<br />
3. meore <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis periodi<br />
19
1991 wlis 8 dekembris minskis (beloveJis tye) xelSekruleba,<br />
romelsac ssrk-is sami <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli wevris - ruseTis, ukrainisa <strong>da</strong><br />
belarusis prezidentebma moaweres xeli, sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>sasrulis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyiss niSnav<strong>da</strong>. liderebma <strong>da</strong>moukidebel <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Ta<br />
Tanamegobrobis (dsT) Seqmna gamoacxades <strong>da</strong> ssrk-s sxva respublikebs<br />
misi wevrobisken mouwodes. xelSekrulebis me-5 muxliT “maRalma<br />
xelSemkvrelma mxareebma ...... aRiares <strong>da</strong> pativs scemen Tanamegobrobis<br />
arsebuli sazRvrebis xelSeuxeblobas”. 34 1991 wlis 21 dekembers alma-<br />
aTaSi xelmowerili oqmis safuZvelze am sam respublikas rva yofili<br />
sabWoTa respublikac SeuerT<strong>da</strong>, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> baltiispireTis<br />
respublikebis gar<strong>da</strong>. alma-aTis deklaraciiT oficialurad Seiqmna<br />
dsT <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, <strong>da</strong>iSala ssrk. 35 deklaraciis preambula<br />
a<strong>da</strong>sturebs TanamegobrobaSi arsebuli sazRvrebis xelSeuxeblobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> pativiscemas. 36 agreTve, dsT-is 1993 wels miRebuli wesdeba mxars<br />
uWers sazRvris xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb debulebas <strong>da</strong> mkafiod<br />
acxadebs rom “dsT”-is wevr <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebs Soris urTierToba<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebuli iqneba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvrebis urRvevobaze, arsebuli<br />
sazRvrebis aRiarebaze <strong>da</strong> teritoriis ukanono miTvisebis uaryofaze;<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRiarebaze <strong>da</strong> ucxo qveynis<br />
teritoriis <strong>da</strong>Slis motiviT mimarTuli nebismieri moqmedebis<br />
aRkveTaze”. 37 alma-aTis deklaraciis Sedegad TiToeuli sabWoTa<br />
respublika <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> CaTvliT gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli im sazRvrebSi,<br />
romlebic maT 1991 wlis 21 dekembris mdgomareobiT gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T. 1992<br />
wlis ivlisSi, saqarTvelo gaeros 179-e wevrad miiRes. 1993 wlis<br />
dekemberSi ki igi dsT-s SeuerT<strong>da</strong>. istoriis ironia ganmeor<strong>da</strong>, radgan<br />
gaero-Si miRebisas saqarTvelo nawilobriv ukve veRar akontroleb<strong>da</strong><br />
sakuTar sazRvrebs, msgavsad 1921 wlis mdgomareobisa, rodesac<br />
saqarTvelo erTa ligam cno.<br />
34<br />
1991 w. 8 dekembris minskis xelSekruleba: Zbigniew Brzezinski, Paige Sullivan “Russia and the Commonwealth of<br />
Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis”, CSIS, 1997<br />
35<br />
1991 w. 21 dekembris alma-aTis deklaracia http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/belarus/by_appnc.html<br />
36<br />
1991 w. 21 dekembris alma-aTis deklaracia http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/belarus/by_appnc.html<br />
37<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Ta Tanamegobrobis wesdeba: Zbigniew Brzezinski, Paige Sullivan Russia and the<br />
Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis”, CSIS, 1997<br />
20
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRdgenam kvlav moitana mezobel <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebTan<br />
sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>dgenis aucilebloba. 1992 wlis ivlisSi, saqarTvelom<br />
<strong>da</strong> TurqeTma <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublikasa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis respublikas<br />
Soris megobrobis, TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong> keTilmezobluri<br />
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT saxmeleTo<br />
<strong>sazRvari</strong> <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stures. TbilisSi xelmoweril xelSekrulebaSi<br />
naTqvamia, rom “mxareebi <strong>da</strong>icaven maT Soris <strong>da</strong>debul xelSekrulebebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> SeTanxmebebs <strong>da</strong>wyebuli yarsis SeTanxmebiT. mxareebi<br />
xelmZRvaneloben imiT, rom am SeTanxmebiT sabolood <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>sazRvari</strong> or <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s Soris”. 38 or qveyanas Soris sazRvao<br />
<strong>sazRvari</strong> oficialurad iqna SeTanxmebuli 1997 wlis ivlisSi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis mTavrobebis mier xelmowerili oqmis<br />
safuZvelze. oqmis mixedviT mxareebma aRiares ssrk-TurqeTis sazRvao<br />
<strong>sazRvari</strong> teritoriuli wylebis Sesaxeb 1973 wlis xelSekrulebis,<br />
1978 wlis kontinenturi Selfis <strong>da</strong> 1980 wlis sazRvris demarkaciis<br />
Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad. 39 amrigad, saqarTvelo-TurqeTis<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>sazRvari</strong> sabolood <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong>, Tumca <strong>da</strong>narCen<br />
mezoblebTan sazRvris <strong>da</strong>dgena jer kidev ga<strong>da</strong>uWrel problemad<br />
gvevlineba.<br />
III. molaparakebebi delimitaciis Sesaxeb<br />
gasakviri ar aris, rom kavkasiaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c regionis oTxive qveyana<br />
ruseTi, saqarTvelo, somxeTi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijani post-sabWoTa periodSi<br />
teritoriul omSi iyo CarTuli, sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>dgena Zalian<br />
mtkivneuli sakiTxi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis<br />
teritoriuli mTlianobac <strong>da</strong>rRveulia <strong>da</strong>narCeni ori mezobeli qveynis<br />
<strong>–</strong> ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> somxeTis mier. amitom, bunebrivia, rom am rTul<br />
38 <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublikasa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis respublikas Soris megobrobis, TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba, 30 ivlisi, 1992: manana xvedeliZe <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>sazRvari</strong> konstituciebsa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi, Tbilisi, 1999. gv.108<br />
39 manana xvedeliZe, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvris samarTlebrivi, geografiuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2000. gv. 128<br />
21
egionSi sasazRvro xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>debas didi Zalisxmeva <strong>da</strong><br />
Zlieri politikuri neba esaWiroeba.<br />
gasakviria, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> arc erT strategiul dokumentSi,<br />
rogorebicaa erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia, sagareo politikis<br />
strategia <strong>da</strong> safrTxeebis Sefaseba, ar aris naxsenebi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
sazRvris delimitaciis aucilebloba. mxolod 2008 wels miRebul<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvris marTvis strategiaSia aRniSnulia, rom<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvris delimitacia <strong>da</strong> demarkacia sasicocxlo<br />
mniSvnelobis sakiTxs warmoadgens, radgan misi gaWianureba ara marto<br />
sazRvris marTvaze axdens gavlenas, aramed qveynis <strong>da</strong> regionis<br />
politikur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> socialur stabilurobas uqmnis<br />
safrTxes. 40 ZiriTad strategiul dokumentebSi am sakiTxis ararseboba<br />
iseT STabeWdilebas qmnis, rom sazRvris delimitacia ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>sTvis prioritetul amocanas.<br />
yofil sabWoTa respublikebTan sazRvris delimitaciis Sesaxeb<br />
molaparakebebi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRdgeni<strong>da</strong>n male <strong>da</strong>iwyo. 1993 wels<br />
Seiqmna saqarTvelo-ruseTis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvris delimitacia-<br />
demarkaciis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> komisia, 1994 wels ki - saqarTvelo-<br />
azerbaijanis <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo-somxeTis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sazRvris<br />
delimitacia-demarkaciis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> komisiebi. 41 ruseTTan <strong>da</strong><br />
azerbaijanTan Seqmnilma komisiebma muSaoba SeqmnisTanave <strong>da</strong>iwyes,<br />
xolo saqarTvelo-somxeTis komisiam - cota mogvianebiT, misi somexi<br />
wevrebisa <strong>da</strong> Tavmjdomareebis xSiri cvlilebis gamo. efeqtianobis<br />
asamaRleblad 2006 wels es sami komisia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gaerTian<strong>da</strong> erT <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> komisiaSi, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sagareo saqmeTa ministris moadgile <strong>da</strong> Sedgeba<br />
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos, Sinagan saqmeTa, iusticiis, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis,<br />
ekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> regionuli ganviTarebis saministroebis<br />
warmomadgenlebisgan. molaparakebebi samive mezobel qveyanasTan<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad warimarTa.<br />
40 <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvris marTvis strategia, 2008, Tavi 5.1<br />
41 interviu <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> delimitaciis komisiis eqspertTa jgufis ufrosTan<br />
22
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imedismomcemi perspeqtivisa, rom ruseTis federaciasTan<br />
molaparakeba warmatebiT <strong>da</strong>sruldebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan 2008 wlis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisisTvis sazRvris 894 kilometri<strong>da</strong>n 768 kilometri ukve<br />
SeTanxmebuli iyo, agvistos omma <strong>da</strong> diplomatiuri urTierTobebis<br />
gawyvetam molaparakebebi gaurkveveli vadiT <strong>–</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
teritoriebis deokupaciamde ga<strong>da</strong>do. 42 afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebad cnobiT ruseTma <strong>da</strong>arRvia komisiis<br />
doneze miRweuli SeTanxmebebi. teritoriebi, romelTa SeTanxmeba<br />
eqpertTa doneze ver moxerx<strong>da</strong>, exebo<strong>da</strong> sofel aibRas (afxazeTi),<br />
soflebs Werosa <strong>da</strong> incoxs (TuSeTi), aseve <strong>da</strong>rialis xeobis gvirabebsa<br />
(larsis sasazRvro sakontrolo-gamSveb punqtTan) <strong>da</strong> sofel fiWvebis<br />
(SatilTan) monakveTebs. 43 2011 wlis martSi, ruseTma kvlav wamoswia<br />
sofel aibRas sakiTxi, amjerad ruseT-afxazeTis delimitaciis<br />
komisiis winaSe, romelic ruseTis mier afxazeTis aRiarebis Semdeg<br />
Seiqmna. ruseTis warmomadgenlebma afxazeTis Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleTiT md.<br />
fsouze ganlagebuli sof. aibRas ga<strong>da</strong>cema moiTxoves. sabWoTa<br />
periodSi es sofeli orad iyo gayofili. misi samxreTi nawili<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, CrdiloeTi ki <strong>–</strong> ruseTs. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
aibRa strategiulad axlosaa sofel krasnaia polianasTan, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
2014 wlis zamTris olimpiuri TamaSebi un<strong>da</strong> gaimarTos.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>umowmebeli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, ruseTma aseve moiTxova riwis<br />
tbis mimdebare 160 kv. kilometri farTobis teritoria gagris<br />
raionSi. 44 afxazuri mxare <strong>da</strong>JinebiT iTxov<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa droindel<br />
sazRvrebs <strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg rac maT warmoadgines dokumentacia, romlis<br />
Tanaxmad sof. aibRas samxreTis teritoria <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssr-s<br />
ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, ruseTis delegaciam moxsna pretenzia. bunebrivia, rom<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris arsebuli Cixuri urTierTobis fonze<br />
SeuZlebeli iqneba uaxloes periodSi qarTul-rusuli sasazRvro<br />
SeTanxmebis miRweva.<br />
42 <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvris marTvis strategia, 2012, Tavi 5.2<br />
43 interviu <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> delimitaciis komisiis wevrebTan<br />
44 inal xaSigi, “upirobo Cixi”, Jurnali “liberali”, 14 aprili, 2011<br />
23
azerbaijanTan molaparakebebi aseve neli tempiT viTardebo<strong>da</strong>, Tumca<br />
garkveuli Sedegi mainc gamoiRo. komisiebma sazRvris 458<br />
kilometri<strong>da</strong>n 302 kilometrze miaRwies SeTanxmebas. komisiis erT-erTi<br />
wevris Tanaxmad, mxareebi SeTanxmdnen samarTlebriv midgomaze, rom<br />
sazRvris delimitacia ganxorcieldeba 1938 wels ormxrivad<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli administraciuli sazRvris xazis Sesabamisad. Tumca,<br />
sazRvris calkeul monakveTebze faqtiuri mdgomareoba gansxvavdeba<br />
imisgan rac samarTlebrivad aris <strong>da</strong>dgenili. rogorc qarTuli mxare<br />
acxadebs, “saWiroa kompromisuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis MmiReba, maT<br />
Soris teritoriebis gacvla. samwuxarod, jerjerobiT azerbaijanuli<br />
mxare mzad ar aris aseTi Sinaarsis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis misaRebad”. 45<br />
yvelaze ufro problemuri sa<strong>da</strong>vo teritoriebia sofeli erisimedi<br />
siRnaRis raionSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT garejis monastris mimdebare teritoria,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c berebis senakebi, freskebiani mRvimeebi <strong>da</strong> CiCxituris koSkia<br />
ganlagebuli. <strong>da</strong>viT garejis udidesi kulturuli <strong>da</strong> religiuri<br />
mniSvnelobis gamo qarTulma mxarem SesTavaza sazRvris am monakveTis<br />
sxva teritoriebSi gacvla, magram jerjerobiT uSedegod.<br />
analogiurad, sofeli erisimedi, romelic aWareli ekomigrantebiT<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli, alaznis kalapotis Secvlis gamo mdinaris<br />
marcxena sanapiroze moeqca. vinai<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>sazRvari</strong> mdinaris gaswvriv<br />
gadio<strong>da</strong>, marcxena sanapiro administraciulad azerbaijans ekuTvnis.<br />
qarTuli mxaris Tanaxmad, azerbaijans dRemde ar wamouyenebia<br />
sakuTari wina<strong>da</strong>deba sa<strong>da</strong>vo miwebis sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad <strong>da</strong> bolo<br />
dros molaparakebebi minavl<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kidev erT mezobel <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>sTan <strong>–</strong> somxeTTan molaparakebebi aseve<br />
nela tempiT mimdinareobs. dReisaTvis komisiebs SeTanxmebuli aqvT<br />
sazRvris 225 kilometri<strong>da</strong>n 160 kilometri. samarTlebrivi<br />
TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo-somxeTis <strong>sazRvari</strong> yvelaze naklebad<br />
problemuria. igi <strong>da</strong>mtkicebulia ormxrivad 1938 wels, SeTanxmebulia<br />
mxareTa umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumebis mier 1945 wels <strong>da</strong> 1958-63<br />
wlebSi. dReisaTvis, sazRvris <strong>da</strong>cva xorcieldeba am xazis mixedviT.<br />
45 interviu <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> delimitaciis komisiis eqspertTa jgufis ufrosTan<br />
24
qarTuli mxaris gancxadebiT, saqarTvelo eTanxmeba am sazRvrebs,<br />
magram somxuri mxare efuZneba 1929-35 wlebis arasrulyofil masalas<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>gan am periodSi TiTqos <strong>da</strong>karguli teritoriis<br />
kompensacias moiTxovs. amrigad, somxeTi sazRvris <strong>da</strong>narCeni 6 mcire<br />
monakveTis Taobaze SeTanxmebas aWianurebs 46 . qarTuli mxaris Tanaxmad,<br />
somxeTis midgoma moklebulia samarTlebriv <strong>da</strong> teqnikur<br />
argumentacias <strong>da</strong> miuRebelia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> komisiisTvis.<br />
erTis mxriv rukebsa <strong>da</strong> dokumentebs Soris arsebuli SeuTavsebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> meores mxriv faqtobrivi mdgomareoba somxeTTan <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanTan<br />
sazRvris garkveul monakveTebze abrkolebs delimitaciis Sesaxeb<br />
srulmasStabiani SeTanxmebis miRwevas. 2008 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo sazRvris<br />
monakveTebze axali 1:10000 rukebis momzadeba axali geodeziuri<br />
mowyobilobebis <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT, ramac<br />
SesaZloa molaparakebebs axali biZgi misces. saqarTvelo-somxeTis<br />
sazRvris rukebi mxareebis mier savaraudod 2012 wlis bolos un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicdes. saqarTvelom axali rukebi azerbaijanis sazRvris<br />
monakveTzec SeimuSava, magram es jerjerobiT mxolod calmxriv<br />
qmedebad rCeba <strong>da</strong> jerjerobiT maTze SeTanxmebis perspeqtiva ar Cans.<br />
gasagebi mizezebis gamo, ruseTis sazRvrisTvis aseTi rukebi ar<br />
momzadebula.<br />
calsaxad ikveTeba, rom mxareebs gansakuTrebuli interesi gaaCniaT<br />
calkeuli monakveTebis mimarT. samive SemTxvevaSi delimitaciis<br />
procesis xelSemSleli garemoeba politikuri mizezebi <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
eqspertTa doneze arsebuli SeuTanxmeblobaa. xSirad gacxadebulis<br />
sawinaaRmdegod, praqtikulad ar ikveTeba politikuri neba <strong>da</strong><br />
mzadyofna. 47<br />
IV. <strong>da</strong>skvna<br />
46 interviu <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> delimitaciis komisiis eqspertTa jgufis ufrosTan<br />
47 interviu <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> delimitaciis komisiis eqspertTa jgufis ufrosTan<br />
25
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis periodma <strong>da</strong> gasabWoebis pirvelma<br />
welma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> dRevandeli<br />
sazRvrebis formirebaSi. faqtiurad, 1921 wlis noembris Semdeg<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvrebi ar Secvlila. samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTi sazRvris<br />
amJamindeli saxiT Camoyalibeba ganapiroba Semdegma faqtorebma:<br />
parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze saqarTvelom ver moipova<br />
mokavSireebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera sakuTari nawilobriv ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli<br />
teritoriuli pretenziebis Taobaze <strong>da</strong> ver <strong>da</strong>icva sa<strong>da</strong>vo teritoria<br />
TurqeTis samxedro intervenciisgan. rac Seexeba sa<strong>da</strong>vo sazRvrebs<br />
samxreT kavkasiel mezoblebTan, sabWoTa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobam<br />
partiuli kursi<strong>da</strong>n nacionalizmisken ga<strong>da</strong>xvevis braldebis SiSiT<br />
zaqaTalis okrugi <strong>da</strong> yaraias veli azerbaijans ga<strong>da</strong>sca, lores<br />
seqtori ki <strong>–</strong> somxeTs. Tumca un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong><br />
somxeTisTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cemul teritoriebze qarTuli mosaxleoba<br />
umciresobas Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, an TiTqmis ar cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad mcire<br />
cvlilebebisa, romlebsac sabWoTa periodSi administraciuli<br />
sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>dgenisas hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili, saqarTvelom <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba<br />
igive sazRvrebSi <strong>da</strong>ibruna, romlebic mas ssrk-Si Sesvlisas qon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRdgeni<strong>da</strong>n 21 wlis Semdeg <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> jer kidev<br />
ar SeuTanxmebia <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>sazRvari</strong> sam mezobel <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>sTan.<br />
rogorc es kvleva gviCvenebs, es ori mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli.<br />
pirveli, rom sazRvris delimitacia ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
prioritetul amocanas, radgan arc erT strategiul dokumentSi ar<br />
aris igi moxseniebuli, gar<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvris marTvis<br />
strategiisa, romelic sul axlaxans <strong>–</strong> 2008 wels aris miRebuli.<br />
Tumca, sazRvris delimitacia-demarkaciis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> komisiam<br />
mniSvnelovani samuSao Seasrula 1990-ian wlebsa <strong>da</strong> am saukunis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong> garkveul progressac miaRwia.<br />
meore <strong>da</strong>mabrkolebeli faqtoria politikuri nebis ararseboba am<br />
problemis droulad ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad. molaparakebebi TviTdinebazea<br />
miSvebuli. qarTuli mxaris gancxadebebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom saqarTvelo<br />
mzad aris gamoamJRavnos politikuri neba <strong>da</strong> wavides kompromisze<br />
teritoriebis gacvlasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, magram rogorc Cans am Temaze<br />
26
konsensusi ar arsebobs. Sedegad, sazRvrebis delimitaciis perspeqtiva<br />
bundovania. am mxriv umZimesi mdgomareobaa ruseTTan mimarTebaSi,<br />
radgan Zneli warmosadgenia, rom ruseTi uars ityvis afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
samxreT oseTis aRiarebaze <strong>da</strong> uaxloes momavalSi deokupaciis<br />
process <strong>da</strong>iwyebs. amitom, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> CrdiloeTis sazRvris Taobaze<br />
SeTanxmeba drois ganusazRvreli vadiT aris ga<strong>da</strong>debuli.<br />
rac Seexeba somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijans, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
molaparakebebis procesi Senel<strong>da</strong>, diplomatiuri resursebi ar aris<br />
amowuruli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCenil monakveTebze SeTanxmeba miRwevadia, radgan<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>menturi uTanxmoeba arcerT qveyanasTan ar ikveTeba. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
komisiis wevrebi iziareben im azrs, rom Tu saqarTvelo moaxerxebs<br />
erT-erT qveyanasTan sazRvris delimitacias, es avtomaturad<br />
<strong>da</strong>aCqarebs meore qveyanasTan SeTanxmebis miRwevas urTierTobebSi<br />
wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad. 48 Sesabamisad, arsebobs momdevno ori<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi somxeTTan <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanTan sazRvris iuridiulad<br />
gaformebis realuri perspeqtiva, im SemTxvevaSi Tu mxareebi gamoiCenen<br />
politikur nebas delimitaciis procesis <strong>da</strong>sasruleblad.<br />
48 interviu <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> delimitaciis komisiis wevrebTan<br />
27
avtoris Sesaxeb<br />
nikoloz samxaraZem 2003 wels <strong>da</strong>amTavra hanoveris universiteti,<br />
evropul swavlebaTa magistris xarisxiT. 2004-2005 wlebSi muSaob<strong>da</strong><br />
korporacis rendis mier ganxorcielebul „<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erovnuli<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos analitikuri SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebis"<br />
proeqtSi analitikosad. 2005-2009 wlebSi iyo samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />
evrokavSiris specwarmomadgenlis ofisis mekavSire oficeri<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> uSiSroebis sabWoSi. 2010 wli<strong>da</strong>n dRemde muSaobs gaeros<br />
ganviTarebis programis mier ganxorcielebuli samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />
erTiani sazRvris marTvis programis xelmZRvanelad saqarTveloSi.<br />
2009 wli<strong>da</strong>n dRemde aris Tbilisis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> universitetis<br />
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis fakultetze mowveuli leqtori. flobs<br />
qarTul, rusul, inglisur <strong>da</strong> germanul enebs.<br />
28
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