kavkasiis geografiuli garemo da mosaxleoba - Center for Social ...

socialur mecnierebaTa seria 

religia da kultura 

samxreT kavkasiaSi 

saleqcio kursi 

socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis 

nino Ciqovani 

Tbilisi 

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria 

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© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006 

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006 

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. 10 

el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge 

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge 

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa 

centris~ (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, 

budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis 

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT 

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, 

sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education 

Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest. 

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 2 - 6

Sinaarsi 

kavkasiis geografiuli garemo da mosaxleoba ....................................................... 4 

religiebi da eTnosebi samxreT kavkasiaSi. ZiriTadi konfesiebi 

da maTi istoriuli da teritoriul-eTnikuri lokalizacia ...............6 

CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasiad dayofis geografiuli, 

politikuri da kulturuli safuZvlebi...........................................................24 

kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebaTa samuSao 

definiciebi mocemuli kursis farglebSi ......................................................27 

kavkasia — kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zona 

(gzajvaredini). kulturaTa kontaqtis tipebi .............................................31 

erTiani kulturuli sivrcis cneba da misi mimarTeba 

kavkasiasTan (samxreT kavkasiasTan). saerTo 

kavkasiuri (samxreTkavkasiuri) identurobis problema .......................42 

erTiani kavkasiis idea istoriul WrilSi: kavkasiis gaerTianebis 

mcdeloba XI-XII ss., misi ideologiuri momzadeba da praqtikuli 

ganxorcielebis gzaze gadadgmuli nabijebi. ideis perioduli 

gamococxleba momdevno saukuneebSi (XIV-XV ss., XVIII s.) ............................49 

èrTiani kavkasiuri saxlis~idea da misi realizaciis 

mcdelobani XX s. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. 

`mSvidobiani kavkasiis~ idea rogorc s.hanTingtonis 

versiis alternativa. misi politikuri Seferiloba ...............................52 

civilizaciaTa konfliqtis prognozi da misi religiuri 

safuZvlebi. samxreT kavkasia am prognozis prizmaSi .............................57 

qarTvelTa kulturuli identurobis problema: istoriuli Wrili 66 

kulturuli da religiuri identurobis problemaTa 

aqtualizacia postsabWoTa xanaSi. eTnikurobisa 

da religiurobis ideologizacia da politizacia..................................71 

religiis faqtori kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebSi .............................84 

CULTURE AND RELIGION IN SOUTH CAUCASUS 107 

3

kavkasiis geografiuli garemo da mosaxleoba 

kavkasia geografiulad, eTnikurad, enobrivad, konfesiurad da kulturulad 

mravalferovani regionia. aq erTmaneTs enacvleba mTagrexilebi, zegnebi, dablobebi, 

tyeebi, Waobiani velebi, mSrali stepebi, mdinareebi, tbebi. mdebareobam da 

geografiulma garemom mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra kavkasiis regionis xalxTa 

cxovrebis wesi, maTi urTierToba erTmaneTTan da garesamyarosTan, maTi istoria. 

kavkasias xSirad uwodeben xalxTa muzeums. aq daaxloebiT 50 sxvadasxva xalxi 

cxovrobs, dawyebuli erTobebiT, romelTa enaze ramdenime aseuli adamiani laparakobs, 

damTavrebuli didi eTnikuri jgufebiT, romlebic ramdenime milion adamians 

aerTianebs. aseTi mravalferovneba kavkasias ZvelTagan mosdgams. plinius umcrosis 

sityviT, romaelebs kavkasiaSi 80 Tarjimani sWirdebodaT. arabi geografebi ki 

kavkasions ènaTa mTas~ uwodebdnen. 

kavkasia yovelTvis asrulebda mniSvnelovan rols, rogorc damakavSirebeli 

rgoli evropasa da azias Soris. aTasobiT wlis manZilze regioni iyo an dapirispirebul 

imperiebs Soris buferuli zona an maTi Semadgeneli nawili. uZvelesi 

droidan regionSi gadioda sazRvrebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan yofda im eTnosTa 

gansaxlebis arealebs, xSirad sxvadasxva, arcTu iSviaTad _ dapirispirebul 

kulturul-civilizaciur wreebs rom ekuTvnodnen: aRmosavleT romis imperia, 

bizantia, parTia, arabebi, monRolebi, Turqebi, sparseTisa da osmalTa imperiebi, 

qristianoba da islami, sunizmi da Siizmi, xalxebi, romlebic ekuTvnodnen kavkasiuriberiul, 

Turqul, semitur-qamitur enobriv jgufebs, indoevropuli ojaxis 

sxvadasxva ganStoebas, erTmaneTs swored aq xvdebodnen. 

mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze, kavkasia sasazRvro zona (borderland) iyo. aq 

erTmaneTs upirispirdebodnen imperiebi, xvdebodnen civilizaciebi da religiebi. igi 

warmoadgenda erTsa da imave dros xidsa da bariers CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs, 

aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris. mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri mdebareoba — 

istoriulad caristul ruseTs, sefianTa oransa da osmanTa imperias, XX saukuneSi ki 

regionul Zalebs — ruseTs, iransa da TurqeTs Soris, romelTac XXI saukuneSi 

dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi da aSS daemata, winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegis momtani iyo. 

samecniero literaturaSi aRiniSneba, rom kavkasiis xalxebma meti dakarges, vidre 

SeiZines TavianTi mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri poziciis gamo. 

kavkasia istoriulad mudam CarTuli iyo saerTaSoriso sakomunikacio qselSi. 

mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas, romelic `Caketili~ sazogadoebis 

kanonebiT cxovrobda, igi moklebuli iyo saSualebas, Seesrulebina satransporto 

derefnis funqcia, romelic erTmaneTTan daakavSirebda dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs, 

CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs. ssrk-s daSlam kvlav SesaZlebeli gaxada aRniSnuli sakiTxis 

wamoweva. 

dReisaTvis kavkasia evraziis kontinentis erT-erTi im regionTagania, romelsac 

ukanasknel aTwleulSi, iugoslaviasTan erTad, yvelaze metad Seexo eTnopolitikuri 

konfliqtebi da omebi. 

samxreT kavkasiis eTnolingvisturi da religiuri rukis warmodgena SedarebiT 

advilia. igi moicavs sam mTavar xalxs: azerbaijanelebs (6 mln), qarTvelebs (4 mln) da 

somxebs (3,5 mln kavkasiaSi), aseve naklebad mravalricxovan xalxebs, romelTa nawili 

mkvidri (adgilobrivi warmomavlobis) mosaxleobaa. yvela respublika mravaleTnikuria, 

mxolod somxeTi midis monoeTnikurobis gziT: 95% somxebi, 2% rusebi da 2%- 

ze naklebi iezidi qurTebi — erTaderTi mniSvnelovani eTnikuri umciresoba. 

4

saqarTveloSi satitulo eri Seadgens mosaxleobis 70%-ze naklebs; mTavari 

umciresobebia somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, osebi, berZnebi da afxazebi. Tavad ZiriTadi 

mosaxleoba — qarTvelebi — warmodgenilia ramdenime qvejgufiT, rogorebicaa megrelebi 

da svanebi. azerbaijanSi azerbaijanelebi Seadgenen 83%-ze mets, daRestneli 

xalxebi - 3%-ze mets, rusebi — 2,5%. 

CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleoba gacilebiT mravaleTnikuria. aq warmodgenilia 

xalxTa ramdenime jgufi. pirvels miekuTvnebian kavkasiis mkvidri (adgilobrivi - 

indigenous) mosaxleoba: vainaxebi (CeCnebi, inguSebi da wova-TuSebi, daRestneli xalxebi 

_ avarebi, lezgebi, dargoelebi da lakebi — Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi; afxazebi da 

Cerqezebi (xelovnurad dayofili yabardoelebad, adiReelebad da Cerqezebad) 

Crdilo-dasavleTSi. meore jgufs Turquli da iranuli modgmis xalxebi Seadgenen. 

ramdenadme mniSvnelovani raodenobis iranuli modgmis xalxebs warmoadgenen osebi da 

TaTebi (mTis ebraelebi). Crd.kavkasiis Turquli modgmis xalxebi ganekuTvnebian enaTa 

yivCaRur ojaxs, eseni arian yaraCaebi da balyarebi (faqtobrivad erTi da igive xalxi, 

molaparake erTi da igive enis or dialeqtze) — Crd.kavkasiis centralur nawilSi, da 

yumuxebi da noRaelebi daRestanSi. 

kavkasiis xalxebi oTx enobriv jgufs ganekuTvnebian: kavkasiur (an 

paleokavkasiur), indoevropul, Turqul da semitur. rogorc miiCneven, kavkasiur 

enebze molaparakeni aq odiTgan cxovroben, danarCeni sami jgufis warmomadgenlebi ki, 

istoriuli warsulis sxvadasxva periodSi movidnen. 

kavkasiur enaTa jgufidan samxreT kavkasiaSi cxovroben qarTvelebi (qarTuli enis 

qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri (lazuri), svanuri ganStoebebiT). 

Crdilo-kavkasielTagan am enobrivi jgufis yvelaze mravalricxovani warmomadgenlebi 

arian CeCnebi, romlebic CeCneTis respublikis mosaxleobis umravlesobas 

Seadgenen, da yabardoelebi, romlebic yubanisa da Tergis auzebSi cxovroben. maT 

garda, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mravali sxvadasxva xalxi cxovrobs. amave enobriv jgufs 

ekuTvnian afxazebi, inguSebi, adiRebi, lezgebi da zogi sxva. 

kavkasiur enaTa jgufidan yvelaze mravalricxovani da mniSvnelovani qarTulia, 

Tavisi dialeqtebiT. maT erTad qarTvelur enaTa jgufs miakuTvneben. kavkasiur 

enebSi calke gamoyofen afxazur-adiReur da naxur-daRestnur jgufebs. afxazuradiReuri 

jgufi moicavs yabardoul (Cerqezul), adiReur da ubixur, agreTve, 

afxazur da abazur enebs (am orma ukanasknelma qarTulis Zlieri zegavlena ganicada). 

naxur-daRestnur jgufs xSirad or cal-calke qvejgufad _ naxur da daRestnur 

qvejgufebad _ yofen. naxuri moicavs CeCnur da inguSur enebs, daRestnuri ki, 

warmodgenilia avarul-didouri, lakur-dargouli da lezgur enebiT. zogi mkvlevris 

azriT, arsebobs kavkasiur enaTa ori ojaxi: pirveli _ qarTveluri, romelic 

aerTianebs qarTuls da mis monaTesave enebs, da meore — Crdilo-kavkasiuri, romelic 

moicavs daRestnur da afxazur-adiReur jgufebs. 

indoevropeli xalxebidan samxreT kavkasiaSi cxovroben somxebi, romelTa winaprebs 

Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi anatoliidan mosulebad miiCneven. meore Zveli indoevropuli 

jgufia osebi, romlebic didi kavkasionis centralur nawilSi cxovroben da 

iTvlebian aRmosavleT iranidan mosuli momTabareebis STamomavlebad, romlebic Zv.w. 

VII-ax.w. IV saukuneebSi moZraobdnen samxreT-dasavleTis stepebSi, vidre iqidan hunebma 

ar gandevnes. isini alanebis saxeliT iyvnen cnobili. xandaxan maT skviTebisa da 

sarmatebis saxeliTac ixsenieben. indoevropelebs ganekuTvnebian slavuri jgufis 

warmomadgenlebic, romlebic ZiriTadad rusebiTa da ukrainelebiT arian warmod- 

5

genilni. garda amisa, indoevropul jgufs warmoadgenen qurTebi, TaliSebi, TaTebi, 

berZnebi, boSebi, gansaxlebulni kavkasiis sxvadasxva arealSi. 

Turqulenovani jgufi warmodgenilia azerbaijanelebiT samxreT kavkasiaSi. isini 

Sereuli eTnikuri warmomavlobisani arian, fiqroben, rom isini, nawilobriv mainc, 

Camoyalibdnen samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis mkvidri mosaxleobisa da midielebis 

Serevis Sedegad. maTi sparsizacia moxda sasanelTa batonobis periodSi (III-VII ss.), 

Turqizacia ki _ selCukTa dapyrobebis Sedegad XI saukuneSi. 

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi am enobrivi jgufis warmomadgenlebi arian yivCaRuri modgmis 

Turquli xalxebi: yumuxebi, noRaelebi, yaraCaelebi, balyarelebi. yumuxebi, iseve 

rogorc Turquli modgmis sxva xalxebi, ZiriTadad, muslimebi arian. ramdenime 

saukunis manZilze maTi ena lingua franka-s funqcias asrulebda regionSi, magram XX 

saukuneSi rusulma gamodevna. rogorc fiqroben, noRaelebi calke jgufad 

Camoyalibdnen oqros urdos daSlis Sedegad. maTi umravlesoba momTabare iyo XX 

saukunemdec ki. yaraCaelebisa da balyarelebis warmomavloba mTlad naTeli ar aris. 

semituri jgufis erTaderTi warmomadgenlebi kavkasiaSi asirielebi arian. 

Turqebis mier devnilma asirielebma ruseTis imperiis teritorias Tavi I msoflio 

omis dasaruls Seafares. ZiriTadad, qalaqebSi cxovroben. 

kavkasiis xalxTa tradiciuli ekonomika emyareba soflis meurneobas, mesaqonleobas 

(msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi da cxvari) da Sinamrewvelobas. ZiriTadi 

marcveuli kulturebia xorbali, qeri, Svria, simindi. samxreT kavkasiaSi, gansakuTrebiT 

saqarTveloSi, ganviTarebulia mevenaxeoba. ganviTarebulia xelosnobac — 

rogorc CrdiloeT, aseve samxreT kavkasiaSi. 

kavkasiis bevr regionSi, gansakuTrebiT _ mTaSi, aSkarad iCens Tavs patriarqaluri 

sistemisa da sazogadoebis tomobrivi organizaciis kvali. feodaluri urTierTobebi 

ganviTarda mxolod saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi, agreTve, CrdiloeT 

kavkasiis zogierT nawilSi. sabWoTa periodSi mTlianad kavkasia ruseTis Zlier 

zewola ganicdida. 

religiebi da eTnosebi samxreT kavkasiaSi. ZiriTadi konfesiebi da 

maTi istoriuli da teritoriul-eTnikuri lokalizacia 

saqarTvelo mdebareobs samxreT kavkasiis dasavleT nawilSi. dasvleTidan 

esazRvreba Savi zRva, samxreT-dasavleTidan — TurqeTi, samxreT-aRmosavleTidan — 

somxeTi, Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT — azerbaijani. 

teritoria — 69,7 aTasi kvadratuli kilometri. dedaqalaqi — Tbilisi, romlis 

mosaxleoba 1,1 milions aRwevs, rac saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobis TiTqmis 1/4-ia. 

sididiT meore qalaqia quTaisi. 

saxelmwifo ena — qarTuli, romelic ganekuTvneba iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa 

qarTvelur jgufs. qarTul enas aqvs sakuTari damwerloba, romelic 33 aso-niSans 

Seicavs. afxazeTSi, qarTulTan erTad, saxelmwifo enis statusi aqvs afxazursac. 

Sesabamisad, qveynis mTel teritoriaze samarTalwarmoeba da saxelmwifo saqmeTa 

warmoeba qarTul enaze unda mimdinareobdes. Tumca, eTnikuri umciresobebis 

kompaqturad gansaxlebis raionebSi mosaxleobis didma nawilma, sabWoTa 

memkvidreobis wyalobiT, qarTuli ena ar icis, rac xSirad politikuri spekulaciis 

sagnad iqceva xolme. 

rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTveluri enebis jgufSi Sedis qarTuli, svanuri da 

6

megruli. rac Seexeba lazurs, igi megrulis dialeqtadaa miCneuli da ZiriTadad 

TurqeTSia gavrcelebuli. saqarTveloSi am enaze mxolod erT sofelSi — sarfSi — 

laparakoben. 

ena iyofa dialeqtebad. sakuTriv qarTulSi 17 dialeqtia. dialeqtebSi gamoiyofa 

kiloebi. 

saqarTvelo Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobiTa da istoriiT tradiciulad 

polieTnikuri qveyanaa. 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi 90-ze meti 

erovnebis warmomadgeneli cxovrobda. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba 

iyo 5,4 milioni adamiani. eTnikuri umciresoba Seadgenda mTeli mosaxleobis 29,87%. 

yvelaze didi iyo somxuri saTvistomo (437 aTasi adamiani, 8,1%); rusuli (341 aTasi, 

6,3%); azerbaijanuli (307,6 aTasi, 5,7%), osuri (164,1 aTasi, 3,5%), berZnuli (100,3 

aTasi, 1,8%). 

eqspertTa SeafsebiT, 2002 wlisaTvis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba 4,6 milion 

adamianamde Semcirda (afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis gareSe — 4,3 milionamde). 

rogorc vxedavT, 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 1/5-iT Semcirda. 

qarTvelebis ricxvi saqarTveloSi 1989 wels 3,7 milions udrida — 83,8%), bolo 

aRweramde ki (2002 w.) 3,3%-iT Semcirda, anu saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kleba 

ZiriTadad sxva erovnebebis xarjze moxda. amitom satitulo eris wili saerTo 

maCvenebelSi 70,1%-dan 83,8%-mde gaizarda. eTnikuri umciresobebis procentuli 

raodenobac 15,9%-mde Semcirda. maT Soris somxebi Seadgenen 220 aTass (5,5%), rusebi 

85 aTass (2,1%), azerbaijanelebi 200 aTass (5,0%), osebi 38 aTass (0,9%), berZnebi 21 

aTass (0,5%). 2004 wlis ivlisisaTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Seadgenda 4.693.892 

adamians, aqedan qarTvelebi _ 70,1%, somxebi — 8,1%, rusebi — 6,3%, azerbaijanelebi — 

5,7%, osebi — 3%, afxazebi — 1,8%, sxvebi — 5%. 

gansxvavebulia qarTvelebis xvedriTi wili saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareSi. 

dasavleT saqarTvelos provinciebSi qarTvelTa xvedriTi wili Zalian maRalia, iseve 

rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogierT raionSi. samcxeSi aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 

73%-ia, qvemo qarTlSi — 44%, javaxeTSi ki — mxolod 3%. 2002 wlis monacemebiT, 

saqarTvelos iurisdicqiaSi myofi 59 raionidan qarTvelebi umravlesobas 

Seadgendnen 53-Si. axlaqalaqisa da ninowmindis raionebSi, agreTve walkaSi (berZnebis 

emigraciis Semdeg) didi umravlesoba somxebia, xolo marneulis, bolnisisa da 

dmanisis raionebSi — azerbaijanelebi. 

cxinvalisa da afxazeTis cnobili movlenebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi 286 aTasi 

iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piria. garda amisa, saqarTvelodan 100 aTasamde ltolvili 

saqarTvelos farglebs gareT cxovrobs. 

qarTvelebs ara aqvT mravalricxovani da Zlieri diasporebi sazRvargareT. 1989 

wels sxva sabWoTa respublikebSi cxovrobda 194 aTasi qarTveli. mokavSire 

respublikebidan yvelaze meti qarTveli cxovrobda ruseTSi (130 aTasi), ukrainaSi (23 

aTasi), azerbaijanSi (14 aTasi, aqedan 12 aTasi saingiloSi, Tumca am maCvenebelSi 

igulisxmeba mxolod qristiani ingiloebi, _ muslimi ingiloebi, romelTa raodenoba 

gacilebiT metia, azerbaijanelebad iwerebian). 

TurqeTsa da iranSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa raodenobis dadgena SeuZlebelia, radgan 

iq mosaxleobis aRwera erovnebis dafiqsirebas ar iTvaliswinebs. varaudoben, rom 

TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa raodenoba (lazebTan erTad) 500 aTasi unda iyos 

(igulisxmeba isini, romelTac SenarCunebuli aqvT ena da Tavs Turqebad ar Tvlian). 

fereidneli qarTvelebis saerTo raodenoba 225 aTasi unda iyos. evropasa da amerikaSi 

mcxovreb qarTvelTa raodenoba 1990-ian wlebamde 5-6 aTas kacs ar aRemateboda. 90-ian 

wlebSi qveyana, savaraudod, 350-400 aTasma qarTvelma datova. 

7

qarTvelebi sami ZiriTadi subeTnikuri jgufisagan Sedgeba — qarTebis, megrelebisa 

da svanebisagan. meoTxe jgufi — lazebi — dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze 

cxovrobs. 

qarTebi ramdenime eTnografiul jgufad arian warmodgenili. dasavleT saqar- 

TveloSi aseTi jgufebia imerlebi, gurulebi, aWarlebi, raWvelebi da leCxumlebi; 

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi — qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, mTiulebi, moxeveebi, fSavelebi, 

xevsurebi da TuSebi. eTnografiul jgufebSi kidev gamoyofen ufro mcire, subeTnografiul 

jgufebs: kaxelebisagan — qiziyelebs, mTiulebisagan — gudamayrelebs, 

ingiloebSi ganarCeven qristian da muslim ingiloebs, mesxebSi — marTlmadideblebsa 

da kaTolikeebs. calke unda davasaxeloT wova-TuSebi (bacbebi), romelTac gansxvavebuli 

ena aqvT (igi qarTvelur enaTa jgufs ar miekuTvneba da CaCnur-inguSuri enebis 

monaTesavea), magram religiiT, kulturiT, tradiciebiTa da gvarebiT ar gansxvavdebian 

qarTvelebisagan. 

qarTvelebis garda, afxazebi erTaderTi xalxia Cvens qveyanaSi mcxovreb xalxTa 

Soris, romelTac saqarTvelos gareT samSoblo ar gaaCniaT. 

sabWoTa kavSirSi mosaxleobis konfesiuri Semadgenloba ar aRiricxeboda, ris 

gamo oficialuri statistika aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb ar arsebobda. saqarTveloSi 

mosaxleobis konfesiuri struqtura pirvelad 2002 wels dadginda 1 . aRweris Tanaxmad, 

mosaxleobis 88,6% qristianuli aRmsareblobisaa, 9,9% mahmadiania, 0,1% _ iudeveli, 

sxvebi 0,8% Seadgenen, 0,6% arc erT aRmsareblobas ar miakuTvnebs Tavs. 

saqarTvelo erT-erTi uZvelesi qristianuli qveyanaa, romlis mosaxleobis 

ZiriTadi aRmsarebloba istoriulad marTlmadideblobaa. dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi 

mcxovreb qristianTa ZiriTadi nawili — 83,9% marTlmadidebelia. maTi saerTo wili 

mosaxleobaSi Seadgens 83,8%. 

qarTveli marTlmadideblebi mosaxleobis 65% Seadgenen, muslimebi — 11%, rusi 

marTlmadideblebi — 10%, somexi grigorianelebi — 8%, sxvebi — 6%. 

2002 wlis monacemebiT, morwmune qarTvelebis 94% marTlmadidebelia, 3,8 % _ 

muslimi, 0,3% _ kaTolike. sxva aRmsareblobaTa mimdevrebis raodenobis Sesaxeb 

monacemebi ar aris. 28 aTasi kaci ar aRiarebs arc erT religias. 

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxva erovnebebidan qristianobas aRiareben rusebi 

(ZiriTadad — marTlmadideblobas, nawili seqtantebia — malaknebi, duxoborebi, 

staroverebi), somxebi (ZiriTadad monofiziti-grigoriznelebi, mcire nawili — 

kaTolikebi), berZnebi (marTlmadideblebi), aisorebi (nestorianelebi da kaTolikebi), 

polonelebi (kaTolikebi), germanelebi (protestanti-luTeranebi). azerbaijanelebi 

muslimi Siitebi arian (mcire nawili — suniti). 

osebi marTlmadidebeli qristianebi arian, afxazTa nawili aseve marTlmadidebeli 

qristiania, nawili ki _ mahmadiani. orive am xalxSi Zlieria warmarTobis tradiciebi. 

1997 wels afxazeTis msoaxleobis anketireba Catarda, romelmac aCvena, rom 

mosaxleobis didi nawili Tavs morwmuned Tvlis. maTi umravlesoba marTlmadideblur 

eklesiebSi inaTleba, magram maTi qristianoba formalur xasiaTs ar scdeba morwmune 

marTlmadidebelTa did nawils bundovani warmodgena aqvs sarwmunoebis Sinaarsobriv 

mxaresa da yvelaze didi qristianuli dResaswaulebis mniSvnelobazec ki. es is xalxia, 

vinc aRiarebs, rom arsebobs yovlisSemamneli RmerTi, magram ar esmiT wminda samebis 

mniSvneloba, ar kiTxuloben saxarebas, biblias, ar marxuloben. did qristianul 

dResaswaulebzec ki, eklesiebSi wirvaze misul morwmuneTa ricxvi did ar aris. am 

dResaswaulebis aRniSvnis ritualSi mkafiod iCens Tavs warmarTuli elementebi. 

1 

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis pirveli sayovelTao erovnuli aRweris ZiriTadi Sedegebi. 

saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti. Tb., 2004. 

8

qristiani afxazebis gverdiT, ZiriTadad gudauTis raionSi, muslimi afxazebic 

cxovroben, magram Tanmimdevrul da gaazrebul morwmuneebad verc isini CaiTvlebian. 

maT bundovani warmodgena aqvT yuranze da didad arc mis swavlas eswrafvian. ar icaven 

marxvas, arc Wama-smaSi aqvT dawesebuli SezRudvebi. gamonakliss Seadgenen muhajirTa 

STamomavlebi, romlebic afxazeTSi omis Semdeg dabrundenen axlo aRmosavleTidan. 

muslimi afxazebi sunitebi arian. marTalia, maTi ricxvi sul ramdenime aseulia, magram 

maTi TxovniT soxumsa da gudauTaSi samlocvelo saxlebi daarsda: soxumSi — 2000 

wels, gudauTaSi — 2004 wels. afxaz muslimTa sasuliero sammarTvelo soxumSi 1999 

wels daregistrirda. maTi lideria afxaz muhajirTa STamomavali adel gablia. 

afxazeTSi cxovroben kaTolikebic. afxazeTi dRes krasnodaris mxaris samxreT 

nawilSi Semavali kaTolikuri eklesiis SavizRvispira samrevlos SemadgenlobaSi 

Sedis. afxazeTis kaTolikur samrevlos saTaveSi soWis kaTolikuri eklesiis qsenZi, 

poloneli bogdan severini udgas, romelic ruseTSi gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi 

Cavida. qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis saomari fazis dasrulebis Semdeg severinma defaqto 

xelisuflebisagan oficialuri nebarTva miiRo, ezruna kaTolikuri eklesiis 

ganaxlebaze. Tavdapirvelad RvTismsaxureba soxumis botanikuri baRis klubSi 

aRevlineboda, Semdeg kaTolikeebs daubrunes Zveli 1930 wels CamorTmeuli eklesia, 

romelic mrevlis TaosnobiT SekeTda da 1996 wels iq pirveli RvTismsaxureba 

aRevlina. dReisaTvis afxazeTSi kaTolikeTa ricxvi 150 aRwevs. maTi umravlesoba 

polonelebi da somxebi arian. eklesiis ori uxucesi swored am erovnebebis 

warmomadgenlebi arian. maT specialuri momzadebis kursi gaiares da roca qsenZi 

soWidan Camosvlas ver axerxebs, wirvas isini atareben. 

afxazeTis kaTolikur mrevls regularulad ugzavnis humanitarul daxmarebas 

ruseTSi poloneTis saelCo, poloneTis sazogadoebrivi kaTolikuri eklesia 

`karidasi~. 

rac Seexeba seqtebs. afxazeTSi aqtiur saqmianobas ewevian kriSnaidebi, romlebmac 

jer kidev 1989 wels, pirvelad sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze, soxumSi aRniSnes 

TavianTi erT-erTi religiuri dResaswauli. maT SemadgenlobaSi sxvadasxva erovnebis 

axalgazrdebi Sedian. Tumca maTi moRvaweoba ramdenadme Senelda mas Semdeg, rac 1995 

wels soxumSi maTi savaWro sawyobi dawves da sami dRis Semdeg kriSnaidebis lideri 

igor qorTua mokles 2 . 

sxva seqtebidan afxazeTSic, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriaze, 

aqtiurad saqmianoben baptistebi da ieRovelebi. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi arc erTi erovneba ar aris monokonfesiuri. 

garda sakuTari tradiciuli aRmsareblobisa, yvela eTnosSi gvxvdebian sxva 

Zveli Tu axali aRmsareblobis mimdevrebi. 

nebismier koloniur qveyanaSi nacionalizmis aRmavloba, rogorc wesi, iwvevs tradiciuli 

religiuri institutebisadmi sazogadoebis interesis zrdas. marTlmadidebloba 

saqarTveloSi, tradiciulad, ganixileba rogorc erovnulobis, qarTvelobis atributi. 

qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis marTlmadidebeli eklesia da aRmsarebloba faseulia, pirvel 

rigSi, swored erovnuli identifikaciis TvalsazrisiT. sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg 

brZola 1980-iani wlebis miwuruls religiuri atributikisa da ritorikis sistematuri 

gamoyenebiT mimdinareobda. amoqmedda araerTi Zveli eklesia, aSenda axali. gaizarda 

sasuliero saswavlebelTa ricxvi, gaixsna sasuliero akademia. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri 

avtokefaluri eklesia 35 eparqiad iyofa. 

mTlianobaSi, somxuri eklesiisagan gansxvavebiT, romelmac zesaxelmwifoebrivi 

institutis funqciebi SeiZina, qarTuli eklesia naklebad iyo CarTuli politikur da 

2 religiebi, konfesiebi da seqtebi afxazeTSi. — gaz. “afxazeTis axali xma”, 19-26. 03.2005, gv 12. 

9

saxelmwifoebriv procesebSi. igi ufro CrdilSi yofnas amjobinebda da adgils 

uTmobda politikur liderebs (ssrk-s daSlisa da religiuri identurobis Ziebis 

procesis dawyebis Semdegac ki). amave dros, mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze, rodesac 

qveynis politikuri da kulturuli sazRvrebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveoda da eTnikuri 

siWrelec bunebrivi movlena iyo, swored religia iyo barieri ucxoTa kulturuli 

eqspansiisa da asimilaciis gzaze, erovnuli konsolidaciis efeqturi iaraRi. 

rac Seexeba umciresobebs, saqarTveloSi aris 11 somxuri samociqulo, 3 somxuri 

kaTolikuri, 8 rusuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia, 3 kaTolikuri taZari, 15 

muslimuri meCeTi, 14 sinagoga. 

eTnikuri umciresobebis kulturul ganviTarebas uzrunvelyofs 361 skola da 190 

damoukidebeli saskolo seqtori mSobliuri enis swavlebiT. universitetebSi 

arsebobs arsaxelmwifo enaze moqmedi fakultetebi; 4 saxelmwifo da 5 saxalxo 

Teatri. eTnikur umciresobaTa enaze gamoicema 21 gazeTi da 4 Jurnali. 

unda aRiniSnos, rom eTnikur saTvistomoebSi araerTgvarovani situaciaa. magaliTad, 

qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanelebi ganaTlebas ZiriTadad azerbaijanul enaze 

iReban, Sida qarTlisa — qarTul enaze. Tbilissi mcxovrebi somxebi integrirebuli 

arian qarTul sazogadoebaSi, rasac ver vityviT mesxeT-javaxeTis somxebze, romelTa 

umravlesoba qarTul enas ar flobs. berZnuli diaspora iyofa berZnulenovan da 

Turqulenovan nawilad, ebraelebi — qarTulenovan da aSkenaz (rusulenovan evropel) 

ebraelebad da a.S. 

qveyanaSi arsebobs 120-ze meti arasamTavrobo organizacia, romlebic sxvadasxva 

eTnikur Tems warmoadgens. maTi nawili, faqtobrivad, romelime politikuri partiis 

danamatia, nawili ki, umoqmedoa. maTi monawileobis xarisxi qveynis sazogadoebriv 

cxovrebaSi maRali ar aris, Tumca ukanaskneli 2-3 wlis manZilze garkveuli winsvla 

SeimCneva. 

somxebi saqarTveloSi yvelaze msxvil eTnikur umciresobas Seadgenen. isini 

ZiriTadad Tbilissa da istoriuli javaxeTis raionebSi cxovroben. somxebi 

saqarTveloSi kompaqturad bolo 170 wlis manZilze arian dasaxlebuli, ruseT- 

TurqeTis 1828-1829 ww. omis Semdeg. 

1989 wlis aRweris mixedviT, saqarTveloSi somxebis raodenoba 437 aTass aRemateboda, 

maTi umravlesoba javaxeTsa da mesxeTSi cxovrobda. 

eTnokonfesiuri TvalsazrisiT, mesxeT-javaxeTi saqarTvelos erT-erTi yvelaze 

gamorCeuli regionia. igi gamoirCeva, agreTve, samxedro-strategiuli mniSvnelobiT. 

samcxe-javaxeTi samxreT saqarTvelos mxarea, romelic TurqeTsa da somxeTs 

esazRvreba. danarCeni saqarTvelosagan mcire kavkasionis qedi yofs. 1989 w. aRweris 

mixedviT, mosaxleoba 231,649 kacs Seadgens. aerTianebs 6 raions: axalcixes, adigens, 

axalqalaqs, aspinZas, borjomsa da ninowmindas. administraciuli centria qalaqi 

axalcixe. 

mosaxleobis udides nawils qarTvelebi da somxebi Seadgenen. saqarTveloSi 

mcxovreb somexTa umravlesoba — 200 000 _ swored mesxeT-javaxeTSi cxovrobs. 1989 

wlis aRweris monacemebiT, javaxeaTis mosaxleobaSi somxebi 53,7% Seadgendenen, 

amJamad maTi Sefardeba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da 90% (somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT — 

97%) miaRwia, mesxeTSi ki — 1/3-s. 

saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs sxva regioni, sadac eTnikuri umciresoba ase 

kompaqturadaa dasaxlebuli. 

eTnikur mravalferovnebas religiuric emateba. qarTvelebis umravlesoba marTlmadidebelia, 

somxebisa — monofozoti-grigorianeli. Tumca aq istoriulad Zlieria 

rogorc qarTuli, ise somxuri kaTolicizmi. rusuli mosaxleobis (romelic bolo 

10

TxuTmet weliwadSi sagrZnoblad Semcirda) umravlesobas Seadgens duxoborebis 

qristianuli seqta, romelic ninowmindis raionis or sofelSi cxovrobs. erovnuli 

moZraobis wlebSi aWaridan gadmoasaxles stiqiuri ubedurebiT dazaralebuli 

qarTveli muslimebi. arian, agreTve, baptistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, ieRovas mowmeebi 

da sxva mcire religiuri jgufebi. 

saukuneebis manZilze es regioni qarTuli, somxuri da osmalur-Turquli 

samyaroebis gadakveTaze mdebareobda. Sesabamisad, eTnokonfesiuri suraTis sirTulec 

mas istoriulad mosdgams. istoriuli mexsiereba gavlenas axdens eTnokonfesiuri 

jgufebis dRevandel ganwyobasa da qcevaze. 

1828 wels, roca ruseTma samcxe-javaxeTi samxedro gziT daipyro da Tbilisis 

guberniis Semadgenlobasi Seiyvana, mosaxleobis umravlesobas muslimebi Seadgendnen, 

qarTuli da somxuri qristianuli Temebis umetesoba ki, kaTolike iyo. muslimi 

mosaxlebis eTnikuri warmomavloba mecnierTa davis sagania. nawili maT did nawils 

warmoSobiT Turqad Tvlis, sxvebis azriT ki, isini gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi arian. 

ruseTTan SeerTebis dros maTi didi nawili osmaleTisadmi ufro loialuri iyo, 

vidre ruseTisadmi. am sababiT, generalma paskeviCma àrasando~ muslimi mosaxleoba 

osmaleTSi gandevna, maT nacvlad ki anatolieli somxebi Camoasaxla. dRevandeli 

javaxeTis somxebis didi nawili swored maTi STamomavalia. 

miuxedavad amisa, mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili muslimi rCeboda. 1944 wlis 15 

noembers mxaris mTeli muslimi mosaxleoba — 90 aTasze meti adamiani, TurqeTTan 

faruli TanamSromlobis braldebiT, centralur aziaSi gadaasaxles da maT adgilas 

saqarTvelos sxva regionebidan (ZiriTadad zemo imereTidan da raWidan) daaxloebiT 

30 aTasamde qarTveli Camoasaxles. 

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom 1999 wels, evropis sabWoSi Sesvlisas, saqarTvelom aiRo 

valdebuleba, 12 wlis vadaSi gadaewyvita deportirebulTa repatriaciis problema. 

magram es sakiTxi azrTa did sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. 

1988 wels mTian yarabaRSi dawyebulma movlenebma javaxeTis somxebs erovnuli 

moZraobis dawyebisaken ubiZga. mTian yarabaRsa da javaxeTs bevri ram aqvT saerTo: 

orive somxeTs emezobleba, orive regionSi somxebi mosaxleobis umravlesobas 

Seadgenen. bevri axalqalaqeli somexi aqtiurad monawileobda yarabaRis omSi. 

javaxeTis somxebs Zlieri eTnikuri TviSegneba aqvT. 1988 wels adgilobrivma somxebma 

Seqmnes moZraoba `javaxki~ (javaxeTis somxuri saxelwodebis mixedviT). misi 

oficialuri mizani iyo somxebis kulturuli TviTmyofadobis dacva da regionis 

ganviTareba. namdvil miznad ki avtonomiis Seqmna iqca, rasac periodulad enacvleboda 

somxeTTan gaerTianebis moTxovna. 

`javaxkis~ nacionalisturad ganwyobilmma frTam Camoayaliba politikuri partia 

`virki~ (saqarTvelos istoriuli saxelwodeba somxur enaze), romlis orientacia 

prorusuli da antiTurqulia. misi mizania saqarTvelos federaluri mowyoba da mis 

SemadgenlobaSi javaxeTis damoukideblad CarTva. 

javaxeTSi ruseTis samxedro bazebis arseboba da mesxeTSi sacxovreblad 

dabrunebis mosurne `Turqi mesxebis~ problema kidev ufro Zabavs viTarebas. 

azerbaijanis respublika mdebareobs samxreT kavkasiis samxreT-aRmosavleT 

nawilSi. mas esazRvreba: CrdiloeTiT — ruseTis federacia (daRestani), CrdilodasavleTiT 

— saqarTvelo, samxreT-dasavleTiT — somxeTi da TurqeTi, samxreTiT — 

irani, aRmosavleTiT — kaspiis zRva. 

teritoria — 86.600 kvadratuli kilometri. dedaqalaqi _ baqo. 

mosaxleobis raodenoba 7.770.000 kacia, maT Soris: azerbaijaneli — 83%, rusi — 

5,6%, lezgebi — 2,4%, somxebi — 2%, xunZebi — 0,6%, ukrainelebi — 0,4%, TaTrebi — 0,4%. 

11

kaxis, zaqaTalisa da belaqnis raionebSi kompaqturad arian dasaxlebuli qarTvelebi; 

lenqoranis dablobze cxovroben TaliSebi. 

TviT cneba àzerbaijani~ im teritoriasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic XX s. 20-ian 

wlebSi azerbaijanis ssr SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, mxolod XX s. dasawyisSi gaCnda, xolo 

damkvidrda 1918 w. 28 maiss azerbaijanis demokratiuli respublikis gamocxadebis 

Semdeg. 

azerbaijanis saxelmwifoebrioba amJamindel sazRvrebSi dadginda sabWoTa ruseTsa 

da TurqeTs Soris moskovis 1921 w. 16 martis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. 

religiuri sfero azerbaijanSi garkveul aRmavlobas ganicdis. es, pirvel rigSi, 

exeba dominirebad konfesias — islams. Tumca aRmavloba da ganviTareba azerbaijanisaTvis 

sxva tradiciul religiebsac Seexo. amasTan, gaCnda aratradiciuli, adre 

ucnobi mimdinareobebic. es, garkveulwilad, aixsneba wina 70 wlis mdgomareobiT, 

sazogadoebisaTvis saWirboroto sakiTxebze pasuxebis ZiebiT konfesiur sferoSi, 

gareSe Zalebis gaqtiurebiT. 

iseve rogorc TiTqmis yvelgan, politikuri Zalebi religias iyeneben rogorc 

masebze zemoqmedebisa da sakuTari gavlenis ganmtkicebis instruments, gareSe Zalebi 

— aseve sakuTari gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvis. 

rogorc aRvniSneT, azerbaijanSi ZiriTadi religia islamia, Tumca gavrcelebulia 

qristianoba da iudaizmic. muslimTa umravlesoba azeria, TiTqmis yvela isini Siitebi 

arian. 

qveyana SeiZleba daiyos or `muslimur zonad”: samxreTi moicavs teritorias baqo- 

Semaxa-evlaxi-ganja-gazaxi-naxWevnis xazidan samxreTisaken, iranis sazRvramde. aq 

morwmuneTa ZiriTadi nawili Siitia: azerebi, TaliSebi, TaTebi, qurTebis nawili. arian 

sunitebic: axiska, TaTrebi, qurTebis nawili. aq cxovroben marTlmadidebeli qristianebic 

— rusebi, ukrainelebi, belorusebi, qarTvelebi; rusi raskolnikebi da 

seqtantebi; germanelebi — kaTolikeni da luTeranebi; udebi — monofizitebi; somexigrigorianebi; 

iudevelebi — juuri (mTis ebraelebi), aSkenazebi (evropeli ebraelebi), 

qarTveli ebraelebi. XX-XXI ss. mijnaze gaCnda aratradiciuli mimdinareobebi: 

muslimuri — vahabitebi da nursistebi, nakSbandielebi, feizulistebi da sxv.; 

induisti-kriSnaitebi; protestantuli Temebi (qristianuli) 3 . 

CrdiloeTi zona mdebareobs ufro CrdiloeTiT — saqarTvelosTan da ruseTTan 

sazRvrisken. mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili sunitia: lezgebi da avarelebi, krizebi da 

waxurelebi, budugebi da xinalugebi, ingiloTa nawili da azerebi. qristianebi 

warmodgenili arian rusebiT (ZiriTadad raskolnikebi da seqtantebi), udinebiT 

(monofizitebi), marTlmadideblebiT — ingiloTa nawili, iudevelebiT — juuriT 4 . 

ssr kavSiris Seqmnis win azerbaijanSi arsebobda 2000-mde meCeTi, romelTa didi 

nawili 1930-ian wlebSi daangries an daxures. marTalia, meore msoflio omis wlebSi 

zogierTi meCeTi kvlav amoqmedda, rac ganpirobebuli iyo stalinis politikiT — 

nebismieri, maT Soris religiuri faqtoris gamoyenebiT moexdina sabWoTa xalxis 

mobilizacia nacisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. 

1976 wels azerbaijanSi 16 registrirebuli meCeTi (14 Siituri da ori sunituri, 

aqedan 7 — baqoSi) da madrasa arsebobda, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis droisaTvis maTi 

ricxvi 200-mde avida (araregistrirebulebis CaTvliT). sxva wyaros monacemiT, 1994 

wlisaTvis arsebobda 84 religiuri dawesebuleba, meCeTebis CaTvliT, romlebic 

3 Гусейн-Заде Р. А. Религия и политика: Взаимоотношения на азербайджанском фоне. – В журн.: Центральная Азия и 

Кавказ. № 3 (33), 2004, c.149. 

4 

iqve. 

12

xSirad aralegalurad an naxevrad legalurad moqmedebda 5 . 

2004 w. dasawyisisaTvis qveyanaSi arsebobda 1300 moqmedi meCeTi da islamis sxva 

sakulto obieqti; sxva konfesiaTa 40-ze meti sakulto nageboba. baqoSi dRes sami 

marTlmadidebluri taZaria. respublikaSi aris raskolnikebisa da seqtantebis 

samlocveloebi, Svidi sinagoga, maTgan erTi, romelic baqoSi mdebareobs da yvelaze 

didia kavkasiaSi, aigo 2003 wels `joinTis~ saxsrebiT. dedaqalaqSi rekonstruirebulia 

kaTolikuri eklesia, kidev erTs safuZveli Caeyara 2003 wels, azerbaijanSi 

romis papis vizitis dros. 

azerbaijanSi dRes arsebobs saswavlo dawesebulebebi da kursebi tradiciul 

konfesiaTa safuZvlebis Sesaswavlad: baqos islamuri universiteti filialebiT 

sxvadasxva raionSi; madrasebi — saSualo saswavlo dawesebulebani, meCeTebTan, eklesiebTan, 

sinagogebTan Seqmnilia saswavlo kursebi. 

faqtia, rom postsabWoTa azerbaijanSi `religiuri renesansi~ erovnuli 

TviTSegnebis zrdis paralelurad mimdinareobs. baqos ekonomikur da politikur 

kvlevaTa centris monacemebiT, 90-iani wlebis bolos azerbaijanelebis mxolod 4-6% 

Tu iyo àqtiuri~ morwmune da damcveli religiuri miTiTebebisa da cxovrebis wesisa, 

87-92% ki iseT kategorias Seadgenda, romelic acxadebda, rom muslimi iyo, Tumca 

naklebad an saerTod ar asrulebda religiur ritualebs. danarCen 3%-s aTeistebi 

warmoadgendnen. azerbaijanelebis umravlesoba aqtiurad stumrobs meCeTs religiur 

dResaswaulebze, Tumca aSuras uqme dRes, rodesac muhamedis SvilTaSvils husein ibn 

alis glovoben da TviTgvemis ritualebic tardeba, sagrZnoblad pasiuroben. rogorc 

am sakiTxebis mkvlevari raul motika askvnis, kavkasiis qveynebSi islami istoriulad 

ganpirobebul adgilobriv TaviseburebaTa garemoSi ganviTarda da mowyda 

saerTaSoriso muslimur moZraobebsa Tu mimdinareobebs. Tavdapirvelad, sazRvris 

gaxsnis Semdeg, mravali axalgazrda ewvia TanamoZme TurqeTis saswavleblebs. Tumca 

90-iani wlebis bolosaTvis oficialur da naxevradoficialur saswavleblebs 

azerbaijanelebi ukve amreziT uyurebdnen, dainaxes ra, rom ucxoeTSi swavlamiRebuli 

da samSobloSi dabrunebuli axalgazrdebi ukve Riad qadagebdnen sunitur ideebs da 

arc `Sahsei-vahseis~ tradiciis gmobas eridebodnen. 6 . 

formaluri niSniT, meCeTebi ar iyofa Siitur da sunitur meCeTebad (vahabitTa 

meCeTebis gamoklebiT, sadac mxolod am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi dadian). 

2004 w. dasawyisisaTvis savaldebulo registracia gavlili hqonda 230 konfesiur 

Tems, maT Soris: 201 muslimurs, danarCens — qristianuls — rusul da qarTul 

marTlmadideblurs, luTeranuls, romaul-kaTolikurs, axalsamociqulos, 

moloknebs, meSvide dRis adventistebs, ormocdaaTianelebs, ieRovas mowmeebs, 

iudevelTa sxvadasxva mimdinareobas da sxv 7 . 

vahabizmi azerbaijanSi ar aris `mebrZoli~, Semtevi xasiaTisa. morwmuneebs igi 

izidavs `religiaSi ubraloebis~ ideebiT. sainteresoa, rom man mimdevrebi pova adgilobriv 

eTnoreligiur umciresobebSi — lezgebSi, avarelebsa da waxurebSi, romelTac 

amiT gamoxates protesti maTi samoqalaqo uflebebis SezRudvis winaaRmdeg. 

ufro zogadi TvalsazrisiT, aratradiciuli mimdinareobaTa gaCena gareSe 

Zalebis metoqeobis Sedegia, romlebic sakuTari gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvis nebismier 

saSualebas iyeneben, maT Soris — konfesiursac. aratradiciuli mimdinareobani xels 

uwyoben religiis, pirvel rigSi, ZiriTadis — islamis — politizacias. 

5 Саттаров Р. Ислам как политический фактор в постсоветском Азербайджане. – В журн.:Центральная Азия и Кавказ. 2004, 

№ 4 (34), с.9. 

6 

xinCagaSvili S. eTnikuri da religiuri situaciis dinamika kavkasiaSi (postsabWoTa periodi). — 

saqarTvelos mecn.akad. politologiis institutis weliwdeuli — 2003. Tb., 2003, gv.71. 

7 iqve, gv.151. 

13

amdenadac azerbaijani upiratesad Siituria, gansakuTrebiT mkafiod Cans ìranis 

kvali~. Teirani moqmedebs Tavisi diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebis, religiursaqvelmoqmedo 

organizaciebis, misionerebis, masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa, 

agreTve `gavlenis agentebis~ meSveobiT, gansakuTrebiT — samxreT zonaSi. aSkaraa 

iranis konfesiuri aqtivobis politizacia. magram is faqti, rom azerbaijanSi arc 

erTi iranuli meCeTi ar aris, am ukanasknelis sust religiur gavlenaze metyvelebs. 

1990 wlis zamTarSi azerbaijanelebma, kerZod, naxWevanelebma iranis sasazRvro 

simagreebi daangries, iq mcxovreb TanamoZmeebTan didi xniT gawyvetili urTierToebebis 

aRdgenis niSnad (CrdiloeT iranSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi iranis 

mosaxleobis 1/3 Seadgenen da 2-3-jer metni arian, vidre TviTon azerbaijanSi. 

paralelurad, 1918-20 ww. azerbaijanis mmarTveli partiis musavatis lozungi `Turqizmi, 

modernizacia da islami~ kvlav popularuli gaxda. dRes azerbaijanuli 

sazogadoebis nawili azerbaijanul nacionalizms da TviTmyofadobas mxolod did 

Turqul kulturul konteqstSi ganixilavs, im dros, roca meore nawili panTurqizms 

àzerbaijanizmis~ sawinaaRmdego doqtrinad Tvlis da qemal aTaTurqis midgomas 

yvelaze misaReb gamosavlad miiCnevs. amavdroulad, sazogadoebis orive nawilisTvis 

miuRebelia proiranuli ideologiuri orientacia, ris mizezi ara marto sabWoTa 

mediis xangrZliv antiiranul propagandaSi unda veZioT, aramed yarabaRis 

konfliqtSic, sadac irani somxeTis partniorad aRiqmeboda. unda gaviTvaliswinoT 

aseve iranSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanuli diasporis mZime uflebrivi mdgomareoba, 

romelic kidev ufro laxavs iranis imijs azerbaijanelis TvalSi. 

sekularuli TurqeTi moqmedebs religiur organizaciaTa oficialuri struqturebis 

meSveobiT, pirvel rigSi — baqosa da naxWevanSi. dedaqalaqSi gaxsnilia 

Turquli universiteti `kavkasia~. 

marTalia, TurqeTi sunituri qveyanaa, magram mas azerbaijanSi ufro myari 

poziciebi da samoqmedo areali aqvs, agreTve hyavs meti `gavlenis agenti~, vidre irans. 

amas ramdenime mizezi aqvs: 1) azerebis mexsierebaSi daleqilia is faqti, rom sparsuli 

saxelmwifoebi 2500 welia cdiloben arasparselTa deeTnizacias, anu atareben 

eTnocidis politikas. 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi iranis saxelmwifos politika 

mkafiod Camoayaliba mohamed reza-Sah fexlevim: erTi qveyana, erTi istoria, erTi 

eTnosi, erTi kultura, erTi religia, erTi ena. 2) Turquli da azerebis enebi erT 

jgufs ekuTvnis. 3) irani aqtiurad TanamSromlobs somxeTTan, romelsac azerbaijanis 

teritoriis 16% aqvs mitacebuli, mxars uWers mTiani yarabaRis aralegitimur respublikas. 

4) iranSi keTilganwyobiT ekidebian adgilobriv somxur Tems: Tumca am 

Teokratiul saxelmwofiSi moqmedebs `mSrali kanoni~, magram somxebs aqvT arayis 

gamoxdis ufleba; erT-erTi somxuri eklesia gamocxadebulia àrqiteqturis faseul 

istoriul Zeglad~ da daculia saxelmwifos mier. mexuTe, TurqeTi azerbaijans 

samxedro da politikuri TvalsazrisiT exmareba; misi teritoria azerbaijanisaTvis 

dasavleTisaken gasasvleli erT-erTi `derefania~ — wina aziis muslimuri samyarosaken, 

euTo-sa da nato-saken. 

mniSvnelovani daikava suniturma arabulma aRmosavleTmac. 

vahabizmi islamis oficialuri formaa muslimuri samyaros erT-erT umdidres 

qveyanaSi — saudis arabeTSi, romelic amave dros aSS strategiuli partnioria. amitom 

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom vahabizmis gavrcelebas azerbaijanSi ara mxolod 

konfesiuri, aramed politikuri xasiaTic aqvs. 

vahabizmi aRwevs CrdiloeT kavkasiidanac — daRestnidan da CeCneTidan. pirvel 

SemTxvevaSi `mediatoris~ rolSi gamodian azerbaijanSi mcxovrebi lezgebi, avarelebi 

da waxurebi. meoreSi — CeCnebi, romlebic moZraoben azerbaijans, saqarTvelosa da 

14

CrdiloeT kavkasias Soris, an damkvidrdnen azerbaijanSi, sadac gadian mkurnalobisa 

da reabilitaciis kurss, zogi maTgani adgilobriv umaRles saswavlebelSic swavlobs. 

qristianuli dasavleTi aseve iyenebs sxvadasxva arxs, maT Soris — konfesiursac. 

maT mier tardeba religiuri mimarTulebis konferenciebi da seminarebi. 

200 welze metia, azerbaijanSi mcxovreb ingiloTa Soris Tavis saqmianobas eweva 

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesia, romelmac qristianad moaqcia am eTnoreligiuri 

jgufis nawili. amgvar prozelitebs uqmnian swavlis pirobebs saqarTveloSi, 

aZleven qarTul saxelebsa da gvarebs. samSobloSi isini brundebian rogorc `gavlenis 

agentebi~. 

1990 wlidan periodulad Cndebian emisrebi vatikanidan. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom islamis aratradiciuli mimdinareobebi popularulia axalgazrdobaSi, 

aratradiciul mimdinareobebTan brZola ufro politikuri xasiaTisaa, vidre 

religiuri. 

amrigad, politikuri xelisufleba akontrolebs situacias konfesiur sferoSi. 

misi damokidebuleba uaryofiTia aratradiciuli mimdinareobebis mimarT. 

somxeTis respublika samxreT kavkasiis mTianeTSi mdebareobs. teritoria — 29,8 

aTasi kvaretuli kilometri. dedaqalaqi — erevani. 

CrdiloeTiT esazRvreba saqarTvelo, aRmosavleTiT — azerbaijani, dasavleTiT — 

TurqeTi, samxreTiT — irani. 

somexi xalxis istoriul bedSi somxeTis respublikis Tanamedrove teritorias XX 

s. dasawyisamde ganmsazRvreli roli ar Seusrulebia. somxeTis didi nawili Sedioda 

osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, sadac somexTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 2,5 mln 

Seadgenda. maTi umravlesoba aRmosavleTis 6 vilaieTSi cxovrobda. sakmaod 

mravalricxovani somxuri diaspora arsebobda ruseTSi da mis sazRvrebs gareTac. 

e.hobsbaumi werda, rom Tanamedrove somxeTi — es aris yvelaferi is, rac darCa mas 

Semdeg, rac yvela danarCen teritoriaze, sadac adre somxebi cxovrobdnen, isini 

gawyvites an gandevnes iqidan 8 . 

1998 wlis 1 ianvris monacemebiT, somxeTis mosaxleoba 3 793 200 mcxovrebs Seadgens, 

maTgan 95%-ze meti eTnikuri somexia. ena — somxuri, romelic indoevropuli ojaxis 

somxur jufs ganekuTvneba. ganarCeven aRmosavlur da dasavlur saliteraturo enas; 

dasavlur saliteraturo enaze somxuri diaspora metyvelebs, aRmosavlurze ki 

somxeTSi mcxovrebi somxebi laparakoben. somxur enas aqvs sakuTari damwerloba, 

romelic 39 aso-niSans Seicavs. 

sakuTriv somxeTis garda, eTnikuri somxebi cxovroben msoflios mraval qveyanaSi 

da mZlavr da gavlenian somxur diasporas qmnian. sazRvargareT somxebis gansaxlebis 

ZiriTadi centrebia ruseTi (armaviri, rostovi, moskovi) — 800 000, saqarTvelo 

(javaxeTi da Tbilisi) — 500 000, TurqeTi (ZiriTadad stamboli) — amJamad 85 000, aSS 

(ZiriTadad kalifornia)— 1 000 000, argentina — 85 000, safrangeTi — 500 000, libani — 

150 000, irani — 200 000, siria — 130 000, kanada — 60 000, avstralia — 30 000. sul somxuri 

diaspora msoflios 60 qveyanaSia gafantuli. 

somxeTSi cxovroben rusebis, iezidebis, berZnebisa da ebraelebis eTnikuri 

umciresobebi, agreTve aisorebi da ukrainelebi. somxeTSi mcxovreb azerbaijanelTa 

umravlesobam 1980-90-iani wlebis mijnaze datova sacxovrebeli da Tavi azerbaijansa 

8 Хобсбаум Э. Нации и национализм после 1790 года. М., 1998, с.263. 

15

da ruseTs Seafara 9 . 

somxebis didi umravlesoba monofiziti qristiania. isini qveynis mosaxleobis 80% 

Seadgenen. sazRvargareT mcxovreb somexTa nawili kaTolike da protestantia. amJamad 

somxeTis samociqulo grigorianul eklesias saTaveSi udgas uzenaesi patriarqi da 

sruliad somexTa kaTalikosi eCmiaZinisa garegin II. 

somxeTis samociqulo eklesia erT-erTi uZlieresi somxuri organizaciaa. kavkasiaSi 

qristianul eklesiebs Soris igi gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri da damoukidebelia. 

Seqmna ra eklesiaTa ganStoebuli qseli, eCmiaZini sabWoTa periodSic da axlac 

akontrolebs did somxur diasporas, rac saSualebas aZlevs, uSualod monawileobdes 

somexi xalxis cxovrebaSi, xSirad ki _ sagareo politikuri orientirebis firmirebaSic. 

imis dasturad, rom somxur eklesias did rols aniWeben rogorc Tavad 

somxeTis, aseve msoflios politikosebi, gamodgeba is faqti, rom 2001 w. zafxulSi aSS- 

Si vizitis dros somexTa amJamindeli kaTolikosi garegin II piradad prezidentma 

jorj buSma miiRo. aseTi pativi ar RirsebiaT arc ilia II, arc samxreT kavkasiis 

muslimTa sulier liders (Seix ul-islams) alah-Sukur faSazades 10 . 

ukanaskneli ramdenime saukunis manZilze somxuri eklesia ZiriTadi damakavSirebeli 

rgolia somxeTsa da mis ucxour diasporas Soris. 

rTuli istoriuli viTarebis gamo, somxuri eklesiis centri xSirad icvleboda. 

Tavdapirvelad igi vaharSapatSi mdebareobda, Semdeg — dvinsa da anisSi, Semdeg — 

amasiasi dakilikiis somxeTSi. 1441 wels somxuri eklesiis centri gaxda eCmiaZini 11 . 

grigorianuli eklesiis struqtura 4 ZiriTad elements moicavs: 1) eCmiaZinis 

yovelTa somexTa sakaTalikoso, romelic grigorianuli eklesiis centrad iTvleba; 

misi meTauri uzenaesi patriarqisa da araratis saerToerovnuli deda-eklesiis 

kaTalikosos tituls atarebs da yovelTa somexTa laTalikosad moixsenieba; 2) 

kilikiis didi saxlis sakaTalikoso — rezidenciiT antiliasSi; 3) ierusalimis 

sapatriarqo — rezidenciiT ierusalimSi da 4) konstantinopolis sapatriarqo — 

rezidenciiT stambolSi. ukanaskneli sami centri deda-eklesiis iurisdiqciaSia, 

magram sargeblobs Sinagani administraciuli avtonomiiT. 

IX saukunidan, mas Semdeg, rac somxuri mosaxleoba mTel msoflioSi mimoifanta, 

somxuri eklesiis mniSvneloba metad gaizarda da man universaluri xasiaTi SeiZina. 

gansxvavebuli kulturisa da religiis qveynebSi damkvidrebis miuxedavad, eklesiam 

SeinarCuna organizaciuli da dogmaturi mTlianoba. 

1986 wlis mdgomareobiT, somxeTSi 29 registrirebuli da 34 araregistrirebuli 

religiuri organizacia moRvaweobda. 

1997 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis religiur saqmeTa komitetma registraciaSi gaatara 16 

konfesia da religiuri gaerTianeba: somxeTis samociqulo eklesia, warmarTebi, 

iezidebi, kaTolikuri eklesia, iudevelTa Temi, ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesia, 

kriSnaitebi, bahaistebi, meSvide dRis adventistebi, evangelist-ormocdaaTianelebi, 

baptistebi da sxv. 

somxeTSi didi gavrceleba pova religiurma seqtebma, romlebic registrirebuli 

arian rogorc saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi. 

rogorc aRvniSneT, kavkasiaSi warmodgenilia oTxive msoflio klasikuri religia: 

9 

giorgi xelaSvili. cnobari somxeTze. — saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centri, 

35, 2000, ianvari, gv.3. 

10 Исмаилов Э., Полухов Э. Противостояние «старых» и «новых» игроков на политической карте Кавказа. – В журн.: 

Центральная Азия и Кавказ. 2004, № 4 (34), c.50. 

11 giorgi xelaSvili. cnobari somxeTze. — saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centri, 

35, 2000, ianvari, gv.39. 

16

qristianoba samxreT kavkasiaSi ramdenime versiis saxiT gvxvdeba. misi mTavari 

sayrdenebia qarTuli marTlmadidebluri da somxuri monofizituri eklesiebi. osebis 

mniSvnelovani umravlesoba marTlmadidebeli qristiania, aseve rusebic, romlebic 

Seadgenen 3% somxeTSi, 4% azerbaijanSi da 6% saqarTveloSi, agreTve, CrdiloeT 

kavkasiaSi. afxazTa nawili qristiania, nawili — muslimi, Tumca orive Serwymulia 

warmarTul tradiciasTan. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg kavkasiaSi gamoCndenen 

protestantuli misiebi, magram maT cota mimdevari hyavT (SedarebiT meti warmateba 

hqondaT somxeTSi), agreTve amerikuli organizacia ìeRovas mowmeebis~ mimdevrebi. 

kaTolikeni saqarTveloSi pirvelad 1230 wels gamoCndnen. pap ioane XXII 

ZalisxmeviT 1329 wlidn TbilisSi daarsebulma kaTolikeTa saepiskoposom saqar- 

Tvelos sxvadasxva regionSi samisionero moRvaweoba gaaCaRa. XVII saukuneSi saqar- 

TveloSi moRvaweobdnen Teatineli misionerebi. XIX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi qarTvelma 

kaTolike berebma stambolSi qarTuli kongregacia daaarses. kaTolikoba yvelaze 

farTod gavrcelda samcxesa da SavSeTSi, axalcixeSi, gorSi, quTaisSi. 1845 wlidan 

1993 wlamde saqarTvelos laTinur kaTolikeTa episkoposi ruseTSi imyofeboda, 1993 

wels Seiqmna amierkavkasiis laTinuri wesis samociqulo administracia, romelic 

moicavda saqarTvelos, azerbaijnisa da somxeTis laTin kaTolikeebs. 

2002 wlis aRweriT, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi kaTolikeni mosaxleobis 0,8% 

Seadgenen. maTi didi nawili mesxeT-javaxeTSi cxovrobs, maTi umravlesoba eTnikurad 

somexia. 

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi kaTolikeni tipikonis mixedviT 3 nawilad iyofian: 1) 

laTinuri tipikonisani, 2) somxuri tipikonisani, 3) siriul-qaldeuri tipikonisani. 

kaTolikeTa umravlesoba laTinur wess misdevs, maT Soris TbilisSi mcxovrebi 

somxebic. 

axal religiur situaciaSi kaTolikeni raime mniSvnelovan rols ar asruleben. 

luTeranebi saqarTveloSi XIX saukuneSi germaneli kolonistebis Camosaxlebis 

Semdeg gaCndnen. luTeranuli eklesia ki, saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebidn 

arsebobs. 

dRes somxuri samociqulo eklesia saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia Svidi eklesiiT: 

TbilisSi 2, baTumSi 1, danarCeni — mesxeT-javaxeTSi. isini erTi episkoposis sulieri 

mfarvelobis qveS imyofebian, misi kaTedra TbilisSia, wminda giorgis eklesiaSi. 

saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis cnobiT, 2002 wlisaTvis 

saqarTveloSi somxur-grigorianuli aRmsareblobisa iyo mosaxleobis 3,9%. 

islamis mimdevarTa xvedriTi wili mosaxleobis 9,9% Seadgens. warmodgenilia 

orive versiis saxiT: azerbaijanelebis 75% Siitia, iseve, rogorc am qveyanaSi 

mcxovrebi TaliSebi Tu sxva erovnuli umciresoba. sunituri ganxra ki sakmaod 

Zlieria CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleobis umravlesobaSi, aseve aWaris avtonomiuri 

respublikis, azerbaijanis (25%), alaniisa (20-30%) da afxazeTis (35%) mosaxleobaSi; 

sunituri islami arsebobs rogorc Safiituri (daRestnis xalxebi), ise hanafituri 

(CeCneTi da inguSeTi, Cerqezebi, yaraCaebi da balyarebi, aWarlebi saqarTveloSi, 

azerbaijanelTa umciresoba — 15-25%, muslimi osebisa da muslimi afxazebis 

umciresoba _ 20-30% da 35%) skolebis saxiT 12 . 

religiisaken Semobrunebis saerTo tendenciam islamis gaaqtiurebazec imoqmeda. 

gaizarda meCeTebisa da ucxoeTSi wargzavnil sasuliero pirTa ricxvi. aseTi tendencia 

dafiqsirda qvemo qarTlSi, pankisSi, aWaraSi, guriasa da afxazeTSi. maT hyavT 

tradiciuli mrevli da gaaCniaT sxva religiebTn, gansakuTrebiT marTlmadideblobasTan 

TanamSromlobis saukunovani tradiciebi. amasTan, isalmi saqarTveloSic 

12 Svante E.Cornell. Small Nations and Great Powers. A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflicts in the Caucasus Curzon. 2001, p.21. 

17

ver ascda saerTo tendenciebs, aqac Tavi iCina fundamentalizmis niSnebma. 

iudaizmis mimdevaria 20 000-mde qarTveli ebraeli, aseve ZiriTadad azerbaijanSi 

da daRestanSi warmodgenili TaTebis (mTis ebraelebis) sazogadoeba. arian aseve 

aSkenazi ebraelebi, romlebic ZiriTadad baqoSi cxovrobdnen da romelTa didi nawili 

israelSi wavida qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis da ara 

diskriminaciis gamo. 

iudevelebis ricxvi bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi sistematurad mcirdeboda. erTi 

mxriv, amis mizezi isa, rom iudaizmi monoeTnikuri religiaa da masobriv prozelitizms, 

qristianobisa da islamisagan gansxvavebiT, iudaizmi ar eweva. meore mxriv, 

iudevelTa migracia wamyvani tendencia iyo msoflioSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg, 

sabWoTa kavSirSi ki — 70-ani wlebidan. israelSi asvlis saerTo tendenciasTan erTad, 

saqarTvelodan iudevelTa emigracias xeli Seuwyo bolo wlebSi Seqmnilma mZime 

socialurma da ekonomikurma viTarebam. dRes TbilisSi 2 sinagogaa. aseve sinagoga 

arsebobs yvelgan, sadac ebraelebi kompaqturad saxloben: quTaisSi, baTumSi, soxumSi, 

qarelSi, onSi. 

budizmis mimdevrebi ki arian kalmuxebi, romlebic specialur literaturaSi 

xSirad arc moixsenieben kavkasiaSi mcxovrebTa Soris, Tumca maT (122 000 mosaxle) 

mWidro urTierToba aqvT samxreTiT mcxovreb daRestnel xalxebTan. isini daRestnis 

CrdiloeTiT, kaspiis zRvis Crdilo-dasavleTiT cxovroben. maTi urTierToba 

kavkasielebTan sul ufro intensiuri xdeba. 

rac Seexeba religiur seqtebs, mahmadianobis SigniT arsebul mimdinareobebze, 

romlebic samxreT kavkasiaSi gvxvdeba, qvemoT visaubrebT. axla ki, qristianobis 

farglebSi arsebul seqtebs SevexoT. 

seqtantebis momravleba kavkasiaSi ruseTis damkvidrebas ukavSirdeba. kavkasiis 

ruseTTan SeerTebis procesis paralelurad, SemoerTebul miwebze iqmneboda rusuli 

dasaxlebebi. es saSualebas iZleoda, Semcirebuliyo saokupacio jaris raodenoba da 

misi Sesanaxi xarjebi, anu dasuliyo isini Cveulebrivi samxedro garnizonebis 

odenobamde. es, agreTve, daaCqarebda SemoerTebuli miwebis aTvisebis process. 

aRniSnuli miznis ganxorcieleba, amave dros, ruseTidan `gansakuTrebiT saSiS~ 

seqtaTa gaZevebisa da marTlmadidebeli mosaxleobisagan maTi izolaciis xerxs 

warmoadgenda. 

ukve 1831 wels yarabaRis provinciaSi gaCnda donis kazakebidan gamosuli duxoborebis 

pirveli dasaxleba yizil-yiSlayi. momdevno wels naxWevnis guberniaSi 

molokanTa pirveli sofeli — bazar-Cai aRmocenda. gadmosaxlebuli seqtantebis 

garda, kavkasiaSi mravali seqtanti nebayoflobiTac modioda. 

kidev ufro adre, 1817 wels, saqarTveloSi gamoCndnen germaneli kolonistebi, 

romlebic dasaxldnen Tbilisisa da elizavetopolis guberniebSi. 1830 wels maTi 

ricxvi daaxloebiT 2000 kacs Seadgenda. yvela isini protestantebi iyvnen. 

general ermolovis dros, strategiuli mniSvnelobis punqtebSi Seqmnili 

garnizonebis gverdiT, iqmneboda samxedro dasaxlebani — e.w. Stab-binebi, sadac 

jariskacebi, samxedro samsaxuris paralelurad, sakuTar meurneobasac misdevdnen da 

ojaxebic hyavdaT. ase gaCnda marTlmadidebelTa soflebi. maTTan erTad, izrdeboda 

gadmosaxlebul seqtantTa raodenobac. maT asaxlebdnen magistralur 

mimarTulebebze, romelTac ruseTisaTvis strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda. erTi 

talRa dasaxlda im trasis gaswvriv, romelic SemdgomSi ruseTsa da irans Soris 

ZiriTad savaWro magistralad iqca: Tbilisi-elizavetopoli (ganja)-yazaxi-deliJanielenovka 

(sevani)-axta (razdani)-erevani. 

meore talRa gansaxlda ruseTis jarebis TurqeTisaken moZraobis strategiulad 

18

mniSvnelovan trasaze: Tbilisi-aleqsandropoli (giumri)-yarsi-erzrumi. seqtantebis 

gverdiT, aqac iqmneboda marTlmadidebelTa soflebic. 

1835 w. gaCnda subotnikebis seqtanturi dasaxleba elenovka (sevani), 1842 wels — 

nikitino (fioletovo), Semdeg voroncovka, voskresenka da sxv. 

sul XIX s. 30-40-ian wlebSi amierkavkasiaSi gaCnda 30-ze meti rusuli dasaxleba. 

TurqeTTan 1853-1856 ww. da 1877-1878 ww. omebis Semdeg farTo masStabiT mimdinareobda 

TurqeTidan amierkavkasiaSi somxebis gadmosaxleba, gansakuTrebiT erevnis 

guberniasa da SavizRvispireTSi. SemoerTebul miwebze rusebisa da somxebis 

dasaxlebiT ruseTi am miwa-wylis saboloo Semomtkicebas cdilobda. 

seqtantebis mimarT nikoloz I represiuli politikis Sedegad, amierkavkasiaSi Tavi 

moiyara sxvadasxva seqtebma: duxoborebma, moloknebma, xlistebma, subotnikebma, 

skopcebma da sxv. 

rusuli administracia xels uwyobda seqtantebis gadmosaxlebis process. 

magaliTad, maT didad mfarvelobda voroncovi. gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri iyo seqtantTa 

Casaxlebis procesi yarsis olqSi 1877-1878 ww. omis Semdeg. ukve XX s. dasawyisisaTvis 

iq rusuli mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 11.000 kacs Seadgenda. 

erevnis guberniaSi rusebis ricxvi 4150 iyo, baqos guberniaSi — 11.500, Tbilisis 

guberniaSi — 3204, elizavetopolis guberniaSi — 2987. 

politikur-ekonomikurna da demografiulma procesebma garkveuli gavlena iqonia 

rus seqtantTa yofaze. drois Sesabamisad icvleba maTi cxovrebis wesi, faseulobani, 

orientacia. maTi mimdevrebis raodenoba klebulobs, radgan Temis axalgazrda wevrebi 

sacxovreblad ruseTis federaciaSi gadadian. es procesi jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris 

dros daiwyo da dResac grZeldeba, Tumca es, ZiriTadad, socialur-ekonomikuri 

faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli, da ara religiuri SeuwynareblobiT. isic unda iTqvas, 

rom yofiT niadagze SeiniSneba faruli daZabuolba samcxe-javaxeTSi mcxovreb 

duxoborebsa da maT mezobel somxebs Soris. 

dRes staroverebi arian guriaSi (urek-malTayvis monakveTi), samegrelosa da zemo 

svaneTSi, aseve Sida qarTlSi, centri aqvT TbilisSi. staroverebi Camoyalibdnen 

eTnikur-religiur jgufad, magram, Sereuli qorwinebebis gamo, staroveroba 

gavrcelda qarTvelebSic. amasTan, isini ar ewevian prozelitizms da zemoT 

dasaxelebuli SemTxvevebi erTeuli faqtebia. staroverebis, iseve rogorc 

duxoborebisa da moloknebis religiuri Temebis arseboba saqarTveloSi araviTari 

konfliqturi muxtis matarebeli ar aris. 

baptizmi saqarTveloSi 1867 wlidan vrceldeba. am wels germanelma kolveitma 

TbilisSi baptisturi wesiT monaTla molokanTa seqtis yofili wevri n.i.voronini. 

1895 wlisaTvis TbilisSi ukve arsebobda gavleniani baptisturi religiuri 

gaerTianeba, romelsac amierkavkasiasa da ruseTSi cnobili baptisti presviterebi 

ganagebdnen. didi xnis manZilze baptistTa TemebSi ZiriTadad rusi erovnebis 

moqalaqeeebi yvnen gaerTianebuli. 1920 wlidan baptizmi gavrcelebas iwyebs qarTvel 

mosaxleobaSic. 

baptistTa msoflio sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, dRes Tbilisi miCneulia baptizmis 

gavrcelebis adgilad yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze. amJamad saqarTvelos 

yvela regionSi moqmedeben baptistTa samlocvelo saxlebi qarTuli, rusuli, osuri 

da somxuri religiuri TemebiT. farTovdeba qarTveli baptistebis kavSirebi 

baptistTa msoflio gaerTianebebTan. isini ufasod avrceleben religiur 

literaturas, exmarebian erTmorwmuneebs 13 . 

13 

gegeSiZe d. religiuri konfesiebi da denominaciebi saqarTveloSi (istoria da Tanamedroveoba). — 

saqarTvelos mecn. akademiis politologiis institutis weliwdeuli — 2002, Tb., 2002, gv.226-227. 

19

ormocdaaTianelTa seqtis mimdevrebi saqarTveloSi moRvaweobas meore msoflio 

omisa da momdevno periodSi iwyeben da TavianT moZRvrebas omis dros evakuirebuli 

rusi mosaxleobis erT nawilSi avrceleben. 1946-1952 wlebSi maT SeZles seqtis TemTa 

Semadgenlobis gazrda da qarTveli erovnebis moqalaqeTa moqcevac. 1970-iani 

wlebidan ormocdaaTianelTa saqmianoba gaaqtiurda qarTvel, somex da os 

mosaxleobaSi 14 . 

bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi yvelaze aqtiurad saqmianoben ieRovelTa seqtis 

warmomadgenlebi. es seqta ori mimarTulebis saxiTaa warmodgenili: pirveli 

mimarTuleba XIX s. 40-ian wlebSi warmoiSva ruseTSi, meore ki — 1884 wels amerikis 

SeerTebul StatebSi. ieRovelTa religiuri korporacia mtkice struqturiTa da 

discipliniT gamoirCeva, rasac uzrunvelyofs bruklinis ieRovelTa religiuri 

centris aqtiuri da mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba 15 . 

gardamavali periodi yvelaze xelsayreli garemoa aratradiciuli idea- 

Sexedulebebis gavrcelebisaTvis. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg yofil sabWoTa 

sivrceSi, moxsnili akrZalvebis da sruli sakanonmdeblo anarqiis fonze, ukve moqmedi 

jgufebis gverdiT, intensiurad iwyes Semosvla axalma seqtebma da religiurma 

jgufebma. bunebrivia, maT Soris gansakuTRebuli aqtiurobiT gamoirCeodnen Zlieri 

finansuri mxardaWeris mqone jgufebi. seqtebis momZlavrebas xeli Seuwyo imanac, rom 

sabWoTa periodis aTeistur propagandas ukvalod ar Cauvlia: misi erT-erTi Sedegi 

iyo tradiciuli religiuri codnis Sesusteba da danawevreba, rasac mohyva gaucxoeba 

sazogadoebasa da tradiciul religiur Sexedulebebs Soris. sabWoTa saxelmwifos 

ideologiuri manqana mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze negatiur sazogadoebriv azrs 

ayalibebda religiaze; mTeli Taobebi aRizardnen mebrZoli aTeizmisa da tradiciuli 

religiebisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyobiT. axali ideebi ki, romlebic Tanamedroveobis 

Sesatyvisi formiT miewodebaT, SedarebiT misaRebi aRmoCnda. tradiciul seqtebTan 

erTad, axal religiur moZraobebs da aratradiciul seqtebs, romlebic `rkinis 

fardis~ arsebobis pirobebSic ki axerxebdnen sabWoTa kavSiris sivrceSi moqmedebas, 

aTeisturi da komunisturi idealebis sruli diskreditaciis Semdeg TavianTi 

Sexedulebebis Tavisuflad gavrcelebisa da axali sivrcis aqtiuri aTvisebis 

SesaZlebloba miecaT. 

saqarTveloSi moqmedi axali religiuri jgufebidan umravlesoba qristianuli 

mimarTulebisaa ori ZiriTadi mizezis gamo: jer erTi, saqarTvelo qristianuli 

qveyanaa, meore, qristianoba erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli religiaa 

Tanamedrove msoflioSi. 

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom farTod gamoyenebuli termini àxali religiebi~ 

pirobiTia da gulisxmobs im mimdinareobebs, romlebic arsebobis SedarebiT mcire 

periods moiTvlian, Zvel tradiciebze dayrdnobiT, axal garemosTan Sesatyvisad 

ganviTardnen da gavrceldnen. xSirad maT àxalgazrdul religiebad~, `seqtebad~ an 

`religiur-filosofiur msoflmxedvelobebadac~ moixsenieben. literaturaSi aseve 

xSirad mimarTaven emociurad naklebad datvirTul aRniSvnebs, magaliTad, 

`religiuri gansakuTrebuli jgufebi~, àxali religiuri moZraobebi~, 

`totalitaruli seqtebi~ da sxv. anglo-amerikul samyaroSi maT, Cveulebriv, 

`denominaciebs~ uwodeben, konfliqtis matarebel jgufebs ki _ `kultebs~ an 

`destruqciul kultebs” 16 . 

14 

iqve, gv.228. 

15 iqve, gv.229. 

16 

xuciSvili q. religiuri situaciis cvlileba da usafrTxoebis problema Tanamedrove sqarTveloSi. Tb., 

2004, gv.18. 

20

Tu amgvar jgufebs Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT davajgufebT, Semdeg suraTs 

miviRebT: 1. qarTuli jgufebi (sapatriarqodan gamoyofili _ mkalaviSvilis jgufi, 

ivanovis jgufi, gankveTili moZRvrebi an axlad Seqmnili — mZleveli, promeTes 

cecxli); 2. ucxouri jgufebi (axalsamociqulo eklesia, ormocdaaTianelebi, ieRovelebi, 

meSvide dRis adventistebi, saxarebiseulad morwmuneni, xsnis kavSiri, 

WeSmariti qristianebi, bostonis jgufi, munizmi); aRmosavluri jgufebi (kriSnaizmi, 

rajneSizmi); islamuri jgufebi (vahabizmi, bahaizmi); gansakuTrebuli jgufebi 

(saiantologia, anTroposofia). 

kavkasiuri islamis fenomeni. kavkasiuri islami aris tradiciuli muslimuri 

religiis araseqtanturi, ordenebze damyarebuli erT-erTi, arcTu ise Zveli 

ganStoeba. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ZiriTadad or ordens vxvdebiT: `nakSbandias~ da 

`kadirias~. 

nakSbandiis ordenis fuZemdeblad iTvleba Suaazieli muhamed baha al-din alnakSbandi 

(1328-1389), romlis moZRvrebam XVI-XVII saukuneebSi cvlilebebi ganicada da 

TurqeTSi gavrcelebis Semdeg kavkasiaSic Semovida. igi Semoitana CeCnebis pirvelma 

erovnulma gmirma, Seix mansurma. CeCen-daRestnelTa winaaRmdegobis gatexvis Semdeg 

es ordeni fexs CerqezeTSi ikidebs. Tanamedrove ruseTis teritoriaze misi 

ukanaskneli kvali 1917 w. revoluciis dros TaTar-baSkireTSi Cans. es sakiTxi 

safuZvlianad Seiswavla Telavivis universitetis profesorma moSe gamerma, romelmac 

didi yuradReba dauTmo Crdilokavkasielebis erovnul-gamaTavisuflebel moZraobas 

da TurqeTis, iranis, ruseTis da safrangeTis geopolitikuri interesebis Sejaxebas 

XIX saukunis kavkasiaSi. safuZvlianad ikvlevs ra zemoT xsenebuli qveynebis, aseve 

somxeTis, saqarTvelos, fineTis da sxva qveynebis saarqivo masalebs, mecnieri askvnis, 

rom regionSi miuridizmis da, saerTod, islamis gavrcelebas myari niadagi swored 

carizmis ugunurma, aSkarad gamoxatulma antimuslimurma politikam Seuqmna. yazi 

muhamedisa da hamzaT-begis Semdeg, Samili rigiT mesame da yvelaze Zlieri imami 

aRmoCnda, romelmac SeZlo daRestnelebis da vainaxebis gaerTianeba erT Teokratiul 

militaristul saxemwifoSi _ imamatSi. cnobilia, rom igi mkacrad icavda 

orTodoqsul dogmebs da ukompromisod ebrZoda brma religiur fanatizms. im 

periodSi Sua aziidan kavkasiaSi specialurad igzavnebodnen Seixebi, romlebic 

agresiul da eqstremistul islams qadagebdnen. am mimdinareobis wevrebs igi 

sikvdiliT sjida 17 . 

imam Samilis damarcxebis Semdeg, XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi kavkasiaSi dafuZnebas 

iwyebs kadiriis ordeni, romlis meTauri iyo mwyemsi xunta haji gaCievi. 1865 w. 

carizmma ar ordenis aRmofxvrac cada, rac Crdilo-kavkasielebisaTvis tragikul 

emigraciul movlenebTan aris dakavSirebuli. 

XX saukunis Sua wlebidan iwyeba am ori ordenis xelaxla aRorZineba mTielebSi. 

1877-78 ww. bolo SeiaraRebuli gamosvlis Semdeg gardatexa xdeba CrdiloeT kavkasiis 

sufistur saZmoSi. orive ordeni naxevradkonspiratiul moRvaweobas iwyebs da 

droebiT xels iRebs RazavaTze. am periodidan moyolebuli, 1917 wlamde, CeCneTinguSeTis 

mosaxleobis erTi nawili nakSbandiis ordens ekuTvnoda, meore nawili _ 

kadiriis. sabWoTa periodSi aranairi mniSvnelovani gardatexa ar momxdara mTiel 

xalxTa sulier cxovrebaSi. wiTeli xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave sasuliero 

elitam Tavi faqtiurad komunistebadac gamoacxada, magram am qmedebam aranairi 

gavlena ar iqonia bolSevikebis gegmebze, romelic nebismieri religiis aRmofxvras 

isaxavda miznad. 1944 wlis CeCnebis masiurma deportaciam Sua aziaSi xelaxla 

17 

xinCagaSvili S. vahabizmis problema kavkasiaSi. — kreb.: kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XIV, 

Tb., 2003, gv. 20. 

21

aaRorZina sufisturi mimdinareobani mTielebSi. reabilitaciis Sedegad 

gadasaxlebidan dabrunebul mosaxleobas Tan kargad organizebuli, CrdiloeT 

kavkasiisTvis ukve tradiciuli religiuri dajgufebebi mohyva 18 . 

maSasadame, XIX saukunidan moyolebuli, kavkasiaSi islami ori ordenis _ 

nakSbandiis da kadiriis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. ordenis meTauri iyo ara mola, 

aramed amira an Seixi _ gvariTa da wodebiT im teritoriaze yvelaze asakovani da 

avtoritetuli pirovneba, teipis uxucesi. es yvelaferi imdenad iyo Serwymuli 

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebul nacionalur vainaxur tradiciebTan da mTis 

adaT-wesebTan, rom garkvevac ki Znelia, sad mTavrdeba erovnuli da sad iwyeba 

religiuri. 

vahabizmis gamowveva. vahabizmi, sunituri islamis erT-erTi ganStoeba, XVIII 

saukunis Sua periodSi Camoyalibda arabeTis naxevarkunZulze, nejdis provinciaSi. 

misi fuZemdebelia ibn abd al-vahabi (1703-1792), romelmac gaixsena da ganaviTara 

daviwyebas micemuli XIV saukunis moRvawis _ ibn teibis ideebi. es ukanskneli 

qadagebda pirveladi, muhamedisdroindeli islamisa da Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi 

cxovrebis wesisaken, ùma_Temisaken~ dabrunebas: yurani erTaderTi wminda wignia da 

WeSmaritma muslimma mxolod misi miTiTebebis Sesabamisad unda icxovros. vahabizmis 

ideologebi uaryofdnen wminda adgilebsa da wmindanebs _ maTi azriT, mxolod alahia 

Tayvaniscemis Rirsi. meore maTi moTxovna iyo ritualebis maqsimaluri gamartiveba, 

aseve sasuliero ierarqiis absoluturi gauqmeba. muslims unda ecxovra erTgvari 

komunis tipis sazogadoebaSi, sadac erTaderTi sasuliero piri iyo mola. 

vahabis moRvaweoba garkveulwilad dakavSirebulia dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg 

mimarTul erovnul moZraobasTan. Tumca dasawyisSi misi politikuri arsi iyo msxvil 

feodalTa da vaWarTa interesebis dasacavad arabTa tomebisa da wvrili samTavroebis 

gaerTianeba, feodaluri anarqiisa da tomobrivi ganxeTqilebis mospoba. XIX saukunis 

dasawyisSi TiTqmis mTeli arabeTis naxevarkunZuli gaerTianda vahabitTa feodalur 

saxelmwifod, romelic egviptelTa dapyrobis Semdeg (1811-1821 ww.) daiSala. 1821 w. 

vahabitebis saxelmwifo aRdga nejdis provinciis farglebSi da arsebobda XIX saukunis 

ukanasknel meoTxedamde. XX saukunis dasawyisSi vahabitebis saxelwifo isev aRsdga 

ibn-saudis mmarTvelobis periodSi (1880-1953 ww.). 1931 wlidan oficialurad 

wodebuli saudis arabeTis saxelmwifo religia vahabizmia. Tanamedrove arabeTSi 

arsebuli vahabizmi mSvenivrad Seerwya mmarTveli fenis ekonomikur interesebs 

regionSi, rac axlo aRmosavleTSi navTobisa da Sesabamisad gavlenis sferos 

gadanawilebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. 

vahabizmis ideebi gavrcelda indoeTSi, avRaneTSi, indoneziaSi da afrikis 

qveynebSi. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom saudis arabeTis sazRvrebs gareT, gansakuTrebiT 

Sua aziaSi aRmocenebuli vahabituri seqtebi absoluturad sxva saxis movlenaa. am 

organizaciebma fexi ZiriTadad sxvadasxva qveynis yofil koloniebSi moikides, sadac 

socialuri mdgomareoba ukiduresad mZime iyo. 

kavkasiaSi vahabizmis damkvidrebaze saubrisas Znelia politikis sferosgan 

gamijvna. ingliseli politikuri mimomxilveli iaan sepi Cvens regionSi Seqmnili 

viTarebis Sefasebisas aRniSnavs, rom saqme politizebul islamTan gvaqvs. misi TqmiT, 

XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidanve vahabizmis ideiT gamudmebiT spekulirebda 

komunisturi xelmZRvaneloba, romelic nebismieri saxis antisabWoTa moZraobas, 

romelic rame kavSirSi iyo mahmadianuri rwmenis matarebel mosaxleobasTan, 

terorizmis, vahabizmisa da eqstremizmis gamovlinebad naTlavda 19 . 

18 iqve. 

19 

iqve, gv. 21. 

22

vahabizmis gaCena CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi uSualod ukavSirdeba mniSvnelovan 

politikur movlenebs. `perestroikis~ paralelurad, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi aSkarad 

gamoiRviZa erovnul-gamanTavisuflebelma moZraobam, romelTa Soris didi 

aqtiurobiT gamoirCeoda vainaxuri sazogadoeba yofili disidentis _ isa kaZoevis 

meTaurobiT. am garemoebam didi problemebi Seuqmna ruseTis axladgamoCekil 

federacias, romlis eTnikurad sakmaod Wrel mosaxleobas CeCen-inguSTa politikuri 

zraxvebi cud magaliTad evlineboda. ruseTis mmarTvel wreebSi gadawyda, es problema 

adgilobrivi warmoSobis kadrebiT moegvarebinaT. marTalia, am meTodis gamoyenebam 

TaTrebis, CuvaSebis da kalmuxebis SemTxvevaSi gaamarTla, magram CeCneTSi dudaevis 

gageneralebam sxva Sedegi moitana. SemdgomSi, miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa, arc 

respublikis `Signidan afeTqeba~ moxerxda. ruseTis mmarTvelma wreebma gadawyvites, 

kavkasiisaTvis vahabiti ideologebi SeesiaT. 

kavkasiaSi vahabituri ideologiis gavrcelebis sakiTxis ufro naTlad 

warmosaCenad saWiroa oriode sityviT SevexoT jihadis movlenas islamSi. Tavad 

muslimisaTvis religiaSi didi adgili ukavia RvTisadmi morCilebis princips. RvTis 

SiSi (“aT Tuka”) ar arsebobs jihadis gareSe, igi misi materialuri gamovlinebaa. Tumca 

Tavad termini `jihadi~, `jahada~ sityvasityviT àlahis gzaze muyaiTs, muyaiTad 

mimavals~ niSnavs da savsebiT gamoricxavs sxva religiis winaaRmdeg brZolas. Tavad 

muslimi Teologebis mtkicebiT, misi ZiriTadi arsi pirovnuli Tavisuflebis dacvagafrTxilebaa 

da gaumarTlebelia religiuri devna an konfesiuri SuRlis gaCaReba am 

sityvis safarqveS. maTi azriT, Tavad islamis (arab. Tanxmoba, mSvidoba, morCileba) 

mimdevari valdebulia saTnoebiT moepyras sxva religias da swored aseTi saqcieliT 

warmoaCinos Tavisi rwmenis upiratesoba. vahabitur seqtebSi ki ibn-teibiseuli 

ideebis gaazrebam seriozuli damaxinjeba ganicada da saboloo jamSi rogorc 

erovnuli, ise wminda islamuri tradiciebis srul uaryofaSi gadaizarda, romlis 

Sedegadac isini RazavaTs (igive jihads) ara marto qristianebs (rasac yurani arc 

qadagebs), aramed sunitebsa da Siitebsac ucxadeben. aqedan gamomdinare, vahabizmi 

bunebiT savsebiT ucxo da agresiuli seqtaa da bunebrivia, adgilobrivi religiuri 

xelmZRvaneloba Tu mosaxleoba mas didi winaaRmdegobiT Sexvda, Tumca uSualod rusi 

biznesmenebiT zurggamagrebuli eqstemistebi mainc agrZelebdnen moRvaweobas da 1999 

w. omis provocirebac moaxerxes ruseTsa da CeCenTs Soris. vainaxebma, saboloo jamSi, 

SeZles Tavsmoxveuli vahabituri mimdinareobisagan gaTavisufleba da sakuTari 

Zalebis konsolidacia, Tumca amis gakeTeba sakmaod gvian _ omis periodSi mouwiaT. 

vahabituri moZraoba amjerad mTlianad kavkasiis regions emuqreba. am seqtis 

warmomadgenlebi 1990-iani wlebis bolos aqtiurad gamoCndnen balyarelebSi, Tumca 

maT mezobel xalxSi _ yabardoelebSi dasayrdeni ver naxes. faqtiurad, ukve feTqebadi 

viTarebaa yaraCai-CerqezeTSi, sadac vahabituri razmebis Seqmnas yvela 

adasturebs. xolo Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cerqezebis, adiReelebisa da afxazebis 

eTnikur da geografiul siaxloves, ar aris gamoricxuli am teroristuli seqtis 

damkvidreba dasavleT saqarTveloSic. vahabiturma ideologiam didi marcxi ganicada 

inguSeTsa da azerbaijanSi, rac am qveynebis xelmZRvanelebis, r. auSevisa da h. alievis 

piradi damsaxurebaa. 

vahabizmi, romelsac specialistebi islamis ukiduresad politizebul, 

militaristul fenomenad moixsenieben, qristianuli seqtebisgan gansxvavebiT, 

humanitarul saqmianobas warmatebiT uTavsebs teroristul moRvaweobas, ris gamoc 

mTavari katalizatoris rols TamaSobs im tragikul movlenebSi, rac 90-iani wlebidan 

viTardeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da ris gamoc ucxoeli eqspertebi am regions 

`msoflios axali wesrigis uwesrigobas~ uwodeben. vahabizmma aRmosavleT kavkasias 

23

didi ubedureba daawia da arc samxreT kavkasiasa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis dasavleT 

respublikebs uqadis ukeTes beds 20 . 

CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasiad dayofis geografiuli, 

politikuri da kulturuli safuZvlebi 

kavkasia yovelTvis iyo rTuli regioni rogorc bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebiT, 

aseve mosaxleobis mravaleTnikuri da mravalkonfesiuri SemadgenlobiT. 

kavkasiis (iseve rogorc evropis) calsaxa geografiuli gansazRvreba dReisaTvis 

ar arsebobs. 

kavkasiis regions calkeul nawilebad yofs kavkasionis qedis ganStoebani. 

ukiduresad danawevrebuli topografia gasagebs xdis kavkasiis TvalSisacem eTnikur 

mravalferovnebas. mniSvnelovani topografiuli barierebi sxvadasxva xalxisa da 

tomis farTo integraciis gzaze gvixsnis eTnikuri identifikaciis TvalsaCino 

fragmentaciasa da lokalizacias. arcTu iSviaTad Temuri, tomobrivi, adgilobrivi, 

regionuli identurobebi aranakleb mniSvnelobas iZendnen, vidre eTnonacionaluri 

identuroba. aman, Tavis mxriv, Seqmna pirobebi kulturaTa da enaTa didi 

mravalferovnebis SenarCunebisaTvis 21 . 

zogadi geografiuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT, kavkasia mTiani regionia Savi da 

kaspiis zRvis sanapiroTa Soris. magram es martivi geografiuli gansazRvreba 

aucileblad moiTxovs dazustebas. magaliTad, Tu SevecdebiT regionis gansazRvras 

ukanaskneli 200 wlis istoriisa da demografiuli faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, Crdilo 

sazRvari bunebrivad gaivlis kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeT kalTebze an mis mosazRvre 

dablobebze, romlebic gamoyofs CrdiloeT kavkasiis mkvidri mcire xalxebis 

sacxovrebel areals rusebiT dasaxlebuli CrdiloeTi miwebisagan. XX saukunis 

miwurulis politikuri terminologiiT, sazRvari emTxveva Crdilo kavkasiis 

avtonomiebis sazRvars karsnodarisa da stavropolis mxareebTan, saidanac iwyeba 

sakuTriv ruseTi. dasavleTiT sasazRvro areals warmoadgens regioni, sadac 

erTmaneTs xvdeba, erTi mxriv, Turquli, meore mxriv ki qarTuli da somxuri 

mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli teritoria. samxreTi sazRvari ufro Zneli gansasazRvria, 

radgan demografiuli TvalsazrisiT, mdinare araqsis (romelic politikur sazRvars 

warmoadgens) orive napiri azerbaijaneli TurqebiTaa dasaxlebuli 22 . 

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde kavkasiis regionis geografiuli, kulturuli da 

eTnokonfesiuri kompozicia CrdiloeT kavkasiiTa da amierkavkasiiT iyo 

warmodgenili. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, mas Semdeg, rac amierkavkasiis samma 

respublikam damoukidebloba moipova, kavkasiis geopolitikuri suraTi radikalurad 

Seicvala, radgan regionis dayofis rusulma modelma Tavisi Tavi amowura. 

kavkasia moicavs 400,000 kv.km, daaxloebiT 20 milionze meti mosaxleobiT. 

gansazRvras arTulebs isic, rom Crd. kavkasiis administraciuli erTeulebi ufro 

CrdiloeTiT vrceldeba, vidre satitulo erebis tradiciuli gansaxlebis areali. 

rogorc Cans, amgvari politikuri rukis uzrunvelyofa adreul sabWoTa periodSi 

miznad isaxavda slavi mosaxleobis moqcevas am sazRvrebSi, demografiuli 

Semadgenlobis `ganzavebisaTvis~. 

20 xinCagaSvili S. vahabizmis problema kavkasiaSi. — kreb.: kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XIV, 

Tb., 2003, gv. 23. 

21 Гаджиев К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. М.: Международные отношения, 2001, c.10. 

22 Svante E.Cornell. Small Nations and Great Powers. A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflicts in the Caucasus, p.19. 

24

niSandoblivia, rom rusi mkvlevrebis azriT, kavkasia, sityvis farTo gagebiT, 

moicavs ara mxolod amierkavkasiasa da CrdiloeT kavkasias, aramed kavkasiis stepur 

mTiswineTsac (Предкавказье), romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis stavropolisa da 

krasnodaris mxareebi da rostovis olqi. mkvlevarTa meore nawili, gamodis ra 

eTnodemografiuli kriteriumidan, kavkasias im teritoriiT SemosazRvravs, romelic 

dasaxlebulia mkvidri mTieli mosaxleobiT. isini Предкавказье-s, zogjer ki masTan 

erTad volgogradisa da astraxanis olqebs, agreTve yalmuxeTs, samxreT ruseTis 

regions uwodeben. maTi azriT, es, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, gardamavali zonaa, 

romelic raRac niSnebiT ruseTs, raRaciT ki CrdiloeT kavkasias emsgavseba. 

migraciulma procesebma, romlebic mravali Taobis manZilze mimdinareobda 

CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris, TandaTanobiT Znelad gansasazRvri da pirobiTi 

gaxada sazRvari Предкавказье-sa da CrdiloeT kavkasias Soris. es ukanaskneli, Tavis 

mxriv, warmoadgens damakavSirebel rgols amierkavkasiasa da Предкавказье-s Soris 23 . 

termini `transkavkasia~ (amierkavkasia) rusuli `zakavkazie”-dan modis da niSnavs 

kavkasionis qeds miRma arsebuls, anu swored ruseTis xedvas asaxavs. dRes farTod 

gamoiyeneba ufro neitraluri termini — samxreT kavkasia. politikurad igi moicavs 

sam damoukidebel saxelmwifos — somxeTs, azerbaijans da saqarTvelos. 

Tanamedrove geopolitikuri realobis amsaxveli kidev erTi warmodgeniT, 

kavkasiis socialur-ekonomikuri sivrce moicavs CrdiloeT, centralur da samxreT 

nawilebs. Tu tradiciuli midgomis Tanaxmad, mocemul regionSi Sedis mxolod 

postsabWoTa teritoriebi (CrdiloeT kavkasia — avtonomiuri saxelmwifoebrivi 

warmonaqmnebi — da amierkavkasia — azerbaijani, saqarTvelo da somxeTi), am 

warmodgenis Tanaxmad, masSi eqceva iranis Crdilo-dasavleTi olqebi — samxreTaRmosavleTi 

kavkasia _ da TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi olqebi (yarsi, ardagani, 

arTvini da sxv.) _ samxreT-dasavleTi kavkasia. es imiTaa motivirebuli, rom mravali 

saukunis manZilze, ruseTis mier kavkasiis dapyrobamde, es miwebi erTian socialekonomikur 

da eTnokulturul sivrces Sedgendnen, sadac dResac cxovroben 

kavkasieli xalxebi. samxreT-dasavleTi kavkasia (TurqeTi) da samxreT-aRmosavleT 

kavkasia (irani) erTad Seadgenen samxreT kavkasias 24 . 

dRevandeli politikuri rukis Tanaxmad, kavkasiis regioni moicavs sam 

saxelmwifos — somxeTs, azerbaijans da saqarTvelos — da mesame saxelmwifos nawils, 

ramdenadac Crd. kavkasia ruseTis federaciis nawilia. CrdiloeT kavkasiis 

teritoriuli erTeulebia (dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken): adiRe, yaraCa-CerqezeTi, 

yabardo-balyareTi, CrdiloeT oseTi, inguSeTi, CeCneTi da daRestani. aRsaniSnavia, 

rom afxazebi da samxreT osebi, romlebsac aqvT administraciuli erTeulebi 

saqarTvelos farglebSi, eTnikurad Crdilokavkasiel xalxebs enaTesavebian. 

mravali aswleulis ganmavlobaSi yvela kavkasieli xalxidan mxolod qarTvelebsa 

da somxebs hqondaT met-naklebad mkafiod gacnobierebuli eTnonacionaluri 

identuroba. Sua saukuneebSi da Semdegac eTnikur wamonaqmnebs Soris ar arsebobda 

myari da mtkice kavSirebi, romlebic maT didi xniT gaaerTianebda. aseTi 

warmonaqmnebis wevrebs hqondaT saerTo saxelwodeba, saerTo miTi warmoSobis, saerTo 

istoriisa da specifikuri kulturis Sesaxeb. maT hqondaT, agreTve, solidarobis 

grZnoba, oRond arasaxelmwifo-politikuri TvalsazrisiT (sityvis Tanamedrove 

gagebiT). magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis qarTvelebisa da somxebisaTvis identuroba, 

pirvel rigSi, religiuri terminebiT gamoixateboda. aq sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom 

23 Гаджиев К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. М.: Международные отношения, c.44-45. 

24 

Исмаилов Э., Полухов Э. Противостояние «старых» и «новых» игроков на политической карте Кавказа. – В журн.: 

Центральная Азия и Кавказ. 2004, № 4 (34), c.48. 

25

Tamaris dros saqarTvelo warmoadgenda mravalerovnul saxelmwifos, romelSic 

Sediodnen somxebica da sxvadasxva mahmadiani xalxebic. 

qarTvelebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic kompaqturad cxovrobdnen TavianT 

istoriul teritoriaze, sam imperiaSi (osmalTa, sparseTisa da ruseTis) gafantuli 

somxebi arsad Seadgendnen kompaqtur umravlesobas, garda erevnis irgvliv 

teritoriisa, sadac ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdgomma migraciam saSualeba misca 

somxebs, gabatonebuli poziciebi moepovebinaT. XIV saukuneSi somxeTma dakarga 

saxelmwifo-politikuri identuroba. 

eTnikuri da politikuri danawevreba gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia CrdiloeT 

kavkasiisaTvis. XIX s. dasawyisisaTvis CrdiloeT kavkasia politikurad daqucmacebuli 

rCeboda mraval damoukidebel an naxevraddamoukidebel saxelmwifoebriv 

warmonaqmnad. mxolod daRestanSi arsebobda 10-ze meti feodaluri samflobelo da 

sasoflo TemTa ramdenime aTeuli gaerTianeba. 

faqtobrivad, kavkasiis gaerTianeba, xangrZlivi istoriuli intervalis Semdeg, 

pirvelad ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi moxda. 

kavkasiel mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT, kavkasiis diqotomiur dayofas ruseTis 

(CrdiloeT) da araruseTis (samxreT) kavkasiad safuZvlad edo ruseTis politikosTa 

neba. aseTi dayofis Sedegad eTnokulturulma tradiciebma kavkasiaSi Rrma 

transformacia ganicada 25 . amaze dayrdnobiT, keTdeba sxvadasxva daskvnebi imis 

Taobaze, rom a) istoriuli meTodi naklebad gamosayenebelia kavkasiis socialuri 

realobis Sesaswavlad, radgan kavkasiis kulturul-istoriul ganviTarebaSi 

Sewyvetilia memkvidreobiTi xazi, rac ruseT-kavkasiis oms (XIX s.) ukavSirdeba. man 

seriozuli ziani miayena kavkasiur genofonds, daangria aq istoriulad 

Camoyalibebuli cxovrebis wesi da regionis xalxTa unikaluri kultura. SemdgomSi ar 

momxdara cxovrebis Zveli tradiciuli formebis aRdgena, cxovreba moewyo im rusuli 

modelis mixedviT, romelic teqnogenuri civilizaciis principebs emyareboda da ar 

iyo sakuTriv kavkasiuri socialur-kulturuli sistemis logikuri gagrZeleba 26 . 

cxadia, CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasiad dayofas mxolod politikosTa neba ar 

gansazRvravda da es arc XIX saukuneSi, kavkasiaSi ruseTis damkvidrebis Semdeg 

momxdara. am dayofas, gacilebiT Zveli politikuri mizezebis garda, geografiuli da 

kulturuli faqtorebic ganapirobebda. isic unda iTqvas, rom saukuneTa manZilze 

kavkasia, dayofis miuxedavad, garkveul mTlianobas inarCunebda — xan geopolitikuri, 

xan (garkveulwilad) kulturuli TvalsazrisiT. Tumca dayofis tendencia, 

istoriulad, erTianobis tendenciaze Zlieri iyo. 

kavkasiis erTian geopolitikur da kulturul sivrced moazrebis SesaZleblobaze 

samecniero literaturaSi sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss vxvdebiT. magaliTad, j.kaSias 

azriT, `geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT, amierkavkasia da CrdiloeT kavkasia TiTqos 

erTian sivrces ver unda qmnides kavkasionis qedis simaRlisa da `kedlurobis~ gamo. es 

sakiTxi am sivrcis iberokavkasiuri koncefciis sazRvrebSi moqcevis tradiciasTan 

ufro Cans dakavSirebuli, vidre seriozul integralur analizTan” 27 . garda amisa, 

yuradRebas iqcevs kidev ori momenti: erTis mxriv, geopolitikuri da istoriuli 

pirobebi gansazRvravda zogadkavkasiuri kulturul-tipologiuri safuZvlebis 

Camoyalibebas, kavkasiis integraluri veqtorebis CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken 

orientaciis fonze (am orientacias ki, j.kaSias azriT, safuZvlad edo kavkasionis 

25 Шадже А.Ю. Феномен кавказской идентичности. - Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, № 1 (29), с.36. 

26 Дамениа О.Н. Кавказская культурная общность: миф или реальность. – Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, № 

1, с.51. 

27 kaSia j. mijaWvuli saqarTvelo. _ Jurn.: iveria (qarTul-evropuli institutis Jurnali). 3, Tbilisibriuseli, 

1993, gv.6. 

26

CrdiloeTiT gaSlili sivrcis auTvisebloba da is garemoeba, rom am didi sivrcis 

aTviseba arc erT Crdilokavkasiel xalxs ar SeeZlo); meores mxriv, ara mxolod mTeli 

kavkasiis, aramed amierkavkasiis geopolitikuri konfiguraciac ki, misi Semadgeneli 

xalxebis kulturuli da civilizaciuri Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, 

ambivalenturobiT xasiaTdeba 28 . 

garda amisa, Cndeba kiTxva: XIX saukunemde aravis da arafers miuyenebia ziani 

kavkasielTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli cxovrebis wesisaTvis da man uZvelesi 

droidan XIX saukunemde uwyveti da erTgvarovani saxiT moaRwia? an es `cxovrebis wesi~ 

mTeli kavkasiis masStabiT erTnairi iyo? marTalia, xazi esmeba kavkasiis xalxTa 

erTian istoriul beds, erTgvarovan socialur wyobas, sameurneo cxovrebis 

formebisa da teqnologiebis erTgvarovnebas, magram, Tavi rom davaneboT am 

erTgvarovnebis istoriuli dasabuTebis aucileblobas, rac aucileblad moiTxovs 

imis gaTvaliswinebas, rom kavkasiaSi mxolod mTielebi ar cxovroben da arsebobs baris 

mosaxleobac, xom viciT, rom maT arseboba da ganviTareba sxvadasxva kulturulcivilizaciur 

garemoSi uxdebodaT da es garemo araerTxel Secvlila? 

samecniero TvalsazrisiT, miuRebelia orive ukiduresoba: erTi mxriv, CrdiloeT 

da samxreT kavkasiis damakavSirebeli kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis uaryofa, meore 

mxriv, maTTvis gadaWarbebuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba da gansxvavebebze Tvalis daxuWva. 

kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebaTa samuSao definiciebi 

mocemuli kursis farglebSi 

lusien fevri aRniSnavda, rom ama Tu im sityvis istoriis Seswavla arasodes iqneba 

amao Sroma, miT ufro, kulturis fenomenTan dakavSirebul terminebs Soris sul 

ramdenime moiZebneba iseTi, romlis Seswavla aucilebelia ara mxolod mkvlevareruditisaTvis, 

aramed swored istorikosisaTvis. aseTi terminebis Sinaarsi icvleba 

humanitaruli codnis ganviTarebis kvaldakval. miuxedavad maTi didi mniSvnelobisa, 

iSviaTad Tu romelime aseT termins miZRvnia sagangebo gamokvleva. cxadia, aseTi 

monografiis Seqmna metad rTulia. arc Cven visaxavT msgavs mizans, radgan es bevrad 

aRemateba Cveni kvlevis mizansac da kompetenciasac. mxolod mokled SevCerdebiT 

`kulturis~ da `civilizaciis~ cnebaTa e.w. `samuSao~ (an òperaciul”) gansaz- 

Rvrebebze. 

`kultura~ erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli sityvaa rogorc samecniero 

literaturaSi, ise yofiT metyvelebaSi. mas mravali mniSvneloba aqvs, rac TviT 

kulturis fenomenis sirTuliTa da mravalferovnebiTaa ganpirobebuli. 

Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT, termini `kultura~ XVII saukunidan ixmareba. miCneulia, 

rom damoukidebeli leqsikuri erTeulis saxiT igi pirvelad gamoiyena germanelma 

iuristma da istorikosma semuel pufendorfma (1632-1694), romelic kulturas 

adamianis bunebriv mdgomareobas upirispirebda. 

amerikeli sociologebis a.krioberisa da k.klakhonis mier 1952 w. Catarebuli 

gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, 1871 wlidan 1919 wlamde kulturis cnebis sul 7 definicia iyo 

SemoTavazebuli (pirveli, rogorc iTvleba, cnobil inglisel mecniers e.b.tailors 

ekuTvnis); 1920-dan 1950 wlamde ki maT sxvadasxva avtorTan igive cnebis 157 

gansazRvreba daTvales 29 . 1963 wels krioberma da klakhonma xelaxla gamosces 

28 

kaSia j. dasax. naSr., gv.8. 

29 Kroeber A., Kluckhohn C. Culture. A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Cambridge. Massachusets, 1952. 

27

TavianTi naSromi. amjerad definiciaTa ricxvi gacilebiT didi iyo, radgan pirveli 

gamocemidan gasuli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gaCnda kulturis cnebis axali 

interpretaciebi. kulturis gansazRvrebaTa es mimoxilva yvelaze sruli iyo imJamad 

arsebulTagan, Tumca zogierTi nakli mainc hqonda: avtorebi, ZiriTadad, inglisuramerikul 

literaturaSi arsebuli midgomebiT ifarglebodnen da nakleb yuradRebas 

aqcevdnen germanul da frangulenovan literaturaSi arsebul mravalferovan 

gansazRvrebebsa da koncefciebs. 

droTa ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda kulturis sxvadasxvagvari interpretacia: 

istoriuli, struqturuli, struqturul-funqciuri, sistemuri (f.boasi, k.levistrosi, 

b.malinovski, a.radklif-brauni, l.uaiti) da sxv. 

kulturis fenomeni sxvadasxva mecnierebis Seswavlis obieqtia. TviT cnebis 

universaluroba da yovlismomcveloba saSualebas iZleva, ganvixiloT igi mraval 

aspeqtSi: rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sfero; socialuri instituti; 

pirovnebis ganviTarebis donis maxasiaTebeli; sazogadoebis maregulirebeli 

normebis sistema; socialuri gamocdilebis gadacemis meqanizmi; TviTdeterminaciis 

fenomeni da a.S. amdenad, sruliad bunebrivia gansazRvrebaTa zemoT naxsenebi 

simravlec. 

farTo azriT, kulturis cneba xazs usvams adamianis gansxvavebas yvela sxva 

biologiuri arsebisagan. kulturaSi igulisxmeba ara calkeuli SemoqmedebiTi aqti, 

aramed Semoqmedeba rogorc adamianis universaluri damokidebuleba samyarosadmi, 

romlis meSveobiT igi qmnis àxal samyaros~ da sakuTar Tavs. TiToeuli kultura 

ganumeorebeli samyaroa, romlis SigniT arsebobs adamianis (adamianTa) swored aseTi 

damokidebuleba garemomcveli sinamdvilisa da sakuTari Tavisadmi. 

SeiZleba CamovTvaloT mravali saintereso da originaluri definicia, magram es 

Sors wagviyvans da Cveni kvlevis mizansac scildeba. kulturis cnebis nebismieri 

gansazRvreba moicavs am fenomenis erT an ramdenime mxares, avtoris interesisa da 

kvlevis obieqtidan gamomdinare. yovlismomcvelobisa da amomwuraobis pretenzia ki 

verc erTs ver eqneba. kvlevis procesSi vsargeblobT e.w. samuSao gansazRvrebebiT, 

romlebic Seesabameba Cveni konkretuli muSaobis mizans. am SemTxvevaSi, qarTul 

kulturaze saubrisas, davkmayofildebiT im uzogadesi gansazRvrebiT, romelic 

saSualebas mogvcems, masSi vigulisxmoT qarTvelTa mier saukuneebis manZilze 

Seqmnili `meore buneba~, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Tavad ayalibebda Taobebs da 

ganapirobebda qarTvelebad maT TviTidentificirebas. 

kulturis kvlevis, misi saxis gansazRvris mcdelobisas mxedvelobaSi unda 

gvqondes is garemoeba, rom, erTi mxriv, `sxva, Cveni kulturisagan gansxvavebuli 

kulturis adamianebTan dialogi Tanamedrove cnobierebis ganuyofeli funqciaa” 30 , 

meore mxriv ki, `kultura, yvelaze farTo mniSvnelobiT, aris is, ris gamoc Sen ucxod 

iqcevi, rogorc ki Sens saxls datoveb... roca imyofebi Sens jgufSi, im adamianebs 

Soris, romlebTanac saerTo kultura gaqvs, Sen ar gixdeba fiqri sakuTar azrebsa da 

qcevaze, radgan Senc da isinic, principSi, erTnairad xedavT samyaros, iciT, ras 

SeiZleba moelodeT erTmaneTisagan. magram ucxo sazogadoebaSi ususurobisa da 

dezorientirebulobis grZnoba geufleba” 31 . es exeba ara mxolod cocxal kontaqts 

adamianebs Soris, aramed, agreTve, kulturis kvlevis process. Cven kiTxvebs vusvamT 

warsulSi an sxva kulturis farglebSi mcxovreb adamianebs, vcdilobT, gavSifroT 

maT mier datovebuli Tu mowodebuli informacia. magram kiTxvebi, romlebze pasuxsac 

veZebT, gansazRvrulia Tanamedrove cnobierebiT, kulturiT, romlis matarebeli Cven 

30 Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984, с.5. 

31 Culture Shock. A Reader in Modern Cultural Anthropology. Ed. by Ph.K.Bock. N.Y., 1970, p.74. 

28

varT, situaciiT, romelSic Cven vimyofebiT. problemebi, romelTac istorikosTa 

mier muSavdeba, Cveni (sakuTari) kulturis aqtualuri problemebia. 

`sxva epoqaTa, sazogadoebaTa da kulturaTa adamianebs Cven vusvamT `Cvens~ 

kiTxvebs da vcdilobT, miviRoT maTgan `maTi~ pasuxebi, radgan dialogi mxolod am 

SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli” 32 . 

bunebrivia, Cven vxedavT sxva kulturas (an sxva epoqis Cvensave kulturas) ara ise, 

rogorc igi sakuTar Tavs gaiazrebda. kulturis kategoriebi, maxasiaTeblebi, 

romlebiTac Cven masze vmsjelobT, àr aris Tavad cocxali, xorcSesxmuli kultura; 

es mxolod kulturis cocxal sxeulze dadebuli erTgvari koordinatTa sistemaa, 

romlis analizi ver Secvlis kulturis realuri funqciobisa da moZraobis 

Seswavlas” 33 . 

Cven vagebT mxolod models da es kulturis kvlevis erT-erTi gzaa, romlis 

absolutizacia iseTive Secdoma iqneboda, rogorc misi ugulebelyofa. es swored is 

gzaa, romelsac iyenebs istoriuli kulturologia, gansxvavebiT `wminda~ istoriuli 

mecnierebisagan, romelic am modelis realur funqciobas, mis dinamikas swavlobs. es 

ori gza avsebs da azustebs erTmaneTs. istoriul-kulturologiuri kvleva SesaZlebelia 

mxolod saistorio mecnierebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT. Tavis mxriv, amgvari 

kvlevis Sedegebis gaTvaliswineba istorikoss warsulis suraTis `gacocxlebis~, 

sakvlev sakiTxTa mkafiod gansazRvrisa da sxvadasxva xasiaTis aRrevaTa Tavidan 

acilebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. 

axla SevexoT civilizaciis cnebas. 

rogorc samecniero literaturaSi aRiniSneba, dRes `civilizacia~ dominirebad 

kulturul-istoriul kategoriad iqca. yuradReba xalxebidan da qveynebidan gadatanil 

iqna ufro did struqturebsa da procesebze, romlebic civilizaciis 

masStabebSi Tavsdeba. o.anderles sityviT, kvlevis miznad iqceva ara imis garkveva, Tu 

ra xdeboda, aramed rogor xdeboda, anu procesebis warmmarTveli kanonzomierebebis 

Seswavla. daukmayofileblobis grZnoba gveufleba imis gamo, rom viciT `sul ufro 

meti sul ufro naklebis Sesaxeb~, sakmaod viciT ra `xeebis~ Sesaxeb, sul ufro naklebi 

viciT `tyeze” 34 . 

izrdeba interesi lokaluri civilizaciebisadmi, romelTa urTierToba arsebiT 

gavlenas axdens msoflio istoriul procesze. interesis zrda dakavSirebulia, erTi 

mxriv, `civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis~ molodinTan, misi safrTxis gacnobierebasTan, meore 

mxriv _ sworxazobrivi civilizaciuri modelebis, maT Soris, marqsistuli formaciuli 

Teoriis kritikasTan. 

amdenad, civilizaciis fenomenisadmi interesis zrda ganpirobebulia rogorc 

wminda akademiuri, aseve praqtikuli interesiT. 

termin `civilizaciis~ damamkvidreblis pativs dRemde erTmaneTs ecilebian 

frangebi da ingliselebi. orive enaSi zmna `civiliser~ — `to civilize~ da zmnizeda `civilisé~ — 

`civilized~ Sesabamis arsebiT saxelze bevrad adre gaCnda. 

im dros, roca warmoiSva termini `civilizacia~, adamianTa sazogadoebis istoriis 

Semecneba im safexurze idga, romelic ayalibebda warmodgenas erTian da erTgvarovan 

sakacobrio civilizaciaze, da ara relativistur Tvalsazriss eTnikur an istoriulad 

arsebul civilizaciebze. mis safuZvlad da saTaved cxaddeboda dagrovili 

gamocdileba, miwis sakuTreba, adamianis mijaWva miwaze, vaWroba, simdidris dagroveba 

an romelime sxva faqtori, pirvel rigSi — adamianis gonebis srulyofa. civilizaciis 

32 Гуревич А.Я. Указ. соч., с.8. 

33 

iqve, gv.12. 

34 Anderle O. Sorokin and Cultural Morphology. - Pitirim Sorokin in Review. Durham (NC), 1963, p. 96. 

29

maxasiaTeblebsa da saTaveebze kamaTobdnen, xandaxan — cxaredac, magram Sexeduleba 

civilizaciaze, rogorc saerTo-sakacobrio fenomensa da kacobriobis saerTo 

momavalze, eWvs ar iwvevda. 

Sotlandielma istorikosma da filosofosma a.fergiusonma (1723-1816) pirvelma 

gamoiyena civilizaciis cneba msoflio-istoriuli procesis gansazRvruli safexuris 

aRsaniSnavad 35 . 

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi istoriis monisturi interpretacia pluralisturma Secvala. 

l.fevris Tanaxmad, sityva `civilizacia~ pirvelad mravlobiT ricxvSi 1819 wels iqna 

gamoyenebuli, rac civilizaciuri wyobis mravalferovnebis aRiarebis dasawyisi iyo. 

`mogzaurobaTa epoqaSi~ dagrovilma masalam cxadyo kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa 

mravalsaxeoba msoflioSi, agreTve, maTi ganviTarebis sasruloba. l.fevris moxdenili 

naTqvamiT, àdamianebma, romlebmac gamoiares revolucia da imperia, gaiges is, razec 

warmodgena ar hqondaT maT winaprebs; maT gaiges, Tanac ara wignebidan, rom civilizacia 

SeiZleba mokvdes 36 .~ mogvianebiT J.a. de gobino werda: `civilizaciaTa dacema — yvelaze 

ucnauri da, amave dros, idumalebiT moculi ramaa istoriul fenomenTagan” 37 . 

mogzaurTa, lingvistTa, mecnierTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT, cneba `civilizaciis~ 

Sinaarsi gamdidrda da gamravalferovnda. restavraciis epoqaSi daiwyo civilizaciis 

met-naklebad mwyobri Teoriebis Camoyalibeba. 

XIX saukunis meore naxevridan TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda civilizaciis raobis 

radikalurad gansxvavebuli gageba, romlis Tanaxmad, istoriul-eTnografiuli 

masalis mravalferovneba adasturebs civilizaciis formaTa mravalgvarobas; ar 

arsebobs saerTo sakacobrio civilizacia, rogorc ganviTarebis umaRlesi safexuri, 

romelsac kacobriobis erTma nawilma miaRwia, meore ki misken miemarTeba. kacobriobis 

sxvadasxva nawili ganviTarebis sxvadasxva gzas gadis da araviTari saerTo, 

sayovelTao xazi aq ar arsebobs. safuZveli Caeyara lokalur civilizaciaTa 

Teoriebs, romelTa warmomadgenlebi ar iziareben kacobriobis saerTo progresis 

ideas. es Teoriebi warmoadgenda savsebiT logikur reaqcias evolucionizmsa da 

evropocentrizmze, Tumca am ukanasknelT, cxadia, arseboba ar SeuwyvetiaT; SemdgomSi 

evolucionizmisa da, gansakuTrebiT, neoevolucionizmis warmomadgenlebma araerTi 

saintereso argumentiT cades TavianTi Tvalsazrisis ganmtkiceba, lokalur 

civilizaciaTa Teoriebis Tanamedrove versiebi ki msoflios civilizaciuri xedvis 

saxiT Camoyalibda. 

dRes saubari SeiZleba civilizaciis cnebis sam ZiriTad interpretaciaze: 

1) lokalur-istoriuli (n.danilevski, o.Spengleri, a.toinbi, s.hanTingtoni da 

sxv.). dasaxelebuli mkvlevrebi sxvadasxva raodenobisa da saxelwodebis 

civilizaciebs iTvlian da maTi urTierTobac sxvadasxvanairad warmoudgeniaT, Tumca 

maT aerTianebT civilizaciis erTgvarovani gageba. 

2) istoriul-stadiuri, romelic, ama Tu im kriteriumze dayrdnobiT, ganarCevs 

sxvadasxva tipis civilizaciebs: zepir, werilobiT, wignisa da ekranis; kosmogenur, 

teqnogenursa da anTropogenurs; tradiciulsa da Tanamedroves; evoluciursa da 

inovaciur civilizaciebs da sxv. gvxvdeba iseTi terminebic, rogoricaa `Subis 

civilizacia~, `mSvild-isris civilizacia” 38 da a.S. 

3) msoflio-istoriuli, romlis Tanaxmad, lokalur civilizaciaTa urTierTobis 

garkveul safexurze Cndeba msoflio istoriis fenomeni. am interpretaciis farg- 

35 Олех Л.Г. К истории проблемы цивилизации, с.9. 

36 

Февр Л. Цивилизация: эволюция слова и группы идеи, с.269. 

37 

iqve. 

38 Маке Ж. Цивилизации Африки южнее Сахары. М., 1974. 

30

lebSi Tavsdeba civilizaciis gageba rogorc kacobriobis istoriuli ganviTarebis 

safexurisa, romelic mosdevs velurobisa da barbarosobis safexurebs (l.h.morgani, 

f.engelsi); sakacobrio civilizaciis sami talRis (agraruli, industriuli da 

informaciuli) koncefcia (u.rostou, d.beli, o.tofleri); agreTve kacobriobis 

istoriuli ganviTarebis sqemebi, SemuSavebuli k.iaspersisa da S.itos mier. 

civilizaciis gansazRvris sirTule ramdenime momentiTaa ganpirobebuli. jer 

erTi, rTulia Tavad civilizaciis Semadgenloba. TiToeul maTganSi mimdinareobs 

daZabuli Sinagani brZola bunebrivi da adamianuri resursebisaTvis, hegemoniisaTvis 

ideologiisa da religiis sferoSi. amasTan, am brZolaSi calkeuli jgufebi Tu 

koaliciebi eZeben gareSe mxardaWeras civilizaciel TanamoZmeTa winaaRmdeg. amis 

magaliTs iZleva XX saukunis arabul-muslimuri civilizaciis istoria. 

garda amisa, civilizacias Sinagani dinamikuroba axasiaTebs. Zveli Taviseburebani 

qreba, Cndeba axali. Tavs iCens garedan mosuli da Sinagani impulsebis, racionalizmisa 

da tradicionalizmis urTierTqmedebis rTuli procesi. icvleba civilizaciaTa 

sazRvrebi. isic unda iTqvas, rom oikumena ar iyofa civilizaciebad naSTis gareSe. igi 

moicavs civilizaciis miRma, civilizaciaTaSoris da civilizaciaTa Tanxvedris 

arealebsac. 

rogorc Cans, am sirTuleebiTaa ganpirobebuli skeptikuri damokidebuleba 

civilizaciis koncefciebisadmi. amerikeli istorikosi h.morgenTau aRniSnavda, rom 

es koncefciebi moklebulia empiriul mkafiobas, amitom SemTxveviTi araa, rom 

upiratesoba eniWeba istoriis kvlevas ufro politikuri da geografiuli, vidre 

civilizaciuri TvalsazrisiT, radgan isini ufro eqvemdebareba empiriul Semowmebas, 

vidre civilizacia. frangi sociologi r.aroni ufro Sorsac midioda da werda: problemis 

arsi isaa, rom SeuZlebelia vupasuxoT kiTxvas _ arsebobs Tu ara civilizacia 

rogorc istoriuli realoba, Tu igi istoriul qimerad unda miviCnioT 39 . 

da mainc, bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze interesi civilizaciuri problematikisadmi 

mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. amitom civilizaciuri Teoriis saWiroeba eWvqveS 

naklebad dgeba. 

rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, sakvlev sakiTxze muSaobis dros CvenTvis amosavali 

iyo civilizaciis raobis lokalur-istoriuli interpretacia, msoflio istoriis 

civilizaciuri xedva. 

kavkasia — kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zona 

(gzajvaredini). kulturaTa kontaqtis tipebi 

kacobriobis istoriis Sinaarss mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs kulturaTa da 

civilizaciaTa urTierTobis procesi, romelic moicavs istoriis rogorc 

vertikalur, aseve horizontalur ganzomilebas _ iSleba drosa da sivrceSi. 

kavkasia yovelTvis asrulebda mniSvnelovan rols, rogorc damakavSirebeli 

rgoli evropasa da azias Soris 40 . 

àmierkavkasia mudam warmoadgenda ara mxolod dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis 

damakavSirebel xids, aramed CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis sakontaqto zonasac, 

sxvadasxva mtruli, zogjer ki urTierTgamomricxavi civilizaciebis gzajvaredinsac. 

39 ix.: Хачатурян В.М. Проблема цивилизации в «Исследовании истории» А.Тойнби в оценке Западной историографи. – В 

сб.: Цивилизации. Вып.1. М., 1992, с.209. 

40 Encyclopedia Britannica (Ultimate Reference Suite 2003. 

31

igulisxmeba ara mxolod evropuli da aziuri civilizaciebi, aramed CrdiloeTis, 

aRmosavleTisa da samxreTis binadar-samiwaTmoqmedo da momTabare samyaroebic 41 ~. 

Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare, kavkasiis gavliT odiTgan 

moZraobdnen xalxebi, religiebi, kulturebi. kavkasia warmoadgenda, erTsa da imave 

dros, kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa gzaSesayarsac da gzagasayarsac, es iyo zemoT 

naxsenebi xidica da barieric. 

ramdenadac kavkasia kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonaa, saWiroa 

SevexoT `civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonisa~ da masTan dakavSirebul zogierT problemas. 

Tanamedrove kulturologiur gamokvlevebSi ganasxvaveben mdgrad, klasikur 

civilizaciebs (romlebic tradiciuli kulturologiis Seswavlis ZiriTad obieqtebs 

warmoadgenda) da e.w. sasazRvro kulturebs, romelTa mimarT interesi sul ufro 

izrdeba. 

sazRvrulobis, zRvruli procesebisadmi interesis zrda XX s. bolosa da XXI s. 

dasawyisSi msoflioSi mimdinare procesebma ganapiroba. globalizaciasa da integracias 

Tan sdevs ara mxolod erTgvarovani struqturebis Seqmna, aramed 

fragmentacia da lokalizaciac. kulturuli sivrceebi, romlebic ar Sedian 

`sinTezSi~, qmnian mtkivneuli gaurkvevlobisa da ganusazRvrelobis zonebs. 

mecnierTa yuradRebis centrSi eqceva sazRvruli (zRvruli) procesebi 

civilizaciebs, xalxebs, qveynebs Soris. eTnikuri, konfesiuri, geopolitikuri, 

kulturul-istoriuli da sxva procesebi kveTen da daeSrevebian erTmaneTs, qmnian 

komunikaciuri sivrcis areals, romelsac axasiaTebs maRali sasazRvro energetika. 

sazRvrulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturuli sivrceebi, romlebic civilizaciaTa 

ganapiras mdebareoben da uSualo kontaqti aqvT mezobeli civilizaciis periferiasTan. 

aseT arealebad iTvleba civilizaciaTa mijnebi (kontaqtis zonebi), marginaluri 

kulturebi/subkulturebi, socialur-kulturuli sazRvrebi da sxv. 

sazRvrulobis problemis, sasazRvro kulturis raobis kvlevis sferoSi mdidari 

da saintereso gamocdileba dagrovda laTinoamerikanistikaSi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, 

rom saqarTvelos teritoria, istoriulad da dResac, civilizaciaTa mijna, sazRvari, 

maTi kontaqtis zonaa, xolo qarTuli kulturis raobis gansazRvrisaTvis arsebiTi 

mniSvneloba aqvs imis garkvevas, warmoadgenda (an warmoadgens) Tu ara igi romelime 

civilizaciis sasazRvro (an ganapira) kulturas, naTeli gaxdeba, rom kvleva-Ziebis 

ukve damuSavebuli xerxebi da maTi meSveobiT miRebuli Sedegebi dagvexmareba 

qarTuli kulturis raobisa da saqarTvelos civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis 

problemebze muSaobaSi. 

qvemoT SevexebiT sazRvrulobis problemasTan dakavSirebul zogierT termins, 

romelTac mniSvneloba aqvT CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis kvlevisaTvis. 

pirvel rigSi, cxadia, TviT `sazRvris~ cnebas unda SevexoT. sayovelTaod 

miRebuli mniSvnelobiT, igi aRniSnavs mijnas or mTels an mTelis or nawils Soris. 

swored ase iTargmneba laTinuri limes _ sazRvari, zRvari. Tumca dRes, 

sazRvrulobis problemisadmi interesis zrdis fonze, SemoTavazebulia sxvagvari 

mniSvnelobac. kerZod, i.kagramanovi aRniSnavs, rom romis praqtikul sityvaTxmarebaSi 

limes aRniSnavda ara sazRvars, aramed gardamaval zonas 42 . 

interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos sazRvris sami ZiriTadi funqciis gaxseneba: 1. 

barieruli (kavSiris gamaZnelebeli, damabrkolebeli), 2. kontaqturi 

41 (musxeliSvili d. kavkasiuri politika Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi (XIII saukunemde). – qarTuli diplomatia 

(weliwdeuli), V. Tb., 1998, gv.5. 

42 Каграманов Ю. Переходная зона на Северном Кавказе. – В журн.: «Открытая политика», М., 1998, № 9-10 (33), с.70. 

32

(damakavSirebeli) da 3. filtraciuli (gacxrilvis, gadarCevis) funqciebi. 

kulturis geografiaSi sazRvari ganixileba rogorc warmosaxviTi geografiuli 

mijna. arsebiTad, esaa mentaluri kategoria, romelic moicavs realur geografiul 

sivrces da warmoadgens unikaluri kulturuli gamocdilebis warmoqmnis adgils. 

a.melos mtkicebiT, sazRvari erTaderTi kriteriumia Tanamedrove msoflios yvela 

saxis identurobisaTvis. faqtobrivad, yvela sivrce sazRvrulia, mdebareobs ra 

sxvadasxva sivrceTa, droTa da warmodgenaTa Soris 43 . 

Tanamedrove kulturologiur literaturaSi farTod gamoiyeneba "sasazRvro 

kulturis" cneba. 

sasazRvro kulturaTa maxasiaTeblebad miCneulia: struqturirebis dabali done; 

Sinagani daZabuloba da winaaRmdegobani, rogorc mudmivi konstituciuri faqtori; 

sinkretuli dominantis arseboba; sxvadasxva istoriuli qronologiis fenomenTa 

Tanaarseboba; arqaul fenomenTa mudmivi aqtivizacia; TviTidentifikaciis problemis 

gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba da mtkivneuloba 44 . sasazRvro kulturebi `mudmivad 

daexetebian bundovani da utopiuri momavlis zonaSi mdebare identurobis 

labirinTebSi~, _ aRniSnavs v.zemskovi 45 . 

kidev erT maxasiaTeblad miCneulia sasazRvro kulturis mier mediaciuri 

funqciis Sesrulebis unari, misi Tviseba _ gadavides axal mdgomareobaSi da, amave 

dros, rCebodes Tarjimnad kulturebs Soris 46 . 

sasazRvro kulturis mniSvnelovan Tvisebad iTvleba misi ambivalenturoba. am 

kulturis matarebeli adamiani ar ekuTvnis srulad arc erT kulturul sivrces. 

àrseboba sazRvarze, SemosazRvruli da gancalkevebuli kulturuli velis SigniT, 

mudmivad cvalebad identurobaTa mTlianobis SenarCunebis mcdeloba emsgavseba 

curvas ucnob, ucxo stiqiaSi, romelic bolos da bolos xdeba nacnobi, magram ara 

bolomde mSobliuri~, _ wers g.anzaldua 47 . 

radgan sasazRvro kulturaTa saxes, ZiriTadad, gansazRvravs msoflios civilizaciuri 

ganviTarebis ori nakadis _ dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis _ Sejaxeba, 

aseTi kulturebi iqceva socialur-kulturuli, politikuri, ideologiuri Tu 

fsiqologiuri procesebis mSvidi mimdinareobis rRvevis mudmiv wyarod, `civilizaciuri 

morevebis~ warmomSobad 48 . 

s.semionovis azriT, sasazRvro kulturebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc bunebrivistoriuli 

xidebi dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs, CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris 49 . 

sazRvruloba xSirad ganixileba rogorc marginaloba, faseulobiTi da normatiuli 

ambivalenturobis produqti. argentinuli warmoSobis amerikeli mkvlevari 

maria lugonesi gvTavazobs `sasazRvro TamaSis~ models, romelSic xazgasmulia 

erTdroulad òr samyaroSi~ yofnis, kulturebiT `Jongliorobis~ unari 50 . 

v.biblerma kulturaTa sazRvris kidev erT mniSvnelovan funqciaze miuTiTa: 

farTo azriT, kultura SeiZleba arsebobdes da viTardebodes mxolod kulturaTa 

43 ix.: Замятин Д.Н. Феноменология географических образов. – В журн.: социологические исследования. М., 2001. № 3, 

с.15. 

44 Тлостанова М.Б. «Опограниченный» мир конца XX века: Основные культурные модели (Опыт традиции чиканос). – В 

журн.: Латинская Америка, М., 1999, № 10, с.93. 

45 Земсков В.Б. Культурный синтез в Латинской Америке: культурологическая утопия или культурообразующий механизм? 

- В журн.: Латинская Америка, М., 1999, № 4 б, с. 95. 

46 Documented-Undocumented. – Multicultural Literacy. Graywolf Press, 1988, p.127-134. 

47 Anzaldua G. Borderlands. – La Frontera. San Francisco, 1987, p.III. 

48 Шемякин Я.Г. Перспективы сравнительного изучения России и Ибероамерики. – В сб.: Цивилизационные исследования. 

М., 1996, с.30. 

49 Семенов С.И. Компаративные лонгитюдные исследования общего и особенного в пограничных цивилизациях Европы и 

Америки. – В сб.: Цивилизационные исследования. М., 1996, с.37. 

50 Lugones M. Playfulness, World-Travelling and Loving Perception. – The Woman that I Am. N.Y., 1994, p.637. 

33

zRvarze, sxva mTlianobebTan, kulturebTan erTdroulobaSi, maTTan mimarTebaSi 51 . 

mkvlevarTa nawili saubrobs ara sasazRvro kulturebze, aramed sasazRvro civilizaciebze. 

am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul 

tradiciaTa urTierTqmedebis momenti da maTi SedarebiTi analizi. amitom, 

rogorc wesi, mimarTaven civilizaciis iseT gansazRvrebas, romelic, universalur 

maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, moicavs parametrebs SedarebisaTvis. i.g.Semiakini 

gvTavazobs civilizaciis gansazRvras rogorc adamianis arsebobis Zireul 

winaaRmdegobaTa gadaWris xerxisa; esaa winaaRmdegobebi saero da sakralur sferoTa, 

adamiansa da bunebas, individsa da sociums, kulturis tradiciul da inovaciur 

mxareebs Soris. am winaaRmdegobaTa gadaWris gzebi, arCeuli ama Tu im erTobis mier, 

gansazRvravs mis sociogenetikur kods da istoriul saxes 52 . sasazRvro civilizaciebs 

ki axasiaTebs maTi gadaWris sxvadasxva xerxis winaaRmdegobrivi Tanaarseboba erTi 

socialur-kulturuli erTobis farglebSi. 

yvela kultura Tu civilizacia Sedgeba warmoSobiTa da xasiaTiT erTmaneTisagan 

gansxvavebuli elementebisagan, amdenad, araerTgvarovania. magram, amave dros, isini 

mTliania. swored mTlianobis sawyisi gansazRvravs klasikur civilizaciaTa saxes. 

gansxvavebiT klasikuri civilizaciebisagan, romelTac aqvT erTiani, mTliani fundamenti 

_ pirvel rigSi, sulier-religiuri, sasazRvro civilizaciebSi upiratesia 

(Tumca ara absoluturi) mravalferovnebis sawyisi, ar arsebobs fundamentis 

mTlianoba; maTi konstruqcia araerTgvarovania. am Tvalsazrisis momxreni klasikur 

civilizaciebs ganixilaven rogorc kulturuli sinTezis met-naklebad dasrulebuli 

procesis Sedegs, sasazRvro civilizaciebs ki _ rogorc kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis 

sami tipis (konfrontacia, simbiozi, sinTezi) urTules kvanZs, romlis 

mudmivi maxasiaTebelia sinTezis dausrulebloba. maTSi erTmaneTs daeSreveba da 

ejaxeba kulturaTa kontaqtis samive tipi, romelTagan, i. Semiakinis azriT, 

strategiuli, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs simbiozs 53 . 

`civilizacia yovelTvis ewinaaRmdegeba iseTi kulturuli Rirebulebis miRebas 

da SeTvisebas, romelic kiTxvis qveS ayenebs mis arqetipebs. mosazRvre kulturebTan 

an civilizaciebTan ganuwyveteli urTierTobis fonze esa Tu is civilizacia iTvisebs 

Tavisi mezoblebidan garkveul Rirebulebebs, magram yovelTvis cdilobs mis 

gadmoTargmnas, anu imis reinterpretacias, risi asimilaciac xdeba an aqvs ganzraxuli. 

es procesi sakmaod xangrZlivia da Sedgeba cdisa da TavSekavebisagan, neli 

gadawyvetilebisagan da yovelTvis aris dakavSirebuli ama Tu im movlenis ukidures 

sasazRvro mniSvnelobasTan” 54 , _ aRniSnavs j.kaSia. 

aqedan gamomdinare, sazRvruloba etapi ki ara, gansakuTrebuli istoriul-kulturuli 

Tvisebaa, damaxasiaTebeli lokalur civilizaciaTa garkveuli saxeobisaTvis. 

sazRvruloba moiazreba rogorc civilizaciuri procesis gansakuTrebuli tipi. es 

procesi droSi gaWimulia da SeiZleba ramdenime aTaswleulsac ki moicavdes. amdenad, 

sazRvruloba droebiTi ki ara, konstanturi mdgomareobaa. 

b.kovalisa da s.semionovis sityviT, yvela sasazRvro civilizacia hgavs magnitur 

vels, warmoqmnils ramdenime polusis urTierTqmedebiT. sakmarisia erTi polusis 

`gamorTva~, rom energia Sewydes, civilizacia daiSalos. magaliTis saxiT mkvlevrebi 

asaxeleben inkebis Zveli civilizaciis mdgomareobas espanelTa mier dapyrobis win, 

51 Библер В. От наукоучения – к логике культуры: два философских введения в двадцать первый век. М., 1991, с.286. 

52 Шемякин Я.Г. Перспективы сравнительного изучения России и Ибероамерики, с.28. 

53 

iqve, gv.31. 

54 

kaSia j. dasax.naSr., gv.57-58. 

34

amac niadagi moamzada peruelTa evangelizaciisaTvis 55 . 

sasazRvro civilizaciebad samecniero literaturaSi dasaxelebulia iberoamerikuli, 

balkanuri da Crdilo-aRmosavleT evraziuli civilizaciebi, romelTa 

damaxasiaTebel niSnebad ganixileba heterogenuloba, mravalkulturuloba, labiluroba, 

Riaoba, elastiuroba, "sxvisi" gamocdilebis swrafi aTvisebis unari. 

mkvlevarTa azriT, sasazRvro civilizaciebs meti SesaZlebloba aqvT, winaaRmdegoba 

gauwion araxelsayrel sagareo faqtorebsa da Sinagan konfliqtebs 56 . 

sasazRvro kulturebis (civilizaciebis) aRsaniSnavad literaturaSi gvxvdeba 

kidev erTi termini _ limitrofi. v.cimburski am cnebiT aRniSnavs civilizaciaTa 

birTvul platformebs Soris arsebul Sualedur sivrceebs da miuTiTebs, rom 

civilizaciaTa urTierTqmedeba mimdebare eTnokulturul limitrofebTan civilizaciuri 

geopolitikis erT-erTi sayuradRebo problemaa. misi azriT, limitrofuloba 

ar warmoadgens mxolod negatiur "gamowvevas" xalxisa da kulturisaTvis; igi 

dawinaurebis Sansicaa, romelic araerTxel yofila marjved gamoyenebuli ama Tu im 

eTnosis Tu saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis (reC-pospolita, xorvatia) mier 57 . 

v.aruTiunova-fidaniani limitrofs ganmartavs rogorc teritorias, sadac 

erTmaneTSi Seurevlad cxovroben eTnosebi da maTi kulturebi 58 . im SemTxvevaSi, Tu 

limitrofuli teritoriebi qmnian ara mxolod saxelmwifo-politikur, aramed kulturul 

sivrcesac, romelSic arsebobs da viTardeba kulturaTa sinTezis Sedegad 

warmoSobili fenomenebi, limitrofi iqceva sakontaqto zonad _ polieTnikur 

teritoriad, im fenomenTa warmoSobis adgilad, romlebic kulturaTa ara mxolod 

Tanaarsebobis, aramed urTierTgavlenis Sedegia 59 . mkvlevris azriT, sakontaqto 

zonis magaliTad gamodgeba somxeTisa da bizantiis kontaqtis areali, romelic 

warmoiSva mWidro eTnikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi urTierTobis procesSi, bizantiis 

imperiis somex eTnosTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad 60 . 

kidev erTi termini, romelic gamoiyeneba sasazRvro kulturaTa aRsaniSnavad, aris 

`marginaluri kultura~. 

marginalobis (laT. margin) cnebiT, Cveulebriv, aRiniSneba is individebi Tu 

jgufebi, romelTa faseulobebi da qcevis modelebi zustad da mkafiod ar Tavsdeba 

romelime kulturul sivrceSi, aramed qmnis gardamaval safexurs am sivrceebs Soris. 

marginaloba, rogorc humanitaruli kvlevis sagani, scildeba erTi romelime 

disciplinis farglebs; es fenomeni disciplinaTSorisi kvlevis obieqtia 61 . 

kulturuli marginalobis problemis Seswavla daiwyo amerikul sociologiaSi XX 

saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, roca Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlis robert e. parkis mier 

SemoTavazebul iqna termini `marginaluri pirovneba~ _ imigrantTa kulturuli 

statusisa da TviTSegnebis aRsaniSnavad 62 . 30-ian wlebSi e.sTounkvistma sagangebo 

gamokvlevebi miuZRvna kulturuli marginalobis sakiTxebs eTnikur umciresobaTa 

magaliTze, romlebic marginalur mdgomareobaSi arian rogorc dominirebad 

kulturasTan (romelSic srulad ar arian CarTuli), ise maTTvis mSobliur, sawyis 

55 Коваль Б.И., Семенов С.И. Энергийная природа современных пограничных цивилизаций (Новый подход к человеческому 

измерению всемирной истории). – В журн.: Латинская Америка, М., 2000, № 11, с.7. 

56 Коваль Б.И., Семенов С.И. dasax.naSr., gv.8. 

57 Цымбурский В. Народы между цивилизациями. – В журн.: Россия и мусульманский мир. № 2 (68), М., 1998, с.89. 

58 Арутюнова-Фиданян В.А. Византия и Армения в X-XII вв.: Зона контакта. – В кн.: Византия между Западом и Востоком. 

Опыт исторической характеристики. СПб., 1995, с.380. 

59 iqve, gv.380-381. 

60 

Арутюнова-Фиданян В.А. dasax.naSr., gv.380. 

61 Атоян А.И. Социальная маргиналистика. О предпосылках нового междисциплинарного и культурно-исторического 

синтеза. – В журн.: Политические исследования, М., 1993, № 6, с.29. 

62 Milton M., Goldberg A.A. Qualification of the Marginal Men Theory. – American Sociological Review, VI, 1941, p.25. 

35

kulturasTan mimarTebaSi. SemdgomSi didi yuradReba eqceoda marginaluri subkulturebis 

(eTnikuri, konfesiuri da sxv.) Seswavlas. 

evropul literaturaSi termin `marginaluris~ gamoyeneba XX s. 60-70-iani 

wlebidan iwyeba. aq igi ramdenadme sxva datvirTvas iZens, misi semantika laTinur 

sityvas marginalis (ganapira, kideze mdebare) ukavSirdeba, romelic aRniSnavda 

SeniSvnebs an naxatebs wignis mindvrebze 63 . TandaTan termini gascda sociologiisa da 

literaturaTmcodneobis farglebs da kulturologiuri mniSvneloba SeiZina. 

dReisaTvis samecniero literaturaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba `marginaluri 

kulturis~ cneba, Tumca misi Sinaarsi mkafiod gansazRvruli ar aris. xSirad mas 

ganixilaven marginaluri individis an subkulturis analogiiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi 

termini negatiur datvirTvas iZens; aqcenti keTdeba marginaluri kulturis 

`gaorebul~, `kulturaTSoris~ xasiaTze, kulturuli TviTidentifikaciis procesis 

sirTuleze, TviTSemecnebis mTlianobis darRvevaze, aqedan gamomdinare, Sinagan 

diskomfortsa da mis Sesabamis qcevis formebze, faseulobiT da normatul ambivalenturobaze, 

struqturul maxasiaTebelTa ekleqturobaze. marginaluroba miiCneva 

gardamaval mdgomareobad kulturisaTvis, romelic mTavrdeba kulturuli saxis 

gamokveTiTa da kulturuli TviTidentifikaciis problemis gadaWriT, Tumca arsebobs 

sxvagvari Tvalsazrisic. marginaloba gaiazreba ara ama Tu im jgufis 

`fiqsirebul~ maxasiaTeblad, aramed urTierTobaTa garkveul tipad, romelic gulisxmobs 

gansazRvrul damokidebulebas ama Tu im kulturis faseulobebisadmi 64 . 

`marginaluri kulturis~ cneba gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa civilizaciaTa mijnebze 

mcxovrebi xalxebisa da qveynebisaTvis, romlebic calsaxad ver gansazRvraven 

TavianT civilizaciur kuTvnilebas da romelTa kulturis saxis aRsaniSnavad 

gamoiyeneba, agreTve, `ganapirulobis~, `periferiulobisa~ da sxva cnebebi. 

mkvlevarTa nawili miiCnevs, rom `sasazRvro~, `periferiuli~, `marginaluri~ kulturis 

nacvlad, umjobesia gamoviyenoT termini `ganapira~ kultura, radgan igi, jer 

erTi, moklebulia SefasebiT datvirTvas, meore, moicavs yvela zemoT naxseneb 

gansazRvrebas, da bolos, orientirebulia `ganapira~ kulturis kavSirze mis warmom- 

Sob kulturasTan, aqcents akeTebs maTi erTobis momentze 65 . 

`ganapiruloba~ ar daiyvaneba mxolod sivrciT-geografiul faqtorze; es 

kulturologiuri cnebaa da miuTiTebs mocemuli regionis kulturul specifikaze. 

`ganapiruloba~ gulisxmobs cvlilebebsa da transformaciebs `didi~ kulturis 

sistemis farglebSi. iqmneba kulturis elementTa axali kombinaciebi, axali aqcentebi, 

icvleba elementTa urTierTqmedebis formebi; raRac aqtualizdeba, raRac ukana 

planze gadadis, magram yvelaferi es xdeba `didi~ kulturis principebis, kanonzomierebaTa 

da tendenciaTa CarCoebSi. 

a.j.toinbiT dawyebuli _ dRemde, mkvlevrebi araerTxel aRniSnavdnen, rom 

zogjer, kulturis/civilizaciis mTeli sistemis krizisis dros, SeiZleba, `ganapira~ 

tipis kulturam ufro mkafiod gamoxatos am sistemis arsi, kanonzomierebani da 

tendenciebi, vidre `birTvma~, centrma. `didi~ kulturebis istoriis krizisul periodebSi 

misma centrebma SeiZleba `ganapiras~ gadainacvlos. i.brodski erT-erT 

statiaSi werda: ramdenadac civilizaciebi sasrulia, yoveli maTganis cxovrebaSi 

dgeba momenti, roca centri `veRar iWers~, veRar asrulebs SemakavSireblis, gamaer- 

Tianeblis rols; ase daemarTa roms, ufro adre — elinistur saberZneTs. aseT epoqebSi 

63 Шапинский В.А. Культурная маргинальность как социально-философская проблема. Автореф. диссерт. на соискание 

ученой степени канд.филос.наук. М., 1990, с.3. 

64 

iqve, gv.7. 

65 Субичус Б.Ю. Иберо-Америка в мировом цивилизационном процессе. - В журн.: Латинская Америка, М., 1999, № 7-8, 

с.139. 

36

SemakavSirebel samuSaos asruleben provincielebi, ganapira mxareebis adamianebi. 

gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod, kulturis samyaro ar mTavrdeba ganapira 

mxares — igi swored iq ìxsneba” 66 . 

magaliTad, albaT, gamodgeba aRmosavleT qristianuli civilizacia, romlis 

centris, birTvis _ bizantiis _ dacemis Semdeg centrma TandaTan ruseTisaken _ 

adre misi ganapira kulturisaken _ gadainacvla, romelmac aRmosavleT qristianuli 

samyaros centrisa da bizantiis politikuri Tu kulturuli memkvidris rolze 

aSkarad ganacxada pretenzia (moskovi _ mesame romi). 

ufro adre, XII saukunesa da XIII s. dasawyisSi, bizantiis krizisis dros, aRmosavleT 

qristianuli samyaros centris, birTvis rolis Sesrulebis pretenzias saqarTvelo 

acxadebda. erTxans man TiTqos aiRo kidec Tavis Tavze es funqcia, magram mxolod 

mcire xniT. 

ganarCeven `ganapira~ kulturis ramdenime qvetips: 1) àxalgazrda~ kulturebi, Tavis 

droze `gamotanili~ `didi~ kulturis Tavdapirveli sivrcidan, metropoliaTa 

yofili koloniuri variantebi (magaliTad, laTinuramerikuli da Crdiloamerikuli 

kulturebi); 2) `ganapira~ kulturebi Zveli avtoqtonuri tradiciiT (magaliTad, 

espanuri kultura) 67 . 

f. brodeli miuTiTebda `ganapira~, `sasazRvro~ kulturaTa Seswavlis mniSvnelobaze. 

igi Tvlida, rom aseTi kulturebis meSveobiT civilizaciaTa sazRvrebi 

ixsneba sxvebTan kontaqtisaTvis, maTSi mJRavndeba civilizaciaTa komunikaciuri 

SesaZleblobani. den daineri aRniSnavs, rom civilizaciaTa TviTidentifikacia 

swored maT periferiaze yalibdeba, sxva civilizaciebTan dapirispirebis Sedegad 68 . 

mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT, sakontaqto zona warmoiSoba ara ganyenebuli da Soreuli 

kulturuli urTierTgavlenis Sedegad, rodesac urTierTobas safuZvlad udevs 

omebi, vaWroba an diplomatia, aramed mWidro eTnikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi urTier- 

Tobis procesSi. kontaqtis zona _ es aris organuli da sicocxlisunariani struqtura, 

Tavisi kanonebiTa da Taviseburi kulturuli saxiT 69 . aseTi, drosa da sivrceSi 

"gaSlili", zonis magaliTad avtori asaxelebs bizantiur-somxur sakontaqto zonas. 

kontaqtis zonebi yalibdeba, agreTve, civilizaciaTa sivrciTi gafarToebis procesSi, 

roca maT SemadgenlobaSi eqceva (mudmivad an droebiT) mezobeli kulturebi. 

v.d. koroliuki sakontaqto zonis cnebas iyenebs barbarosuli periferiidan 

imperiaze gardamavali teritoriis aRsaniSnavad 70 . igi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs 

`sinTezur~ da ùsinTezo~ sakontaqto zonebs; pirvelis magaliTad asaxelebs dasavleT 

evropas, romlis saxis CamoyalibebaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula antikurobisa 

da barbarosobis eTnikur da socialur elementTa sinTezma, meorisa ki _ samxreTaRmosavleTi 

da centraluri evropis sakontaqto zonas, sadac moxda mxolod 

calkeuli elementebis sinTezi da mas ar Seusrulebia arsebiTi roli dasaxelebuli 

regionis eTnikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri saxis formirebaSi 71 . 

CvenTvis sainteresoa kidev erTi garemoeba: v.koroliuki miiCnevs, rom samxreTaRmosavleT 

evropis, rogorc tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT Taviseburi zonis Seswav- 

66 

ix.: Иберо-Америка в мировом цивилизационном процессе (Материалы дискуссии). – В журн.: Латинская Америка, М., 

1999, № 7-8, с.139. 

67 

Субичус Б.Ю. Иберо-Америка в мировом цивилизационном процессе. - В журн.: Латинская Америка, М., 1999, № 7-8, 

с.140. 

68 

kopitersi b. saqarTvelo da evropa: periferiis cneba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. — Jurn.: 

sazogadoeba da politika, II, Tb., 1999, gv.86. 

69 Арутюнова-Фиданян В.А. dasax.naSr., gv.382. 

70 Королюк В.Д. О так называемой «контактной зоне» в Юго-Восточной и Центральной Европе периода раннего 

средневековья. – В кн.: Юго-Восточная Европа в средние века. Кишинев, 1972, с.31-46. 

71 Королюк В.Д. О так называемой «контактной зоне» ..., gv.31-46. 

37

lis sferoSi dagrovili gamocdileba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes èvropis sxva _ 

socialur-ekonomikuri, kulturuli da eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT dasaxelebulTan 

axlo mdgomi regionebis kvlevisaTvis. pirvel rigSi, saqme exeba amierkavkasiasa da 

mimdebare teritoriebs” 72 (aqve SevniSnoT, rom, rogorc vxedavT, v.koroliuki 

amierkavkasias evropis regionad ganixilavs). 

civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonad miCneulia balkaneTi, rogorc romanul-germanuli, 

aRmosavleT qristianuli da muslimuri civilizaciebis urTierTSexvedris, 

urTierTgavlenisa da Sejaxebis regioni. ax.w. IV saukunidan balkaneTis didi nawili 

aRmosavleT qristianuli civilizaciis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca, romelic, saxelmwifoebrivi 

TvalsazrisiT, bizantiis imperiis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. XIV saukunidan 

islamis SeWram Sewyvita am regionis lokaluri ganviTareba zemoT dasaxelebuli 

civilizaciis farglebSi, aq erTmaneTs Sexvda marTlmadidebluri da muslimuri 

samyaroebi, romelTac didi gavlena iqonies erTmaneTze, Tumca balkaneTSi ar Camoyalibebula 

balkanur-muslimuri kulturul-istoriuli erToba 73 . 

marTlmadidebluri da muslimuri samyaroebis Sexvedris TvalsazrisiT, civilizaciaTa 

kontaqtis zonad SeiZleba ganvixiloT mTlianad kavkasia da, kerZod, saqar- 

Tvelo. XV s. meore naxevridan, bizantiis dacemis Semdeg, mas marTlac mouxda 

lokaluri ganviTareba, rogorc muslimuri civilizaciis farglebSi moqceul aRmosavleTqristianuli 

civilizaciis nawils. balkaneTisa ar iyos, arc aq Camoyalibebula 

qarTul-muslimuri (an kavkasiur-muslimuri) kulturul-istoriuli erToba. amdenad, 

kavkasia da, kerZod, saqarTvelo, sainteresoa civilizaciaTa kontaqtis Sedegis 

kuTxiT. 

unda aRiniSnos, rom kulturaTa/civilizaciaTa kontaqtis generaciul SesaZleblobaTa 

sakiTxi civilizaciur kvlevaTa erT-erTi aqtualuri problemaa. es aris 

sakiTxi kulturaTa/civilizaciaTa iseTi urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb, romelsac 

Sedegad mosdevs axali kulturuli realobis gaCena. warmoiSoba Tu ara kontaqtis 

zonebSi kulturebi, romlebic SeiZleba iqcnen axali civilizaciur-kulturuli 

tipis safuZvlad? samecniero (maT Soris, uaxles) literaturaSi am kiTxvis 

sxvadasxvagvar pasuxs vxvdebiT. es sakiTxi metad saintereso da aqtualuria 

CvenTvisac, radgan qarTuli kultura swored civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonaSi 

yalibdeboda da misi istoriis erT etapze mas, TiTqos, gauCnda axali civilizaciurkulturuli 

tipis safuZvlad qcevis Sansi (vgulisxmobT kavkasiur kulturul 

erTobas). am sakiTxze qvemoT gveqneba saubari. 

gamoiyofa kulturaTa/civilizaciaTaSorisi urTierTobis sami ZiriTadi tipi: 1. 

konfrontacia, 2. simbiozi, 3. sinTezi. 

pirveli tipi emyareba ucxo realobis srul uaryofas, sulieri gamocdilebis sxva, 

sakuTarisagan gansxvavebuli formebis totalur miuReblobas. es gamocdileba 

ganixileba rogorc ùcxo~, `mtruli~, romelic calsaxad unda ganidevnos. 

meore tipi gulisxmobs viTarebas, roca TiToeuli urTierTmoqmedi mxare inar- 

Cunebs sakuTar saxes, ar warmoiSoba axali kulturuli Tvisobrioba, magram kontaqtSi 

myof kulturul realobaTa Soris Cndeba sistemuri kavSiri. `gareSe~ kulturuli 

realoba kontaqtis monawileTa mier bunebrivad aRiqmeba; aseTi arsebobis winaaRmdegobrioba 

ar gaiazreba. simbiozisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia urTierTmizidvisa da 

urTierTganzidvis winaaRmdegobrivi Serwyma. pirvelis Zala sakmaod didia imisTvis, 

72 Королюк В.Д. Основные проблемы формирования контактной зоны в юго-восточной европе и бессинтезного региона в 

восточной и центральной Европе. – В кн.: Проблемы социально-экономических формаций. Историко-типологические 

исследования. М., 1975, с. 159. 

73 Вишняков Я.В. Балканы как цивилизационно-контактная зона (К постановке проблемы). – 

http://www.rami.ru/publications/gorchakov/vishniakov.rtf 

38

om Seiqmnas sistemuri kavSiri kontaqtis monawileebs Soris, amasTan, TiToeuli mxare 

meores aRiqvams rogorc ùcxos~. am ukanasknelis ganzidvis, moSorebis xarisxi ki 

sakmaod didia, raTa Seiqmnas mkacri zRvari gansxvavebul kulturul elementTa 

daaxloebis, Serwymisa da axal, kontaqtSi myofTagan gansxvavebul Tvisebriobad 

transformaciisaTvis. 

simbiozSi myof eTnokulturul elementTa Tanafardoba SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari 

iyos: dawyebuli situaciiT, roca upiratesoba aqvs avtoqtonur sawyiss, xolo 

`mosuli~ kulturis elementebi arseboben cnobierebis periferiaze, damTavrebuli 

mdgomareobiT, roca msoflmxedvelobis RerZad faseulobaTa `motanili~ sistema 

gvevlineba 74 . 

mesame tipze _ sinTezze _ saubari SeiZleba maSin, Tu kontaqtis zonaSi Cndeba 

Tvisobrivad axali, kontaqtSi myof kulturul samyaroTagan gansxvavebuli 

kulturuli realoba. aseTi tipis magaliTad v.aruTiunova-fidaniani asaxelebs somexi 

qalkedonitebis kulturas, romelic, misi azriT, warmoadgenda sami tradiciis — 

somxuris, bizantiurisa da qarTulis — sinTezs, damyarebuls adgilobriv (somxur) 

safuZvelze 75 . 

i.Semiakinis azriT, simbiozi SeiZleba iyos axali kulturuli realobis Camoyalibebis 

pirveli stadia, kulturaTa sinTezis procesis dasawyisi. magram SeiZleba igi 

aseTad ar iqces _ im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis procesSi 

upiratesoba centridanuli tendenciebis mxarezea, romlebic dakavSirebulia 

destruqciuli konfrontaciis logikasTan 76 . 

saerTod, kulturaTa sinTezis SesaZleblobisadmi mkvlevarTa damokidebuleba 

umetesad skeptikuria, gansakuTrebiT _ Tu saubaria sxvadasxva civilizaciuri 

kuTvnilebis kulturaTa kontaqtze. skeptikosTa Tvalsazrisi, yvelaze mkafiod, 

Semdegnairad SeiZleba formulirdes: `Cven ar gagvaCnia sarwmuno sabuTi sxvadasxva 

civilizaciuri warmomavlobis kulturul sistemaTa pozitiuri, urTierTgamamdidrebeli 

urTierTqmedebis SesaZleblobis aRiarebisaTvis” 77 . 

kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis SesaZlebloba da Sedegi sxva terminebiTac 

aRiniSneba: 1. kulturuli mravalferovneba, gansxvavebaTa SenarCuneba (aqve Tavsdeba 

`civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis~ Teoria); 2. kulturuli konvergencia anu 

urTierTdamsgavseba; 3. hibridizacia anu Sereva. 

kulturuli mravalferovnebis simyare aRiarebulia kulturuli relativizmis 

Teoriis mier, romelic kulturebs ganixilavs rogorc calkeul mTlianobebs an 

konfiguraciebs, isini misawvdomia mxolod `Signidan~, sakuTari cnebebis meSveobiT. 

meore versiiT, kulturebi Ria sistemebia, romlebic mudmivad iTviseben axal 

elementebs. 

kulturuli konvergenciis Teoria gulisxmobs maTi homogenizaciis SesaZleblobas. 

am Teoriis mogviano variantebia modernizacia, vesternizacia, romlis formad 

miiCneven amerikanizacias, `koka-kolonizacias~. am process `kulturuli imperializmis~ 

saxeliTac ixsenieben. 

hibridizaciis yuradRebis centrSia metisi, kulturuli narevi, hibridi. kulturis 

hibridizacia aRiniSneba, agreTve, terminebiT _ sinkretizacia, kreolizacia, 

74 Шемякин Я.Г. Межцивилизационное взаимодействие и процесс культурогенеза в Латинской Америке. – Iberica 

Americans: Механизмы культурообразования в Латинской Америке. М., 1994, с.18-19. 

75 Арутюнова-Фиданян В.А. Византия и Армения в X-XII вв.: Зона контакта. – В кн.: Византия между Западом и Востоком. 

Опыт исторической характеристики. СПб., 1995, с.391. 

76 Шемякин Я.Г. К вопросу о характере взаимодействия испанского начала с автохтонными культурами в эпоху конкисты. – 

В сб.: Iberica Americans. Культуры Нового и Старого Света XVI-XVIII вв. в их взаимодействии. СПб., 1991, с.41. 

77 

Иноземцев В.Л., Кузнецова Е.С. Глобальный кoнфликт ХХI в. Размышления об истоках и перспективах 

межцивилизационных противоречий. – В журн.: Политические исследования, М., 2001, № 6, с.137. 

39

metisizacia, globaluri lokalizacia da lokaluri globalizacia. 

hibridizaciis versiis sawinaaRmdegod, miuTiTeben, rom Sereva damaxasiaTebelia 

ufro kulturis enis, vidre kulturis gramatikis donisaTvis. `mogzauroben~ kulturis 

zedapiruli elementebi: sakvebi, tansacmeli, moda, xelovneba, garTobis 

saSualebani da sxva, xolo ufro siRrmiseuli elementebi da faseulobani, kulturis 

struqturuli ansambli mWidrodaa mijaWvuli konkretul konteqsts. aqedan 

gamomdinare, globalizacia zedapiruli movlenaa, radgan `siRrmeSi~ kacobrioba 

dayofili rCeba istoriulad Camoyalibebul kulturul regionebad 78 . 

kulturuli gavlenis, kulturul sesxebaTa problema kulturologiis erT-erTi 

mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. igi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria kulturaTa Sexvedris regionebSi 

mcxovreb eTnosTaTvis, romelTa ricxvs Cvenc mivekuTvnebiT. kulturaTSorisi 

urTierTobis problemaTa kvlevisas pirvel rigSi pasuxis gacemas moiTxovs 

kiTxvebi: ra, rodis da ratom SeiZleba iqces sesxebis obieqtad da ra ar eqvemdebareba 

sesxebas? rogoria nasesxebisa da tradiciulis Tanafardoba kulturaSi? mudmivia es 

Tanafardoba, Tu igi icvleba sxvadasxva pirobebis zegavleniT? 

`sxva~ kulturebis aRqmis, kulturaTa urTierTobis meqanizmebi kulturologTa 

mudmivi interesis sagania. dasavlelma mecnierebma, savele kvlevebis Sedegad, gamoyves 

`sxva~ kulturasTan kontaqtze ama Tu im kulturis reaqciis, `sxva~ kulturis 

aRqmis 2 ZiriTadi tipi: eTnocentruli da eTnorelatiuri. pirveli, Tavis mxriv, 

moicavs sami saxis reaqcias: 1) kulturaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis uaryofa, 2) 

sakuTari kulturuli upiratesobis dacva, 3) gansxvavebaTa minimizacia; meore tipi 

aseve samgvar reaqcias aerTianebs: 1) kulturaTa gansxvavebis miReba-aRiareba, 2) axal 

kulturasTan adaptacia, 3) integracia orive (mSobliur da axal) kulturaSi 79 . 

s.lurie gvTavazobs èTnikuri konstantebis~ cnebas, romlebic, misi azriT, 

kulturuli tradiciis birTvs Seadgens. esaa aracnobier warmodgenaTa kompleqsi, 

romelic gansazRvravs samyaroSi adamianis moqmedebis xasiaTs. eTnikuri konstantebi 

moicavs sikeTisa da borotebis wyaroTa lokalizaciis, borotebaze sikeTis 

gamarjvebis gzebisa da sxv. paradigmebs. maTi meSveobiT adamiani axdens samyaros 

racionalizacias ise, rom masSi SesaZlebeli iyos adamianis aqtivoba, igi aigivebs 

sakuTar Tavs adamianTa romelime erTobasTan, romlis farglebSi SesaZlebelia 

erToblivi moqmedeba. sxvadasxva eTnikur kulturas am erTobaze sakuTari warmodgena 

aqvs. samyaros eTnikuri saxe _ esaa eTnikuri konstantebisa da faseulobiTi 

orientaciis erToblioba. konstantebisa da orientaciis Tanafardoba SeiZleba ganvixiloT 

rogorc Tanafardoba moqmedebis pirobebsa da moqmedebis mizans Soris 80 . 

kulturaTSorisi kontaqtebis procesSi SeTvisebuli yvela siaxle swored kulturuli 

tradiciisa da misi Semadgeneli eTnikuri konstantebis `cenzuras~ gadis, ris 

Semdeg maTi nawili `moergeba~ tradiciis struqturas, nawili _ ara. pirvel SemTxvevaSi 

xdeba sesxeba, Tumca sesxebac, Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxvagvarad xorcieldeba. 

magaliTad, aziuri qveynebis vesternizebuli elita zogjer dasavlur faseulobaTa 

imgvar adaptirebas axerxebs, rom isini Znelad sacnobi xdeba mSobeli dasavle- 

TisaTvis 81 . 

cxadia, kontaqtSi myof kulturaTagan TiToeuls aqvs sakuTari kulturis faseu- 

78 Питерсе Я.Н. Глобализация и культура: три парадигмы. – В кн.: Этнос и политика. Автор-составитель А.А.Празаускас. 

М., 2000, с.324. 

79 Иконникова Н.К. Механизмы межкультурного восприятия. – В журн.: Социологические исследования, М., 1995, № 11, 

с.27. 

80 Лурье С.В. Евразия: проблемы соседства культур и межкультурного взаимодействия. – В журн.: Вестник Евразии 

(Независимый научный журнал), М., 1999, № 1-2 (6-7), с.25. 

81 

iqve, gv.35. 

40

lobiTi safuZvliT ganpirobebuli qcevis nimuSebi, sxva kulturebTan urTierTobis 

normatiul-regulaciuri modelebi. mkvlevarTa nawili am modelebs kulturaTSorisi 

komunikaciis programebs uwodebs da miuTiTebs maTi Seswavlis did mniSvnelobaze, 

radgan, maTi azriT, es SesaZleblobas mogvcems, gamovavlinoT da davadginoT kulturaTSorisi 

komunikaciis programis universaluri, idealuri modeli 82 . magaliTad, 

amgvari idealuri modelebi SeiZleba moviZioT sxvadasxva xanis evropel moazrovneTa 

kulturfilosofiur koncefciebSi, romlebic gvaCveneben, rogor aRiqmeboda da 

fasdeboda evropelTa mier sxva kulturebi sxvadasxva epoqaSi 83 . 

TiToeul civilizacias aqvs Tavisi kulturul-eTnikur-geopolitikuri `birTvi~ 

da `periferia~. aqedan pirvelSi igulisxmeba, a.toinbis sityviT rom vTqvaT, 

civilizaciis warmoSobis areali, anu is sivrce, sadac ZiriTadad yalibdeboda misi 

socialur-kulturuli saxe, faseulobaTa sistema, `periferia~ ki gulisxmobs am 

arealis gavrcelebis Sedegad mis farglebSi moqceul sivrces, romelsac msWvalavs 

faseulobaTa igive sistema da met-naklebad igive socialur-kulturuli saxe aqvs. 

periferiaze ganTavsdeba ganapira an sasazRvro kulturebi, romlebic ki ar 

àmTavreben~, `SemosazRvraven~ am civilizacias, aramed `gaxsnian~ mas sxvebTan kontaqtisaTvis; 

mezobel civilizaciaTa `periferiebi~ erTmaneTisagan mkacrad gamijnuli 

ar arian. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba gamoiyos civilizaciis `birTvuli~ da `periferiuli~ 

an `ganapira~ kulturebi. am azriT, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom qarTuli kultura ar 

ganekuTvneba im kulturaTa ricxvs, romlebic yalibdebodnen rogorc romelime 

civilizaciis `birTvi~ (Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi 

kavkasiuri erTobis `birTvad~ qcevis ararealizebul perspeqtivas XI-XII saukuneebSi); 

Tavisi xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze igi warmoadgenda erT-erTs im sasazRvro 

kulturaTagan, romlebic dasavlur da aRmosavlur civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonaSi 

mdebareoben. 

kulturologiaSi periferiuloba-ganapirulobis, birTvisa da periferiis cnebebi 

sxva mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba, kerZod, faseulobiT-azrobrivi mniSvnelobiT. aseTi 

gagebiT, birTvi _ esaa simboloTa, faseulobaTa da SexedulebaTa wesrigis centri, 

romelic marTavs sazogadoebas. birTvis elementebs Seadgenen Sexedulebani da 

faseulobani kulturis sxvadasxva sferodan (magaliTad, sameurneo praqtika, religia, 

xelovneba da sxv.), rogorc `didi anu werilobiTi~, ise `mcire anu zepiri~ 

tradiciis saxiT. umniSvnelovanes faqtorebad, romlebic gansazRvraven civilizaciis 

birTvis formirebas, miCneulia religia, xelovneba, filosofia 84 . civilizaciis 

birTvi, istoriuli dinamikis TvalsazrisiT, myari elementebisagan Sedgeba, magram igi 

arc ucvlelia da arc monoliTuri. amis mizezi misi heterogenulobaa; misi 

Semadgeneli nawilebi (msoflmxedvelobrivi principebi, stereotipuli Sefasebani da 

sxv.) birTvSi sxvadasxva dros integrirdebian, Tumca ar arian aRbeWdili konkretuli 

istoriuli epoqis niSniT. 

rac Seexeba periferias, masSi Tavs iyris elementebi, romlebic gamodis 

civilizaciis birTvis gareT. es ukanasknelni ar moicavs mTlianad da srulad 

faseulobebs, romlebic aRiarebulia sazogadoebaSi. arsebobs faseulobani, romlebic 

mxolod garkveul farglebSi vrceldeba. periferiulad SeiZleba migvevlinos: 

swrafwarmavali elementebi, romlebic SedarebiT mokle droSi (erTi-ori Taobis 

cxovreba) qreba; elementebi, romelTac ar SeuZeniaT universaluri, saerTociviliza- 

82 Яркова Е.Н. Межкультурная коммуникация: опыт теоретической систематизации (на материале киргизско-российских 

отношений). – Вестник Московского ун-та, сер.12. Политические науки. М., 1999, № 1, с.60. 

83 iqve, gv.61 . 

84 Шилз Э. Общество и общества: микросоциологический подход. – В кн.: Американская социология: перспективы, 

проблемы, методы. М., 1972, с.353. 

41

ciuri mniSvneloba, magram ganagrZoben funqcionirebas; inovaciuri elementebi, 

romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba damkvidrdnen an ar damkvidrdnen, iqcnen an ar 

iqcnen birTvulad 85 . 

o.letimori periferias ganaxlebis wyarod miiCnevs, saidanac cvlilebaTa impulsebi 

centrisaken miemarTeba. magaliTad, CineTSi feodalizmis warmoSobas letimori 

centrze periferiis zemoqmedebiT xsnis. 86 

civilizaciis zogi seqtori metad periferiulia, zogi _ naklebad. rac ufro 

periferiulia maTi mdgomareoba, miT ufro naklebaa isini gamsWvaluli birTvuli 

elementebiT, naklebadaa moculi centraluri instituciuri sistemiT. 

periferiis socialur-kulturuli buneba araerTgvarovani da moZravia. erTi 

mxriv, periferia eqvemdebareba centrs, meore mxriv, man Tavad SeiZleba gavlena 

iqonios centrze, Caenacvlos an CamoSordes mas. 

`birTvi-periferiis~ cnebaTa kidev erTi interpretaciis mixedviT, civilizaciis 

kulturuli birTvi warmodgenilia faseulobebis, azrovnebis, stilis, qcevis nimuSTa 

sistemis saxiT, romelic safuZvlad udevs mTeli civilizaciis danarCen nimuSebs 87 . 

kulturuli birTvis upirvelesi matarebelia civilizaciis sazogadoeba-dominanti 

(an sazogadoeba-dominantebi). mis irgvliv ganlagebulia sazogadoeba-subdominantebi, 

romlebic dominantis nimuSTa recipientebia, amasTan, maTi civilizaciuri 

kuTvnileba calsaxad gansazRvrulia. magaliTad, n. rozovis azriT, evraziuli civilizaciis 

subdominantebia belorusi, aRmosavleT ukraina da ruseTis Siga erovnuleTnikuri 

warmonaqmnebis umravlesoba, agreTve saqarTvelo da somxeTi, romelTac, 

rogorc mkvlevari aRniSnavs, TurqeTidan da aSS-dan momdinare mizidulobis Zalebis 

zemoqmedebiT, marginalur zonebad qcevis safrTxe emuqreba 88 . 

civilizaciis gare wres qmnis sasazRvro (marginaluri) zona, romlis sazogadoebebi 

ganicdian mosazRvre civilizaciebis Tanabar an rigrigobiT gaZlierebad 

gavlenas. rac ufro daSorebulia centridan ganapira sazogadoebis teritoria, miT 

ufro daSorebulia misi kultura civilizaciis kulturuli birTvisagan. radgan 

periferia (sasazRvro zona) rTuli Semadgenlobis movlenaa, mis ama Tu im segments 

SeiZleba gaaCndes damoukidebeli birTvuli kulturuli elementebi, rogorc es iyo, 

magaliTad, aRmosavleT qristianuli (marTlmadideblur-slavuri) civilizaciis 

periferiad warmodgenil saqarTveloSi, poloneTSi, litvaSi da sxv. n. rozovi Tvlis, 

rom poloneTi, litva da dasavleT ukraina, romelTac mWidro da Rrma istoriulenobriv-genetikuri 

kavSiri hqondaT ruseTTan Tu danarCen slavur samyarosTan, 

gadasZala sxva birTvma, roca maT kaTolikoba miiRes 89 . 

erTiani kulturuli sivrcis cneba da misi 

mimarTeba kavkasiasTan (samxreT kavkasiasTan). 

saerTokavkasiuri (samxreTkavkasiuri) identurobis problema 

Cndeba kiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara kavkasia CaiTvalos gansakuTrebul civilizaciad, an 

erTian kulturul-civilizaciur arealad, an SeiZleba laparaki gansakuTrebul 

85 iqve, gv.353. 

86 Лэттимор О. Периферия как источник обновления. – В кн.: Этнос и политика. Автор-сост. А.А.Празаускас. М., 2000, 

с.210-213. 

87 

Розов Н.С. Структура цивилизации и тенденции мирового развития. Новосибирск, 1992, с.39. 

88 iqve, gv.128-129. 

89 

Розов Н.С. На пути к синтезу макроисторических парадигм. – В журн.: Философия и общество, М., 1998, № 4, с.129. 

42

kavkasiur civilizaciaze? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad unda ganisazRvros, rogor 

gaigeba civilizacia kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi. 

amis garkveva miT ufro aucilebelia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT gaugebrobebsa da 

mouwesrigeblobas `civilizaciis~ cnebis gamoyenebisas, romelic damaxasiaTebelia 

Cveni samecniero literaturisaTvis mas Semdeg, rac 80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan 

damkvidrda e.w. `civilziaciuri midgoma~. 

kavkasiuri identurobis Tema friad sayuradReboa, Tumca mis gaazrebas xels 

uSlis, erTi mxriv, politikuri koniunqtura, meore mxriv ki, _ terminTa Sinaarsis 

daudgenloba da maTi xSiri urTierTaRreva. ruseTis kavkasiaTmcodneobaSi 

damkvidrebuli da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg gaZlierebuli tradiciiT, 

CrdiloeTi da samxreTi kavkasia erTmaneTisagan mowyvetiT ganixileba. Tavis droze am 

garemoebas xeli ar SeuSlia uzarmazari empiriuli masalis dagrovebisaTvis, magram am 

masalis Teoriuli ganzogadeba ki sagrZnoblad daabrkola. dRes am faqts rusi da 

kavkasieli mkvlevarebi aRiareben, magram mxolod sityvierad, mis daZlevaze ki naklebad 

zrunaven. ufro metic, mSvenivrad iyeneben mas sakuTari, politikuri elferis 

mqone Tvalsazrisebis argumentad. rogorc wesi, istoriuli realiebi gaTvaliswinebuli 

ar aris. 

adamianebisa da xalxebis nebismier erTobaSi, romelic romelime civilizacisa 

ekuTvnis, SeiZleba davinaxoT ideaTa, idealTa, faseulobaTa da normaTa garkveuli 

kompleqsi, romelTa erToblioba qmnis erTgvar sulier RerZs, romliskenac 

iswrafvian — gansakuTrebiT centrSi — am erTobis umniSvnelovanesi komponentebi. 

saubaria, arsebiTad, am civilizaciis fuZemdeblur paradigmaze an msoflmxedvelobriv 

sistemaze, romelic gansazRvravs cxovrebis wesis, TviTSegnebis, qcevis stereotipebis, 

socialuri regulaciis parametrebs. istoriuli civilizaciebis umetesobaSi 

ganmsazRvrel rols religia asrulebda. 

am azriT, kavkasia pirobiTad SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc garkveuli kulturulcivilizaciuri 

wre, romelic Sedgeba mravali elementisagan, rogorc ganviTarebis 

donis, ise sxvadasxva eTnokulturuli, regionuli, konfesiuri da sxva plastebis 

arsebobis TvalsazrisiT. 

SevecadoT, sakiTxi ori ZiriTadi kiTxvis saxiT CamovayaliboT: 1) kavkasiis 

kulturebi Tu kavkasiuri kultura? (am SemTxvevaSi mxolobiT Tu mravlobiT ricxvs 

principuli mniSvneloba aqvs); 2) arsebobda an arsebobs Tu ara raime saxis kavkasiuri 

kulturul-civilizaciuri erToba, romlis saxelwodeba SeiZleba iyos kavkasiuri 

kultura, kavkasiuri civilizacia, subcivilizacia, an erTiani kulturuli sivrce? 

samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, garkveul 

kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba visaubroT kavkasiaze, rogorc Tavisebur 

subcivilizaciaze. es kriteriumebi istoriulad Camoyalibda — Sua saukuneebSi an 

ufro adre. 

Tu kavkasia subcivilizaciad CaiTvleba, maSin saWiroa gairkves sxva subcivilizaciebTan, 

mezobel civilizaciebTan, agreTve im civilizaciasTan misi urTierTobis 

sakiTxi, romelTan mimarTebaSi igi subcivilizaciad miiCneva. 

k.kacitaZem es sakiTxi Semdegnairad gadawyvita: kavkasiuri subcivilizacia miiCnia 

marginalur zonad mezobel civilizaciebs Soris, riTac dRis wesrigidan moxsna 

romelime civilizaciis farglebSi am subcivilizaciis moazrebis saWiroeba. manve 

dauSva am subcivilizaciis ganviTarebis ramdenimegvari perspeqtiva: 1. SenarCundeba 

dRevandeli gaurkveveli situacia, roca TvalnaTliv Cans kavkasiis calkeuli 

xalxebis kuTvnileba sxvadasxva civilizaciisadmi; 2. es xalxebi Seerwymian sxvadasxva 

civilizacias, riTac gaqreba is mcirericxovani niSnebi, romlebic kavkasiur subci- 

43

vilizaciaze saubris saSualebas iZleva; 3. kavkasiuri subcivilizaciis niSnebi ufro 

mkafio xasiaTs miiRebs da maSin mwvaved dadgeba arsebul civilizaciebTan am 

subcivilizaciis mimarTebis sakiTxi 90 . 

samecniero literaturaSi gvxvdeba `sasazRvro civilizaciis~ cneba, romlis 

magaliTad saxeldeba ibero-amerikuli, balkanuri da Crdilo-aRmosavleT evraziuli 

civilizaciebi 91 . maT damaxasiaTebel niSnebad ganixileba heterogenuloba, polikulturuloba, 

labiluroba, Riaoba, elastiuroba, `sxvisi~ gamocdilebis swrafi 

aTvisebis unari. aseTi civilizaciebi miCneulia sxvadasxva kulturis 

mravalsaukunovani simbiozisa da sinTezis Sedegad. am TvalsazrisiT, kavkasiuri 

civilizacia (subcivilizacia), SeiZleba, sasazRvro civilizaciad CavTvaloT. 

mkvlevrebi, romlebic miiCneven, rom, garkveul kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT, 

SeiZleba visaubroT kavkasiaze, rogorc Tavisebur subcivilizaciaze, cxadia, 

gamoricxaven erTian kavkasiur kulturaze msjelobis SesaZleblobas. 

kavkasiuri erTobis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba kidev erTi — èrTiani kulturuli 

sivrcis~ — cneba, rogorc istoriuli, ise Tanamedrove realobis aRsaniSnavad. swored 

aq naTlad unda gairkves terminis Sinaarsi, raTa Tavidan aviciloT bundovaneba, 

romelsac vxvdebiT, magaliTad, amerikel mkvlevar ronald sunisTan. igi aRniSnavs, 

rom èrovnuli kulturebis kvaldakval istoriulad xdeboda regionuli 

kulturebis ganviTarebac... amgvarad, SegviZlia visaubroT centralur aziur, 

kavkasiur, baltiispirul, aRmosavleT slavur kulturul sivrceebze. Tavisi 

istoriis manZilze kavkasia xalxTa migraciisa da gadaadgilebis mravali SemTxvevis 

mowme gamxdara. am migraciuli procesebis dros xdeboda xalxTa aRreva da eTnikuri 

sazRvrebis gaqroba, ramac unikaluri mravalerovnuli kavkasiuri kulturis 

warmoSoba ganapiroba. es kultura metad mravalferovania da, amave dros, sakmaod 

gansxvavdeba sxva kulturebisagan” 92 . gamodis, rom es ùnikaluri mravalerovnuli 

kultura~ erTiani sistemaa, romelSic integrirebulia qarTuli, somxuri, 

azerbaijanuli, Crdilo kavkasiis mravalricxovani xalxebis kulturebi. 

èrTiani kulturuli sivrcis~ cnebas kulturologiaSi sruliad konkretuli 

mniSvneloba aqvs. kerZod, miCneulia, rom ori an ramdenime mezobeli kultura 

bunebriv-aracnobieri mibaZvis procesSi, an kidev savsebiT gaazrebul racionalur 

safuZvelze, erTmaneTisagan iTvisebs raRac elementebs, moargebs da Seusabamebs maT 

sakuTar moTxovnilebebs. saerTo bedma, istoriam, arsebobis erTnairma pirobebma (maT 

Soris, bunebriv-landSafturma) SeiZleba ganapirobos saerTo niSnebis warmoSoba; ase 

iqmneba erT regionSi mdebare kulturebis garkveuli saerTo `tonaloba~, àqcenti” 93 . 

aseTi saerTo niSnebis arseboba, erTsa da imave dros, iluzorulicaa da realuric. 

iluzoruli _ imitom, rom ar warmoiSoba araviTari erTiani, saerTo kultura, 

rogorc damoukidebeli mravalfunqciuri sistema. realoba ki isaa, rom es saerTo 

niSnebi Tu elementebi qmnian erTobis garkveul atmosferos, romelic zemoqmedebs 

sxvadasxva kulturis adamianTa cxovrebaze, aiolebs maT Tanaarsebobasa da 

urTierTgagebas. es exeba ara marto erTi civilizaciis an erTiani kulturuli 

sivrcis Semadgenel kulturebs, aramed, pirvel rigSi, swored imaT, romlebic, Tumca 

sxvadasxva civilizacias ekuTvnian, magram am civilizaciaTa periferiaze mdebareobis 

90 kacitaZe k. saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis civilizaciuri mikuTvnebulobisaTvis. — postkomunisturi 

demokratiuli gardaqmnebi da geopolitika amierkavkasiaSi. konferenciis masalebi. 17-18 oqtomberi, 

1997 weli. Tb., 1998, gv.87. 

91 

Коваль Б.И. , Семенов С.И. Энергийная природа современных пограничных цивилизаций (Новый подход к 

человеческому измерению всемирной истории). – В журн. Латинская Америка, М., 2000, № 11, с.6-8. 

92 suni r. samxreT kavkasia: erTiani kulturuli sivrcis problemebi. _ saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa 

saministros sagareo politikis kvlevisa da analizis centris biuleteni. Tb., 2000, 7, gv.8. 

93 Иберо-Америка в мировом цивилизационном процессе. – В журн.: Латинская Америка. М., 1999, № 7-8, с.140. 

44

gamo, erTmaneTTan ufro axlo da mWidro kontaqti aqvT, vidre civilizaciurad 

monaTesave sxva kulturebTan. amrigad, erTiani kulturuli sivrce sruliadac ar 

niSnavs erTian kulturas, isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian, pirvel rigSi, 

homogenuriba-heterogenulobis xarisxiT. erTiani kultura met-nakleb homogenurobas 

gulisxmobs, erTiani kulturuli sivrce ki aseT homogenur kulturaTa 

erTobliobaa. 

kavkasiaze, rogorc erTian kulturul sivrceze saubari swored am konteqstSi 

SeiZleba iyos marTebuli. am sivrcis Semadgeneli nawilebi sxvadasxva civilizaciis 

nawilebad rCebian. 

k.gajievi Tvlis, rom SeiZleba laparaki kavkasiur kulturul-istoriul erTobaze, 

romelsac axasiaTebs mravali urTierTdakavSirebuli, zogierT aspeqtSi 

dapirispirebuli (da konfliqturic ki) subkulturis arseboba. am TvalsazrisiT igi 

gansxvavdeba axloaRmosavluri an centraluraziuri kulturul-istoriuli erTobisagan, 

da igi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes ufro rogorc fragmentuli da konfliqturi, 

vidre erTiani da mTliani. gansxvavebiT dasavlur qristianulisagan, romelic 

emyareba erTian istoriul-kulturul da religiur infrastruqturas, mravalferovneba 

da texilebi aq TviT kavkasiuri kulturul-istoriuli wris infrastruqturaSi 

Zevs. rogorc Cans, swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli regionSi konfliqturi, 

centridanuli, dezintegraciuli da separatistuli sawyisis upiratesoba konsensusisa 

da integraciis sawyisebTan SedarebiT 94 . 

rusi Tu Crdilokavkasieli mecnierebisa da politikosebis nawilisaTvis kavkasiuri 

civilizaciis arseboba ueWveli faqtia. mis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad SeiZleba 

CaiTvalos `mravali unikaluri kulturisa da TiTqmis yvela msoflio religiis intensiuri 

urTierTqmedeba~. r.abdulatipovi am civilizaciis 95 maxasiaTeblebad asaxelebs 

àdaTobrivi samarTlis msgavs normebs; Zmadnaficobis instituts, romelmac ganaviTara 

kavkasiel eTnosTa arasisxlismieri naTesaoba; agreTve kavkasiur etikets 96 . 

kavkasiuri etiketis gansakuTrebul rolze laparakobs x.txagapsoevic, romelic 

Tvlis, rom swored es etiketia kavkasiuri kulturis gamWoli komunikaciuri 

meqanizmi, kulturuli mentalobis kavkasiuri invarianti, romelic saTaves (ratom- 

Rac) narTebis eposidan (?!) iRebs 97 . 

kavkasiuri civilizaciis arsebobis ideas qarTvel mkvlevarTa nawilic iziarebs. 

magaliTad, e.kopaliani da j.kviciani Tvlian, rom `kavkasiuri civilizaciis arseboba 

aravis eWvs ar unda iwvevdes~, ris umTavresi dadasturebaa kavkasiis xalxTa tradiciul 

kulturaSi saerTokavkasiuri elementebis arseboba (stumarTmoyvareoba, ufrosis 

pativiscema, ojaxSi uflebebis gamijvna, mamakacis cxovrebis mxedruli wesi da 

sxv). maTi azriT, erTiani kavkasiuri civilizaciis arsebobis faqtis gaazrebasa da aRiarebas 

xels uSlis is garemoeba, rom kavkasia tradiciulad warmoadgenda didi mezobeli 

qveynebis interesebisa da brZolis asparezs; am brZolis procesSi, kavkasiis `xelSi 

CagdebisaTvis xdeboda xSirad kavkasieli xalxebisa da misi mTlianobis danawevreba” 98 . 

tradiciul kulturaSi saerTo elementebis arseboba Znelia miviCnioT mTavar 

civilizaciur maxasiaTeblad (civilizaciaTa arc erT klasifikaciaSi amgvari 

kriteriumi SemoTavazebuli ar aris). didi mezobeli qveynebis kavkasiuri interesebi 

marTlac uwyobda xels kavkasiis xalxTa kulturul-civilizaciur gaTiSvas (da ara 

94 Гаджиев К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. М.., 2001, c.41. 

95 

r. abdulatipovi ar ganmartavs, rogor esmis mas civilizacia. 

96 

Абдулатипов Р.Г. Кавказская цивилизация: самобытность и целостность. – Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 1995, 

№ 1, c.56. 

97 

ix.: Шадже А.Ю. Феномен кавказской идентичности. - Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, № 1 (29), с.41. 

98 kopaliani e., kviciani j. kavkasia XX saukuneSi (zogierTi social-kulturuli problema). Tb., 2001, gv.6.. 

45

erTiani kavkasiuri civilizaciis arsebobis faqtis gaazrebasa da aRiarebas), rasac 

Tavisi Sedegebi mohyva. 

kavkasiur kulturaze saubrobs o.damenia 99 , romelic miiCnevs, rom amis safuZvels 

iZleva kavkasiuri socialur-kulturuli arqetipis arseboba. swored misi meSveobiT 

ganasxvavebs igi `kavkasiur kulturas~ dasavluri da aRmosavluri kulturebisagan. am 

gansxvavebas igi friad Taviseburi da, cota ar iyos, ucnauri saxiT afiqsirebs, 

kerZod, Tvlis, rom dasavluri kulturis adamianis qvecnobierSi ar aris 

TviTkmaroba, srulyofilebis ZiebaSi igi mimarTavs gare samyaros. aRmosavleli 

adamiani srulyofilebas eZebs ara gare samyaroSi, aramed sakuTar TavSi, radgan 

arsebuli msoflwesrigi, misi azriT, ar eqvemdebareba cvlilebebs, igi erTxel da 

samudamod mocemulia. rac Seexeba kavkasiur kulturas, aq adamiani kmayofilia 

sakuTari TaviTa da samyaroTi, igi Tavs aRiqvams universalur arsebad, mas ara aqvs 

moTxovnileba, eZios yofierebis srulyofileba, romelic mas ukve miRweuli aqvs. am 

sxvaobebidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebulia droisa da sivrcis aRqma dasavlur, 

aRmosavlur da kavkasiur kulturebSi. damenias azriT, drois aRqmis TvalsazrisiT, 

kavkasiuri kultura aRmosavlurs emsgavseba (cikluri dro). 

Cndeba kiTxva: raRa ganasxvavebs misgan? rac Seexeba socialuri sivrcis aTvisebas, 

aq, damenias azriT, gansakuTrebiT mkafiod vlindeba kavkasiuri kulturis 

gansxvavebuloba: `misTvis ucxo iyo miswrafeba sasicocxlo sivrcis gafarToebisaken, 

sxvisi teritoriis mitacebisaken, misi mosaxleobis damonebisaken~, _ aRniSnavs igi. 

amis mizezi yofila is, rom eTnikuri sazRvrebi, ZiriTadad, emTxveoda ekologiur 

niSebs Soris arsebul sazRvrebs, xolo gansakuTrebul rols asrulebda èTnosis 

xazgasmulad sakraluri damokidebuleba Tavisi sacxovrebeli garemosadmi” 100 . magram 

ra vuyoT kavkasiis xalxTa Soris dapirispirebis, teritoriebisaTvis brZolis 

istoriul faqtebs? iqneb aseTi faqtebis moZebnaa Zneli (istoriulad an dRes)? 

vfiqrobT, kavkasiis xalxebi, am mxriv, namdvilad ar iyvnen unikalurni da es 

kriteriumi maSinve gamogvecleba xelidan, rogorc ki istoriul faqtebs mivmarTavT. 

raRa darCeba kavkasiuri arqetipidan? 

kavkasiuri identurobis problemaze saintereso, Tumca winaaRmdegobrivi 

msjelobidan moulodneli da dausabuTebeli daskvna gamoaqvs o.Sajes: `kavkasiis 

polieTnikuroba ar gamoricxavs aq erTiani socialur-kulturuli mTlianobis — 

kavkasiuri kulturis — arsebobas. kavkasiuri kultura rTuli istoriul-kulturuli 

fenomenia, romelic arc dasavleTisa da arc aRmosavleTis kulturaTa 

igiveobrivi ar aris” 101 . mkvlevari am gancxadebiT kmayofildeba da ar cdilobs pasuxis 

gacemas kiTxvebze, romlebic logikurad Cndeba, kerZod: 1) igi ramdenjerme xazgasmiT 

aRniSnavs eTnikuri identurobis rols kavkasiaSi; eTnikuri identifikacia ki, im 

kulturasTan identifikacias niSnavs, romlis Semqmneli da matarebeli romelime 

eTnosia. rogorc Cans, avtorisaTvis cxadia polieTnikuri kavkasiis polikulturulobis 

faqtic. rogor uTavsdeba amas erTiani kavkasiuri kulturis cneba? 2) kavkasiis 

yvela xalxis kultura Tanabar mimarTebaSia dasavlur da aRmosavlur 

kulturebTan? magaliTad, qarTuli da azerbaijanuli, an somxuri da vainaxuri? 3) da 

bolos, ramdenad Seswavlilia kavkasiis xalxTa kulturebis tipologiuri raoba? 

99 

rogorc Cans, o.damenia aq civilizacias gulisxmobs. cota zemoT igi iZleva kulturis da civilizaciis 

cnebaTa ganmartebas: “kultura da civilizacia gamoxataven adamianTa sazogadoebis evoluciis 

procesSi mimdinare gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs... sazogadoebis istoriuli evoluciis 

procesSi xdeba kulturis transformacia civilizaciad”. aq saqme gvaqvs istoriis evolucionistur, 

progresistul xedvasTan, magram zemoT naxseneb konteqstSi termini lokalur-civilizaciuri 

mniSvnelobiT aris gamoyenebuli, Tumca amis aRniSvnis gareSe. 

100 Дамениа О.Н. К проблеме идентификации кавказской культуры. – Вестник Адыгейского ун-та. Майкоп, 1998, № 1, с.54. 

101 

Шадже А.Ю. Феномен кавказской идентичности. - Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, № 1 (29), с.43. 

46

us mkvlevarTa nawili mizanSewonilad Tvlis CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasiis 

cal-calke kulturul-civilizaciur da regionul erTeulebad ganxilvas. magali- 

Tad, a.avqsentievi aRniSnavs, rom CrdiloeT kavkasia dRes regionogenezis etapzea da 

momavalSi es SeiZleba iqces wanamZRvrad cxovrebis saerTo formebis CamoyalibebisaTvis, 

romlebis SeiZleba aRiniSnos rogorc Crdilokavkasiuri civilizacia. rac 

Seexeba `raRac kavkasiur civilizacias~, masze msjeloba mecnierul kritikas ver uZlebs, 

Turme, imitom, rom kavkasia `mudmivi kroskulturuli urTierTqmedebis 

arealia” 102 . 

avqsentievTan erTad, s.tatunci im mcirericxovan mkvlevarTa ricxvs ekuTvnis, 

romlebic mkafiod mijnaven erTmaneTisagan CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasias 

kulturul-civilizaciuri TvalsazrisiT, da kvlevis procesSic mxolod CrdiloeT 

kavkasiiT ifarglebian. `m.m.kovalevskis drosac da dResac, _ wers igi, _ mkvlevarTa 

(istorikosTa, eTnografTa, sociologTa, lingvistTa, fsiqologTa, arqeologTa) 

didi nawilis azriT, Crdilokavkasiuri regioni warmoadgens erTi geografiuli 

regionis mcxovrebi eTnikuri jgufebis ara ubralo meqanikur jams, aramed xalxTa 

istoriul-sociokulturul erTobas” 103 . 

sruliad gaugebar da sakuTari msjelobisave sawinaaRmdego azrs gamoTqvams 

a.Saje. amjerad saqme eTnikurobas exeba. misi azriT, eTnikuri da saerTokavkasiuri 

identuroba ar gamoricxavs ìdenturobas ruseTis kulturasTan, iseve rogorc 

ruseTelobis SegZneba ar niSnavs eTnikuri grZnobis dakargvas. realurad Cven yvela 

ruseTelebi varT” 104 . 

sainteresoa, vin `Cven”? statiis saTauris mixedviT, Saje mTeli kavkasiis identurobis 

sakiTxs ganixilavs, Sesabamisad, mTeli kavkasia ruseTelebi varT? miT umetes, 

dRes? 

kavkasiaSi marTlac arsebobs TviTidentifikaciis ramdenime done: individualuri, 

eTnikuri, subeTnikuri, konfesiuri, da bolos, zeeTnikuri. kavkasielebad TviTidentifikacia 

am ukanasknels emTxveva. igi konkretul sasicocxlo sivrceze kavkasiis 

xalxTa xangrZlivi Tanacxovrebis pirobebSi Camoyalibda. magram ratom unda mivides 

kavkasiuri identurobis aRiareba mainca da mainc erTiani kulturis aRiarebamde? miT 

ufro, rom is mkvlevrebic ki, romlebic dabejiTebiT eZeben erTiani kavkasiuri 

kulturis arsebobis damadasturebel faqtebs, xazgasmiT aRniSnaven maT mier erTian 

kulturad monaTluli fenomenis erT Taviseburebas, kerZod, kavkasiis xalxebma 

(yovelma maTganma) SeinarCunes sakuTari eTnikuri identuroba; isini ar Serevian 

erTmaneTs da ar SeuqmniaT axali erTobebi 105 . ra aris eTnikuri identurobis 

safuZveli, Tu ara kultura? xolo Tu eTnikuri kulturebi arseboben, maSin raRaa 

erTiani kavkasiuri kultura? 

identurobis cneba, garkveulwilad, ukavSirdeba geokulturis cnebas _ 

kulturaSi arsebul sakuTar geografiul saxesa da mis gaazrebas. es termini 

ukanasknel xans damkvidrda da naTlad asaxavs civilizaciur da geopolitikur 

kvlevaTa urTierTgadajaWvis tendencias. iqneb, marTebuli iyos saubari ara 

kavkasiur kulturaze, aramed kavkasiur geokulturaze da geokulturul sivrceze? 

identurobis sxvadasxva donis kvlevaSi mdidari gamocdilebaa dagrovili 

102 Авксентьев В.А. Теоретические аспекты изучения этнических процессов на Северном Кавказе. – Этнические процессы 

накануне ХХI века. Материалы науч. конференции, Ставрополь, 199, c.11. 

103 Татунц С.А. Уроки М.М.Ковалевского и Российский Кавказ. – Вестник Московского ун-та. Сер. 18. Социология и 

политика. М., 2001. № 2, с.43. 

104 Шадже А.Ю. Феномен кавказской идентичности. - Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, № 1 (29), с.38. 

105 Дамениа О.Н. Кавказская культурная общность: миф или реальность. – Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, № 

1, с.55. 

47

dasavlur samecniero literaturaSi. magaliTad, araerTi sayuradRebo naSromi 

eZRvneba evropuli identurobis safuZvlebis kvlevas. radgan kavkasiuri identurobis 

problemis Seswavla mxolod pirvel nabijebs dgams. am gamocdilebis gamoyeneba saqmes 

mxolod waadgeba. araseriozuli Cans mtkiceba, TiTqos `sxva megakulturul 

generaciebTan misi SedarebiTi analizi 106 aCvenebs, rom kavkasia dakavSirebuli ar aris 

arc dasavlur, arc aRmosavlur kulturul warmonaqmnebTan, Tumca Tavis TavSi 

atarebs rogorc erTis, ise meoris da kidev sxva mravalis (?) niSnebs. sxvagvarad rom 

vTqvaT, kavkasiis socialur-kulturuli erTobis Tavisebureba ver aixsneba sxva metakulturul 

warmonaqmnTa meSveobiT~. Tavi rom davaneboT motanili daskvnis pirveli 

nawilis winaaRmdegobriobas (dakavSirebuli ar aris _ Tavis TavSi atarebs), misi 

meore nawili Zalian hgavs aradasavlel mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis warumatebel 

mcdelobas, daasabuTon adgilobrivi (indigenuri) mecnierebis Seqmnis aucilebloba, 

romelic efuZneba konkretuli kulturis faseulobebs, konceptebs, specifikur 

maxasiaTeblebs, radgan dasavluri konceptebi SeiZleba Seusabamo da gamousadegari 

iyos aradasavluri kulturebisaTvis 107 . 

Cven SeiZleba gvxiblavdes kavkasiis erTianobis idea. magram saWiroa, 

erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT nebismier sferoSi mWidro TanamSromlobis, politikur 

asparezze erTiani platformiT gamosvlis, an samomavlod amisaken svlis survili, da, 

meore mxriv, realoba, romelic survils naklebad an sruliad ar emTxveva. sxvagvarad 

rom vTqvaT, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia politikuri (erTi mxriv) da kulturulcivilizaciuri 

(meore mxriv) realiebi, orientaciebi, gamocdileba. 

ver gaviziarebT ra e.kopalianisa da j.kvicianis zemoT ganxilul Tvalsazriss 

erTiani kavkasiuri civilizaciis arsebobis Taobaze, savsebiT veTanxmebiT maT azrs 

imis Sesaxeb, rom `kavkasiuri mentalitetisaTvis ufro misaRebia Zveli induri 

sibrZnis Tezisi _ èrToba mravalferovnebaSia” 108 . 

interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos imis aRniSvna, rom zemoT moxseniebul `mravalferovan 

erTobaze~ xSirad saubroben evropasTan mimarTebaSi, aRniSnaven ra evropeli 

xalxebis saerTo memkvidreobis arsebobas. magram mkvlevarTa nawili marTebulad 

miiCnevs evropis daxasiaTebas ara rogorc `mravalferovani erTobis~, aramed rogorc 

`kulturaTa ojaxisa~, romlis Camoyalibebas xangrZlivi dro dasWirda da romelic 

Zalian hgavs `nakuwebisagan Sekeril sabans~. 

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, Cveni azriT, kavkasiuri identurobis arseboba 

ar niSnavs erTiani kavkasiuri kulturis arsebobas, iseve rogorc, vTqvaT, evropuli 

identurobisa _ erTiani evropuli kulturis arsebobas. kavkasiuri civilizaciis 

Taobaze saubrisas ki naTlad unda gamoikveTos kvlevisa da misi Sedegebis analizis 

Teoriuli, meTodologiuri safuZveli, radgan evolucionisturi (formaciuli) da 

lokalur-istoriuli midgomebis erTmaneTSi areva uTuod iwvevs bundovanebasa da 

Secdomebs. da bolos, kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRvniSnavdiT cnebebisa da terminebis 

Sinaarsis mkafiod gansazRvris aucileblobas. 

106 

avtori arafers ambobs imaze, Tu romelia es “sxva” megakulturuli generaciebi, vin da rodis Caatara 

SedarebiTi analizi, romeli meTodikis gamoyenebiT, ra dardeboda erTmaneTs, sad gamoqveynda 

Sedegebi. 

107 

calkeuli kulturebisaTvis calke mecnierebis Seqmna arc saWiroa da arc safuZvliani. amgvari 

mcdelobani, Cveni azriT, ufro reaqciaa dasavluri mecnierebis universalobis pretenziaze. ise ki, 

cxadia, didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom konkretuli kulturis tipologiuri raobisa da 

civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis gansazRvrisas Tavidan aviciloT “orientalisturi” an “dasavluri” 

ideologiuri sqemebis tyveobaSi moqcevis safrTxe. 

108 

kopaliani e., kviciani j. dasax. naSr., gv.4. 

48

erTiani kavkasiis idea istoriul WrilSi: kavkasiis gaerTianebis 

mcdeloba XI-XII saukuneebSi, misi ideologiuri momzadeba da 

praqtikuli ganxorcielebis gzaze gadadgmuli nabijebi. ideis 

perioduli gamococxleba momdevno saukuneebSi (XIV-XV ss., XVIII s.). 

kavkasiisa da misi calkeuli nawilebis civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxze 

Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi sxvadasxva mosazrebas vxvdebiT. erTi 

Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, garkveul kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba visaubroT 

kavkasiaze, rogorc Tavisebur civilizaciaze, subcivilizaciaze an kulturul 

erTobaze ufro gabedulni — ZiriTadad, politikosebi an politikur wreebTan 

dakavSirebulni — politikuri erTobis SesaZleblobebzec saubroben, romelsac 

safuZvlad kulturuli da civilizaciuri erToba edo an SeiZleba daedos. magram 

kavkasiis xalxTa istoria ufro kavkasiuri erTobis gegmaTa ganxorcielebis 

warumatebel mcdelobebs warmogvidgens, vidre warmatebuls. 

am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa saqarTvelos istoriis erTi monakveTis ganxilva, 

romelic swored gamonaklisia am warumatebel mcdelobaTa Soris. saubaria XI-XII 

saukuneebis politikur-kulturul viTarebaze; im dros, TiTqos, isaxeba is erToba, 

romelic SeiZleba erTiani kulturuli sivrcis saxeliT aRiniSnos. ufro metic, _ 

xdeba am erTobis politikuri realizaciac. marTalia, es xanmokle periodia, magram 

igi did gavlenas axdens kavkasiis xalxTa Semdgom istoriaze. 

rogorc cnobilia, XI-XII saukuneebi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani periodia saqar- 

Tvelos istoriaSi. àm dros ara marto `saqarTvelo~ _ axali qveyana _ warmoiqmna, 

aramed Caisaxa kidev ufro didi samyaro _ kavkasia. mas jer istoriul-geografiuli 

saxelic ki ar hqonda, magram yvelafridan Canda, rom misi saxeli `saqarTvelove~ 

iqneboda... am qveyanaSi ara marto kavkasiis samxreTi da aRmosavleTi (somxiTi, Sirvani), 

aramed mTis iqiTi kavkasionic (daRestan-CeCneTi, oseTi, CerqezeTi) aqtiurad monawileobdnen. 

iqmneboda didi `msoflio~, romlis maorganizebeli centri saqarTvelo 

iyo” 109 . 

aRniSnul periodSi Camoyalibda cneba `saqarTvelo~, rogorc kulturulpolitikuri 

da socialur-ekonomikuri erTobis aRmniSvneli termini. `saqarTvelo 

ewodeboda im teritorias, sadac politikur da kulturul mflobelobasTan erTad, 

qarTveli xalxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobani 

vrceldeboda” 110 , `qarTvelad~ ki moiazreboda yvela is, `vinc, miuxedavad misi 

eTnikuri warmomavlobisa, aRiarebda qarTul (diofizitur) qristianobas, naziarebi 

iyo qarTul feodalur urTierTobebs da moRvaweobda qarTul politikur da 

kulturul sarbielze” 111 . am sarbielis farglebSi TandaTan mTeli kavkasia eqceoda. 

àxali qveynis~ gaerTianeba qarTuli enis safuZvelze mimdinareobda, romelic im 

periodSi kavkasiis masStabiT universaluri saRvTismsaxuro enis funqcias asrulebda. 

Tu paralels gavavlebT sxva kulturul erTobaTa (civilizaciaTa, subcivilizaciaTa) 

Camoyalibebis procesTan, unda gavixsenoT, rom, magaliTad, dasavleTis, 

rogorc erTiani kulturuli sivrcisa da calke civilizaciis Camoyalibebas xeli 

Seuwyo laTinuris _ universaluri saeklesio enis _ primatma dasavleT qristianuli 

qveynebisaTvis. swored aseve, SeiZleba arabuli enis analogiur rolze saubari muslimuri 

aRmosavleTisaTvis. rogorc Cans, qarTuli ena igive rolis Sesrulebas iwyebda 

kavkasiaSi. agiografiuli literaturis, matianeebis, epigrafikuli da xuroTmoZ- 

Rvruli Zeglebis Seswavla cxadyofs, rom XI-XII saukuneebSi qarTuli ena da kultura 

109 berZeniSvili n. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. w. VIII, Tb., 1975, gv.643. 

110 

iqve, gv.397. 

111 

iqve, gv.299. 

49

gavrcelebuli iyo kavkasiis (qalkedoniti somxebi, albanuri monofizituri mosaxleoba, 

CrdiloeT kavkasia) mosaxleobis ara mxolod warCinebulTa wreSi, aramed farTo 

fenebSic. 

is, rom kavkasia, Tanamedrove politikuri terminologiiT, erTiani geopolitikuri 

sivrce iyo, kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli maSindel politikur da 

kulturul moRvaweebs 112 . amis dasturia XI s. 70-ian wlebSi Seqmnili koncefcia, 

romelic leonti mrovels ekuTvnis 113 . mas unda daesabuTebina kavkasiuri samyaros 

erToba da saqarTvelos mmarTvelTa kursis safuZvlianoba, romelic kavkasiis 

gaerTianebisken iyo mimarTuli. amave dros, leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi mkafiod 

vlindeba swored gaerTianebis procesSi warmoSobili Teoriuli interesi xalxTa 

klasifikaciisa da maTi geografiuli gansaxlebis sakiTxebisadmi 114 . daaxloebiT amave 

periodSi yalibdeba qarTuli mesianisturi idea, romelic emyareboda rwmenas, rom 

qarTul enas gansakuTrebuli misia ekisreba; qristes kvarTi saqarTveloSia; 

saqarTvelo RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveyanaa; bagrationebi RvTiuri warmomavlobisani 

aran. es idea imave mizans emsaxureboda, rasac leonti mrovelis koncefcia da 

did rols asrulebda XI-XII ss. saqarTvelos kulturul da politikur cxovrebaSi. 

mesianizmi ganekuTvneba politikuri azrovnebisa da qcevis mdgrad stereotipTa 

ricxvs, romlebic garkveul viTarebaSi yalibdeba da droSi praqtikulad ucvlelia. 

Tumca qarTuli mesianisturi idea `dRegrZelobiT~ sworedac rom ar gamoirCeva. 

enasTan erTad da enis meSveobiT, erTiani kavkasiis CamoyalibebaSi udides rols 

asrulebda sarwmunoeba. saqarTvelos — Camoyalibebadi erTobis centris — meSveobiT 

qristianoba vrceldeboda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, sadac arsebobda saepiskoposo 

kaTedrebi, mkvidrdeboda saqarTvelos politikuri da kulturuli zegavlena. 

`qarTvel mefeebs mSvenivrad esmodaT ideologiis mniSvneloba, amiT aixsneba maTi 

mcdeloba, daviT aRmaSeneblidan moyolebuli, qalkedonur mrwamsze moeqciaT 

monofiziti somxebi” 115 . 

ra saxisa iqneboda `didi samyaro _ kavkasia~, romelic saqarTvelos, rogorc 

birTvis, garSemo yalibdeboda, miiRebda Tu ara igi calke civilizaciis an 

subcivilizaciis saxes, Zneli saTqmelia, magram faqtia, rom erTiani geopolitikuri 

sivrcis Seqmnis mcdelobas Tan axlda misi ideologiuri da kulturuli safuZvlebis 

uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli RonisZiebani, romlebic met-naklebi warmatebiT 

xorcieldeboda. 

samxreT da CrdiloeT kavkasiis mravalerovani, mravalkulturuli da 

multireligiuri saxelmwifos saqarTvelos irgvliv gaerTianeba metad mniSvnelovani 

faqtori iyo kavkasiis erTiani geopolitikuri sivrcisa da kulturis homogenizaciis 

Tu ara, erTgvari gamTlianebis TvalsazrisiT, da amave dros, yoveli Semadgeneli 

nawilis specifikurobis ganviTarebisaTvis 116 . 

magram kavkasiuri erTobis istoria xanmokle aRmoCnda. rogorc l.tuxaSvili 

aRniSnavda, saqarTvelom ver SesZlo ganexorcielebina eqspansiis ori yvelaze 

efeqturi forma: ekonomikuri eqspansia _ ganviTarebuli savaWro kapitalis mier 

gavlenis qveS myofi provinciebis ekonomikuri aTviseba (am donisaTvis saqarTvelos 

112 musxeliSvili d. kavkasiuri politika Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi (XIII saukunemde). — qarTuli 

diplomatia (weliwdeuli), V, Tb., 1998, gv.13. 

113 leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa. — qarTlis cxovreba, I.. Tb., 1955. 

114 kekeliZe k. xalxTa klasifikaciisa da geografiuli ganrigebis sakiTxebi Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi. _ 

kekeliZe k. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, I. Tb., 1956, gv.169-182. 

115 Лордкипанидзе М. К вопросу «Кавказского единого дома». - Caucasica (The Journal of Caucasian Studies). Volume 2. 

Tbilisi, 1998, с.168. 

116 kaSia j. mijaWvuli saqarTvelo – Jurn.: iveria (qarTul-evropuli institutis Jurnali), # 3, Tbilisibriuseli, 

1993, gv.7-8. 

50

jer ar mieRwia) da kulturuli eqspansia, romelic, rogorc zemoTac iTqva, Tumca ki 

daiwyo, magram misi gagrZelebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli dro saqarTvelos 

ar eyo 117 . 

XIII saukunidan viTareba kavkasiaSi Zireulad Seicvala. monRolTa Semosevebis 

Semdeg saqarTvelos saxelmwifo dasustda, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi TandaTan fexi 

moikida islamma. kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT Camoyalibda 

erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli politikuri da kulturuli sistemebi. da 

Tumca kavkasielTa Soris bevri ram darCa saerTo, pirvel rigSi, swored kulturis 

sferoSi (yofiTi kultura, stumar-maspinZloba, TaobaTa Soris urTierToba, 

Zmadnaficoba da sxv.), gansxvaveba sul ufro sagrZnobi xdeboda. 

XI saukuneSi Camoyalibebuli ideologiur-politikuri koncefcia momdevno saukuneebSic 

`gamococxldeboda~ xolme. magaliTad, erekle II dros gaCnda idea samxreT 

kavkasiis gaerTianebisa erekles xelisuflebis qveS 118 . centrad am SemTxvevaSic 

saqarTvelo ivaraudeboda, Tumca viTareba absoluturad gansxvavebuli iyo da am 

erTobis ideas sagareo politikuri orientaciis sakiTxis simwvave gansazRvravda. 

amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komiteti (ozakomi), komisariati, amierkavkasiis 

seimi. samxreT kavkasiis gaerTianebis mcdeloba sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi. 

kavkasiis xalxTa erTgvari gaerTianeba moxda ruseTis imperiis farglebSi. kavkasiis 

samefisnacvlos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida rogorc samxreT, aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiis 

administraciuli erTeulebi, administraciul centrsa da mefisnacvlis samyofels ki 

Tbilisi warmoadgenda. iranisa da TurqeTis gavlenis sferoebad ramdenimesaukunovani 

dayofis Semdeg, erTian politikur sivrceSi amgvarma gaerTianebam 

xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmna kavkasiis xalxebs Soris tradiciuli kontaqtebis (maT 

Soris, kulturuli) gacxovelebisaTvis, Tumca am gzaze seriozul problemebs qmnida 

`divide et impera”-s imperiuli principi. 

1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam samxreT 

kavkasiis gamgeblobisaTvis Seqmna àmierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komiteti~. 

xelisuflebis saTaveSi bolSevikebis mosvlis Semdeg (1917 wlis oqtomberi) Seiqmna 

amierkavkasiis komisariati. 1918 wlis TebervalSi Camoyalibda amierkavkasiis seimi, 

romlis daSla mis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris (saqarTvelo, azerbaijani, somxeTi) 

arsebulma winaaRmdegobebma da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis SesaZleblobis 

Seqmnam ganapiroba, rasac mohyva kidec saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis 

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa gamocxadeba 1918 wlis maisSi. samxreT kavkasiis erTian 

politikur organizmad Camoyalibebas safuZveli ar hqonda. 

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg, ruseTma kidev erTxel scada erTiani 

administraciuli erTeulebis Seqmna CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasiaSi: 1924-1936 

wlebSi arsebobda amierkavkasiis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublika, 

1922-1924 wlebSi _ mTielTa avtonomiuri respublika rsfsr-s SemadgenlobaSi. arc am 

mcdelobas mohyolia warmateba. 

rogorc davinaxeT, ama Tu im saxis kavkasiuri erTobis Seqmnis cdebs safuZvlad 

politikuri realiebi edo. ara mxolod politikuri qmedebani, aramed aseT erTobaTa 

SesaZlo an realuri arsebobis TviT ideebic ki ufro politikuri koniunqturidan 

gamomdinare Cans, vidre wminda mecnieruli analizidan 119 . 

117 tuxaSvili l. narkvevebi qarTuli diplomatiis istoriidan. wigni I. Tb., 1994, gv.78-79. 

118 tuxaSvili l. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos urTierToba kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis xalxebTan me- 

18 saukunis meore naxevarSi. — kreb.: saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1972; 

Мачарадзе В. Грузинские документы по истории грузино-курдско-ассирийско-русских взаимоотношений 60-70-х гг. 

XVIII века. Тбилиси, 1989. 

119 kopaliani e., kviciani j. kavkasia XX saukuneSi (zogierTi socialur-kulturuli problema). Tb., 2001, gv.6. 

51

èrTiani kavkasiuri saxlis~ idea da misi realizaciis 

mcdelobani XX s. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. 

`mSvidobiani kavkasiis~ idea rogorc s.hanTingtonis 

versiis alternativa. misi politikuri Seferiloba 

civilizaciaTa konfliqtis prognozis mixedviT, xalxebi, romlebic civilizaciaTa 

gamyof mijnebze cxovroben, ganwirulni arian civilizaciaTa Soris 

aRmocenebuli sisxlismRvreli brZolis velad qcevisaTvis. es arcTu saxarbielo 

perspeqtiva biZgs aZlevs identurobis problemaTa kvlevas. Tu imasac gavixsenebT, 

rom kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa gzajvaredinze mcxovreb xalxTa istoriuli 

warsuli, rogorc wesi, TviTgadarCenisaTvis brZolis formaTa Ziebisa da maTi metnaklebad 

warmatebuli realizaciis saxiT warmogvidgeba, naTeli gaxdeba am xalxTa 

gansakuTrebuli interesi aRniSnuli problematikisadmi. 

dRes msoflioSi mimdinareobs, erTi mxriv, internacionalizaciis, universalizaciisa 

da globalizaciis, meore mxriv ki, fragmentaciis, lokalizaciis, renacionalizaciis 

procesi. pirveli procesis farglebSi kulturuli da civilizaciuri 

sxvaobani iSleba, erTdroulad ki mimdinareobs msoflios mravali xalxisa da 

qveynisaTvis saerTo ekonomikuri da politikuri institutebis formireba. meore 

procesis arsi gulisxmobs qveynebs, regionebs, civilizaciebs SigniT nacionaluri, 

eTnikuri midrekilebebis aRorZinebas. rogorc bolo 10-15 wlis gamocdileba 

gvaCvenebs, kavkasiaSi am procesma ukiduresi formebi miiRo. 

kavkasia is regionia, romlisTvisac mravali saukunis manZilze damaxasiaTebeli 

iyo integraciuli da dezintegraciuli, centriskenuli da centridanuli tendenciebis 

organuli Serwyma. es Zalebi dinamikur wonasworobaSi iyo. 

postsabWoTa periodis Tavisebureba isaa, rom mTel kavkasiur sivrceSi 

upiratesoba centridanuli, dezintegraciuli procesebis mxares aRmoCnda. 

istoriulad, ama Tu im saxis kavkasiuri erTobis Seqmnis cdebs safuZvlad 

politikuri realiebi edo. ara mxolod politikuri qmedebani, aramed aseT erTobaTa 

SesaZlo an realuri arsebobis TviT ideebic ki ufro politikuri koniunqturidan 

gamomdinare Cans, vidre wminda mecnieruli analizidan. 

erTiani kavkasiis ideas, ZiriTadad, politikuri momentebi rom ganapirobebda, es 

XX saukunis miwurulis movlenebiTac dadasturda. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi èrTiani 

kavkasiuri saxlis~ koncefcia sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT Seqmnilma axalma viTarebam da 

ruseTTan konfrontaciis paTosma ganapiroba. Tavad es `saxli~ ideis avtorebs 

sxvadasxvagvarad warmoedginaT: saubari iyo xan `kavkasiur parlamentze~, xan 

evrogaerTianebis tipis erTobaze. magram mxedvelobis miRma rCeboda is garemoeba, 

rom aseTi tipis gaerTianeba emyareba saerTo msoflmxedvelobas (dafuZnebuls 

religiaze), saerTo faseulobebs, saerTo ekonomikur sistemas, saerTo informaciul 

sivrcesa da sxva faqtorebs, romlebic kavkasiis SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobda. amitomac 

èrTiani kavkasiuri saxlis~ Seqmnis saqme deklaraciebis iqiT ar wasula. 

erTaderTi, ris xorcSesxmis mcdelobis mowmenic gavxdiT, 90-iani wlebis 

dasawyisSi Seqmnili kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederacia gaxldaT, romelic maleve 

gadakeTda kavkasiis xalxTa konfederaciad. `perestroikis~ Semdgom periodSi samxreT 

kavkasiis respublikebis saxiT imierkavkasiis mTielebs magaliTi miecaT damoukideblobisaTvis 

brZolaSi, Tumca imave xanebSi am moZraobas alternativa gamouCnda. 

1989 wlis 25-26 agvistos soxumSi Sedga kavkasiis mTieli xalxebis I yriloba, 

romlis mizani iyo federaluri respublikis Seqmna. yrilobam daafuZna `kavkasiis 

mTiel xalxTa asamblea~ romelsac saTaveSi Caudga yabardoeli musa (iuri) Sanibovi — 

yofili komkavSiruli da partiuli funqcioneri, imJamad yabardo-balyareTis 

52

universitetis leqtori. yrilobas `paraleluri parlamentis~ funqcia mieniWa. 

1991 wlis 1-2 noembers soxumSi gamarTul III yrilobaze asamblea `kavkasiis mTiel 

xalxTa konfederaciad~ iqca, romelic Tavs 1918 wlis 11 maiss gamocxadebuli mTiel 

xalxTa respublikis samarTalmemkvidred acxadebda. es organizacia miznad isaxavda 

kavkasiis xalxebs Soris socialur-kulturuli da politikuri TanamSromlobis 

gaumjobesebas, eTnikuri Tu sxva saxis uTanxmoebebisa da konfliqturi situaciebis 

Tavidan acilebas an mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebas da gareSe mtris Setevisagan saerTo, 

koordinirebuli Tavdacvis sistemis SemuSavebas. es yvelaferi, maTi azriT, 

SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda mas Semdeg, rac ruseTis imperiis daSlis fonze rogorc 

CrdiloeTi, aseve samxreT kavkasiis TiToeuli respublika Tu avtonomia damoukidebeli 

politikuri erTeulis statuss miaRwevda. es ukanaskneli Tezisi, SeiZleba 

iTqvas, sakmaod uxeSad iyo SemuSavebuli da ar iTvaliswinebda arc regionis 

istoriul warsuls, arc im dros regionSi arsebul sxvadasxva garemoebas. isini 

ugulebelyofdnen Turquli warmoSobis xalxebis interesebs regionSi, ris gamoc maT 

mier soxumSi, nalCikSi, vladikavkazSi, groznosa Tu mahaCyalaSi gamarTuli 

konferenciebis miRma darCnen balyarelebi, yaraCaelebi, yumuxebi, noRaelebi, 

lezgebi da dargoelebi. 

axali konfederaciis struqtura Semdegnairad Camoyalibda: mas saTaveSi edga 

prezidenti da saprezidenti sabWo, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiis yvela xalxis 

warmomadgenlisagan Sedgeboda. parlamentSi TiToeuli xalxi sam-sami wevriT 

iqneboda warmodgenili. prezidentad musa Sanibovi airCies, romelmac ganacxada, rom 

konfederacia Crdilo kavkasiis respublikebis xalxebisagan Sedgeboda, da ara 

mTavrobebisagan. 

konfederacia 16 xalxisa da erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenlebs aerTianebda. 

yaraCaelebi, noRaelebi, yumuxebi da kazakebi masSi meTvalyuris statusiT 

monawileobdnen. 

konfederaciis wevrTa TvalTaxedva erTmaneTisagan friad gansxvavdeboda. 

magaliTad, CeCnebi am organizacias damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis instrumentad 

ganixilavdnen, xelmZRvanelobas ki igi regionuli TanamSromlobis forumad 

esaxeboda. amis gamo konfederaciis wevrebi kavkasiaSi mimdinare movlenebs, maT Soris, 

konfliqtebs sxvadasxvagvarad exmaurebodnen 120 . 

1992 wlis 3 oqtombers groznoSi gamarTul sagangebo sxdomaze organizaciis 

saxeli Seicvala da mas kavkasiis xalxTa konfederacia ewoda, rac miznad isaxavda mis 

SemadgenlobaSi kazakebisa da sxva xalxebis aqtiur CarTvas. magram konfederaciis 

mTavar sakiTxad kvlav misi erTianobis sakiTxi rCeboda. 

metic, male cxadi Seiqmna am organizaciis ususuroba. imis gamo, rom kavkasiel 

xalxTa konfederaciis moqmedeba (afxazuri separatizmis mxardaWera, rac 

faqtobrivad saqarTvelosadmi ruseTis agresiis mxardaWeras niSnavda, CeCnuri 

gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobisadmi dapirispireba da a.S.) ZirSive ewinaaRmdegeboda 

Tavis principebs. mas male saxeli gautyda, Tumca konfederaciis mier deklarirebuli 

moTxovnebi erTxans popularobiT sargeblobda kavkasiis xalxebSi. Tavad 

konfederaciis liderebi saerTaSoriso avtoritetis mopovebazec zrunavdnen. 1994 

wlis dasawyisSi Sanibovi TurqeTs ewvia, sadac sagareo saqmeTa saministrosa 

generaluri Stabis oficialur pirebsac Sexvda. vrceldeboda informacia, TiTqos 

konfederaciis xelmZRvanelebTan Sexvedras aSS kongresis wevrebic moiTxovdnen 121 . 

120 

CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxTa erToba: miTi da sinamdvile. _ saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros 

sagareo politikis kvlevisa da analizis centris biuleteni, 7 (16), Tb., 1999, gv.20-21. 

121 

iqve, gv.23. 

53

istoria mowmobs, rom integraciuli miswrafebebi kavkasiaSi, Tavisi arsiT, 

yovelTvis antirusul xasiaTs atarebda. amitom moskovi msgavsi miswrafebebis 

aRkveTiT iyo dainteresebuli. magram, misi mxridan, am procesebis ignorireba 

CeCneTis liderebisaTvis iniciativis daTmobis tolfasi iqneboda. 1992 wlis Semdeg 

moskovma konfederacia saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg gamoiyena da daxmarebac ki gauwia mas 

Tavdacvis sistemos SeqmnaSi. magram am sistemos mudmiv Zalad Camoyalibeba ar 

moxerxda da male ideac daviwyebas mieca. 

niSandoblivia, rom im periodis ruseTis centraluri sainformacio saSualebani 

saqmes ise warmoaCendnen, TiTqos saubari iyo realurad arsebul warmonaqmnze Tavisi 

parlamentiT, prezidentiTa da SeiaraRebuli ZalebiTa da saxelmwifoebriobis sxva 

atributebiT. yuradReba ar eqceoda imas, rom es iyo ara regionis xalxis mkafiod 

deklarirebuli neba, aramed CrdiloeT kavkasiis inteligenciis calkeuli jgufebis 

mcdeloba, Camoeyalibebina da ganexorcielebina saxelmwifo mowyobis raRac proeqti, 

romelic mowyvetili iyo realobas. maT ar gaaCndaT araviTari legitimuroba, raime 

oficialuri mandati, miRebuli arCevnebis gziT. niSandoblivia, rom konfederaciaze 

ufro mets werda centraluri presa, vidre CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebisa. 

Sesabamisi periodis daRestnis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis gazeTebSi TiTqmis ar 

gvxvdeba masalebi, romlebic konfederaciis Temas exeba. adamianTa umravlesobas an 

saerTod araferi smenoda konfederaciaze, an friad bundovani warmodgena hqonda 

masze. xolo im 5-10%-is damokidebuleba, romelmac icoda konfederaciis miznebi da 

amocanebi, meryeobda aSkara negatiuridan aRfrTovanebamde 122 . 

konfederaciasTan dakavSirebuli informacia wina planze gamodioda maSinve, 

rogorc ki regionSi krizisuli situacia iqmneboda. konfederaciis Sansebi izrdeboda 

qveyanaSi arastabilurobis zrdasTan erTad da piriqiT. amaze metyvelebs 

konfederaciis popularobis zrda ruseTis prezidentis mier CeCneTSi sagangebo 

mdgomareobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb brZanebis gamocemasTan dakavSirebiT, agreTve, 

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis dros. 

dReisaTvis cnobili ar aris CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebis warmomadgenlobiTi 

an aRmasrulebeli organoebis raime SeTanxmeba, an gadawyvetileba konfederaciis 

Seqmnis Taobaze, an raime referendumis an sxva aqciis Sesaxeb, rac SeiZleboda 

gamxdariyo konfederaciis legitimuri safuZveli. amas TviTon konfederaciis 

organizatorebic aRniSnavdnen. isini xazs usvamdnen, rom miznad isaxavdnen mTis 

xalxTa konsolidacias, xolo damoukidebeli Crdilokavkasiuri saxelmwifos Seqmna, 

romelic Sedgeboda erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebisagan da damoukidebeli 

iqneboda ruseTisagan, ganixileboda rogorc perspeqtiuli, daaxloebiT 10-15, an 20-30 

welze gaTvlili mizani 123 . 

konfederaciis umTavresi mizani — davebis mSvidobiani gadawyvetis forumad 

Camoyalibeba — ganuxorcielebeli gaxda. mis rigebSi yvela kavkasieli xalxis 

gaerTianeba ver moxerxda. gaCnda uTanxmoeba adiReuri warmoSobis xalxebsa da 

konfederaciis danarCen wevrebs Soris, romlebic organizaciasi pirvelTa wamyvan 

rols eWvis TvaliT uyurebdenen. yaraCaelebma da balyarelebma, yumuxebTan da 

noRaelebTan erTad, Turqulenovani xalxebis asamblea Seqmnes, romelsac mxars 

uWerdnen CeCneTi da azerbaijani. 

am organizaciis moRvaweobis Sedegi ki is gaxldaT, rom yovelgvar safuZvels 

moklebulma am ususurma warmonaqmnma mainc moaxerxa kavkasiur konfliqtebSi 

uaryofiTi rolis Sesruleba. Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi man `saerTo-adiReuri~ 

122 

Гаджиев К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. М., 2001, с.81. 

123 

iqve, gv.85. 

54

Sovinisturi ideebiT aRtkinebuli axalgazrdebi Sekriba afxazeTSi sabrZolvelad, 

riTac konfliqtis gamRviveblis roli iTamaSa. 

rogorc vxedavT, saerTokavkasiuri saxlis ideam, rigi mizezebis gamo, raime 

mniSvnelovani datvirTva ver SeiZina, Tumca arc imis uaryofa SeiZleba, rom am ideas 

aqvs konfesiaTa da eTnokulturTa urTierTadaptaciis garkveuli potenciali. 

aman politikosebs ubiZga saerTo kavkasiuri erTobis ararealizebuli ideis 

sasargeblo argumentebis Ziebisaken. 

s.hanTingtonis koncefciis pasuxisa da erTgvari alternativis saxiT mogvevlina 

`mSvidobiani kavkasiis~ idea. `kavkasiuri saxlisagan~ gansxvavebiT, igi gulisxmobs ara 

raime saxis gaerTianebas, aramed saerTo interesebis gamokveTasa da mSvidobiani 

Tanaarsebobis pirobebis Seqmnas molaparakebaTa da SeTanxmebaTa gziT. 

politikosTa iniciativa daedo safuZvlad saerTaSoriso konferenciebs, 

romlebic 1997-1998 wlebSi Catarda da kavkasiis geopolitikisa Tu erTiani 

kulturuli sivrcis problemebs mieZRvna. rogorc adre, axlac didi yuradReba 

eTmoboda kavkasiis xalxTa erTobis istoriul-kulturuli safuZvlebis Ziebas. 

movitanT erT damaxasiaTebel fragments Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi 

Catarebul konferenciaze saqarTvelos parlamentis maSindeli Tavmjdomaris, b-ni 

z.Jvanias gamosvlidan: `kavkasiuri erToba mxolod politikuri koncefcia ar aris. 

faqtobrivad, kavkasia — esaa mravalferovani da imavdroulad homogenuri 

warmonaqmni, fenomeni, romelic yalibdeboda saukuneTa da aTaswleulTa manZilze, 

romelsac gaaCnia mkafiod gansazRvruli auTenturi socialuri da kulturuli 

institutebi... es saSualebas gvaZlevs visaubroT erTiani kavkasiuri civilizaciis 

fenomenze, romlis Semqmnelebi — kavkasiis xalxebi — religiuri da eTnikuri 

gansxvavebis miuxedavad, gaerTianebuli arian saerTo faseulobebiTa da erTnairi 

mentalobiT” 124 . 

saqarTvelos kulturis imJamindeli ministri imave konferenciaze aRniSnavda: 

`Cven, kavkasiis xalxebi, erTi mTlianoba varT — istoriulad da geopolitikurad, Cven, 

arsebiTad, monaTesave xalxebi varT fsiqofizikuri wyobiT, `kavkasiuri xasiaTiT~, 

garegnobiT, temperamentiT, zneobrivi idealebiT” 125 . 

politikosTa Tvalsazrisi da misi safuZveli savsebiT gasagebia. magram 

dasaxelebul konferenciaze mecnier-mkvlevrebi xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen kavkasionis 

qedis CrdiloeTiTa da samxreTiT xalxTa da saxelmwifoTa kardinalurad 

gansxvavebuli sistemebis arsebobas da am faqtis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobas 

erTiani kavkasiuri sivrcis (Tu civilizaciis) sakiTxze msjelobisas 126 . gansxvaveba 

TvalsaCinoa kavkasionis qedis erT mxares mcxovreb xalxTa Sorisac. 

SeiZleba, kavkasiis erTianobis idea friad momxiblavi iyos. magram saWiroa, 

erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT nebismier sferoSi mWidro TanamSromlobis, politikur 

asparezze erTiani platformiT gamosvlis, an samomavlod amisaken svlis survili, da, 

meore mxriv, realoba, romelic survils naklebad an sruliad ar emTxveva. sxvagvarad 

rom vTqvaT, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia politikuri (erTi mxriv) da kulturulcivilizaciuri 

(meore mxriv) realiebi, orientaciebi, gamocdileba. 

kavkasiis an misi romelime regionis erTianobis miRwevis idea, yovel SemTxvevaSi, 

bolo ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi, arsebobs (da, albaT, SeiZleba arsebobdes) 

124 Zhvania Z. Georgia and the New Geopolitical Function of the Caucasus. - Caucasica (The Journal of Caucasian Studies). Volume 

2. Tbilisi, 1998, p.7. 

125 Асатиани В. Мирный Кавказ: Роль культуры в будущем Кавказа. – Caucasica (The Journal of Caucasian Studies). Volume 2. 

Tbilisi, 1998, p.37. 

126 Лордкипанидзе М. К вопросу «Кавказского единого дома». – Caucasica (The Journal of Caucasian Studies). Volume 2. 

Tbilisi, 1998, p.163. 

55

mxolod rogorc ideali, romliskenac iswrafvian iq mcxovrebi xalxebi. magram 

istoriuli panoramis zedapiruli Tvalis gadavlebac ki sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom 

davrwmundeT interesTa raRac harmoniis da kavkasiel xalxTa erTobis Sesaxeb saubris 

usafuZvlobaSi . 

SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom samecniero literaturaSic, ZiriTadad, saubaria 

CrdiloeT (da ara mTlianad) kavkasiis xalxTa kulturul erTobaze. magaliTad, 

v.tatunci aRniSnavs, rom, m.kovalevskis droidan moyolebuli — dRemde, CrdiloeT 

kavkasia, istorikosTa, eTnografTa, sociologTa, lingvistTa, fsiqologTa, 

arqeologTa azriT, warmoadgens ara erT geografiul regionSi mcxovreb eTnikur 

jgufTa meqanikur jams, aramed xalxTa istoriul-kulturul erTobas 127 . 

amave dros, mecnierTa nawili iziarebs erTiani kavkasiuri civilizaciis arsebobis 

azrs. magaliTad, e.kopaliani da j.kviciani Tvlian, rom `kavkasiuri civilizaciis 

arseboba aravis eWvs ar unda iwvevdes” 128 , ris umTavresi dadasturebaa kavkasiis 

xalxTa tradiciul kulturaSi saerTokavkasiuri elementebis arseboba (stumarTmoyvareoba, 

ufrosis pativiscema, ojaxSi uflebebis gamijvna, mamakacis cxovrebis 

mxedruli wesi da sxv) 129 . maTi azriT, erTiani kavkasiuri civilizaciis arsebobis 

faqtis gaazrebasa da aRiarebas xels uSlis is garemoeba, rom kavkasia tradiciulad 

warmoadgenda didi mezobeli qveynebis interesebisa da brZolis asparezs; am brZolis 

procesSi, kavkasiis `xelSi CagdebisaTvis xdeboda xSirad kavkasieli xalxebisa da misi 

mTlianobis danawevreba” 130 . 

rogor warmoudgeniaT kavkasiis `danawevreba~ Tu `gamTlianeba~ Tanamedrove rus 

politologebs, naTlad warmogvidgeba erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili Tanamedrove rusi 

geopolitikosis a.duginis naazrevidan. misi azriT, kavkasia da, kerZod, saqarTvelo 

eqvemdebareba mis mier SemoTavazebul amosaval geopolitikur principebs: `regionis 

ara politikuri, aramed eTnokulturuli diferenciacia~ da èTnikuri regionebis 

meridianuli integraciisa da horizontaluri gamijvnis waxaliseba~. Sedegad, 

afxazeTi pirdapir unda daukavSirdes ruseTs, Seiqmnas èrTiani oseTi~, xolo 

darCenil `marTlmadideblur saqarTvelos daekisros `kavkasiuri saxlis~ kontrolis 

funqcia. geopolitikur alyaSi moqceuli CeCneTi SeiZleba imarTos `marTlmadidebluri 

saqarTvelos mxridan~. garda amisa, saqarTvelos unda `miebas, nawilobriv, 

daRestani da inguSeTi, rasac SeiZleba mohyves avtonomiuri Crdilokavkasiuri zonis 

Seqmna — ekonomikurad ganviTarebulis, magram strategiulad mTlianad ruseTis mier 

kontrolirebadis. dugins SesaZleblad miaCnia `kavkasiis federaciis~ Seqmnac, 

romelSic dRevandeli `dsT-s sam respublikasTan erTad, gaerTiandebian `Sidarusuli 

avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebic” 131 . 

ra daskvna SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes zemoTqmulidan? 

rogorc z. kiknaZe aRniSnavs, kavkasiis xalxebi gansxvavebuli religiebisa da 

gansxvavebul qristianul konfesiaTa wiaRSi Camoyalibdnen. miviReT saxli, sadac 

TiToeulma mosaxlem Tavisi arCevani gaakeTa. TiToeuli xalxis eTnogenezisi gansxvavebuli 

religiebisa da konfesiebis wiaRSi mimdinareobda. islami, marTlmadidebloba 

da monofizitoba ar aris mxolod aRmsarebloba, romelsac esa Tu is eri 

irCevs, arc mxolod politikuri kursis gamoxatulebaa. is amave dros Zlieri kulturogenuri 

faqtoria; es aris yofierebis wesi, mentaliteti, yvelaferi is, rac, 

127 Татунц С.А. Уроки М.М.Ковалевского и российский Кавказ. – Вестник Московского ун-та, сер. 18. Социология и 

политология. М., 2001, 2, с.43. 

128 kopaliani e., kviciani j., dasax.naSr., gv.6. 

129 iqve, gv.9. 

130 iqve, gv.6. 

131 Дугин А. Основы геополитики. Геополитическое будущее России. М., 1999. 

56

ogorc andaza ambobs, rjulze umtkicesia. 

`krizisebis xanaSi, rogorc dRes, gveCveneba, rom kavkasiis erTian politikur da 

kulturul regionad warmosaxva iseTive miTia, rogorc XI saukuneSi Seqmnili miTi 

TargamosianTa erTobis Sesaxeb, an XX saukunis lingvisturi miTi iberiul-kavkasiuri 

enebis Tavdapirveli naTesaobis Sesaxeb” 132 . 

civilizaciaTa konfliqtis prognozi da 

misi religiuri safuZvlebi. 

samxreT kavkasia am prognozis prizmaSi 

`civi omis~ dasrulebam mkvlevarTa da politikosTa winaSe mwvaved daayena 

momavali msoflios saxis problema. `civi omis~ dasrulebam Zireulad Secvala 

saerTaSoriso viTareba da axali realobis gaazrebis saWiroeba warmoSva. gaCnda ersaxelmwifoTa 

epoqis aRorZinebisa Tu, sxvadasxva faqtoris (traibalizmi, globalizmi 

da sxv.) zegavleniT, maTi saboloo aRsasrulis nairgvari versia. erTni 

erTpolusiani msoflios Camoyalibebas varaudobdnen da am polusis rolSi, ra Tqma 

unda, dasavleTs, kerZod ki, aSS-s xedavdnen; meoreni fiqrobdnen, rom sapirispiro 

polusis saxiT male Camoyalibdeboda romelime aradasavluri (magaliTad, 

konfuciuri) civilizacia, romelic seriozul winaaRmdegobas gauwevda dasavleTs; 

mesameni ki, mravalpolusiani msoflios Camoyalibebas winaswarmetyvelebdnen. 

civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg `kulturis dabruneba~ saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa 

faqtad iqca. 

azrTa gansakuTrebuli sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia wamoWril kiTxvebze pasuxis 

gacemis orma yvelaze mniSvnelovanma mcdelobam, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo 

amerikeli mecnierebis frensis fukuiamasa da semuel hanTingtonis saxelebTan. 

1989 wels satatiis, 1992 wels ki wignis saxiT gamoqveynda f.fukuiamas naSromi 

ìstoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani” 133 , romelmac saTave daudo 

inteleqtualTa diskusias imis Taobaze, Tu rogori iqneba msoflios momavali `civi 

omis~ dasrulebisa da komunizmis ideologiis marcxis Semdeg. 

f.fukuiamam cada daesabuTebina, rom liberaluri demokratia adamianTa modgmis 

ideologiuri evoluciis bolo safexuri, mmarTvelobis ukanaskneli da ucvleli 

forma iqneba, riTac dasruldeba kidec istoria. ìstoriis dasasrulSi~ avtori 

gulisxmobda ara xdomilebaTa rigis, movlenaTa qronologiuri Tanamimdevrobis Sewyvetas, 

aramed dasasruls im istoriisa, romelic gaiazreba erTian evoluciur procesad 

yvela xalxisa da yoveli drois erTobliobaSi. istoriis dasasruli niSnavda imas, 

rom momavalSi sazogadoebis amosavali principebi Tu institutebi aRar ganicdian 

saxecvlilebas, radgan umTavresi sakiTxebi mogvarebuli iqneba liberaluri demokratiis 

principebis farglebSi. f.fukuiamas azriT, dRes liberaluri demokratia 

erTaderTi gaazrebuli politikuri mimarTulebaa, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs 

dedamiwis sxvadasxva regionsa da kulturas. misma ekonomikurma principebma, anu 

`Tavisufali bazris~ cnebam yvelgan gaikvala gza da dovlaTis uCveulo siuxve Seqmna 

TviT e.w. `mesame samyaros~ qveynebSic ki. xolo liberaluri revolucia ekonomikur 

azrovnebaSi mudam Tan sdevda, xan ki winac uswrebda politikuri Tavisuflebisaken 

svlas. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli procesi uzrunvelyofs momavalSi adamianTa sxvadasxva 

132 kiknaZe z. religia da kavkasiis erTianoba. — z.kiknaZe. eklesia guSin, eklesia xval. Tb., 2002, gv.129. 

133 

fukuiama f. istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani. Tb., 1999. 

57

sazogadoebis sul ufro da ufro metad gaerTgvarovnebas, miuxedavad maTi 

kulturuli memkvidreobisa Tu istoriuli fesvebisa. 

f.fukuiamas koncefciis erTgvar alternativad mogvevlina s.hanTingtonis mier 

1993 wels gamoqveynebuli statia `civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba?” 134 , romelsac mohyva misi 

sxva naSromebi da monografia `civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba da msoflio wesrigis 

Secvla” 135 . 

s.hanTingtonis aRniSnul naSromebs didi Teoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda. maT 

ukavSirdeba civilizaciaTa Teoriis mimarT yuradRebis gamococxleba. s.hanTingtonma, 

faqtobrivad, safuZveli Cauyara axal mimarTulebas geopolitikaSi, miiCnia 

ra civilizacia geopolitikuri analizis mTavar mimarTulebad. am mimarTulebas 

SeiZleba civilizaciuri geopolitika vuwodoT. 

s.hanTingtonis Teoriis Tanaxmad, `civi omis~ damTavrebis Semdeg, Camoyalibebis 

procesSi myofi msoflios saxes gansazRvravs 7-8 didi civilizaciis urTierTobis 

procesi. civilizaciuri identuroba, da ara ideologia an ekonomika (rogorc adre), 

safuZvlad edeba kacobriobis gamyof umniSvnelovanes sazRvrebs da iqceva 

konfliqtebis ZiriTad wyarod momaval msoflioSi. civilizacias hanTingtoni 

gansazRvravs rogorc umaRlesi rangis kulturul erTobas, adamianTa kulturuli 

identurobis yvelaze vrcel dones. momdevno dones Seadgens ukve is, rac ganasxvavebs 

adamianTa modgmas cocxal arsebaTa sxva saxeobebisagan. civilizacia ganisazRvreba 

obieqturi xasiaTis sxvadasxva niSnis (ena, istoria, religia, zne-Cveulebani, 

institutebi) arsebobiT, agreTve adamianTa subieqturi TviTidentifikaciiT. s.hanTingtoni 

miuTiTebs faqtorebze, romlebmac ganapiroba civilizaciuri identurobis 

rolis zrda. maTgan umTavresad miCneulia is, rom `civi omis~ damTavrebasTan erTad 

dasrulda saerTaSoriso politikis ganviTarebis dasavluri faza; win wamoiwia 

urTierTobam dasavlur da aradasavlur civilizaciebs Soris. es ukanasknelni aRar 

kmayofildebian istoriis obieqtis roliT, romelsac tradiciulad asrulebdnen, 

aramed, dasavleTis msgavsad, Tavad qmnian da warmarTaven sakuTar istorias. 

ideologiis `rkinis farda~ kulturis `xaverdis fardam~ Secvala. mecnieris daskvniT, 

Tvalsawier momavalSi ar Camoyalibdeba erTiani universaluri civilizacia (Tumca 

dasavleTSi bevrma irwmuna dasavlur faseulobaTa universaluroba da maT safuZvelze 

msoflios gaerTgvarovnebis perspeqtiva), TiToeul civilizacias mouwevs 

sxvebTan Tanaarseboba. imdenad, ramdenadac civilizaciaTa Soris gansxvavebebi 

arsebiTi da myaria, s.hanTingtonis azriT, maTi Tanaarseboba cilizaciaTa Sejaxebis 

formas miiRebs; rogorc dRevandeli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, yvelaze 

sisxlismRvreli konfliqtebi swored civilizaciaTa gamyof mijnebze warmoiSoba. 

s.hanTingtonis koncefcias diskusiaTa mTeli talRa mohyva. misi versia erTnairad 

miuRebeli aRmoCnda rogorc homogenuri, ise mravalpolaruli msoflios ideolog- 

TaTvis. niSandoblivia u.makbraidis Sefaseba, romelic hanTingtonis versias ganixilavs 

rogorc msoflios momavlis ori koSmaruli xedvidan erT-erTs: pirvelisaTvis 

msoflio transanacionaluri kulturis (romelSic dominirebs upirvelesad 

amerikuli da naklebad — dasavleTevropuli elementebi) hegemoniis pirobebSi 

Camoyalibebuli monoliTia, winaaRmdegobis ramdenime keriT, romlebic unda gaqres; 

meore xedvas ki saTave postmodernis filosofosebma (J.liotari da sxv.) daudes. es 

aris Tvalsazrisi sxvadasxva msoflaRqmis araTanazomadobis Sesaxeb, romelmac 

gacilebiT naklebad filosofiuri, vulgaruli formiT xorci Seisxa hanTingtoniseul 

TezisSi civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis Sesaxeb. misi naSromis warmateba naTeli magali- 

134 

hanTingtoni s. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba? Tb., 1997. 

135 Huntington S.P. The Clash of Civilizations and Remaking of the World Order. N.Y., 1996. 

58

Tia gamartivebuli, erTi SexedviT mkafio sqemis mimzidvelobisa, romelisac pretenzias 

acxadebs, erTi fraziT mTeli msoflio gamoxatoso, aRniSnavs u.makbraidi 136 . 

cnobili germaneli mkvlevari diter sengaasi hanTingtonTan kamaTSi aRniSnavda, 

rom Sejaxebebi ufro xSirad kulturebs/civilizaciebs SigniT xdeba, da ara maT 

Soris. istoriulad, yvela civilizacias axasiaTebda Rrma Sinagani gansxvavebani, Tu 

ara konfliqtebi. igi Tvlis, rom gamyofi mijnebi kulturebs/civilizaciebs Soris da 

maT SigniT socialur-ekonomikuri, da ara geokulturuli xasiaTisaa. 

iseve rogorc sxvebi, sengaasi hanTingtons religiis faqtoris gadaWarbebiT 

SefasebisaTvis akritikebs da aRniSnavs, rom, rogorc wesi, religiuri faqtori 

iSviaTad asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols konfliqtis eskalaciis sawyis etapze. 

gacilebiT mniSvnelovania sicialur-ekonimikuri faqtorebi. magaliTad, umciresobebi 

TavianTi uflebebisaTvis brZolas iwyeben ara imitom, rom gansxvavebuli 

aRmsareblobisa arian an sxva kulturis nawils warmoadgenen, aramed imis gamo, rom 

isini socialuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT marginalur mdgomareobaSi arian da 

aqedan gamosavals ver xedaven. magram politikis kulturalizeba an kulturis 

politizeba xdeba mxolod maSin, Tu es mdgomareoba aRiqmeba ara rogorc 

individualuri, aramed rogorc koleqtiuri problema 137 . konfliqtebis kulturuli 

xasiaTis uaryofa Znelia. magram kulturuli faqtorebi ar aris gansakuTrebiT 

mniSvnelovani konfliqtebis sawyis etapze. mxolod eskalaciam SeiZleba gamoiwvios 

maTi gadaqceva damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtorad. 

sengaasi ar eTanxmeba hanTingtons arc civilizaciaTa gamyofi mijnebisa da maTi 

mniSvnelobis xedvaSi. misi azriT, aseTi mijnebi SeiZleba arsebobdes mikro-doneze, 

magram isini avtomaturad ar arian ganpirobebuli kulturuli gansxvavebebiT, 

rogorc, magaliTad, protestantebis, budistebis, muslimebis (erTi mxriv) da 

kaTolikebis, induistebis da qristianebis SemTxvevaSi. maT safuZvlad udevs 

socialur-ekonomikuri mizezebi 138 . 

miuxedavad seriozuli kritikisa da araerTi mkacri Sefasebisa, hanTingtonis 

naSromebis irgvliv gamarTulma diskusiebma gamoacocxla yuradReba civilizaciaTa 

Teoriisadmi da ubiZga msoflios civilizaciuri xedvis axali versiebis 

Camoyalibebas. 

s. hanTingtonis koncefciis irgvliv azrTa mwvave dapirispirebis Semdeg, 

civilizaciuri kvlevebis `moda~, TiTqos, Cacxra. civilizaciaTa konfliqtis 

versiisadmi interesi Senelda da masze saubari warsul droSi daiwyes, rogorc 

Teoriaze, romlis warmoSobis mizezebi mxolod politikisa da ideologiis (da ara 

mecnierebis) sferoSi iyo saZiebeli. magram, moulodnelad, civilizaciaTa konfliqtis 

Teorias axali impulsi mieca. 

civilizaciurma problematikam gansakuTrebuli simwvave SeiZina 2001 wlis 11 

seqtembris movlenaTa fonze, roca, TiTqos, realobad iqca civilizaciaTa 

urTierTobis hanTingtoniseuli modeli. mecnierTa da politikosTa pirveli reaqcia 

niu-iorkisa da vaSingtonis tragediaze erTgvarovani iyo: nuTu mesame msoflio omi 

iwyeba? ai, Turme, ras niSnavs civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba praqtikaSi! 

roca pirveli elda Cacxra, politikosTa da mkvlevarTa poziciebs Soris aSkarad 

gamoikveTa sxvaoba: pirvelebma scades civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis yvelasaTvis 

erTnairad arasasurveli perspeqtivis Canacvleba saerTaSoriso terorizmisa da 

masTan brZolis arcTu axali TemiT (niSandoblivia is faqtic, rom gamonakliss 

136 Макбрайд У. Глобализация и межкультурный диалог. – В журн.: Вопросы философии, М., 2003, № 1, с.82. 

137 Dieter Senghaas. The Clash within Civilizations (Coming to terms with cultural conflicts). Routledge. London-N.Y. 2002, p.74. 

138 iqve, gv.75. 

59

Seadgendnen mxolod 11 seqtembris tragediis uSualo organizatorebi da maTi 

TanamgrZnobni, romlebic dabejiTebiT usvamdnen xazs civilizaciuri dapirispirebisa 

da Seurigeblobis Temas), ramac gamoxatuleba aSS-sa da misi mokavSireebis praqtikul 

qmedebaSi pova, mecnierebi ki, TviTrefleqsiisa da distancirebis gamocdili xerxiT, 

Seudgnen momxdaris mizezebis Zebnasa da gamosavlis Ziebas. 

davubrundeT kavkasiis Temas. 1996 wels s.hanTingtoni aRniSnavda, rom `Tu Cven 

seriozulad vfiqrobT msoflios Sesaxeb da aqtiuradac vmonawileobT masSi 

mimdinare procesebSi, aucilebelia realobis erTgvari gamartivebuli sqemis, 

Teoriis, koncefciis, modelisa Tu paradigmis arseboba~. es aucilebloba mwvaved 

igrZnoba kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSic. kavkasiis saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa interpretaciisaTvis 

samecniero literaturaSi ramdenime paradigmaa SemoTavazebuli: 

globalizacia, ZalTa wonasworoba (romelic gulisxmobs, rom saWiroa mWidro 

kavSirebis damyareba saqarTvelosa da azerbaijans, an saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris), 

civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis Teoria da sxv. am ukanasknelma didi gavlena iqonia kavkasiis 

problemaTa samecniero da politikur analizze. am Teoriis ZiriTadi argumenti is 

aris, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi kulturas da identurobas gadamwyveti 

mniSvneloba eniWeba; identuroba ganmsazRvrel gavlenas axdens socialur qcevaze, 

misi roli mniSvnelovnad gaizarda `civi omis~ saerTaSoriso struqturis daSlis 

Semdeg, roca yvelaze mZafri identuroba civilizaciuri identurobaa. igi ganixileba 

rogorc damoukidebeli faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens adamianTa interesebis 

gansazRvrasa da maT Semdgom qmedebaze. 

magram arsebobs sxvagvari mosazreba, kerZod, mkvlevarTa nawili aRniSnavs, rom 

identuroba momgebian iaraRad maSin iqceva, rodesac misi gamoyeneba awyobT. igi 

Zlierdeba liderTa mier miTebis Seqmnis strategiis gamoyenebiT, masebis mobilizaciis 

mizniT, Zalauflebis zrdisa da misTvis kanonieri saxis misaniWeblad. amitom, 

SesaZloa, analizisaTvis Sesaferisi paradigma racionaluri arCevani da Zalis 

politika ufroa, vidre kulturisa da identurobis cnebebi 139 . 

saqarTvelo da, mTlianad, kavkasia hanTingtonis cnobil naSromSi warmodgenilia 

rogorc civilizaciaTa gamyofi mijna, maTi kontaqtis zona: aq erTmaneTis pirispir 

dganan marTlmadidebluri qristianoba da islami, rasac emateba dasavleTis 

ambiciebi. amis Sedegsa da gamoZaxils warmoadgens kavkasiuri konfliqtebi _ kerZod, 

yarabaRisa da CeCneTis. rac Seexeba afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis konfliqtebs, isini 

naklebad Tavsdeba civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis hanTingtoniseul versiaSi, amitom misi 

oponentebis mier isini xSirad saxeldeba erT-erT ZiriTad argumentad. aqve SeiZleba 

gavixsenoT yarabaRis konfliqtic, roca irani, garkveuli mizezebis gamo (TurqeTis 

gavlenis zrda misi CrdiloeTi sazRvris mimarTulebiT, azerbaijanuli nacionalizmis 

zrda iranis azerbaijanul umciresobaSi, ekonomikuri mogeba, rac blokadaSi 

myof somxeTTan vaWrobiT iyo SesaZlebeli, iranis SiSi azerbaijanisa da aSS 

mosalodneli daaxloebis gamo da a.S.), pirdapir exmareboda qristianul somxeTs 

muslimuri azerbaijanis winaamdeg. 

kavkasiis konfliqtebis hanTingtoniseul Sefasebas ar iziarebs, magaliTad, Svedi 

mkvlevari svante korneli, romelic miiCnevs, rom civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis TeoretikosTa 

kavkasiuri xedva — esaa stereotipebi da konfliqtebis analizis metismeti 

gamartiveba. am regionSi ganmsazRvrel faqtors nacionalizmisa da erovnuli intere- 

139 

makfarleini n. “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba”: kritikuli xedva. — saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa 

saministros sagareo politikis kvlevisa da analizis centris biuleteni, 11 (20), Tb., 1999, gv.14. 

60

sebis kombinacia warmoadgens, da ara religiur-civilizaciuri dapirispireba 140 . 

hanTingtonis oponentTa azriT, `civilizaciaTa konfliqtis~ miseuli modeli 

kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT bundovania da kritikas ver 

uZlebs. ufro metic — n.makfarleini Tvlis, rom es Teoria kavkasiis regionisaTvis 

erTgvari safrTxis matarebelia, radgan, mis Tanaxmad, subregionuli TanamSromlobis 

yovelgvari mcdeloba _ rogoricaa, magaliTad, `mSvidobiani kavkasia~ an èvraziuli 

derefani~, warumateblobisTvisaa ganwiruli 141 . makfarleini imasac aRniSnavs, rom 

hanTingtonis versia Tavad kavkasielebs mimzidvelad eCvenebaT, radgan, am koncefciis 

logikiT, regioni globaluri politikis yuradRebis fokuss warmoadgens 142 . 

s.hanTingtonis Teorias mravali mowinaaRmdege hyavs, da ara mxolod kavkasiasTan 

mimarTebaSi, magram Znelia, ar daeTanxmo mkvlevars kavkasiis, rogorc civilizaciaTa 

kontaqtis zonis, maTi gamyofi mijnis SefasebaSi. Tavisi arsebobis manZilze kavkasia 

da, kerZod, saqarTvelo, marTlac warmoadgenda dasavlur da aRmosavlur kulturaTa 

da civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonas. rac Seexeba makfarleinis mier aRniSnul 

`samwuxaro samomavlo scenars~, romelsac hanTingtonis versia kavkasiis xalxebs 

uxatavs, rogorc Tavad hanTingtoni aRniSnavs, `paradigmis mniSvnelobisa da 

sandoobis Sefaseba imas rodi niSnavs, rom igi unda winaswarmetyvelebdes yvelafers, 

rac globalur politikaSi xdeba, aramed misi Sefaseba unda xdebodes imis mixedviT, 

gvTavazobs Tu ara igi ufro mniSvnelovan modelebs, vidre sxva paradigmebi” 143 . 

`mSvidobiani kavkasia~ da èvraziuli derefani~ swored globaluri politikis 

problemebia, civilizaciaTa konfliqtis Teoriis mniSvneloba ki imiTac dadasturda, 

rom swored man ubiZga praqtikos politikosebs alternatiuli versiebis Ziebisaken. am 

Ziebis Sedegia rogorc `mSvidobiani kavkasiis~, ise `kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa 

dialogis~ iniciativebi. 

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom s.hanTingtonis Tvalsazrisma gamoacocxla (Tu warmoSva) 

`sasazRvro misiis~ politikuri versia, romelsac saqarTvelo asrulebs aRmosavleTsa 

da dasavleTs, CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris. 

s.hanTingtoni SeiZleba CaiTvalos civi omis Semdgom periodSi geopolitikuri 

kvlevebis erT-erTi axali mimarTulebis _ religiis geopolitikis _ warmomadgenlad. 

es mimarTuleba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli civilizaciur geopolitikasTan, 

radgan religia civilizaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTebladaa miCneuli. 

religiis geopolitikis ZiriTadi ideaa religiuri faqtoris gaTvaliswineba da 

gamoyeneba politikuri kavSirebisa da blokebis Sesaqmnelad, saboloo jamSi ki 

sivrceze kontrolis mosapoveblad an SesanarCuneblad. 

kavkasiis regionis specifikidan gamomdinare (aq uSualod xvdeba erTmaneTs 

ramdenime msoflio religia), religiis geopolitikas misTvis gansakuTrebuli 

mniSvneloba aqvs. 

religiis geopolitikidan saqarTvelosaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania 

marTlmadideblobis geopolitika, romelic saSualebas iZleva, gaviazroT saqar- 

Tvelos adgili marTlmadidebel samyaroSi da danarCen samyarosTan mimarTebaSi. 

rusul marTlmadideblobis geopolitikaSi saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebul gaTvlebs 

arcTu ukanaskneli adgili ukavia. marTlmadideblobis faqtors aqtiurad iyeneben 

qarTul politikaSic — garkveuli miznebis, pirvel rigSi ki, sagareo politikuri 

140 korneli s. religiis faqtori kavkasiis konfliqtebSi. — Jurn.: civilizaciuri Ziebani, Tb., 2003, 1, gv. 

60-74. 

141 

makfarleini n. “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba”: kritikuli xedva. — saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa 

saministros sagareo politikis kvlevisa da analizis centris biuleteni, 11 (20), Tb., 1999, gv.11-13. 

142 

iqve, gv. 11. 

143 

Huntington S.P. dasax.naSr., gv. 37-38. 

61

orientaciis dasasabuTeblad. 

interesi marTlmadideblobis geopolitikisadmi izrdeba ara marto marTlmadideblur 

qveynebSi. magaliTad, aqtiuri ganxilvis sagania is SesaZlo cvlilebebi, rac 

SeiZleba gamoiwvios evrokavSiris gafarToebis Sedegad masSi marTlmadidebeli 

qveynebis ricxvis gazrdam. 

moskovis sapatriarqos gamomcemloba `cerkovni vestnikis~ 2004 wlis seqtembris 

nomerSi avstriisa da venis episkoposi ilarioni (es eparqia moskovis sapatriarqos 

Semadgenlobasia) Seexo evrokavSiris qveynebze marTlmadideblobis mzardi zegavlenisa 

da Taviseburebebis sakiTxs, agreTve imasac, Tu rogor SeuZlia ruseTis 

patriarqs amiT isargeblos 144 . 

am statias maSinve gamoexmaura cnobili amerikeli politologi pol gobli, 

romelmac gamoaqveyna statia niSandoblivi saTauriT: `marTlmadidebluri evrokav- 

Siri?~ goblis azriT, evrokavSirSi marTlmadideblobis gavlenis zrda sakuTari 

gavlenis gafarToebis SesaZleblobas miscems rusul marTlmadideblur eklesias, es 

ki mas daexmareba rogorc kontinentze sakuTari konfesiuri amocanebis gadawyvetaSi, 

ise ruseTis saxelmwifoa sagareo politikuri interesebis warmmarTvelis rolis 

mopovebaSic 145 . 

saqarTveloSi garkveuli Zalebi cdiloben gaavrcelon rusuli marTlmadideblobis 

geopolitikis wamyvani koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad, ruseTi moiazreba marTlmadidebluri 

samyaros liderad, Tavad es samyaro ki _ dasavleTTan dapirispirebul 

Zalad. meore mxriv, qarTul sinamdvileSi am Tvalsazrisis Semotanis mcdeloba 

radikalur sapasuxo reaqcias iwvevs, rac marTlmadideblobisadmi kritikul damokidebulebas 

ganapirobebs; dasavleTTan sruli identificirebis sirvili gansazRvravs 

marTlmadideblobis reformirebis survilsac, romelic dasavluri orientaciis 

mowinaaRmdeged cxaddeba. 

rusul geopolitikaSi marTlmadideblobisadmi gaorebuli midgoma arsebobs. 

erTi mxriv, igi miiCneva faqtorad, romelmac xeli unda Seuwyos ruseTis poziciebis 

aRdgenas da SenarCunebas. meore mxriv, politikosebs afiqrebT ruseTis politikaSi 

marTlmadideblobis dominirebad faqtorad gadaqcevis safrTxe, rac, rogorc varaudoben, 

seriozul problemebs Seuqmnis ruseTs rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise 

saerTaSoriso arenaze. 

rusuli geopolitika ayalibebs saqarTvelos ruseTTan `reintegraciis~ nairnair 

variantebs. rus geopolitikosTa naSromebSi ar gvxvdeba msjeloba ruseTisa da 

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos strategiul partniorobaze. 

a. dugini — cnobili rusi geopolitikosi, romelsac ekuTvnis idea imis Taobaze, 

rom ruseTis brZola msoflio batonobisaTvis ar damTavrebula da ruseTis imperia 

unda aRdges sivrciT gacilebiT didi, vidre sabWoTa kavSiri iyo, kavkasiis 

geopolitikis ganxilvisas aRniSnavs: `marTlmadidebluri saqarTvelo yvelaze metad 

iyo antirusulad orientirebuli, magram aqac TandaTanobiT iRviZebs religiurgeopolitikuri 

refleqsia da Tavs iCens evraziasTan aliansis aucileblobis 

Segneba” 146 . 

a. panarini SeniSnavs: gamokveTili RerZi kievi-baqo-Tbilisi, pirvel rigSi, 

uxifaTo ar aris TbilisisaTvis. rogorc ki saqarTvelo dakargavs rusul garantiebs, 

misi mdgomareoba amierkavkasiis regionSi mkveTrad garTuldeba. xolo Tu 

144 

macaberiZe m. saqarTvelo da “marTlmadideblobis geopolitika”. _ saqarTvelos mecn. akad. 

politologiis institutis weliwdeuli — 2003. Tb., 2003, gv.5. 

145 macaberiZe m. dasax. naSr., gv.6. 

146 Дугин А. Основы геополитики. Геополитическое будущее России. М., 1999, с.213. 

62

gaviTvaliswinebT im reJimebis muslimuri radikalizaciis logikas, romlebic ruseTs 

scildebian, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ukve momdevno politikur TaobaSi (15-20 wlis 

Semdeg) muslimuri qveynebis mosazRvre aramuslimur qveynebs saqme eqnebaT agresiuli 

politikis gamtarebel reJimebTan 147 . 

s. samuilovis TvalsazrisiT, ruseTisaTvis prioritetuli unda gaxdes 

marTlmadideblur qveynebTan urTierToba, pirvel rigSi — somxeTTan da serbiasTan. 

xolo radgan ruseTs ara aqvs saerTo sazRvari am qveynebTan, maTTan urTierTobisaTvis 

Wirdeba `tranzituli qveynebi~ — saqarTvelo da bulgareTi. radgan am ori 

marTlmadidebluri qveynis orientacia amJamad calsaxad dasavluria, amitom ruseTma 

isini jerjerobiT unda SeinarCunos rogorc tranzituli teritoriebi, xolo mas 

Semdeg, rac ruseTi gaZlierdeba, xolo am qveynebis politikuri elitebi 

darwmundebian dasavluri receptebis araefeqturobaSi, SeiZleba moZraobis dawyeba 

partniorobidan samokavSireo urTierTobisaken 148 . 

rusi politikosebi da politologebi aqtiurad cdiloben avtonomiis mqone 

umciresobebis problemaTa gamoyenebas. magaliTad, k. gajievi aRniSnavs afxazeTisa da 

samxreT oseTis swrafvas ruseTisaken, agreTve, wuxs imis gamo, rom saqarTveloSi 

daSvebuli ar aris megruli da svanuri damwerloba. gajievi msjelobs saqarTveloSi 

mcxovrebi umciresobebis separatistul ganwyobaze da Sesabamis perspeqtivebze. 

v. dergaCovis azriT, saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanSi, somxeTisgan gansxvavebiT, 

SenarCunebulia tomuri da klanuri warmonaqmnebi. geopolitikuri wonasworobis 

SenarCuneba kavkasiaSi rTuldeba eris formirebis procesis daumTavreblobiT 

saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanSi. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi, garda yvelaze gavrcelebuli 

qarTulisa, aris sami monaTesave ena — megruli, lazuri da svanuri 149 . 

moskovis sapatriarqo iziarebs Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmad, dRes msoflioSi 

arsebobs ori polusi — dasavluri da muslimuri. orive ganwirulia dasaRupad. amitom 

unda Seiqmnas mesame — marTlmadidebluri civilizacia, romlis centri iqneba ruseTi. 

man unda Semoikribos yvela marTlmadidebeli xalxi (maT Soris — saqarTvelo) da 

marTos isini. 

saqarTveloSic garkveuli Zalebi marTlmadideblobas politikur datvirTvas 

aniWeben da Crdilouri orientaciis saWiroebas am umTavresi argumentis saxiT 

warmogvidgenen. maTi pozicia ramdenime Tezisze daiyvaneba: 1) qarTvelobis safuZveli 

marTlmadideblobaa; 2) dasavleTi Cvengan marTlmadideblobis daTmobas moiTxovs 

(seqtebis moRvaweoba). arsebuli xelisufleba amas xels uwyobs. qarTvelebis 

gadarCenis gza mxolod ruseTTan umWidroes kavSirze gadis. 

magram politikur argumentad `marTlmadidebluri solidarobis~ moSvelieba 

saqarTveloSi bevrs miuReblad miaCnia da ufro metic, gaRizianebasac ki iwvevs. 

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarTvelom da, mTlianad, kavkasiam gansakuTrebuli 

geopolitikuri mniSvneloba SeiZina. mis mimarT gazrdil interess safuZvlad 

is udevs, rom es eTnikur-religiurad araerTgvarovani da politikurad arastabiluri 

regioni civilizaciaTa sazRvarze mdebareobs. am teritorias v.dergaCovi 

`civilizaciaTa evraziul marginalur zonas~ (evramar-s) uwodebs da miiCnevs, rom misi 

kontroli gansazRvravs msoflio ganviTarebis gzas 150 . 

èvramarze~ gavlenis gavrceleba arsebiT mniSvnelobas iZens rogorc atlantistebisaTvis, 

ise evrazistebisaTvis. ukanasknel xans gaZlierda am regionis eTnikuri da 

147 Панарин А. Реванш истории: Российская стратегическая инициатива в XXI веке. М., 1998, с.382. 

148 macaberiZe m. dasax.naSr., gv.13. 

149 Дергачев В. Геополитика. Киев, 2000, с.251-252. 

150 iqve, gv.106. 

63

konfesiuri niSniT dayofis tendencia, risi magaliTicaa kavkasia, balkaneTi Tu 

centraluri azia TavianTi lokaluri konfliqtebiT. 

atlantistTa mTavari ideologis z.bJezinskis mixedviT, kavkasia satransporto 

xazze mdebare da geopolitikurad metad mniSvnelovani èvraziuli balkaneTis~ 

nawilia. igi mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri sivrcea masTan dakavSirebuli yvela xalxisa 

da qveynisaTvis.regionSi strategiuli mdebareoba aqvs saqarTvelos, romelic 

uxsovari droidan iyo aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis 

damakavSirebeli xidi. z.bJezinskis mixedviT, swored SavizRvispireTze gadis 

evraziuli civilizaciis geopolitikuri da socialur-kulturuli sazRvrebi. aq 

ikveTeba bipolaruli RerZebi dasavleTi _ aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTi _ samxreTi 151 . 

kavkasiis konfliqtebma didi politikur-ekonomikuri (kavkasiaSi arsebuli 

satransporto qselis rRveva, afxazeTis sarkinigzo blokada) da socialur-eTnikuri 

(igulisxmeba, pirvel rigSi, migraciuli procesebi) gamoiwvia. gadauWreli 

konfliqtebi aferxeben qveynebis politikur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas, iwveven 

arastabilurobas, biZgs aZleven organizebul danaSaulsa da terorizms. es Tavis 

mxriv, aisaxeb im did proeqtebze (navTobsadeni, traseka), romlebic kavkasiaSi unda 

ganxorcieldes da romlebic am regionSi usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis garantad 

gvevlineba. 

am konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi CarTulia evrokavSiri, sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso 

organizacia. isini dainteresebuli arian regionSi mSvidi da stabiluri situaciis 

SeqmniT. evrokavSiri amis miRwevas politikuri da ekonomikuri saSualebebiT 

cdilobs, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ki _ politikuri da samxedro meTodebiT. 

aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom kavkasiis konfliqtebs diferencirebulad unda 

mivudgeT. ar SieZleba CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasiis konfliqtebi erT prizmaSi 

moiazrebodes mxolod imitom, rom isini kavkasiaSi mimdinareobs. pirvel rigSi, es 

saerTaSoriso politikur sarbielze maTdami sxvadasxva damokidebulebiT aris 

ganpirobebuli. samxreT kavkasiaSi aqtiurad ikveTeba dasvleTisa da aSS interesebi 

yvela sferoSi, maSin rodesac CrdiloeT kavkasia ruseTis ganuyofel nawilad 

aRiqmeba. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arsebuli politikuri koniunqturidan 

gamomdinare, kavkasiis erTian regionad ganxilva friad problemuria, Tumca 

politologebi ar gamoricxaven amgvar perspeqtivas, Tu ganxorcieldeba Semdegi 

pirobebi: 1) kavkasiaSi moqmedi eqstraregionuli Zalebi (ruseTi, irani, TurqeTi, aSS, 

evrokavSiri) gadawyveten mWidro TanamSromlobas am regionSi; 2) ruseTis 

dezintegraciis procesi gagrZeldeba da CrdiloeT kavkasiasac moicavs. sxva 

SemTxvevaSi CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasia cal-calke subieqtebad darCebian 152 . 

`prodasavlur, prorusul da pankavkasionistur Tu izolacionistur mimarTulebebs 

Soris brZolaSi mtkivneulad mimdinareobs saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri 

prioritetebis Camoyalibebis procesi” 153 . samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebs am Zalebs 

Soris arCevani ukve gakeTebuli aqvT. saqarTvelosa da azrbaijanis dasavluri, xolo 

somxeTis gamokveTilad prorusuli orientacia, bunebrivia, gaaZnelebs kavkasiis 

saxelmwifoTa daaxloebasa da erTian kavkasiaze saubars, miT umetes im viTarebaSi, 

roca am saxelmwifoebs ruseTisagan provocirebuli konfliqtebi ukve aTeuli welia 

mougvarebeli aqvT da amis gamo mravali problema aqvT gadasawyveti (ltolvilebi, 

samSvidobo Zalebi, separatistuli reJimebi da sxv.). Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom 

151 Бжезинский З. Великая шахматная доска. М., 1998, с.69-73. 

152 

utiaSvili S. kavkasiis usafrTxoebis perspeqtivebi. “mSvidobiani kavkasia”? — saqarTvelos 

strategiuli kvlevevbisa da ganviTarebis centris biuleteni, 41, 2000, agvisto, gv.38. 

153 iqve. 

64

samxreT kavkasiis xelsayreli geopolitikuri mdebareobis gamo, romelmac es regioni 

dasavlelTa yuradRebis sferoSi moaqcia, igi, CrdiloeTisagan gansxvavebiT, ufro 

advilad `dausxlta~ xelidan `did mezobels~ da meti Sansic aqvs damoukideblobisa da 

saxelmwifoebriobis sruli ganxorcielebis, demokratiuli sistemis aSenebisaTvis. 

amasTan, geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos unikaluroba isaa, rom igi 

saxmeleTo da sahaero komunikaciebis gzazecaa da sazRvao sanapirosac flobs, riTac 

kavSiri aqvs msoflio okeanesTan. amdenad, igi aziisa da evropis damakavSirebeli 

umoklesi gzaa. amitom vinc flobs saqarTvelos, flobs kavkasiasac. ase iyo istoriuladac, 

ris gamo saqarTvelo yovelTvis iyo sxvadasxva dampyroblis interesis sagani. 

igi Tavisi ekonomikuri sakontaqto funqciiT, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobiT, 

Tavisufali vaWrobiT da informaciis gacvliT warmoadgenda civilizaciaTa 

sazRvarze sxvadasxva eTnokulturuli tradiciis Sexvdris areals. 

aseTive funqcia aRidgina saqarTvelom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, rodesac 

igi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da ruseTis strategiuli interesebis sferoSi 

moeqca. es saSualebas aZlevs saqarTvelos, gansazRvros Tavisi adgili msoflios 

politikur da ekonomikur rukaze. 

kavkasiis regionis globaluri mniSvnelobis aRniSvnasTn erTad, eqspertebi 

gansakuTrebiT amaxvileben yuradRebas mis eTnikur da konfesiur siWreleze, ris 

gamoc Znelia aq arsebuli eTnikuri da religiuri dapirispirebebis daregulireba. 

ufro metic, politologTa nawili pesimisturad uyurebs regionSi stabilurobis 

miRwevis SesaZleblobas, radgan, roca regionSi ori hegemoni ibrZvis gavlenisaTvis, iq 

konfliqti arasodes gadawydeba 154 . 

kavkasiis Sinaganad arastabilur qveynebs aqvT sasazRvro problemebi, CarTulni 

arian teritoriul, eTnikur da religiur areulobaSi. amave dros, msoflios 

usafrTxoebis sistema mniSvnelovanwiladaa damokidebuli kavkasiaSi mimdinare 

procesebsa da regionis stabilurobaze. aq ki, saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanesi roli 

ekisreba, ragdan mxolod mas aqvs istoriulad mWidro urTierTobis gamocdileba 

regionis yvela xalxTan da qveyanasTan. 

kavkasiis momavalTan dakavSirebiT, tradiciulad, ori ZiriTadi varianti ganixileba. 

optimisturi versiis Tanaxmad, saqaTvelo, azerbaijani da somxeTi unda 

mixvdnen, rom mWidro TanamSromloba da regionuli integracia saSualebas miscems, 

ufro srulad gamoiyenon geoekonomikuri potenciali da amiT ganimtkicon 

damoukidebloba da suvereniteti. pesimisturi versiiT, samxreT kavkasiis sami 

saxelmwifo sakmarisad ganviTarebuli ar aris imisaTvis, rom airCion integraciisa da 

kompromisebis gza da mihyvnen am gzas bolomde, gare Zalebis nebisagan damoukideblad. 

isini saubroben kavkasiaSi ori metoqe aliansis (ruseTi-irani-somxeTi; saqarTveloazerbaijani-TurqeTi) 

wamoqmnaze gare Zalebis monawileobiT 155 . 

mkvlevarTa nawili xazgasmiT aRniSnavs kavkasiis xalxebis gansakuTrebul 

istoriul gamocdilebas civilizaciur-kulturuli TanamSromlobis sferoSi. 

magaliTad, poloneli Teologi, filosofosi da kulturologi avgust peter kirSi 

(1916-2002) gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre werda: `kavkasia aris is regioni, sadac 

samma umTavresma kulturam, religiam, azrovnebis meTodma, mentalobam _ uZvelesma 

iudaizmma, evropulma qristianobam da aRmosavlurma islamma _ mSvidobiani 

Tanaarsebobis TvalsaCino da xelSesaxebi magaliTi misces kacobriobas. dRes, 2001 

154 

ix.: xuciSvili q. religiuri situaciis cvlileba da usafrTxoebis problema Tanamedrove sqarTveloSi. 

Tb., 2004, gv. 33. 

155 

utiaSvili S. kavkasiis usafrTxoebis perspeqtivebi. “mSvidobiani kavkasia”? — saqarTvelos 

strategiuli kvlevevbisa da ganviTarebis centris biuleteni, 41, 2000, agvisto, gv.37. 

65

wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis fonze warmoCenili sxvadasxva fobiis sawinaaRmdego 

efeqturi antidotis gamomuSaveba mxolod da mxolod kacobriobis kulturul 

monapovarSi iberul-kavkasiuri Rvawlis SeswavliT, saTanado daskvnebiTa da codniT 

SeiaraRebis SemTxvevaSi aris SesaZlebeli 156 . 

qarTvelTa kulturuli identurobis problema: istoriuli Wrili 

kulturuli, civilizaciuri da religiuri identurobis problema gansakuTrebiT 

aqtualuri gaxda civi omis dasrulebis Semdgom etapze. Tumca rogorc problema, igi, 

sxvadasxva saxeliTa da Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT, yovelTvis arsebobda. amitom 

interesmoklebuli ar iqneba, mikled mimovixiloT qarTvelTa kulturuli 

identurobis istoriuli dinamika. 

I. uZvelesi periodis qarTuli kulturis raobis Sesaxeb msjeloba Znelia ori 

ZiriTadi mizezis gamo: 1) es aris qarTuli kulturis Camoyalibebis periodi; 2) masze 

arsebuli codna emyareba arqeologiur masalas, ucxoel avtorTa TxzulebebSi 

Semonaxul cnobebs da mogviano xanis qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis informacias. 

isini iZleva safuZvels daskvnisaTvis, rom ”saqarTvelos istoriis gariJraJidan ... 

Cveni samSoblo wina aziis did kulturul wreSi Sedioda” 157 . uZveles periodSi 

qarTuli kulturis Camoyalibeba mimdinareobda axlo aRmosavleTis didi 

kulturebis (Suamdinaruli, asuruli, xeTuri, urartuli) ganapiras, maT periferiaze. 

cota ufro gvian igi ganviTarebas ganagrZobda dasavluri (berZnul-romauli) da 

aRmosavluri (parTiul-sparsuli) kulturebis gzaSesayarze. jerjerobiT, vidre 

aRniSnuli periodis qarTuli kulturis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi Seswavlili ar aris 

(isic unda iTqvas, rom, masalis simwiris gamo, am maxasiaTebelTa dafiqsireba rTuli 

saqmea), raime mkafio daskvnis gakeTeba Znelia. mxolod imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom 

qarTuli kulturis saxe sul ufro mkafiod ikveTeba orive samyarodan momdinare 

kulturuli impulsebis aTviseba-gadamuSavebis fonze. 

II. momdevno periodi _ IV-X saukuneebi. am dros qarTuli kultura qristianuli 

(dasavluri) civilizaciis ganapira kulturad SeiZleba ganvixiloT. swored am 

periodSi `simbiozuri elinisturi kulturis qristianobasTan SerwymiT iqmneba 

bizantiuri kulturuli tradiciebi, romlis sferoSi Semodian agreTve aRmosavluri 

qristianobis arealSi moqceuli qveynebi, maT Soris, istoriuli saqarTveloc. 

elinisturi kulturuli tendenciebis safuZvelze aRmosavluri qristianobis wiaRSi 

yalibdeba axali kulturuli centrebi, sakuTari erovnuli damwerlobebiT da 

aRmosavlur-dasavlur civilizaciaze damyarebuli erovnuli kulturuli 

tradiciebiT” 158 . 

sainteresoa, rom Tavad qarTvelebi sakuTar Tavs swored am kulturuli sivrcis 

nawilad aRiqvamen. am mxriv niSandoblivia ioane sabanisZis ori fraza: `romelni ese 

varT yuresa amas queyanisasa~, _ ambobs erTgan avtori; àra xolo Tu berZenTa 

sarwmunoebai ese RmrTisa mieri moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SorielTa amaT mkvidrTa~, _ 

aRniSnavs meoregan 159 . 

156 gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, 2. IX. 2003. 

157 qiqoZe g. qarTuli kulturis perspeqtivebi. _ rCeuli Txz. sam tomad, t.II, Tb., 1964, gv. 230. 

158 gamyreliZe T. saqarTvelo evropaa Tu azia? — “Academia” (istoriul-filologiuri Jurnali). t.1. Tb., 

2001, gv.6. 

159 ioane sabanisZe. wamebai wmidisa da netarisa mowamisa qristesisa haboisi. — wignSi: Cveni saunje, t.1, Tb., 

1960, gv.46-47. 

66

ogorc vxedavT, qarTvelebi Tavs garkveuli erTobis (samyaros, mTlianobis) 

nawilad, kerZod, mis periferiad moiazreben. romelia es erToba, amaze pasuxsac ioane 

sabanisZesTan da ufro adrindel erT wyaroSi vpoulobT. sabanisZe mkafiod 

SemosazRvravs saqarTvelos garesamyaros: `queyana mas Crdiloisasa, sada-igi ars 

sadguri da sabanake ZeTa magogisTai, romel arian xazarni, kac velur, saSinel piriTa, 

mxecis buneba, sisxlis mWamel, romel Sjuli ara aqus”; aRmosavleTiT _ arabebi, 

agresiis saTave da wyaro; dasavleTiT _ `sazRvar maTda ars zRuai igi pontoisai, 

samkvidrebeli yovladve qristeaneTai... da ars qalaqebi igi da adgilebi sabrZaneblad 

qristes msaxurisa ionTa mefisa, romeli mosaydre ars didsa mas qalaqsa 

konstantinepovlisasa” 160 . naTelia, rom CrdiloeTiT da aRmosavleTiT 

saqarTvelosaTvis ucxo kulturuli samyaroa, dasavleTiT ki _ swored is erToba, 

romlis nawilad (ganapirad, periferiad, anu, sabanisZis sityviT, `yured~, `Sorielad”) 

qarTvelebi Tavs moiazreben da romlis centri konstantinopolia. 

aqve unda iTqvas, rom dasaxelebul periodSi qarTvelebi klasikur-elinuri 

kulturis elementebs arabeTis gziTac iTvisebdnen, sadac es kultura, garkveuli 

istoriuli pirobebis gamo, k.kekeliZis sityviT rom vTqvaT, SedarebiT adre 

gadabargda 161 . 

meore, ufro adrindeli wyaro gaxlavT fartaZis sityva kolx warCinebulTa cnobil 

krebaze, romlis Canaweri agaTia sqolastikosis Txzulebam Semogvinaxa. aqac 

mkafiod Cans qarTvelTa mier bizantiur samyarosTan erTobis gacnobierebis faqti. es 

erToba emyareba tradicias, anu, wyaros mixedviT, `mSobliur wesebs”; saerTo `sazogadoebriv 

kanonebs, saxelmwifo wyobilebasa da cxovrebas”; `marTlmorwmuneobas da 

wminda saidumloTa umwikvloebas”; àzrTa erTianobas~ bizantielebTan 162 . 

interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos imis aRniSvna, rom ama Tu im kulturuli erTobis 

ganapirulobis, periferiulobis gancda dRemde myaradaa fesvgadgmuli qarTul 

cnobierebaSi. 1915 wels g.qiqoZe werda: `Cven, vinc evropaSi vcxovrobT an evropis 

sazRvarze, erTi uebari wamali gvaqvs uimedobis winaaRmdeg: Cven Seuryevlad gvwams 

progresis Zlevamosileba” 163 . 

qarTuli kulturis provincializmze, saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT Cvens `civilizaciur 

provincielobaze~, mkafio evropocentristuli poziciidan, laparakobda 

k.kapaneli 164 . 

Tanamedrove publicistikaSi aseve araerTxel yofila xazgasmuli Cveni periferiuloba 

da ganapiruloba. magaliTad, èvropelTa qedmaRlur damokidebulebaze 

ganapira kulturuli arealebis mimarT~, romelTa ricxvSi Cven SevdivarT, laparakobs 

iv.amirxanaSvili 165 . `saqarTvelo yvela SemTxvevaSi iyo msoflio imperiebis ukiduresi 

provincia~, _ aRniSnavs g.gvasalia; misi azriT, igi dResac `dasavluri integraciis, am 

universaluri gaerTianebis ganapira subieqtad rCeba da evropeizmis ukidures 

provincias warmoadgens. saqarTvelos monapireoba mas mudmiv daZabulobaSi 

amyofebs” 166 . isic unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi saubaria dasavluri _ 

160 

iqve, gv.54. 

161 kekeliZe k. didi qarTveli poeti da humanisti saSualo saukuneebisa. — kekeliZe k. etiudebi Zveli 

qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. I. Tb., 1956, gv.8. 

162 qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba. Zeglebi da masalebi. Sekriba, narkvevi waumZRvara da saZieblebi daurTo 

n.kandelakma. Tb., 1958 gv.111-114. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ama Tu im kulturuli erTobis 

ganapirulobis, periferiulobis gancda dRemde myaradaa fesvgadgmuli qarTul cnobierebaSi. 

163 

qiqoZe g. filosofiuri paradoqsebi. _ gaz. “ganaxlebuli iveria”, 16, 1 oqtomberi, 2001, gv.11. 

164 kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi. Tb., 1996, 

gv. 322, 324. 

165 amirxanaSvili iv. rekviemi Cemi saukunisaTvis. _ gaz. “literaturuli saqarTvelo”, 15-21 ivnisi, 2001. 

166 gvasalia g. ra aris dRes qarTuli kultura. _ gaz. “meridiani”, 2000, 25-27 oqtomberi, gv.8. 

67

izantiuri Tu evropuli (da ara aRmosavluri) samyaros mimarT Cvens ganapirulobasa 

da periferiulobaze. 

III. XI-XII saukuneebSi qarTuli kultura kvlav rCeba qristianuli dasavleTis 

aRmosavleTTan sasazRvro kulturad (qristianoba am dros mxolod iwyebs gaTiSvas 

dasavlur da aRmosavlur qristianul samyarod, amitom SesaZlebelia mTlianobis 

saxiT misi gaazreba). am periodSi masSi yvelaze srulad da naTlad iyris Tavs 

dasavleTTan da aRmosavleTTan xangrZlivi urTierTobis procesSi SeTvisebuli da 

qarTul niadagze gadamuSavebuli elementebi. amis ubrwyinvales magaliTebad 

SeiZleba davasaxeloT `sibrZne balavarisi~ da `vefxistyaosani~. k. kekeliZis sityviT, 

am dros `dasavleTis elinuri da aRmosavleTis klasikuri poezia saqarTveloSi 

xvdebian erTmaneTs; dasavleTSi homerosi, aRmosavleTSi firdousi, xolo SuaSi, maT 

mijnaze _ saqarTveloSi _ rusTaveli” 167 . 

qarTvel moazrovneTa (mTawmindelebi, efrem mcire, ioane petriwi, arsen 

iyalToeli) TxzulebebSi Tavmoyrilia qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis 

Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis mTeli gamocdileba, meore mxriv ki, rogorc geronti 

qiqoZe aRniSnavda, àrasodes ar daaxloebia saqarTvelo kulturulad iranul-arabul 

msoflios ise mWidrod, rogorc XII saukuneSi dauaxlovda” 168 . saqarTveloSi kargad 

icnobdnen da Targmnidnen kidec firdousis, gurganis, xakanisa da iranuli poeziis 

sxva klasikosTa Txzulebebs. ase Caisaxa CvenSi `mxatvruli saero literatura, 

romlis msgavsi arc erTma sxva saqristiano qveyanam am dros ar icis” 169 . 

amave periodSi qarTul kulturas gacilebiT metis pretenzia da, rac mTavaria, 

SesaZleblobac uCndeba. igi axali, Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi kavkasiuri kulturuli 

erTobis birTvuli (centraluri) kulturis rolSi gamodis. es procesi 

ideologiuradac mzaddeba (leonti mroveli, giorgi merCule, qarTuli mesianisturi 

idea) da praqtikuladac xorcieldeba, Tumca bolomde ver midis da SemdgomSi mxolod 

ideis perioduli gamococxlebis faqtebiT gvaxsenebs Tavs. 

IV. calke periodad SeiZleba gamoiyos XIII-XV saukuneebi, roca viwrovdeba ara 

marto qarTuli kulturis gavrcelebis areali (CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi fexs ikidebs 

islami; samxreTiT qarTuli miwa-wylis nawili osmalTa imperiis xelSi eqceva), aramed 

ikveceba mTlianad aRmosavlurqristianuli civilizaciis saarsebo teritoria, 1453 

wels ki, arsebobas wyvets am samyaros birTvi — bizantia, ris Semdeg saqarTvelo (Tanac 

politikurad daSlili) garSemortymuli aRmoCnda mahmadianuri saxelmwifoebiT. 

vidre es procesebi mimdinareobda da saqarTvelos axali, mahmadianuri civilizaciuri 

garemocva yalibdeboda, anu swored XIII-XV saukuneebSi, qarTuli kultura 

SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc marginaluri _ marTlmadidebel qristianul da muslimur 

samyaroTa Soris, rogorc `dasavleTis aRmosavleTi~ da àRmosavleTis dasavleTi~ 

(saqarTvelosaTvis dasavleTad, rogorc zemoTac vTqviT, bizantia gamodis). 

V. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos politikuri, ekonomikuri da, rac mTavaria, 

kulturuli kontaqtebi mkacrad SemosazRvrulia muslimuri samyaros farglebiT da, 

faqtobrivad, aRar arsebobs politikuri, kulturuli da civilizaciuri arCevanis 

SesaZlebloba. amdenad, Znelia visubroT am periodis qarTuli kulturis marginalur 

mdgomareobaze romelime or kulturul Tu civilizaciur erTobas Soris, imitom rom 

saqarTvelos civilizaciuri garemocva, rogorc vTqviT, calsaxad mahmadianuria. 

marTalia, mas CrdiloeTidan TandaTan uaxlovdeba ruseTis marTlmadidebluri 

167 kekeliZe k. dasax. naSr., gv.10. 

168 qiqoZe g. axali kulturis mijnaze. — qiqoZe g. rCeuli Txz. sam tomad, t.II, Tb., “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, 

1964, gv.184. 

169 kekeliZe k. dasax. naSr., gv.10. 

68

saxelmwifo, magram Tavad ruseTis kulturuli da civilizaciuri raoba mxolod 

Camoyalibebis safexurzea; miuxedavad saerTo marTlmadidebluri msoflmxedvelobrivi 

safuZvlisa, qarTuli kulturisaTvis ruseTi sruliad ucxo kulturuli samyaroa. 

erTmorwmuneoba politikuri orientaciis safuZveli ki xdeba, magram, kulturuli 

da civilizaciuri garemocvis TvalsazrisiT, es jerjerobiT verafers cvlis. 

amdenad, qarTuli kultura SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc ucxo (ara ucnob) kulturul 

garemocvaSi moqceuli mTlianoba, romelic cdilobs, am axal gamowvevaze pasuxis 

moZebnis gziT SeinarCunos sakuTari saxe da ar iqces garemomcveli kulturis 

nawilad. am dros mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, Tu SeiZleba ase ewodos, marginalobis 

gamocdileba, muSaobs kulturis maxasiaTeblebi, Camoyalibebuli marginalobis 

periodSi. yalibdeba adaptaciuri meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiT qarTuli kultura XVIII 

saukunis bolodan Camoyalibebul axal civilizaciur garemocvas kvlav sakuTari 

(mahmadianurisagan gansxvavebuli, Tumca misiT mniSvnelovanwilad daRdasmuli) 

maxasiaTeblebiT xvdeba. 

VI. XIX s. dasawyisidan 60-ian wlebamde saqarTvelos irgvliv TandaTanobiT 

yalibdeba axali civilizaciuri garemo _ qristianul-marTlmadidebluri, mxolod 

axali birTviT — ruseTiT. dasaxelebuli periodi masTan adaptaciis xanaa. XVIII 

saukunis meore naxevridan, gansakuTrebiT ki XIX saukunidan saqarTvelo sul ufro 

axlos ecnoboda evropas, Tumca es nacnoboba, ZiriTadad, ruseTiT iyo gaSualebuli. 

rogorc k.kapaneli aRniSnavda, `qarTuli kulturis diriJorad XIX s. pirvel naxevarSi 

isev rCeba aRmosavleTi, sparsuli gemovnebiTa da esTetiuri filosofiiT” 170 , magram 

evropis gavlena TandaTan sagrZnobi xdeba kulturis yvela sferoSi. k.kapaneli mamaTa 

da SvilTa brZolasac qarTul kulturaSi dasavluri da aRmosavluri tendenciebis 

dapirispirebiT xsnida 171 . 

VII. XIX s. 60-iani wlebidan, kavkasiaSi ruseTis gabatonebis Sedegad, saqarTvelo 

TandaTan mowyda misTvis kargad nacnob aRmosavlur-muslimur kulturas da 

aRmosavlur qristianul civilizaciur garemoSi moeqca. oRond am civilizacias 

axali birTvi hqonda — ruseTi, romelic Tavadac TviTdadginebis stadiaze iyo da 

romlis irgvliv periferiis Camoyalibeba politikuri, da ara kulturuli niSniT 

mimdinareobda. amave dros, am civilizaciis birTvSic (ruseTi) da periferiazec 

(magaliTad, CevnSi) mZlavrad iWreboda dasavluri (evropuli) nakadebi. Sesabamisad, 

qarTul kulturis winaSe aqtiurad dadga dasavlur qristianul da rusulmarTlmadideblur 

civilizaciaTa Soris sakuTari adgilis gansazRvris sakiTxi, 

romelic gansakuTrebul aqtualobas iZenda saqarTvelos politikuri damoukideblobis 

periodebSi — 1918-1921 wlebSi da igive saukunis 90-iani wlebidan. 

dRes qarTuli kultura kvlav civilizaciuri identurobis problemis winaSe dgas. 

misi amJamindeli civilizaciuri garemocva Semdegi saxiT warmogvidgeba: 

1) dasavlursa da slavur-marTlmadideblur civilizaciebs Soris gaxleCili 

ruseTi, romlis politikuri nawilic saqarTvelo iyo XIX-XX saukuneebSi. ruseTis 

saxiT warmodgenil marTlamdideblur-slavur civilizaciasTan saqarTvelos 

bizantiuri (aRmosavleTqristianuli) kulturuli memkvidreobac akavSirebs, Tumca 

civilizaciur erTobaze saubari friad problemuria. 

2) dasavlursa da muslimur civilizaciebs Soris gaxleCili TurqeTi da, 

mTlianad, mezobeli muslimuri civilizacia. saqarTvelos bolo ramdenime saukunis 

170 kapaneli k. qarTuli literaturis socialuri genezisi. — kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur 

saxeebSi. Tb., 1996, gv.108. 

171 

iqve, gv.121. 

69

istoria am civilizaciisagan mkafio gamijvnis niSniTaa aRbeWdili. mis calkeul 

nawilebTan qarTul kulturas mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze uSualo da mWidro 

kontaqti hqonda. am kontaqtis Sedegad masSi daileqa mravali maxasiaTebeli, romelic 

qarTul kulturas aRmosavleTTan aaxloebs. magram igi arasdros axdenda TviTidentifikacias 

aRmosavleTTan, mkafiod ganasxvavebda Tavs aRmosavluri kulturebisagan. 

SesaZloa, amis mizezi swored mudmivi da metad mWidro kontaqti iyo. 

3) aqtualobas inarCunebs kavkasiis kulturuli da civilizaciuri raobis 

problema, misi mTlianobad ganxilvis SesaZleblobisa Tu SeuZleblobis sakiTxi, 

romelic calke ganxilvis sagania. Sesabamisad, dgeba mTlianad kavkasiis an misi 

calkeuli nawilebis ama Tu im civilizaciasTan mimarTebis sakiTxebi. 

4) dasavluri civilizacia, romlis nawilad yofnis damtkicebas saqarTvelo, 

ramdenime saukunea, bejiTad cdilobs. XIX saukunis evropel inteleqtualTa azriT, 

SavizRvispireTSi mdebare kolxeTi evropisa da aziis damakavSirebeli wertili iyo, 

misi mcxovrebni ki `kavkasiur, anu evropul toms ganekuTvnebodnen~ da dasavleTTan 

iyvnen dakavSirebuli 172 . wina azia iqca im zRurblad, winkarad, romlis gavliTac 

xvdeboda evropaSi is principebi, romlebic aq Canasaxis saxiT vlindeboda, 

Camoyalibebul saxes ki, mxolod evropis mudmivad mSenebare nagebobaSi iRebda. magram 

JamTa msvlelobam evropis es saparado Sesasvleli TandaTan `qristianobis aziuri 

provinciis” 173 ukana karad aqcia, romelic ise daSorda ZiriTad Senobas, rom lamis 

funqciadakargul nangrevad iqca. mTeli Semdgomi istoriis manZilze qarTvelebi imis 

damtkicebas cdilobdnen, rom es bizantiuri stilis, mSvenieri winkari aucilebeli da 

organuli nawilia im evropuli nagebobisa, romelic qristianobam SeaduRaba. es iyo 

molodiniTa da imedgacruebiT aRsavse brZola evropaSi integraciis uflebis mosapoveblad, 

romelic dResac grZeldeba. saqarTvelosa da evropas Soris damakavSirebeli, 

Sualeduri rgolis saxiT xan ruseTi ganixileba, xan — xmelTaSuazRvispireTi, romlis 

farglebSi mkvlevarTa nawili balkanur-kavkasiur tips gamoyofs. 

aucileblad unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoebac: dasavlur samyarosTan (dRevandeli 

da masTan miaxloebuli gagebiT) Cveni mimarTebis problema, rogorc Cans, saTaves 

swored bizantiis dacemis Semdeg iRebs, radgan, jer erTi, Tavad dasavleTis (evropis) 

saxe swored maSin da kidev ufro mogvianebiT yalibdeba; meore, bizantiis dacemiT 

arseboba Sewyvita im kulturulma erTobam, romlis farglebSi Tavs moiazrebda 

qarTuli kultura. SeiZleba vTqvaT asec: bizantiis dacemiT dasrulda aRmosavleT 

qristianuli civilizaciis arsebobis erTi etapi da saTave daedo meores, roca am 

civilizaciis centris, birTvis funqciam ruseTze gadainacvla. masSi saqarTvelos 

kulturul-civilizaciuri integracia ar momxdara, Tumca politikurad saqarTvelo 

TandaTan mis nawilad iqca. sruliad umarTebulo Cans Tvalsazrisi, TiTqos bizantiis 

dacemiT saqarTvelo mowyda evropas da dRes (da adrec _ magaliTad, ruseTTan 

dakavSirebis gziT) Cven am istoriuli ùiRblobis~ gamosworebas vcdilobT. saqme 

isaa, rom SeuZlebelia mowyde imas, risi nawilic ar yofilxar. CvenTvis dasavleTi 

bizantia iyo, da ara evropa. 

evropisadmi saqarTvelos istoriuli kuTvnilebis Tema dRes friad `moduria~, 

swored amitom aucilebelia, mkafiod gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan am problemis 

politikuri da mecnieruli aspeqtebi. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, sakiTxis ase 

dayeneba savsebiT gasagebia. rac Seexeba Cveni dasavluri miswrafebis istoriuli 

safuZvlebis kvlevas, am mxriv gasakeTebeli gakeTebulze gacilebiT metia. problemis 

Seswavla diaqronul WrilSi, integraluri da komparativistuli analizis 

172 Hegel G.W.Fr. Vorlesungen uber dis Philosophie der Weltgeschichte. Berlin, 1970, p. 239, 414. 

173 Herder I.G. Ileen zur Philosophie der Geshischichte der Menschheit. Berlin. 1923, p.577. 

70

moSveliebiT saSualebas mogvcems, Tvali mivadevnoT Cveni kulturis Sinagan 

maxasiaTebelTa dinamikas da sxva kulturebTan/civilizaciebTan mis mimarTebas. 

amgvari muSaoba sxvadasxva dargis mkvlevarTa erTobliv Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. 

mxolod am SemTxvevaSi iqneba daskvnebi damajerebeli. 

kulturuli da religiuri identurobis problemaTa 

aqtualizacia postsabWoTa xanaSi. eTnikurobisa da 

religiurobis ideologizacia da politizacia 

Cveni kursis farglebSi, religiaSi igulisxmeba ara sakuTriv religiuri moZRvreba 

da instituti, aramed centraluri sistema, romelic axdens kulturis/civilizaciis 

konstruirebas. TviT religiis formirebas mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs 

kultura/civilizacia TviTorganizaciis procesSi, rogorc `pasuxs~ garemos `gamowvevaze~. 

religia ayalibebs faseulobaTa sistemas, romelsac efuZneba mis aRmsarebelTa 

individualuri da jgufuri faseulobani. 

rogorc cnobilia, qristianul-marTlmadideblurma sarwmunoebam didi roli 

Seasrula saqarTvelos istoriaSi. mas daefuZna qarTuli kultura, romlis saxis 

CamoyalibebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda aRmosavlur qristianul samyaroSi 

damkvidrebul normebs. rigi mizezebis gamo, romelTa Soris umTavresi iyo 

saqarTvelos politikuri, kulturuli da civilizaciuri garemo, marTlmadidebloba 

erovnulobasTan gaigivda da misi dacva qveynis `gamoxsna-aRdgomis~ problemas 

daukavSirda. erTmorwmune mokavSiris, Semdeg ki mfarvelis Zieba saukuneTa manZilze 

saqarTvelos sagareo politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo. politikuri 

orientaciis sakiTxi CvenSi kulturuli orientaciis problemad transformirda, 

islamur samyarosTan mravalsaukunovani dapirispirebis pirobebSi ki am arCevanma 

miiRo, agreTve, religiur-kulturuli arCevanis saxe. 

SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos is faqti, rom qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi Cveni 

mahmadiani mezoblebi umTavresad sarwmunoebrivi Sinaarsis matarebeli saxelebiT 

ixseniebian: `musulmanni~ (“istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani”), `musurmanni~ (basili 

ezosmoZRvari), `mohmadianni~ (iqve), ìslemTa eri~ (iqve), ìslemni~ (“istoriani da 

azmani...“), `sarkinozni~ (iqve), Tumca gvxvdeba eTnikuri saxelebic 174 . 

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, niSandoblivia saqarTvelos demokratiuli 

respublikis cnobili moRvawis gr. lorTqifaniZis Tvalsazrisi. `saqarTvelos kulturuli 

da civilizaciuri orientacia mtkiced iyo mimarTuli evropisaken. es 

politika qarTveli xalxis tradiciul-istoriuli swrafvaa, _ aRniSnavda igi. _ 

aziaSi SeWrili saqarTvelo Tavis saqristiano kulturiT mudam ufro evropis nawils 

warmoadgenda, vidre aziisas. saqarTvelos Segnebuli hqonda da aqvs, rom jerjerobiT 

yovel SemTxvevaSi yvelaze uaresi evropa saukeTeso azias sjobia” 175 . 

magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTia politikuri da, Tundac, sarwmunoebrivi 

orientacia, meore ki _ ama Tu im civilizaciisadmi kuTvnileba, romelic, politikur 

da ekonomikur interesebze damyarebuli kavSirebisagan gansxvavebiT, xangrZlivi 

drois manZilze yalibdeba da warmoadgens mravali sxvadasxva garemoebis (zogjer _ 

SemTxveviTisac) Sedegs. ingliseli mecnieri a.smiti aRniSnavs, rom religiuri 

174 

dondua v. “vefxistyaosani” da qarTveli istorikosebi. _ wignSi: saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi 

(rusTavelis 800 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili krebuli). Tb., 1968, gv.239. 

175 

lorTqifaniZe gr. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. _ wignSi: lorTqifaniZe gr. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb., 

Tsu gamomc., 1995, gv.156-157. 

71

identuroba SeiZleba aZlierebdes sxva, maT Soris civilizaciur, identurobebs, da 

SeiZleba asustebdes maT 176 . 

s. semionovis azriT, religiuri parametris miCneva civilizaciis ZiriTad msaz- 

Rvrelad, rac farTodaa gavrcelebuli istoriul-filosofiur literaturaSi, 

dakavSirebulia meTodologiur reduqcionizmTan da saTaves evropocentrizmidan 

iRebs: ukanaskneli saukuneebis dasavleT evropuli civilizaciis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli 

aRiarebulia yvela civilizaciis umTavres determinantad 177 . magram es 

maxasiaTebeli Znelad Tu gamodgeba sasazRvro civilizaciebisa Tu kulturebisaTvis, 

romlebic warmoadgenen dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis, CrdiloeTis da samxreTis 

samyaroTa aTaswlovani urTierTqmedebis Sedegs. 

mkvlevari aRniSnavs CvenTvis sayuradRebo kidev erT garemoebas: konfesiurad 

Wrel regionebSi araiSviaTad yalibdeba kulturuli erTobebi, romlebic mravali 

saukunis manZilze arsebobs. kulturuli memkvidreobiToba aq mJRavndeba ara 

religiur sferoSi, aramed kulturis esTetikur da eTikur aspeqtebSi, miTologiaSi, 

fsiqologiasa da xasiaTSi 178 . 

kulturisa da civilizaciis mTavar determinantad religiis aRiarebis kritikiT 

XX s. 50-ian wlebSi, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, gamovida amerikeli kulturologi f. 

begbi, romelic xazgasmiT miuTiTebda, rom religia zecivilizaciuri fenomeni ki ara, 

misi erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad. amitom savsebiT 

bunebrivia, rom qristianuli samyaros (ara civilizaciis) ori nawili arsebiTad 

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan da aRmosavleTqristianuli civilizacia met msgavsebas 

amJRavnebs aRmosavlur (muslimur) civilizaciasTan, vidre dasavlurqristianulTan 

(evropulTan) 179 . 

interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos imis gaxseneba, rom jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi, roca 

i.g.herderi saqarTvelos `qristianobis aziur provinciad~ acxadebda 180 . Sesabamisad, 

qristianad yofna misTvis evropelad yofnasTan ar igivdeboda. 

kulturuli da civilizaciuri identurobis sakiTxebma gansakuTrebuli aqtualuroba 

SeiZina. mecnierebTan erTad, isini sul ufro xSirad iqceva politikosTa 

interesis sagnad. identurobis kvleva, TeoriulTan erTad, praqtikul mniSvnelobasac 

iZens, ramdenadac sadReiso da samomavlo kulturul-politikuri orientirebis 

gansazRvris SesaZleblobas iZleva. civilizaciuri identurobis gansazRvra, arcTu 

iSviaTad, ganixileba im krizisidan Tavis daRwevis saSualebad, romelsac ganicdian 

Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi saxelmwifoebi. 

kulturuli da civilizaciuri identurobis sakiTxebi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria 

e.w. mcire erebisa da xalxebisaTvis, romelTa mentaloba, Tu milan kunderas 

davesesxebiT, gansazRvrulia sakuTari mniSvnelobis permanentuli ZiebiT. kavkasiis 

xalxebisaTvis, maT Soris, qarTvelebisaTvis, saqmes kidev ufro arTulebs kulturaTa 

da civilizaciaTa mijnaze arsebobis faqtori. kavkasia, istoriuladac da dResac, 

warmoadgens dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis damakavSirebel 

xids, civilizaciaTa gzajvaredins da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva Zalis interesTa 

gadakveTis areals. kavkasia is regionia, romlisTvisac saukuneebis manZilze damaxasiaTebeli 

iyo integraciuli da dezintegraciuli tendenciebis organuli Serwyma da 

dinamikuri wonasworoba. 

176 Смит А. Национальная идентичность и идея европейского единства. – В сб.: Актуальные проблемы Европы: экономика, 

политика, идеология, М.: ИНИОН, 1993, вып.1, с.120. 

177 Семенов С.И. Компаративные лонгитюдные исследования..., с.35. 

178 

iqve. 

179 Bagby Ph. Culture and History, p.176. 

180 Гердер И.Г. Идеи к философии истории человечества. М., 1977, с.491. 

72

civilizaciaTa konfliqtis prognozis mixedviT, xalxebi, romlebic civilizacia- 

Ta gamyof mijnebze cxovroben, ganwirulni arian civilizaciaTa Soris aRmocenebuli 

sisxlismRvreli brZolis velad qcevisaTvis. es arcTu saxarbielo perspeqtiva biZgs 

aZlevs identurobis problemaTa kvlevas. Tu imasac gavixsenebT, rom kulturaTa da 

civilizaciaTa gzajvaredinze mcxovreb xalxTa istoriuli warsuli, rogorc wesi, 

TviTgadarCenisaTvis brZolis formaTa Ziebisa da maTi met-naklebad warmatebuli 

realizaciis saxiT warmogvidgeba, naTeli gaxdeba am xalxTa gansakuTrebuli interesi 

aRniSnuli problematikisadmi. 

lokalur civilizaciaTa TeoriaSi religia civilizaciis erT-erT ZiriTad 

determinantadaa warmodgenili. gavixsenoT civilizaciaTa klasifikacia, mocemuli 

n.danilevskis, a.toinbis, s.hanTingtonisa da sxvaTa mier. rogorc aRvniSneT, am Sem- 

TxvevaSi religiaSi igulisxmeba ara sakuTriv religiuri moZRvreba da instituti, 

aramed centraluri sistema, romelic axdens civilizaciis konstruirebas socialurkulturuli 

TvalsazrisiT. TviT religiis formirebas mniSvnelovanwilad gansaz- 

Rvravs civilizacia TviTorganizaciis procesSi, rogorc `pasuxs~ garemos `gamowvevaze~. 

magram religiuri parametris ganxilva sxva maxasiaTebelTagan mowyvetiT srul 

(da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, swor) warmodgenas ver gviqmnis ama Tu im qveynis (xalxis, 

kulturis) civilizaciur raobaze. ufro metic — religiuri parametris miCneva ama Tu 

im kulturis civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis ZiriTad msazRvrelad SeiZleba safuZvlad 

daedos urTierTgamomricxav daskvnebs. am mxriv, niSandoblivia saqarTvelos civilizaciuri 

kuTvnilebis ori versia, romlebic, swored am parametrze dayrdnobiT, 

sxvadasxva daskvnas gvTavazobs. 

erTi versiis Tanaxmad, swored religiur parametrze dayrdnobiT, saqarTvelo 

aRmosavlur qristianuli civilizaciis SemadgenlobaSi moiazreba, romlis nawilebs 

warmoadgenen agreTve bizantia, somxeTi, ruseTi da kidev ramdenime erTeuli 181 . es 

Tvalsazrisi mocemulia a.toinbisTan, s.hanTingtonTan (romelic am civilizacias, 

ratomRac, marTlmadideblur-slavurs uwodebs — albaT, birTvuli kulturidan 

gamomdinare), agreTve rig qarTvel da ucxoel mkvlevarebTan. 

magram zedapiruli analiziTac ki cxadia, rom aRmosavlur qristianuli samyaro 

civilizaciurad erTgvarovani ar aris da am samyarosTan religiuri erToba 

yovelTvis ar niSnavs masTan civilizaciur erTobasac. aRniSnuli samyaros erTi 

nawili — saqarTvelo — Znelia mivakuTvnoT imave civilizacias, romelsac meore 

nawili — vTqvaT, ruseTi, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi ugulebelvyofT èrTa Soris 

TvisebaTa sxvadasxvaobas~, romelic, rogorc jer kidev nikoloz baraTaSvilma 

SeniSna, aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre `sjulis erToba~. 

aq aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom saWiroa erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT 

civilizaciuri da politikuri orientacia da kuTvnileba. XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelo 

ruseTis imperiis politikur nawilad ki iqca, magram, kulturul-civilizaciuri 

TvalsazrisiT, ruseTi im dros misTvis gacilebiT ucxo sivrces warmoadgenda, vidre, 

magaliTad, religiurad dapirispirebuli irani. Znelia dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom 

ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnam da masTan religiurma identurobam 

ganapiroba saqarTvelos qceva aRmosavlur qristianuli civilizaciis nawilad da 

qarTuli kulturis maxasiaTebelTa formireba, romelic mas am civilizaciis sxva 

kulturebis msgavsi eqneboda. 

garda amisa, religiuri maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba ucvleli iyos xangrZlivi drois 

ganmavlobaSi, magram sxva civilizaciuri maxasiaTeblebis cvlilebam gamoiwvios 

181 Тойнби А.Дж. Постижение истории. М.-СПб., 1993. 

73

civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis transformacia. magaliTad, saqarTvelos religiuri 

maxasiaTebeli ucvlelia saukuneTa manZilze, magram misi civilizaciuri kuTvnileba, 

sxva maxasiaTeblebisa da civilizaciuri garemos cvlilebis gamo, mkafiobiT ar 

gamoirCeva. 

amave versiis farglebSi Tavsdeba saqarTvelos gaazreba evraziuli civilizaciis 

nawilad. aRniSnul Tvalsazriss momxreebi, ZiriTadad, rus mkvlevarTa Soris da 

qarTuli politikuri elitis nawilSi hyavs. rusi mkvlevari n.rozovi miiCnevs, rom 

Tavis droze saqarTvelo, somxeTTan erTad, bizantiuri civilizaciis ganapira mxares 

(kulturas) warmoadgenda, dRes ki igi evraziuli civilizaciis subdominantia, magram 

TurqeTidan da aSS-dan momdinare mizidulobis Zalebs SeuZliaT, saqarTvelo 

marginalur zonad aqcion 182 . qarTvel politikosTa nawilis azriT, saqarTvelo, 

rogorc marTlmadideblobaze dafuZnebuli kulturis qveyana, civilizaciurad 

aRmosavleT qristianul samyaros ganekuTvneba, es samyaro ki dRes ruseTis saxiTaa 

warmodgenili, amitom saqarTvelo kulturul-civilizaciuri TvalsazrisiT 

ruseTTan erTobaSi unda ganvixiloT. am azris momxreTaTvis, rogorc zemoTac iTqva, 

amosavali religiur-sarwmunoebrivi argumentia. 

religiur-sarwmunoebriv arguments emyareba meore versiac, romlis Tanaxmad, 

qarTuli kultura dasavlur (evropul) civilizacias ganekuTvneba, radgan igi iyo 

erT-erTi pirveli evropuli qveyana, sadac qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad aRiares, 

xolo evropuli/dasavluri samyaro swored qristianul faseulobebs daefuZna. 

qarTvel mkvlevarTa da politikosTa nawilisaTvis es ueWveli daskvnaa, meore nawili 

ki cdilobs, Tavidan aicilos sasurvelis realobad miRebis cduneba da saqarTvelos 

civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis Taobaze msjeloba ufro mkacri argumentebiT Seamagros. 

am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia axalgazrda mkvlevar q.kakitelaSvilis 

naSromi `dasavleTi qarTul cnobierebaSi~, sadac gaanalizebulia qarTuli kulturis 

maxasiaTeblebi dasavlur da aRmosavlur kulturul sivrceebTan mimarTebaSi, 

agreTve Cveni `dasavluri miswrafebis~ warmoSobis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi. 

kerZod, avtori aRniSnavs im faqts, rom qarTvel tomTa Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis 

arealad mcire azias, anu mogviano xanis qarTuli saxelmwifoebis dasavleT mxares 

varaudoben, sadac SemdgomSic ganagrZobdnen cxovrebas qarTveluri da maTi 

monaTesave eTnikuri jgufebi. T.kakitelaSvili gvTavazobs varauds, rom, SesaZloa, 

swored am mizeziT, qarTvelebis Tavdapirveli sivrciTi orientacia geografiulad 

dasavleTisaken iyo mimarTuli. droTa ganmavlobaSi cnobier doneze, SeiZleba, 

daviwyebul iqna mizezi, ris gamoc mzera dasavleTisaken iyo mimarTuli (iq 

egulebodaT Tavdapirveli samSoblo da naTesavi), magram Tavad mimarTuleba ar 

gamqrala (gasaTvaliswinebelia genetikuri mexsierebis mniSvnelobac). SemdgomSi 

qarTvelTa mier monaTesave dasavleTad aRqmuli mxare berZnuli kulturis mZlavri 

gavlenis qveS moeqca (kolonizacia), igive moxda CvenTanac, ramac gaaZliera 

kulturuli siaxlovis grZnoba da dasavleTTan (igulisxmeba am cnebis geografiulsivrciTi 

mniSvneloba) ufro meti daaxloeba ganapiroba. viTareba ar Secvlila arc 

elinistur da romaul periodSi 183 . rac Seexeba bizantiur xanas, qarTvelebs Tavi 

maSinac dasavluri sivrcis nawilad egulebodaT, romlis centri iyo konstantinopoli. 

saqarTvelos evropisadmi (dasavleTisadmi) kuTvnilebis argumentad qristianobis, 

rogorc saerTo religiur-sarwmunoebrivi safuZvlis moSvelieba verc politi- 

182 Розов Р.С. На пути к синтезу макроисторических парадигм. – В журн.: Философия и общество. М., 1998, № 4, c.128- 

129. 

183 

kakitelaSvili T. dasavleTi qarTul cnobierebaSi. — Jurn: ena da kultura, 1, Tb., 2000, gv.52. 

74

kur sferoSi poulobs farTo gamoxmaurebas. rogorc b.kopitersi aRniSnavs, evropis 

sazogadoebriv azrSi did gamoZaxils ar povebs is argumenti, rom evropuli erToba 

saTaves iRebs Soreul warsulSi da saerTo religiur safuZvelzea aRmocenebuli. 

aRniSnulis dasturad mas mohyavs friad niSandoblivi faqti: evrosabWom SesaZleblad 

CaTvala specialuri stumris statusis miniWeba rogorc saqarTvelosaTvis, aseve 

azerbaijanisaTvis, rac naTlad adasturebs sarwmunoebrivi argumentis ugulebelyofas 

184 . 

luqsemburgis evropuli kvlevebis institutis direqtorma armand klesim 

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi wakiTxul leqciaze isaubra im kriteriumebis 

Sesaxeb, romlebic safuZvlad udevs evropul integracias. esenia geografiuli, 

politikuri, kulturuli, religiuri, strategiuli da ekonomikuri kriteriumebi. 

geografiuli kriteriumis mixedviT, sadaoa, aris Tu ara saqarTvelo evropis nawili. 

politikuri kriteriumi, romelic evropis farglebSi aqcevs im saxelmwifoebs, 

romlebic dasavleTis qveynebis politikur mrwamss iziareben, Cveni xelisuflebis 

mier deklarirebuli kursis gaTvaliswinebiT, evropis nawilad Cveni aRiarebis 

safuZvels iZleva. igive SeiZleba iTqvas kulturul kriteriumze. religiur 

kriteriumze, romelic, TiTqos, CvenTvis sasargeblo unda iyos, zemoT ukve gvqonda 

saubari. strategiuli kriteriumi evropad moiazrebs saerTo strategiuli interesebis 

mqone qveynebis erTobliobas, amdenad, esec Cveni evropelobis sasargeblo 

argumentad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. rac Seexeba ekonomikur kriteriums, igi dasavleTad 

warmoidgens ganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebis erTobliobas (am niSniT iaponiac 

evropuli erTobis wevrad moiazreba). am kriteriumiT, evropul sivrcesTan saerTo 

araferi gvaqvs. 

rogorc vxedavT, dasaxelebuli kriteriumebis nawili saqarTvelos evropis farglebSi 

aqcevs, meore nawilis mixedviT ki, igi aSkarad evropis miRma rCeba. Tavad 

a.klesis azriT, saqarTvelo ufro aRmosavluri qveyanaa, rac man Semdegnairad 

Camoayaliba: `Tqveni qveyana ufro rbili da araagresiulia, vidre dasavleTis qveynebi. 

iq sazogadoeba kargad aris organizebuli, magram, Tqvengan gansxvavebiT, maT akliaT 

saidumloebis gancda” 185 . es ukanaskneli niSani kulturologiur literaturaSi 

aRmosavlurobis tipur maxasiaTeblad iTvleba. 

evropuli identurobis sakiTxi problemuria ara mxolod wminda kulturologiuri, 

aramed geografiuli TvalsazrisiTac. saqme exeba evropa-aziis geografiuli 

sazRvris lokalizacias, romlis sxvadasxvagvari variantebiT saqarTvelo xan eqceva 

evropis geografiul sivrceSi, xan — ara. 

evropisa da aziis geografiuli sazRvris sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saxeldeba xuTi 

(xan metic) savaraudo varianti, romlebic mecnierTa ganxilvis sagania. TiToeuli 

Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, kavkasia xan evropaa, xan azia, xan ki maT Soris arsebuli 

teritoria. mokled ganvixiloT isini cal-calke. 

pirveli versiiT, evropasa da azias Soris sazRvari gadis kuma-maniCis Rrmulze, 

amrigad mTeli kavkasia aziaSi eqceva. meore versiiT, sazRvari emTxveva kavkasionis 

mTavar wyalgamyof qeds; am versiis mimdevrebi, ZiriTadad, klimaturi pirobebidan 

amodian. am SemTxvevaSic saqarTvelo, kavkasiasTan erTad, aziaSi xvdeba. mesame versiis 

Tanaxmad, sazRvari rionze da mtkvarze gadis, ase Tvlida jer kidev V saukunis 

istorikosi herodote. aseTi dayofiT, ara marto kavkasia, aramed saqarTveloc 

gayofilia evropul da aziur nawilebad. meoTxe versiis mixedviT, sazRvari gadis 

184 

kopitersi b. saqarTvelo da evropa: periferiis cneba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. _ Jurn.: 

sazogadoeba da politika, Tb., 1999, gv.87-88. 

185 

saqarTvelo _ evropa Tu azia? _ gaz. “ganaxlebuli iveria”, Tb., 2001, 12. 

75

javaxeT-somxeTis vulkanuri mTianeTis CrdiloeT nawilze. es wminda geografiuli 

faqtoridan gamomdinareobs _ kavkasiis umetes teritoriaze gvxvdeba evropuli 

tipis landSafti, rac ar gvxvdeba am mTianeTze. aqac kavkasiis nawili (maT Soris Cvenc) 

evropaSi eqceva, nawili ki aziaSi. mexuTe versiis Tanaxmad ki, sazRvari miuyveba 

saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis samxreT sazRvrebs. am versiis Tanaxmad, 

mTeli kavkasia evropas miekuTvneba 186 . 

da bolos, miuxedavad kavkasiis qveynebis demokratizaciis sferoSi miRweuli 

garkveuli warmatebebisa, dasavleTis qveynebi mainc sifrTxiliT ekidebian maT. aq 

saubaria ara adamianis uflebebze, sityvis Tavisuflebaze, ekonomikis liberalizaciaze, 

aramed wminda mentalur problemaze. dasavleTis politikosebi ar aRiareben 

pontos sivrces Zveli kontinentis nawilad da Tvlian mas evropis Soreul da ucxo 

periferiad. 

XX saukunis bolo aTwleulebidan moyolebuli, kulturis problematika, 

mecnierebTan erTad, sul ufro metad iqceva politikosTa yuradRebis sagnad. 1995 w. 

amerikeli mkvlevrebi l.lindstromi da j.m.uaiti aRniSnavdnen, rom Tu adre 

kulturis fenomenTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, ZiriTadad, akademiuri kvlevis sagans 

warmoadgenda, dRes isini sul ufro xSirad iqceva aqtualur politikur problemad. 

politikuri reJimebi kulturis fenomenis gamoyenebiT cdiloben identurobis, 

politikuri avtonomiisa da sxva miznebis legitimacias. kulturis sakiTxebis 

ganxilvaSi erTvebian politikuri eqspertebi, biologebi Tu statistikosebi. aseT 

viTarebaSi kulturologebs uxdebaT TavianTi profesiuli interesis sferos 

gansazRvra da kulturis gamijvna misi politikuri fiqciisagan. amave mizezis gamo, 

zogjer, wminda akademiuri kulturologiuri naSromi politikuri diskusiis sagnad 

iqceva xolme 187 . dRes kultura omia, romelsac veravin gaveqceviTo, askvnidnen 

l.lindstromi da j.uaiti 188 . aRsaniSnavia isic, rom civilizaciuri identurobis 

gansazRvra, arcTu iSviaTad, ganixileba im krizisidan Tavis daRwevis saSualebad, 

romelsac ganicdian Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi saxelmwifoebi. 

XX-XXI ss. mijnaze kulturuli da civilizaciuri identurobis problemaTa 

aqtualobis zrdas, sxva garemoebebTan erTad, xeli Seuwyo imanac, rom msoflios 

xalxebma — rogorc dasavlelebma, ise aradasavlelebma — daiwyes pasuxis Zieba 

globalizaciis gamowvevaze. kulturis globalizaciis perspeqtiviT SeSfoTebulni 

arian rogorc aradasavluri samyaros warmomadgenlebi, romlebic globalizacias 

vesternizaciad aRiqvamen, ise Tavad dasavlelebic, romelTac aranakleb aSfoTebT 

sakuTari kulturuli saxis dakargvis safrTxe. 

civilizaciaTa konfliqtis prognozma, romelic mkafiod Camoyalibda XX s. 90-ian 

wlebSi, axali biZgi misca eTnosTa kulturuli raobisa da civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis 

problemaTa kvlevas, gansakuTrebiT — im xalxebisaTvis, romlebic civilizaciaTa 

gamyof mijnebze cxovroben da, dasaxelebuli prognoziT, ganwirulni arian 

civilizaciaTa Soris aRmocenebuli sisxlismRvreli konfliqtebis brZolis velad 

qcevisaTvis. 

iuneskos programis — `msoflios kulturuli proeqti~ — direqtori d.Saferi 1996 

wels aRniSnavda, rom msoflio ekonomikuri saukunidan kulturis saukuneSi gadadis, 

romelsac mkvlevarTa nawili kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis saukuned 

naTlavs; naTeli gaxda, rom kulturis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis gareSe msoflios 

mowyobis nebismieri gegma warumateblobisTvisaa ganwiruli. Saferis azriT, swored 

186 gegeSiZe a. geopolitika. Tb., 1992, gv. 132-134. 

187 Lindstrom L., White G.M. Anthropology’s New Cargo: Future Horizons. - Ethnology. Pittsburg, 1995, vol.34, # 3, gv. 205. 

188 iqve. 

76

kulturologebs SeuZliaT, yvelaze avtoritetulad gansazRvron globaluri 

kulturuli sistemis ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi, Seqmnan momavali 

msoflio sistemis kulturuli `portreti” 189 . 

ase rom, kulturuli da civilizaciuri identurobis sakiTxebis kvleva, TeoriulTan 

erTad, sul ufro metad iZens praqtikul mniSvnelobas. 

aRniSnuli sakiTxebisadmi damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT, saintereso viTareba 

Seiqmna postsabWoTa xanaSi. samecniero literaturaSi religiuri aRorZineba, 

Cveulebriv, ganixileba rogorc procesi, romelic Tan sdeevs an mosdevs axali 

nacionaluri identurobis formirebas. igi miiCneva fenomenad, romelic damaxasiaTebelia 

mravali tranzituli sazogadoebisaTvis postsabWoTa sivrceSi. 

am sazogadoebebSi religiisadmi interesi mkveTrad gaizarda, Sesabamisad, gaizarda 

religiis rolic sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. arcTu iSviaTad religia eTnikuribas 

enacvleba da politikur rilsac asrulebs. es bunebrivicaa, radgan religia, rogorc 

eTnikuri TviTSegnebis erT-erTi umTavresi elementi, gansazRvravs SidaeTnikur 

konsolidacias da, amave dros, eTnosebs Soris diferenciaciis processac. 

religiis roli gansakuTrebiT iseT polieTnikur sazogadoebebSi gaaqtiurda, sadac 

eTnikuri jgufebi gansaxvavebuli konfesiebis warmomadgenlebi arian. polieTnikur 

sazogadoebaSi arsebul binarul opozicias _ `Cven_isini~, socialur da 

politikur problemebTan erTad, kidev ufro amwvavebs konfesiuri konfliqtebi. am 

SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebrivi stabiluroba mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebuli xdeba 

religiuri aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebasa da konfesiebs Soris TanamSromlobis 

xarisxze. 

imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, ra urTierTmimarTeba arsebobs kulturul (eTnikur) 

da religiur identifikaciebs Soris Tavdapirvelad TviT terminTa mniSvneloba 

ganvmartoT. 

sityva ìdenturoba~ modis laTinuri frazidan Idem et Idem, rac sityvasityviT 

niSnavs ìgive da igives~ anu èrTsa da igives~. identuroba aris adamianis fsiqologiuri 

warmodgena sakuTar `me”-ze, rogorc subieqturad aRqmul mTlianobasa da 

individualurobaze, romlis meSveobiT pirovneba sakuTar Tavs aigivebs garkveul 

tipologiur kategoriasTan (saxelmwifo, socialuri statusi, kultura, erovneba, 

asaki, sqesi, profesia da a.S.). Tavad procesis, dinamikis aRsaniSnavad amjerad ufro 

mosaxerxebeli iqneba gamoviyenoT termini ìdentifikacia~, romelic xmarebaSi 

pirvelad fsiqoanalitikurma skolam Semoitana. dRes sociologebi da socialuri 

fsiqologiis mkvlevarebi ìdentifikaciaSi~ gulisxmoben individis socializacias, 

socialuri rolebis miRebasa da adaptacias, socialur-kulturuli modelebis 

aTvisebis process 190 . 

sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebisaTvis cnobili kategoriebidan CvenTvis amjerad 

sainteresoa religiuri da kulturuli identurobis cnebebi da maTi ganxilva 

postsabWoTa kavkasiis sazogadoebebSi. 

met-naklebad naTelia, Tu ras gulisxmobs religiuri identuroba. gasaTvaliswinebelia 

am terminis mravalgvari interpretirebis SesaZlebloba. pirovnebis 

konfesiuri kuTvnileba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli religiuri erTobis gancdasTan. 

amis magaliTia, Tundac, muslimuri ùmma~, `saqristiano~ (saerTo-qristianuli 

sivrce) da sxva cnebebi. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis mixedviT, 

adamiani qristianad SeiZleba miviCnioT, Tu igi Tavs qristianad Tvlis. 

189 Shafer D.P. Toward a new world system: a cultural perspective. – Dynamics of communication and cultural change. The role of 

networks. Zagreb, 1996, p.134-135. 

190 Культурология XX Век. Энциклопедия. Т.1, СПб., 1998, с.23. 

77

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavidanve gansazRvruli unda iyos definiciis 

pirobiToba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi konfesiuri niSniT sazogadoebebis klasificireba 

kvlevis procesSi uxeS uzustobebamde migviyvans. muslimTa calkeuli jgufebi 

cdiloben xazi gausvan da axleburad gaiazron ùmmasa~ da `dar al-islamis~ (“islamis 

miwa”) cnebebi. àrabi erTi eria da mas maradiuli misia aqvs~, _ ambobs siriis 

konstitucia, Tumca, kargad Tu davakvirdebiT, TviT saudel da siriel arabebs 

Sorisac sakmaod did sxvaobas aRmovaCenT. muslimTa erTianobis miTi mahmadianTa 

masiuri piligrimobis adgilas _ meqaSive imsxvreva xolme yovelwliurad: hajis 

ritualis Sesasruleblad zu(a)l-hijas TveSi mosalocad Casuli aTobiT muslimi 

kvdeba Tanamorwmunis xeliT, uTanxmoebiT gamowveul SetakebebSi. maSasadame, 

muslimuri samyaro, romlis nawilad Tavs miiCnevs kavkasielTa sakmaod didi nawili, 

sulac ar aris monoliTuri da isic, qristianobis msgavsad (am sityvis farTo da 

zogadi gagebiT), uamravi, xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimdinareobisa da variaciis 

didi mozaikaa. 

rac Seexeba kulturul identurobas, mas Cven, faqtobrivad, eTnikuri identurobis 

farTo mniSvnelobiT vxmarobT, gamomdinare iqidan, rom eTnikuri identurobis 

safuZveli sxva araferia, Tu ara kultura. 

religiuri da kulturuli identurobis sakiTxis simwvave mravalma mizezma 

ganapiroba. rogorc zemoT iTqva, pirovnebis identuroba mis mier erTdroulad 

sxvadasxva socialuri rolis SesrulebaSi gamoixateba. individis mier socialurkulturuli 

nimuSebis, normebis, Rirebulebebis aTviseba da gaziareba, sakuTari 

adgilis damkvidreba ar aris erTgvarovani procesi da garkveuli cvlilebebiTac 

xasiaTdeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, mecnierebi gamoyofen identurobis dakargvis, 

Selaxvis SesaZleblobas. am kriziss xSirad ganapirobebs socialur-kulturuli 

garemos mkveTri Secvla. rodesac individis maidentificirebeli rolebi icvleba 

drosa da sivrceSi, maSin iwyeba krizisi, sakuTari Tavis xelaxla aRmoCenis, 

TviTdamkvidrebis mtkivneuli problema. am procesma SeiZleba masStaburi xasiaTi 

miiRos. identurobis meqanizmi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs socialuri struqturis, 

kulturuli tradiciebis SenarCunebisa da gadacemis procesSi. am sakiTxTan 

dakavSirebiT mravali istoriuli magaliTis moZieba SeiZleba. 

eTnikuri da religiuri identurobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT gamZafrda meore 

msoflio omis Semdeg, dekolonizaciis fonze. im droisaTvis orive banaki mixvda, rom 

antikoloniuri ajanyebebis CaxSoba metismetad did resursebsa da sisxls iTxovda da 

sjobda, aqcenti ideologiuri da ekonomikuri eqspaniis gaZlierebaze gaekeTebinaT. 

1956 wlis suec-sinais samxedro kampaniis kraxma sabolood miaxvedra zesaxelmwifoebi 

am realobas. 50-iani wlebis bolosaTvis safrangeTic darwmunda CrdiloeT afrikaSi 

franko-muslimuri sazogadoebis formirebis utopiurobaSi _ alJireli aRarasodes 

CaTvlida Tavs frangad. samociani wlebidan gaaqtiurebul aradasavlur centrebs 

samarTliani pretenzia gauCndaT sakuTari tradiciebisa da faseulobebis 

unikalurobaze da, rig SemTxvevebSi, universalurobazec ki. koloniuri sistemis 

rRvevam bevri moiyola nangrevebSi, imdroindel konfliqtebi mravalplaniani iyo: 

eTnikuri (1967-70 wlebis nigeria), teritoriuli konfliqtebi, sadac religiuri 

identuroba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda (dapirispireba palestinis miwaze, 

indoeTis da pakistanis omebi 1948—49, 1965 da 1971 wlebSi), samoqalaqo (kviprosis 

krizisi 1960-ian wlebSi) dapirispirebani da a.S. 

SeiZleba garkveuli paralelis gavleba imdroindel afrika-aRmosavleTsa da 90- 

iani wlebis kavkasias Soris. orive SemTxvevaSi didi Zvrebi moxda msoflio politikaSi. 

90-ian wlebSi erTi imperiis adgilze erTbaSad TxuTmeti damoukidebeli respublikis 

78

gaCenam TviT dasavleTis sazogadoebac Seafiqriana da daabnia. sabWoTa kavSiris 

daSlis Semdeg, iseve, rogorc mesame samyaroSi kolonializmis dasasruls, miviReT 

arastabiluri sazRvrebis mqone eri-saxelmwifoebi, romelTa sazogadoebebs 

sawinaaRmdego da xSirad urTierTgamomricxavi mizanswrafvebi gauCndaT sxva mezobel 

saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebaSi. amis mizezi is iyo, rom XX saukunis bolos mTeli rigi 

identurobebisa daingra sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Tanadroulad: magaliTad, saxelmwofoebrivi 

kuTvnilebis identuroba, moqalaqeobrivi identuroba. aseT krizisul, 

gardamaval periodebSi gansakuTrebiT xSiria identurobis erTi tipis meoriT 

Canacvleba, erTis meoriT msxvreva an daCrdilva, gaqroba. es sakmaod swrafad xdeba da 

erT dRes individma SeiZleba aRmoaCinos, rom misTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania 

eTnikuri identurobis sakiTxi, romelic SeiZleba dominirebdes socialur rolebze, 

saxelmwifoebriv loialurobasa Tu religiur rwmenaze. 

TviTgamorkvevisa Tu saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis dros 

kavkasielebs unda epasuxaT im droisaTvis yvelaze mTavari kiTxvisaTvis: `visi 

moqalaqe xar Sen? `romeli qveynis Svili xar?~ `vis da ras emsaxurebi?~ am kiTxvebs 

sxvadasxvanairi da urTierTgamomricxavi pasuxebic mohyva. ar unda daviviwyoT, rom 

kavkasiis xalxebi aTwleulebis manZilze ucxo mmarTvelobis qveS iyvnen 

gaerTianebuli; im ers, romelsac Semdeg saxelmwifos mSeneblobis (Tundac aRdgenis) 

pretenzia gauCnda, daviwyebuli hqonda damoukidebeli mmarTvelobis tradiciebi, 

umciresobebisadmi tolerantobis saamayo tradicia totalitarizmis epoqaSi sul 

sxvagvarad iqna gaazrebuli. axladwarmoqmnili TviTgamocxadebuli respublikebi 

uaryofdnen koloniur warsuls, amave dros, ar iTvaliswinebdnen mis Sedegs. 

komunizmis marcxs XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi Tan axlda religiisaken mibruneba, 

Tumca sainteresoa, rom mibrunebis am formas ungreli mkvlevari, filosofiis 

doqtori eva anCeli `religiur aTeizms~ uwodebs. kavkasiis religiuri sakiTxebis erTerTi 

avtoritetuli mkvlevari, amerikeli kent hili aRniSnavs, rom mtkiceba `me mwams 

RmerTis~ ufro aTeizmis uaryofis formas warmoadgens, vidre WeSmarit aRmsareblobas 

191 ; praqtika mowmobs, rom socialuri TvalsazrisiT, ìslamis mimdevrad~ 

TviTidentificireba sakmarisia individis socialur-mobilizaciur procesebSi 

swrafi CarTvisaTvis. 

dasavleli eqspertebi miuTiTeben faqtze, romelsac, garkveulwilad, SeiZleba 

religiuri fundamentalizmic ewodos da romelic SeiniSneba, saerTod, yofil 

socialistur qveynebSi. aq mxolod islami ar igulisxmeba. aranaklebi yuradRebis 

sagania am qveynebSi marTlamdideblobisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis problemac. 

marTlmadidebloba ZiriTad religiur aRmsareblobas warmoadgens aT evropul 

qveyanaSi, romelTagan TiTqmis yvela (saberZneTis gamoklebiT) komunisturi reJimebis 

memkvidrea. aRmosavleT evropis marTlmadidebluri eklesia mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli 

postkomunisturi xanis nacionalizmTan. sayuradReboa marTlmadideblobisa da 

nacionalizmis istoriuli urTierTmimarTebac. marTlmadidebluri eklesia Tavs 

miiCnevs erovnulobis, erovnuli faseulobebisa da TviTmyofadobis gadamrCenad. 

marTlac, misi aqtiuri da Seupovari winaaRmdegobis gareSe Zneli iqneboda 

qristianobisa da qristianuli kulturis SenarCuneba kavkasiis Tu balkaneTis 

qristiani xalxebisaTvis. swored amitom nacionalizmi istoriulad yovelTvis mtkice 

dasayrdens poulobda marTlmadidbelobaSi. magaliTad, rogorc cnobilia, 

qristianul-marTlmadideblurma sarwmunoebam didi roli Seasrula saqarTvelos 

191 

Ханаху Р.А., Ляушева С.А., Цветков О.М. Ислам у Адыгов cеверо-западного Кавказа на рубеже тысячелетий. – В кн.: 

Мир культуры адыгов (Проблемы эволюции и целостности). Сост. и научный редактор Р.А.Ханаху. Майкоп, 2002, 

с.152-153. 

79

istoriaSi. mas daefuZna qarTuli kultura, romlis saxis CamoyalibebisaTvis didi 

mniSvneloba hqonda aRmosavlur qristianul samyaroSi damkvidrebul normebs. rigi 

mizezebis gamo, romelTa Soris umTavresi iyo saqarTvelos politikuri, kulturuli 

da civilizaciuri garemo, marTlmadidebloba erovnulobasTan gaigivda da misi dacva 

qveynis gadarCenis, misi saxis SenarCunebis problemas gadaejaWva. 

mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, rom marTlmdideblobas kaTolikuri socialuri doqtrinisagan 

gamoarCevs nacionalizmis, saxelmwifosTan TanamSromlobisa da koleqtivizmis 

kombinacia. mxolod amgvari mtkice dogmatizmis, instituciuri da istoriuli 

tradiciebis mqone religias SeeZlo Tanaarseboba komunisturi periodis oficialur 

aTeizmTan. im periodSi religia komunistebis mier ideologiuri manipulirebis 

obieqtad iqca. zogierTi reJimi (meore msoflio omis dros ruseTSi, CauSesku — 

runmineTSi, Jivkovi — bulgareTSi) antidasavlurobasa da antiindividualizms 

marjved iyenebda nacionalisturi miswrafebebis legitimaciisaTvis. stalinis periodSi 

ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesia rusuli nacionalizmisa da imperializmis 

samobilizacio instrumentad gamoiyeneboda. meore msoflio omis Semdgom sabWoTa 

eqspansias Tan sdevda eklesiis gavlenis zrda: dasavleT belorusiis, moldaveTis, 

CrdiloeT bukovinisa da aRmosavleT slovakiis damoukidebeli eklesiebi, romlebic 

1940-ian wlebamde konstantinopolis uzenaesobas aRiarebdnen, moskovis sapatriarqos 

daqvemdebarebasi moeqcnen. sakuTari arsebobis mimarT safrTxisa da instituciuri 

interesebis miuxedavad, marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi da maTi liderebi komunisturi 

mmarTvelobis periodSi mWidrod TanamSromlobdnen aTeistur mTavrobebTan. 1989 

wlidan eklesiis avtoritetis gamoyenebas eswrafodnen neokomunisturi mmarTvelobani. 

Tavis mxriv, eklesiamac miiRo SedarebiTi privilegiebi. 192 

socialisturi sistemis rRvevis Semdeg eklesiis nacionalizmisaken mibrunebam igi 

qveynebis axal mmarTvelebTan TanamSromlobis aucileblobis winaSe daayena. am 

mmarTvelTa umravlesobas (ruseTis, ukrainis, rumineTis, bulgareTis sakanonmdeblo 

organoebSi) neokomunistebi (saxecvlili komunistebi an social-demokrtebi) an 

sulac Zveli komunistebi warmoadgendnen, romlebic xelisuflebis SesanarCuneblad 

alternatiul da legitimur ideologias eZebdnen. TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda 

marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mier mxardaWerili eTnoreligiuri nacionalizmi. 

unda aRiniSnos, rom sabWoTa sistemis farglebSi moqceulma yvela sazogadoebam 

garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada religiis sferoSi. islamSi momxdar am process 

filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtorma muxameTSinma ìslamis deinteleqtualizacia~ 

uwoda: mahmadianobis SenarCuneba Tavis Tavze aiRo mcire jgufma, romelsac aranairi 

saSualeba ar hqonda safuZvliani sasuliero ganaTlebis miRebisa da mxolod 

formaluri ritualuri RvTismsaxurebiT Semoifargleboda 193 

daZabulobis kerebSi, dapirispirebuli erebis mexsierebaSi, Cveulebriv, ukan iwevs 

iseTi mniSvnelovani mxareebi, rogoricaa qristianobisa da islamis saerTo 

àbraamistuli~ tradicia, mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisa da religiuri Semwynareblobis 

principi. konfliqtur kerebSi, sadac Zlieria eTnikuri SuRli, erTi religiisadmi 

kuTvnileba Semrigeblis rols ver TamaSobs. xSiria mcdeloba Tavad am konfesiur 

erTianobaSi Tu msgavsebaSi eWvis Setanisa, gansxvavebulis, rogorc uaryofiTis, 

warmoCenisa. 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konfliqtur situaciebSi eTnikuri TviTidentifikacia ufro 

192 religia da politika postsocialistur sivrceSi. — saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros sagareo 

politikis kvlevisa da analizis centris biuleteni, 4 (13), Tb., 1999, gv.49. 

193 Мухаметшин Р.М. Ислам в России: Историко-методологические предпосылки исследования. – В сб.: Россия и 

мусульманский мир. Бюллетень реферативно-аналитической информации. Москва, 2002, с.39-40. 

80

did rols asrulebs, vidre religiuri erTobis grZnoba. amis mizezi, garkveulwilad, 

Tavad kavkasiuri islamis mravalmxrivobaa, rac eTnikurobiTaa gapirobebuli. meore 

mxriv ki, unda aRiniSnos Tavad erovnuli jgufebisadmi afilaciis tendencia, 

romelmac Tavi gansakuTrebiT XX saukuneSi, stalinis erovnuli politikis gatarebis 

periodSi da mis Semdgom iCina. manamde CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebSi ar arsebobda 

myari eTnikuri TviTidentifikaciis gancda, am terminis klasikuri gagebiT. batonobda 

gvarovnuli erTianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovneba. mas Semdeg, rac 

moskovis mTavari mizani gaxda urTierTmonaTesave kavkasieli xalxebis gaTiSva, raTa 

maTi urTierToba moskovis gavliT warmarTuliyo, kavkasielebSi erovnuli grZnoba 

gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom gasuli aTwleulebis manZilze 

religiuri Tu eTnikuri TviTgamorkveva kavkasiis regionSi mudmivad antirusuli 

ganwyobis fonze mimdinareobda. 

SevecadoT zemoTqmulis ganxilvas azerbaijanis konkretuli magaliTis safuZvelze. 

azerbaijanSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg religiuri faqtoris mniSvneloba 

TiTqmis nulamde davida, da Tumca ssrk daSlis Semdeg Seqmnili ideologiuri 

vakuumis Sevsebas cdilobdnen rigi muslimuri qveynebisa, gansakuTrebiT ki irani, 

raTa `daebrunebinaT~ azerbaijanelebi rwmenis saTaveebTan, magram es ar moxda. ra 

Tqma unda, dRes islami respublikis mosaxleobis sulieri cxovrebis nawilia, magram 

igi ar transformirda realur politikur Zalad. rogorc rusi mkvlevari a.polonski 

aRniSnavs, `qveyanaSi moxda religiis erTgvari desakralizacia. TiTqmis arc erT 

socialurad mniSvnelovan sferoSi islami ar gamodis rogorc damoukidebeli Zala _ 

mas pativs scemen, mas iyeneben, magram misiT ar xelmZRvaneloben” 194 . 

eqspertebi aRiareben, rom religiuri faqtori ar iqca ganmsazRvrelad baqos 

saSinao da sagareo politikaSi. 

rogorc samecniero literaturaSi aRiniSneba, gviansabWoTa periodis azerbaijan- 

Si religiuri aRorZineba Zireuli eTnosis axali nacionaluri identurobis Camoyalibebis 

Sedegi iyo. arsebobs sxvadasxva azri imis Taobaze, Tu ra faqtorebma Seuwyo 

xeli am TviTSegnebis ganviTarebas. brenda Saferis azriT, es procesi saTaves jer 

kidev perestroikamdel periodSi iRebs, roca saistorio da literaturuli nawarmoebebiT 

STagonebul azerbaijanis inteligenciaSi Tavs iCens axali koleqtiuri identurobis 

ideebi (Shaffer B. Borders and Brethen. Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity. London 

and Cambridge, 2002. P.6-7, 119). mark saroiani miiCnevs, rom azerbaijanelTa axali nacionaluri 

identurobis Camoyalibebas, ZiriTadada, biZgi misca 80-iani wlebis bolos 

mTiani yarabaRis irgvliv ganviTarebulma movlenebma. rusi da azerbaijaneli mkvlevrebi 

Tvlian, rom axali nacionaluri TviTSegneba, marTalia, aisaxeboda mcirericxovani 

disidenturi da naxevraddisidenturi wreebis saqmianobaSi sabWoTa periodSi, 

magram ZiriTadi mainc yarabaRis konfliqti — e.w. `somxuri katalizatori~ iyo. 195 

rogorc Cans, es konfliqti aRmoCnda impulsi, romelmac biZgi misca ara marto 

azerbaijanis erovnul moZraobas, aramed respublikis mkvidri mosaxleobis religiuri 

TviTSegnebis TandaTanobiTi zrdis arapirdapiri mizezic gaxda. 

amasTan, es ufro kulturuli moZraoba iyo, vidre gacnobierebuli religiuri 

ideologia, romelic ganapirobebda azerbaijanelTa swrafvas TavianTi religiis 

`fesvebisaken~. xalxis umravlesobisaTvis, romlebic sabWoTa skolis aTeisturi 

194 Полонский А. Ислам в контексте общественной жизни современного Азербайджана. – История, июль 1999, № 28. С.10- 

13. 

195 

Саттаров Р. Ислам как политический фактор в постсоветском Азербайджане. – В журн.: Центральная Азия и Кавказ. 

2004, № 4 (34), с.8. 

81

aRzrdis `produqtebi~ iyvnen, islami rogorc ideologia araviTar rols ar 

asrulebda. amdenad, yarabaRis konfliqti imTaviTve ar aRiqmeboda rogorc sarwmunoebisaTvis 

brZola. rogorc odri oltStadti aRniSnavs, `miuxedavad masobrivi 

informaciis saSualebaTa mier termin `muslimur-qristianuli~ konfliqtis xSiri 

gamoyenebisa da Siituri faqtoris moSveliebisa, azerbaijaneli Turqebi ar mimarTavdnen 

religiur ideologias. islami, romelic mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo kulturul 

da pirad sferoSi, azerbaijanSi arasdros gamoiyeneboda politikuri mobilizaciis 

mizniT, eris SekavSirebisaTvis an romelime mniSvnelovani politikuri Zalis 

CamoyalibebisTvis~ (Alstadt A. The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and IDentity Under Russian Rule. 

Stanford: Hoover Instittution Press, 1992.p.209). 

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religiuri aRorZineba gviansabWoTa azerbaijanSi, 

romelic mohyva nacionalur aRorZinebas, ar iyo ideologizebuli procesi, aramed 

wminda kulturul xasiaTs atarebda. es, pirvel rigSi, gamoixateboda mkvidri 

(ZiriTadi) eTnosis interesis zrdiT islamisadmi, rogorc sakuTari kulturis 

nawilisadmi. 

islamis politizaciis sawyisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 1990 wlis 20 ianvris movlenebi 

baqoSi, roca 100-ze meti sxvadasxva erovnebisa da religiuri aRmsareblobis adamiani 

daiRupa qalaqSi sabWoTa jarebis Seyvanis Sedegad. araoficialuri sababi jarebis 

SeyvanisaTvis iyo somexi mosaxleobis darbevebi, romlebmac piks 13 ianvars miaRwia. 

oficialuri moskovi ki am sisxlian angariSsworebas `muslimi fundamentalistebis~ 

winaaRmdeg brZolad naTlavda, romelTac, TiTqos, xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdeba 

surdaT. ase ganacxada mimarTvaSi sabWoTa xalxisadmi m.gorbaCovma. swored maSin, 

pirvelad istoriaSi, samxreT kavkasiis muslimTa sulieri lideri alah-Sukur 

faSazade aSkarad gamovida moskovis kritikiT da brali dasdo uSualod m.gorbaCovs 

`sisxlian movlenaTa sanqcionirebaSi~. igi xazs usvamda, rom ìslamis faqtoris~ 

gamoyeneba baqoSi jarebis Seyvanis gasamarTleblad miznad isaxavda muslimTa da 

qristianTa Soris mtrobis Camogdebas. 

am tragediis msxverplTa dakrZalva religiuri ritualidan politikur 

protestSi gadaizarda. 20 ianvars baqos quCebSi milionamde adamiani gamovida, raTa 

pativi miegoT daRupulTa xsovnisadmi. 

amrigad, religiuri aRorZineba, romelic perestroikis periodSi daiwyo rogorc 

kulturuli moZraoba, 1990 wlis ianvris ambebma axal safexurze aiyvana, es iyo islamis 

politizaciis safexuri 196 . 

damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg (1991 w.) azerbaijanma daiwyo urTierTobis 

damyareba muslimuri samyaros qveynebTan. qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi islamis 

roli sul ufro TvalsaCino xdeboda. araerTi politikuri partia Tu organizacia 

Tavis saqmianobaSi muslimur ideologias eyrdnoboda. magram es ar iyo tipuri 

movlena im drois azerbaijanis politikuri wreebisaTvis. politikuri liderebis 

umravlesoba islamSi xedavda mxolod gamaerTianebel kulturul sawyiss, romelic 

qveyanas danarCen muslimur samyarosTan daakavSirebda. amave dros, Znelia qveynis 

politikur cxovrebaSi islamis faqtoris rolis uaryofa. roca abulfaz elCibei 

respublikis meTauri gaxda, pirvelad istoriaSi daiwyo religiuri simbolikis 

gamoyeneba oficialur ceremoniebze. Tavisi inauguraciis dros (1992 w. ivnisi) 

SemoiRo, konstituciasTan erTad, yuranze mTxvevis rituali, riTac erTmaneTs 

SeuTavsa religiuri da saero simbolika. TviTon elCibei saero SexedulebebiT 

gamoirCeoda da islamSi mxolod kulturul sawyiss xedavda, magram es xels ar uSlida, 

196 Саттаров Р. Ислам как политический фактор в постсоветском Азербайджане. – В журн.: Центральная Азия и Кавказ. 

2004, № 4 (34), с.10. 

82

islamis faqtori Tavisi interesebisaTvis gamoeyenebina. inauguraciaze faSazades 

daswreba da axali prezidentis kurTxeva mis mier SeiZleba CaiTvalos religiis 

legitimaciis elementad. swored elCibeis prezidentobis dros (1992-1993) or mTavar 

muslimur dResaswauls — `yurban-bairams~ da `ramazan-bairams~ — saxelmwifo 

dResaswaulebis statusi miekuTvna. piradi simpaTiebidan gamomdinare, elCibei 

aSkarad uWerda mxars respublikaSi Turquli organizaciebis saqmianobas 197 . 

Turqul organizaciebTan erTad, meCeTebis, religiuri skolebisa da centrebis 

mSeneblobaSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen iranis, saudis arabeTis, kuveitis 

sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebani. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia irani, 

romelic Tvlis, rom igi ufro axlosaa (sulieri TvalsazrisiT) azerbaijanSi 

upiratesad gavrcelebul Siitur kulturasTan, vidre misi suniti `konkurentebi~ — 

TurqeTi da saudis arabeTi 198 . 

elCibeis memkvidrem, heidar alievma aseve gamoiyena religiuri atributika ficis 

dadebis dros (1993 wlis oqtomberi). igi monawileobda adgilobrivi muslimuri 

kalendris yvela mniSvnelovan movlenaSi, iqneboda es yurban-bairami, ramazan-bairami 

Tu aSura. 1994 w. saudis arabeTSi oficialuri vizitis dros mas Tan axldnen 

sasuliero pirebi Seix ul-islam faSazades meTaurobiT; alievma Seasrula muslimuri 

mcire molocvis (umra) rituali meqaSi. 

magram mas Semdeg, rac azerbaijanma xeli moawera navTobis `saukunis kontraqts~ 

(1994) da orientaciis kursi ruseTidan da muslimuri aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken 

gadaixara, islamuri faqtoris roli politikur scenaze Semcirda. 1995 w. 12 noembers 

miRebul iqna axali konstitucia, romelSic xazgasmuli iyo qveynis saero mowyoba, 

religiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvna. 1995 w. alievma kursi aiRo qveyanaSi islamuri 

orientaciis politikuri partiebisa da sxva organizaciebis saqmianobis aRkveTaze. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom religiuri aRorZineba grZeldeboda (1996 wels 

respublikaSi moqmedebda 800 meCeTi), ukve 1990-iani wlebidan iyo SemTxvevebi, roca 

zogierTi muslimi sxva sarwmunoebas iRebda an seqtaSi Sedioda. 1996 w. martSi milimejlisma 

miiRo kanoni, romelic ucxoelebs ukrZalavda religiur propagandas 

respublikaSi. aseTive muxli Setanil iqna `kanonSi aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis 

Sesaxeb~, romelic elCibeis dros iyo miRebuli. es iyo xelisuflebis mcdeloba, 

SeezRuda ucxoel misionerTa, maT Soris muslimTa, saqmianoba, romelic xSirad 

dakavSirebuli iyo religiis politizaciasTan 199 . 

amrigad, religiuri aRorZinebis procesi respublikaSi gviansabWoTa periodSi 

dakavSirebuli iyo ZiriTadi eTnosis mier muslimobis, rogorc nacionaluri 

identurobis Zireuli komponentis gancdasTan. islamis rogorc politikuri 

faqtoris rolis zrda daiwyo mxolod 1990 w. 20 ianvris Semdeg. 

mkvlevrebi askvnian, rom islamis politizacia azerbaijanSi uaxloes momavalSi 

ararealuria. Tumca garemoebaTa garkveulma damTxvevam fsevdoreligiur wreebs 

respublikaSi SeiZleba situaciis Tavis sasargeblod gamoyenebis saSualeba misces. 

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom araerTgvarovania religiis gavlena CrdiloeT 

kavkasiazec, romelic ruseTis samxreTis administraciuli erTeulebis saxiTaa 

warmodgenili. ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi literaturaSi gamoiTqmoda 

mosazreba, rom CrdiloeT kavkasia, kerZod, CeCneTi da, garkveulwilad, daRestani 

warmoadgenen politikuri an `saxelmwifo~ islamis ideaTa gavrcelebis centrs. 1990- 

iani wlebis dasawyisSi johar dudaevma gamoacxada SariaTis kanonebis uzenaesoba 

197 iqve, gv.10. 

198 iqve, gv.11. 

199 iqve, gv.14. 

83

espublikaSi. movlenaTa Semdgomma msvlelobam, maT Soris konfliqtis eskalaciam 

CeCneTsa da ruseTis federaciis centrs Soris aCvena, rom ganviTarebis islamuri 

modeli miuRebelia ara marto kremlisaTvis, aramed TviT regionis danarCeni 

nawilebisaTvis, romelTac uari Tqves mis masobriv mxardaWeraze. es arCevani ar scno 

arc msoflio sazogadoebam. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiis religiuri 

kompozicia aranakleb Wrelia, vidre misi eTnikuri Semadgenloba, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, 

rom muslimuri faqtori ar warmoadgens im SemakavSirebel safuZvels, romelsac 

SeiZleba daemyaros regionis momavali. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom kavkasiaSi Warboben islamis mimdevrebi, aq religiuri 

konfliqtebi ar momxdara ssrk-s daSlis Semdegac ki. religia iqca ara dominirebad 

politikur faqtorad, romelic gansazRvravda regionis momavals, aramed damxmare 

saSualebad axali identurobebis formirebaSi, zog SemTxvevaSi ki, igi gamoyenebuli 

iyo instrumentad sagareo politikis gansazRvrisas an ucxoeTis saxelmwifoTa 

gavlenisaTvis kavkasiaSi. 

saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa eqspertebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom politikuri 

konfliqtebis mogvarebis saqmeSi religiam, SesaZloa, pozitiuri rolic Seasrulos. 

religia arc gaqreba da arc misi roli Semcirdeba msoflio politikaSi (es arc unda 

iyos sasurveli, radgan am SemTxvevaSi msoflio daucveli aRmoCndeba kidev ufro 

destruqciuli saero totalitarizmis winaSe). mxolod politizebul religias, an 

religiur fanatizms, da ara romelime religias TavisTavad, Wirdeba meomrebi da 

fanatikosebi, msxverpli da mSvidobis damcvelebi 200 . 

religiis faqtori kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebSi. 

konfliqtebis mizezebi 

vidre kavkasiis konfliqtebSi religiis faqtoris mniSvnelobis ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, 

oriode sityviT SevexoT nacionalizmisa da religiuri fundamentalizmis 

urTierTmimarTebas, miTumetes imis fonze, rom kavkasiis regioni (gansakuTrebiT ki 

CrdiloeT kavkasiis rigi erTeulebi), islamuri fundamentalizmis aRorZinebisa da 

gamococxlebis adgilad gvevlineba. muslimebSi arsebobs sazogado tendencia imisa, 

rom politikaSi organizeba rwmenis safuZvelze moaxdinon. im qveynebSi, sadac isini 

umciresobaSi arian, uCndebaT moTxovna, rom muslimebi Camoyalibdnen calke 

politikur jgufad, gamoyofil er-saxelmwifod an saxelmwifod romelime 

saxelmwifos farglebSi (amis karg nimuSad kavkasiaSi CeCneTi gvevlineba). Tu kavkasiis 

magaliTis paralelurad aziis magaliTs (indoeTi, pakistani) moviSveliebT, aq aSkaraa 

kavSiri muslimuri erTobis Seqmna-SenarCunebasa da politikur separatizms Soris. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom muslimebi politikaSi organizebas axdenen rwmenaze dayrdnobiT, 

rac mxolod imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom muslimuri elitebi rwmenas aRiqvamen 

politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebisa Tu misi mopovebis yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad. 

nacionalizmsa da fundamentalizms Soris mWidro kavSiri ganpirobebulia im 

faqtoriT, rom fundamentalizmi warmogvidgens detalur da konkretul programas, 

xolo nacionalizmi _ enasa da eTnikurobaze damyarebuli fenomenia, romelic 

momavlisTvis araviTar `saxelmZRvanelos~ ar gvTavazobs. ase rom, isini kargad avseben 

200 

religia da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. - saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros sagareo 

politikis kvlevisa da analizis centris biuleteni, 10 (19), gv.49. 

84

erTmaneTs. 

naTelia, rom dRes islamuri fundamentalizmi ufro metad politikuri moZraobaa, 

vidre religiuri. SesaZloa, amis mizezi nawilobriv Tavad islamSia, sadac saxelmwifo 

da religia gaumijnavia. agresiuli, antidasavluri, antisemituri da antidemokraiuli 

fundamentalizmi dRes seriozul problemebs qmnis msoflioSi. rogorc TviTon 

muslimi fundamentalistebi acxadeben, isini dasavlur cifiliacias pirvelobas 

ecilebian. cnobilia maTi damokidebuleba danarCeni msofliosadmi: mTTvis miuRebelia 

yvelaferi is, rac maTi samyaros miRma xdeba. rogorc libanuri islamuri 

organizaciis `hamasis~ erT-erTma warmomadgenelma ganacxada, ìslamuri kulturis 

leqsikonSi ar arsebobs iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa kompromisi an daTmoba~. meore 

islamuri organizaciis `hezbolas~ sulieri winamZRvris sityviT ki, islamistebi 

islamuri sivrcis gafarToebas nebismieri saSualebiT ecdebian 201 . albaT, swored 

amitom acxadebda iranuli opoziciis erT-erTi lideri, rom `zomieri 

fundamentalisti ar arsebobs. es igivea, rom vilaparakoT zomier nacistze” 202 . 

eqstremistTa xelSi islami aris ara piradi rwmena, aramed mmarTvelobis mTelisistema. 

islamistebi islams aRiqvamen ara saukeTeso religiad, aramed saukeTeso 

ideologiad. es azri naTlad gamoxata malaiziel islamistTa liderma: `Cven ar varT 

socialistebi, Cven ar varT kapitalistebi, Cven varT muslimebi” 203 . 

islamistebi gansakuTrebeli SeurigeblobiT upirispirdebian dasavlur 

civilizacias. aiaTola xomeinis sityviT, maT ar eSiniaT arc ekonomikuri sanqciebis, 

arc samxedro intervenciis; maT dasavluri universitetebis eSiniaT. es ufro 

kulturaTa Widilia, vidre politikuri qiSpi. iraneli radikalebi miiCneven, rom 

`dasavleTs istoriulad gacnobierebuli aqvs: islamuri civilizacia sabolood 

Secvlis dasavlurs~. niSnadoblivia, rom s.hanTingtonis gaxmaurebuli naSromi 

saswrafod iTargmna sparsulad da kargad iyo gamoyenebuli islamistur 

propagandaSi 204 . 

rogorc s.hanTingtoni aRniSnavs, konfliqti islamsa da dasaleTs Soris XX 

saukunis bolos ramdenime faqtorma gaamwvava. jer erTi, muslimTa ricxvis zrdas 

mohyva umuSevarTa da ukmayofilo axalgazrdobis ricxvis zrda, romelTa rigebidan 

islamistebi seriozul Sevsebas iReben. isini axorcieleben zewolad mezobel 

saxelmwifoebze, saxldebian dasavleTSi. meore, saerTod religiisa da, kerZod, 

islamis aRorZinebam mahmadianebi kidev erTxel daarwmuna sakuTari faseulobebis 

gansxvavebulobaSi, gansakuTrebulobaSi da upiratesobasi dasavleTTan SedarebiT. 

mesame, dasavleTis mudmivma mcdelobam, sayovelTaod da universalurad eqcia 

sakuTari faseulobebi da institutebi, SeenarCunebina samxedro da ekonomikuri 

upiratesoba, agreTve, Careuliyo konfliqtebSi muslimuri samyaros SigniT muslimTa 

Zlieri aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. meoTxe, komunizmis kraxTan erTad gaqra dasavleTisa da 

islamis saerTo mteri; samagierod, TiToeuli maTgani iqca seriozul safrTxed 

meorisaTvis. mexuTe faqtors warmoadgens kontaqtis gaZliereba dasavlelTa da 

muslimTa Soris; maTi mWidro kontaqti orive mxares ganumtkicebs sakuTari 

identurobis SegrZnebas da imis Segnebas, rom es identuroba maT erTmaneTisagan 

ganasxvavebs da aSorebs. 

mWidro urTierTqmedebam gaaRrmava gansxvaveba im uflebaTa gagebaSi, romlebic 

aqvT erTi civilizaciis warmomadgenlebs im qveynebSi, romlebic meore civilizacias 

201 

islami _ religia Tu iaraRi eqstremistTa xelSi? _ saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros 

sagareo politikis kvlevisa da analizis centris biuleteni, 4, Tb., 1998, gv.3. 

202 iqve. 

203 iqve. 

204 iqve. 

85

ekuTvnian, an romlebSic meore civilizaciis warmomadgenlebi umravlesobas 

Seadgenen. amis naTeli magaliTia cota xnis win safrangeTSi atexili skandali 

morwmuneTaTvis dawesebuli SezRudvis gamo. 80-90-ian wlebSi rogorc muslimur, ise 

qristianul sazogadoebebSi mkveTrad daqveiTda urTierTSemwynarebloba. 

rac Seexeba istorias, rogorc a. pireni aRniSnavda, Tavis droze evropelTa Sexebam 

islamTan es ukanaskneli maTTvis ùcxos~ WeSmarit gansaxierebad aqcia, romlis 

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli, SemarTuli iyo mTeli 

evropuli civilizacia. pireni miuTiTebda muslimuri aRmosavleTis rolze evropuli 

civilizaciis CamoyalibebaSi: VII saukuneSi, islamis Semotevis Sedegad, daiwyo 

evropuli kulturis centris gadanacvleba xmelTaSuazRvispireTidan (romelic 

arabul provinciad iqca) CrdiloeTisaken. dasrulda romauli tradicia da saTave 

daedo TviTmyofad romanul-germanul civilizacias. evropa iqca did qristianul 

Tanamegobrobad, aRmosavleTi ki — misTvis kulturuli TvalsazrisiT ucxo, `sxva~ 

samyarod 205 . 

erTi sityviT, aRmosavleTi iyo is `sxva~, romelic daexmara dasavleTs (evropas) 

sakuTari raobis gansazRvraSi. aRmosavleTis daxasiaTebis, misi gansazRvris fonze 

dasavleTma, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia kritikuli TviTrefleqsia, 

SeimuSava sakuTari maxasiaTeblebic, gansazRvra sakuTari saxe. a.a.mazruim yuradReba 

miaqcia dasavluri kulturis mimzidvelobisa da misadmi agresiuli ganwyobis 

urTierTdaSrevebas dasavleTTan aradasavluri samyaros urTierTobis procesSi: 

`mosuli kultura iwvevs erTdroulad aRfrTovanebasa da zizRs, mibaZvis survilsa 

da protestis grZnobas” 206 . sul ufro aSkarad ikveTeba aradasavlur civilizaciaTa 

miswrafeba sakuTari saxis, sakuTari faseulobebis damkvidrebisaken. 

iseTi STabeWdileba rom ar dagvrCes, TiTqos muslimuri samyaro calsaxad 

Seurigebelia dasavlurisadmi, moviSvelieb im mkvlevarTa naazrevsac, romlebic ar 

arian radikalurni dasavlur samyarosTan muslimuri aRmosavleTis urTierTobis 

Sedegebisa da perspeqtivebis SefasebaSi. magaliTad, iraneli literaturaTmcodne, 

doqtori abdulhusein zarinkubi, romelmac 1974 wels gamoaqveyna wigni friad 

niSandoblivi saTauriT: àrc dasavluri, arc aRmosavluri _ adamianuri~, miiCnevs, 

rom SeuZlebelia iranuli kulturis dakonserveba, misi SenarCuneba Zveli tradiciebis 

farglebSi. igi unda viTardebodes, iTvisebdes axals _ aucilebelsa da 

sasargeblos. problemas qmnis ara dasavluris aTviseba _ es istoriuli aucileblobaa, 

radgan kapitalistur ekonomikasTan erTad xalxis cxovrebaSi iWreba garkveuli 

kulturuli faseulobani, _ aramed dasavleTis winaSe qedis moxra, cxovrebis 

ucxo normebis Tavsmoxveva. sad aris gamosavali? mecnieris azriT, gadamwyvet rols 

Seasrulebs iranuli kulturis istoriuli gamocdileba, romelmac SesaZlebeli 

gaxada enis, literaturisa da kulturis SenarCuneba sxvadasxva saxis zewolis 

pirobebSi 207 . 

istorikosi da literaturaTmcodne, Teiranis universitetis profesori 

mohamadali islami noduSani aRniSnavs, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic 

mudam zemoqmedebda iranis istoriaze, aris misi mdebareoba aRmosavleTsa da 

dasavleTs Soris. geografiam gansazRvra CvenTvis erTaderTi gza _ wonasworobis 

SenarCuneba, anu sakuTar safuZvelze myarad dgomis unari, askvnis igi 208 . modernizacia 

205 

cit.naSromidan: Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.71. 

206 Mazrui A. World Federation of Cultures: an African Perspective. N.Y., 1976, p.457. 

207 

Китаянов Д.С. Иран и Запад: история и современный диалог. – В кн.: Восток-Запад: Притяжение, отталкивание. М., 

1998, с.32-33. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom iranis islamuri revoluciis ideologebi am lozungs daesesxnen 

zarinkubs da igi Semdegnairad gadaakeTes: arc aRmosavluri, arc dasavluri _ islamuri. 

208 Китаянов Д.С. dasax.naSr., gv.9. 

86

Tu tradicia? _ am kiTxvas noduSani Semdegnairad pasuxobs: `kargia Tu cudi, 

ganaxlebis tyveebi varT, mas versaiT gaveqceviT. roca bavSvs poliemielitis wveTebs 

vaylapebT, misi yiflibandi Tanamedrove mecnierebis wyalobiT magrdeba. ar SeiZleba 

da ar gamova _ wveTebi ylapo da wamlis SuSa ki daamtvrio. modernizacias ver 

gaemijnebi — SeuZlebelia, misi meSveobiT sarCo moipovo, Sin ki ar SeuSva. Cven 

sakuTari Tavis rwmena unda davibrunoT, rac gvaqvs, imis yadri unda gavacnobieroT, 

xolo rac gvWirdeba, gonierebiT movipovoT. adamianebi Tavisi drois Svilebad unda 

iqcnen” 209 . 

samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia ori urTierTsapirispiro tendencia dasavleTisa 

da aradasavluri samyaros urTierTobaSi. erTis mxriv, dasavluri faseulobebi, 

masobrivi kulturis saxiT, farTod vrceldeba mTel msoflioSi. am movlenas 

`koka-kolonizaciisa~ da `hamburgerizaciis~ efeqtis saxeliT ixsenieben. saqme ufro 

Sorsac midis. rogorc e.saidi aRniSnavs, Tanamedrove arabuli samyaro aSS-s 

politikur da kulturul satelitad gvevlineba. mimdinareobs gemovnebis farTomasStabiani 

standartizacia, rac gamoixateba ara mxolod tranzistorebiT, jinsebiTa 

da koka-koliT, aramed aRmosavleTis kulturuli saxeebiT, romelTac farTod 

avrcelebs masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi da romlebic ukritikod moixmareba 

aRmosavleli masobrivi auditoriis mier. amis paradoqsuli Sedegi isaa, rom arabi 

sakuTar Tavs holivudis mier SemoTavazebuli saxiT aRiqvams 210 . azieli studentebi 

(da profesorebi) kvlav amjobineben, moikalaTon amerikel orientalistTa ferxTiT, 

Semdeg ki adgilobriv msmenelebs gaumeoron kliSeebiT gajerebuli orientalisturi 

dogmebi 211 . 

aqve xazi unda gavusvaT, rom aucilebelia erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT, erTi mxriv, 

islami, rogorc religia, romelic aerTianebs erT miliard adamians, ormocdaaTze 

met qveyanas, islamur erTobebs 120-mde saxelmwifoSi da, meore mxriv, islamuri 

eqstremizmi, romelic warmoadgens politikur-konfesiuri xasiaTis agresiul 

moZraobas. 

rogorc zemoT iTqva, 90-iani wlebis konfliqtebi kavkasiis regionSi wminda religiuri 

xasiaTisa ar iyo. rogorc Svedi mkvlevari, ankaris saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis 

axlo aRmosavleTis institutis TanamSromeli, filosofiis doqtori svante 

korneli aRniSnavda, imisaTvis, rom konfliqts religiuri vuwodoT, saWiroa mravali 

garemoeba dafiqsirdes: erT-erTi mxaris mier dapirispireba religiur prizmaSi unda 

ganixilebodes, unda SeimCneodes konfliqts gareT romelime jgufisadmi religiuri 

solidarobis niSnebi da a.S., rasac zemoT CamoTvlil yvela kavkasiur konfliqtze 

namdvilad ver vityviT. am eTnopolitikur konfliqtebSi religia xSirad asrulebs 

ori dapirispirebuli mxaris gammijnavi faqtoris rols. radganac CeCenebi da rusebi, 

somxebi da azerbaijanelebi, inguSebi da osebi CarTulni arian erTmaneTTan omSi, 

sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsarebloba iqca im damatebiT faqtorad, ramac gazarda 

ormxrivi SuRli da undobloba, anu religiuri niSani iyo eTnikurobis gansmazRvreli 

erT-erTi faqtori. 

metic, religiis, kerZod, islamis, faqtoris gamoyeneba omis propagandis dros 

yovelTvis warmatebuli ar yofila. bunebrivia, somxeTis da azerbaijanis sulieri 

liderebi konfliqtis dros SeuerTdnen TavianTi xalxis moTxovnebs, Tumca es 

sakmaod gvian da aSkara sazogadoebrivi azris zewolis Semdeg gaakeTes. magram, yvela 

209 noduSani m.e. iranelTa TviTmyofadoba islamisSemdgom periodSi. _ gaz. “Cveni mwerloba”, 9 (139), 2003, 

7-12 marti, gv.4-5. 

210 Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.322. 

211 

iqve, gv.323-324. 

87

SemTxvevaSi, somexTa kaTalikosis vazgen I-isa Tu samxreT kavkasiis Seixis aiaTola 

alah-Sukur faSazades politikurad angaJirebuli werilebis gamo yarabaRis 

problema ar SeiZleba religiur omad Sefasdes. meore magaliTic moviyvanoT: 1994 

wels ruseT-CeCneTis konfliqtis gaCaRebisTanave generali dudaevi cdilobda 

jihadisaken mowodebiT kavkasieli muslimi xalxis mxardaWeris mopovebas, Tumca 

gamoxmaureba mxolod tajikeTidan iyo. aseT konfliqtur situaciebSi, SeiZleba 

iTqvas, eTnikuri TviTidentifikacia ufro did rols asrulebs, vidre religiuri 

erTobis grZnoba. magaliTad prigorodnis raionSi mcxovrebi osebi aviRoT, romelTa 

nawili sunituri aRmsareblobis iyo. maT, faqtobrivad, rusebis mxardamxar genocidi 

mouwyves iq mcxovreb Tanamorwmune inguSebs. meore mxriv, muslimi adiRelebi qristian 

afxazebs exmarebodnen qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. amis mizezi, garkveulwilad, 

Tavad kavkasiur islamSi eTnikurobiT gapirobebuli mravalmxrivobaa. meore mxriv ki, 

unda aRiniSnos Tavad erovnuli jgufebisadmi afilaciis tendencia, romelmac Tavi 

gansakuTrebiT XX saukuneSi, stalinis erovnuli politikis gatarebis periodSi da mis 

Semdgom iCina. 

gamTiSveli politika, pirvel rigSi, sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis administraciul 

danawevrebas gulisxmobda. amis magaliTia kavkasiuri ojaxis afxazur-adiRuri jgufi 

(Cerqezi xalxi, romlis TviTsaxelwodebaa àdiRe”), romelic ruseTis mfarvelobis 

qveS aTwleulobiT yofnis Sedegad sam respublikaSi iqna gadanawilebuli (yabardoelebi 

_ yabardo-balyareTSi, Cerqezebi _ yaraCai-CerqezeTSi da adiRebi _ adiRes 

respublikaSi), sadac isini ver qmnian erovnul umravlesobas. aqedan gamomdinareobs 

maTi Zlieri erovnuli grZnoba, Cerqezuli TviTidentifikacia. SeiZleba amanac 

ganapiroba is faqti, rom adiReelebis yovel mesame ojaxs afxazeTSi nabrZoli wevri 

hyavs daRupuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom Cerqezebi cdiloben, ar gaaRizianon gverdiT 

mcxovrebi rusi, kazaki mosaxleoba da orientacia erovnuli konsolidaciisaken ai- 

Ron, da ara reislamizaciisaken. amiT isini radikalurad gansxvavdebian vainaxebisagan. 

mTlianobaSi rom gavaanalizoT, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi konfliqtebis religiuri 

safuZvlebi gansakuTrebiT susti da umniSvnelo iyo, aRaravis axsovda 

Samiliseuli mowodeba wminda omisaken, rac, garkveulwilad, aTeizmis aTwleulebiTac 

iyo gapirobebuli, Tumca SemdgomSi viTareba Seicvala. amis mizezi, rogorc adiRes 

respublikis prezidenti aRniSnavs, islamis modaSi Semosvlaa. es ar SeiZleba mxolod 

vahabitur ideologias davabraloT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom religiuri Tu eTnikuri 

TviTgamorkveva gasuli aTwleulebis kavkasiis regionSi mudmivad antirusuli 

ganwyobis fonze mimdinareobda. amJamad ki, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris mmarTveloba 

warsuls Cabarda, am mmarTvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ideologia ar Secvlila yvelasaTvis 

saerTo regionuli alternativiT (Tundac evropuli liberaluri modeliT). 

saerTo dabneulobis fonze ki, TiToeuli sazogadoeba kavkasiaSi damoukideblad 

eZiebs ideologiur partniors. 

ra iyo konfliqtebis realuri mizezebi? 

zemoT Cven ukve SevexeT mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis mosazrebas am sakiTxze. 

d.sengaasis azriT, isini socialur-ekonomikur viTarebaSi iZebneba. Tumca arsebobs 

sxvagvari axsnac. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom kavkasiis konfliqtebidan TiToeuls garkveuli Taviseburebani 

axasiaTebs, naTlad Cans maTi warmoSobis wyaroebisa da konfliqtebis uSualo 

Sedegebis msgavseba. yvela konfliqti — garda oseT-inguSeTisa _ warmoadgens 

SemTxvevas, roca sabWoTa periodis eTnikuri avtonomiebi aumxedrdnen Sesabamis 

centralur xelisuflebas liberalizaciisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis periodSi. es, 

TavisTavad, saintereso faqtia, radgan konfliqtebis Teoretikosebi avtonomias 

88

eTnikur uTanxmoebaTa kompromisuli gadawyvetis saSualebad miiCneven. sabWoTa 

kavSiri da, kerZod, kavkasia, mravali mizezis gamo, am saerTo tendenciidan 

gamonakliss warmoadgens. avtonomiuri umciresobani ajanydnen, araavtonomiurebTan 

ki aseTi niSnebi iSviaTad SeiniSneboda. samxreT kavkasiis konfliqtebis meore 

damaxasiaTebeli niSania ajanyebuli umciresobebis gare mxardaWera. CeCneTi da oseTinguSeTi 

mainc gamonaklisia am TvalsazrisiT. marTalia, umetes SemTxvevaSi yvela 

konfliqti fasdeba rogorc èTnikuri~ an `religiuri~, magram zedapiruli analizic 

ki cxadyofs aseTi martivi axsnis arasworobas. isini, pirvel rigSi, politikuri 

konfliqtebia teritoriaTa da maTi flobis uflebis gamo. sinamdvileSi es 

konfliqtebi eTnikurobis politizacias ukavSirdeba, ramac pirvelad aSkarad Tavi 

iCina 1987-89 ww., Tumca maTi saTaveebi gacilebiT adreul periodSi iZebneba. 

saWiroa mokled SevexoT kavkasiis konfliqtebis politikuri diskursis erT 

mxaresac, romelsac SeiZleba regionis politikuri orientaciis sakiTxic ewodos. 

Tumca isic gasarkvevia, marTebulia Tu ara saubari saerTo-kavkasiur (an, Tundac, 

samxreTkavkasiur) politikur orientaciaze. samxreT kavkasiis konfliqtebze 

msjelobisas saWiroa TviT samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis marTebuli identifikacia. 

saWiroa maTi identuroba ufro mkafiod ganisazRvros, vidre amis saSualebas iZleva 

maTi moazreba postsabWouri sivrcis nawilad. 

konfliqtebis WeSmariti mizezebis gasarkvevad saWiro iqneba cota Soreul 

periods mivmarToT, kerZod, im xanas, roca ruseTi kavkasiaSi damkvidrebas iwyebda. 

rogorc cnobilia, samxreT kavkasiasi dasamkvidreblad ruseTs XIX saukunis 

dasawyisidan 70-ian wlebamde periodi dasWirda. paralelurad, igi CrdiloeT 

kavkasiaSi mZime oms awarmoebda. Tavis gavlenas igi nacadi xerxiT — adgilobriv 

elitebze dayrdnobiT amkvidrebda. es taqtika warmatebiT iqna gamoyenebuli saqar- 

Tvelosa da somxeTSi. qarTvelebsa da somxebs hqondaT nacionaluri identurobis 

ganviTarebuli grZnoba, rasac ver vityviT Tanamedrove azerbaijanze, romlis 

teritoria dayofili iyo iranis Sahebis daqvemdebarebaSi myof saxanoebad. 

somxebi umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebdnen kavkasiaSi ruseTis batonobis mTel 

periodSi, iyvnen ra rusebis mokavSireebi da ekavaT mniSvnelovani Tanamdebobani 

administraciaSi. rogorc Tadeusz Swietochowski aRniSnavs, ruseTi mudmivad cdilobda 

demografiuli viTarebis Secvlas samxreT kavkasiaSi, ubiZgebda ra muslim azerbaijanelebs 

gadasaxlebisaken da xels uwyobda qristian somxebis didi raodenobis 

Semosvlas. 

Tumca azerbaijanuli ena XV saukunidan ukve farTod iyo gavrcelebuli rogorc 

saliteraturo ena, erTiani saxelmwifos tradicia ar arsebobda. 

TurqmanCais zavi tragedia iyo azerbaijaneli xalxisaTvis. man md. araqsiT gayo 

maTi teritoria, es sazRvari dResac yofs azebaijanel xalxs. es dayofa ar aris 

mxolod politikuri; ganvlili drois manZilze ori azerbaijanis sazogadoebebi da 

kulturebi arsebiTad gansxvavebuli gaxda. 

Tadeusz Swietochowski Tavis wignSi `ruseTi da azerbaijani~ svams marTebul kiTxvas: 

ramden xans SeiZleba esoden gansxvavebul imperiaTa SemadgenlobaSi moqceulma orad 

gayofilma xalxma SeinarCunos is, rac maT saerTo aqvT? pirveli aseTi elementi enaa. 

ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi myofi azerbaijanelebi Tavisuflad flobdnen rusul enas, 

imdenad, rom sabWoTa ganaTlebamiRebuli elitisaTvis rusuli iqca ZiriTad enad, 

mSobliurma enam ki meore adgili daikava. miuxedavad imisa, rom aq `rusifikacias~ ar 

miuRwevia iseTi donisaTvis, rogorc CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da centralur aziaSi, 

rusulma enam mainc didi zegavlena iqonia CrdiloeT azerbaijanze. araqsis samxreTiT 

aseTive pozicia aqvs sparsuls. da mainc, kulturisa da identurobis TvalsazrisiT, 

89

samxreT azerbaijanSi iranis gavlena ufro Zlieria, vidre ruseTisa _ CrdiloeTSi. 

magaliTad, bevri iraneli azerbaijaneli Tavs Tvlis iraneladac da azerbaijaneladac, 

im dros roca Zneli mosaZebni iqneba Crdilo azerbaijaneli, romelic Tavs 

rusad miiCnevs. es faqti SeiZleba aixsnebodes struqturuli gansxvavebiT sabWoTa da 

iranis saxelmwifoebs Soris. irani yovelTvis unitaruli saxelmwifo iyo, sadac 

azerbaijanelebs hqondaT sxvadasxva xarisxis kulturuli avtonomia da calkeul 

periodebSi dominirebdnen kidec politikur cxovrebaSi. sapirispirod, sabWoTa 

kavSiris struqtura federaluri iyo, azerbaijanelebs sakuTari respublika hqondaT, 

SeeZloT TavianTi identurobis Camoyalibeba, sakuTari enisa da kulturis ufro 

metad xelSewyoba, vidre iranis azerbaijanelebs. gansaxvavebaTa miuxedavad, azerbaijanelebma 

sazRvris orive mxares SeinarCunes TavianTi ena. bunebrivia, rusulma da 

sparsulma sityvebma SeaRwia maTSi, magram amas ar miuRwevia iseTi donisaTvis, rom 

komunikacia gaeZnelebina. 

meore aspeqti religiaa. s.kornelis marTebuli SeniSvniT, damokidebuleba religiisadmi 

iransa da sabWoTa kavSirSi, gansakuTrebiT 1979-1991 wlebSi, ise gansxvavdeboda 

erTmaneTisagan, rogorc ca da dedamiwa. sabWoTa `saxelmwifo aTeizmis~ 

sapirispirod, religia yovelTvis mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda iranis cxovrebaSi, 

1979 wlis Semdeg ki irani islamuri saxelmwifo gaxda. iranis religiur moRvaweTa 

Soris warmoSobiT azerbaijanelebic iyvnen. CrdiloeTSi didi gavlena iqonia 

aTeizmma. amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religia ori azerbaijanis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi 

gamyofi faqtoria. mkvlevarTa azriT, igi aseTad darCeba uaxloes momavalSic 

212 . 

mniSvnelovani epizodi iyo sabWoTa kavSiris mxardaWeriT Seqmnili azerbaijanis 

respublika CrdiloeT iranSi meore msoflio omis periodSi. 1941 w. agvistoSi wiTeli 

armia SeiWra CrdiloeT iranSi, britanelebi ki — samxreTSi. 1945 w. dekemberSi TavrizSi 

mowveul iqna azerbaijanis erovnuli kongresi da Seiqmna mTavroba. magram sabWoTa 

jarebma datoves irani 1946 wis maisSi, da azerbaijanis demokratiuli respublika 

iranis armiam sul ramdenime TveSi gaanadgura. am epizodis mniSvneloba isaa, rom man 

warmoSva azerbaijanis miwebis gaerTianebis imedi, ganskuTrebiT sabWoTa azerbaijanSi. 

sxvaganac dagvWirda aRgveniSna, rom eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebi mxolod 

postsabWoTa sivrcisa da periodis damaxasiaTebeli movlena ar aris. 1960-iani 

wlebidan isini iSviaTobas ar warmoadgenen msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi da 

mkvlevarTa sul ufro mzard interess iwveven. afrikaSi, samxreT aziaSi, aRmosavleT 

evropisa da evraziis postkomunistur saxelmwifoebSi wamotivtivda Zveli ukmayofilebani 

da gaCnda axali konfliqtebi eTnikurad gansazRvrul socialur jgufebs 

Soris. Sesabamisad, momravlda eTnikuri konfliqtebisa da maTi gadawyvetis gzebisadmi 

miZRvnili gamokvlevebi. Ted R.Gurr-is daskvniT, saxelSekrulebo (negotiated) 

regionuli avtonomia efeqturi antidoti aRmoCnda eTnopolitikuri omebis winaaRmdeg 

dasavleTisa da mesame samyaros qveynebSi. aseve, Kjell-Ake Nordquist-ma gamoikvlia, 

rom avtonomiis — TviTmmarTvelobis mqone Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi regionis, rogorc 

konfliqtis gadawyvetis meqanizmis Seqmna SeiaraRebuli Sida konfliqtebis dros 

Teoriuli da, xSirad, praqtikuli arCevania am regionebSi arsebuli partiebisTvis. 

magram postsabWoTa sivrcis gamocdileba am daskvnis gaziarebis safuZvels 

naklebad iZleva. amis mizezei, rogorc Cans, TviT federalizmis sabWouri modelis 

TaviseburebebSia saZiebeli. cnobilia, rom stalinma SesaniSnavad gamoiyena 

212 

iqve, gv.38. 

90

`nativizaciis~ (“korenizacia”) procesi 1920-ian wlebSi centraluri xelisuflebis 

gaZlierebisa da avtonomiebis realuri Zalauflebis SemcirebisaTvis. rogor? 

avtonomiuri struqturebi ar iZleoda realur avtonomias an politikur Zalauflebas, 

maTi uflebebi Semoifargleboda kulturuli da socialuri sferoebiT. 

realuri Zalaufleba moskovs rCeboda. s.kornelis sityviT, avtonomiebi arasodes 

iyvnen avtonomiurni 213 . meore strategia mdgomareobda erovnuli dayofis gamoyenebaSi 

uTanxmoebaTa gasaZliereblad — magaliTad, kavkasiis xalxebSi, romelTa mimarT 

stalinis damokidebuleba gansakuTrebiT araloialuri iyo; es SemdgomSi gamomRavnda 

deportaciebiT meore msoflio omis dros. 

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi amis yvelaze mkafio magaliTia, erTi mxriv, Turquli modgmis 

yaraCa-balyarelebis, meore mxriv ki Cerqezuli modgmis yabardo-Cerqezebis dayofa. 

gamyofi xazis gatareba aRmosavleT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT da, Sesabamisad, yaraCabalyareTisa 

da yabardo-CerqezeTis respublikebis arseboba sruliad logikuri 

iqneboda, radgan pirvelni faqtobrivad erTi xalxia da saerTo ena aqvT, meoreni aseve 

erTi xalxia da axlo monaTesave enebze laparkoben. magram stalinma amjobina am 

teritoriis gayofa CrdiloeT-samxreTis RerZis gaswvriv da Seqmna yaraCa- 

CerqezeTisa da yabardo-balyareTis respublikebi. maTi teritoriebi ganivrco 

CrdiloeTisaken, raTa maT SemadgenlobaSi moqceuliyo rusebisa da kazakebis didi 

raodenoba. radgan Cerqezuli da Turquli modgmis xalxebs ar hqondaT saerTo 

istoria da ramdenime saukunis Tanacxovrebis manZilze daugrovdaT urTierTwyena da 

eWvebi, rusul mosaxleobas SeeZlo lideris rolis Sesruleba am jgufebs Soris 

urTierTobaSi da centris winaaRmdeg kavkasielTa raime erTiani qmedebis Tavidan 

acileba. Cerqezebi, Tavis mxriv, sam nawilad dayofili aRmoCndnen — adiRebad, 

Cerqezebad da yabardoelebad; vainaxebi aseve xelovnurad dayves CeCnebad da 

inguSebad. aseve moskovis survilisamebr xdeboda avtonomiuri regionebis 

ierarqiuli statusis Secvla, an maTi Seqmna Tu gauqmeba. magaliTi: afxazeTi 1931 

wlamde saxelSekrulebo respublika iyo, Semdeg ki saqarTvelos daeqvemdebara; 

CeCnebsa da inguSebs Tavdapirvelad cal-calke respublikebi hqondaT, romlebic 1944 

wlis deportaciis dros gauqmda da 1957 wels aRda mcired Secvlili teritoriiT. 

samxreT kavkasiaSi xelSekrulebebma sabWoTa kavSirsa da TurqeTs Soris Seqmna 

ruka, romelmac wamoSva konfliqtebi da uTanxmoebani, romlebic dRemde greldeba. 

azerbaijanSi Seiqmna mTiani yarabaRis avtonomiuri olqi, romelic mTlianad garSemortymuli 

iyo azerbaijanuli teritoriiT, somxeTSi ki — azerbaijanuli anklavi 

naxWevnis avtonomiuri respublikis saxiT. orive maTgani azerbaijanis ssr iurisdiqciaSi 

iyo. azerbaijanuli da somxuri umciresobebi — ricxobrivad sakmaod mniSvnelovani 

_ aresebobs samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, azerbaijanuli umciresoba 

arsebobs daRestanSic, romelic ZiriTadad Tavmoyrilia qalaq derbentis irgvliv. 

aseTive iyo sabWoTa xelisuflebis politika sxva regionebTan mimarTebaSic, 

magram kavkasia aRmoCnda da dRemde rCeba regionad, romelic, iugoslaviasTan erTad, 

yvelaze metad moicva eTnopolitikurma konfliqtebma. 

Tu Tvals gadavavlebT warsuls, stalinuri memkvidreoba isaa, rom avtonomiuri 

struqturebis mTeli ierarqia, romelic mTlianad sabWoTa kavSiris ierarqias 

imeorebda, arasodes gulisxmobda TviTgamorkvevas periferiebisaTvis. sabWoTa 

sistemis totalitaruli da centralizebuli xasiaTi arasdros aZlevda avtonomiurobis 

realizaciis uflebas avtonomiur erTeulebs — iqneboda es mokavSire 

respublikebi Tu ufro dabali safexuris erTobebi. 

amrigad, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi eTnikuri konfliqtebis avtonomiurobis gziT 

213 iqve, gv.43. 

91

mogvarebis gzaze mTavar sirTules qmnis sabWouri memkvidreoba. avtonomiis 

SeTavazeba da misi ganxorcieleba sulac ar aris erTi da igive — rogorc warsulSi, 

avtonomia SeiZleba deklarirebuli iyos, magram sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad mzadaa 

centraluri xelisufleba dauSvas realuri, da ara mxolod Teoriuli avtonomiuri 

umciresobebis arseboba Tavis teritoriaze. 

dRes arsebuli konfliqtur regionebSi avtonomiis rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi 

mowyobis formis mimarT undoblobas konfliqtis monawile yvela mxaris mxriv 

vawydebiT. afxazeTisa da mTiani yarabaxis konfliqtebis mogvarebis erT-erTi 

mTavari sirTule isaa, rom azerbaijani da saqarTvelo dabejiTebiT moiTxoven 

gandgomili teritoriebis dabrunebas maTi iurisdiqciis qveS, avtonomiis axali 

gagebis safuZvelze, romelic gulisxmobs gacilebiT farTo da realur avtonomias, 

vidre warsulSi iyo; separatistebi ki kategoriulad ewinaRmdegebian am models. isini 

cdiloben saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mopovebas gamoyofisa da sruli TviTgamorkvevisaTvis. 

amrigad, isini uaryofen avtonomias rogorc gadawyvetas da sanacvlod 

gvTavazoben gamoyofas rogorc gadawyvetas. molaparakebaTa dros isini gamodian 

nebismieri iseTi gadawyvetis winaaRmdeg, romelic emyreba `vertikalur~ urTier- 

Tobebs — maT subordinacias azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelosadmi. maTi azriT, 

gadawyveta unda emyarebodes `horizontalur~ urTierTobebs statusiT TanasworTa 

Soris, erTnairi statusis mqone erTeulTa konfederacias. 

niSandoblivia erTi faqtic: azerbaijansa da saqarTveloSi cxovrobs sxvadasxva 

raodenobisa da sxvadasxva problemis mqone araerTi umciresoba, magram ajanyebuli 

aRmoCndnen mxolod avtonomiuri statusis mqoneni. lezgebi, TaliSebi da qurTebi 

azerbaijanSi, somxebi da azerbaijanelebi saqarTveloSi, romelTac ar hqoniaT 

avtonomia, gacilebiT naklebaqtiurni iyvnen. 

rac Seexeba konfliqtebis mogvarebis realuri gzebis Ziebas, rogorc mkvlevarTa 

nawili miiCnevs, pirvel rigSi, aucilebeli iqneba gandgomil umciresobaTa darwmuneba 

imaSi, rom miRweuli SeTanxmebebi daculi iqneba. samxreT kavkasiaSi eTnikuri 

umciresobani gacilebiT mcirericxovanni arian, vidre maTi mezoblebi da yofili 

siuzerenebi. mag., afxazebi 100,000 arian, qarTvelebi ki 4 milioni. yarabaxeli somxebi — 

150,000, azerbaijanelebi — 6 mln. faqti, rom am mcirericxovanma umciresobebma gaimarjves, 

aixsneba SidaareulobiT saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanSi, agreTve, umciresobebis 

mxardaWeriT ruseTisa da somxeTis mier. am saxelmwifoTa da sazogadoebaTa 

stabilurobis pirobebSi, umciresobebs ar eqnebodaT maTTan SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis 

SeasaZlebloba. am logikiT, umciresobebs eSiniaT, rom maTi avtonomiuri 

statusi TandaTanobiT Seicvleba zewoliT, gamomdinare maTi mcirericxovnebidan. 

Tu namdvili mizezi esaa, maSin am dilemis gadawyveta SeiZleba imiT, rom moiZebnos 

gzebi am umciresobaTa darwmunebisaTvis, rom maTi uflebebi ar Seilaxeba. saerTa- 

Soriso garantiebis Tema kargad unda iyos gaazrebuli. jerjerobiT saerTaSoriso 

sazogadoeba ver asrulebs gadamwyvet rols regionSi, romelic ruseTis gavlenis 

sferod rCeba. amitom rogorc umciresobaTa liderebi, aseve centraluri mTavrobebi 

iZulebuli arian mimarTon ruseTs, rogorc garants; magram maT kargad moexsenebaT, 

rom ruseTi namdvilad ar aris dauinteresebeli da obieqturi garanti. igi sakuTari 

interesebis dacvas cdilobs. bolo wlebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom igi dayofisa 

da batonobis principiT moqmedebs da sulac ar eswrafvis konfliqtebis grZelvadian 

mogvarebas 214 . 

religiis roli kavkasiis konfliqtebSi farTo diskusiis sagania dasavleTSi. 

avtorTa nawili Tvlis, rom religiis rogorc stabilurobis ganmsazRvreli 


92

cvladis roli xSirad gadaWarbebiT fasdeba dasavlel mkvlevarTa mier. magaliTad, 

yarabaRis konfliqti warmodgenilia rogorc dapirispireba muslim azerbaijanelebsa 

da qristian somxebs Soris, aseve, CeCneTis omi — dapirispireba marTlmadidebel 

ruseTsa da muslim CeCnebs Soris. magram religia mxolod erT-erTia, da Tanac ara 

gamnsazRvreli, im faqtorTagan, romlebic gavlenas axdenen politikur da socialur 

cvlilebebze regionSi 215 . realurad ki, konfliqtebs am regionSi ganapirobebs rTuli 

saSinao, kulturuli, regionuli da saerTaSoriso faqtorebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom 

yoveli situacia unikaluria, SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime faqtori, romlebic 

yvelgan moqmedebs. ZiriTad saSinao da kulturul faqtorTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba 

sabWoTa memkvidreoba, eTnikuri da religiuri gansxvavebani, tranziciis periodis 

sirTuleni, korufciis problema, rTuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da keTildReobis 

dabali done, rasac xSirad mohyveba Sejibri bunebrivi resursebisaTvis brZolaSi 216 . 

swored amitom, avtorebi skeptikurad arian ganwyobili uaxloes momavalSi regionSi 

stabiluri situaciis Seqmnis SesaZleblobisadmi, SeniSnaven ra, rom es qveynebi 

cdiloben erTdroulad ramdenime urTulesi miznis miRwevas: axali ekonomikuri 

sistemis Seqmnas, demokratiuli politikuri institutebis damkvidrebas, axal 

nacionalur identurobaTa Camoyalibebas. dasavleTis qveynebma es gza TandaTanobiT, 

aTwleulebis da, xandaxan, saukuneebis manZilze ganvles, axali saxelmwifoebi ki amis 

miRwevas swrafad da erTbaSad cdiloben. 

mraval avtors eTnikuri mravalferovneba miaCnia ZiriTad saSinao faqtorad, 

romelic ganapirobebs daZabulobis warmoSobas. sabWoTa periodSi konfliqtis iseTi 

potenciuri katalizatorebi, rogoricaa eTnikuri an religiuri mravalferovneba, 

Zlierad iTrguneboda. postsabWoTa periodSi ki umciresobaTa mzardi konfliqturi 

ganwyobis mizezi diskriminacia ki ara, jgufuri identurobis gaZliereba iyo 217 . 

regionis saxelmwifoebi mravaleTnikuria. bevr maTgans sadavo sazRvrebi aqvs, 

romlebic erTmaneTisagan yofen erTsa da igive erovnebebs (nationality). 

mravali konfliqtis mizezi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamdel periodSi iZebneba. 

daSlis Semdeg Seqmnili axali saxelmwifoebi sustad momzadebuli iyvnen 

damoukideblobisaTvis. ama Tu im eTnikur jgufebs gauCndaT winaparTa miwidan Sors 

yofnis SegrZneba. axal saxelmwifoTa sust centralur xelisuflebas ar SeeZlo am 

safrTxeebis kontrolireba. arastabiluroba regionSi axali ambavi ar iyo; 

separatistuli moZraobani da politikuri gamowvevebi arsebobda XX s. dasawyisSic. 

nacionalurma politikurma miTebma da istoriulma mexsierebam biZgi misca eTnikur 

konfliqtebs. ramdenadac eTnikuri tradiciebi kulturuli identurobis 

safuZvelia, imdenadve maT SeuZliaT destruqciuli rolis Sesruleba 218 . mravali 

saSinao da kulturuli faqtori gareSe ZalTa gavlenisa da Carevis SesaZleblobas 

qmnida, rac kidev ufro amwvavebda konfliqtur situaciebs. 

sabWoTa kavSiris daSla da konfliqturi identurobebi. konfliqtebis erT-erTi 

TvalsaCino wyaro ara marto kavkasiaSi, aramed mTel meore msoflio omisSemdgom 

msoflioSi iyo Tavdapirveli, Zveli identurobebis gamococxleba — rogoricaa tomi, 

eTnikuroba (ethnicity) an religia. es identurobebi arc Tandayolilia da arc 

statikuri. isini mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli socialur da politikur garemoebebTan; 

kerZod, maT gamococxlebaze did gavlenas axdens politikuri procesebi. eTnikuri 

mobilizacia, rogorc wesi, xdeba sxva erTobasTan konfliqtis atmosferoSi. am 

215 Crossroads and Conflict. Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Azia. Ed.by Gary K.Bertsch, Cassady Craft, 

Scott F.Jones, and Michael Beck. Routledge, New York-London, 2000, p.8. 

216 

iqve. 

217 iqve. 

218 iqve, gv.5. 

93

TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba visaubroT sarkisebur nacionalizmze: xalxi aRdgeba saerTo 

mtris winaaRmdeg, rac aZlierebs erTi jgufisadmi maTi mikuTvnebulobis SegrZnebas. 

saxelmwifos farglebSi erTobaTa Soris konfliqtebi warmoiSoba maSin, roca misi 

Semadgeneli erTi an ramdenime jgufi aRar axdens TviTidentificirebas saxelmwifosTan, 

romelsac miekuTvneba. es imis gamo xdeba, rom igi ganicdis diskriminacias, 

xdeba jgufuri identurobis politikuri mobilizacia, an, xSirad, am faqtorebis kombinaciis 

gamo, romlebic erTmaneTs ganapirobeben kidec. amis Tavidan asacileblad, 

mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifoebis mmarTvelebi xSirad ubiZgeben eri-saxelmwifos 

mSneblobis (nation-building) process im mizniT, rom Caanacvlon tomobrivi an eTnikuri 

identuroba erovnuli (nation) identurobiT, romelic mesame samyaros mraval qveyanaSi 

xelovnuri da abstraqtuli cnebaa 219 . 

eTnikuri an jgufuri identurobebis gamodevnis meore, SesaZloa, ufro warmatebuli 

meTodia maTi Canacvleba ideologiiT. swored es meTodi iyo gamoyenebuli 

sabWoTa kavSirSi, sadac komunistur ideologias unda waeSala gansxvavebani xalxebs 

Soris da Camoeyalibebina Tvisebrivad axali adamiani. sabWoTa saxelmwifos struqtura 

erovnul dayofas efuZneboda. èrovnuli~ erTobebi, romelTagan Sedgeboda 

sabWoTa kavSiri, ar iyo eTnikurad homogenuri. am heterogenulobis Sedegi iyo 

`satitulo erovnebebis (nationality)~ mier umciresobaTa asimilaciis faruli Tu aSkara 

politika. umciresobebisaTvis pirovnuli da jgufuri identurobis sakiTxi friad 

rTuli gaxldaT. kavkasiasa da centralur aziaSi am saukunis dasawyisamde xalxTa 

umravlesobaSi erovnuli identuroba ganuviTarebeli iyo. gamonakliss warmoadgendnen 

qarTvelebi da somxebi. azerbaijanelebisaTvisac ki, romelTac hqondaT xangrZlivi 

literaturuli tradicia (XVI saukunidan), ZiriTadi identuroba iyo an 

suberovnuli (saxanoebi, regionebi, klanebi), an zeerovnuli (islami). igive SeiZleba 

iTqvas CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTis mcire xalxebzec, romelTa sazogadoebebs arafeodaluri 

klanuri struqtura hqonda. 

1920-ian wlebSi moskovi cdilobda ara marto gamaerTianebeli sabWoTa identurobis, 

aramed erovnuli identurobis Camoyalibebasac, gansakuTrebiT `korenizaciis~ 

adreul periodSi, roca udamwerlobo enebs damwerlobebi Seuqmnes da maT 

gamoyenebas axalisebdnen. sovetologebi amtkicebdnen, rom es, SesaZloa, keTdeboda 

imisaTvis, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT islamis droSiT kavkasieli xalxebis gaerTianeba 

da winaaRmdegoba; sapirispirod, xazi esmeboda maT Soris arsebul gansaxvavebebs. 

faqti isaa, rom sabWoTa xelisufleba cdilobda eris cnebis Semotanasa da ama Tu 

im formiT damkvidrebas. am politikis Sedegi SeiZleba davinaxoT 1990-iani wlebis 

CeCneTis ajanyebaSi. Tu CrdilokavkasielTa wina ajanyebebi mimdinareobda islamis 

saxeliT, rogorc wminda omi — RazavaTi, romelsac mxars uWerda mTis xalxebis didi 

nawili, amJamindeli ajanyeba CeCeni eris saxeliT mimdinareobda da, ZiriTadad, 

CeCneTiT Semoifargleboda. CeCnebi mxolod sityvier mxardaWeras iRebdnen mTielebisagan. 

sabWoTa periodSi komunisturi identuroba mkvidrdeboda yvelgan, magram meti 

warmatebiT, magaliTad, CrdiloeT oseTSi, vidre CeCneTSi. igulisxmeboda, rom es 

identuroba unda yofiliyo ufro Rrma da Zlieri, magram sinamdvileSi es ase ar iyo: 

xalxi aRiarebda sabWoTa identurobas sakuTari jgufuri identurobis gverdiT, 

masTan erTad, da ara mis nacvlad. faqtia, rom erovnuli, religiuri, regionuli, 

klanuri, anu Tavdapirveli, tradiciuli identurobis daZleva xangrZlivi da 

iZulebiTi procesia. amasTan, sabWouri klasobrivi identuroba gamousadegari iyo 


94

kavkasieli xalxebisaTvis, romelTa nawils winafeodaluri struqtura hqonda. amitom 

kavkasielebisaTvis sabWoTa ideologia ufro Znelad gasagebi iyo, vidre sabWoTa 

kavSiris evropeli moqalaqeebisaTvis. magram am problemas didi mniSvneloba ar 

hqonda, imitom rom sabWoTa identurobasTan erTad, erovnuli, eTnikuri identuroba 

waxalisebuli iyo centraluri xelisuflebis mier da arasodes iTrguneboda. meore 

mxriv, sabWoTa identurobaze adrindelTagan yvelaze Zlieri — islamuri identuroba 

sistematuri zewolis qveS iyo. sabWoTa reJimi religias da, kerZod, islams safrTxed 

aRiqvamda, radgan mas ZaluZda rogorc xalxis mobilizeba (rac naTlad aCvena 

ukanasknelma `wminda omma~ — RazavaTma daRestanSi 1920-1922 ww.), aseve gansxvavebuli 

xalxebis gaerTianeba erTi droSis qveS. 

am identurobaTa Soris, zogierTi xalxi amjobinebda maTi respublikebis satituli 

erebis identurobis gaTavisebas. bevri lezgi, TaliSi da qurTi azerbaijanSi 

asimilirebul iqna azerbaijanul identurobaSi, rasac xels uwyobda maTTvis saerTo 

muslimuri identuroba. maTgan gansxvavebiT, es tendencia ar Sexebia azerbaijanelebs 

somxeTSi an somxebs azerbaijanSi, aseve afxazebs saqarTveloSi. Rrma lingvisturi, 

xandaxan religiuri gansxvavebebisa da am xalxebs Soris ormxrivi mtrobis gamo, maTi 

identurobebi SenarCunebul iqna 220 . 

Crd. kavkasiaSi 1920-iani wlebis `korenizaciis~ xanmokle da gadamwyveti procesis 

Semdeg centraluri xelisuflebis politika rusifikacia iyo. Tumca am xalxebma 

SeinarCunes TavianTi identuroba, gansxvavebuli socialuri irganizaciisa da Zlieri 

muslimuri identurobis wyalobiT, magram rusebis didi raodenobiT cxovrebam am 

regionSi gavlena iqonia maTze, rusuli enis dauflebis aucileblobas ki ganaTlebisa 

da karieris miznebi ganapirobebda. da mainc, religiis mniSvneloba didi iyo: osebi, 

romelTa umravlesoba orTodoqsi qristiania, ufro metad daeqvemdebarnen 

rusifikacis, vidre sxvebi. identurobis sakiTxi metad mniSvnelovani da rTuli iyo 

sabWoTa periodSi — erTi mxriv, kavkasiis, rogorc regionis Taviseburebisa da, meore 

mxriv, centaluri xelisuflebis politikis gamo. 

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis ZiriTadi Sedegi, identurobis sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT, 

kavkasiis xalxebSi sabWoTa identurobis gaqroba iyo. gamaerTianebeli identuroba, 

romelic akavSirebda sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebs, aRar arsebobda. es iyo faqtori, 

romelmac ganapiroba Zaladobrivi konfliqtebis warmoSoba da romelic xSirad 

ugulebelyofili iyo am regionis konfliqtebis Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa mier. 

sabWoTa identuroba asustebda da amcirebda konfliqtebs sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebs 

Soris. Zmobisa da erTobis yovelmxriv waxalisebuli oficialuri ritorika, rogorc 

Cans, namdvilad axdenda gavlenas sabWoTa moqalaqeebis azrovnebaze. Tumca 

konfliqtisaken midrekileba, udaod, arsebobda _ magaliTad, somxebsa da 

azerbaijanelebs, an qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris, magram igi Sesustebuli iyo ara 

mxolod iZulebis gziT, aramed, aseve, saerTo sabWoTa identurobisa da misadmi 

mikuTvnebulobis gulwrfeli da Rrma gancdiT. 

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg yvelaferi Seicvala. praqtikuladac da 

Teoriuladac, yovlismomcveli saerTo identuroba gaqra: praqtikulad _ radgan 

sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala TxuTmet sxvadasxva respublikad, romelTagan oTxs 

teritoriebi hqonda kavkasiaSi (ruseTi, azerbaijani, somxeTi da saqarTvelo), xolo 

Teoriulad _ radgan kavSiris safuZveli, komunizmi, diskreditebul iqna da, 

faqtobrivad, arseboba Sewyvita. realurad, individualur doneze, cnobierad Tu 

qvecnobierad, daiwyo identurobis Zieba. individisaTvis am SemTxvevaSi ramdenime 

SesaZlebloba arsebobda: erTi nabijiT gamocalkeveba da im respublikis erovnuli 

220 

iqve, gv.50. 

95

identurobis miReba, sadac is cxovrobda; fundamentur doneze gamocalkeveba da 

eTnikuri jgufis, tomis an dabadebis adgilis identurobis arCeva; an iseTi 

zeerovnuli identurobis miReba, rogoricaa islami muslimi mosaxleobisaTvis. 

dRemde, rogorc Cans, umciresobaTa didi nawili winaRmdegia im respublikebis 

nacionaluri identurobis miRebisa, sadac cxovrobs. zog SemTxvevaSi amas ufro 

rTuli forma hqonda. magaliTad, ararealuri iqneboda imis molodini, rom 

azerbaijanSi mcxovrebi somxebi uecrad azebaijanelebad igrZnobdnen Tavs. magram es 

ar moxda im SemTxvevebSic, roca gansxvaveba xalxebs Soris naklebad mniSvnelovnad 

SeiZleba mogveCvenos. magaliTad, lezgebi protests gamoTqvamen asimilaciis 

politikis winaaRmdeg, romlis safrTxesac azerebisagan grZnoben; megrelebma da 

svanebma uecrad gaixsenes sakuTari gansxvavebuloba danarCeni qarTvelebisagan; 

CeCnebma da inguSebma, romlebic faqtobrivad erT xalxs warmoadgenen, gadawyvites 

gancalkeveba. Tumca, savaraudod, am ukanasknel SemTxvevas ZiriTadad politikuri 

safuZveli hqonda, radgan inguSebi fiqrobdnen, rom ruseTis farglebSi yofna 

aucilebeli iyo sruli teritoriuli reabilitaciisa da 1943 wlidan CrdiloeT 

oseTis mmarTvelobis qveS arsebuli prigorodnis raionis dabrunebisaTvis. 

ZiriTadad, eri-saxelmwifos mSeneblobis (nation-building) procesi kavkasiis respublikebSi 

dRemde warumatebeli iyo. mTavrobebma ver SeZles gaeRvivebinaT umciresobebSi 

imis gancda, rom isini saxelmwifos Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenen. es 

imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom eTnikur konfliqtebi, romelic mTel regions moedo, 

umravles SemTxvevaSi win uswrebda sabWoTakavSiris daSlas. maSasadame, dezintegraciuli 

procesebi maSin daiwyo, rodesac jer kidev naadrevia saubari erisaxelmwifoebis 

mSeneblobis politikaze, romelic SemdgomSi respublikebSi sabWoTa 

identurobis rRvevisaken iyo mimarTuli. 

regionis axali politikuri struqturiT gamowveulma identurobis Ziebam 

mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia mSvidobaze regionSi. rogorc Ted gurma (Ted Gurr) 

aRniSna, arsebobs eTnikuri mobilizaciis ori winapiroba: Zlieri jgufuri 

identuroba da diskriminacia eTnikur safuZvelze 221 . 

kavkasiis erovnebebSi (nationalities) koleqtiuri (communal) identurobis gancdis 

gaRvivebam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa eTnikuri mobilizaciis Ria konfliqtad 

gadaqcevaSi. eTnikur safuZvelze arsebuli Tu sabWoTa kavSirSi adamianis uflebaTa 

sruli ugulebelyofiT gamowveuli diskriminaciis gancda 1980-ian wlebze gacilebiT 

adre arsebobda da bevr adgilas droTa ganmavlobaSi Sesustda. aqedan gamomdinare, 

1980-iani wlebis dasasruls umciresobaTa mzardi konfliqturi ganwyobis ZiriTadi 

mizezi ara diskriminacia, aramed jgufuri identurobis gancdis gamZafreba iyo. es 

viTareba SeiZleba davinaxoT kofliqtebis umravlesobaSi, romlebic meore msoflio 

omis Semdgom periodSi msoflioSi mZvinvarebda. umciresobebi miiswrafodnen maTi 

imJamindeli statusis gadaxedvisaken da gamoTqvamdnen pretenzias sakuTari 

respublikis arsebobis uflebaze. 

ram ganapiroba es pretenziebi? SesaZloa gaCeniliyo azri, rom avtoritaruli 

sabWoTa sistemis daSlis Semdeg Seqmnilma Tavisufalma atmosferom manamde arsebuli 

faruli pretenziebi zedapirze amoativtiva. jer kidev aTi wlis win sabWoTa kavSirSi 

mcxovrebi muslimebis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili mkvlevari aleqsandre benigseni 

(Alexandre Bennigsen) acxadebda, rom, magaliTad, yaraCaelebsa da balyarebs ukiduresad 

susti erovnuli, magram Zlieri tomobrivi da lokaluri identurobis gancda hqon- 

221 ix. Stephen Jones, “Georgia: A Failed Demotratic Tradition” Bremmer and Taras-is wignSi Nations and Politics in Soviet 

Successor States, pp. 288-310, p. 291. 

96

daT 222 . aseTi viTarebidan erovnuli TviTgansazRvramde (self-determination) didi manZilia, 

romelic SeiZleba daZleuliyo mxolod erTianobisa da jgufuri identurobis 

gamZafrebiT postsabWoTa epoqaSi. im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kavkasiaSi ormocdaaTze 

meti sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufi cxovrobs, cxadia, rom Tundac mcirericxovani 

amgvari SemTxveva sabediswero iqneba regionSi mSvidobisa da stabilurobisaTvis. 

daRestnis respublikaSi, romlis daaxloebiT ormilionian mosaxleobaSi 

ocdaaTze meti eTno-lingvisturi jgufia, saxalxo frontebi gaCnda bevr SedarebiT 

did erovnebaSi (nationality), romlebic cdilobdnen privilegiebisa da keTilganwyobis 

mopovebas mxolod sakuTari jgufisaTvis. amgvari, xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego 

miswrafebebi, bunebrivia, seriozul safrTxes warmoadgens da advilad SeuZlia iseTi 

sazogadoebis faqizi mravaleTnikuri balansis darRveva, rogoric daRestania. amave 

dros, kavkasiis omgamovlili qveynebis mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mxolod 

amZimebs am feTqebad viTarebas. 

Ria da faruli konfliqtebis marTvis TvalsazrisiT, identurobaTa polarizacia, 

romelzec zemoT iyo saubari, gansxvavebuli gamowvevaa. man ukiduresad mZafri forma 

miiRo im konfliqtebSi, romlebic urTierTsiZulvilSi gadaizarda. Sesabamisad, 

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom konfliqtSi CarTuli xalxebis Zlieri jgufuri (communal) 

identurobis SesustebisaTvis xangrZlivi dro iqneba saWiro. miuxedavad imisa, rom 

mraval SemTxvevaSi konfliqtebis gavrcelebis saSiSroeba realurad arsebobda, 

kavkasiis yvela Ria konfliqti (mTiani yarabaRi, samxreT oseTi, afxazeTi, prigorodnis 

raioni da CeCneTi) SeCerebul iqna. es ar niSnavs, rom maT gavlena ar iqonies 

mezobel xalxebze. ufro piriqiT, kavkasiaSi arsebulma mudmivad arastabilurma 

viTarebam da faqtma, rom regioni savsea yvela saxis iaraRiT, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo 

xeli eTnikuri mobilizaciis process da regionSi mcxovreb xalxebSi daucvelobis 

SegrZnebs warmoSva. regionuli ekonomikis mZime mdgomareobam elementaruli saarsebo 

saSualebebis ukmarisoba ganapiroba; gaCnda saSiSroeba, rom mwiri resursebisaTvis 

brZola eTnikur jgufebs Soris dapirispirebis formas miiRebda. aseTi saSiSroeba 

arsebobda ruseTis federaciaSi 1998 wlis ekonomikuri krizisis Semdeg, gamomdinare 

iqidan, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikaTa umravlesobis Semosavlebi federaluri 

biujetis subsidiebzea damokidebuli. regionuli gansxvaveba xSirad emTxveva 

eTnikur sazRvrebs; amasTan, gansxvavebani, romlebic, SeiZleba, arc iyos eTnikurad 

ganpirobebuli, xSirad swored aseTad aRiqmeba. Tu aseT SemTxvevaSi mosaxleoba ukve 

mobilizebulia Zlieri koleqtiuri identurobiT, eTnikuri konfliqti realur 

saSiSroebad iqceva. 

sxva mTavari faqtori, romelic SeiZleba dagvexmaros kavkasiis konfliqtebis 

arsis garkvevaSi da romelzec miuTiTebs, magaliTad, neil makfarleini (Neil 

MacFarlane), aris sruqturuli arastabiluroba. makfarleinis sityvebiT, sisuste 

saerTo da yvelaze TvalSisacemi maxsiaTebelia im saxelmwifoebisTvis, romlebic 

qmnian kavkasiis regionul sistemas. garda sabWoTa teritoriuli dayofis 

memkvidreobisa, mkvlevari asaxelebs sxva mniSvnelovan faqtorebs, romlebic 

ganapirobeben politikur arastabilurobas kavkasiis qveynebSi. pirveli _ esaa 

sabWoTa memkvidreoba. sabWouri avtonomiisa da saerTod saxelmwifo struqturis 

arsebobis Sedegebis garda, sabWoTa epoqam Sedegad moitana mosaxleobas gaucxoeba 

Tanamonawileobis politikisagan, ufro metic, gaaRrmava undobloba saxelmwifos, 

xelisuflebis da institutebis mimarT, romlebic respublikebs marTavdnen. 

222 ix.Darrell Slider, “Crisis and Responce in Soviet Nationality Policy: The Case of Abkhazia”, Central Asian Survay, vol. 4, no. 4, 

1985, pp.51-68. 

97

politikuri kulturis naklebobam xeli Seuwyo eTnikuri politikisa da ”politikuri 

lozungomaniis~ zrdas. am fenomenze miuTiTebs nacionalisti politikosebis 

gavlenas zrda saqarTveloSi (zviad gamsaxurdia), azerbaijanSi (abulfaz elCibei, 

iskander hamidovi) da CeCneTSi (johar dudaevi) da somxeTSi (orive prezidenti _ terpetrosiani 

da koCariani _ xelisuflebaSi yarabaRis talRaze movidnen) 1990-ian 

wlebSi. 

arastabilurobis warmomSobi sxva mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo ekonomikis 

katastrofuli daqveiTeba mTels regionSi. amaSi Tavisi wvlili miuZRvis sabWoTa 

kavSiris droindeli savaWro urTieTobebis moSlas regionis SigniT da yofili 

sabWoTa kavSiris danarCen nawilebTan, rac, garkveulwilad, gamowveuli iyo regionSi 

arsebuli konfliqtebiT da rasac mohyva blokadebi da embargoebi. Tumca, amas, pirvel 

rigSi, sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri struqtura ganapirobebda, romelic miznad 

isaxavda periferiuli respublikebis moskovze ekonomikuri damokidebulebis 

uzrunvelyofas. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesi kidev erTi mizezia. 

mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba mxolod 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi daiwyo, Tumca es 

aRmavloba Znelad Seedreboda am aTwleulis pirveli naxevris ekonomikur vardnas. 

makfarleinis daskvniT, regionis yvela saxelmwifo sustia. maT ara aqvT SesaZlebloba, 

moipovon sakmarisi resursebi sakuTar sazogadoebebSi, raTa Tavi 

daimkvidron rogorc WeSmaritad suverenulma erTobebma. am qveynebis mosaxleobas 

naklebi kavSiri aqvs sakuTar mTavrobebTan, romlebic ver akontroleben, Tu ra xdeba 

maT teritoriebze. isini Rrma ekonomikuri krizisis pirispir aRmoCndnen. es ki 

suverenul saxelmwifoebs Soris mSvidobiani urTierTobisaTvis an mezobeli Zlieri 

politikuri moTamaSeebisagan Tavdasacavad sakmaris safuZvels ver qmnis. 

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi kavkasiaSi warmodgenilia Sida da gare samkuTxedebis 

saxiT; mimdinareobs am ukanasknelis oTkuTxedad gardaqmnis procesi. Sida samkuTxeds 

qmnis urTierToba sam samxreTkavkasiur saxelmwifos Soris. rogorc makfarleini 

aRniSnavs, am saxelmwifoebs Soris problemebi maT Soris arsebuli rTuli 

urTierTobebidan gamomdinareobs. urTierTobebis sirTule da erTmaneTTan 

nebayoflobiTi TanamSromlobis gamocdilebis nakleboba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, 

rogorc destabilizaciis mTavari faqtori. faqtia, rom regionis ori saxelmwifo _ 

saqarTvelo da azerbaijani _ mesame qveyanas _ somxeTs _ mTavar safrTxed ganixilavs, 

rogorc sakuTari TavisTvis, aseve mTeli regionisaTvis. somxeTs 

teritoriuli pretenziebi aqvs orive qveyanasTan. es pretenziebi saqarTvelos 

SemTxvevaSi farulad gamoixateba, xolo azerbaijanis mimarT Riad vlindeba. 

es garemoeba SeiZleba CaiTvalos kavkasiaSi arastabilurobis gamomwvev erT-erT 

mizezad. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, somxuri iredentizmi xels uSlis kavkasiis sam 

saxelmwifos Soris usafrTxoebis sferoSi TanamSromlobas, sanacvlod ki Sedegad 

moaqvs nulovani Sedegi somxeT-azerbaijanis dapirispirebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom 

saqarTvelo konfliqtSi neitralitets inarCunebs, mas kargi urTierToba aqvs 

azerbaijanTan, radgan orive qveyanas msgavsi problemebi aqvs teritoriuli 

mTlianobis SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT. ufro metic: somxur-azerbaijanuli 

”nulovani TamaSi~ saSualebas aZlevs ucxo qveynebs, regionSi TavianTi interesebis 

dasacavad mxari dauWiron erT an meore mxares. aqedan gamomdinare, Zlieria 

konkurencia gare samkuTxedSi Semaval TurqeTs, ruseTsa da irans Soris. 

sxva Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, regionSi usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli 

rTuli viTarebis safuZveli saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis mTavrobebis mier TavianTi 

”miniimperiebis~ SenarCunebis jiut mcdelobebSi da maT mier xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis 

uflebis ignorirebaSia saZiebeli. am Sexedulebas, romelic popularulia somxeTSi, 

98

mxars uWers rusi analitikosebis nawili. Tumca, es Sexeduleba xandaxan 

winaaRmdegobrivad gamoiyureba, roca ruseTis teritoriuli mTlianobis dacva xdeba 

CeCnebis ajanyebis CaxSobiT, amave dros ki saqarTvelosa da azerbaijans sayveduroben 

imis gamo, rom isini, rogorc s.miqoiani amtkicebs, yvelanairad cdiloben TavianT 

patara imperiebis xelSeuxeblobis dacvas. 

arsebobs diametrulad gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi kavkasiaSi arsebul problemaTa 

safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, sruliad aSkaraa, rom sam kavkasiur qveyanas 

Soris usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi konsesusis miuRwevloba gare samkuTxeds aqtiurobis 

saSualebas aZlevs. 

ramdenime saukunea, kavkasiur urTieTobebSi uSualod arian CarTulni ruseTi, 

TurqeTi da irani. am sam saxelmwifos Soris iseTive disbalansi Camoyalibda, rogoric 

arsebobs sam kavkasiur qveyanas Soris. iranisa da ruseTis saerTo interesebi saSualebas 

aZlevda maT, kavSiri SeekraT TurqeTis winaaRmdeg. amiT orive qveyana 

cdilobda aRekveTa TurqeTisa da dasavleTis gavlenis zrda kavkasiasa da centralur 

aziaSi. am samkuTxedSi TurqeTis sasargeblod aSS CarTvam kidev ufro daamZima 

isedac rTuli urTierTobebi. Sedegad, gaizarda kavkasiis geopolitikuri 

mniSvneloba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, gaarTula urTierTobebi kavkasiis saxelmwifoebs 

Soris. aman, mravali mizezis gamo, ufro Seaferxa vidre daaCqara regionSi arsebuli 

konfliqtebis mogvarebis procesi. 

pirvel rigSi, oTxive dainteresebuli saxelmwifo ufro sakuTari interesebis- 

Tvis iRvwis, vidre regionSi konfliqtebis obieqturad da uangarod mogvarebisaTvis. 

mTiani yarabaRis maomari mxareebi ixseneben, roca iseTi qveynebi rogorebicaa SvedeTi 

da fineTi molaparakebebSi Suamavlebad CaerTvnen. meore mxriv, didi saxelmwifoebis 

azriT, konfliqtis mxareebs urCevniaT daicadon da daelodon, vidre mowinaaRmdegesTan 

pirispir molaparakebebis gziT kompromisebs miaRweven. azerbaijanisa da 

somxeTis prezidentebis Sexvedram TiTqos daarRvia es tendencia, magram Sedegebi 

jerac ar Cans. imis magivrad, rom axla miaRwion kompromisebs, dapirispirebul mxareebs 

urCevniaT daelodon momavalSi, maSin, roca gaZlierdebian, ukeTesi SeTanxmebis 

SesaZleblobas. maTi azriT, amas romelime did saxelmwifosTan aliansis gziT moaxerxeben. 

aqedan gamomdinare, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kavkasiaSi didi saxelmwifoebis 

intersebisa da moqmedebebis kvlevas. 

sxvadasxva saxis da mimarTulebis sainformacio saSualebebis saerTaSoriso 

urTierTobis, an ufro xSirad, gazeTebis cxeli ambebis ganyofilebebSi, romlebic 

kavkasiur konfliqtebs exeba, iSviaTad Tu Sexvdebi statias, sadac naxsenebi ar iqneba, 

rom konfliqti arsebobs `muslim azerbaijanelebsa da qristian somxebs~, an `qristianul 

ruseTsa da muslim CeCen meamboxeebs~ Soris. kidev ufro uares SemTxvevaSi, 

saubaria `qristian qarTvelebsa da muslim afxazebs Soris~ arsebul konfliqtze. am 

konfliqtebis religiur mizezebis xazgasmiT, nebsiT Tu uneblied, amartiveben maT 

arss. sxva sityvebiT, informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom dapirispirebuli mxareebi sxvadasxva 

religiis aRmsareblebi arian, SeiZleba sakmarisi aRmoCndes im mkiTxvelisTvis, 

romelsac ainteresebs, ra aris sinamdvileSi am konfliqtebis mizezebi; igi Tavisufldeba 

detalebSi CaZiebis saWiroebisagan. 

sainteresoa, ramdenad sworia konfliqtebis amgvari axsna: an, iqneb, gamoxatavs 

dasavleTis survils, martivi axsna mouZebnos problemas, romelic sinamdvileSi 

sulac ar aris martivi an advilad gasagebi gauTvicnobierebeli moqalaqisTvis. 

am SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba arsebobdes survili, garkveuli Teoriis safuZvelze, 

konfliqtis imgvarad warmoCenisa, TiTqos igi, Tu mTlianad ara, mniSvnelovanwilad 

mainc religiuri faqtoriTaa ganpirobebuli. rogorc gairkva, is rom konfliqtSi 

99

monawile ori mxare sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobisaa, sakmarisi safuZvels ar 

iZleva imis samtkiceblad, rom konfliqti religiuri xasiaTisaa. religia unda iyos 

konfliqtis mTavari ganmapirobebeli faqtori; religia unda iyos konfliqtis 

amosavali, an konfliqti, misi monawile mxareebidan erT-erTis mier mainc, unda 

gaiazrebodes mkafio religiuri cnebebiT. SeiZleba saubari sxva qveynebSi `religiur 

TanamoZmeTa~ darazmvaze, rogorc mimdinare konfliqtis pasuxze. religia konfliqtis 

ganmapirobebel faqtorad SeiZleba CaiTvalos maSin, Tu arsebobs CamoTvlil- 

Tagan erTi piroba mainc: 1) romelime mxare mimarTavs religiur azrovnebas konfliqtis 

legitimaciis mizniT; 2) mxareebis polarizacia efuZneba umTavresad religiur 

identurobas da/ an Teologiur gansjas. 

kavkasiis konfliqtebis analizis dros da konfliqtis arsis garkvevis mcdelobisas 

cxadi xdeba, rom maTi mTavari mizezi teritoriaTa kontrolisaTvis dapirispirebaa. 

rogorc ukve naCvenebi iqna, oTxi konfliqti mimdinareobs sabWoTa periodSi 

eTnikuri principiT Seqmnil avtonomiaTa teritoriebze, romlebic cdiloben 

gaTavisufldnen centraluri xelisuflebis kontrolisgan. yvelam isargebla sabWo- 

Ta kavSiris daSliT da konstituciuri vakuumis fonze damoukidebloba gamoacxada 

imave dros, roca amis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba miiRo TxuTmetma mokavSire respublikam. 

mxolod prigorodnis konfliqtis SemTxveva gansxvavdeba danarCenebisgan. es aris 

konfliqti ruseTis federaciaSi Semaval or respublikas Soris teritoriis nawilis 

gamo, romelsac adre inguSebi akontrolebdnen, magram 1944 wels xelSi Caigdo 

CrdiloeT oseTma. zemoT dasaxelebuli xuTi konfliqti Tavisuflad SeiZleba 

eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebis jgufs mivakuTnoT. maT ar gaaCniaT ideologiuri 

komponenti, Tu nacionalizms ar miviCnevT ideologiad. ekonomika SeiZleba mxolod 

xelSemwyob faqtorad ganixilebodes. somxebis mtkicebiT, mTiani yarabaRi ekonomikur 

diskriminacias ganicdida sabWoTa azerbaijanis mxridan. mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar 

Tanxmdebian es erTobebi sxvebis kontrols saerTo teritoriaze, maT eTnikur kuTvnilebasa 

da sxva eTnosis mimarT siZulvilSia saZiebeli. Sesabamisad, arsebobs sxva 

jgufis wevrebis kontrolis qveS moqcevis SiSi. faqtobrivad, konfliqtebis mTavari 

ganmsazRvreli mizezi undoblobaze da SiSze dafuZnebuli usafrTxoebis dilemaa. 

SeiZleba, mizezad dasaxeldes urTierTamreklavi, sarkiseburi (mirroring) nacionalizmi, 

romelic erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, magram, amave dros, 

erTmaneTis gareSe ver arseboben. aseve advilad SeiZleba es konfliqtebi, romlebic 

eTnikurobis politizaciiTaa ganpirobebuli, eTnopolitikurad miviCnioT 

am eTnopolitikur konfliqtebSi religia xSirad asrulebs ori erTobis 

gammijnavi faqtoris rols. eTnikurobaze saubris dros aucilebelia imis garkveva, 

Tu ra gansxvavebaa or jgufs Soris. yvela SemTxvevaSi, mowinaaRmRege jgufebi 

gansxvavdebian imiT, rom saubroben sxvadasxva enaze, erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebiT 

cxovroben da aqvT sxvadasxva socialuri struqtura. aqedan gamomdinare, maT aqvT 

warsulis gansxvavebuli foni da, umravles SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTis mimarT 

undoblobis xangrZlivi istoria. radganac vexebiT CeCnebsa da rusebs, somxebsa da 

azerbaijanelebs, inguSebs da osebs, unda aRvniSnoT, rom maTi gansxvavebuli 

religiuri aRmsarebloba ueWvelad iqneboda damatebiTi faqtori maT Soris arsebuli 

dapirispirebisa da undoblobis.aTvis. 

eTnikurobis da ara religiis politizacia. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg 

moxda eTnikurobis, da ara religiis politizacia. am SemTxvevaSi religias, ubralod, 

Tavisi adgili hqonda eTnikuri identurobis sxva determinantebs Soris. amis kargi 

magaliTia saqarTvelo, sadac sabWoTa periodSi sami avtonomiuri teritoria Sedioda: 

afxazeTi, aWara da samxreT oseTi. mxolod aWaraSi, sadac muslimi qarTvelebi 

100

cxovroben, arsebobs gamokveTili religiuri gansxvaveba. amasTanave, im faqtorma, rom 

aWarlebsa da qarTvelebs aqvT saerTo ena da identurobis sxva mravali saerTo 

elementi, da gamonakliss mxolod religia warmoadgens, xeli Seuwyo Tbilissa da 

baTums Soris konfliqtis eskalaciis Tavidan acilebas. meore mxriv, samxreT osebi 

orTodoqsi qristianebi arian, iseve rogorc afxazTa umravlesoba; Tumca maT 

qarTvelebisagan eTnikuri identurobis sxva determinantebi ganasxvavebs. am faqtoris 

miuxedavad, konfliqti saqarTvelos centralur xelisuflebasa da am teritoriebs 

Soris mwvave da sastiki iyo. omi afxazeTSi periodulad, TiTqos, mogvarebisken midis, 

magram xandaxan iseTive Znelad mosagvarebeli Cans, rogorc CeCneTisa da mTiani 

yarabaRis konfliqtebi. afxazeTi erTaderTia xuT konfliqts Soris, sadac 1998 wlis 

maisSi saomari moqmedebebi ganaxlda. 

somxuri sazogadoebrivi azri, sxva kavkasieli erebis msgavsad, sakmaod mZime 

koloniuri warsuliT da mogonebebiT Seegeba axal, postsabWoTa epoqas. bunebrivia 

aqac gamZafrda nacionalisturi tendenciebi, romelic mudam orientirebuli iyo 

dakarguli `didi armeniis~ aRdgenisaken; anu imdroindeli somxuri sazogadoeba 

TviTidentificirebas ufro fiqtiur, sul mcire, mravali Taobis win arsebulTan 

axdenda, da ara im axladgamoCekil saxelmwifosa da mis sazRvrebTan, romlis 

farglebSic suverenuli qveynis mSenebloba unda warmarTuliyo. 1990 wlis pirveli 

saparlamento arCevnebic somxurma nacionalurma moZraobam moigo, romelmac 

`miacum”-is doqtrina, anu yarabaRisa da anatoliis SemoerTebis idea wamoayena. 

SeiZleba iTqvas, umetesi wili erovnuli TviTgamorkvevisa yarabaRis somxobis 

erovnuli interesebis dacvisaken iyo mimarTuli. 

Tavad arwaxis, igive yarabaRis sakiTxi somxeTis damoukideblobis mopovebamde, 

1988 wels gamZafrda, rodesac adgilobrivma xelisuflebam azerbaijanisa da moskovis 

politikur centrebs avtonomiis sabWoTa somxeTSi gaerTianeba mosTxoves. am movlenam 

da misma Sedegebma, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTlianad gansazRvra somxuri sazogadoebis 

Semdgomi ganviTarebis xasiaTi. gansakuTrebiT esmeboda xazi 1921 w. stalinis 

meTaurobiT komunisturi mTavrobis mier yarabaRis teritoriis azerbaijanisTvis 

gadacemas, aseve 1915 wlis genocids, romelis msxverplis ricxvi, somxuri wyaroebiT, 

2,000,000-mde iyo gazviadebuli 223 . swored amis gamo, yarabaRis omSi somxis mier 

azerbaijaneli TurqTan iyo gaigivebuli da dRemde asea. mTiani yarabaRis avantiuram 

somxeTs cocxali Zalis didi danakargi, ekonomikuri blokada da ekonomikuri 

uperspeqtivoba moutana, aseve asobiT aTasi somxis emigraciaSi wasvla. miuxedavad 

amisa, 90-iani wlebis paTosi, Tundac qarTuli sazogadoebisagan gansxvavebiT, dRemde 

SenarCunebulia. amaSi gadamwyvet rols usafrTxoebis momenti TamaSobs: somexi 

sakuTari kulturuli TavisTavadobisa da memkvidreobis SenarCunebis umTavres 

garants, sakuTari identurobis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebas 

antiTurqul ZalaSi xedavs, iqneba es qristianuli ruseTis federacia Tu (uares 

SemTxvevaSi) iranis islamur respublika. es, albaT, kvlav mZime koloniuri warsuliT 

azrovnebis nayofia, rac, zogadad, mTeli regionisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. 

religiuri konfliqtebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis urTierTSedarebisas, Znelia 

romelime konfliqtis gansazRvra romelime maTganiT. faqtia, rom arc erT Sem- 

TxvevaSi, konfliqtSi monawile romelime mxare ar mimarTavda religiur azrovnebas 

konfliqturi qcevis legitimaciisaTvis. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom meomar mxareTa 

garkveulma dajgufebebma mimarTes religiis eqstremistul interpretacias. es 

223 

arnold jozef toinbi, romelic im droisTvis britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa saministrosTvis 

sadazvervo samuSaoebs atarebda regionSi, yvelaze sando informatorad saxeldeba. misi 

gamoTvlebiTa da dakvirvebiT, anatoliaSi 1915 wlisaTvis 1,800,000 somexs unda ecxovra. 

101

gansakuTrebiT iTqmis CeCneT-ruseTis omTan mimarTebaSi, sadac islami drodadro 

gamoiyeneboda xalxis SesakavSireblad. amave dros, mravali mkvlevari aRniSnavs ada- 

Tis, CveulebiTi samarTlis upiratesobas islamis kanonebTan SedarebiT. religias 

iyenebdnen rogorc politikur iaraRs, da ara rogorc TviTkmar faqtors. anatol 

lieveni (Anatol Lieven) 1994 wlis noemberSi imowmebs joxar dudaevs, romelic 

aRniSnavda, rom SariaTi, islamis kanonebi, iyo erT-erTi gza ruseTis agresiis 

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, magram Tu rusebi Sewyvetdnen agresias, SariaTi ukana 

planze gadaiwevda. 

somxeTisa da azerbaijanis SemTxvevaSi, somxeTis eklesiis kaTolikosi da azerbaijanis 

sulieri lideri SeuerTdnen TavianTi xalxis demonstraciebsa da moTxovnebs 

1988 wlis TebervalSi. vazgen I, sruliad somexTa kaTolikosma, 1988 wlis 25 Tebervals 

werili miswera gorbaCovs, sadac sTxovda, gaeTvaliswebina mTiani yarabaRis 

moTxovnebi somxeTTan SeerTebis Taobaze. is aseve gamovida somxeTis televiziiT da 

mxari dauWira moTxovnebs. daaxloebiT amave dros, sasuliero pirebi gamoCndnen 

erevanSi gamarTul Sekrebebze, sadac moiTxovdnen mTiani yarabaRis aneqsias. 1989 wels 

vazgen I kidev erTi deklaracia gamoaqveyna, sadac man daadastura Tavisi pozicia 

mTiani yarabaRis TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. 

1988 wlis miwuruls, asparezze gamoCnda samxreT kavkasiis Seix-ul-islami aiaTola 

alahSukur faSazade. es mas Semdeg moxda, rac is sastikad gaakritikes dumilis gamo. 

Tumca man azerbaijanis mTavrobas TavSekavebulobisaken mouwoda. muharamis 

dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic SiitebisTvis glovis Tvea, faSazadem dagmo 

ìslamis mtrebi~ da morwmuneebs mobilizaciisaken mouwoda. 

miuxedavad amisa, sulieri liderebi arasdros iyvnen Sesabamisi moZraobebis wina 

rigebSi. maTi qmedebebi ganpirobebuli iyo ufro imis surviliT, rom ar darCeniliyvnen 

movlenebs miRma; maTSi ar igrZnoboda religiuri aRtkineba mtris winaRmdeg. 

ufro metic, isini Seikribnen, raTa emsjelaT konfliqtis Taobaze da erTsulovnad 

gaemijnen Zaladobas. magaliTad, 1994 wels, vazgeni, faSazade da ruseTis marTlmadidebeli 

eklesiis meTauri erToblivad mouwodebdnen somxeTisa da azerbaijanis 

liderebs `xelis CamorTmevisa~ da mSvidobisaken. 

konfliqtis adreul etapze liderTa mier gakeTebuli gancxadebebis ufro 

detaluri analizi gviCvenebs, rom isini `mxars uWerdnen~ saxalxo moZraobebs, 

mouwodebdnen ra `morwmuneTa mobilizaciisaken~, magram Riad ar mimarTavdnen 

mosaxleobis arc erTjgufs da ar ubiZgebdnen xalxs Zaladobisaken; piriqiT, isini 

TavianT mTavrobebs TavSekavebas urCevdnen. saerTod, sulieri liderebi naklebad 

iyvnen sabrZolvelad ganwyobili, vidre zogadad mosaxleoba an politikosebi. es 

namdvilad ar aris is, rasac SeiZleba movelodeT `religiuri konfliqtis~ Sem- 

TxvevaSi. 

rac Seexeba islamur fundamentalizms, Znelia mis mxardaWeraSi faSazades dadanaSauleba. 

amas naTeli dasturia misi pasuxi `Sunday Telegraph”-is kiTxvaze: swams Tu ara 

mas SariaTis? _ `ra Tqma unda, me mwams SariaTis~, magram iqve RimiliT dasZina: `Seixi 

rom ar viyo, SesaZloa, sxvagvarad mepasuxa~. xalxs unda hqondes saxelmwifoebriobis 

formis arCevis saSualeba 224 . 

amrigad, isev da isev SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxareTa polarizacia eTnikur da 

politikur, da ara religiur safuZvlebs emyareboda. 

axla oriode sityviT qarTul-osur da qarTul-afxazur konfliqtebs SevexoT. 

qarTuli identurobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi komponenti lingvisturi identurobaa, 

224 ix.: Svante E.Cornell. Small Nations and Great Powers. A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflicts in the Caucasus, p.52. 

102

xolo religia meore planzea gadaweuli. amrigad SesaZlebelia, rom damoukideblobis 

brZolis pirvel etapze qarTuli nacionalizmi lingvistur nacionalizmad daxasiaTdes. 

konfliqti osebTan da afxazebTan Tavidan enis problemiT daiwyo. 1988 wlis 

kanons, romelic saqarTveloSi qarTuli enis poziciebs amyarebda, mRelvareba mohyva 

afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi. 

oseTTan daZabuloba daiwyo 1989 wlis dasawyisSi, romelic kanonTa omis saxeliTaa 

cnobili. es 1988 wlis zemoT naxseneb kanons mohyva. osebma moiTxoves regionSi 

qarTuls, osursa da rusuls Tanabari statusi hqonodaT, xolo SemdgomSi oficilur 

enad osuris gamocxadeba moisurves. 

analogiuri movlenebi aRiniSna afxazeTSi. marTalia, afxazebsa da qarTvelebs 

Soris dapirispirebebi CaxSobil iqna sabWoTa periodSi, magram es mcdelobebi 

warmatebuli ar iyo. areulobebi iyo 1957 da 1967 wels, magram Riad gamovlinda 1977 

wels, breJnevis sakonstitucio reformis dros. afxazebma es gamoiyenes da kampania 

gaaCaRes lingvisturi uflebebis mosapoveblad, Semdeg ufro Sorsac wavidnen, maT 

saqarTvelosagan gamoyofa moiTxoves. 

am sakiTxze rogorc afxazebTan, aseve osebTan, kompromisis miRweva SeuZlebeli 

iyo, radganac qarTvelebi afxazebsa da osebs ganixilavdnen ruseTis iaraRad, raTa mas 

moexdina destabilizacia saqarTveloSi da xeli SeeSala misi damoukideblobisaTvis. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom umciresobebis moTxovnebi lingvisturi da kulturuli 

uflebebisa saqarTvelos da qarTvelebis analogiuri moTxovnebis msgavsi iyo, 

qarTveli nacionalistebi maT legitimurad ar miiCnevdnen. amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, 

rom am avtonomiur regionebSi rusuli ena TamaSobda did rols, da osebisa da 

afxazebis mier rusuli enis ZiriTad enad gamocxadebam gaaZliera qarTvelebis eWvi 

maT ukan ruseTis dgomisa da mxardaWeris Taobaze. 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom osuri da afxazuri pretenziebi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi 

lingvisturi nacionalizmis farglebs ar scdeboda, magram rigi mizezebis gamo, is 

seriozuli konfliqtis mizezad iqca. antikoloniuri da postkoloniuri (ruseTi am 

SemTxvevaSi) nacionalizmis talRaze awyobilma saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ver 

gaiTvaliswina is didi safrTxe, romelic am yovelives ukan imaleboda. 

kavkasiaSi mimdinare procesebis asaxsnelad, rigi mkvlevrebi da politikosebi 

xSirad mimarTaven hanTingtonis `civilizaciaTa konfliqtis~ Teorias. amasTan, 

mecnierul interess xSirad gadafaravs politikuri motivi, rodesac konfliqtSi 

monawile romelime mxare cdilobs `civilizaciur-religiuri SeuTavseblobis~ ideis 

gamoyenebas. 

SeiZleba Tu ara `civilizaciuri darazmvis~ (s.hanTingtoni) politikaze saubari 

kavkasiis konfliqtebTan mimarTebaSi? erTi SexedviT, TiTqos, es SesaZlebelia: 

ruseTi marTebulad ganixileba azerbaijanis winaaRmdeg somxeTis, xolo inguSeTis 

winaaRmdeg CrdiloeT oseTis mxardamWerad. ruseTi xSirad miiCneva antimuslimur 

Zalad, romelic mxars uWers muslimebis SezRudvas, dawyebuli bosniidan da 

kosovodan, mTeli kavkasiis CaTvliT _ tajikeTamde. 

magram, amave dros, ruseTi mxars uWerda aWarlebsa da afxazebs saqarTvelos 

winaaRmdeg. kavkasiis qveynebidan ruseTi yvelaze mtrulad ganwyobilia saqarTvelos 

da ara azerbaijanis mimarT. aq `civilizaciur solidarobaze~ laparakic zedmetia. 

muslimur samyaroSi Znelad Tu iarsebebs erTiani pozicia azerbaijanisa da 

CeCneTis mxardasaWerad. marTalia, mraval muslimur qveyanaSi iyo demonstraciebi, 

mimarTuli CeCneTSi ruseTis politikis winaaRmdeg, magram CeCenTa amboxs yvelaze 

Zlieri mxardaWera mxolod baltiis qveynebsa da poloneTSi hqonda. aseve, swored 

sekularuli TurqeTi, da ara islamisturi irani yvelaze seriozulad uWerda mxars 

103

azerbaijansa da CeCneTs konfliqtebis dros. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa iranis 

politika kavkasiaSi, romelic amasTanave mkafiod aCevnebs evraziul saerTaSoriso 

urTierTobebSi religiasTan SedarebiT,eTnikurobis prioritetulobas. mravali 

mizezis gamo, romlebic, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebulia iranis SiSTan azerbaijanelTa 

iredentizmis (saxelmwifoTa Soris politikuri gayofa) gamo, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

rom iranSi 20 milioni azerbaijaneli cxovrobs, irani agrZelebda somxebis mxarda- 

Weras azerbaijanelTa winaaRmdeg omSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom azerbaijani erTaderTi 

mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoa, sadac, iranis msgavsad, mosaxleobis umravlesoba Siitia. 

samxreT kavkasiaSi dResdReobiT saukeTeso ormxrivi urTierTobebi arsebobs 

azerbaijansa da saqarTvelos Soris, maSin rodesac saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierToba 

bevrad ufro daZabulia. zogierTi somexi mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom somxeTs 

azerbaijanTan omi rom ar hqonoda, SeiZleba konfliqti yofiliyo saqarTvelosTan, 

romlis mizezi, albaT, saqarTveloSi, somxeTTan mosazRvre javaxeTis regionSi 

kompaqturad mcxovrebi somexi umciresoba iqneboda. 

erTi sityviT, kavkasiaSi mimdinare procesebidan zogierTi aSkarad ver jdeba 

hanTingtonis `civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis~ versiaSi. esenia: qarTul-osuri da qarTulafxazuri 

konfliqtebi; aseve _ azerbaijanis TurqeTTan kavSiris sapirispirod, qristianuli 

somxeTis daaxloeba Siitur iranTan (90-iani ww., am dros saqme energosistemaTa 

integraciamdec ki mivida); meore mxriv, ori Siituri saxelmwifos, azerbaijanisa 

da iranis civi urTierTobebi. 1992 wels, afxazeTis konfliqtis dros, saqarTvelos 

winaaRmdeg, Crd. kavkasiel muslimebTan erTad, ibrZodnen qristiani kazakebi. zviad 

gamsaxurdias kavSiri dudaevTan, baqo-Tbilisi-kievis RerZis Seqmnis mcdeloba, kaspiis 

navTobis evropaSi transportireba ruseTis gverdis avliT, ruseT-iranis _ ori 

civilizaciurad gansxvavebuli qveynis _ daaxloeba aseve ewinaaRmdegeba am Teorias. 

kavkasiis faqtobrivi masalis ganxilvisas hanTingtonis koncefcias bevri mowinaaRmdege 

gamouCnda. magaliTad, nil makfarleinis azriT, s.hanTingtonis koncefcia 

kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi `konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT bundovani, empiriulad 

arazusti da regionisTvis erTgvarad safrTxis matarebelia” 225 . makfarleins eWvi Seaqvs 

TviT imaSi, Tu ratom aris civilizaciuri kuTvnileba yvelaze Zlieri faqtori, 

amis damamtkicebeli argumentebi mas arcTu ise safuZvlianad eCveneba: hanTingtonTan 

civilizaciuri kuTvnileba ganixileba rogorc damoukidebeli faqtori, romelic 

gavlenas axdens adamianebis interesTa gansazRvrasa da maT Semdgom qmedebaze. magram 

srulebiTac araa cxadi, ratom unda movaxdinoT civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis faqtoris 

amgvari interpretacia 226 . 

Zalze sainteresoa hanTingtonis Teoriis makfarleiniseuli analizi kavkasiasTan 

mimarTebaSi. ras uwinaswarmetyvelebs es Teoria kavkasias? am Teoriis Tanaxmad, savaraudoa 

kavSiri erTi mxriv, ruseTs, saqarTvelosa da somxeTs, rogorc qristianul 

qveynebs (hanTingtonisaTvis religia civilizaciuri identurobis ZiriTadi ganmsaz- 

Rvrelia), xolo, meore mxriv _ TurqeTs, irans, azerbaijansa da Crd. kavkasiis muslim 

xalxebs Soris 227 . 

kavkasiis konfliqtebis mizezebi SeiZleba iZebnebodes politikur da ekonomikur 

faqtorebSi. exeba ra azerbaijansa da somxeTs Soris konfliqtis sakiTxs, makfarleni 

aRniSnavs, rom irani pirdapir exmareboda somxeTs da es ganpirobebuli iyo politikuri 

(TurqeTis gavlenis gaZliereba, azerbaijanuli nacionalizmis zrda iranis 

225 makfarleini n. “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba”: kritikuli xedva. — saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros 

sagareo politikis kvlevisa da analizis centris biuleteni, 11 (20), Tb., 1999, gv.11. 

226 iqve, gv.13. 

227 makfarleini n. dasax. naSr., gv.14. 

104

azerbaijanul umciresobaSi, SiSi aSS-azerbaijanis daaxloebisa) da ekonomikuri 

(ekonomikuri mogeba blokadaSi myof somxeTTan vaWrobiT, iranis wili energetikul 

ganviTarebaSi) mizezebiT 228 . 

am faqtebis fonze, Znelia daeTanxmo samuel hanTingtonisa da rusi analitikosebis 

mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb, rom àraformaluri koaliciebi yalibdeba civilizaciuri 

xazebis gaswvriv. qristianuli somxeTi, saqarTvelo, mTiani yarabaRi da CrdiloeT 

oseTi upirispirdebian muslimur azerbaijans, afxazeTs, CeCneTsa da inguSeTs~. mtkiceba, 

rom saqarTvelo oseTTan erTad upirispirdeba azerbaijans, cota ar iyos, 

ucnauria. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom saqarTvelos Tbili urTierToba hqonda dudaevis 

CeCneTTan, z.gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis periodSi. Tavisi argumentis gansamtkiceblad 

hanTingtoni dasZens, rom `ruseTis federaciaSi mcxovrebi muslimebi 

SekavSirdnen CeCnebis meTaurobiT~, mibaZes ra CuvaSeTis respublikis magaliTs, 

romelmac moqalaqeeebi gaaTavisufla CeCneTSi samsaxurisagan~. CuvaSeTi erT-erTi im 

respublikaTagani iyo, romelmac protesti gamoTqva ruseTis qmedebaTa gamo. Cuva- 

SeTi ZiriTadad qristianulia da iq mcire raodenobiT arian muslimebi, miuxedavad 

xalxis Turquli warmoamvlobisa. 

CeCneTis irgvliv darazmvas mniSvnelovani masStabi ar miuRia. igi im CrdilokavkasielebiT 

Semoifargla (daRestansa da inguSeTSi), romelTac eTnikuri da religiuri 

kavSiri aqvT CeCnebTan; maT gamoxates protesti da Seecadnen ruseTis samxedro 

Semotevis Tavidan acilebas, maSin rodesac centraluri aziisa da ruseTis sxva 

muslimi xalxebi, kvlav dumdnen. 

`civilizaciuri darazmvis~ Tvalsazrisma gaarTula rogorc saqarTvelo-samxreT 

oseTis, aseve saqarTvelo-afxazeTis konfliqtis gageba. saqme isaa, rom afxazebi afxazeTSi, 

ZiriTadad, ar arian muslimebi, gansxvavebiT TurqeTSi mcxovrebi afxazebisagan. 

civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis Teoriis damcvelebi SecdomiT miiCneven afxazebs 

muslimebad, an, ubralod, ugulebelyofen am konfliqts, iseve rogorc 1990 wlis 

yirgizTa da uzbekTa konfliqts oSis regionSi da 1989 wels muslimi Turqi mesxebis 

wmendas muslimur uzbekeTSi. 

imis mtkiceba, rom muslimebi SekavSirdnen kavkasiis romelime konfliqtis dros, 

sul mcire, gazviadeba iqneboda. sainteresoa, rom am konfliqtebis warmosaxvam civilizaciaTa 

Sejaxebebad, iseve rogorc iugoslaviis konfliqtisa, didi STabeWdileba 

ver moaxdina muslimebze msoflio masStabiT. Tumca mas gacilebiT didi warmateba 

ergo dasavleTSi, SesaZloa imitom, rom mediis roli iq ufro mniSvnelovania. 

faqtia, rom dasavleTis qveynebma gasaocari daudevroba gamoiCines im SemTxvevebis 

mimarT, romlebic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes agresiul omebad qristianebsa da muslimebs 

Soris, rogorc es iyo bosniaSi, kosovoSi, mTian yarabaRSi, CeCneTsa da inguSeTSi. 

serbebis eTnikuri wmenda bosniaSi metismetad axlo iyo evropasTan imisaTvis, rom 

SesaZlebeli yofiliyo misi ugulebelyofa. amasTanave, es imdenad aSkara SemTxveva 

iyo, rom SeuZlebeli gaxda misi damaxinjeba da arasworad gageba. 

amis sapirispirod, kavkasiis movlenebi, maT Soris 600.000 azerbaijanelis eTnikuri 

wmenda somxeTis mier okupirebul azerbaijanul teritoriebze, miCqmalul iqna, iseve 

rogorc omis kanonebisa da adamianTa uflebebis umagaliTo darRveva CeCneTSi. dasavlur 

mediaSi gabatonebulma arasworma Sexedulebam da konfliqtebis gamartivebulma 

axsnam, misma Sedegebma dasavleTis politikaze am regionSi warmoSva civilizaciaTa 

Sejaxebis scenaris axdenil winaswarmetyvelebad qcevis safrTxe. 

kavkasiis konfliqtebs Seswavla cxadyofs, rom religias arc erT maTganSi ar hqonda 

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. religiis roli Semoifargleboda eTnikuri identurobis 

228 iqve, gv.16. 

105

erT-erT determinantad yofniT. is garemoeba, rom religias, romelic SeiZleba 

gamoyenebul iqnes morwmuneTa SesakavSireblad konfliqturi situaciis dros, naklebad 

mimarTavdnen, dakavSirebulia sabWoTa aTeizmis 70 wlian batonobasTan, 

romelmac udaod SezRuda religiis roli yofili sabWoTa kavSiris yvela xalxis 

individualur da socialur cxovrebaSi. kavkasiis xalxebs Soris arsebuli mravalferovani 

urTierTobebidan romelma Seasrula gadamwyveti faqtoris roli, ramac gavlena 

iqonia movlenebze? Cven ukve aRvniSneT eTnikuri politikis mniSvneloba, romelic 

mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli gareSe mtris winaaRnmdeg darazmvasTan. kavkasiis xalxebs 

Soris urTierTobis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria ara religiaze dafuZnebuli civilizaciuri 

dayofa, aramed, ubralod, nacionalizmisa da nacionaluri interesebis 

kombinacia. 

106

Nino Chikovani 

CULTURE AND RELIGION IN SOUTH CAUCASUS 

Summary 

Geographical settings and population. Caucasus represents a mosaic of cultures, 

confessions, ethnoses and languages. Its location and geographical environment were major 

determine factors of the way of life, interrelations and the history of the Caucasian peoples. 

Caucasus is populated by more than 50 different peoples. Caucasian mounteen was called a 

“mounteen of languages” by the Arab geographers. 

The Caucasus, throughout its history, has been a borderland. It has been an area over which 

empires have competed, in which cultures, civilizations and religions met. It has served both as 

bridge and barrier to contact between north and south, and between east and west. Its crucial 

geopolitical location has the mixed results: more often than not, the Caucasian peoples ‘lost rather 

than gained from their important geopolitical position’. 

The Caucasus has been one of the regions of the Eurasian continent most affected by what in 

the last decade has come to be called “the enw world disorder”. Together with formwer Yogoslavia, 

it is the area most gravely hit by ethnopolitical conflict and warfare. 

The South Caucasus is comparatively easy to map. It consists of three major peoples: the 

Azeris (6 million), Georgians (4 million) and Armenians (3,5 million in the Caucasus), as well as the 

number of less numerous peoples, some of which are indigenous. All the republics are multiethnic, 

although presently Armenia is developing towards a mono-ethnic state with over 95% 

Armenians. In Georgia the titular nationality comprises less than 70% of the population. The 

majority population itself, the Georgians or Kartvelians, compises several sub-groups such as 

Mingrelians and Svans. In Azrebaijan, the Azeri presently make up 83%. 

The North Caucasus presents a considerably more complicated population map. Its population 

is composed of several different groups of people. The first groupe are those which can be termed 

only as indigenous Caucasian peoples: the Vainakh peoples (composed of Chechens, Ingush and 

Tsova-Tush) and Dagestan peoples – Avars, lezgins, Dargins and Laks; Abkhaz and Circassian 

peoples (sub-divided somewhat artificially into Kabardins, Adyge and Cherkess).These people do 

not have an origin outside the Caucasus. The second group of peoples inhabiting the Caucasus 

are settlers of Turkic and Iranian origin.Ossetians and the Tats (Mountain Jews) are the only 

sizeable ethnic groups to claim Iranian origin. The Turkic people of the North Caucasus belong to 

the Kipchak family of languages, and consist of the Karachais ans Balkars (who are in fact one 

people speaking dialects of the same langiage) in the central North Caucasus, and the Kumyks 

and Nogais in Dagestan. 

The Caucasian peoples belong to the four langiage groups: Caucasian (or Paleocaucasian), 

Indoeuropean, Turkic and Semit. It is considered, that the people speaking Caucasian languages 

are indigenous, and others moved to Caucasus in different periods of history. 

Religions and ethnoses in the South Caucasus. Main confessions and their historical 

and territorial localization. Georgia is situated in the western part of the South Caucasus. The 

Black Sea formes a western border of Georgia, Turkey – the south-western border, Armenia 

borders with Georgia from the south-eastern part, and Azerbaijan – from the north-eastern one. 

State language – Georgian – belongs to the Kartvelian group of the Iberian-Caucasian 

languages. In Abkhazia, the Abkhazian language has a state language status too.The Georgian 

alphabet is one of the 14 original alphabets in the world, it consists of 33 letters. 

107

Because of its geopolitical situation and history, Georgia traditionally is a poliethnic country. 

According to the data of the list of 1989, more than 90 nationalities were settled in Georgia. 

Poplulation – 5,4 million, 29,87%. In 2002 the number of population diminished to 4,6 million, 

ethnic minoroties – 15,9%. The georgians have no numerous and powerful diasporas abroad. 

The Georgians consist of three sub-ethnic groups – the Karts, the Mingrelians and the Svans. 

the fourth group – Lazs – live on the territory of Turkey. 

Orthodox Christians are 65% of the whole population, Muslims – 11%, Russian Orthodox 

Christians – 10%, Monophyzit Armenians – 8%, others – 6%. A part of the population are the 

sectants. 

Azerbaijan is situated in the South-Eastern part of the Southern Caucasus. The neighbours of 

Azerbaijan are: Russian Federation (Dagestan) from the North, Georgia from the North-West, 

Armenia and Turkey – from the South-West, Iran – from the South, the Caspian Sea – from the 

East. 

The main religion is Islam. Christianity and Judaism are also presented. Major part of Muslims 

are the Azeris, most of them – Shiits. 

The “religion Renaissance” in Azerbaijan has passed along with the proccess of increasing 

national self-consciousness. Government has controlled the situation in the confessional sphere. 

Armenia is situated in the mountainous region of the South Caucasus. It borders with Georgia 

(from the North), Azerbaijan (from the East), Turkey (from the West), Iran (from the South). 

Population (1998) – 3,7 million, over 95% of them are the Armenians. State language – 

Armenian, which belongs to the Indoeuropean group of languages. The original Armenian alphabet 

consists of 39 letters. Ethnic Armenians live also in many countries of the world and form a 

powerful diaspora. Russians, Yezids, Greeks and Jews are the minorities in Armenia. 

Majority of Armenians are the Monophysit Cgristians – 80% of the population. The Armenian 

Church is one of the strongest, independent and active Christian churches. 

Followers of four major religions are found in the Caucasus. 

Christianity is present in the South Caucasus in variuos forms. The main pillars of Christianity 

in the region are the Georgian Ortodox Church and the Armenien monophysite Church. Moreover, 

the cinsiderable majority of Ossetians are Orthodox Christians. The Abkhaz are also partly 

Christian, although the Abkhaz in general are equally weary of both Islam and Christianity – an 

interesting instance of the retention of pagan traditions, their amalgamation with Islam and 

Christianity, and a generally low religious profile. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union, a number 

of Protestant missions have reached the Caucasus from Western Europe, but have gained few 

followers, with some success only in Armrnia. 

Islam exists in both its versions. Shi’i Islam being majority religion of the Azeris (75-85%), of 

the Talysh of Azerbaijan, and a small number of Dagestani ethnic groups on the territory of 

Azrebaijan. The majority Sunni tradition exists both in its Shafi’i school, among the peoples of 

Dagestan, but predominantly in the Hanafi school, which is the religion of Chechnya and 

Ingushetia, of the Circassian peoples, the Turkic Karachais and Balkars, the Ajars of Georgia, as 

well as of the minority of Azeris that are Sunni and the minorities of Ossetians and Abkhazians tha 

are Muslim. 

Judaism is represented in the form of indigenous Georgian Jews, as well as the Tats or 

Mountain Jews, who live in Azerbaijan and Dagestan. There were also Ashkenazi Jews living 

mainly in Baku, many of whom have migrated to Israel, as well as the Georgian Jews, more as a 

result of the generally difficult conditions in the countries than any discrimination. 

Budism is the religion of the Kalmyks, who live on the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea, 

to the North of Dagestan. Kalmykia is not normally considered as a part of the Caucasus, but it is 

108

not part of any other Russian region and does border the Caucasus. Moreover, interaction 

between Kalmyks and the Caucasian peoples to their south are increasing. 

The grave chellenge for the Caucasian Islam comes from Vahabism – extreme politisized, 

militarist phenomenon of Islam. 

Geographic, political and cultural roots of the division of the North and South 

Caucasus. The geographical delimitation of the Caucasus, as that of Europe for that matter, has 

no generally accepted answer. 

In the light of history of the past 200 years and with regard to demographic factors, the logical 

northern border of the Caucasus would be the area originally in the foothills but later in the planes 

on the northern slope of the Caucasian moutains which saparates the area of habitation of the 

small peoples of the North Caucasus from the Russian-populated areas to their north. The 

delimitation is made difficult by the fact that the administrative units of the North Caucasus are 

drawn further north than the traditional places of residence of their titular nations. It seems safe to 

argue that the reason for drawing of the map dirong the early Soviet era was in order to include 

large Slavic populations in these territories, with the aim of diluting their demographic composition. 

Operational definitions of culture and civilization in the framework of the cource. The 

concept of culture is one of the most wide-used terms. We have to use an operational definition of 

the term, according to the aim of our cource. We consider culture as the “another nature”, created 

by he difefrent ethnoses during the centuries. The self-determination of the nation is determined by 

its culture. 

One can find two main interpretations of civilization in the scientific literature. During the last 

decades the theory of local civilizations became the subject of special interest. Relation between 

cultures and civilizations form the model of the modern world. The growing interest to the 

phenomenon of civilization is determoned by academic and practical interests. 

The local-historical interpretation of the concept of civilization forms the basis for our course. 

The Caucasus – the contact zone of cultures and civilizations. The Caucasus has always 

played an important role as a bridge between the East and the West, the North and the South. 

Due to the fact that the Caucasus is the contact zone of cultures and civilizations, we have to 

discuss some problems connected with its localization on the crossroad. 

The consept of the common cultural space and its correlation with the Caucasus. The 

problem of the Caucasian (South-Caucasian) identity. The problem discussed in our course 

can be formulated in two questions: 1) Caucasian cultures or Caucasian culture? 2) The possible 

existence of cultural or civilizational unity of Caucasus in past or present. We suppose that there is 

no reason to consider the existence of common Caucasian culture or civilization, because in this 

case we’ll have to ignore a number of historical facts. It seems more convenient to use the notions 

of “Caucasian cultural space” and “Caucasian identity”. An idea of Caucasian unity may be 

attractive, but we have to distinguish reality from the political wishes, as the cultural and 

civilizational orientations and experiences not always coincide with the political ones. 

The idea of united Caucasus: historical viewpoint. The attempts of unification in the 11- 

12 th centuries, their ideologic background and practical steps towards the idea. 

Reappearence of the idea during the following centuries. We come across different viewpoints 

in modern scientific literature in regard to a civilizational belonging of Caucasus and its individual 

parts. According to one viewpoint, based on definite criteria, we can talk of Caucasus as a peculiar 

civilization, subcivilization or cultural unity. More courageous, mostly politicians or those close to 

the political circles, talk on the possibility of political unity, which had cultural and civilizational unity 

basis or may have such. But the history of the Caucasian peoples presents to us more failed 

efforts of implementing Caucasian unity than success of these efforts. 

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An objective of the present article is to analyze the history of Caucasus and, namely, of one 

section of history, which is just an exception from these failed efforts. Here is meant the political 

and cultural situation of the 11 th -12 th centuries, when this unity was being outlined, which can be 

labelled as the united cultural space. Even more, a political realization of this unity is taking place. 

Though it is a short period, but it has a great influence on the further history of the Caucasian 

peoples. 

The 11 th -12 th centuries have been known as one of the most important periods in the history of 

Georgia. It is the period when not only “Georgia” - a new country was founded, but a greater 

formation was being generated. It had not had its historical-geographical name as of yet, but 

everything pointed to its name being just the very “Georgia”. . . Active participants of this formation 

were not only South and East of Caucasus (Armenia, Shirvan), but the other end of the Caucasus 

Range (Dagestan-Chechnya, Ossetia, Circassia). A great “world” was being formed, an organizing 

centre of which was Georgia. 

In the period mentioned above a concept “Georgia” was established as a term designating 

cultural-political and socio-economic unity. “Georgia was called the territory, in which, along with 

political and cultural possession, there were being spread socio-economic relations characteristic 

to the Georgian people”. The term “Georgian” implied all “who, despite their ethnic origin, 

recognized Georgian (diophysite) Christianity, to whom Georgian feudal relations were common 

and who conducted their activities on the Georgian political and cultural field”. Within this field there 

was entire Caucasus gradually being involved. 

Consolidation of a “new country” was ongoing on the basis of the Georgian language, which in 

that period conducted the function of a universal language for church services throughout 

Caucasus. To make a parallel with the process of forming other cultural unities (civilizations, 

subcivilizations), we should remember, that, for example, formation of the West as a single cultural 

space and of individual civilizations, was promoted by the primacy of the Latin language, a 

universal language of the church, for the Western-Christian states. We can say the same about the 

role of the Arabian language for the Muslim East. It seems that the Georgian language was 

commencing to play the same role in Caucasus. Study of hagiographic literature, annals, 

epigraphic and architectural monuments clarifies that in the 11 th -12 th centuries the Georgian 

language and culture was spread not only in the elite circles of the Caucasian population 

(Chalcedonian Armenians, Albanian monophysite population, North Caucasus) but in public at 

large as well. 

Thus, Caucasus, in the present political terminology, was a single geopolitical space and the 

political and cultural figures were well aware of this. This is witnessed by the conception formed in 

the 70s of the 11 th century, which belongs to Leonty Mroveli. It should have substantiated the unity 

of the Caucasian world and substantiality of the course led by the Georgian rulers, directed at the 

consolidation of Georgia. At the same time, the work by Leonty Mroveli clearly reveals theoretical 

interest, generated just in the process of unification, in the issues in regard to people’s 

classification and their geographical settlement. 

In the same period Georgian messianic idea is being formed, which is based on the belief that 

the Georgian language has being endowed with a special mission; Christ’s chasuble is in Georgia; 

Georgia is a country of Our Lady; The Bagrations royal dynasty is of divine origin. The idea served 

the same objective as Leonty Mroveli’s conception and played an important role in the cultural and 

political life of Georgia in 11 th -12 th centuries. Messianism belongs to the number of stable 

stereotypes of political thought and behavior, which is being formed in certain situation and is 

practically unchanged in time. Though the Georgian messianic idea has not been characterized by 

a “long duration of existence”. 

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Along with language and through the language, religion plays the greatest role in forming 

single Caucasus. Through Georgia – a forming unity centre – Christianity was being spread in 

North Caucasus, where there existed Episcopal cathedras and Georgia’s political and cultural 

impact was being established. The Georgian kings were well aware of the importance of ideology, 

this explains their efforts, starting from David Agmashenebeli’s period, to convert Monophisit 

Armenians to Chalcedonian belief. 

It is difficult to say what “the great world – Caucasus” will be like, which was being formed 

around Georgia, as a centre, whether it takes a form of separate civilization or subcivilization. But it 

is a fact that an effort to form a single geopolitical space was accompanied by the measures 

directed at providing its ideological and cultural fundamentals, which were more or less 

successfully implemented. 

The scholars say that consolidation of multinational, multicultural and multireligious state of 

South and North Caucasus around Georgia was the most important factor from the viewpoint if not 

of homogenization of Caucasus’ single political space and culture, then of some integration and, at 

the same time, for developing peculiarity of each integral part. 

But the history of Caucasian unity had not been long. As L.Tukhashvili mentioned, Georgia 

failed to implement the two most efficient forms of expansion: an economic expansion – economic 

mastering of the provinces being under the influence of developed commercial capital (Georgia 

had not reached this level as of yet) and a cultural expansion, which, as it had been said above, 

started but Georgia had not enough time for its continuation and development. 

From the 13 th century the situation in Caucasus has radically changed. Mongols’ raids resulted 

in weakening of Georgia’s state, Islam gradually spread in North Caucasus. To the north and south 

of the Caucasus Range there were formed political and cultural systems, essentially differing from 

one another. Though much common was left among the Caucasian peoples, firstly, just in the 

cultural sphere (ordinary culture, hospitality tradition, relations between the generations, brotherly 

friendship, etc), the difference was becoming distinct. 

The ideological-political conception formed in the 11 th century used “to reanimate” in the 

following centuries. For example, an idea appeared in the period of Erekle II to unite South 

Caucasus under the power of Erekle. Georgia was implied as the centre in this case as well, 

though the situation was absolutely different and the idea of unity was determined by the 

acuteness of foreign political orientation issue. 

Further on, some unification of the Caucasian peoples took place within the Russian Empire. 

The administrative units of both North and South Caucasus have joined the Caucasus’ vicegerency 

and Tbilisi was the place, where an administrative centre and vicegerent’s residence were located. 

After being divided into the spheres of Iran’s and Turkey’s influence for several-century long 

period, unification in a single political space formed favorable terms for reviving traditional contacts 

(among them cultural) among the Caucasian peoples, though the imperial principle “divide et 

impera” formed serious problems in this respect. 

After February 1917 revolution Russia’s government, with the aim of managing over South 

Caucasus, founded “Special Committee of Transcaucasus”, when the Bolsheviks came to power 

(October, 1917) there was formed the Transcaucasian Commissariat. In February 1918 the 

Transcaucasian Seym was founded, which was later disintegrated due to the contradictions among 

its integral parts (Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia) and the potentials to form state independence. 

This was followed by declaring independence of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan in May, 1918. 

There was no basis for establishment of South Caucasus as a single political organism. 

After the Soviet power was established, Russia has once more tried to form single 

administrative units in North and South Caucasus: in 1924-1936 there existed Transcaucasian 

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Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, in 1922-1924 - Autonomous Republic of Mountain Peoples 

within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Neither this efforts had any success. 

As we see, the efforts to form Caucasian unity in any form were based on the political realities. 

Not only political activities, but even the very ideas of supposed or real existence of such unities 

seem to proceed more from the political situation than from pure scientific analysis. 

The idea of the “Common Caucasian House” and the attempts of its realization in 90s 

of the 20th century. The idea of the “peaceful Caucasus” as an alternative of S.Huntington’s 

theory. As we see, the efforts to form Caucasian unity in any form were based on the political 

realities. Not only political activities, but even the very ideas of supposed or real existence of such 

unities seem to proceed more from the political situation than from pure scientific analysis. That the 

idea of single Caucasus was mostly caused by the political moments is witnessed by the events of 

the end of the 20th century. In the beginning of the 90’s the conception of “single Caucasian 

house” was caused by the new situation formed after the Soviet Union dissolution and pathos of 

confrontation with Russia. The authors of the “house” idea imagined it in different ways: they talked 

now about “Caucasian Parliament”, then on the unity like that of European Union. But the situation 

remained out of sight that the union of this kind is based on common world outlook (based on 

religion), common information space and other factors, which did not exist in case of Caucasus. 

That’s why formation of “single Caucasian house” remained at the level of declarations. 

The only one the realization of which we witnessed was Confederation of Caucasian Mountain 

Peoples formed in the beginning of the 90’s. It soon was turned into the Confederation of 

Caucasian Peoples. It should be noted that Russian central mass media of that period presented 

the case as if the talk was in regard to a really existing formation with its parliament, president and 

army (it was rarely mentioned about the problem of legitimacy) and the newspaper in Dagestan, 

being of different orientation, released no material, regarding the confederation. 

Lacking any basis, this feeble formation still managed to play a negative role in the Caucasian 

conflicts. This forced the politicians to search for the arguments in favour of unrealized idea of 

common Caucasian unity. The idea of “peaceful Caucasus” was a response and some alternative 

to S.Huntington’s conception. Unlike the “Caucasian house”, it implies not a union of some kind, 

but determination of common interests and formation of terms for peaceful co-existence through 

talks and agreements. 

The politicians’ initiative was a basis for the international conferences, launched in 1997-1998 

and dedicated to the problems of common geopolitics and single cultural space of Caucasus. The 

same as earlier, now great attention was turned to the search for historical-cultural principles of 

Caucasian peoples’ unity. We’ll cite here one characteristic fragment from the speech delivered by 

the then Georgian Parliament chair Zurab Zhvania at the conference held in Tbilisi State 

University: “Caucasian unity is not only a political conception. In fact, Caucasus is a diverse and, at 

the same time, homogenous formation, a phenomenon, which was being formed over centuries 

and millennia, which has distinctly determined authentic social and cultural institutions… This gives 

an opportunity to talk on single Caucasian civilization phenomenon the founders of which – 

Caucasian peoples – despite religious and ethnic differences are united by common values and 

similar mentality”. 

The then Minister of Culture of Georgia mentioned at the same conference: “We, Caucasian 

peoples, are one whole – historically and geopolitically, we, essentially, are kindred peoples by 

psychophysical order, “Caucasian character”, appearance, temperament, moral, ideals”. 

The politicians’ opinion and its basis are quite clear. But at the conference the scholars and 

researchers stressed the existence of essentially different systems of peoples and states to the 

North and South of the Caucasus Range and the need to take this fact into consideration while 

112

discussing the issue of a single Caucasian space (or civilization). We should add that the 

difference is most vivid among the peoples living at one side of the Caucasus Range as well. 

We may be charmed by the idea of Caucasian unity. But it’s necessary to differentiate from 

one another the wish for close cooperation in any field, for having a single platform on the political 

arena or aspiration to have such in the future, and on the other part, the reality, which doesn’t or 

less coincide with the wish. To express in other words, political (on the one part) and culturalcivilizational 

(on the other part) realities, orientations, experience differ from one another. 

The idea of reaching unity of Caucasus or some of its regions, in any case, exists (and, most 

likely, may exist) over last centuries only as an ideal to which the people, living in it, strive. But to 

look at first sight at the historical panorama is quite enough to be convinced of the talk being 

groundless in regard to some harmony and unity of the Caucasian peoples. 

Actualization and politization of the problems of cultural and religious identity in the 

Post-Sovier era. Within the framework of our cource, religion intends not the theological doctrine 

or an institute, but the central system, which designs a civilization. On the other hand, formation of 

religion is determined by the civilization, as a certain response to a chellenge of environment. The 

religion forms a system of values, and the individual and group values are based on them. 

The issues of cultural and civilizational identity acquired special topicality. Along with the 

scientists, they are more often becoming an object of the politicians’ interest. Research of identity 

along with theoretical study acquires practical importance as well, because it gives an opportunity 

to determine the present-day and future cultural-political reference points. 

Determination of civiliational identity, quite often, is considered to be a means for overcoming 

the crisis, experienced by the states being in the process of forming. 

The problems of cultural and civilizational identity are most topical for the so-called small 

nations and peoples, whose mentality, according to Milan Kundera, is determined by a permanent 

search for their own importance. For the peoples of Caucasus, Georgians involved, the case 

becomes far more complicated by the factor of their being at the turn of cultures and civilizations. 

Caucasus, both historically and now, is a bridge connecting the West and the East, the North and 

the South, a crossroad of civilizations and, correspondingly, an area where the interests of various 

forces intersect. Caucasus is that very region, which has been for centuries characterized by an 

organic merging of integrational and disintegrational tendencies and dynamic balance. 

By the prognosis of the conflicts of civilizations, the peoples, living on the boundary dividing 

civilizations, are destined to become a battlefield for bloody clashes between the civilizations. This 

rather unfavorable perspective instigates research of the problems of identity. Georgians belong to 

such peoples. If we remember that the historical past of the peoples living on the crossroad of 

cultures and civilizations is, as a rule, a search for the forms of the fight for their surviving and a 

form of more or less successful realization, it becomes clear that they have special interest in the 

problems mentioned above. 

According to the theories of local civilizations (N.Danilevski, A.Toynbee, S.Huntington, etc), 

religon is one of the main determinants of civilization. But it would not be right to consider religion 

as a single and most important parametre of the culture/civilization. It can bring us to the 

alternative conclusions. The example of Georgia is one of the most evident cases. It would be 

mentioned the two different versions of the civilizational belongingf Georgia, based on the 

abovemetioned characteristic ans resulting to the different conclusions. 

One of these viewpoints offers Georgia as a part of Western Christian civilization. The other 

parts of the same civilization are Byzantium, armenia, Russia snd some minor unities. But the 

East-Christian world is not homogenous and monotonous, and the religion belonging to this unity 

not always means the civilization coincidence. Furthermore, the religion parametre may be stable 

for a long time, but the changes of other civilizational characteristics may led to the transformation 

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of the civilizational identity. For example, the religion characteristic of Georgia has not changed 

during the centuries, but it is not easy to define its civilizational belonging, because of shifting of 

other characteristics and civilizational environment as well. 

The version of belonging of Georgia to the Euroasian civilization can be disposed in the same 

framework. This viewpoint is widespread among the Russian politicians and a part of the Georgian 

political ellite. 

Another version, based on the same parametre, assumes that Georgia is a part of the Western 

Civilization, because it was one of the first European countries, where Christianity was established 

as a state religion as early as in the 4 th century, and European civilization is based on the same 

Christian values. For the group of the Georgian researchers and politicians this opinion is a 

doubtless conclusion, but there is another group which prefers to find more convincing arguments. 

Religion often functions as a factor separating the two communities. The belligerenr groups are 

differentiated by speaking different languages, having leaved somewhat segregated from one 

another with different social organization. adherence of the conflicting groups to different religions 

has been an adiitional factor in their mutial hostility and distrust. Ethnicity, and not religion, has 

been politicized. In this framework, religion has merely ocuupied a place among other determinants 

of ethnic identity. Whenever religion has been used, it has been as a political tool rather then for 

its own aims. 

Neither religious identity, and surely not theological perspecrives have been the primary 

factors inderpinning the politization of the parties. The polarization is based on ethnic and political 

grounds. 

Religion as a factor in the contemporary conflicts of the Caucasus. The roots of 

conflicts. It is not enough that the two communities in conflict hold different religious beliefsin 

order ti describe the conflict as religious in character. Religion must be on the agenda of the 

conflict; religiom must be an issue os the conflict or conflict must be understood in clearly religious 

terms by at least one os the sides. is has been advanced that one can speak of the involvment of 

religion in a conflict where at least one of the following conditions is met: 1) At least one party 

refers to a religious body of thinking to legitimize conflict behavior; 2) the polarization of partie is 

undrpinned by religious identity or theological perspectives. 

Since the 1960s in most perts of the world ethnopolitical conflicts has been an incresing source 

of concern in the international arena. One of the proncipal findings of research has been the 

effectiveness od solutions of regional autonomy. The scientists have observed that creating an 

autonomy as a conflict-solving mechanism is both a theoretical and a practical option for the 

perties. However, the record of autonomy in the empirical context of the former Soviet Union does 

not seem to corroborate the more posotive e[periences connected with autonomy in other parts of 

the world. 

In the Soviet Union the autonomous structures were given no actual autonomy or real political 

power. The power remained in Moscow. The autonomies never became autonomous. The second 

strategy was to use national delimitation to create sources of dissent among the Caucasian 

peoples. A number of borders between ethnic communities were drawn in such a way not to 

correspond with the demographic realities. The roots of conflicts in the Caucasus had been directly 

created by Sovier rule. 

The fact should me mentioned that there are numerous minoroties of various sizes and 

problems both in Georgia and Azerbaidjan, but only those that were the holders of an autonomous 

status actually rebelled. The ethnic minoroties (e.g. the Abkhaz, the Karabakh Armenians) weigh 

very much lighter demographically than their neighbours and former overlords.The fact tha despite 

these figures the conflict led to their relative victories was promarily due to internal disorder in 

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Azerbaijan and Georgia, and quite overt Russian and Armenian support for the ambitions of the 

minorotites. 

Some of the researcers nite, that the role of religion as a variable affecting stability is often 

overplayed by most Western analysts. For example, the conflicts in the Caucasus have been 

variously painted as a conflict between Muslim Azerbaijan and Christian Armenia, or the Muslim 

Checnya against Orthodox Russia. Religious affilation is but one of many variables influencing 

political and social changes. In and of itself, however, religion is not the critical variable deciding 

the future of the region. 

Many of the authors have identified ethnic diversity as a key factor of the conflicts. During the 

Soviet era, potential catalists of conflict, such as religious and ethnic diversity, were tightly 

suppressed. The resurgence of communal identitties among the Caucasian nationalities has been 

the decisive factor in allowingethnic mobilization to turn into outright conflict. The primary reason 

for the uncreasingly conflictual attitude of minorirties is the strengthening of group identity. 

One clear source of conflicts in the Caucasus has been the awakening of assumed promordial 

identities such as tribe, ethnicity or religion. These identities are very much tied to social and 

political circumstances. The ethnic mobilization usually takes place in an atmosphere of conflict 

with another communal group. 

Another method of obliterating ethnic identity is to impose an ideology in its place. In the case 

of the former Sovier Union, the Communist ideology was though to gradually erase differences 

between peiple and create a New Man. The “nationa”l units making up the USSR were not 

ethnically homogenous; the result of this hrterogeneity was an ezplicit or implicit policy of 

assimilation of minorities by the “titular nationality” of the units. For these minorities the question of 

personal anf group identity was highly comlicated. 

Although the Soviet identity was supposed to be strongest and deepest, that was often not the 

case: people adopted a Soviet identity at the side of, but not in place of, their communal identity. 

The primary, traditional identities of nation, religion or region is a process that can take place only 

gradually and very reluctantly. Furthermore, the Soviet class-inspired identity was largely 

inapplicable tj the Caucasian peoples. 

The main consequence of the dissolution of the Sovier Union was the withering away of the 

Soviet identity for the peoples of the Caucasus. The overlapping identity which held the peoples of 

the union together was no linger present. This constitutes a factor in the eruption of violent 

conflicts. 

The process of nation-building in the Caucasus has not been successful. The governments 

have been unable to make munorities feel a part of the state. 

Another main factor of the conflicts in the Caucasus is the strucrural instability. Beside the 

legasy of the Soviet territorial structure in the region, there are several other factors underlying the 

political instability of the Caucasian states. Beyond the concequences of the Soviet legacy for state 

structure, it has resulted in a population unfamiliar with participatory politics. Another crucial factor 

has been the dramatic decline in economic production. 

One of the factors is territoria control. Four of the Caucasian conflicts consist of an ethnically 

based autonomous area. 

S.Huntington, as well as Russian analysts claim that informal coalitions were developing along 

civilizational lines. The predominance of this kind of thinking led to difficulty in understanding of the 

Caucasian conflicts. The underlying factor determining the relations between Caucasian peoples is 

not a civilizational divide based on religion but simpy a combination of nationalism and national 

interests. 

The complex domestic, cultural, regional and international factors underlying many of the 

conflicts in the Caucasus. Although each situation is unique, several factors are at play in a 

115

number of disputes. Key domestic and cultural elements include the Soviet legacy, ethnic and 

religious differences, instability of the current transnational period, the growing problem of 

corruption, and increasing economic inequalities caused by the uneven distribution of wealth, 

which often overlaps with competition of natural resources. International factors include the contest 

for political and economic influence in the region by Russia, Turkey, Iran and the West. 

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