80-iani wlebis dinamika

leqcia 1evrokavSiris istoriuli ganviTarebamokle aRwera: integraciis dasawyisi; Sumanis gegma; 50-iani wlebi daintegraciuli procesebi; didi britaneTis damokidebuleba evrogaerTianebebismimarT; 60-iani wlebi da golisturi politika evropaSi; carieli skamis krizisida luqsemburgis kompromisi; 70-iani wlebis stagnacia; evrogaerTianebebispirveli gafarToebebi; 80-iani wlebis dinamika; evropuli institutebisgaZliereba; axali xelSekrulebebi; 90-iani wlebis gafarToebebi; amsterdamisxelSekruleba.evropuli integraciis sawyisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 1950 weli, rodesacsafrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma robert Sumanma wamoayena idea gaerTianebuliyodasavleT evropis naxSiris da foladis sabadoebi. Sedegad, 1951 welsSeiqmna evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba (Europeam Coal and SteelCommunity), romelSic Sevida eqvsi saxelmwifo — belgia, dasavleT germania,luqsemburgi, safrangeTi, italia da niderlandebi. gadawyda, rom Seqmniliyodamoukidebeli supraerovnuli (zeerovnuli) organo, e.w. “umaRlesi xelisufleba”(High Authority), romelic ganagebda am qveynebSi naxSirisa da foladiswarmoebasTan da realizaciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. umaRlesi xelisuflebispirvel prezidentad dainiSna Jan mone. 1953 wels Seiqmna rkinis, naxSiris,madneulis da jarTis saerTo bazari; imave wels, cota mogvianebiT, Seiqmnafoladis saerTo bazaric.ori wlis Semdeg, italiis qalaq mesinaSi eqvsi qveynis sagareo saqmeTaministrebi SeTanxmdnen, rom ganegrZoT integraciis procesi (cnobilia mesinisiniciativis saxeliT). Seiqmna samTavrobaTaSoriso komiteti, romelmac moamzadasafuZveli xelSekrulebisaTvis, romelic 1957 wels gaformda da 1958 welsSevida ZalaSi. es xelSekruleba cnobilia romis xelSekrulebis saxeliT. mesinisiniciativa warmoadgenda im dros evropaSi, kerZod ki, evropuli gaerTianebebisSemqmnel eqvs qveyanaSi arsebuli damokidebulebis naTel gamovlinebas. am drosevropaSi gavrcelebuli iyo e.w. neofunqcionalisturi TvalTaxedva, racgulisxmobda rwmenas imisa, rom evropuli integraciis procesi kidev ufro undagaRrmavebuliyo. neofunqcionalizmis Teoria efuZneba e.w. “gadaRvris” (Spillover)ideas, rac gulisxmobda imas, rom integraciis procesebi erT romelime sferoSi(foladi, naxSiri) gamoiwvevda integraciis procesebis dawyebas (gadaRvras) sxvasferoebSi (saerTo bazari, sabaJo tarifebis Semcireba, saerTo soflismeurneoba da a.S.). Jan mones da mis mimdevrebs aseve sjerodaT, rom ekonomikuriintegracia sawindari iyo momavali politikuri integraciisa, risi miRwevisSemTxvevaSic gamoiricxeboda evropis kontinetze momavali sisxlisRvra daomebi.Sumanis gegmis umTavresi mizanic swored evropaSi omebis Tavidan acilebaiyo. supraerovnuli organizaciisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi resursebis — naxSirisda foladis Cabareba emsaxureboda erT mizans — uzrunvelyofili yofiliyogermaniis da safrangeTis mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba da gaRrmavebuliyo am oriqveynis ekonomikuri da SemdgomSi politikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba.amgvari idealuri damokidebuleba 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ar iqnagaziarebuli did britaneTSi. gaerTianebul samefoSi 50-iani wlebis bolomdesjerodaT, rom evropis gaerTianeba utopiuri idea iyo, amitom eqvsi qveynisiniciativas didi britaneTi ar SeuerTda. sxvaTa Soris, didi britaneTis mxridanTavis Sekaveba sakmaod did uaryofiT muxts aZlevda evropis gaerTianebis ideasda sababs iZleoda skeptikurad Segvexeda Sumanisa da mones iniciativebisaTvis.aRsaniSnavia, rom pol henri spaaki, romelic romis xelSekrulebis (1958 wlisxelSekruleba, romelmac Secvala 1951 wels parizSi xelmowerili sawyisi xel-Sekruleba) mosamzadebel samTavrobaTaSoriso komisias xelmZRvanelobda gadadgaevrosabWos konsultaciuri asambleis prezidentobidan didi britaneTisgulgrilobisadmi protestis niSnad.miuxedavad idealisturi miznebisa, Sumanis gegmaSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo4

integraciis procesebze da eqvsi qveynis erovnul interesebze kontrolisSenarCunebis meqanizmi — e.w. ministrTa sabWos saxiT. ministrTa sabWo Seiqmna immizniT, rom ar momxdariyo safrangeTis da germaniis saxelmwifoebis interesTaSelaxva konfliqturi sakiTxis wamoWris SemTxvevaSi. sabWos mTavar funqciaderTiani bazris Camoyalibebis mizniT maRal avtoritetTan TanamSmromlobarCeboda. Sedegad unda momxdariyo naxSiris, koqsis da foladis warmoebaminimalur fasebSi da maTi mitana maRali moxmarebis obieqtebSi yovelgvarisavaWro barierebis gareSe. eqvsi saxelmwifos mTavrobebs unda uzrunveleyoT amprocesebis Seuferxebeli mimdinareoba da erovnuli kanonmdeblobebis Secvlaise, rom diskriminaciuli xasiaTis savaWro barierebs xeli ar SeeSalaTintegraciuli procesebisaTvis. saxelmwifoebs aseve aekrZalaT integraciissferoSi moqmedi saxelmwifo, Tu sxva sawarmoebisaTvis subsidiebis micema. yvelaSemTxvevaSi maregulirebel da gadawyvetilebis mimReb mTavar organod iTvlebodaumaRlesi xelisufleba. masve hqonda ufleba gamoeZia im kerZokompaniebis saqmianoba, romlebic moqmedebdnen bazarze da xels uSlidnenintegraciis process.aqve unda SevexoT britaneTis mTavrobis skeptikur damokidebulebas Sumanisgegmisadmi. amgvar damokidebulebas ramdenime mizezi gaaCnda, rac kargad arisaRwerili saimon berjesis statiaSi. integraciis ideis arapopularobis mizezebadSegviZlia miviCnioT, rogorc britaneTis mTavrobis maSindeli mouqnelistruqtura, ise britaneTis mTavrobis sifrTxile axali iniciativis mimarT.garda amisa berjesi yuradRebas amaxvilebs evropis sakiTxebis araprioritetulobazebritaneTis sagareo saqmeTa dRis wesrigSi da britaneTissurvilze ar gamxdariyo wevri iseTi organizaciuli struqturisa, romelicmiiCneoda euTos (maSin - evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSmromlobis konferencia)da evrosabWos fuqnciebis madublirebel organizaciad. garda amisabritaneTis politikurma kulturam, romelic metwilad efuZneba erovnulsuverenitets mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba britanel politikosebSi axali saxisevropis Camoyalibebis mimarT mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba. aqveaRsaniSnavia, rom safrangeTis mTavrobas didad ar anaRvlebda britanelebisskeptikuri damokidebuleba. amis naTeli magaliTia 1950 wels britanelebisaTvisgadawyvetilebis miRebamde ramdenime saaTiT adre gagzavnili Setyobineba“umaRlesi xelisuflebis” Seqmnis Sesaxeb.umaRlesi xelisufleba Tavdapirvelad Zalzed mcire raodenobis personaliTiyo dakompleqtebuli, Sesabamisad aucilebeli iyo misi efeqtianobisgasazdrelad erovnul mTavrobebTan mWidro urTierTobebis SenarCuneba. yvelaferigakeTda imisaTvis, rom umaRlesi xelisufleba ar gamxdariyo kerZostruqtura da ar moexdina foladisa da naxSiris import-eqsportiori sxvakerZo struqturebis Canacvleba. didi iyo survili imisa, rom Seqmniliyomaregulirebeli organo, romelic safuZvels daudebda Tavisufal konkurencias,rac, Tavis mxriv, gamoricxavda trestebis da monopoliuri praqtikebisCamoyalibebas da xels Seuwyobda ekonomikur winsvlas.paraleluri procesi, romelic daiwyo 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi da ufrogamZafrda koreis omis msvlelobasTan erTad, iyo debatebi germaniisremilitarizaciis Sesaxeb. iseve rogorc, Sumani da mone miiltvodnen germaniisreindustrializaciisaken, safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri plevenimiiswrafoda germaniis xelaxla SeiaraRebisaken. Sumanis gegmam da naxSirisa dafoladis gaerTianebis Seqmnam safuZveli daudo axal ideas — evropis TavdacvisgaerTianebis Seqmnas. evropuli Tavdacvis gaerTianeba Seiqmna 1952 welsxangrZlivi molaparakebebis Semdeg, rodesac parizSi xeli moewera damfuZnebelxelSekrulebas. am xelSekrulebis xelmoweram safuZveli daudo axali imedebisaRmocenebas evropuli federalizmis da momdevno integraciis gaRrmavebisSesaxeb. daiwyo politikuri kavSiris mosamzadebel xelSekrulebaze muSaoba,romelic iTvaliswinebda sagareo urTierTobebis, ekonomikuri da monetarulipolitikis koordinacias da gaerTianebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom am xelSekrulebismoweris SemTxvevaSi miviRebdiT ufro metad integrirebul evropas, vidre esmiviReT 1991 wels maastrixtSi mowerili xelSekrulebis Semdeg.evropuli Tavdacvis gaerTianebis Seqmnis iniciativa male daviwyebas mieca.5

am process xeli Seuwyo 1954 wels golistebis mier safrangeTis parlamentSi amxelSekrulebis denonsaciam. Sedegad, saerTo Tavdacvis politikis Seqmnismcdeloba warumatebeli aRmoCnda.paralelurad didi britaneTis premier-ministrma idenma aitaca germaniisSeiaraRebis idea da mouwoda germanias Sesuliyo dasavleT evropul kavSirSi(Western European Union – WEU), sadac safrangeTis, beniluqsis qveynebis da italiisgarda, aseve didi britaneTic iyo gaerTianebuli. amgvari qmedebiT germaniaiRebda garantias, rom male Sevidoda natoSi rac sabolood asec moxda.Sesabamisad germaniis SeiaraRebis ideis gamoyeneba evropis saerTo Tavdacvispolitikis SeqmnisaTvis warumateblad dasrulda.aRsaniSnavia, rom am iniciativis dasamarebam bevrs daswyvita guli. dResac kibevri mecnieri aRniSnavs, rom maSin, 50-ian wlebSi, evropis Tavdacvis kavSirisgaformebas SeeZlo sxvagvari gezi mieca evropuli integraciisaTvis. amasTan,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evropuli Tavdacvis gaerTianebis arapopularobam sxvamxriv Seuwyo xeli evropis integracias. saqme isaa, rom am sakiTxis garSemodebatebma mTlianad gadafara foladis da naxSiris gaerTianebis garSemo warmarTulidebatebi. Sesabamisad am kavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis ratifikaciaumtkivneulod moxerxda erovnuli parlamentebis mier. 1952 wels umaRlesmaxelisuflebam daiwyo funqcionireba qalaq luqsemburgSi, romelic SeirCaStabbinis gansalageblad.1952 wels britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa mdivanma ser entoni idenma gamoTqvamosazreba, rom evrosabWos, naxSirisa da foladis gaerTianebis da TavdacviserTiani sistemis gaerTianebiT SeeqmnaT raRac axali struqtura, Tumca maSin eswinadadeba ar iqna miRebuli. 1955 wels ki, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, xeli moeweramesinis iniciativas, romelmac axali ZaliT daZra integraciis procesebi dasavleTevropaSi. britaneTi Tvalyurs adevnebda molaparakebebis procesebs, Tumcaarasodes gamouTqvams survili CarTuliyo molaparakebebSi an SeerTeboda eqvsiqveynis iniciativas. britaneTis vaWrobis saxelmwifo mdivnis moadgile raselbrezertoni, romelic eswreboda mesinaSi molaparakebebis process, cnobili gaxdaTavisi pesimizmiT. masve ekuTvnis cnobili fraza, romelic man warmoTqvaukanaskneli Sexvedris dros 1955 wlis 5 noembers — “jentlmenebo, Tqven cdilobTmoilaparakeT imaze, razec verasodes moilaparakebT, magram Tu moilaparakeT,verasodes miaRwevT mis ratificirebas, xolo Tu ratificireba mainc moaxerxeT,verasodes moaxerxebT mis amuSavebas”. sabolood, 1957 wels xeli moewera evropisekonomikuri gaerTianebebis xelSekrulebas, qalaq romSi. es xelSekruleba ZalaSi1958 wlis 1 ianvars Sevida. realurad Seiqmna sabaJo kavSiri, romelic miznadisaxavda saboloo tarifebis nulamde dayvanas da sxva qveynebis mimarT erTianitarifis SemoRebas. realurad ki ar arsebobda arc panevropuli instituti da arcgeografiulad, ekonomikurad Tu politikurad Camoyalibebuli evropis kavSiri.garda amisa, moxda evropis ekonomikur gaerTianebebad evropis naxSirisa dafoladis xelSekrulebis da evratomis, anu evropis atomuri energetikis sakiTxebSiTanamSromlobis organizaciis gaerTianeba. romis xelSekrulebam moaxdinasafrangeTis da germaniis interesebis institucionalizacia. safrangeTma miaRwiamizans SeuZlebeli gaexada germaniis mxridan agresia, xolo germaniam SeZlomoexdina dasavleT evropul struqturebSi integracia. 1958 wels aseve Seikribaevroparlamentis pirveli sxdoma. maSin evroparlaments ewodeboda evropuligaerTianebis asamblea.britaneTis datovebam gaerTianebis gareT xeli Seuwyo axal moZraobasevropaSi, romelic dagvirgvinda evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis zonis (EFTA)SeqmniT. 1959 wels didi britaneTis TaosnobiT, kerZod ki, edenze ufroproevropuli mimdinareobis premier-ministr makmilanis iniciativiT SeiqmnaSvidi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri gaerTianeba, romelSic britaneTis gardaSevidnen avstria, dania, norvegia, portugalia, SvedeTi da Sveicaria. amgaerTianebis erT-erTi upirvelesi mizani iyo eqvsi urCis (evropis ekonomikurigaerTianebebis wevri qveynebis) STanTqma. ra Tqma unda, britaneTis simpaTiebiaseTi organizaciis mxares ufro iyo, radgan Tavisufali vaWrobis sfero, sxvaaraferi iyo Tu ara ekonomikuri kavSiri, romelic araviTar safrTxes ar uqaddabritaneTis suverenitets da politikur interesebs.6

zogadad aRiqmeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom evroskeptikosebi sakmaod aqtiurebi arianevropul arenaze, maT Soris arian evroparlamentSic. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom JakSiraki, romelic dRes erT-erT yvelaze proevropeistul politikosad iTvleba,1979 wels gamousworebel evroskeptikosad miiCneoda. amaze metyvelebs 1979wels mis mier gamoqveynebuli pampfleti — “koSenis mowodeba”, sadac SirakmaxmamaRla ganacxada uari eupraerovnul evropaze, ekonomikur integraciasa dasafrangeTis saerTaSoriso imijis Selaxvaze, Jiskar d’estenis mTavrobas kiucxoelebis mTavroba uwoda.problemebi, romelTa winaSec evropuli gaerTianebebi aRmoCnda 70-ianwlebSi gansxvavdeboda 60-iani wlebis problemebisagan, rodesac integraciisprocesi ZiriTadad ferxdeboda Sarl de golis politikis gamo. amjerad evropisqveynebi aRmoCndnen cvalebadi saerTaSoriso garemos da civi omis daZabuliwlebis msxverpli. am wlebis ganmavlobaSi evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebebismdgradoba da gadarCena metwilad ganapiroba safrangeTis da germaniismeTaurebis valeri Jiskar d’estenis da helmut Smidtis piradma megobrobam dakargma urTierTobebma (cnobilia, rogorc parizi-bonis RerZi). miuxedavad aseTiurTierTobebisa, am orma adamianma bevri veraferi gaakeTa evropis ekonomikurigaerTianebebis gasaZliereblad. 70-ian wlebSi naTlad warmoCinda, romevrokomisia evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebebis erT-erTi yvelaze sustirgoli iyo. 1975 wlidan ukve regularulad iwyeba evropuli sabWos Sexvedrebi,sadac yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi ganixileba saxelmwifos meTaurTadoneze. Sesabamisad Sesustda evrokomisiis da parlamentis roli. am oriinstitutis gamococxleba mxolod 1979 wels moxda, rodesac pirveladistoriaSi dainiSna evroparlamentis pirdapiri arCevnebi da rodesacevrokomisiam SeZlo gaetana evropis savaluto sistemis Seqmnis idea.1975 wels evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebebi krizisis winaSe dadga, masSemdeg, rac didma britaneTma moiTxova molaparakebebis Tavidan dawyeba dagawevrianebis xelSekrulebis gadaxedva. 1975 wlis ivnisSi did britaneTSiCatarda referendumi, gaegrZlebina Tu ara did britaneTs Tavisi wevrobagaerTianebebSi, sadac 67.2 procentma mxari dauWira britaneTis darCenasevrogaerTianebaSi.1977 wels evropuli komisiis prezidenti gaxda roi jenkinsi, romelmac Semoitanaevropis savaluto sistemis idea. msgavsi proeqti 1972 wels damuSavebuliiqna pompidus mier, magram misi implementacia ver moxerxda 70-iani wlebis SuaSidawyebuli navTobkrizsis gamo. evropis savaluto kavSiris mardasaWerad roijenkinsma gadmoibira safrangeTis prezidenti Jiskar d’esteni da helmutSmidti, Tumca ver moaxerxa britaneTis premieris jeims kalahanis gadmobireba.miuxedavad amisa, evropis savaluto kavSiri ZalaSi Sevida 1979 wlidan da misiganviTareba daigegma safexurebis mixedviT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am proeqtis mesamesafexuri, rac erTian valutaze gadasvlas isaxavda miznad ZalaSi Sevida 1999wels, rodesac evrozonis teritoriaze erovnuli valutebi evroTi Seicvala.amave periodSi moxda evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebebis gafarToeba axalwevr saxelmwifoebze. saberZneTma, romelTanac 1969-74 wlebSi evropasurTierTobebi gayinuli hqonda, moaxerxa demokratiis aRdgena qveyanaSi dapirveli oficialuri ganacxadic maleve Seitana evrokavSiris wevrobaze.evrokomisiam Tavdapirvelad uari ganacxada saberZneTis miRebaze, radgansaberZneTi veranair ekonomikur kriteriums ver akmayofilebda. miuxedavadamisa, ministrTa sabWo da evropuli sabWo mxars uWerdnen saberZneTisgaerTianebebSi miRebas politikuri mosazrebebis gamo, raTa ar momxdariyoaRorZinebuli demokratiis dakargva da qveyanaSi komunizmis gavrceleba.amasTan, saberZneTis Sesvla gaerTianebebSi daemTxva espaneTis da portugaliismiswrafebebsac moexdinaT ufro mWidro integracia evropul gaerTianebasTan.espaneTic da portugaliac, saberZneTis msgavsad samxedro diqtaturisaganaxlad gaTavisuflebuli qveynebi iyvnen, amitom evropuli saxelmwifoebi arCqarobdnen maTTvis uaris Tqmas. aRsaniSnavia, rom saberZneTma umal moaxdinaTavisi miswrafebebis Sors daWera espaneTis da portugaliis interesebisagan,radgan safrangeTi eWvis TvaliT uyurebda espaneTis gawevrianebis perspeqtivas,imis gamo, rom safrTxe eqmneboda safrangeTis agrarul produqcias bazarze8

axali mwarmoebelis gamoCenis Sedegad.meore mniSvnelovani movlena, romliTac 70-iani wlebis bolo aRiniSna, iyoevroparlamentis arCeviTobis SemoReba. miuxedavad imisa, rom romis xelSekrulebaiTvaliswinebda asambleis wevrebis arCeviTobas, wevri saxelmwifoebi amjobinebdnenTavad waregzavnaT parlamentarebi evropul forumSi. Tumca, 1974wels parizis dadgenilebis Semdeg, romelmac evropuli sabWos institucionalizaciamoaxdina, miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba, rom sabolood daeSvaTparlamentarebis arCeviToba, raTa ar dakarguliyo balansi evropis ekonomikurgaerTianebebs SigniT. aRsaniSnavia, rom safrangeTi da didi britaneTi parlamentarebiswargzavnis momxre iyvnen, xolo eeg-is mcire wevri-saxelmwifoebisumravlesoba, maT Soris italiac, mxars uWerda evroparlamentarebis arCeviTobas.amave pozicias iziarebda evrokomisiac, romelsac surda parlamentissaxiT axali partniori SeeZina ministrTa sabWos winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. saboloodpirveli arCvenebi 1979 wels Catarda da safuZveli daedo axali parlamentarizmisaRmocenebas evropul gaerTianebebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom arCeviTobis pirveliSedegebi umalve TvalnaTeli ar gamxdara, Tumca parlamentis gazrdili roliaSkara gaxda erTiani evropuli aqtis da evrokavSiris damfuZnebeli maastrixtisxelSekrulebis miRebis Semdeg.kidev erTi problema, romelic 70-ani da 80-iani wlebis mijnaze warmoiSvadakavSirebuli iyo didi britaneTis mier evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebebisbiujetSi gadaxdil uzarmazar TanxebTan. margaret teTCeri premier-ministradgaxdomis pirvelive dRidan ewinaaRmdegeboda britaneTis mier Tanxebis amgvarflangvas, radgan faqti iyo, rom didi britaneTi germaniasTan erTad evropuligaerTianebebis biujetis yvelaze didi Semavsebli iyo, ukan ki Tanxebis mxolodmcire nawils iRebda. teTCeris moTxovna mieRwiaT axali sabiujetoSeTanxmebisaTvis yvelasaTvis gasagebi iyo, Tumca teTCeris moTxovnis manera dadiplomatiis warmoebis Taviseburi xerxebi anelebda kompromisis miRwevas.sabolood, 1980 wels evropis saxelmwifoebis liderebma miaRwies kompromisulSeTanxmebas, Tumca misi amowurvis Semdeg 1983 wels problemam xelaxalisiZlieriT iCina Tavi. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ramdenime samitis CaSlamdaarwmuna evropis mTavrobebi, rom britaneTis interesebi undadaekmayofilebinaT. 1984 wels fontenbluSi miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba, romlicmixedviTac didi britaneTis finansuri kontribucia evropuli gaerTianebebisbiujetSi sagrZnoblad Semcirda (didma britaneTma dazoga 10 miliard girvanqasterlingze meti 1984-1990 wlebSi). amasTan, britaneTis sabiujeto interesebisdakmayofilebam gza gauxsna axal iniciativebs, maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovans— erTiani bazris Seqmnas.1979 wels evroparlamentis arCevnebis Catarebam warmoSva SesaZleblobaevropuli gaerTianebebis momavali reformirebisaTvis. evroparlamentisfunqciebis gafarToeba mWidrod ukavSirdeba altiero spinelis saxels. spineli,romelic 1970 wels italiis mier komisiaSi iqna mivlenili uecrad gadadga 1976wels da evropul parlamentSi arCia moRvaweobis gagrZeleba. spinelim 1980 welsCamoayaliba e.w. niangis klubi, romelic miznad isaxavda evropis gaerTianebebisgaZlierebas da parlamentis rolis gafarToebas. klubs saxeli ewodastrasburgSi arsebuli niangis restoranis gamo, sadac spineli da misiTanamoazreebi xvdebodnen 1980 wels. spinelim miaRwia, rom evroparlamentSiSeqmniliyo institucionaluri sakiTxebis komiteti, sadac daiwyo evropisgaerTianebebisaTvis aqtualuri sakiTxebis wamoWra. 1983 wels am komitetmaSeimuSava evrokavSiris damfuZnebeli xelSekrulebis proeqti, romelsac undaSeecvala yvela sxva damfuZnebeli xelSekruleba. 1984 wlis TebervalSievroparlamentma miiRo es xelSekruleba 237 xmiT 31 is winaaRmdeg, 43TavSekavebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom cxadi iyo, rom wevri qveynebis mTavrobebiaraviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daamtkicebdnen am proeqts, evroparlamentma aCvenaTavisi Zala da daumtkica skeptikosebs, rom igi evropuli integraciis momxre daerT-erTi mamoZravebeli Zala iyo.1980-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi evropis Tanamegobrobam mniSvnelovanitransformacia ganicada. pirvel rigSi es dakavSirebuli iyo evropuli ekonomikurigaerTianebebis raodenobriv zrdasTan, anu masSi espaneTis da portugaliis9

SesvlasTan. gafarToebasTan erTad evropas axali tipis problemebTan mouwiaSejaxeba, kerZod ki, dadga safrTxe evropis gaerTianebebSi naWarbi produqtebiszrdisa, Sesabamisad espaneTs mouxda bevr kompromisze wasvla, raTa daekmayofilebinasafrangeTis da sxva qveynebis agraruli interesebi.1980-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi erTiani bazris ganviTareba mWidrodaadakavSirebuli komisiis prezident Jak delorTan. deloris komisiam udidesiwvlili Seitana evrogaerTianebis ganviTarebaSi da misi ekonomikuri potencialiszrdaSi. delori, romelic Tavad yofili finansTa ministri iyo da romliskomisiaSic aseve ramdenime finansTa ministri Sedioda, cdilobda wina planzeekonomikuri da finansuri politikis prioritetebi wamoewia. delori, rogorcambiciuri evrobiurokrati, cdilobda is mimarTulebebi gaexada prioritetulad,romlebic Tavad miaCnda mniSvnelovnad. Sesabamisad, swored mis mondomebasukavSirdeba erTiani bazris Sesaxeb molaparakebebis warmatebiT gamarTva daekonomikuri da savaluto politikis SeqmnisaTvis safuZvelis momzadeba.amavdroulad momwifda instituciuri reformebis gatarebis aucileblobac.parlamentis mier momzadebuli xelSekrulebis proeqtma, iseve rogorcspecialurad Seqmnili dujis komisiis moxsenebam daZra molaparakebebi axaliinstituciuri reformebis da evrogaerTianebebis SigniT ZalTa balansis axaligadanawilebis Sesaxeb. samTavrobaTaSoriso konferencia gaixsna luqsemburgSi1985 wlis seqtembris dasawyisSi da gagrZelda 1986 wlis ianvramde.evroparlamentarebma moiTxoves gazrdili roli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisprocesSi, Tumca am moTxovnaze maT uari eTqvaT. miuxedavad amisa, parlamentmakargad isargebla xelSekrulebaSi arsebuli 236-e muxliT, sadac weria, romevrogaerTianebebis sakiTxebze samTavrobaTaSoriso konferenciis mosawvevadsaWiro iyo yvela institutis Tanxmoba. parlamentma gaaWianura Tanxmobis micemada Sesabamisad miiRo garkveuli koncesiebi, romlebic ZriTadad parlamentis,rogorc sakonsultacio organos funqciebis gazrdiT gamoixata. garda amisa,gaizarda parlamentis roli kanonmdeblobis miRebis procesSi, gansakuTrebiT kierTian bazarTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi. da bolos, parlaments mieca uflebaganexila momavali wevri qveynebis wevrobis xelSekrulebebis marTebuloba damisaReboba. sabolood Seiqmna erTiani evropuli aqti, romelsac 1986 wlisTebervalSi yvela qveyanam moawera xeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTo evropuliaqtiT delorma moaxerxa ekonomikuri da monetaruli integraciisaTvissafuZvlis Cayra, radgan xelSekrulebaSi misi iniciativiT Caemata Tavi, sadacekonomikuri da monetaruli politikis konvergencia gaerTianebis momavaliganviTarebis umTavres sawindarad iyo gamocxadebuli.erTiani evropuli aqtis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi dadga saerTo bazris saboloofazaSi Seyvana. evropis gaerTianebebis ramdenime qveyanam da, gansakuTrebiT,safrangeTma prioritetad daisaxes erTiani bazrisaTvis saboloo saxis micema. aqvegaCnda termini “Seuqcevadi”, romelic metwilad gamoiyeneboda saerTo bazrissabolood Camoyalibebis procesis dasaxasiaTeblad. kvalificirebuliumravlesobiT xmis micema imTaviTve iqna gamoyenebuli sabWos mier, miuxedavadimisa, rom erTiani evropuli aqti jer ratificirebuli ar iyo yvela wevrisaxelmwifos mier. aseve swrafad daiwyo erTiani bazris misaRebad aucilebelireformebis gatareba. erTiani bazris ekonomikuri warmatebis idea efuZneboda e.w.ceCinis (Cecchini Report) moxsenebas. ceCinim, romelic aseve yofili komisari iyo,eqspertebis jgufTan erTad dawera moxseneba, sadac aCvena zarali, romelsacevropa naxulobda fragmentirebuli bazris gamo. evropuli aqtis miRebis Semdegdeloris komisiam (am periodSi deloris komisia cnobilisa delor I-is saxeliT,raTa ganvasxvavoT igi maastrixtis xelSekrulebis Semdgom periodSi moqmedideloris meore komisiisagan) yvela zoma miiRo imisaTvis, rom saerTo bazari racSeiZleba male Camoyalibebuliyo. am periodSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceodagaTanabrebis politikas, romelic mimarTuli iyo evropis SedarebiT CamorCeniliqveynebis da regionebis ganviTarebisaken. am mizniT specialuri gaTanabrebisfondic Seiqmna, saidanac finansdeboda adgilobrivi ganviTarebis xelSemwyobiproeqtebi. Sesabamisad, delorma waradgina paketi, romelic iTvaliswinebdastruqturuli da gaTanabrebis fondis dafinansebis gazrdas, sabiujeto wesrigisdamyarebas da saerTo agraruli politikis gardaqmnas. aRsaniSnavia, rom em paketis10

miRebis procesi TiTqmis ori weli gaWianurda, rac metwilad dakavSirebuli iyomargaret teTCeris poziciasTan, radgan britaneTis premier-ministrs ar surdadaTmobaze wasuliyo da meti fuli gadaexada evropis biujetSi. miuxedavad aseTipoziciisa, teTCeri wavida daTmobebze, radgan deloris paketis miRebisgaWianureba, Tavis mxriv, saerTo bazris saboloo Camoyalibebasac aWianurebda, racdidi britaneTis interesebSi ar Sedioda.ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis Semdegi etapi 1989 wels dadga,rodesac madridis samitze deloris komisiam SesTavaza wevr saxelmwifoebsevropuli savaluto kavSiris pirveli etapis dawyeba, rac gulisxmobda valutiskursis meqanizmisadmi mierTebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom didi britaneTi SeuerTdaam sistemas, or weliwadSi funti-sterlingi gamoeyo evropul savaluto kavSirs,Tumca amas xeli ar SeuSlia sxva saxelmwifoebisaTvis mieRoT gadawyvetileba2000 wlisaTvis gadasuliyvnen erTian savaluto sistemaze.1991 weli da maastrixtis xelSekruleba evrokavSiris ganviTarebis axalietapi gaxda. maastrixtis xelSekrulebis Sedegad ara marto CamoyalibdaevrokavSiri, aramed romis fuZemdebluri xelSekrulebis safuZvliani reviziacmoxda. sabolood maastrixtis xelSekrulebam daadgina, rom evrokavSiri undaefuZnebodes sam sayrdens, saidanac mxolod pirveli sayrdeni (evropisekonomikuri gaerTianebebi) iqneboda sazogadoebrivi (anu regulirdebasupraerovnul doneze) da daregulirdeboda evropul doneze. rac Seexeba meore(marTlmsajuleba da saSinao saqmeebi) da mesame (saerTo sagareo dausafrTxoebis politika) sayrdenebs, gadawyda, rom maTi administrirebaerovnul doneebze momxdariyo, komisiis da evrokavSiris sxva institutebisCarevis gareSe. maastrixtis xelSekrulebis Sedegad gaizarda evroparlamentisZalaufleba, Seiqmna evropis centraluri banki da daiwyo seriozuli mzadebaerTiani valutis SemosaReblad. maastrixtis xelSekrulebaSi aseve iyo saubrebierTiani socialuri politikis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, Tumca es Tavi saboloodamoRebul iqna, radgan socialuri politika, iseve rogorc sagareo politika dadabegvris politika wevrma saxelmwifoebma qveynis Sinagan saqmeebad miiCnies.aRsaniSnavia, rom maastrixtis xelSekruleba ramdenimejer gadaurCa Cavardnasratifikaciis procesis dros. daniis referendumis Sedegad maastrixtisxelSekruleba Cavarda kidec da mxolod ganmeorebiTma referendumma gadawyvitadadebiTad xelSekrulebaze daniis mierTebis sakiTxi. rac Seexeba safrangeTs,sxvaoba momxreebs da mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris sul raRac 0.5 procenti iyo.1995 wels evrokavSirSi morigi gafarToeba moxda. evropis TavisufalivaWrobis arealis sami qveyana — SvedeTi, avstria da fineTi evrokavSirismecamete, meToTxmete da meTxuTmete wevrebi gaxdnen. es gafarToeba, albaT,yvelaze umtkivneulo iyo evrokavSirisaTvis, radgan misi axali wevrebimaRalganviTarebuli qveynebi iyvnen, romlebsac SeswevdaT Zala ufro metiTanxebi gaeRoT evropuli biujetisaTvis, vidre mieRoT. mniSvnelovani debatebiam gafarToebis Sedegad mxolod ministrTa sabWoSi kenWisyris procedurebTandakavSirebiT warmoiSva. saqme is iyo, rom kvalificirebuli umravlesobiTkenWisyris dros xmebis saerTo raodenoba gafarToebis Sedegad 76 dan 90-mdegaizarda. Sesabamisad saubrebi iyo damblokveli umciresobis raodenobisgazrdazec. britaneTi da espaneTi moiTxovdnen, rom damblokveli umciresobadarCeniliyo 23 xmaze. sabolood kompromisi miRweuli iqna saberZneTis qalaqioaninaSi, sadac SeTanxmdnen, rom “Tu sabWos wevrebi, romelTac 23-25 xma aqvTgamoTqvamen survils, rom ar SeuerTdnen gadawyvetilebas da mis winaaRmdegmiscen xma, sabWom unda aiRos valdebuleba da miaRwios iseT kompromiss,romelic sabWoSi gava minimum 65 xmis mqone kvalificirebuli umravlesobisgadawyvetilebiT.” am disputebma xazi gausva instituciuri mowyobismniSvnelobas evrokavSiris saxelmwifoebisaTvis.1995 wlis gafarToeba sxvadasxvagvarad aisaxa axal wevr qveynebze. SevedeTismosaxleobas male gaucruvda imedi evrokavSiriT da SvedeTis mTavrobam malevemiiRo gadawyvetileba ar mieRo monawileoba ekonomikuri da savaluto kavSirisIII etapSi. rac Seexeba norvegias, romelic Tavidan ganixileboda wevrobiskandidatad, man meored Tqva uari kavSirSi gawevrianebaze, mas Semdeg rac 1994wels mosaxleobis 53-ma procentma uari ganacxada evrokavSirSi Sesvlaze. fineTi11

da avstria ki, Tavis mxriv, Zalzed kmayofilni darCnen gafarToebiT, radgan,pirvel rigSi, ganamtkices sakuTari usafrTxoebis garantiebi da meore rigSi,uzrunvelyves qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maRali tempi. aqve aRsaniSnavia,rom norvegia, kavSirSi gawevrianebaze uaris Tqmis miuxedavad, mainc rCebayvelaze ganviTarebul qveynad evropis kontinentze.integraciis procesi 90-ian wlebSi ar SeCerebula. ufro metic, maastrixtisxelSekrulebaSi Cadebuli iyo axali samTavrobaTaSoriso konferenciis mowveva1996-1997 wlebSi. Sesabamisad SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom 1997 wlis amsterdamisxelSekruleba maastrixtSi mouTavebeli saqmeebis dasruleba iyo. am droisaTvisaRsaniSnavia isic, rom evrokavSirSi gawverianebaze ukve survili hqondaTgamoTqmuli 10 aRmosavleT evropul qveyanas, TurqeTs, maltas da kvipross.evrokavSiris liderebma imTaviTve aRiares, rom evrokavSiris momdevno gafarToebaaucileblad moxdeboda, Tumca ar daukonkretebiad rodis da ra pirobebSi.samTavrobaTaSoriso konferencia ZiriTadad miznad isaxavda iseTi institucionalurisistemis Seqmnas, romelic uproblemod uzrunvelyofda evrokavSirismomaval gafarToebas da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis evropul institutebSiintegracias. miuxedavad amisa ZiriTadi Temebi, romelTa garSemoc debatebigaimarTa amsterdamis xelSekrulebis miRebis procesSi exeboda “fleqsibelurobis”institucionalizacias da “Tavisuflebis, usafrTxoebis da marTlmsajulebis”arealis Seqmnas. fleqsibeluroba gulisxmobda evrokavSiris institutebis damimdinare procesebis dinamiurobis gazrdas da moqnilobis gaumjobesebas. esdebatebi dakavSirebuli iyo jon meijoris sakmaod jiut politikasTan,gansakuTrebiT rodesac saqme exeboda britaneTis interesebs, aseve ekonomikuri dasavaluto kavSiris Semdgom ganviTarebas da evrozonis sabolood Seqmnas. ise Canda,rom evrokavSiris wevri qveynebi aRar apirebdnen ufro mWidro politikurintegracias. am mxriv, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis iyo germaniis konservatorulimTavrobis wevrebis mier gamocemuli dokumenti evropis sazogadoebrivi politikisSesaxeb. es dokumenti, romelic cnobilia lamers/Saubles dokumentis saxeliT,pirdapir mouwodebda integracionist qveynebs, rom ufro gaZlierebuliyvnen.integracionist qveynebSi igulisxmeboda damaarsebeli eqvsi qveyana, italiisgarda. aseve gakritikebuli iyo britaneTi, xolo britaneTis zusti poziciisgasarkvevad dokumenti mouwodebda evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs, rom ufrogaeRrmavebinaT integracia. britaneTi Tavis mxriv momxre iyo “gadaxtomis”politikisa, anu zogierT sakiTxebze da politikis zogierT mimarTulebebzegadaxtomisa, rac niSnavda, rom sxva qveynebs SeeZloT moexdinaT integracia, magrambritaneTi itovebda uflebas ar SeerTebodaT mas. amgvari praqtika, rogorc maSinbevri miiCnevda, Zirs uTxrida evropis integraciis ideas. miuxedavad amisa,fleqsibelurobis idea mainc gavida da CarTuli iqna amsterdamis xelSekrulebaSi.meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic am xelSekrulebaSi iqna wamoweuli iyoTavisuflebis, usafrTxoebis da marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebSi TanamSmromlobisgaRrmaveba. gareTa sazRvrebis kontroli, savizo reJimebi, TavSesafris micemisda imigraciis politika da TanamSmromloba saSinao da iusticiis sakiTxebSiswored is sakiTxebia, romlebic Zalzed axlos dganan erovnul suverenitetTan.Sesabamisad, miuxedavad imisa, rom dadginda am sferoebSi integracia, SemoRebuliiqna xuTwliani gardamavali periodi, romelic miuTiTebda, rom sam sakiTxeb-Tan dakavSirebiT kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT xmis micema ar unda momxdariyomomdevno xuTi wlis manZilze. garda amisa aRsaniSnavia, rom amsterdamis xel-Sekruleba exeba sazogadoebrivi jandacvis sakiTxebs da momxmarebelTa uflebebisuzrunvelyofis sakiTxebs. amasTan amsterdamis xelSekrulebaSi Caido pirvelimeqanizmebi, romlebic mimarTuli iyo evropaSi umuSevrobis donis Semcirebisaken.aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom amsterdamis xelSekruleba Zalzed rTuli wasakiTxiaCveulebrivi moqalaqeebisaTvis, radgan 50-gverdiani teqsti moicavs winaxelSekrulebebis muxlebze uamrav miTiTebas. garda amisa, ena, romelicgamoyenebuli iqna teqstis Sedgenis dros problemebs uqmnis ara martomoqalaqeebs, aramed evrokavSiris eqspertebsac.(evrokavSiris gafarToebis da nicis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorcevrokavSiris Sesaxeb 1997 wlidan dRemde saubari gveqneba sxva TavebSi).12

leqcia 2evrokavSiris institucionaluri mowyoba:evrokavSiris sabWo (ministrTa sabWo) da evropulisabWo (saxelmwifos meTaurTa sabWo)dResdReobiT evrokavSiri Sedgeba ramdenime ZiriTadi institutisagan. maTSoris aRsaniSnavia evrokomisia, evroparlamenti, evrokavSiris sabWo, evropulisabWo, evropis centraluri banki da sxv. yvelaze did gaugebrobas, rogorc wesiiwvevs evrokavSiris organoebis aRreva evrosabWosa da mis organoebSi. asemagaliTad, xSirad zogierTebs erTmaneTSi ereva evroparlamenti, romelicevrokavSiris organo aris da evrosabWos saparlamento asamblea. gansakuTrebiTgaugebaria bevrisaTvis evropaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva sabWoebis raodenoba dafunqciebi. Sesabamisad xSirad xdeba evrosabWos, evrokavSiris sabWos daevropuli sabWos erTmaneTSi areva. Tavidanve unda ganvasxvavoT, rom evrosabWoes aris saerToevropuli organizacia, romelic 1949 wels Seiqmna, da romliswevric aris saqarTvelo. rac Seexeba evrokavSiris sabWos da evropul sabWos,isini evrokavSiris oficialur institutebs warmoadgenen da araferi aqvTsaerTo evrosabWosTan. am TavSi Cven saubari swored am or organoze gveqneba.evrokavSiris sabWo, romelsac aseve ministrTa sabWo ewodeba, arisevrokavSiris ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo organo. ministrTa sabWos SemadgenlobaSiSedian wevri saxelmwifoebis ministrebi. imisda mixedviT, Tu ra sakiTxiganixileba sabWos sxdomaze, Sesabamisi ministri warmoadgens TiToeul qveyanas(sagareo saqmeTa, finansTa, socialuri sakiTxebis, transportis, soflismeurneobis, da ase Semdeg). miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoSi wevri saxelmwifoebisaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi Sedian, igi evrokavSirisZiriTad sakanonmdeblo organos warmoadgens.sabWos eqvsi Tvis vadiT xelmZRvanelobs erTi warmomadgeneli TiToeuliwevri saxelmwifodan. rotacia mimdinareobs laTinuri alfabetis mixedviT. Tuevropis konstitucia miRebuli iqneba evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis mier,maSin rotaciis principi Seicvleba erTi TavmjdomariT, romelic airCevaorweliwadnaxevriT.sabWo ikribeba cxra ZiriTad konfiguraciaSi, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra sakiTxiganixileba. magaliTad, generaluri sakiTxebis da sagareo urTierTobebissabWoSi monawileoben sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi, xolo iusticiisa da SinagansaqmeTa sabWoSi monawileoben iusticiis da Sinagan saqmeTa ministrebi.sabWos saqmianobas amzadebs mudmiv warmomadgenelTa komiteti, e.w. koreperi(COREPER), romelic Sedgeba wevri saxelmwifoebis mier briuselSi wargzavnilispecialuri warmomadgenlebisa da maTi damxmareebisagan. Tavad komitetissaqmianoba mzaddeba 250-ze meti komitetisa da samuSao jgufis mier, romlebicSedgebian wevri saxelmwifoebis delegatebisagan.yvela komitets aqvs Tavisi roli koordinaciis da eqspertizis miwodebissferoSi. magaliTad, ekonomikuri da finansuri komiteti, politikuri dausafrTxoebis komiteti da koordinaciis komiteti Sesabamis sakiTxebzeeqspertizis mimwodeblebad iTvlebian koreperisaTvis.miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWo 9 konfiguraciiT ikribeba, gadawyvetilebebi,romlebsac is iRebs qveyndeba sabWos saxeliT da ar aris dakonkretebuli Turomelma konkretulma konfiguraciam miiRo es gadawyvetileba. 1990-ian wlebSisabWoSi arsebobda 22 konfiguracia, 2000 wlis ivnisSi maTi ricxvi 16-mde Semcirda,xolo 2002 wlis ivnisidan sabWo 9 konfiguraciiT ikribeba. es konfiguraciebia:- ekonomikuri da finansuri sakiTxebi,- TanamSmromloba marTlmsajulebis da saSinao saqmeebis sferoSi,- konkurencia,- transporti, telekomunikaciebi da energetika,- soflis meurneoba da meTevzeoba,- garemos dacva,- ganaTleba, axalgazrdoba da kultura,- dasaqmeba, socialuri politika, jandacva da momxmarebelTa sakiTxebi.13

sabWoSi gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba ministrebis mier xmis micemis procedurisSedegad. aris xmis micemis sami procedura, imis mixedviT, Tu romelsakiTxze mimdinareobs kenWisyra: ubralo umravlesoba (prceduruli sakiTxebisaTvis),kvalificirebuli umravlesoba (xmis micemis dabalansebuli sistema,sadac yvela qveyanas aqvs Sesabamisi xmebis raodenoba misi mosaxleobis raodenobisgaTvaliswinebiT. ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa Sidabazari, ekonomikuri sakiTxebi, vaWroba) da erTsulovneba (sagareo politika,Tavdacva, iuridiuli da policiuri TanamSmromloba da sagadasaxado politika).xSirad sabWo gadawyvetilebas iRebs evrokomisiis mier gakeTebuli moxsenebisan winadadebis safuZvelze evroparlamentTan erTad. es xdeba an konsultaciebisproceduris saxiT (magaliTad, iseT sakiTxebSi, romlebic dakav-Sirebulia soflis meurneobasTan, iuridiul da policiur TanamSmrlobasTan dagadasaxadebTan), an gadawyvetilebebSi Tanamonawileobis (codecision) saxiT (SidabazarTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi).sabWos aRmasrulebeli funqciebi:miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWo ZiriTadad sakanondmeblo saqmianobiT arisdakavebuli mas aRamsrulebeli funqciebic aqvs. Tavis aRmasrulebel funqciebsministrTa sabWo axorcielebs oTxi formiT.1) xelSekrulebebis reformis dros sabWo isaxavs grZelvadian miznebsevrokavSirisaTvis da Semdeg am miznebis ganxorcielebis delegirebas axdensevrokomisaze:magaliTebad aq gamodgeba Sumanis da mones iniciativa SeeqmnaT supraerovnuliorgano, romelic ar daeqvemdebareboda mTavrobebs, magram gaatarebda im kurss,romelic germaniis da safrangeTis xelmZRvanelobam SeimuSava 1951 welsqvanaxSiris da foladis regulirebis sferoSi. sxva magaliTebidan aRsaniSnavia,1958 wlis romis xelSekruleba da saerTo agraruli politikis Seqmna, romlisganxorcilebac aseve komisias daevala. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavaia 1991 wlismaastrixtis xelSekruleba, sadac sabWom sakmaod didi funqciebis delegirebamoaxdina evrokomisiaze, gansakuTrebiT evropis monetaruli politikis sferoSi,Tumca uari ganacxada komisiisaTvis iusticiis da saSinao saqmeebze da saerTosagareo da usafrTxoebis politikaze aRmasrulebeli funqciebis delegirebaze.2) evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis saxelmwifos meTaurTa sabWo isaxavssaSualo xangrZlivobis miznebs evrokavSirisTvis da axdens erovnuli makroekonomikuripolitikis monitorings “koordinaciis Ria wesis saxiT”: ministrTasabWos aqvs mudmivi kavSiri evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis saxelmwifosmeTaurTa sabWosTan, erovnuli administraciebis da xelisuflebis gavliT.Sesabamisad, xSirad ministrebi gamoiyeneben saxelmwifos meTaurTa Sexvedrebsda maT samitebs konkretuli sakiTxebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad. evropulisabWos ZiriTadi aRmasrulebeli roli gamoixateba komisiisaTvis ZiriTadimiznebis da miTiTebebis dasaxviT, komisiis muSaobis monitoringiT, komisiazemokle vadiani valdebulebebis delegirebiT, saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebispolitikis, iusticiis da Sinagani saqmeebis da evropis monetaruli politikisimplementaciis zedamxedvelobiT da evrokavSiris axali kompetenciebis dapolitikis mimarTulebebis SemuSavebiT (muxli 308). es funqciebi aris ZiriTadadpolitikuri da ara iuridiuli xasiaTis.saxelmwifos meTaurTa sabWo ikribeba weliwadSi oTxjer, prezidentobisperiodis SuaSi da bolos (rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, prezidentoba aris eqvsTvianida mas morigeobiT iWeren wevri saxelmwifoebi). am Sexvedrebze, romlebic samitissaxeliTaa cnobili miiReba mTavari politikuri gadawyvetilebebi. rac mTavaria amgadawyvetilebebis umravlesoba winaswar mzaddeba ministrTa sabWoebis mier, magramimis gamo, rom maTi umravlesoba mniSvnelovania da ar SeiZleba gadawyvetili iqnesmxolod ministrebis doneze, saWiro xdeba maTi damowmeba ufro maRal doneze -saxelmwifos meTaurTa samitebze.strategiuli dagegmvis erT-erTi axali meTodi da “mmarTvelobis axaliforma” aris “koordinaciis Ria meTodi”, romelic miRebuli iqna lisabonisevropul sabWoze 2000 wlis martSi. am meTodis mixedviT, wevri-saxelmwifoebis14

mTavrobebi axdenen erTmaneTis saSinao politikis monitorings, gansakuTrebiTekonomikur sferoSi. lisabonis evropulma sabWom moaxdina am meTodis formalizebada SeimuSava gafrTxilebis sistema, Tu romelime mTavroba ekonomikurkurss gadauxvevs. dResdReobiT Ria meTodi moicavs sxva sferoebsac,rogorebicaa makroekonomika, dasaqmeba, kvleva, socialuri politika, mewarmeoba,ganaTleba, sapensio reformebi.3) wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian evropuli kanonmdeblobis implementaciamoaxdinon erovnul kanonmdeblobebSi: erovnuli administraciebipasuxismgebelni arian evrokavSiris politikis SemuSavebis procesis koordinaciazeevropul da saSinao doneebze. evropul doneze saxelmwifo moxeleebivaldebulni arian miiRon monawileoba da pre da post sakanonmdeblo etapebze.sakanondeblo iniciativebis SemuSavebis dros erovnuli xelisuflebebiswarmomadgenlebi Sedian eqspertTa da konsultaciur komitetebSi, romlebiciqmneba komisiis mier, xolo erovnuli administraciis sajaro moxeleebi dasaxelmwifo moRvawebi CarTulni arian koreperis samuSao jgufebSi, romlebicganixilaven komisiis SemoTavazebas. im SemTxvevaSi Tu kanonmdebloba mtkicdebaerovnuli administraciebis mier saxelmwifo moRvaweebi monawileoben evropulikanonmdeblobis implementaciis monitoringSi. erovnuli administraciiswarmomadgenlebi aseve aqtiur monawileobas iReben komitologiis komitetebSi.veselsis da rometSis mier 1996 wels naCvenebi iqna, rom 1994 wels kanonmdeblobisSemuSavebis procesSi monawileobda 25000-ze meti sajaro moxeleerovnuli administraicebidan.aq aRsaniSnavia ori Tezisi: pirveli Tezisi, romelic “Serwymis Tezisis”saxeliT aris cnobili pirvelad gamoyenebuli iqna volfgang veselsis mier. esTezisi ambobs, rom moxda administraciuli valdebulebebis Serwyma erovnul daevropul doneze da amasTan erovnul administraciebs Soris. Serwymis TeoriismixedviT erovnulma administrciebma Seqmnes evropuli institutebi dagadawyvetilebebis miRebis evropuli arena imisaTvis, rom Tavi daeRwiaTerovnul parlamentebis kontrolisagan da gaetarebinaT TavianTTvis misaRebipolitikuri kursebi.meore Tezisi, aris e.w. “evropeizaciis Tezisi”, romelic ambobs, romevrokavSiris politikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani damaxasiaTebeli momenti arisevropeizacia, anu saerTo standartuli stilisadmi miyola. es gasagebicaa,radgan evrokavSiri xSirad mxars uWers konkretuli sakiTxis gadawyvetiskonkretul meTods, Sesabamnisad, imisaTvis rom es problema gadaiWras erovnuliadministraciebi iZulebulni arian miiRon iseTi gadawyvetilebebi, romlebicukve miRebuli iqna sxva erovnuli administraciebis mier. garda amisa arisinstitucionaluri konvergenciis, anu izomorfizmis Tezisi, romelic ambobs,rom institutebi, romlebic iqmneba evrokavSiris dakveTis an Carevis Sedegadmet-naklebad erTmaneTs hgavs, rac aseve ganpirobebulia evrokavSiris mierinstitutebis saqmianobis mimarT standartuli midgomiT;3) evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebi axorcieleben evrokavSirispolitikis sxvdasxva mimarTulebebis yoveldRiur administracias evrokomisiasTanerTad komitologiis principze dayrdnobiT: evrokomisia ar arismTlianad damoukidebeli evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobis implementaciis procesisdros. sabWom Seqmna komitetebis sistema, romlebic dakompleqtebulni arianerovnuli administraciebis warmomadgenlebis mier. es sistema cnobilia komitologiisprincipiT. komitologiis principis ZiriTadi mizania akontrolosevrokomisia kanonmdeblobis implementaciis procesSi. komitologiis zogierTiproceduris dros gvxvdeba Zalauflebis dayofa, sadac kanonmdeblebs (mTavroba)aqvT ufleba gaakontrolon aRmasrulebeli (komisia). sxva procedurebisdros ki, xdeba kompetenciebis aRreva. aseT SemTxvevaSi mTavrobebs SeswevT ZalaTavianTi survili Tavs moaxvion komisias, Sesabamisad, isini axorcieleben,rogorc sakanonmdeblo, ise aRmasrulebel funqciebs.komitologiis sistema Seiqmna 1987 wels sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, misireformireba ki moxda 1999 wlis ivnisSi sabWos sxva gadawyvetilebiT. amgadawyvetilebebis mixedviT, Seiqmna sami tipis komitetebi — mrCeveli, menejmentisda maregulirebeli; aseve Camoyalibda wesebis sistema, romelic are-15

Semqmneli. zemoTTqmulis karg magaliTad gamogvadgeba didi britaneTi, romelic2005 wlis dekembris briuselis evropuli sabWos win iTvleboda evrokavSirisbiujetis miRebis mTavar Semaferxebel faqtorad, radgan misi pozicia iyo, romdidi britaneTisaTvis ukan dasabrunebeli fuli (rasac Tavis droze teTCermamiaRwia) ar unda Semcirebuliyo, xolo biujetis xarjviTi nawilis Semcirebastruqturuli fondebis da sxva sabiujeto Tavebis Semcirebis xarjze undamomxdariyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom did britaneTs daTmoba ar surda, mas maincmouwia kompromisze wasvla, radgan, rogorc prezident qveyanas evaleboda iseTmniSvnelovan sakiTxze, rogoric biujetis, konsensusis miRweva. Sesabamisad, didmabritaneTma daTmo sakuTari poziciebi saerTo interesebis gadasarCenad, riTac,marTalia ganarisxa qveynis SigniT opozicia, magram SeinarCuna prestiJi.sxvaTa Soris, bevri qveyana gangeb cdilobs swored sakuTari prezidentobisdros moagvaros misTvis aqtualuri sakiTxebi, gansakuTrebiT iseTebi, sadac mismier daTmobis gareSe gadawyvetilebis miReba SeuZlebelia. mokled rom vTqvaT,evrokavSiris qveynebs xSirad urCevnia daTmos, maSin roca prezidentia, da prestiJimainc aimaRlos am daTmobis xarjze, vidre daTmos maSin, rodesac sxva qveyanaaprezidenti da es daTmoba, mxolod wagebad da sisusted SeiZleba Sefasdes.konstituciis mier gaTvaliswinebuli cvlilebebi: konstitutciis ZalaSiSesvlis SemTxvevaSi rotaciuri xasiaTis prezidentoba Seicvleba mudmiviTavmjdomaris postiT, romelic am postze iqneba ornaxevari weliwadisganmavlobaSi. es aris kompromisi, romelsac miaRwies patara da didma qveynebmamolaparakebebis dros. did qveynebs surdaT ufro mudmivi xasiaTis prezidentisinstituti, xolo patarebs ki, surdaT TavianTi sityva eTqvaT da moiTxovdnengundur prezidentobas. Sedegad miviReT kompromisuli varianti.meore mniSvnelovani faqtori aris is, rom seqtoraluri sabWoebis Sekrebisgamo dRis wesrigi gaxda Zalzed specializebuli. es dakavSirebulia saerTobazris moculobis zrdasTan (saWiroebs skrupulozur regulirebebs) da saerTovalutaze gadasvlasTan. Tu aqamde ZiriTad sabWod geenraluri saqmeebis sabWoiTvleboda, sadac sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi iyvnen warmodgenili, axla saqmesxvagvaradaa. miuxedavad amisa, SeTanxmebis ver miRwevis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxebimainc generaluri saqmeebis sabWos gadaecema. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom dRiswesrigSi sul ufro naklebad aris sakiTxebi, romlebic sagareo saqmeTaministrebis kompetenciaSi Sedis.seqtoralurad sabWoebis muSaobis danawileba daaxloebiT parlamentSikomitetebis moqmedebis msgavsia. izrdeba Sansi molaparakebebis efeqtianobisgazrdisa da kompromisebis miRwevisa. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca erTi ministriTmobs poziciebs, imisaTvis, rom sxva ministrma sxva sabWoSi aseve daTmospoziciebi.wina sakanonmdeblo SeTanxmebis misaRwevad aseve moqmedebs sabWoskomitetebis da samuSao jgufebis mTeli qseli, iseve rogorc sabWos samdivno.mudmiv warmomadgenelTa komiteti (koreperi) sabWos motorad iTvleba, radganswored aq wydeba sakiTxTa umravlesoba sabWos Sexvedramde.koreperi ikribeba yovel kviras or doneze, koreper I-Si ikribebian mudmivwarmomadgenelTa moadgileebi, xolo koreper II-Si mudmivi warmomadgenlebi.daaxloebiT 70 procenti im sakiTxebisa, rac ganixileba sabWos sxdomebze winaswargvardeba da Tanxmdeba koreperebis qvemoTa doneze, sadac samuSao jgufebiaris Seqmnili. Sedegad rCeba 30 procenti sakiTxebisa, romlebic ar ganixilebasamuSao jgufebis doneze. aqedan umravlesobas agvarebs koreper II-is Sexvedra,Tumca xSirad rCeba sakiTxebi, romelTa SeTanxmeba ar xerxdeba mudmiv warmomadgenelTadoneze, Sesabamisad es sakiTxebi ganixilieba ukve sabWos sxdomaze.koreperis SemadgenlobaSi moqmedeben sxvadasxva dargobrivi komitetebi,romlebSic Sedian specialisti sajaro moxeleebi. am dargobriv komitetebsemsaxureba sabWos samdivno, romelSc daaxloebiT 2000 kaci msaxurobs. isinigaerTianebulni arian 170 samuSao jgufSi. yoveldRe, daaxloebiT 300-400oficialuri piri erovnuli biurokratiebidan ikribeba sabWos SenobaSi sxvadasxvada marTavs Sexvedrebs sxvadasxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.17

xmis micemis wesi sabWoSi.sabWo gadawyvetilebas iRebs ori ZiriTadi saxiT:1) konsensusis wesiT xmis micema: am SemTxvevaSi yvela wevr saxelmwifosaqvs erTi xma. gadawyvetileba ar iTvleba miRebulad, Tu erTi wevrimainc ewinaaRmdegeba gadawyvetilebas. am sistemis mixedviT TiToeulsaxelmwifos SeuZlia gamoiyenos vetos ufleba da dablokos sakiTxi, TuTvlis, rom es sakiTxi mis erovnul interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.2) kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT xmis micema: am sistemis drosTiToeul xmas gaaCnia Tavisi wona, romelic damokidebulia wevrisaxelmwifos mosaxleobaze. qvemoT moyvanilia cxrili, sadac mocemulia,Tu romel qveyanas ramdeni xma gaaCnia: advili SesaniSnia, romproporcia mosaxleobas da xmebs Soris patara saxelmwifoebis sasargeblodaris. germaniis SemTxvevaSi, erTi xma modis daaxloebiT 2.5 mlnadamianze, xolo maltis SemTxvevaSi, 100 aTas adamianze.xmebis raodenoba kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT kenWisyrisasqveyana xmebis raodenoba mosaxleoba (mln.)germania 29 82.0didi britaneTi 29 59.4safrangeTi 29 59.1italia 29 57.7espaneTi 27 39.4poloneTi 27 38.6niderlandebi 13 15.8saberZneTi 12 10.6CexeTi 12 10.3belgia 12 10.2ungreTi 12 10.0portugalia 12 9.9SvedeTi 10 8.9avstria 10 8.1slovakeTi 7 5.4dania 7 5.3fineTi 7 5.2litva 7 3.7irlandia 7 3.7latvia 4 2.4slovenia 4 2.0estoneTi 4 1.4kviprosi 4 0.8luqsemburgi 4 0.4malta 3 0.4sul xmebis raodenoba 321kvalif. umr-sTvis saWiroa 232damblokavi xmebis raodenoba 90kvalificirebuli umravlesobis sistemas meorenairad sammagi umravlesobissistemas eZaxian, rac imas niSnavs, rom am sistemiT gadawyvetilebis misaRebad18

aucilebelia dagrovdes sammagi umravlesoba:1) gadawyvetilebis momxre unda iyos 232 xma arsebuli 321-dan (xmebis 72.27 %)2) gadawyvetilebas mxari unda dauWiros wevri saxelmwifoebis naxevarzemetma3) is qveynebSi, romlebic mxars uWeren gadawyvetilebas, unda cxovrobdesevrokavSiris mosaxleobis minimum 62 %.TxuTmeti wevrisgan Semdgar evrokavSirSi kvalificirebuli umravlesobaaseve xmebis awonvis principze iyo damyarebuli, Tumca maSin ar moqmedebdasammagi umravlesobis sistema. 2004 wlamde xmebis awonva Semdegnairad xdeboda:xmebis raodenoba 2004 wlamde 15-wevrian evrokavSirSiqveyanaxmebis raodenobasafrangeTi 10germania 10italia 10didi britaneTi 10espaneTi 8belgia 5saberZneTi 5niderlandebi 5portugalia 5avstria 4SvedeTi 4dania 3irlandia 3fineTi 3luqsemburgi 2sul xmebis raodenoba 87kvalif. umr-sTvis saWiroa 62damblokavi xmebis raodenoba 25kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT gadawyvetilebis misaRebad aucilebeli iyominimum 62 xma sul arsebuli 87-dan, rac imas niSnavda, rom nebismieri 26 xmadamblokavi uflebiT sargeblobda. 1994 wels ioaninas deklaraciis SedegadevrokavSiris saxelmwifoebi SeTanxmdnen damatebiT principze, romlis mizaniiyo umciresobis uflebebis dacva im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg23-25 xma iqneboda. am SemTxvevaSi sabWo iRebda valdebulebas mieRwia iseTiSeTanxmebisaTvis, romelsac minimum 65 xma dauWerda xmas.im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ZalaSi Seva evropis konstitucia, kvalificirebuliumravlesobiT gadawyvetilebis miReba Seicvleba da sammagi umravlesobisnacvlad ormagi umravlesoba gaxdeba. am SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba misaRebadaucilebeli iqneba wevri saxelmwifoebis 55%-is mxardaWera, mxolod ise, rommxardamWeri saxelmwifoebis mosaxleoba warmoadgendes evrokavSirismosaxleobis 65%-s. konstitucias aseve Semoaqvs damblokavi umciresobis idea;am principis mixedviT, Tu gadawyvetilebas ewinaaRmdegeba nebismieri oTxisaxelmwifo, romlis saerTo mosaxleoba evrokavSiris mosaxleobis 35 %-sSeadgens.arsebobs kidev erTi gza sabWoSi gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. maastrixtisxelSekrulebis 205 (3) muxli ambobs, rom romelime saxelmwifos mier Tavis19

Sekaveba ar unda iyos mizezi, rac xels SeuSlis sabWos miiRos gadawyvetileba,Tu gadawyvetileba miiReba erTxmad. anu, es niSnavs, rom iseT sakiTxebze, sadacaucilebelia gadawyvetilebis erTsulovnad miReba, sabWos romelime wevrs aqvsufleba Tavi Seikavos. anu sakiTxi Cavardeba mxolod maSin, Tu romelime qveyanawinaaRmdeg miscems xmas. kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT xmis micemis dros,Tavis Sekaveba igivea, rac winaaRmdeg xmis micema. Sesabamisd zogjer mivdivarTparadoqsul situaciamde: xSirad ufro iolia gadawyvetileba miRebul iqneserTxmad, vidre kvalificirebuli umravlesobis sistemiT, radgan zogierT wevrsurCevnia Tavi Seikavos, magram ise, rom saboloo gadawyvetileba miRebul iqnes.evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebi xvdebian, rom maTi ZalauflebaevrokavSirSi gamoixateba TiToeulis ZalaSi gaitanos TavisaTvis sainteresosakiTxebi sabWoze, sadac misi poziciis simtkices gansazRvravs misi xmebisraodenoba kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT xmis micemis dros.sabWos ganviTarebis da funqciebis dinamika:zogierTi mecnieris azriT, evrokavSiris da, gansakuTrebiT, ministrTasabWos funqciebi da roli wlidan wlamde icvleba, rac sabWos qameleonisTvisebebs aniWebs. Tavis statiaSi “sabWo — instituciuri qameleoni”, helenuolesi saubrobs sabWos xuT rolze, romelic Camoyalibda evrokavSirisistoriis msvlelobis manZilze. es rolebia: evrokomisiis partniori;mTavrobebis klubi; konkurenciis da molaparakebebis adgili mTavrobebisaTvis;qseluri mmarTvelobis arena da ganviTarebis gzaze mdgomi transmTavrobuliTanamSromlobis konsorciumi.sabWos da evrokomisiis urTierTobebi: Tavdapirvelad sabWos da komisiasSoris sakmaod kargi urTierTobebi iyo, magram evrokavSiris ganviTarebisukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze, kerZod ki, evroparlamentis rolis zrdam dagadawyvetilebebis miRebis axali meTodebis SemoRebam Secvala sabWosa dakomisiis urTierTobebis dinamika. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan sabWo ufro metyuradRebas uTmobs kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT gadawyvetilebebis miRebas.Tumca bevri mecnieri ambobs, rom sabWoSi konsensusis tradiciis darRvevasmxolod moCvenebiTi xasiaTi aqvs da sinamdvileSi igi isev rCeba erTsulovnebazedafuZnebul institutad. komisiis da sabWos urTierTobebze aseve gavlenasaxdens kidev erT faqtori — evrokavSiris gafarToeba. rac meti wevrimonawileobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, miT ufro rTulia ministrTasabWosaTvis saerTo ena gamonaxos komisiasTan.Tavisi wvlili komisiis da sabWos urTierTobebSi Seitana e.w. “maRalipolitikis” sakiTxebis gaaqtiurebam, anu iseTi sakiTxebis wina planze wamowevam,rogoricaa monetaruli politika, saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika,Tavdacvis politika da sxva, romlebic uSualodaa dakavSirebuli wevrisaxelmwifoebis suverenitetTan. Sesabamisad am sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi komisiisroli SedarebiT susti da umniSvneloa. am sakiTxebis aqcentuaciam gamoiwviskomisiis rolis garkveuli Semcireba da misi datoveba TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi.disbalansi komisias da sabWos Soris kidev ufro aqtiuri gaxda, rodesacerovnul doneze politikis SemuSavebis procesSi ufro meti aqtorebi CaerTvnenda politikis SemuSavebis procesis gafarToeba moxda. amgvarad, miuxedavadimisa, rom komisiisa da sabWos tandemi mniSvnelovania evrokavSiris politikiskargad gasagebad, marto am ori aqtoris Seswavla ar aris sakmarisi mTlianisuraTis kargad aRsaqmelad.mTavrobebis klubi: sabWo Sedgeba mTavrobis sxvadasxva struqturiswarmomadgenlebisagan, imisda mixedviT Tu ra sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ikribebaigi. Sesabamisad e.w. kluburi ganwyoba Zalian didia mTavrobis moxeleebs Soris.xSirad es warmomadgenlebi miiCnevian ufro privilegirebulad vidre Tavadwevri saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebSi moRvawe sxva pirovnebebi. Zalian xSiradgadawyvetilebebis miRebis evropuli arena gamoiyeneba rogorc sababikonkretuli politikis gasatareblad. xSiria argumentebi, rom konkretuli20

politikis prioritetebi aucilebeli gansaxorcielebelia, imis gamo, rom esaucilebelia sxva politikis prioritetis gansaxorcieleblad evropul arenaze.am mizezebis gamo, sabWos wevr ministrebs xSirad uviTardebaT e.w. saklubosolidaroba. es solidaroba Tavs iCens ara marto qveynis SigniT arsebul sxvasaxelisuflo instiutebis, aramed evrokavSiris institutebis, sxvasaerTaSoriso organizaciebis da qveynebis mimarTac.yvelaze didi problema, romelic SiZleba dadges sabWos winaSe dResdReobiTaris axali wevrebis socializacia, anu maTi interesebis dakmayofileba da axaliqcevis wesebis morgeba sabWos tradiciebisa da qcevis wesebisadmi. msgavsisaklubo atmosfero SeiZleba safrTxis qveS dadges axali wevri saxelmwifoebisSesvlis Semdeg, radgan msgavsi tipis problemebi adrec warmoSobilagaerTianebuli samefos, daniis, saberZneTis da portugaliis kavSirSi Sesvlisdros.konkurencia mTavrobebs Soris: sabWos imiji, rogorc wesi, iqmneba mudmividapirispirebis Sedegad evrokomisiasTan iseT sakiTxebze, rogorebicaa vetosgamoyeneba, kvalificirebuli umravlesobis Sesaxeb debatebi da ase Semdeg.gansakuTrebiT saintereso da aRsaniSnavia sabWos damokidebuleba TurqeTismimarT, romelic, im SeTxvevaSi, Tu Seva evrokavSirSi, gaxdeba erT-erTi yvelazeZlieri saxemlwifo kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi. konkurencia da interesTakonfliqti aqamdec sabWos yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesi iyo, da savaraudoa, rommsgavsi praqtika kidev ufro gaRmravdeba axali wevrebis Sesvlis Semdeg.qseluri mmarTveloba: garda amisa sabWos SeiZleba SevxedoT, rogorcramdenime institutis an adgilis erTobliobas, romelTa Tanxvedri muSaobiT dafunqcionirebiT xorcieldeba qseluri mmarTveloba evrokavSirSi. zogierTisazriT, evrokavSiris institutebis formaluri roli da valdebulebebinaklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre is sxvadasxva gza, romliTac xdeba aminstituteis gamoyeneba sazogadoebrivi politikis Camosayalibeblad. esmidgoma aris mniSvnelovani radganac igi aqcents gadaswevs processze dafunqciebze da ara gadawyvetilebebis miRebis formalur wesebze. msgavsmidgomas ramdenime Sedegi aqvs: pirvel rigSi igi ar arCevs wevri saxelmwifoebiserovnul institutebs da evrokavSiris transerovnul institutebs. meore rigSi,sabWo ar ganixileba, rogorc urTierTobebis erTaderTi monopolistimTavrobasa da evrokavSiris institutebs Soris. garda amisa, am midgomismixedviT, legitimuroba da angariSvaldebuleba gansxvavebuli cnebebia daerTmaneTisagan Zalzed Sors dgas. mokled, am Sexedulebis mixedviT, sabWo araris erTaderTi wamyvani organo evrokavSirSi, aramed ganixileba rogorcpolitikis warmoebis erT-erTi gza evropul doneze.intensiuri transgovernmentalizmi: transgovernmentalizmi aqgamoiyeneba cneba intergovernmentalizmis sawinaaRmdegod (es ukanaskneli arisrealizmze dafuZnebuli Teoria, romelic ambobs, rom evrokavSirSi yvelaferixdeba wevri saxelwifoebis mTavrobebis interesebSi da araferi maTi nebarTvisgareSe). es midgoma aseve ewinaaRmdegeba supranacionalizms (kidev erTi midgomaevrokavSirisadmi, romelic efuZneba liberalizms, institutcionalizms danefoqcionalizms da romelic ambobs, rom evrokavSirSi yvelaze did rolsasruleben supraerovnuli institutebi, rogoricaa evrokomisia da evropismarTlsmsajulebis sasamrTlo). helen uolasi Tavis mxriv amtkicebs, rom arcerTi am midgomaTagani ar xsnis srulad evrokavSiris politikas, da rom aqCamoyalibebulia gansxvavebuli tipis reJimi, raRac saSualo intergovernmentalizmsda supraerovnul realobebs Soris. uolasi amtkicebs, rom amgvaritranserovnuli niSnebi SeiZleba SeimCnios sam sxvadasxva sferoSi, rogorebicaaaxali saerTo valuta, saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika da iusticiisada saSInao saqmeebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom samive am sferoTagani mtkivneuladSeexo erovnul suverenitets, arc erT maTganis SemTxvevaSi ar momxdaraZalauflebis sruli delegacia evropul doneze.21

cxrili I. saqmis warmoeba sabWoSiministrTasabWokomisiasabWos “b” punqtebi Tanxmdeba 95 %samdivnokoreper II an IwarmomadgenlobaTanxmdeba 50 %samuSaojgufievropuli sabWoevrokavSiris erT-erT mniSvnelovan institutad, romelic metwiladaraformaluria, Tumca aqvs gamorCeuli mniSvneloba, aris evropuli sabWo, anuevrokavSiris saxelmwifos meTaurTa sabWo. Tavdapirvel xelSekrulebebSi,kerZod ki, romis xelSekrulebaSi, ar iyo saubari msgavsi institutis SeqmnisSesaxeb, Tumca 60-ian da 70-ian wlebSi evropis wveynebis meTaurebi ramdenimejerSeikribnen zogierTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gadasaWrelad. mTavari mizezi maTiSekrebisa iyo rwmena, rom evrokomisiis roli sustdeboda imis gamo, rom xSiradver xerxdeboda wevri saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebis mier konsensusis moZebnamTel rig sakiTxebze. Sesabamisad 1974 wels parizSi xeli moewera komunikes,romelmac ificialuri saxe misca sabWos araoficialur Sexvedrebs. am komunikesmixedviT Seiqmna e.w. “evrogaerTianebebis sabWo”, romelic unda Sekrebiliyosaxelmwifos meTaurTa da sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis doneze weliwadSi samjer“politikuri TanamSmromlobis” gasaRrmaveblad.aRsaniSnavia, rom sabWos Seqmna iyo wminda politikuri gadawyvetileba, racniSnavda, rom ar arsebobda misi arsebobis arc formaluri da, arcinstitucionaluri safuZveli. kerZod, ar momxdara sabWos legalizacia axalixelSekrulebis gaformebiT, Tumca momdevno wlebis manZilze sabWos“konstitucionalizacia” mainc moxda.ganviTarebis sxvadaxva etapze evropis sabWos gansxvavebuli roli dafunqciebi hqonda. Tu dasawyisSi igi “buxrispira molaparakebebis” forumswarmoadgenda, 80-ian wlebSi mogvevlina mniSvnelovani politikurigadawyvetilebebis mimReb institutad da xelSekrulebebis mommzadebelupireveles organod, sadac formdeboda mniSvnelovani kompromisebi damiiRweoda evrokavSiris momdevno ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli SeTanxmebebi.evropuli sabWos rolis gazrdas mudmivad Tan erTvoda evrokavSirisinstitucionaluri garemos mimarT skepticizmis gamoxatuleba. bevri mecnierimiiCnevda, rom mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyvetis saxelmwifos meTaurTadoneze gadaWris dRis wesrigSi dayeneba gamoiwvia miRebuli institucionalurigaremos sisustem da uunarobam moegvarebina problemaTa umravlesoba.evrokavSiris xelSekrulebis meoTxe muxlis Tanaxmad (es muxli aris meoTxemaastrixtis xelSekrulebaSi, xolo nicis xelSekrulebaSi masTandakavSirebebiT cvlilebebi ar Sesula), evropuli sabWo unda Seikribos minimumweliwadSi orjer. rogorc wesi es Sexvedrebi tardeba rotaciis mqone22

prezidentobis dasasruls, Sesabamisad yovel eqvs TveSi. imis gamo, romprezidentobis mqone saxelmwifoebi, rogorc wesi, Tvlian, rom maT undamoaxdinon TavianTi miRwevebis afiSireba, yoveli prezidentobis dros tardebadamatebiT erTi samiti mainc. Sesabamisad aRmoCnda, rom 90-iani wlebis Suidanmsgavsi samitebi imarTeba weliwadSi oTxjer. msgavsi praqtika principSiinstitucionalizebul iqna seviliis samitis Semdeg, sadac oficialuradSeTanxmdnen, rom TiToeuli prezidentobis ganmavlobaSi evropuli sabWo orjermainc Sekribeboda. rogorc wesi samitebi tardeboda prezidentobis mqoneqveyanaSi, Tumca 2001 wlidan gadawyda, rom erTi samiti mainc TiToeuliprezidentobis periodSi Catarebuliyo briuselSi. rac Seexeba samitebisxangrZlivobas, isini grZeldeba ramdenime dRe, Tumca am bolo dros maTiSexvedrebis xangrZlivoba Semcirda erT dRemde.evropuli sabWos funqciebSi Sedis rogorc zogadi saxis miTiTebebis micemaevrokavSiris ganviTarebsiaTvis, aseve konkretul mniSvnelovan sakiTxebzegadawyvetilebis miReba. marTalia, zogjer evropuli sabWos roli evrokavSirisganviTarebis da integraciis axali gezebis moZebnaSi didia, misi saqmianobaxSirad Zirs uTxris ministrTa sabWos saqmianobas.23

gadawyvetilebis miRebis meqanizmebi- moxsenebis momzadeba xdeba Sesabamis direqtoratSi. intensiuri konsultaciebiiwarmoeba kompaniebTan, wevr saxelmwifoebTan, samecniero wreebTan dasxv. dainteresebul uwyebebTan. rodesac iwyeba kanonproeqtze muSaoba aucilebladmiiReba mxedvelobaSi sabWos da komisiis rekomendaciebi da direqtivebi,radgan komisias, rogorc wesi, ar surs wavides wevri saxelmwifoebis da zogadadsabWos winaaRmdeg.- moxsenebis damuSavebis Semdeg xdeba misi gadacema vertikalurad zemoT;moxseneba jer midis Sesabamisi komisris kabinetSi, Semdeg ganixileba yovelkvireulichef de cabinet-ebis Sexvedraze, ris Semdeg ukve gadaecema komisrebiskolegias.- komisias aqvs ufleba ise moeqces am moxsenebas, rogorc moesurveba. SesaZlebeliamiRebul iqnes gadawyvetileba, rom daiwyos saqmis msvleloba; aseveSesaZlebelia, rom kanonproeqti imTaviTve Cavardes, Tumca xSirad mas ukanubruneben departaments, romelic Tavidan iwyebs mis damuSavebas, xvews mas anelis ukeTes dros mis warsadgenad.am wesidan gadaxveva misaRebia, gansakuTrebiT, roca ramdenime direqtoratissaqme emTxveva erTmaneTs. magaliTad, axali energiis wyaroebis gamogonebaze rommidgeba saqme, saqmeSi ereva energetikis direqtorati, magram masTan erTad,gamokvlevebis, biujetis da mewarmeobis direqtoratebic, amitom xdeba yveladireqtoratis interesebis gaTvaliswineba.horizontaluri koordinaciis gasaumjobeseblad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxvameTodebi:- xSirad iqmneba samuSao jgufebi, saproeqto jgufebi, individualurikavSirebi da ase Semdeg, rac xels uwyobs maqsimalurad meti dainteresebuliuwyebis CarTvas procesSi;- komisiis generaluri samdivno asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols horizontalurikoordinaciis sakiTxebSi;- komisiis prezidents aqvs marTalia cudad gansazRvruli, magram maincsakoordinacio pasuxismgebloba. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia komisar Jakdeloris roli koordinaciis dros, rodesac komisia iyo erTiani da Sekruli;- komisrebi yovelkvireuli Sexvedris mTavari mizani swored koordinaciisgaumjobesebaa.garda amisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom:- xSirad tardeba araformaluri Sexvedrebi Sesabamis komisrebs Soris;- chefs de cabinets xvdebian sakmaod intensiurad. rogorc wesi, maT sxdomasuZRveba generaluri mdivani da es xdeba komisiis Sexvedramde ori dRiT adre;- kabinetebis Sefebis Sexvedrisas xdeba poziciebis Sejameba da azrebisgacvla-gamocvla;- kabineti, rogorc wesi, ar ereva sakiTxis ganxilvaSi, sanam esa Tu issakiTxi proeqtis saxiT oficialurad ar iqneba wamoyenebuli Sesabamisidireqtoratis mier.miuxedavad amgvari meqanizmebisa, mainc arsebobs garkveuli problemebikoordinaciasTan dakavSirebiT. horizontaluri koordinacia mainc ar arissakmarisi mTeli rigi biurokratiuli mizezebis gamo. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovaniais faqtori, rom generaluri departamentebi icaven TavianT funqciebsda dRis wesrigs da xSirad ar surT TavianT sakiTxebSi sxva direqtoratebisCareva. aseve mniSvnelovania isic, rom yvela generalur direqtorats TavisisakuTari dRis wesrigi aqvs, romelic xSirad uaRresad gadatvirTulia, racavtomaturad anelebs maT interess sxva direqtoratebis saqmeebisadmi.komisiis funqciebi da Zalaufleba- komisia aris politikis da winadadebebis SemomTavazebelikomisias aqvs ufleba wamoayenos evrokavSiris ganviTarebis da winsvlis26

iniciativebi, anu dagegmos integraciis axali mimarTulebebi. rogorc wesi,komisia flobs eqskluziur uflebas dagegmos politika da SeimuSaoskanonproeqtebi pirveli sayrdenis qveS. komisias aseve aqvs ufleba meore damesame sayrdenebis qveS Semoitanos kanonproeqti magram es ufleba ZalzedSezRudulia da, rogorc wesi, misi gamoyeneba xdeba saxelmwifoebTanSeTanxmebiT, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, am sayrdenebis qveS kanonmdeblobiswarmoeba ar xdeba.mniSvnelovania is, rom komisiis gadawyvetileba marto sasurveli ki ara,SesaZlebelic unda iyos. amitom komisia yovelTvis cdilobs iseTi kanonebimiiRos, romlebic xvdeba sabWos mier gansazRvrul CarCoebSi da met-naklebadmisaRebia yvela saxelmwifosaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, romevropuli sabWos neba kidev ufro mniSvnelovania da avaldebulebs komisias.komisiam kargi urTierToba daamyara evropul sabWosTan. am kargiurTierTobebis magaliTebia, 1985 wlis TeTri wigni saerTo bazris Sesaxeb daerTiani evropuli xelSekruleba, sadac komisiis da evropuli sabWos poziciebisakmaod axlos idga erTmaneTTan. aseve, aRmosavleT evropis gafarToebis droskomisia aramarto xelmZRvanelobda evropuli sabWos zogadi direqtivebiT,aramed praqtikulad damoukideblad atarebda mis mier dasaxul xazs.analogiuri harmoniuli urTierTobebis gamoZaxilia 1997 wlis gafarToebiskomunike, da “dRis wesrigi 2000”, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom gafarToeba undadawyebuliyo, xolo xuT saxelmwifos unda moecada mcire xniT da SemdegSesuliyvnen kavSirSi.komisia xSirad uSvebs e.w. mwvane da TeTri wignebs, rac aseve mniSvnelovnadgansazRvravs evrokavSiris SigniT mimdinare politikas: mwvane wigni arisindividebis an organizaciebisTvis sakiTxebis mimarTvis forma, rac, rogorcwesi, gamoiyeneba debatebis dasawyebad ama Tu im sakiTxis garSemo. TeTri wignebiki aris konkretuli moqmedebebis da kavSiris ganviTarebis winadadebebi,romlebic qveyndeba evrokavSiris institutebisTvis da wevrisaxelmwifoebisTvis da aCvenebs maT mimarTulebas, saiTkenac unda wavideskavSiri.komisiis mrCeveli komitetebis qselikomisia xSirad mimarTavs eqspertebis rCevas, iqnebian es eqspertebisaxelmwifoebidan, Tu sxvadasxva panevropuli, Tu transevropuli kavSirebisa daorganizaciebisgan. am mimarTvas ramdenime forma aqvs:1) eqspertTa komitetebi: Sedgeba erovnuli moxeleebis, eqspertebis daspecialistebisgan, romlebic wevri-saxelmwifoebis mier arian mivlenilni. eseqspertebi warmoadgenen erovnul poziciebs, magram met-naklebi moqnilobiT dakonsensusis miRwevisaken swrafviT gamoirCevian, radgan saboloogadawyvetilebebi maT mier ar miiReba, amitom isini cdiloben maqsimaluradwarmoaCinon TavianTi qveynis pozicia, xolo detalebze molaparakeba ufromaRali donis eqspertebs da saxelmwifo moxeleebs miandon.eqspertTa komitetebs sami gamorCeuli Tviseba aqvT:a. maTTan molaparakeba savaldebuloab. ar Semoifarglebian mxolod teqnikuri rCevebiTg. ikribeba sakmaod xSirad2) sakonsultacio komitetebi: am komitetebs ar aqvT kavSiri erovnulmTavrobebTan; maTi wevrebi arian saerTo evropuli biznes da sxva interesebiswarmomadgenlebi: magaliTad, Union of Industrial and Employers’ Confederation (UNICE),European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) da sxv.3) hibriduli komitetebi. es komitetebi Sereuli warmomadgenlobisaa damasSi monawileoben rogorc saxelmwifoebis, ise arasamTavrobo da saerToevropuli organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi.27

evrokomisiis aRmasrulebeli funqciebi1. wesebis Semqmneli Zalaufleba (rule-making powers)evrokavSiris kanonmdebloba iqmneba ramdenime saxis sakanonmdeblo aqtiT,romelTa Soris mniSvnelovania direqtivebi, regulaciebi da gadawyvetilebebia. regulaciebi: regulaciebi SeiZleba iyos abstraqtuli da esadagebodeskonkretul pirebs da garemoebebs. SeiZleba vrceldebodes konkretulvaldebulebas saxelmwifos da SeiZleba moqmedebdes yvela saxelmwifoze.regulaciebs, rogorc wesi, imuSavebs komisia! regulaciebis ZiriTadi nawilimodis saerTo agrarul politikaze.b. direqtivebi: direqtiva aris savaldebulo, magram aniWebs fleqsibelurobaserovnul mTavrobebs. savaldebuloa mxolod saboloo Sedegi. direqtiva,rogorc wesi, yvela saxelmwifos avaldebulebs. komisia iZleva da Semdegunda miiRos pasuxi misi implementaciis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb.g. gadawyvetilebebi: gadawyvetilebebs ZiriTadad iRebs sabWo, magramkomisia iRebs maT pirvel sayrenSi. aseTi gadawyvetileba SeiZleba iyos, magaliTadxelSekrulebis Camsworebeli gadawyvetilebebi, e.w. - decisions amending thetreaty.d. rekomendaciebi da mosazrebebi: rekomendaciebi da mosazrebebi ar arissavaldebulo, Tumca xSirad xdeba maTi gaTvaliswineba sabWos da Semdegimowvevis komisiebis mier.2. evrokavSiris finansebis menejmenti:evrokomisias aqvs Zalaufleba danaxarjebis da Semosavlebis sferoSi, TumcaSemosavlebs ZiriTadad mainc sabWo ganagebs.3. mowinave politikis ganxorcielebaze zedamxedveloba (Supervision of front-linepolicy implementation)rogorc wesi, evrokomisia ar aris ama Tu im politikuri mimarTulebisuSualo Semsrulebeli, Tumca iseT sferoebSi, rogoric aris konkurenciispolitika, mas kontrolis ganxorcielebis eqskluziuri ufleba aqvs. aRsrulebisufleba, rogorc wesi, miniWebuli aqvs sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis aRmasrulebelxelisuflebas, gansakuTrebiT, adgilobriv organoebs, magaliTadsaaqcizo da sabaJo administraciebs. komisiis aRmasrulebel funqciebze saubrisdros gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom komisias ar aqvs sakmarisi resursi didimoculobis samuSaos Sesasruleblad, amitom, metwilad, komisiis am funqciisefeqturi Sesruleba damokidebulia wevri saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebze.aqve yuradsaRebia is faqtoric, rom erovnuli mTavrobebi yovelTvis veraxorcieleben ama Tu im direqtivas da gadawyvetilebas, rasac obieqturi dasubieqturi mizezebi aqvs. xSir SemTxvevaSi zogierTi direqtiva sakmaod ZneliSesasrulebelia, gansakuTrebiT patara saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romelTac ar aqvTsakmarisi adamianuri resursi, gamocdileba da eqspertiza msgavsi samuSaoebisSesasruleblad. garda amisa, zogierT saxelmwifos ar surs evrokavSiriskanonmdeblobis bolomde gadmotana, radgan es xSirad dakavSirebulia arapopularulgadawyvetilebebTan, amitom qveynebi xSirad aWinaureben kanonebisgadmotanas. rogorc wesi, sanam mTavroba iZulebuli ar Seiqmneba, rom sanqciebismuqaris qveS ganaxorcielos esa Tu is politika, isini maqsimalurad cdilobendrois mogebas da kanonis miRebis gadadebas.4. komitologiakomisiis muSaoba xSirad kontroldeba wevri saxelmwifoebis mier, radganbevr saxelmwifos eSinia, rom sabWo gauSvebs politikis sadaveebs xelidankomisiis sasargeblod. amisaTvis Seqmnilia e.w. komitologiis instituti, racniSnavs komisiasTan sxvadasxva tipis makontrolebeli komitetebis arsebobas.komitologiis komitetebi muSaoben komisiasTan erTad da gavlenas axdenenkomisiis gadawyvetilebebze. komitologiis komitetebi dakompleqtebulni arianwevri saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebisagan. ar unda dagvaviwydes, romkomitologia moqmedebs mxolod komisiis mier misi aRmasrulebeli funqciebis28

gamoyenebisas da ara kanonproeqtis SemuSavebis SemTxvevaSi. komitologiisprincipi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ramdenime sxvadasxva proceduris saxiT:rCevis procedura: komisia abarebs gasakeTebeli saqmeebis (gadawyvetilebis,direqtivis an regulaciis proeqts) angariSs komitets. komiteti xmebis ubraloumravlesobiT iRebs gadawyvetilebas moiwonos, Tu ar moiwonos komisiisgadawyvetileba. komisia iTvaliswinebs (takes utmost opinion) komitetis mosazrebas,Tumca es mosazreba komisiisaTvis savaldebulo ar aris da mas SeuZlia TavisiSexedulebisamebr gadadgas esa Tu is nabiji.menejmentis procedura: komisia abarebs gasakeTebeli saqmeebis angariSskomitets. Tu komiteti kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT ar iwonebs komisiisgadawyvetilebas, komisia valdebulia proeqti gadaugzavnos sabWos, romelsacaqvs saboloo ufleba datovos ZalaSi komisiis gadawyvetileba an Secvalos igikvalificirebuli umravlesobiT kenWisyris gziT.regulatoruli procedura: komiteti abarebs gasakeTebeli saqmeebisangariSs komitets. Tu komiteti ar daeTanxmeba kvalificirebuli umravlesobiTmaSin sakiTxi gadaegzavneba sabWos saboloo gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. sabWosSeuZlia Secvalos komisiis gadawyvetileba xmebis kvalificirebuliumravlesobiT. magram Tu sabWo ver SeZlebs gadawyvetilebis miRebas, komisiasaqvs ufleba miiRos sakuTari gadawyvetileba da daiwyos misi Sesruleba, gardaim SemTxvevisa, rodesac sabWo SeewinaaRmdegeba aseTi gadawyvetilebisamoqmedebas xmebis kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT.sagarantio procedura: komisia atyobinebs sabWos da wevr-saxelmwifoebs imgadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb romelsac iRebs e.w. Safeguard Measure-isgansaxorcieleblad. am proceduris qveS, TiToeulma wevrma saxelmwifomSeiZleba gadasces komisiis gadawyvetileba sabWos. sabWos SeuZliakvalificirebuli umravlesobiT miiRos gadawyvetileba da an miiRos, anSecvalos komisiis winadadeba. aseve SeiZleba arsebobdes iseTi daTqma, rodesacsabWos mier gadawyvetilebis ver miRebis SemTxvevaSi komisiis gadawyvetilebaiTvleba gauqmebulad.qvemoT cxrilSi mocemulia is sakiTxebi, romelTa dros gamoiyeneba komitologiisesa Tu is procedura.komitologiis komitetis tipisakiTxebimrCevelTa komitetebi winaswar gansazRvruli wesis mixedviTvrceldeba sxvadasxva sakiTxebzemenejmentis komitetebi saerTo agraruli da saerTo TevzWerispolitikebi an sxvadasxva programebi,romelTac seriozuli sabiujeto mniSvnelobaaqvsregulatoruli komitetebi zogadi sakiTxebi; aseve adamianebis,cxovelebis da mcenareebis usafrTxoebis dajandacvis sakiTxebirogorc wesi ministrTa sabWo ar iyenebs rCevis proceduras. 2002 wels esprocedura sul 12 jer iqna gamoyenebuli, maSin rodesac sxva komitetebi 80-90-jer moiwvies.yvelaze didi problemebi amasTan dakavSirebiT aris ori saxis: (1) komisiaukmayofiloa, rom ar gamoiyeneba rCevis procedura da xSirad xdeba regulatoruliproceduris gamoiyeneba da (2) parlamenti ukmayofiloa, rom TamaSisgareT aris datovebuli da warmodgena ar aqvs ra xdeba komitologiis Sedegad.aris ramdenime mniSvnelovani sakiTxi komitologiis principTan dakavSirebiT:- komitologiis komitetebi, rogorc wesi, ar iReben saorWofogadawyvetilebebs da sakiTxs pirdapir sabWos ugzavnian gansaxilvelad;- Tu komitologiaze moxda uaryofiTi xmis micema, es xdeba taqtikuri29

TvalsazrisiT da ara realurad dablokvis mizniT. xSirad saxelmwifoebssWirdebaT dro ama Tu im detalSi gasarkvevad, amitom urCevniaT adreulstadiazeve daiblokos komisiis winadadeba, raTa dro moigon da ukeT gaerkvensakiTxSi;- rogorc wesi komisias urCevnia gaiTvaliswinos ama Tu im procedurisSedegad miRebuli SeniSvnebi da uari ar aTqmevinos komitets. amitom adgili aqvsxSir winaswar konsultaciebs wevr saxelmwifoebTan da komitetebTan;- sabWo dainteresebulia komitologiis principis arsebobiT, radganamgvarad mas nominalurad SeuZlia komisiaze kontrolis ganxorcieleba. aqveunda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom sabWo ar aris dainteresebuli komitologiiskomitetebis funqciis kidev ufro gaZlierebiT, amitom ZiriTad mniSvnelovangadawyvetilebebs Tavad iRebs.- sabWo komitologiis komitetebis saSualebiT axorcielebs TavisaRmasrulebel funqciebs, rac mis pirvelad funqcias ar warmoadgens, amitomkomisias da sabWos Soris komitologiis principTan dakavSirebiT xSirad azrTasxvadasxvaoba aqvT.5. iuridiuli CarCos damcvelievrokomisia marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlosTan erTad evrokavSirisdamfuZnebeli xelSekrulebebis upirveles damcvels warmoadgens.informaciis miReba xelSekrulebis ama Tu im muxlis darRvevis Sesaxeb xdebaSemdegnairad:- transpoziciis uxarisxoba Tavs iCens, miuxedavad imisa damalavs Tu aramTavroba amas, radgan mTavroba valdebulia miawodos informacia kanonisimplementaciis Sesaxeb. komisia yovelTvis xvdeba esa Tu is kanoni realuradxorcieldeba Tu ara.- TviTSetyobineba (self-notification). qveynebi, rogorc wesi, komisias winaswaruTanxmeben TavianT regulaciebs da ama Tu im kanonis implementaciis gzebs, asevesxvadasxva standartebis dawesebas. iseT sakiTxzec ki, romelic mudam saCoTirosagani iyo — saxelmwifos mier adgilobrivi sawarmoebis daxmareba — winaswaruTanxmdeba komisias, raTa man miiRos gadawyvetileba xdeba Tu ara bazrisdamaxinjeba konkurenciis moSlis Sedegad.- sxva subieqtebis, saxelmwifoebis da ase Semdeg mier Setanili saCivrebi.germania, magaliTad, xSirad Civis subsidiebze sxva qveynebis mimarT.aRsaniSnavia, rom yvelaze xSirad wesebs arRvevs saberZneTi, italia dasafrangeTi. rogorc wesi am qveynebidan daaxloebiT 150 saqme egzavnebayovelwliurad evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos.komisias aqvs SesaZlebloba miiRos zomebi urCi saxelmwifos mimarT. Tu risigakeTeba SeuZlia komisias daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi ganisazRvreba oTxisituaciiT.- daumorCilebloba wevri-saxelmwifos mxridan: maastrixtis xelSekrulebamdekomisias ar hqonda ufleba daewesebina raime sanqcia. Tu romelimeqveyana sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas ar asrulebs, komisias SeuZlia daabrunossaqme sasamarTloSi da daasaxelos jarima, romelic unda gadaixados saxelmwifom.xSirad es jarima sakmaod soliduria. dazRvevis kanonmdeblobisdarRvevis gamo saberZneTs didi jarimebis gadaxda mouwia. 2000 w. isdajarimebuli iqna 20.000 evroTi dReSi, 2002 wels ki 242.000 evroTi.- kompaniebis mxridan evrokavSiris samarTalis darRveva: ramdenime wliswin komisiam xuTi banki daajarima germaniaSi, romlebmac erTmaneTSi dadesaralegaluri SeTanxmeba da sakmaod didi mogeba naxes evros SemoRebisas. aseve,sul mcire xnis win 2005 wels evrokomisiam sarCeli Seitana maikrosoftkorporaciis winaaRmdeg, romelsac brali dasdes konkurenciis wesebisdarRvevaSi, radgan maikrosoftma uindousis operaciul sistemaSi daamatauindous media pleeri, ramac media pleerebis gamomSvebi sxvadasxva kompaniebis(maT Soris, real neTuorqs) gaRizianeba gamoiwvia.- saelmwifo daxmarebis miRebis dros kanonis darRveva kompaniebismxridan: Tu komisiam daadgina, rom evrokavSiris bazarze konkurencia dairRva,30

igi moTxovs kompanias, rom ukan daubrunos Tanxa, romelic man miiRokonkurenciis darrvevis dros, aseve SeiZleba jarima anazRaurebul iqnas imkompaniebisTvis, romlebmac amis gamo wageba naxes.- kompaniis Serwymis dros darRvevebi: yvela operacia kompaniebisSewymasTan dakavSirebiT komisiis eqskluziur kompetenciaSi Sedis. Tu Serwymisdros romelime kompaniam damala rame detali an daarRvia konkurencia, masSeiZleba yovelwliuri gayidvebis aT procentamdec ki daekisros jarimis saxiT.komisiis sxva funqciebs Soris aRsaniSnavia misi funqcia, rogorc sagareowarmomadgeneli da momlaparakebeli. amis Sedegad komisias SeuZliamolaparakebebi gamarTos Semdeg sferoebSi:- sagareo vaWroba;- finansuri politikis da politikuri daxmarebis xelSekrulebebSimonawileoba;- gaero, evrosabWo da OECD;- evrokavSiris wevrebs da arawevrebs Soris Suamavloba;- evrokavSirSi gawevrianebasTan dakavSirebiT komisias didi roli eniWeba.igi iZiebs da akeTebs moxsenebas ama Tu im saxelmwifos mzadyofnis Sesaxeb.ukanaskneli gafarToebis dros komisia yovel wels amzadebda e.w. moxsenebebs(e.w. progress report), sadac detalurad iyo aRwerili, Tu rogor asrulebdnensaxelmwifoebi evrokavSirisaTvis aucilebel kriteriumebs.garda zemoTxsenebuli funqciebisa mniSvnelovania evrokomisiis rolisagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis gatarebis dros. komisia mxars uWerssabWos sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis gatarebaSi da Zalian xSiradgvevlineba am politikis upirveles damcvelad saerTaSoriso arenaze.gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania komisiis saerTaSoriso roli, romelic manmoipova didi eqspertizis da diplomatiis Sedegad.sul bolos SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom komisia aris e.w. esprit communautaire-is(sazogadoebrivi suli) damcveli da evrointegraciis mTavari mamoZravebeli.31

The young women expressed concern about some pregnant women who have to look afterthemselves:stay home, keep feeding, don’t run around, don’t jump around.For some this was just self-care but for others it was not a choice and had become necessarybecause the mother did not want to care for her daughter or had left the community, and/or thefamily was not functioning well enough to look after the young woman. As one explained:some mothers they…say you’re going to be a woman now… look after yourself...and it’s really hard with young girls, really sad.A few young women living in three remote communities mentioned the role of the partner incaring for the pregnant woman. For example, the partner could:sit with you… like family.If you feeling sick you tell him so he can go and get the nurse.The older women living in Alice Springs provided a very different answer to the question of whoshould care for the pregnant woman than the young women living in Alice Springs. Most olderwomen indicated that they thought the grandmother, aunty or mother should care for her andprovide her with information about what to expect.The grandmother…the young person having the baby, she should ask hergrandmother, mother, aunty to tell her story [about] what happens …about yourshowing…your water breaks…Mainly the grandmothers … or some sort of aunty that could cope with it... in good spirit that could help her…you gotta be on standby … show them whatto do.Mother if the mother’s there.Mother but she has had a lot of children and is very tired so not sure she can lookafter the pregnant daughter.Interestingly, when asked specifically if the partner or husband should care for the pregnantwoman, a number of the older women tended to agree with the young women from AliceSprings that there was a role for the male partner. This was because he had been an activepartner in creating the baby, he needed to take responsibility for his creation; women and menshould share responsibilities and it was unfair to expect women to do all the work.It’s not just up to the woman to do everything.24What Do Aboriginal Women Think Is Good Antenatal Care?

im sakiTxze gadawyvetilebis miReba. amitom parlamenti xSirad iyenebs Seyovnebisuflebas da aWianurebs ama Tu im gadawyvetilebaze poziciis dafiqsirebas, racgarkveulwilad avaldebulebs sabWos, rom meti yuradRebiT moekidosparlamentis rols. Tu parlamenti gadawyvets gaaWianuros gadawyvetilebismiReba moqmedeba iwyeba Semdegi scenariT: 250-e muxlis mixedviT komisiasSeuZlia Secvalos Tavisi winadadeba manam, sanam sabWos ar dauwyia moqmedeba amwinadadebasTan dakavSirebiT. amitom parlamenti akeTebs Semdegs: igi ar uyriskenWs rezolucias kanonproeqtis Sesaxeb, aramed uyris kenWs cvlilebebs, Semdegki arwmunebs komisias araformaluri konsultaciebis dros, rom es cvlilebebiSeitanos proeqtSi. Tu komisias Seaqvs es cvlilebebi da parlamenti kmayofilia,mxolod Semdeg uyris kenWs mTlianad proeqts. ase rom, parlaments iribadSeuZlia gavlenis moxdena gadawyvetilebaze konsultaciis proceduris dros.aq yovelTvis dgeba drois problema. parlaments aqvs dayovnebis ufleba,magram es ufleba ganusazRvreli ar aris. sabWos SeuZlia moTxovos parlamentsama Tu im sakiTxze gadawyvetilebis miRebis daCqareba, Tu es saswrafo aris.Sesabamisad, xSirad dRis wesrigSi dgeba ganmarteba imisa, Tu romeli sakiTxia“saswrafo” da romeli ara.b) TanamSromloba: am proceduris Sedegad parlaments gaegzavneba proeqti,romelzec igi pirveli mosmeniT akeTebs Sesworebebs da ugzavnis ukan sabWos.wina procedurisgan gansxvavebiT sabWos ar aqvs ufleba ubralod uaryosSeniSvnebi. sabWom unda miiRos saerTo pozicia da gaugzavnos argumentaciaparlaments Tu ratom ar iTvaliswinebs mis pozicias. amis Semdeg parlamentsmeore mosmeniT SeuZlia ar miiRos an Secvalos sabWos saerTo pozicia (amisaTvissaWiroa parlamentarebis xmaTa absoluturi umravlesoba). rogorc wesi, msgavsgadawyvetilebas didi politikuri datvirTva aqvs da arc sabWos da arc komisiasar surT saqmis garTuleba, miT umetes, rom parlamentis uaryofiTi dadgenilebasabWom SeuZlia mxolod erTxmad uaryos (konsensusis wesi).g) Tanagadawyveta: Tanagadawyveta meore mosmenamde igive procesia, racTanamSromlobis proceduris dros iyo: meore mosmenis Semdeg parlamentma undauaryos sabWos erToblivi pozicia xmaTa absoluturi umravlesobiT. aseTiuaryofis Semdeg sakiTxi gadaecema Semrigebel komitets, romelSic Tanabradarian warmodgenili sabWos da evroparlamentis warmomadgenlebi. Tu komitetissxdomaze SeTanxmeba ver moxda, sakiTxi Cavardnilia, xolo Tu SeTanxmeba moxda,misi proeqti saboloo gadawyvetilebisTvis gadaegzavneba sabWosac daparlamentsac. miRebuli SeTanxmeba parlamentma xmaTa umravlesobiT undamiiRos, sabWom ki kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT. Tu erT-erTma mainc vermoaxerxa SeTanxmebis proeqtis miReba, is vardeba. Tanagadawyvetis procedurisdros mniSvnelovani isaa, rom kanonproeqti miiReba orives saxeliT da aramxolod sabWos saxeliT, rogorc es wina ori proceduris dros xdeboda.d) Tanxmoba: parlamenti erTi mosmeniT iRebs ama Tu im kanons, Tumca ar aqvsmasSi cvlilebebis Setanis ufleba. zogjer Tanxmoba saWiroebs absoluturumravlesobas. parlaments aq aqvs vetos ufleba, romelsac igi Zalian iSviaTadiyenebs, Tumca xSirad imuqreba. parlamentis es Zalaufleba aqtualuriaevrokavSiris gafarToebis dros, radgan molaparakebebis xelSekrulebebi daSesvlis xelSekrulebebi aucileblad unda iqnes ratificirebuli parlamentismier Tanxmobis proceduris qveS.amsterdamis da nicis xelSekrulebebma gazardes parlamentis roli da imsakiTxTa raodenoba, romlebSic parlamentis Tanagadawyvetis ufleba aqvs.konsultaciis procedura ZiriTadad moqmedebs agrarul sakiTxebze damarTlmsajulebis da saSinao saqmeebze. TanamSromloba ki gamoiyeneba ekonomikurida savaluto kavSiris sakiTxebSi. Tanxmoba praqtikulad ar gamoiyenebanormaluri kanonmdeblobis misaRebad. Tanxmobis ufleba ZiriTadad gamoiyenebamaSin, roca wydeba gafarToebis, axali struqturuli fondebis ganawilebis dasxva aseTive rangis sakiTxebi.parlamentis Zalauflebis gazomva Zalian rTulia, radgan misi gavlenaZiriTadad araformaluria. miuxedavad dReisaTvis mzardi uflebebisa,parlamenti mainc sust institutad miiCneva. parlamentis sisusteze metyvelebsSemdegi:33

- mas ar aqvs saboloo ufleba Tqvas ra gaxdes kanoni da ra ara;- ar aqvs ufleba Tavisi iniciativiT wamoayenos kanonproeqti;- xelis SeSlis unari sakmaod SezRudulia, miuxedavad am bolo drosgazrdili uflebebisa;- sabWos SeuZlia bolos da bolos saerTod ar imoqmedos mocemul sakiTxze.aRsaniSnavia, rom SezRuduli drois grafiki ZalaSia mxolod maSin, rodesacsabWo iRebs saerTo pozicias;- problematuria, rom xSirad parlamenti iZulebulia swrafad miiRosgadawyvetileba, rac niSnavs, rom igi ver axerxebs sabWosa da komisiisaTviswinaaRmdegobis saTanadod gawevas;- parlaments ar ekiTxebian yvela sakanonmdeblo iniciativis dros.gansakuTrebiT nominaluria misi roli sagareo urTierTobebis sferoSi. savaWroxelSekrulebebi ar saWiroebs parlamentis Tanxmobas;- mxolod or SemTxvevaSi aris savaldebulo parlamentis Tanxmoba. 49-muxlis qveS (gafarToeba) da 300-e muxlis qveS (axali tipis xelSekrulebebisdadeba, rogoricaa asocirebis xelSekruleba da a.S.);- komisiis mier miRebul kanonebSi saerTod ar monawileobs, Tumca rogorcwesi araformalurad mainc xdeba misi monawileoba. argumenti is aris, romkomisiis kanonebi ZiriTadad teqnikuri xasiaTisaa da saswrafoa, parlaments kiar gaaCnia yvela am kanonis analizis arc dro da arc eqspertiza.parlamenti da sabiujeto Zalaufleba:(1) parlaments aqvs ufleba Seitanos cvlilebebi evrokavSiris aucilebeldanaxarjebSi (ZiriTadad agraruli politika). rodesac parlamenti sTavazobsbiujetis gazrdas, sabWo unda daeTanxmos kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT. Tuparlamentis moTxovna ar exeba biujetis gazrdas, maSin sabWos SeuZlia uaryosmisi winadadeba kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT;(2) araaucilebel danaxarjebSi cvlilebebis Setana (yvelaferi agrarulipolitikis garda). kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT sabWos SeuZlia Secvalosparlamentis winadadeba, Tumca parlaments aqvs ufleba meore mosmeniT TavidanSeitanos cvlileba;(3) 272-e muxlis mixedviT, Tu parlamentis wevrebis umravlesoba damicemuli xmebis ori-mesamedi uaryofs biujetis saboloo proeqts, proeqti ariTvleba miRebulad da unda moxdes axali proeqtis SemuSaveba daparlamentisTvis gagzavna.1979 wlidan parlamenti iyenebda zemoT naxseneb yvela Zalauflebas dasakmaod warmatebuladac. kulminacia iyo 1988 wlis interinstitucionaluriSeTanxmeba sabiujeto disciplinasa da sabiujeto procedurebis gaumjobesebisSesaxeb, sadac SeTanxmdnen, rom evrokavSiris biujetis aucilebeli danaxarjebiSemcirdeboda, xolo araaucilebeli gaizrdeboda, anu parlamentma miaRwia immizans, risTvisac didi xani ibrZoda. aseve dawesda “saxuravi” orive saxisdanaxarjebisaTvis.sabiujeto cikli, romelic dRes moqmedebs principSi komisiis mier arisSemuSavebuli, xolo miRebulia sabWos mier. parlamentis roli sakmaod mcire iyoam procesSi, Tumca man mainc moaxerxa “daekiTxa” komisia da sabWo da Seetanakonkretuli cvlilebebi.aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze kontrolis ufleba:evroparlaments aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kontrolisas igive problemebiaqvs, rac erovnul parlamentebs gaaCnia: amas emateba ori damatebiTiproblema: (1) komisiis eqspertiza da, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, wevri saxelmwifoebisbiurokratiuli aparatebi; parlaments ar aqvs SesaZlebloba Seamowmoskomisiis gadawyvetilebebi da darwmundes maT profesionalizmSi, radgan eqspertizismxriv komisia gacilebiT maRla dgas evroparlamentze. aseve erovnuliadministraciebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi da evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobisaRsrulebis dinamika xSirad xelmiuwvdomelia parlamentisaTvis. (2)xelSekrulebis mixedviT parlamentis Zalaufleba komisiaze ufro didia, vidresabWoze, xolo evropul sabWosTan saerTod araferi akavSirebs.34

parlamentis kontroli evrokomisiaze:1) komisiis prezidenti unda damtkicebul iqnas parlamentSi xmaTaumravlesobiT;2) mTeli komisia unda warsdges parlamentis winaSe. gunduri principismixedviT parlamenti ver daiTxovs erT romelime komisars da mTlianadganixilavs komisiis Semadgenlobas;3) cenzuris procedura (Motion of Censure); parlaments SeuZlia evrokomisiisdaSla, Tu amas xmas miscems parlamentarebis 2/3, Tanac ise, rom gadawyvetilebasxma misces siiTi Semadgenlobis naxevarze metma. am proceduris mixedviTparlaments SeuZlia daiTxovos evrokomisia, Tumca msgavsi ram istoriaSi armomxdara. erTaderTi SemTxveva iyo, rodesac parlamenti daemuqra komisias amuflebis gamoyenebiT da komisia gadadga, radgan parlamentis mier cenzurisgatareba seriozulad daazaralebda komisiis reputacias(santeris komisia);4) parlamenti ganixilavs komisiis yovelwliur gegmas (ix. zemoT)5) parlaments waredgineba gasuli wlis finansuri gegma da biujetisSesrulebis raporti, romelic auditorTa sasamarTlos moxsenebasTan erTadganixileba parlamentis mier. amis Semdeg parlamenti aZlevs komisias discharge-ssabWos kvalificirebuli umravlesobis TanxmobiT, rac saSualebas aZlebskomisias daiwyos muSaoba axal gegmaze da CaiTvalos wina wlis gegmaSesrulebulad;6) parlamentis mudmiv komitetebs (magaliTad sabiujeto kontroliskomiteti) aqvT SesaZlebloba akontrolon komisia, Tumca eqspertizisnaklebobis gamo am uflebas Zalzed iSviaTad iyeneben;7) parlaments aqvs ufleba Seqmnas droebiTi komitetebi, rom gamoiZiosgaerTianebis kanonmdeblobis darRvevis SemTxvevebi, garda im SemTxvevebisa,rodesac saqme ukve aris aRZruli marTlmsajulebis sasamarTloSi;8) parlaments aqvs ufleba kiTxvebi gaugzavnos komisias. kiTxvebis formebida maTze gacemuli pasuxebis formati sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvagvaria.parlamentis kontroli sabWoze:sabWoze kontroli aris nominaluri da praqtikulad ar arsebobs. amas aqvssami mizezi:1) parlaments rom sabWos gakontrolebis ufleba hqondes, moxdebasupranacionalizmis damkvidreba, rasac SeiZleba araerTgvarovnani reaqciamohyves evroskeptikosebs Soris.2) mTeli rigi sakiTxebisa, gansakuTrebiT sagareo politikaSi da savalutosaqmeebSi miiReba sabWos mier konfidencialurad, supranacionaluri organoebisCarevis gareSe.3) sabWos mobilurobis da kompleqsurobis gamo Znelia damyardesgangrZobadi kavSiri sabWos da parlaments Soris. miuxedavad amisa, parlamentsda sabWos Soris aris araformaluri kavSirebi. ase magaliTad, yoveliprezidentobis dasawyisSi da dasasruls prezidenti qveyana angariSs abarebsparlaments, jer prioritetebis, bolos ki maTi Sesrulebis Sesaxeb. aseveprezidenti saxelmwifos ministrebi xSirad eswrebian parlamentis sxdomebs.kontroli evropul sabWoze:parlamentis mxridan kontroli evropul sabWoze praqtikulad ar arsebobs.rodesac evropuli sabWos samiti ixsneba evroparlamentis prezidenti gamodissityviT da mimarTavs evropul sabWos, Tumca Semdeg tovebs Sexvedras. samitisdasrulebis Semdeg prezidenti qveyana, rogorc wesi, wardgeba parlamentiswinaSe da abarebs moxsenebas evroparlaments35

leqcia 5saerTo agraruli politika (sap)agraruli politikis warmoSoba da Taviseburebebi:saerTo agraruli politika iyo Tavdapirvel oTx saerTo politikas Soris,romlebic 50-iani wlebidan safuZvlad udevs evrogaerTianebebis ganviTarebas.es oTxi politikaa - saqonlis, adamianebis, momsaxurebis da kapitalisTavisufali gadaadgileba. garda amisa, transporti da saerTo agrarulipolitika aseve iyo CarTuli romis xelSekrulebaSi moxsenebul politikurmimarTulebebs Soris.ormocdaaTian wlebSi safrangeTs hqonda didi agraruli seqtori, romelicmudmiv subsidirebas moiTxovda. Sesabamisad, safrangeTis interesSi iyo daculibazris arseboba. germaniasac gaaCnda daculi bazari, romelic agraruliseqtoris subsidirebas axdenda, amitom es ori qveyana uproblemod Tanxmdebodaimaze, rom Tavisufali bazris principebis Semotana agrarul bazarSi moitandasavalalo socialur da ekonomikur Sedegebs. problema is iyo, rom Tu agrarulseqtorSi iarsebebda Tavisufali bazari, realurad gamovidoda konkursiromeli mTavroba ufro mets gadaixdida Tavisi agraruli seqtorisTvis, racarc erT saxelmwifos ar awyobda. meores mxriv, aucilebeli iyo agrarulproduqciaze fasebis ekvalizacia, rom momxdariyo samrewvelo produqtebSiWeSmariti konkurenciis pirobebis Seqmna. logika Semdegi iyo: maRali fasebiganapirobebda maRal xelfasebs, rac Tavis mxriv ganapirobebda samrewvelowarmoebis xarjebis zrdas.analogiuri logikiT moxdeboda energiis Rirebulebis da gadasaxadebissistemis ekvalizacia. germanias es awyobda, radgan gadasaxadebi da energiiswarmoebis Rirebuleba germaniaSi dabali iyo, fasebi ki maRali, radgan fermerebsdidi politikuri gavlena gaaCndaT. ase rom am sakiTxze konsensusi germanias dasafrangeTs Soris miRweul iqna.safrangeTs surda industriuli zrdis SenarCuneba, ise rom ar daekargaagrarul seqtorSi dasaqmebuli eleqtorati. aqedan konsensusi — frangebmamiiRes subsidia, rom SeenarCunebinaT soflis mosaxleoba, xolo germaniammiiRo sakvebis fasebis ekvalizacia mTel bazarze.germania ukmayofilo iyo eqsportis subsidirebaze, radgan ar surda daekargaTavisi eqsport poziciebi argentinasTan. anu, Tu ar Semoitanda argentinulxorcs da sxva sakveb produqtebs, es cudad imoqmedebda mis eqsportzecargentinasTan. Sesabamisad ar surda evropuli nawarmis Semosvla. aq roliiTamaSa niderlandebis da safrangeTis erTobam. germaniam daTmo, radgan arsurda gaebrazebina patara qveynebi da aRedgina tradiciuli SuRli evropis sxvasaxelmwifoebTan.sap-is Tavdapirveli idea iyo fasebis SenarCuneba bazarSi CareviT, ise romuzrunvelyofili yofiliyo yvela fermeris da agrarul seqtorSi dasaqmebulipiris interesebi.pirvel wlebSi yovel wels ministrebis Sexvedraze Tanxmdeboda fasebi, anuminimaluri fasi, romladac unda gayiduliyo esa Tu is produqcia. komisiisCarevis Sedegad xdeboda fasebis regulireba, ras imas niSnavda, rom komisiasSeeZlo an Seesyida an gaeyida produqcia, imisaTvis, rom daeregulirebina fasebi.Tu fasebi Zalian vardeboda komisia gayidda Sesyidul produqts da fasidaregulirdeboda. amgvari politika dasawyisSi warmoadgenda udides stimulssolis meurneobis produqciis mwarmoeblebisTvis.evrogaerTianebebSi amgvari politikis Sedegad gaCnda sakvebis mTebi daRvinis tbebi (Food Mountains and Wine Lakes), romlebic warmoiSva imis Sedegad,rom komisia mudmivad yidulobda sasoflo prodqcias, raTa fasi aewia damwarmoeblebisaTvis zarali Seemcirebina. sabolood, imis gamo, rom naWarbiproduqcia Zalian didi iyo da komisiam aRar icoda rogor gaerTva Tavi amdeniproduqtis SenaxvisTvis, komisiam moZebna gamosavali da daiwyo eqsportissubsidireba. eqsportis subsidireba niSnavda, rom evrokomisia uxdida sxvaobasmsoflio bazarze arsebul fass da evrokavSirSi arsebul fass Soris36

mwarmoeblebs, riTac saSualebas aZlebda maT, gaetanaT produqtebi msofliobazarze SedarebiT dabal, dempingur fasebSi. aseTi politika iwvevda msxvilieqsportiori qveynebis, gansakuTrebiT ki, amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisgaRizianebas.agraruli sakiTxebis komisris siko mensholtis Sexeduleba am problemasTandakavSirebiT safuZvlad daedo soflis meurneobis reformebs, romlebic daiwyo70-ian wlebSi, magram bolomde dReisTvisac ar ganxorcielebula. mansholtisazriT, aucilebeli iyo nel-nela gadasvla fasebis mxardaWeris sistemidanfermebis industrializaciisa da maTi efeqturobis gazrdisken. amis Sedegadmoxdeboda bazris stabilurobis SenarCuneba da komisiisTvis Zalian mZimefinansuri tvirTis mocileba.mansholtis gegma da soflis meurneobis gardaqmna:1967 wlis oqtomberSi sabWom sTxova komisias rom Seeswavla da gamosavaliepovna agraruli politikis dafinansebis Sedegad arsebuli mZime finansurisituaciidan. fasebis mxardaWeris sistema mTavrobebs Zalian Zviri ujdebodaT,Sesabamisad politikuri neba reformasTan dakavSirebiT praqtikuladmomwifebuli iyo. 1967 wels germaniis mTliani Sida produqti daeca 2procentiT. 1968 wels safrangeTSi Semovida vidalis gegma, romelic aseveiTvaliswinebda soflis meurneobis gardaqmnas.1968 wels Seiqmna mansholtis gegma, anu e.w. “soflis meurneoba 1980”.,romelic xels uwyobda mcire fermerebs, rom daetovebinaT miwebi da axdendadidi amalgamaciebis subsidirebas. masnholtis gegma aseve iTvaliswinebdagrantebs. pensiebs da sxva saxis finansur daxmarebas maTTvis, vinc 55 welze metiasakis iyo. gegmis mixedviT aseve unda momxdariyo axalgazrdebis mxardaWera sxvasamsaxuris mosaZebnad. amasTan, ise unda Semcirebuliyo fasi, rom araefeqturifermerebi iZulebulni gamxariyvnen daetovebinaT fermebi. evropis fermerTagaerTianebam, msoflios erT-erTma yvelaze gavlenianma organizaciam - COPA-mmiiCnia, rom es ukanaskneli gadawyvetileba fsiqologiri Secdoma iyo, radgangermaneli da frangi fermerebi erTmaneTs gadaamtera. bunebrivia, romgermaneli an frangi fermeri, romlebic samuSaos kargavdnen, mTavar damnaSavedamaSi sxva saxelmwifos fermerebs xedavdnen.im dros Zalian aqtualuri da popularuli gaxda lozungi “gadaarCine ojaxisferma” (Save the Family Farm). es iyo lozungi, romelic niSnavda, rom fermerebiiTxovdnen damatebiTi Semosavlis SenarCunebas.safrangeTis prezident Sarl de gols moswonda mansholtis gegma, magrammoiTxovda, rom misi Sesruleba yofiliyo mTavrobis da ara komisiis xelSi. amiTde gols surda uzrunveleyo safrangeTis kontroli gegmis ganxorcielebaze,rac SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tu gegmis ganxorcielebas komisia Seudgeboda. es iyonaTeli gamovlineba de golis realisturi, suverenitetis SenarCunebaze orientirebulipolitikisa, romelic mimarTuli iyo safrangeTis gaZlierebisken.masnholtis gegmas aseve mohyva winaaRmdegoba germaniis mxridan: germaniaSi1969 wels arCevnebi iyo dagegmili, rac gamoricxavda mTavrobis mxridan saoflismeurneobis reformis gatarebas, radgan es aucileblad gamoiwvevda samuSaoadgilebis dakargvas, rac mTavrobas ar surda arCevnebis wina periodSi. Sarl degols es problema aRar hqonda, radgan safrangeTSi arCevnebi ukve Catarebuliiyo da poziciis Secvla soflis meurneobis reformasTan dakavSirebiT mtkivneuladar imoqmedebda politikur situaciaze. germaniis mTavroba, miuxedavadimisa, rom ar surda agraruli reformis saswrafod ganxorcieleba, maincmosurne iyo rgorRac moegvarebina “Rvinis mdinareebis da karaqis mTebis”problema, radgan 60-iani wlebisTvis evrogaerTianebis biujetSi yvelaze metTanxebs germania ixdida, am fulis udidesi nawili ki agraruli bazris regulirebisTvisixarjeboda. amitom germaniam wamoayena alternatiuli varianti,sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo Sesyidvis intervenciis dros kvotebis daweseba,raTa ar momxdariyo didi raodenobiT produqciis Sesyidva da gaerTianebisfinansuri saxsrebis flangva.siko mansholts imedi hqonda, rom agraruli politikis reformirebissakiTxSi britanelebs miimxrobda da gafarToebis erT-erT pirobad britaneTi37

sap-is gardaqmnas daasaxelebda, magram did britaneTs ise Zalian surdaevrogaerTianebebSi Sesvla, rom es ar gaakeTa. 1971 wlis soflis meurneobisministrTa sabWos, romelzec manholtma Tavisi gegma wamoayena, mohyva didiareulobebi da 80.000-iani demonstracia, romelzec fermerebi maTi uflebebisdacvas iTxovdnen. mansholtis Tavxedobam da gadawyvetilebam mainc gaetanagansaxilvelad sakiTxi, romelic aSkarad ar sargeblobda popularobiTevropul saxelmwifoebs Soris Zalian cudad imoqmeda mansholtis momavalkarieraze. am sakiTxma gansakuTrebiT ganarisxa safrangeTi, romelmac mtkivneuladmiiRo komisiis mxridan erovnuli suverenitetis morigi mcdeloba siko.mansholti gadadga Semdeg wels, Tumca Semdeg igi ambobda, rom misi ideebiagraruli reformis Sesaxeb iyo “warmatebuli dasawyisi”. safrangeTma miaRwisimas, rom reforma daiwyo nela, bevri Tanxebi ar daixarja restruqturizaciazeda reformis implementacia aRmoCnda erovnuli mTavrobebis xelSi.70-ian wlebSi msoflioSi agrarul produqciaze fasebi gaizrdas, ramac azridaukarga fasebis Semcirebas evrogaerTianebaSi. amis mizezi iyo cudi amindebi,cudi mosavali da msoflio moTxovnis gazrda. Semdeg daiwyo navTobis krizisi,ramac gamoiwvia umuSevrobis zrda, Sesabamisad, mansholtis ideam, rom fermerebsdaetovebinaT TavianTi samuSao adgilebi da sxva sferoebSi dasaqmebuliyvnenazri dakarga. amis gamo, mansholtis gegma 70-ian wlebSi daviwyebasmieca.soflis meurneoba 1970-ian wlebSi.problema britaneTsa da germaniaSi.70-iani wlebis recesiam gamoiwvia is, rom germania yvelaze mets ixdidaevrogaerTianebis biujetSi, Tumca gacilebiT naklebi Semosavali gaaCndaevrogaerTianebis programebisa da politikuri mimarTulebebisgan, radgan amperiodSi germaniaSi mkveTrad Semcirda gadasaxadebi. aseve, germanias dididanaxarjebi hqonda qveynis SigniT gazrdili socialuri SeRavaTebis gamo. 1974wels, rodesac Smidti gaxda dasavleT germaniis kancleri, man veto daadofermebis fasebis SeTanxmebas, romelsac soflis meurneobis ministrma iozefertlma xeli moawera. miuxedavad imisa, rom sabolood Smidtma veto gaauqma, misikanclerobis dros dasavleT germanias arasodes miuqcevia gansakuTrebuliyuradReba soflis meurneobis reformisTvis.evrogaerTianebaSi SesvlisTanave soflis meurneobis sferoSi reformirebislideroma xelT igdo didma britaneTma. es dakavSirebuli iyo imasTan, rom didibritaneTi did fuls kargavda saerTo agraruli politikis gamo, radgan didibritaneTis agraruli produqciis importi ZiriTadad sxva qveynebidan iyo. amisgamo, did britaneTs surda agraruli politikis dafinansebis sistemis Secvla,raTa britaneli gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebis mier evrogaerTianebis biujetSiSetanili fuli ar daxarjuliyo iseTi iniciativebze da politikaze, romelsacdidi britaneTisTvis mogeba ar mohqonda. am problemis gadaWris meore gza,SeiZleba misaRebic yofiliyo sxva qveynebisTvis, magram ara britaneTisaTvis.saqme imaSia, rom britaneTis danakargis anazRaureba SeiZleba kompensirebuliyo,Tu moxdeboda saerTo biujetis gazrda da amis xarjze britaneTisaTvis sxvasferoebSi dafinansebis gazrda. am midgomasTam dakavSirebiT problema is iyo,rom didi britaneTis leiboristul mTavrobas biujetis gazrdis da axaliprogramebis dawyebis gagonebac ki ar surda, radgan es “gadaRvrad” CaiTvlebodada britaneTis tradiciul suverenitets Selaxavda.garda zemoT naxsenebisa, iyo kidev erTi problema, ris gamoc didi britaneTiver axerxebda sakiTxis mkveTrad dayenebas. saqme imaSia, rom soflis meurneobisreformirebisadmi germaniis orWofuli da daniis da irlandiis mkveTraduaryofiTi poziciebis gamo didi britaneTi ver moaxerxebda gaerTianebaSimxardamWerebis mopovebas. sxvaTa Soris, analogiuri arCevanis winaSe idgamargaret teTCeris mTavrobac ramdenime wlis Semdeg da teTCeric winaaRmdegiiyo didi britaneTis danaxarjebis dabalansebisa evrogaerTianebis saerTobiujetis zrdis xarjze. gansxvaveba ubralod is iyo, rom teTCers, garda38

politikuri argumentisa, ekonomikuri argumentic gaaCnda, rac ganpirobebuliiiyo teTCeris ekonomikuri doqtriniT, rac sabiujeto danaxarjebis mkveTrSemcirebas iTvaliswinebda.saerTo agraruli politika 1980-ian wlebSi1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sap-is fasi Zalzed gaizarda, ramac dRis wesrigSikidev erTxel daayena reformirebis aucilebloba. swored amis Sedegad, 1980-ianwlebSi evrogaerTianebebSi saerTo agrarul politikaSi ganxorcielda orireforma. 1974-79 wlebSi sap-is fasi (dafinanseba gaerTianebis mxridan) gaizarda23 procentiT, maSin rodesac Semosavlebi igive periodis ganmavlobaSi mxolod10 procentiT gaizarda. 1980-82 wlebSi agrarul produqciaze fasebis met-naklebistabilizacia moxda, rac gamowveuli iyo dolaris didi RirebulebiT, ramac,Tavac mxriv, gamoiwvia sakvebze msoflio fasebis gazrda, Sesabamisad Semcirdaeqsportis subsidirebis xarjebi da intervenciis Sesyidvebis saWiroeba.1983 wels, rodesac dolaris kursi kvlav daeca sap-is fasi isev gaizarda,amjerad - 30 procentiT. am periodisaTvis gaerTianebis biujetma miaRwialimits, rodesac mas ukve aRar SeeZlo daefinansebina sakuTari biujetidanagraruli politika da fasebis mxardaWeris sistema. Sesabamisad, cxadi gaxda,rom konsensusi aucilebeli iyo reformebis gasatareblad.1984 wlis reforma: evrogaerTianebis saxelmwifoebi SeTanxdnen 1984 wlidanramdenime reformis gatarebaze: dawesda kvotebi rZis produqtebze dasabiujeto disciplinis wesebi, rac imas niSnavda, rom biujeti undagansazRvruliyo winaswar da mxolod Semdeg unda gansaRvruliyo agraruliseqtoris biujeti, rom gadaxarjva ar momxdariyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom am sistemamar imoqmeda. 1985-87 wlebSi 18 procentiT gaizarda sap-is dafinanseba. am drosfasebi met-naklebad daregulirebuli iyo rZis produqtebze, gansxvavebiT sxvaagraruli produqciisagan. amave dros gaerTianebis problemebs Tan daerTogafarToeba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, rac saboloo jamSigaerTianebis 1987 wlis biujetze 4-5 milioni ekius deficitiT aisaxa.ekologiuri zewola1980-iani wlebidan evrogaerTianebebSi ekologiuri problemebi gaCnda.agrarul produqtebze fasebis zrdam ganapiroba sasuqebis raodenobis zrda.aman gamoiwvia mosaxleobaSi simpaTiis Semcireba sap-is mimarT, ramac, Tavismxriv, gaaiola reformis ganxorcieleba.gadmoRvra saerTo bazris programidan1985 wels evrokomisiis iniciativiT da ZalisxmeviT gaerTianebissaxelmwifoebi SeTanxmdnen, rom 1992 wlisTvis saerTo bazari sabolood undadasrulebuliyo. amavdroulad, gaerTianebis axali saxelmwifoebi - espaneTi,saberZneTi da portugalia moiTxovdnen struqturuli fondebis gazrdas,radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi finansurad zaraldebodnen, radganevrogaerTianebis biujetidan SedarebiT mcire Tanxebs iRebdnen. Sesabamisad,xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qveynebTan miRweuli iqna SeTanxmeba, rom 1992 wlisTvisgaormagebuliyo struqturuli fondebis moculoba. am yvelafers azriekargeboda, agraruli politikis reformis gareSe, radgan agraruli seqtorisdafinansebis fazobrivi Semcirebis gareSe, evrogaerTianebis biujeti veraudioda sxva programebis dafinansebas, amitom politikuri neba agraruliseqtoris gardaqmnasTan dakavSirebiT 80-iani wlebis bolosTvis saboloodCamoyalibda. es sakiTxi miT ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, rom evrogaerTianebamseriozulad daisaxa miznad 1992 wlisTvis saerTo bazris Seqmna.sagareo zewola1986 wlis urugvais raundisTvis evrogaerTianebis saxelmwifoebma daiwyespaketis SemuSaveba, romelic xels SeuSlida gaerTianebis agraruli produqtisdempings msoflio bazarze. am reformeba gamoiwvia zemoT aRniSnuli 1984 wlisreformebi (rZis produqtebze kvotebis daweseba da sabiujeto disciplinis39

SemoReba), Tumca amas didi gavlena ar hqonia msoflio bazarze, radganwinadadeba SeimuSava DGVI-ma da komisiam, xolo sabWos sxdomaze monawileobdnenministrebi, romlebic sasoflo-sameurneo interesTa jgufebis gavlenis qveSimyofebodnen. aqedan kidev erTxel Cans, rom komisiis mcdeloba gadaWril iqnesesa Tu is problema gaerTianebaSi, SeiZleba sruli warumateblobiT dasruldes,Tu ministrebze aris komisiis ideebTan dapirispirebuli jgufebis gavlena.1988 wlis stabilizatori reformis paketi:1987 wels mimdinareobda molaparakebebi saerTo agraruli politikisreformis Sesaxev or doneze — evropul da saerTaSoriso asparezze.saerTaSoriso masStabiT 1987 wels mimdinareobda urugvais raundismolaparakebebi, xolo evropis masStabiT gaaqtiurda agraruli politikis Sidareformis gatarebis sakiTxi. orive am process ganapirobebda sasoflosameurneo produqciis warmoebis gafarToeba da, Sesabamisad, danaxarjebissaocari zrda, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevda msoflio bazarze aSS-is daevrogaerTianebis eqspansionisturi agraruli politikebis Sejaxebas: aq CvenSevxedavT, Tu rogor mimdinareobda molaparakebebi agraruli politikisreformis garSemo 1988 wels da daveyrdnobiT an patersonis “sammagi TamaSebis”da robert putnamis “ormagi TamaSebis” Teoriebs. ormagi TamaSebis Teoria xsnismolaparakebebis Sedegad miRebul gadawyvetilebebs or doneze koncentrirebiT.pirveli done, aris qveynebs Soris mimdinare molaparakebebi, anu saerTaSorisoaspareze, xolo meore done aRniSnavs qveynis SigniT mimdinare procesebs. anpatersonis SemTxvevaSi pirvel dones warmoadgens evrogaerTianebas da aSS-sSoris mimdinare milaparakebebi urugvais raundis egidis qves, meore donea —evrogaerTianebis SigniT mimdinare molaparakebebi, xolo mesame done ki qveynisSigniT mimdinare process aRniSnavs.pirveli donis SeTanxmebebi 1988 wels1986 wels arc evropas da arc aSS-s sakuTari poziciebi jer kidev ar hqondaTCamoyalibebuli reformasTan dakavSirebiT. Tavdapirvelad GATT-is (GeneralAgreement on Trade and Tariffs) molaparakebebSi agraruli politika ar iyo CarTuli,Tumca krizisamde misulma situaciam aiZula evropis qveynebi rom gadawyvetilebisTvisgadaexedaT da agraruli politika paketSi CaerToT. amerikas sjeroda,rom evropuli soflis meurneobis sruli reforma, anu fasebismxardaWeris sistemis gauqmeba SesaZlebeli iqneboda 2-3 weliwadSi. aSS-is mierSemoTavazebuli zero-2000 programis mixedviT ki yvela subsidia undaaRmofxvriliyo 2000 wlisTvis. evropis pozicia am SemTxvevaSi calsaxa iyo —evropul saxelmwifoebs da aseve aSS-s unda gaeyinaT subsidiebi im momentisaTvisarsebul doneebze, rac niSnavda msoflio bazarze status kvos SenarCunebas.poziciebis mkveTri gansxvavebis gamo SeTanxmeba ver moxerxda.meore donis SeTanxmebebi 1988 wels1988 wlisTvis sap-is reforma aucilebeli gaxda, radgan danaxarjebikatastrofulad gaizarda. 1986 wlisTvis biujetis xarjviTma nawilma Seadgina59 miliard ekiu. 1984 wlis fontenblus SeTanxmebam Seamcira agraruli danaxarjebiszrda 2 procentamde, Tumca zrdis parametri mainc 18 procentamdeizrdeboda yovelwliurad. es problema TiTqos mogvarda sabiujeto wesrigisSemoRebiT, rac imas niSnavda, rom yoveli Svidi wliT isazRvreboda evrogaer-Tianebis biujeti, xolo Svidwliani xarjviTi parametris SigniT dgindeboda e.w.yovelwliuri xarjviTi gegma. es gakeTda imisaTvis, rom ar aweuliyo saerToagraruli politikis danaxarjebi da misi araproporciuli zrdis gamo ardazaralebuliyo mTlianad gaerTianeba. 1987 wels Wkvianuri buRaltruli aRricxvebiTmogvarda wina wlis sabiujeto deficitis problema, Tumca naTeligaxda, rom sabiujeto deficitis damalvas kargi Sedegi ar moyveboda, amitom1988 wlis biujetis gadasarCenad miiRes gadawyvetileba, romlis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesikomponenti saerTo agraruli politikis reformireba da efeqturadamoqmedeba iyo.40

mesame donis SeTanxmebebi 1988 welsgermaniaSi da safrangeTSi 1988 wels mimdinareobda arCvenebi, romelSicfransua miteransac da helmut kolsac mxars uWerdnen agraruli seqtorebisinteresebis gamomxatveli interesTa jgufebi. helmut kols hqonda naTelimagaliTi imisa, Tu rogori uaryofiTi gavlena SeiZleboda hqonoda arCevnebzearapopularul reformebs. 1984 wlis rZis kvotebis SemoRebis Sedegad qristiandemokratebma700.000 xmaze meti dakarges. 1985 wlisTvis qristian-demokratebs ukvedablokili hqondaT marcvleulis fasebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba, racimas niSnavda, rom kols Sida politikuri da germaniis agraruli seqtorisinteresebi ufro mniSvnelovnad miaCnda, vidre evrogaerTianebis interesebi.1988 wlisTvis safrangeTSic TiTqmis analogiuri situacia iyo. 1988 welssafrangeTSi dagegmili iyo saprezidento arCvnebi da saubari imaze, rom tradiciulisoflis meurneoba, romelic socialuri efeqtis matarebel seqtoradiTvleboda, unda Secvliliyo - damRupveli iqneboda nebismieri politikuriZalisTvis. Sesabamisad, safrangeTic ar iyo didad mowadinebuli radikalurireforma gaetarebina 1988 wels.britaneTSi SedarebiT gansxvavebuli situacia iyo. teTCerisTvis mniSvnelovaniiyo status-kvos SenarCuneba, an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, fasebis sistemis gardaqmna, iserom mis mier gadaxdili fuli ar moxmareboda britaneli fermerebis konkurentebisganviTarebas da konkurentunarianobis gazrdas. amasTan, soflis meurneoba ar iyoimdenad mniSvnelovani britaneTis mTavrobisTvis, ramdenadac sabiujeto kontribuciebissakiTxi. britaneTs surda saswrafod moegvarebina soflis meurneobasTanda sabiujeto sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli dapirispireba, raTa gaadsuliyo misTvisufro mniSvnelovan sakiTxze - saerTo bazris Camoyalibebis dasrulebaze. saerTobazris mokle vadebSi dasruleba saSualebas aZlevda mogeba enaxaT britanelmrewvelebs da momsaxurebis mimwodeblebs. Sesabamisad, britanelebis vinseti 1 ufrofarTo iyo vidre danarCeni oris.saboloo SeTanxmeba: gamosavals 1988 wels miRebuli dilemidan metwiladganapirobebda filosofiuri kiTxva, Tu rogori iyo problemis arsi —safinanso/biujeturi xasiaTis, Tu socialuri aqcentis mqone. zogierTiqveynisTvis am problemas mxolod socialuri datvirTva gaaCnda da kompromisismoZebna maTTvis Zneli iyo, xolo sxva qveynebs, magaliTad did britaneTs amproblemis mxolod sabiujeto xedva gaaCnda. didma britaneTma Semoitanawinadadeba SeemcirebinaT fasebi 15 %-iT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu bazarze arsebuliproduqcia gadaaWarbebda daSvebul zRvars (MGQ - maqsimalurad garantirebuliraodenoba); amasTan didi britaneTi iTxovda dawesebuliyo e.w. Tanapasuxismgeblobisgadasaxadi (coresponsibility levy), romelic unda gadaexada fermers, Tu is dasaSvebzemet raodenoba produqcias awarmoebda. am gadasaxadis mizani iyo gaeiolebinaSenaxvis da eqsportis subsidiis xarjebi. maqsimalurad garantirebuli raodenobaburRuleulze dawesda 155 milioni metruli tona (es raodenoba SerCeul iqna imisgamo, rom 1987 wels swored 155 milioni tona burRuleuli iqna nawarmoebi).safrangeTi da germania bolomde ar eTanxmebodnen am winadadebas. maTi azriT,misaRebi iyo fasis mxolod 3 %-iani Semcireba, xolo kvotis gansazRvra 165milioni metruli toniT.gadawyvetilebis miRebis saswrafoobaze metyvelebda isic, rom britaneTi daholandia uars amboben gaegrZelebinaT evrogaerTianebis biujetis dafinanseba,Tu ar mogvardeboda saerTo agrarul politikasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.am ori qveynis xisti poziciis gamo 1988 wlis biujeti ver SeTanxmda, ris gamockomisiam ministrTa sabWos winaaRmdeg sarCeli Seitana marTlmsajulebissasamarTloSi. ministrTa sabWom sabolood moaxerxa biujetis damtkiceba, manamsanam marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlo mis gamamtyunebel verdiqts gamoitanda.sabWos mier biujetis miReba da agraruli politikis reformasTan dakavSirebiTkompromisis moZebna ganapiroba 1988 wlis ianvridan germaniis gaprezidentebam.1 winset, anu vinseti, aris termini, romelic Semoitana robert putnamma. es termini aRniSnavssaerTaSoriso doneze mimdinare molaparakebisas ama Tu im mTavrobis xelT arsebuliim SesaZlo SeTanxmebebis erTobliobas, romlebic mowonebuli iqneba qveynis SigniT.41

evrogaerTianebis saxelmwifoebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, momxre iyvnenSeemcirebinaT subsidiebi. rogorc aSS-s, ise evrogaerTianebas, kargad esmodaT,rom kompromisis gareSe molaparakebebi CixSi Sevidoda, rac safrTxes miayenebdaurugvais raundis warmatebulobas.saboloo gadawyvetilebaze didi gavlena moaxdina, rogorc evropis SigniTmimdinare movlenebma, ise aSS-Si mimdinare procesebma. 1993 wlisTvis aSS-Siicvleboda mTavroba, radgan jorj buSi damarcxda saprezidento arCevnebSi bilklintonTan. buSis administraciis muSaobis dasrulebamde xelSekrulebis vermiRwevis SemTxvevaSi procesi kidev ufro gaWianureboda, radgan buSis administraciasgaaCnda, e.w. fast track molaaprakebebis warmoebis ufleba. Fast Track aris procesi,rodesac kongresi aniWebs mTavrobas sagangebo SemTxvevaSi saswrafo molaparakebisuflebas da TavisTvis mxolod saboloo gadawyvetilebis miReba/armiRebis uflebasitovebs. molaparakebis warumateblad dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi didi iyo riski,rom aSS kongresi ar miscemda analogiur uflebas klintonis administracias. Sesabamisad,orive mxare dainteresebuli iyo umokled vadebSi mieRwia SeTanxmebisTvis.meore donis molaparakebebi1990 wlisTvis evrogaerTianebaSi sabiujeto krizisi kidev ufro gamwvavda,miuxedavad imisa, rom 1988 wels miRebuli iqna stabilizaciis reformebi.evrogaerTianebis danaxarjebi kvlav imatebda da zogierTi progoniziT,momdevno wlebSi 30 %-iT moimatebda. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sabiujetodanaxarjebis zrda ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyo msoflio bazarze fasebisdacemiT da evrogaerTianebis mier eqsportis subsidirebis gazrdiT.garda amisa, molaparakebebze gavlenas axdenda evrogaerTianebaSi mimdinaresxvadasxva procesebi. 1992 wels dagegmili iyo savaluto kavSiris Sesaxebmolaparakebebis dawyeba da saerTo bazris Camoyalibebis procesis bolomdemiyvana, rac SeuZlebeli iqneboda agraruli politikis srulyofili reformirebisgareSe. amave dros 1992 wels komisiaSi iyo dapirispireba sxvadasxvageneralur direqtoratebs Soris. yvela generalur direqtorats surda Tavadyofiliyo warmatebuli agraruli da sxva saxis reformebis avtori. Sesabamisad,dapirispireba da kompromisebis Zieba axasiaTebda ara marto qveynebs Soris ur-TierTobebs, aramed komisiis daqvemdebarebaSi myof struqturul erTeulebsac.1992 wlis reformebis mTavari idea iyo zRvruli mwarmoeblebisaTviskompensaciis sistemis SemoReba da maTi TandaTanobiT gandevna bazridan. gardaamisa, unda gazrdiliyo agrarulis seqtoris dafinanseba, rac mimarTuliiqneboda fermebSi dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis ricxvis Semcirebisa da sxvaseqtorebSi maTi dasaqmebisken. es niSnavda, rom saerTo agraruli politikisdafinanseba gaizrdeboda, anu gaizrdeboda sabiujeto danaxarjebic, magram eszrda iqneboda ufro naklebi, vidre reformis ganxorcielebis gareSe danaxarjebiszrda. ase magaliTad, 1997 wlisTvis, gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad, saerTo agrarulipolitikis fasi ufro meti iqneboda, vidre 1992 wels, Tumca gacilebiT naklebi,vidre es reformis gautareblobis SemTxvevaSi imave 1997 wels iqneboda.reformis erT-erTi mTavari komponenti iyo burRuleulze fasebis Semcireba,rasac jaWvuri reaqcia unda gamoewvia. sami wlis manZilze burRuleulisfasebi unda Semcirebuliyo 29 %-iT, rac iwvevda Sinauri cxovelebis sakvebisgaiafebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, dawevda fasebs saqonlis, Roris da frinvelisxorcze, aseve karaqsa da purze.mesame donis molaparakebebi1992 wlisTvis germaniis ekonomika dasustebuli iyo, rac gamowveuli iyoaRmosavleT germaniasTan gaerTianebiT. amave dros, aRmosavleT germaniis muSebiiTxovdnen xelfasebis gazrdas, maSin, rodesac koli gegmavda mTeli germaniismasStabiT anazRaurebis Semciebas. kolis socialuri politikis gamo germaniasgadaurbina protestebis didma talRam, rasac genSeris gadadgoma moyva.helmut kolisTvis ukve mniSvnelovani iyo soflis meurneobis axali sistemisSemoReba, radgan germaniaSi ukve arsebobda msxvili fermebi, romelTac SeeZloTkonkurencia gaewiaT franguli da xmelTaSuazRvispira agraruli produqciisTvis.germania aseve daTanxmda burRuleulze fasebis Semcirebas, radgan,43

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, evrogaerTianebis biujetis gazrdili dafinansebapirdapir imoqmedebda germaniis biujetze. 1990-ian wlebamde germania mzad iyodamatebiTi Tanxebi exada saerTo agraruli politikis dasafinanseblad, Tumcamas Semdeg, rac aRmosavleT germaniasTan gaerTianda da qveynis SigniT resursebidasWirda, iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmeboda sap-is reformas.saerTo agraruli politikis reformas aseve daTanxmda safrangeTi Semdegimizezebis gamo:1) mudmivi sabiujeto deficitebi did krizisebs iwvevda evrogaerTianebisda safrangeTis masStabiT, rac socialuri ukmayofilebisTvis niadags qmnida;2) safrangeTs erCivna fasebis Semcireba, vidre kvotebis SemoReba, radgankvotis SemoReba arakonkurentunarians gaxdida bevr frangul fermas.safrangeTs kargad esmoda, rom mniSvnelovani iyo raRac gadawyveilebismiReba, radgan reformis Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi, savaraudod, moxdeboda agrarulproduqciaze kvotebis daweseba, rac Zalian uaryofiT gavlenas axdendasafrangeTis fermerebis konkurentunarianobaze.dRis wesrigi 2000 (Agenda 2000)kidev erTi reforma saerTo agrarulma politikam ganicada 2000 wlidan,rodesac miRebuli iqna Zalian ambiciuri programa — “dRis wesrigi 2000”, raciTvaliswinebda gaerTianebis momzadebas gafarToebisadmi. gafarToebis dRiswesrigSi dadgomam 90-iani wlebis SuaSi kidev erTxel wamowia sap-is reforma,radgan naTeli gaxda, rom axali, metwilad agraruli qveynebis, evrokavSirSiSesvla gamoiwvevda gadauWrel problemebs.1995 wels germaniam, safrangeTma da xmelTaSuazRvis qveynebma ganacxades,rom ar dauSvebdnen axali xuTi saxelmwifos (CexeTi, poloneTi, ungreTi,slovakeTi da bulgareTi) agraruli eqsportis wovelwliur 10-procentianzrdas da mxolod 5%-ze iyvnen yabuls. am gancxadebis dafiqsirebis SemdegaSkarad gamoCnda, rom am qveynebs ar surdaT TavianTi fermerebis gabrazeba.1999 wels evrokavSirma miaRwia SeTanxmeba amerikasTan, rom orivegaagrZelebda marcvleulis da mesaqonle fermerebis subsidirebas 2003 wlamde.es daxmareba unda yofiliyo im fermerebisTvis, romlebic ar daarRvevdnenwarmoebis da konkurenciis wesebs. aseve moqmedebas iwyebda naadrevi pensiebissistema, miwis gamosyidva da sxva RonisZiebebi, romlebic mimarTuli iyofermerebis raodenobis Semcirebisken.Agenda 2000 SemuSavebuli iqna 1999 wlis 26 marts berlinis evropuli sabWos mier.igi warmoadgens samoqmedo gegmas, romlis mTavari mizania gaZlierdes gaerTianebissxvadasxva politikis mimarTulebebi Seiqmnas axali, ufro efeqturi finansuriinstrumenti. Agenda 2000 exeba evrokavSiris politikis TiTqmis yvela mimarTulebas,soflis meurneobis TvalsazrisiT gagrZelebuli iqna moqmedeba im principebismixedviT, romlebic gamoiyenes 1988 da 1992 wlebSi. aseve, gansakuTrebuli yuradRebamieqca ekologiur sakiTxebs. dRis wesrigi 2000-is mixedviT agraruli politikisreforma Semdegi mTavari sakiTxebis garSemo aigo:- fasebis momdevno Semcireba;- soflis ganviTarebis da pirdapiri gadaxdebis sistema SenarCuneba;.- soflis ganviTarebis gardaqmna saerTo agraruli politikis erT-erTmniSvnelovan sayrdenad (gaxda meore sayrdeni);- struqturuli da Serwymis fondebis efeqturobis zrda;- gawevrianebis wina struqturuli instrumentis (ISPA - pre-accession structuralinstrument) da gawevrianebis wina agraruli instrumentis (SAPARD - preaccessionagricultural instrument) sruli amoqmedeba;- axali finansuri instrumentis miReba 2000-2006 wlebisTvis.saerTo agraruli politikis reformis Teoriebisaintereso sakiTxia agraruli politikis reformebis Teoriul CarCoebSimoqceva da ganzogadebis Semdeg daskvnebis gamotana imis Taobaze, Tu romelifaqtorebi da moqmedi pirebi (aqtorebi) ufro met gavlenas axdenen agraruli44

politikis reformaze. SevexoT or aseT Teoriul monaxazs — interesTa jgufebisgavlenis Teorias da institucionalur Teorias.interesTa jgufebis gavlena sap-is reformazees Teoria agebulia Semdegi postulatebis garSemo:- amomrCevlebi, rogorc wesi, ver axdenen TavianTi interesebis organizebas.amomrCevlebi arian “racionalurad umecrebi”. imisaTvis, rom mosaxleobam, ufrokonkretulad ki raRac saerTo saqmeSi dasaqmebulma mosaxleobis nawilma ukeTCamoayalibos sakuTari interesebi, aucilebelia interesTa jgufebis arseboba;- interesTa jgufebi mniSvnelovania, imitom rom maT xeli miuwvdebaTsaxelmwifo da evropul institutebze. saxelmwifo da evropul donezelobirebiT maT SeuZliaT gaataron is interesebi, romelTac CveulebriviamomrCevlebi ver daicaven;- interesTa jgufi qmnis e.w. policy community-s: am erTobis wevrobaSezRudulia, radgan soflis meurneobis sakiTxebSi eqspertebis raodenobaSemoifargleba ramdenime saxelmwifo institutiT da profesiuli gaerTianebiT,romlebic qmnian kidec am erTobas; policy community-s wevrebs xSiri urTierTobaaqvT erTmaneTTan, rac amyarebs maT Soris urTierTndobas da iZleva saSualebasmolaparakebis dros iolad iqnes konsensusi miRweuli;- interesTa jgufebs SeuZlia lobireba or doneze: saxelmwifo da evropuldoneebze;- mniSvnelovania iseTi pan-evropuli organizaciis roli, rogoricaaagraruli profesionaluri organizaciebis komiteti — (COPA - Comite desOrganisations Profesionelles Agricoles). es komiteti xSirad gadamwyvet rols TamaSobsTavisi eqspertizis da lobirebis instrumentebis siZlieris gamo.instituciuri sistemis gavlena sap-is reformaze- agraruli politikis sferoSi CarTuli mTavari aqtorebis qcevas da saerToagraruli politikis reformas ganapirobebs evrokavSiris instituciurimowyoba. mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi miiReba institutebis da arainteresTa jgufebis mier, Sesabamisad, agraruli politikis reformainstituciuri TeoriiT ukeT aixsneba;- gadawyvetilebis mimRebi mTavari organo evrokavSirSi aris soflismeurneobis ministrTa sabWo. mis qvemoT mdebareobs soflis meurneobisspecialuri komiteti, romelic daaxloebiT igive funqciebs asrulebs,rasac koreperi sxva sabWoebisTvis;- komisia akontrolebs sabWos dRis wesrigs; aseve mniSvnelovania komisiisroli reformebis inicirebisas;- mniSvnelovania evropuli sabWos roli agraruli politikis reformirebisas.sxvadasxva sabWoebs Soris koordinaciis naklebobis gamo evropuli sabWo 1984da 1988 wlebSi erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiuri instituti iyo. evropuli sabWosroli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom 80-ian wlebSiiseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebis miReba, rogoric soflismeurneobis politikaa, SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod maRali rangis saxelmwifomoxeleebis — prezidentebis da mTavrobis meTaurebis mier;- am mimdinareobis sasargeblod metyvelebs is faqtic, rom soflismeurneobis reforma, rogorc wesi, iwyeba komisiaSi (kanonproeqtisinicireba) da mTavrdeba ministrTa sabWoSi (iRebs saboloo kanons);garda institutebisa, calke SeiZleba gamoiyos wevri-saxelmwifoebis rolireformirebis sakiTxebis dros. samTavrobaTaSoriso, anu realisturiTeoriis mTavar argumentebac SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes Semdegi ori:1. agraruli politikis nebismieri reformis dros safrangeTis da germaniistandemi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda;2. ministrTa da evropul sabWoebSi Sedian wevri-saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebi,Sesabamisad, es institutebi warmoadgenen erovnuli interesebisWidilis poligons.45

leqcia 6saerTo bazariistoriuli rakursi:saerTo bazris idea warmoiSva romis xelSekrulebis dros. maSin saubari iyooTxi Tavisuflebis moZraobaze, kanonmdeblobis daaxloebaze da konkurenciissaerTo pirobebis Seqmnaze. Tumca, evrogaerTianebis Tavdapirveli mizani iyosabaJo kavSiris damyareba da ara saerTo bazris Seqmna, radgan 1950-ian wlebSiwevri saxelmwifoebi ar iyvnen dainteresebulni vaWrobisTvis xelisSemSleliteqnikuri barierebis moSorebiT da ufro metad ainteresebdaT tarifebisSemcirebis da gauqmebis sakiTxi.mas Semdeg, rac savaWro barierebi Semcirda, moxda sxva saxis barierebisaRmoceneba da, ufro metic, maTi gaZliereba. ZiriTadad xdeboda produqciis,usafrTxoebis da procesis standartebiT manipulireba, rac ufro metadarTulebda evrogaerTianebis qveynebs Soris Tavisufal vaWrobas, vidre savaWrobarierebis arseboba.ekonomikuri integraciis etapebiTavisufali vaWrobis zona — ar arsebobs xiluli SezRudvebi vaWrobaze;sabaJo kavSiri — Tavisufal savaWro zonas damatebuli saerTo sagareo savaWrotarifi;Sida nawarmis bazari — sabaJo kavSirs damatebuli saqonlis Tavisufaligadaadgileba;saerTo bazari — Sida nawarmis bazars damatebuli momsaxurebis, kapitalis damuSaxelis Tavisufali gadaadgileba;savaluto kavSiri — saerTo bazars plus saerTo valuta;ekonomikuri kavSiri — savaluto kavSirs plus saerTo ekonomikuri politika.erovnuli kanonmdeblobebis harmonizacia evrogaerTianebiskanonmdeblobasTan:erovnuli kanonmdeblobebis harmonizacia iyo is mamoZravebeli Zala,romelmac xeli Seuwyo saerTo bazris ideis warmoSobas da ganxorcilebas. sulTavidan moqmedebda direqtivebi, romelic wevr saxelmwifoebs utovebdalavirebis saSualebas. Tavdapirvelad harmonizacia ganixileboda evrokomisiismier, rogorc integraciisaTvis aucilebeli winapiroba, Tumca 1970-ianiwlebidan, konkretulad ki — pirveli gafarToebis Semdeg, naTeli gaxda, romufro mizanSewonili iyo zogierT sferoSi harmonizaciis daCqareba, da ara yvelasferoSi Tanabari progresi.komisiam saerTo bazris Seqmnis procesi daiwyo 1973 wels e.w. dabali voltisdireqtiviT, Tumca Zalian male naTeli gaxda, rom es ar iyo sakmarisi. sabWoxSirad ewinaaRdmegeboda komisias, miT umetes, rom saerTo bazarTandakavSirebuli kanonproeqtebis misaRebad aucilebeli iyo konsensusi wevrsaxelmwifoebs Soris, rac praqtikulad auqmebda am sferoSi swrafi nabijebisgadadgmis Sanss.saerTo bazris Seqmnis mxriv 70-ian wlebSi gaaqtiurda evropismarTlmsajulebis sasamarTlo. 1974 wels sasamarTlom miiRo daSonvilisgadawyvetileba, romelmac Seqmna iuridiuli precedenti da kiTxvis niSnis qveSdaayena yvela is erovnuli kanoni, romelic daawesebda axal arasatarifobariers. mniSvnelovani iyo aseve kasis de diJonis saqme, romelSic gadawyda, romerTi qveynis bazars aucileblad unda mieRo sxva qveyanaSi warmoebuliproduqti.reformis saWiroebaqveynebma male auRes alRo harmonizaciiT nakarnaxev gamowvevebs da daiwyessxvadasxva ekonomikuri regulaciebis da arasatarifo barierebis praqtikis46

gamoyeneba, raTa SeenarCunebinaT erovnuli warmoeba da arapirdapiri gziTmieniWebinaT upiratesoba erovnuli kompaniebisaTvis. aman gamoiwviasasamarTloSi warmoebuli saqmeebis raodenobis swrafi zrda, gasnakuTrebiT kisaqonelis Tavisufal gadaadgilebasTan dakavSirebiT.miuxedavad imisa, rom krizisi saxeze iyo, evrogaerTianebebis wevrebma arupasuxes mas droulad, radgan amjobines Tavadac daewesebinaT sxvadasxva tipisbarierebi da Seguebodnen situacias. 1980-ianebis dasawyisSi evropuli sabWoskomunikeebma naTeli gaxades, rom erTiani bazris situacia Zalian cudi iyo.1980-ian wlebSi qveynebis damokidebuleba arasatarifo barierebis mimarTradikalurad Seicvala. Tavapirvelad, komisiam misca rekomendacia evropulsabWos, romelmac Seqmna Sida bazris sabWo, romelic regularulad undaSekrebiliyo. wevri saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebSi Seicvala damokidebuleba daufro liberaluri gaxda. magaliTad, safrangeTSi mixvdnen, rom savaWrodeficiti hqondaT germaniasTan, Sesabamisad, deficitis gamosasworebladaucilebeli iyo bazris kidev ufro liberalizacia.saxelmwifoebSi am sakiTxebis mimarT poziciebis cvlileba mniSvnelovnadganapiroba kasis de diJonis saqmem, romelSic naTqvami iqna, rom wevrisaxelmwifoebis produqciis ormxrivi aRiareba savaldebulo iyo. es niSnavda,rom erT saxelmwifoSi nawarmoebi produqti unda gayiduliyo meoresaxelmwifoSic. ormxrivi aRiareba (Mutual recognition), rogorc principi,aqtualuri gaxda mxolod kasis de diJonis Semdeg. 1985 wlamde safrangeTi,germania da sxva qveynebi ar moqmedebdnen am principis mixedviT, Tumca kasis dediJonis Semdeg isini iZulebulni gaxdnen erTmaneTTan SesabamisobaSi moeyvanaTerovnuli kanonmdebloba.romis xelSekrulebis gaformebis dros miznad iyo dasaxuli erTiani bazrisSeqmna (common market). am mizans ganapirobebda ori mizezis arseboba:(1) proteqcionizmis Tavidan acileba, raTa ar momxdariyo ukan dabrunebaproteqcionisturi tradiciebisadmi, ramac gaanadgura evropis ekonomika1950-ian wlebamde. aqve qveynebi aanalizebdnen, rom proteqcionisturipraqtikis gamoyeneba niSnavda Sejibrebas wevr-saxelmwifoebs Soris dabazris principebis Seusabamod ekonomikur ganviTarebas;(2) ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa, iseTi didi evropuli bazris SeqmniT,romelic SeewinaaRmdegeboda da konkurencias gauwevda amerikul bazars.reaqciebi Tavdapirvelad SemoTavazebuli saerTo bazris SesaxebaraerTgvarovani iyo. magaliTad, germaneli samrewvelo Zalebi miiCnevdnen, romsaerTo bazris Seqmnis Sedegad isini gavidodnen evropul bazarze, xolofrangebs eSinodaT, radgan miaCndaT, rom germanuli produqcia walekavdafrangul bazars. miuxedavad amisa, safrangeTis politikuri elita wavida amriskze, miT umetes, rom moaxerxa soflis meurneobis saerTo politikis gatanagaerTianebis doneze.1960-iani wlebi da saerTo bazarisaerTo bazris SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli mcire progresidan gamomdinare,neofunqcionalistebi ver izeimebdnen maTi Teoriis siZlieres (romelicamtkicebs, rom ekonomikis erT sferoSi dawyebuli integracia iwvevs integraciis“gadaRvras” sxva sferoSi da ase Semdeg, sanam ar moxdeba ekonomikuriintegraciidan politikur integraciaSi “gadaRvra”), radgan am periodSipolitikuri elitebis da wevri-saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebis roli evrogaer-Tianebis saqmeebSi Zalian didi iyo, xolo maTze interesTa jgufebis gavlenacota. miuxedavad amisa, 60-ian wlebSi daiwyo integraciisaTvis mniSvnelovaninabijebis gadadgma. 1960 wels ministrTa sabWoze miiRes gadawyvetileba, romgaeuqmebinaT Sida tarifebi da kvotebi da SemoeRoT saerTo sagareo tarifi.romis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo tarifebis etapobrivi Semcireba,rac mTlianad Semcirebas moaxdenda 8 weliwadSi.rogorc bevri mecnieri aRniSnavs, rodesac romis xelSekruleba daido,kompaniebma ise daiwyes moqmedeba da biznesis warmoeba, viTom tarifebi aRar47

arsebobda da romis xelSekruleba ukve ZalaSi iyo Sesuli. kompaniebma daiwyessxva kompaniebis SeZena sxva qveynebSi, gafarToeba da ase Semdeg. amgvarad, neofunqcionalistebisidea gamarTlda. 1960 wlis xelSekrulebam daaCqara gadawyvetilebismiReba saerTo bazris dasrulebis Sesaxeb, Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos,rom saerTo bazris dasruleba dakavSirebuli iyo saerTo agrarul politikasTanda mis warmatebasTan. am dros instrumentaluri iyo komisiis gazrdiliroli. rogorc neofunqcionalistebi amtkicebdnen umaRlesi avtoriteti, amSemTxvevaSi komisia, moqmedebda integraciis dasawinaureblad da gasaRrmaveblad.1970-iani wlebi da saerTo bazari1965 wlis carieli skamis krizisma da golizmis politikam SeaCera saerTobazris miRwevis idea 60-ian wlebSi, Tumca de goli ar ewinaaRmdegeboda sabaJokavSirs, romelic dasrulda 1968 wlisTvis. mas Semdeg rac pompidu movidaxelisuflebaSi erTiani bazris SeqmnisaTvis saWiro momenti daikarga, racZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo 50-ian da 60-ian wlebSi arsebuli ekonomikuri zrdisSemcirebiT da 70-iani wlebis ekonomikuri depresiis da navTobkrizisiT. amisgamo, 70-ian wlebSi gaizarda proteqcionistuli ekonomikis elementebi da e.w.moklevadiani politika. am dros moduri gaxda arasatarifo barierebi, kerZodki mrewvelobis dargebisTvis saxelmwifo daxmarebis gaweva da iseTiusafrTxoebis standartebis SemuSaveba rac zRudavda ucxouri konkurentebisSesvlas bazarze. am dros komisiam bevrjer Seitana saqme wevri saxelmwifoebiswinaaRmdeg sasamarTloSi, Tumca yvela SemTxvevaSi wevrebi aWianurebdnensasjelis aRsrulebas da axal gzebs eZebdnen TavianTi gadawyvetilebebisbolomde gasatanad.saerTo evropuli aqti, saerTo bazris Camoyalibeba da 1992 wlis proeqti:saerTo bazari da saerTo evropuli aqti, romelic gaerTianebaSi 1985 welsmiiRes iTvleba evropul integraciaSi mniSvnelovan momentad, radgan amdroidan evrogaerTianebaSi iwyeba saerTo bazaris amoqmedeba. saerTo bazrisSesaxeb saubari daiwyo jer kidev 1960-ian wlebSi, Tumca 1970-ian wlebSi misSesaxeb saubrebi Sewyda, risi mizezic iyo ekonomikuri recesia. 1980-ian wlebSiSemuSavebuli iqna TeTri wigni (1985 wels), xolo Semdeg ki saerTo bazrs Seqmnisidea gaaqtiurda deloris komisiis moRvaweobis Sedegad. deloris komisiam 1985wels SeimuSava TeTri wigni, romelic miznad isaxavda saerTo bazaris dasrulebas1992 wlisTvis. marTlac, am droisTvis dagegmili RonisZiebebisumravlesoba Sesrulda.1984 wlis fontenblus samitidan iwyeba axali epoqa, radgan am evropulsabWoze gadaiWra ori mniSvnelovani sakiTxi - britaneTis Senatanebi gaer-Tianebis biujetSi da evrogaerTianebis struqturis ganaxleba da gadawyvetilebismiRebis axali meTodebis SemuSaveba, iseve rogorc institucionaluriganaxleba. am droidan, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dasrulda umoZraobis, anuimmobilisme-is politika.1985 wels axali komisia movida Jak deloris xelmZRvanelobiT, xolo 1985wels lord kokfildma, romelic iyo vaWrobis da mrewvelobis komisaribritaneTidan, warmoadgina TeTri wigni, romelic qadagebda bazrisgaTavisuflebas arasatarifo barierebisgan. aq moxseniebuli iyo daaxloebiT300-mde calkeuli RonisZieba, romelic unda ganxorcielebuliyo saerTo bazrismisaRwevad; maT Soris iyo iseTi RonisZiebebi, rogoricaa teqnikuri standartebisharmonizacia, Sesyidvebis sistemis gaReba Sidaevrpuli konkurenciisTvis,kapitalis gadaadgilebis gaTavisufleba, barierebis moxsna momsaxurebisgadaadgilebis dros, arapirdapiri dabegvris harmonizacia da ase Semdeg.1985 wlis milanis samitze evropulma sabWom moiwona komisiis mierSemoTavazebuli idea da miznad daisaxa TeTri wignis ganxorcieleba 1992wlisTvis. amasTan gadawyda, rom mowveuliyo samTavrobo konferencia, romelicmoifiqrebda, Tu rogor miesadagebinaT gadawyvetilebis miRebis axali wesebigaTavisuflebuli bazrisTvis. amis Sedegad miRebuli iqna erTiani evropuliaqti, romelic 1985 wlis dekemberSi iqna damtkicebuli evropuli sabWos mier, da48

omelic ZalaSi Sevida 1987 wels. amis Sedegad ministrTa sabWoSi SemoRebuliiqna kvalificirebuli umravlesobis wesiT kenWisyra, magram mxolod imsakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic exeboda Tavisufali bazaris SemoRebas. aqbritanelebis protestis gamo amoRebuli iqna iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaaarapirdapiri gadasaxadebis harmonizacia da sazRvarze fizikuriwinaaRmdegobis moSoreba.saerTo evropuli aqtis mniSvneloba:1. sea-m erT paketSi moaqcia da erTmaneTTan daakavSira institucionaluricvlilebebi da politikis miznebi.2. saerTo bazrisaken winsvla ufro met sakiTxs da politikis sferosmoicavda; kerZod — exeboda iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa redistribuciulipolitika, gafarToeba da sabiujeto sakiTxebi1992 wlis programis warmodgenis Semdeg, romelic Sedgenil iqna lordkokfildis, xolo momzadebuli nariesis mier, bevri cvlileba moxda: komisiamufro male daiwyo direqtivebis gamoSveba, Sida bazris sabWo ufro aqtiurad daswrafad ikribeboda, kvalicifirebuli umravlesobiT xmis micema ufro xSiriiyo. aseve gaxSirda calkeuli qvyenebis izolireba, rac imas niSnavda, rom Turomelime qveyana ar asrulebda masze adkisrebul valdebulebebs, masakritikebdnen yvela erTad, komisiiT dawyebuli da sxva wevri saxelmwifoebiTdasrulebuli (germania da kabotaJis saqme).1992 wels gamoqveynda cekinis moxseneba, - “The cost of non Europe”, sadacgamoTvlili iqna, rom mTliani integraciis Sedegad miRebuli mogeba SeadgendamTliani Sida produqtis 4-4.5 procentiT mets vidre manamde arsebulisituaciisas miRebuli mogeba.vin waago da vin moigo Sida bazris SeqmniT?Znelia imis Tqma, Tu vis, romeli seqtoris, an saxelmwifos xarjze moxda Sidabazris warmatebiT dasruleba da Tu vin darCa mogebuli da damarcxebuli 1992wlis programis Sesrulebis Semdeg, radgan am sakiTxis Sesaxeb bevri gamokvlevaar arsebobs. 1996 wels evrokomisiam Caatara gamokvleva, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom1987-93 wlebSi im regionebma naxes yvelaze meti ekonomikuri mogeba saerTobazris Seqmnis Sedegad, romlebic evrogaerTianebebis struqturuli fondebispirvel mizanSi (objective) imyofebodnen. amave gamokvlevaSi aseve naTqvami iyo, romam regionebis ekonomikuri zrdis pirdapiri dakavSireba Tavisufali bazrisSeqmnasTan ver moxerxda, radgan sakiTxi Zalian kompleqsuri iyo da ufro Rrmagamokvlevas saWiroebda.meore mxriv, SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac naTlad Cans, rom yvelaze didi mogebasaerTo bazris Seqmnisgan miiRo myidvelma, romelsac gaufarTovda arCevanissaSualeba; garda amisa, gaiafda zogierTi produqti, rac gamoiwvia miwodebisdiversifikaciam da jansaRi sabazro konkurenciis damkvidrebam. rac SeexebauaryofiT mxareebs, unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTo bazris Seqmnas mohyva samuSaoadgilebis dakargva da zogierTi erovnuli produqtis bazridan gamoZeveba.ram gamoiwvia 1992 wlis programis aRmoceneba?struqturuli faqtorebi: 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Seiqmna imis seriozulisafrTxe, rom evropa samudamod aRmoCndeboda damokidebuli amerikis Seer-Tebuli Statebis da iaponiis teqnologiebze. swored am dros prezidentmafransua miteranma warmoadgina winadadeba SeeqmnaT iniciativa EUREKA, romeliciTvaliswinebda Tanamedrove teqnologiebis ganviTarebas. magram amis SemdegnaTeli gaxda, rom mrewvelebs ufro metad adardebdaT saerTo bazris ararsebobada is arapirdapiri zewolis meqanizmebi, romlebic icavda saxelmwifoebisSida bazrebs sxva qveynebis produqciisagan. dRis wesrigSi dadga moklevadianiperspeqtivebis gadaxedva, anu e.w. shorttermism-is aRmofxvra da ufro grZelvadianiprogramis SemuSaveba.supraerovnuli aqtorebis roli: komisiis roli saerTo bazris integraciisprocesSi marTlac aRsaniSnavi da SesaniSnavi iyo. gansakuTrebuli roli am49

procesebSi iTamaSa Jak delorma da misma paketma. stenli hofmanic ki, romeliccnobilia, rogorc intergovernmentalizmis upirvelesi advokati, aRiarebda,rom Jak delorma didi roli Seasrula saerTo bazris Camoyalibebis procesSi.amave dros mniSvnelovani iyo supraerovnuli biznesebis roli saerTo bazrisCamoyalibebis procesSi, radgan biznesebi yovelgvarad cdilobdnen moexdinaTTavianTi interesebis lobireba supraerovnul doneze.erovnuli aqtorebi: britaneTis maSindeli mTavroba zogadad emxrobodaliberalizacias, xolo teTCeris saSinao politika mTlianad agebuli iyoekonomikuri liberalizaciis ideaze. es iyo erTi-erTi mizezi imisa, rom Jakdelorma saerTo bazris miRwevis idea aqcia Tavisi prezidentobis mTavarflagmanad. helen uolesi miiCnevda, rom liberalizacia niSnavda moqmedebis sxvasferoebis integraciasac, Tumca britanelebs am argumentTan Zalian didiproblemebi hqondaT. britanelebi zogadad mxars uWerdnen mniSvnelovansaintegracio process, Tumca eSinodaT, rom amas mohyveboda institucionalurireformebi, ris gamoc bolo momentebSi Tavs ikavebdnen saerTo bazarTan Tu sxvasferoebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze, Tu saqme exeboda axal sferobSiintegraciis dawyebas. miuxedavad aseTi skepticizmisa, britaneTis mTavrobam,evrokomisiam da sxva evropuli saxelmwifoebis liderebma moaxerxes teTCerisdarwmuneba, rom aucielebeli iyo iuridiulad saerTo bazris Seqmnis gaformeba,da savaldebulo xasiaTis xelSekrulebis an rame dokumentis miReba. evrokomisiisazriT, savaldebulo dokumentis ararsebobis pirobebSi azriekargeboda bazris Seqmnis yvela mcdelobas.germaniam mxari dauWira saerTo bazris Seqmnas, radgan dasavleT germaniasgaaCnda eqsportze orientirebuli ekonomika da misi eqsportis naxevarze metievropaSi gadioda. aseve, germanias miaCnda, rom bazris gaxsna kargi iqnebodaadgilobrivi biznesisTvis, rac saSualebas miscemda maT gafarToebuliyvnenmTeli evropis masStabiT. germaniis industrialistTa federacia gamovidasaerTo bazris TeTri wignis mxardaWeris iniciativiT, Tumca, interesTa sxvaobagermaniis sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebs da profkavSirebs SorisaSkarad SeimCneoda.germaniaSi saxalxo mxardaWera integraciis mimarT maRali iyo, rac imasniSnavs, rom germaniis mTavrobam wlebis manZilze sakmaod maRali saxalxomxardaWera moipova. Sesabamisad, germaniis mTavrobis damokidebuleba saerTobazris Seqmnis mimarT emTxveoda amomrCevlebis interesebs, amitom es iyosakmaod popularuli politikuri platforma (vote-winning platform). garda amisa,aRsaniSnavia, rom axali samTavrobo koalicia momxre iyo ekonomikiskonkurentunarianobis gazrdis da surda iseTi reformebis gatareba, romlebic,savaraudod, arapopularuli iqneboda mosaxleobaSi, radgan daikargebodasamuSao adgilebi, rasac profkavSirebis winaaRmdegoba moyveboda. koaliciasimedi hqonda, rom integraciis niRbis qveS moaxerxebdnen am reformebisgatarebas, uaryofiT Sedegebs ki briusels daabralebdnen.safrangeTis mTavrobac momxre iyo bazris sruli liberalizaciis. 80-ianiwlebisTvis safrangeTis eqsporti gaizarda da mTavroba ukve Relavdaarasatarifo barierebis gamo, gansakuTrebiT germaniasTan vaWrobasTandakavSirebiT. germaniis msgavsad, safrangeTic imedovnebda, rom arapopularulreformebs evrointegracias daabralebda. am politikam safrangeTSi ufrometad gaamarTla, vidre germaniaSi, radgan miteranis administraciamniSvnelovnad gaZlierda briuselisTvis uaryofiTi Sedegebis dabralebiT.saerTo bazari 1992 wlis Semdeg1992 wlisTvis SeTanxmebuli iyo lord kokfildis mier warmodgeniliRonisZiebebis 95 %. miuxedavad amisa, Znelia imis Tqma, rom saerTo bazarimuSaobda da sruli datvirTviT funqcionirebda. amas gaaCnda ramdenime mizezi:- transpozicia (transposition) da aRsruleba (enforcement) ar xorcieldebodamaRal doneze;- is xuTi procenti, romelic ar iyo SeTanxmebuli, moicavda sakmaodmniSvnelovan sakiTxebs;50

- TeTri wigni, romelsac daeyrdno saerTo bazris dasrulebis procesi armoicavda sakmaod mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs (mag., energetika), radgan isini arSeitanes zogierTi saxelmwifos da biznesebis mxridan mwvave opoziciis gamo.Sesabamisad, a priori mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebisa aRmoCnda saerTobazris miRma.transpozicia: transpozicia niSnavs sazogadoebriv (gaerTianebebis) donezemiRebuli kanonebis gadatanas erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi. komisia akeTebdakanonmdeblobis gadatanis progresis aRnusxvas da periodulad aqveynebda amSedegebs. 1997 wlamde germanias Zalian cudi Sedegi hqonda am mxriv, radgan igiuars acxadebda gadaetana erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi evrokavSiris mTeli rigikanonebi. mxolod gaaqtiurebuli kritikis Semdeg moaxerxa germaniam amuaryofiTi tendenciis Secvla da 1997 wlidan evrokavSiris bevri kanonigadaitana Tavis erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi. aseve susti progresi hqondaT, ammxriv, belgias da avstrias. sakvirvelia is, rom dania da britaneTi sakmaod maRlaidgnen transpoziciis mxriv progresis mqone saxelmwifoebis siaSi. mario montim,romelic 1999 wlisTvis saerTo bazris komisari iyo, mouwoda qveynebs, rom 1999wlisTvis daesrulebinaT transpozicia, sanam evro Sevidoda ZalaSi. ammowodebis Semdeg bevri saxelmwifo moego gons, radgan mixvdnen, romevrokavSiris kanonmdeblobis gadatanis gareSe ver naxavdnen im mogebas,romelsac elodnen ekonomikuri da savaluto kavSiris Seqmnisgan.aRsruleba: transpoziciis Semdeg aucilebeli iyo am kanonmdeblobisaRsruleba, rac, rogorc wesi, wevri saxelmwifoebis mxridan Zalian rTuladxdeba. britanelebi, gansxvavebiT sxva saxelmwifoebisgan, Zalian skrupulozuradasrulebdnen saerTo bazarTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdeblobisaRsrulebas, maSin, rodesac saberZneTi, germania da sxva qveynebi cdilobdnenmxolod kanonebis gadataniT Semofargluliyvnen.51

leqcia 7struqturuli da regionuli politikaevropuli gaerTianebis SeqmnisTanave warmoiSva udidesi problemebi regionebsSoris arsebuli sxvadasxvaobebis gamo. 1958 wels hamburgis mTliani Sidaproduqti xuTjer aRemateboda kalabrias mSp-s. Tumca romis xelSekrulebaSi ariyo muxlebi, romlebic calke gamoyofda regionebis ganviTarebis programas.1970 wlisaTvis es sxvadasxvaoba daaxloebiT 3:1 - ze iyo.pirveli nabijebi:1961 wels komisiam moiwvia konferencia, sadac Seexo regionul problemebs.amas mohyva 1967 wels generaluri direqtoratis Seqmna komisiaSi, ramac xeliSeuwyo iseTi adamianebis erTad Sekrebas, vinc umaRlesi xelisuflebis arsebobisdros da Semde ukve evrokomisiis SigniT muSaobdnen regionul politikaze. 1969wels komisiam SesTavaza sabWos, rom momxdariyo wevri saxelmwifoebisregionuli politikis koordinacia da Seqmniliyo regionaluri ganviTarebisfondi. sabWom es idea ar moiwona. am ideis mimarT gansxvavebuli damokidebulebahqondaT sxvadasxva qveynebs. magaliTad, italias es idea moswonda, germanias —ara, rac ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyo am or qveyanaSi gansxvavebuliganviTarebis mqone regionebis arsebobiT. safrangeTic ewinaaRmdegeboda amideas da amisaTvis ekonomikuri da politikuri mizezebi gaaCnda. JorJ pompidusar surda moexdina golistebis antagonizireba, radgan pompidus mmarTvelobispirvel wlebSi golistebis pozicia safrangeTis SigniT sakmaod Zlieri iyo.amasTan, safrangeTis ekonomikuri zrdis tempi sakmaod maRali iyo, SesabamisadsafrangeTs eSinoda, rom ufro mets Seitanda gaerTianebis biujetSi, vidremiiRebda. 1970 wels gamoqveynda verneris moxseneba, romelic saubrobda aTiwlis vadaSi ekonomikuri da savaluto kavSiris dasrulebis Sesaxeb, aseveregionaluri gansxvavebebis gamo am procesebis Seferexebis saSiSroebaze. 1969wlis haagis samitze miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba, rom raRac zomebi undayofiliyo miRebuli mzardi regionaluri gansxavebebis aRmosafxvrelad.amasTan, britaneTis Sesvla evrogaerTianebaSi niSnavda, rom is gacilebiT ufrodid sabiujeto Senatans gaakeTebda, vidre sxva romelime qveyana, Sesabamisad,masac eqneboda pretenziebi raRac formiT ukan mieRo es Tanxebi.britaneTisaTvis fulis dabruneba ki SesaZlebeli iyo regionebis aRdgenismizeziT, radgan did britaneTSi zogierTi regioni sakmaod CamorCenili iyo.regionuli ganviTarebis fondis da regionuli politikis Seqmnis kidev erTimizezi iyo komisiis survili ekontrolebina is daxmareba, romelsac wevrisaxelmwifoebi aZlevdnen TavianT warmoebebs. 1971 wels komisiam rekomendaciamisca sabWos, rom daxmareba unda yofiliyo transparentuli xasiaTis da romgansxvaveba unda yofiliyo gaerTianebis mdidari da Raribi regionebisTvis gaweuldaxmarebebs Soris. rekomendacia aseve ambobda, rom centraluri regionebisaTvisgaweuli daxmareba ar unda yofiliyo mTliani investiciebis 20 procentzemeti. aman gamoiwvia wevri saxelmwifoebis mxridan regionebisaTvis daxmarebisgazrda.evropis regionaluri politikis Seqmna1972 wels evroparlamentma miiRo regionaluri politikis iniciativa, xolo1972 wlis parizis samitze axali wevrebic CaerTvnen diskusiaSi da naTeligaxades, rom regionuli politikis Seqmna savsebiT misaRebi iyo. sabolookomunikeSi naTqvami iyo, rom ekonomikuri da savaluto kavSiris Seqmnas xelsuSlida regionuli uTanasworobis arseboba. edvard hiTi, britaneTis premierministrimixvda, rom regionuli politikis Camoyalibeba da fondis Seqmna iyoerT-erTi gza, romliTac britaneTi SeZlebda ukan amoeRo gadaxdili Tanxisnawili mainc.Tomsonis moxsenebaTomsonma, romelic iyo gaerTianebis regionuli politikis britaneli52

komisari, gamoaqveyna moxseneba, sadac iTqva, rom zogierTi regionisCamorCeniloba aferxebda gaerTianebis ekonomikur ganviTarebas da Zlieriregionebis ekonomikur gavlenas am regionebze. aseve, moxsenebaSi iTqva, romwevri saxelmwifoebis Zalisxmeva SeeqmnaT erTiani savaluto kavSiri SeiZlebafuWi aRmoCeniliyo, Tu ar moxdeboda regionebs Soris uTanasworobis aRmofxvra.Tomsonma pirdapir miuTiTa im problemebze, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyoCamorCenili regionebis da cxovrebis SedarebiT cudi pirobebis arsebobasTan.navTobis krizisi1972 wlis parizis samitis gadawyvetilebas mohyva 1975 wels ERDF-is (evropisregionuli ganviTarebis fondi) Camoyalibeba, rac sakmaod rTuli da mtkivneulisakiTxi aRmoCnda. irlandiam, daniam da britaneTma moiTxoves fondis Seqmna,winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi uari ganacxades savaluto da ekonomikur kavSirSimonawileobaze. am dros daemTxva navTobkrizisi da britaneTisa da dasavleTgermaniis dapirispireba CrdiloeTis zRvis navTobTan dakavSirebiT, rasacmohyva seriozuli dapirispireba; germaniam scada CaerTo regionuliganviTarebis fondis idea am molaparakebebSi, magram britaneTma uari ganacxada,ramac germanias saerTod uari aTqmevina am sakiTxze. saboloo jamSi kriziss didirecesia mohyva, ramac savaluto da ekonomikuri kavSiris Seqmanis idea ukanaplanze gadaswia. krizisis Sedegad germaniam Secvala sakuTari pozicia daaRiara, rom fondis Seqmna ar unda dakavSirebuliyo sxva sakiTxebTan, ramacmwvane Suqi misca fondis Seqmnas.wveri saxelmwifoebis saSinao politika1974 wels germaniaSi, britaneTsa da safrangeTSi Catarebulma arCevnebmaaseve imoqmeda regionuli politikis Camoyalibebasa da fondis Seqmnaze. masSemdeg rac leiboristebi movidnen britaneTis xelisuflebaSi debatebma axalimniSvneloba SeiZina. axal mTavrobas surda gaerTianebaSi Sesvlis axalipirobebis miReba da gawevrianebis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb referendumisCatareba. erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli aseTi gadawyvetilebisa iyo gaerTianebiswevrebis uari britaneTis iniciativaze SeeqmnaT regionuli ganviTarebis fondi,rac, kidev erTxel unda aRvniSnoT, britaneTisaTvis warmoadgenda biujetSigadaxdili Tanxebis ukan amoRebis realur sasualebas. germaniaSi SmidtisarCevis Semdeg naTeli gaxda, rom kompromisi am sakiTxze ar iqneboda, radgangermaniac Zalian bevrs ixdida biujetSi, fondis Seqmnis Semdeg ki misi Senatanikidev metad gaizrdeboda, regionebis ganviTarebis problema ki germaniasyvelaze naklebad awuxebda. safrangeTSi Jiskar d’estenis mosvla da misidamegobreba SmidtTan niSnavda, rom es ori qveyana moaxerxebda britanelebTansaerTo enis gamonaxvas. msgavsi franko-germanuli aliansis arseboba bevrmaaRiqva regionuli daxmarebis fondis ideis dasasrulad, radgan miCneul iqna,rom kompromisi SeiZleba kidev 7 wliT gadaweuliyo, Tumca movlenebi sxvagvaradganviTarda. 1974 wlis parizis samitze Seiqmna evropis regionuli ganviTarebisfondi (European Regional Development Fund – ERDF) miuxedavad qveynebs Sorisarsebuli winaaRmdegobisa. kompromisi am sakiTxze gamowveuli iyo italiis dairlandiis aqtiurobiT, romlebsac surdaT damatebiTi Tanxebis miReba, radganganuviTarebeli regionebi hqondaT. 1974 wels d’estenis meTaurobiT Catardaparizis samiti. d’estens surda rom moexdina sakuTari Tavis warmoCena ZlierxelmZRvanelad, amitom mzad iyo mieRo ERDF-i da moeZebna kompromisi germaniasada did britaneTs Soris. sabolood germania daeTanxma fondis Seqmnis ideas,radgan mas ar surda irlandiis da italiis winaaRmdeg wasvla, amasTan germaniamise daxata viTareba, viTom is emorCileboda italiis da irlandiis interesebs daara didi britaneTisac, riTac SeinarCuna pativmoyvareoba. gasakviri ar undaiyos, rom 70-iani wlebi gamoirCeva did britaneTs da dasavleT germanias Sorisukiduresad mwvave da civi urTierTobebiT.parizis samitze SeTanxmebuli iqna gasacemi Tanxebis raodenoba dakriteriumebi, romlis mixedviTac Tanxebi unda mieRoT regionebs. SeTanxmdnen,rom SeeqmnaT fondi, romelic 1975 wlis 1 ianvridan daiwyebda muSaovas da sami53

wlis vadiT imoqmedebda. frangebs Tavdapirvelad surdaT, rom fondi droebiTiyifiliyo, Tumca irlandielebis da italielebis mkveTrad uaryofiTi poziciisSemdeg, SeTanxmdnen rom fondi mudmivi yofiliyo da sam weliwadSi erTxelganaxlebuliyo.1975 wlis SeTanxmebaTavdapirvelad komisarma Tompsonma sabWos SesTavaza 3 miliardi eua-Tifondis dafinanseba, rac iyo 1.260 milioni funti sterlingi, Tumca saboloodcifri gaizarda da sabWoSi Sesvlis momentSi winadadebaSi ukve 2.4 miliardifigurirebda. sabolood gadawyvetileba miRebul iqna 1300 milionze, anu imazecota metze, vidre Tavidan igegmeboda. Tanxis aseTi cvlileba gamowveuli iyowevr saxelmwifoebs Soris sabiujeto Senatanebis mimarT arsebuli ganxvavebulidamokidebulebiT.regionuli ganviTarebis fondi gamoyofda regionuli ganviTarebisproeqtebis dasafinanseblad saerTo Tanxis 50 procents, danarCeni Tanxebi kiadgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier unda yofiliyo gamoyofili. es moTxovna CaidoimisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyofili yofiliyo koordinacia da komplementarobisprincipi. komplementaroba (Complementarity) warmoadgens evrokavSiris princips,romlis mixedviT regionebis ganviTarebis an sxva miznebisaTvis daxarjuliTanxebi ar unda modiodes mxolod evrokavSiris biujetidan da rom wevrmasaxelmwifoebma aseve unda gaiRos Tanxebi amgvari miznebisaTvis. rogorc wesi,komplementarobis principi gulisxmobs 50/50 wesiT Tanadafinansebas.regionuli fondebis Seqnis erT-erTi mTavari mizani aseve iyo samuSaoadgilebis Seqmna, rac advilad misaRwevi amocana iyo regionebis ganviTarebisprogramebis kargad Camoyalibebis SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisad ama Tu im regionisgasaviTareblad winaswar iqmneboda proeqti, romlis Sefaseba mimdinareobdasxvadasxva kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT, maT Soris samuSao adgilebis SeqmnisprincipiTac. es procesi Semdegnaira xdeboda: ama Tu im regionis ganacxadidafinansebaze Sedioda komisiaSi, kerZod ki — meTeqvsmete generalurdireqtoratSi (DG XVI). ganacxadebs arCevda fondebis menejmentis komiteti,romelic Sedgeboda wevri saxelmwifoebis mier da komisiis xelmZRvanelobiTikribeboda. aseve Seiqmna regionuli politikis komiteti, romelic Sedgebodawevri saxelmwifoebida or-ori warmomadgenelisagan da komisiis erTi wevrisgan.komisia am SemTxvevaSi aseve iTvisebda samdivnos funqcias, radgan axdenda wevrisaxelmwifoebis Sida regionuli politikebis koordinacias da maTiTavsebadobis mizniT qminda zogad CarCoebs. regionuli politikis komitetiaseve ganixlavda im proeqtebs, romlebic exeboda didi masStabisinstitucionalur sakiTxebs.mTavari principebikomisias wesebis SemuSavebaSi exmareboda germania, romelic yvelaze metadzrunavda imaze, Tu rogor iqneboda misi fuli daxarjuli. Sedegad miRebuliiqna axali principi, damatebiTobis principi (additionality). germanias ar surdaubralod fuli exada qveynebisaTvis da maT ise exarjaT es fuli, rogorc TavadsurdaT. germanias surda, rom fondis mizani yofiliyo ara wevris axelmwifoebisregionuli ganviTarebis politikis Secvla an Semcireba, aramed am politikisdaxmareba da finansuri mxardaWera. gaerTianebis regionul politikaSidamatebiTobis principis damkvidreba seriozuli nabiji iqnebodasupraerovnulobisaken, Tumca sabolood amis ganxorcieleba ver moxda.struqturuli fondebis 1988 wlis reforma1979 da 1984 wlebSi moxda reformebi, romelTa ZiriTadi mizani iyo Seecvalapolitikis maregulirebeli wesebi, romlebic 1975 wels damkvidrda evropulsabWoze. irRveoda damatebiTobis principic da saxelmwifoebi, rogorc wesi, isexarjavdnen am Tanxebs, rogorc saWirod Tvlidnen, amitom dRis wesrigSi dadgareformirebis sakiTxi.komisia Tavis gavlenas 1988 wlamde axdenda mxolod da mxolod dRis wesrigis54

Sedgenis ZaliT. SemoRebuli iqna dafinansebis arakvoturi seqcia da programebiskontraqtebi, rac miuTiTebda komisiis da regionuli politikis supraerovnulxasiaTze, Tumca komisia, rogorc wesi, ver axerxebda Tavisi iniciativebisSeTanxmebas sabWosTan. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia, rom damatebiTobis principTandakavSirebiT komisiam ver moaxerxa Tavis damkvidreba da kontrolis meqanizmisSemuSaveba. 1979 da 1984 wlebis reformebma ver SeZlo struqturuli fondebisgardaqmna anazRaurebis ubralo sistemidan regionuli politikis efeqtursistemad.ori movlena, romelmac sauZveli daudo struqturuli fondebis reformirebas1980-ina wlebSi iyo:1) gafarToeba, ris Sedegadac espaneTi, portugalia da saberZneTi SevidnengaerTianebaSi;2) erTiani bazrisaken nabijebis gadadgma, ramac gaerTianeba miiyvana saerToevropuli aqtis Seqmnamde.xmelTaSuazRvispireTis axali wevri saxelmwifoebis regionebis mkveTriCamorCenilobis gamo 1985 wels Seiqmna integrirebuli xmelTaSuazRvispiraprogramebi (Integrated Mediterranean Programmes). am programebSi monawileobdnen aramarto komisiis warmomadgenlebi, aramed aseve adgilobriv problemebSigaTviTcnobierebuli eqspertebi. es iyo komisiis idea “partniorobis” Sesaxeb.IMP-ebma didi roli Seasrula 1988 wlis reformis CatarebaSi.erTiani evropuli aqtis muxli 130 a miznad isaxavda socialuri daekonomikuri Tanasworobis ideis win wamowevas, regionuli uTanasworobisaRmofxvriT, imisaTvis rom miRweuli yofiliyo erTiani bazrisaTvisaucilebeli pirobebi. Tanasworoba iqca terminad, romelic xSirad gamoiyenebagaerTianebis bevr sxavdasxva politikaSi, maT Soris struqturul politikaSic,romelic miznad isaxavs regionuli da socialuri uTanasworobis aRmofxvras. esidea SemuSavebul iqna komisiis mier.Tanasworobas gaaCnda ori mniSvneloba: erTi mxriv, igi win wamowevda axalipolitikis racionals, raTa ufro efeqturad moegvarebina regionuli ekonomikuriuTanasworobis Zveli problema, meore mxriv, ki warmoadgenda politikurpirobas CaerTo gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi qveerovnuli aqtorebi.miCneul iqna, rom evropul doneze gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSiqveerovnuli aqtorebis monawileoba da mobilizacia warmatebis upirvelesisawindari iqneboda.saerTo evropuli aqtis 130 b muxli moiTxovda samive stryqturuli fondis(ERDF, ESF da EAGGF) gardaqmnas da maTi aqtivobs koordinirebas evropisinvesticiebis bankis da sxva evropuli organoebis RonisZiebebTan.1988 wlis reformis debulebebisabWo SeTanxmda, rom samive struqturul fondSi Senatani gaormagdeboda1987 da 1993 wlebs Soris da rom igi gaxdeboda gaerTianebis biujetis minimum 25procenti. struqturuli fondis biujetis daaxloebiT 9 procentidaixarjeboda gaerTianebis iniciativis programebze, sadac swored komisiashqonda yvelaze didi gavlena. gaerTianebis sainiciativo programebi (CommunityInitiative Programme) ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda da Caenacvla arakvotur seqtorulalokaciebs.koncentracia: fondebis ganawileba im regionebSi, romelTac ganviTarebaesaWiroebaT xdeboda Semdebi principebiT. gamoyofili iqna 5 mizani (Objectives):I mizani - “naklebad ganviTarebuli regionebis ganviTarebis” xelSewyoba. es isregionebia, romelTa mTliani Sida produqti naklebia an uaxlovdeba gaer-Tianebis saSualo Sida produqtis 75 procents (finansdeboda samive fondidan);II mizani - im regionebis daxmareba, romlebic seriozulad daziandnenindustriuli daRmasvlis gamo (ERDF, ESF);III mizani - xangrZlivi umuSevrobis daZleva. 25 welze ufrosi adamianebismxardaWera, romlebic erT welze metia umuSevrad arian (ESF);55

IV mizani - samuSao integraciis xelSewyoba im xalxSi, vinc 25 welzeaxalgazrdaa (ESF);V mizani - agraruli struqturebis misadagebis daCqarebada sasoflosameurneo arealebis ganviTareba (EAGGF).garda am xuTi miznisa, struqturuli fondebis biujetis daaxloebiT 9 %modioda gaerTianebis iniciativebze, romlebsac adgenda komisia regionebisumniSvnelovanesi saWiroebebis dasadgenad. rogorc wesi, es iniciativebiexeboda regionebisaTvis aqtualur Temebs.programireba: struqturuli fondebidan daxmarebis miRebis kidev erTiprincipia programireba, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom dafinanseba unda moxdesramdenime welze gawerili programebis mixedviT. es ganpirobebulia ramdenimemizeziT, maT Soris mniSvnelovania mcdeloba, rom komisias gauadvildesgadawyvetilebis miReba da am proeqtebs administrireba. miaRwia amas dididapirispirebis Semdeg. qveerovnuli implementatorebis konsultaciis SemdegmTavroba waradgens ganacxads evrokomisiaSi. Semdeg komisia iTvaliswinebs daSeaqvs wevri saxelmwifoebis ideebi Community Support Frameworks-Si, sadacaRwerilia, ramdeni Tanxa ixarjeba, rogori saxis daxmareba aris komisiis mxridanda dgeba finansuri gegma. Semdeg dgeba detaluri operaciuli gegma, romelicTanxmdeba partniorebTan imisaTvis, rom partniorebma kargad SeasrulonmTavari mizani. garda amisa xdeba TiToeuli programis Sefaseba da monitoringi.partnioroba: moiTxovs regionuli da adgilobrivi aqtorebis CarTvasTanxebis administraciis dros. iTvaliswinebs erovnuli administraciebiszedamxedvelobas. es idea 70-iani wlebidan modioda, Tumca manamde sabWosganmudmivad xvdeboda winaaRmdegoba. mizani partniorbisa iyo CaerToT sxvaaqtorebic, romlebic ukeT erkveodnen adgilobriv problematikaSi.damatebiToba: evrokavSri da saxelmwifoebi erTad faraven xarjebs, aseveiTvaliswinebs suberovnuli aqtorebis monawileobas partniorobis axalsqemebSi.ekologiuri sakiTxebi: regionebis ganviTarebis politika unda moyvaniliyofiliyo gaerTianebis ekologiuri da bunebis dacvis politikasTan TanxvedraSi.1993 wlis reforma1993 wlis reformam SeinarCuna yvela is ZiriTadi principi, romelic 1988wlis reformis Sedegad gatarda, Tumca amave dros aRsaniSnavia, rom konteqsti,romelSic 1993 wels Catarda reforma srulad gansxvavdeboda 1988 wliskonteqstisagan.am dros gadawyvetili iyo axali gafarToebis problema, radgan evrokavSirSiSediodnen fineTi, avstria da SvedeTi romlebic sakmaod ganviTarebulsaxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen. am qveynebisaTvis struqturuli fondebidanTanxebis miniWebis mxriv, evrokavSirma miiRo Semdegi gadawyvetileba:1. avstriis nawils mianiWes pirveli miznis statusi;2. Seiqmna mizani 6, naklebad dasaxlebuli arealebisTvis, romelic Ziri-Tadad SvedeTis da fineTis regionebze iyo gaTvlili;3. gaerTianebis konkurenciis wesebi SeuTanxmes am qveynebSi arsebulsubsidirebis praqtikas.Tumca yvelaze mniSvnelovani struqturuli fondebis reformirebisaTvisiyo 1992 wlis maastrixtis xelSekruleba. maastrixtis xelSekrulebisSedegad mniSvnelobiT gaizarda regionuli da struqturuli politika, radganmiCneuli iqna politikuri da ekonomikuri kavSiris erT-erT umTavreswinapirobad. 1993 wlis maastrixtis evropul sabWos da 1993 wlis struqturulifondebis reformas Soris aRsaniSnavi iyo mzardi umuSevroba da CrdiloeTsaxelmwifoebis mier seriozuli eWvi gaerTianebis saerTo politikebisvargisianobis da finansuri mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb. amasTan mniSvnelovani iyo1992 wlis edinburgis evropuli sabWos gadawyvetileba, romelmac biujetSigaiTvaliswina 27.4 miliardi ekiu regionuli politikisTvis, rac orjer metiadre arsebul TanxasTan SedarebiT. miRebuli reforma Cajda adre arsebuliprincipebis CarCoSi.56

1993 wlis reformis debulebebikoncentracia:I mizani - “naklebad ganviTarebuli regionebis ganviTarebis” xelSewyoba. es isregionebia, romelTa mTliani Sida produqti naklebia an uaxlovdeba gaerTianebissaSualo Sida produqtis 75 procents (finansdeboda samive fondidan);II mizani - im regionebis daxmareba, romlebic seriozulad daziandnenindustriuli daRmasvlis gamo (ERDF, ESF);III mizani - grZelvadiani umuSevrobis daZleva da muSaxelis bazarze SesvlisxelSewyoba (ESF);IV mizani - industriuli cvlilebebisadmi muSaxelis Sewyobis xelSewyoba(ESF);V mizani - (a) agraruli da meTevzeobis struqturebis misadagebisdaCqarebada sasoflo sameurneo arealebis ganviTareba EAGGF);(b) agraruli ganviTarebis xelSewyoba da struqturuliganviTareba (EAGGF, ESF, ERDF);VI mizani - CrdiloeTis iSviaTad dasaxlebuli adgilebis mxardaWera daganviTareba.ZiriTadi debatebi iyo monitoringis da kontrolis garSemo, iseve rogorc,gadasaxadebis raodenobis Sesaxeb. saboloo jamSi komisiis winadadebaSiSetanili iqna Semdegi cvlilebebi:1. monitoringis da Sefasebis debulebebi gamkacrda, ZiriTadad britaneTismTavrobis moTxovniT;2. II da V (b) miznebis dros wevr saxelmwifoebs miecaT ufro mniSvnelovaniroli. es gavida safrangeTis, germaniis da britaneTis moTxovniT;3. cvlilebebi iqna Setanili komisiis damatebiTobis principSi, kerZod,damatebuli iqna debulebebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs specialur ekonomikursituacias, privatizacias da ase Semdeg. am Sesworebebis Sedegad wevrsaxelmwifoebs miecaT saSualeba SemcirebinaT Tavisi Senatani ise rom arSewinaaRdgeebodnen damatebiTobis princips;4. sabWos moTxovniT Seiqmna menejmentis komiteti, romelic gamoiyenebodaimisaTvis, rom erovnul mTavrobebs ufro meti kontroli hqonodaTgaerTianebis iniciativebze.Serwymis, Tanasworobis fondi (Cohesion Fund)maastrixtis xelSekrulebis gaformebis dros espaneTis mTavroba saubrobdaaxal finansur instrumentze, romelic unda damateboda struqturul fonds daiseTive anazRaurebis funqciis matarebeli yofiliyo. espaneTi dardobda, rom1993 wlisTvis ufro mets gadaixdida biujetSi, vidre miiRebda. espaneTma Tavisiver gaitana, Tumca miiRo mxardaWera saberZneTis, portugaliis da irlandiismxridan, ris merec samive saxelmwifom ukve erTad daiwyo gazrdili daxmarebismiRebis lobireba. sabolood, espaneTis mTavrobis mxridan vetos uflebis SiSisgamo sxva qveynebi daTmobaze wavidnen da Seqmnes axali fondi — Serwymis fondi.1993-1999 wlebSi es fondi daaxloebiT 16 miliard ekius iTvaliswinebda.Serwymis fondi did yuradRebas aqcevda garemos dacvis proeqtebs dasatransporto infrastruqturis aRorZinebas. es fondi faravda im qveynebs,romelTa mTliani Sida produqti gaerTianebis saSualo monacemebis 90procentze naklebs warmoadgenda. fuli aq saxelmwifos mihqonda da araregionebs, Tanac am fondebidan proeqtebi finansdeboda 85 procentiT. Serwymisfondebis Tavdapirveli ganawileba Semdegi proporciebiT moxda: saberZneTi —16-20 %, espaneTi 52-58 %, portugalia 16-20 %, irlandia 7-10 %.Serwymis fondebidan amoRebul iqna partniorobis idea. nacvlad amisaproeqtebi iqmneboda saxelmwifoebis da komisiis monawileobiT.damatebiTobasTan dakavSirebiT ewera, rom wevrma saxelmwfioebma ar undaSeamciron TavianTi Zalisxmevebi, Tumca ar iyo dakonkretebuli ra iTvlebodaZalisxmevis Semcirebad.aseTi cvlilebebi da kompromisebi unda ganvixiloT tandemSi mimdinare sxvaprocesebTan, konkretulad ki savaluto kavSirze gaasvlis procesis dawyebam.57

savaluto kavSirze gadasvlam gamoiwvia sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis mkveTriSekveca, Sesabamisad am saxelmwifoebs miecaT saSualeba SedarebiT mSvidadexarjaT Serwymis fondidan miRebuli Tanxebi.struqturuli fondebis ganxorcieleba - 1988-1998partnioroba: partniorobis principi metnaklebad sruldeboda.aRsaniSnavia, rom Sesruleba damokidebuli iyo saxelmwifos siZliereze. komisiaaRniSnavda, rom xSirad nominaluri iyo centraluri xelisuflebis mxridanpartniorobis moTxovnis Sesruleba, da rom xSirad mTavrobebi fiqtiurpartniorebs irCevdnen, romelTac Tavadve irCevdnen.damatebiToba: 1988 wlis Semdeg komisia mxolod britaneTs asaxelebdaqveynad, romelic uars ambobda damatebiTobis principis aRsrulebaze. amazemiuTiTebs e.w. reSaris disputi. britaneTi reSaris programis farglebSi iRebdafuls naxSiris da foladis industriis aRsadgenad. britaneTi amtkicebda, romam fuls aZlevda garemos dacvis departaments, romelic xelmZRvanelobda amproeqts. Tumca im droisTvis rodesac reSaris saqme daiwyo britaneTs arc erTigirvanqa sterlingi ar hqonda gadaxdili garemos dacvis departamentisTvis.komisarma brius millanma ar gadauricxa gankuTvnili Tanxa britaneTs, risSedegadac britaneTi iZulebuli gaxda daTmobaze wasuliyo da garkveuliTanxebi gadauricxa garemos dacvis departaments, ris Semdegac miiRo Tanxebikomisiisgan. Semdeg wlebSi britaneTma isev Seumcira Tanadafinanseba garemosdacvis departaments, ramac afiqrebina komisias, rom britaneTis mTavrobacdilobda daezoga fuli, Tumca Careva britaneTis saqmeebSi ukve veRar moaxerxaimis gamo, rom es iqneboda subsidiarobis principis darRveva.1999 wlis reforma:ocdameerTe saukuneSi reformirebis sakiTxi wamoiWra mas Semdeg, racevrokavSiris wevrebis umravlesoba Sevida evrozonaSi da amavdroulad daiwyoseriozuli saubari aRmosavleTiT gafarToebis Sesaxeb. arsebuli regulaciebisTanaxmad pirvel mizanSi jdeboda evrokavSirSi Semavali yvela axali qveyana, racniSnavda, rom maTTvis Zalian bevri Tanxa unda gadaericxaT. Sedegad fondi undagazrdiliyo 48 miliard ekiumde, rac struqturuli fondebis biujetisgaormagebas niSnavda.1999 wlis reformis Sedegad struqturuli fondebis miznebi CamoyalibdaSemdegi saxiT:I mizani - struqturuli fondebidan Tanxebi xmardeba yvelaze ganuviTarebelregionebs, romelTa mSp erT sul mosaxleze warmoadgens evrokavSiris saSualomonacemis 75 procents. aqve Sevida adre me-6 mizanSi Semavalinaklebdasaxlebuli regionebi;II mizani - Zveli mizani 2 da 5b SeerTdnen erT axal mizanSi. aq Sevida regionebi,romlebic ganicdian socio-ekonmikur cvlilebebs samrewvelo da momsaxurebisseqtorebSi, aseve rTul pirobebSi myofi qalaqebi da adgilebi, romlebicdamokidebulni arian TevzWeraze. aqve mniSvnelovania, rom koncentrireba undamomxdariyo evrokavSiris mosaxleobis araumetes 18 procentze; SemuSavdameqanizmi, romelic uzrunvelyofda, rom arc erTi mimRebi qveynis mosaxleoba ammiznis qveS ar moxvdeboda, Tu 1994-1999 wlebSi maTTvis gankuTvnili dafinansebaprogramiT dafaruli mosaxleobis or-mesamedze naklebi iyo.III mizani - vrceldeboda mTels kavSirze, garda pirveli miznis regionebisa daiTvaliswinebda saganmanaTleblo, treiningis da dasaqmebis sistemebismodernizacias.1999 wlis reformis Sedegad daemata axali principi — efeqtianoba.komisiam aCvena mzadyofna Seemcirebina Tavisi roli am fondebisadministrirebaSi. komisiis TanamSromloebi darCnen monitoringis komitetebSi,Tumca gamovidnen yvela sxva komitetidan, romlebic partniorebTan erTad iyoSeqmnili. komisiam aseve Semoitana idea, rom SeenaxaT fondebis aTi procenti imregionebisTvis, romlebic kargad arTmevdnen Tavs da viTardebodnen fondebiTgaTvaliwinebuli TanxebiT momavalSi maT wasaxaliseblad.58

leqcia 8marTlmsajuleba da saSinao saqmeebimarTlmsajulebis da saSinao saqmeebi maastrixtis xelSekrulebis SemdegaRmocenda, rogorc sayrdeni, romelic mimarTuli iyo kanonis dacvis sakiTxebzeda Sinagan saqmeebSi TanamSromlobaze. evrokavSiris xelSekrulebis meeqvse Tavi,romelic moicavs muxlebs K1-dan K9-mde exeba TanamSromlobas Semdeg sferoebSi:a) TavSesafris politikab) sagareo sazRvrebis kontrolic) imigraciis politikad) mesame qveynebis moqalaqeebi evrokavSirSie) narkotikebi da saerTaSoriso yalTabandobaf) samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebSi TanamSromloba,g) sabaJo TanamSromlobah) sapolicio TanamSromlobamaastrixtis xelSekrulebaze aseve darTuli iyo sapolicio TanamSromlobisdeklaracia, rac gulisxmobda wevri saxelmwifoebis policiebs da kanonisdamcvelorganoebs Soris TanamSromlobas.aRsaniSnavia, rom romis xelSekrulebaSi ewera, rom gaerTianeba miznadisaxavda “wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris saqonlis, adamianebis, momsaxurebis dakapitalis gadaadgilebas yvelanairi SezRudvis gareSe”. miuxedavad amisa 30 wlisSemdegac ki am mxriv bevri araferi Secvlila. gansakuTrebiT neli iyo progresiadamianebis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aqveaRsaniSnavia, rom 1980-iani wlebisTvis saerTo bazari raRac doneze ukve iyointegrirebuli, 80-iani wlebis Suidan ki integraciuli procesebi kidev ufrogaRrmavda. Sedegad, ra Tqma unda, gaizarda adamianebis gadaadgileba, racbunebrivad mohyva bazrebis liberalizacias. adamianebis gadaadgilebis zrdam,gadaadgilebaze SezRudvis moxsnebis gareSe gamoiwvia transsasazRvrodanaSaulebis gaZliereba da zrda, iseve, rogorc damnaSaveebis gadaadgilebagaerTianebis sasxelmwifoebs Soris.msgavsi problemebis winaaRmdeg brZola sakmaod adre, jer kidev 70-ian wlebSidaiwyo. es procesebi mimdinareobda ara marto evrogaerTianebaSi, aramedevrosabWoSic. evrosabWos farglebSi 1972 wels Seiqmna “pompidus jgufi”,romelic muSaobda narkotikebis winaaRmdeg. mxolod garkveuli drois Semdegmoxda am jgufis gadatana evropis politikuri TanamSromlobis farglebSi.1975 wlis dekemberSi Seiqmna “trevis jgufi” romis evropuli sabWos mier,romelsac evaleboda antiteroristuli saqmianobis koordinacia evropaSi. misimizani iyo brZola terorizmis winaaRmdeg, informaciis gacvla teroristuliorganizaciebis Sesaxeb, sapolicio organizaciebis aRWurva da wvrTna.marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT evropul gaerTianebebSiSeqmnili iyo sami samuSao jgufi. pirveli jgufi 1977 wels Seiqmna dapasuxismgebeli iyo antiterorizmze, informaciis da sadazvervo informaciisgacvlaze. meore jgufis Seqmna dakavSirebuli iyo pirvelma jgufis mier 1985wels mandatis gafarToebasTan, ris Sedegad am jgufma moicva policiis taqtika,organizaciebi da aRWurva, mandatis gafarToebis Semdeg mis funqciebSi SevidatranssazaRvro sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, safexburTo vandalizmi da a.S. mesamesamuSao jgufi 1980-ian wlebSi Seiqmna da daiwyo muSaoba seriozulsaerTaSoriso danaSaulebebsa da narkotrefikingze. momdevno wlebSi am samuSaojgufebs daemata sxvadasxva jgufebic. eseni iyo: erToblivi daxmarebis jgufi(1992), organizebuli danaSaulis droebiTi jgufi, imigraciis droebiTi jgufi,sasamarTlo TanamSromlobis jgufi da sxv.1988 wels rodosis sabWom Seqmna koordinatorebis jgufi, romelsac undakoordinacia gaewia winadadebis ganxilvebisTvis. 1989 wels am jgufmawarmoadgina e.w. palmas dokumenti, romelSic CamoTvlili iyo RonisZiebebi,romelTa miRweva aucilebeli iyo Sinagan bazarze usafrTxoebis SesanarCuneblad.1990 wels Seiqmna evropis narkotikebis dazvervis erTeuli, romelic59

evropolis winamorbedi iyo. 1991 wlisTvis ganviTarda sxvadasxva samuSao jgufebiseqstensiuri qseli, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobda mudmivi samdivno.SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom am sferoebSi wamowyebuli TanamSromlobaganpirobebuli iyo danaSaulebebis transsasazRvro xasiaTiT.meore mizezi, romelmac gamoiwvia marTlmsajulebis da saSinao saqmeebis,rogorc politikis Camoyalibeba iyo migrantebis da TavSesafris msurvelebisdidi raodenoba. 1970-ianebidan weliwadSi 100.000 adamiani awydeboda evropas.1986 wels 200.000 iTxovda TavSesafars evropis sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi, 1989-Siki - 300.000. TavSesafris msurvelTa Soris sWarbobdnen Turqebi, qurTebi daaRmosavleT evropelebi. aseve arsebobda sxva ganmapirobebeli interesebic, maTSoris sxvadasxva erovnebebs Soris Sereuli qorwinebebis ricxvis zrda,iurisdiqciebis gaerTianeba da ase Semdeg.evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis interesebigermanias hqonda sakuTari interesebi marTlmsajulebis sferoSi integraciisaTvis.amis ganmapirobebel faqtorebs Soris aRsaniSnavia germaniaSi eTnikuriwarmomavlobis moqalaqeobis arseboba, liberaluri kanoni TavSesafris micemisSesaxeb mesame reixis Semdeg, gasterbaiterebis didi raodenobis arseboba dasuverenitetze gaurkveveli Sexeduleba. germaniis xelisuflebas aseve eSinodamis teritoriaze aRmosavleT evropuli. italiuri da axlo aRmosavleTisteroristuli qselebis gavrcelebis. 1990-ian wlebSi germanias 2 milionze metiucxoeli ewvia, romlebmac germaniis moqalaqeobis miReba moisurves. ra Tqmaunda, amgvari problemebis gadasaWrelad germania dainteresebuli iyo sxvaqveynebTan TanamSromlobiT. analogiuri problemebi arsebobda evropis sxvasaxelmwifoebSic, Sesabamisad kompromisi bevr sakiTxze advilad iqna miRweuli.marTlmsajulebis da saSinao saqmeebis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobdaramdenime gadamfaravi faqtori, romlebic xels uwyobdnen am sferoSiintegracias. es faqtorebi iyo:- evropuli integraciis Sesaxeb ritorikis gaaqtiureba da preambulaSinaxsenebi ufro axlo kavSiri (ever closer union);- saerTo bazris moTxovnebi, maT Soris adamianebis gadaadgileba;- sasazRvro gadasvlebis intensifikacia;- imigraciis zrda;- aralegaluri gadasvlebis zrda;- legaluri da aralegaluri ekonomikuri integracia;- 1992 wlis warmatebam damatebiTi stimuli misca.1996-97 wlebSi Seiqmna termini — Tavisuflebis, usafrTxoebis da marTlmsajulebisevropa (Europe of freedom, security and justice), romelic dafiqsirebuliqna amsterdamis xelSekrulebaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela mcdelobas gaRrmavebuliyointegracia am sferoSi Tan axlda braldebebi rom evropuli saxelmwifoebicdilobdnen SeeqmnaT e.w. — Fortress Europe, anu Caketili cixesimagrismsgavsi evropa, romelSic araevropelebis Sesvla SezRuduli iqneboda.aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom marTlmsajulebis erTiani sivrcis Seqmnisparalelurad mimdinareobda Sengenis procesebi, rac saboloo jamSi erTianievropuli sivrcis — Sengenis zonis SeqmniT dagvirgvinda.1980-iani wlebis SuisaTvis sazRvrebi gaxsnili iyo mxolod samgan, beneluqsisqveynebs Soris, irlandias da britaneTs Soris da CrdiloeTis qveynebs Soris.Sengenis procesis dasawyisi dakavSirebuli iyo safrangeTs da germaniasSoris arsebul mcire problemebTan, romlebmac 1980-ian wlebSi mZlavr moZraobasdaudes saTave. frangebs dawesebuli hqondaT mTeli rigi SezRudvebisaSemosul tvirTebze; am SezRudvebis Sedegad, romlebic ZiriTadad arasatarifoxasiaTis iyo da teqnikuri da administraciuli barierebiT Semoifarglebodazaraldebodnen germanuli kompaniebi da frangi gadamzidavebi, radgan pirvelebidagvianebiT Rebulobdnen im tvirTebs, romlebic xSirad saswrafodsWirdebodaT. rac Seexeba frang tvirTmzidavebs, isini protests gamoTqvamdnenimis gamo, rom dReebis ganmavlobaSi uxdebodaT sazRvarze cda, ris Sedegadackargavdnen did Tanxebs. es ukmayofileba gadaizarda mZRolebis aTdRian60

protestSi (1983-84 zamTari), romelsac mohyva germanias da safrangeTs Sorismolaparakebebis dawyeba da 1985 wels germanias da safrangeTs, aseve beneluqsisqveynebs Soris sazRvris gaxsna. am xelSekrulebas xeli moewera SengenSi,Sesabamisad procesi cnobili gaxda Sengenis procesis saxeliT.Sengenis procesebi da trevis gaerTianebebis ganviTareba paraleluradmimdinareobda 1997 wlis amsterdamis xelSekrulebamde.Sengenis xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg aucilebeli iyo misi ratifikacia,rasac oTxi weli dasWirda. teqnikurma problemebma ki xeli SeuSala 1995 wlamdeam xelSekrulebis ganxorcielebas.aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvadasxva qveyanas gansxvavebuli pozicia gaaCnda SengenisprocesebTan. frangebi utevdnen holandiis liberalur reJims narkotikebze,radgan eSinodaT narkotikebis masiuri gadasvlis safrangeTis teritoriaze,holandias eWvi epareboda, rom informacia, romelic gaicvleboda erTianisazRvris Seqmnis Semdeg daculi iqneboda, Sesabamisad ar surda daesustebinaTavisi sakmaod daculi sainformacio usafrTxoebis sistema. Sengenis processmale SeuerTda italia, espaneTi, portugalia da saberZneTi, Sedeg avstria,fineTi da SvedeTi, aseve dania. am qveynebis Sesvla SengenSi aseve gaxda sxvadasxvasaxelmwifos Soris dapirispirebis sagani. safrangeTs eeWveboda italiissazRvrebis daculoba, ris gamoc italia 1997 wlamde ver SeuerTda Sengenissistemas. saberZneTi 2000 wlamde ar Seiyvanes kontrolis problemebis daalbaneTTan sazRvris gamo.didi britaneTi miuxedavad am procesebisa, amjobinebda am procesebidan SorsdaeWira Tavi. britaneTis xelisufleba acxadebda, rom maTi saxelmwifos kun-Zulovani mdebareobis gamo ar iyo auciebeli misi infrastruqturis sistematiuriSemowmeba sxva saxelmwifoebis mier, radgan yvela Semowmeba manam xdeboda,sanam migrantebi britaneTis teritoriaze Sevidodnen. saboloo jamSi didmabritaneTma uari ganacxada SengenSi Sesvlaze, Tumca bolos mainc gaamartivaprocedurebi, Tumca bolomde ar SerTebia Sengens. mas Semdeg, rac daniamacgaxsna sazRvrebi evropis saxelmwifoebma daiwyes molaparakebebi islandiasTanda norvegiasTan rom maTTanac momxdariyo sazRvris Tavisufali gadakveTa.mesame sayrdeni maastrixtis xelSekrulebis Semdeg1991 wels germanias surda marTlmsajulebis da saSinao saqmeebis integraciaevrokavSiris saqmeebSi. britanelebi ar iziarebdnen am mosazrebas, xolo frangebsCamoyalibebuli pozicia ar gaaCndaT. holandiam Tavdapirvelad SesTavazasagareo politikis da marTlmsajulebis da saSinao sakiTxebis gaerTianeba,Tumca es winadadeba uaryofil iqna sxva saxelmwifoebis mier. Sedegad, maastrixtisxelSekrulebam moaxdina komitetebis arsebuli sistemis institucionaliziacia,misTvis rame axalis damatebis gareSe. am komitetebis erTobliobas ewoda— marTlmsajuleba da saSinao saqmeebi, romelic Sevida evrokavSiris saqmeebSimesame sayrdenis saxiT.marTlmsajulebis da saSinao saqmeebSi, garda arsebuli sakomiteto sistemisgaerTianebisa, aseve Semovida inovaciebi:- Sexvedrebis menejmenti da momzadeba daevala sabWos samdivnos axal generalurdireqtorats, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda moqmedi prezidentoba;- komisias iqve hyavda mivlenili mcire samuSao jgufi, raTa yofiliyomesame sayrdenSi momxdari saqmeebis kursSi;- mesame sayrdenis saqmis kursSi iyo DG XV, anu Sida bazris generaluridireqtorati, romelic monitoringis uflebebiT sargeblobda. procesebSiaseve iribad monawileobda socialuri politikis direqtorati;- parlamentidan mesame sayrdenis sakiTxebSi CarTuli iyo samoqalaqoTavisuflebebis komiteti;- paralelurad mimdinareobda saubrebi gavrceldeboda Tu ara marTlmsajulebissasamarTlos iurisdiqcia JHA konvenciebze. saboloodmiRebul iqna gadawyvetileba, rom marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos mesamesayrdenze iurisdiqcia ar gaevrcelebina.61

gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi marTlmsajulebis da saSinao saqmeebSigadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi SeiZleba SevadaroT arqipelags, sadacTanamSromloba damokidebuli iyo makoordinerebel K4 komitetze. arsebobdaTanamSromobis sxvadasxfa formatebi, maT Soris sabaJoebze, aseve policiebsSoris, Tumca mosamarTleebi da prokurorebi mainc problemebis winaSe idgnen,radgan yvela qveyanaSi gansxvavdebuli iyo danaSaulis cneba. amasTan sakmaodrTuli iyo Sinagan saqmeTa ministrebis daintereseba sxva qveynebis analogiuruwyebebSi mimdinare procesebiT, radgan maT, rogorc wesi naklebad aRelvebdaTsaerTaSoriso problemebi.mesame sayrdenSi Sesul sakiTxebze kontrolis eqskluziuri ufleba gaaCndaaRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, Sesabamisad, parlamentebis roli SesamCnevadSezRuduli iyo. ministrebi, rogorc wesi, iyvnen yvelaze metad informirebulniam sferoSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb, Tumca isini ar iyvnen mosurne gaemxilaTinformacia sxva organoebisaTvis. isev problematuri iyo vertikalurikoordinacia da informaciis gacvla sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebs Soris. amasTanuCveulod dumda masmedia, radgan masac ar hqonda informacia kavSiris SigniTmarTlmsajulebis sakiTxebis irgvliv mimdinare procesebze. Tumca, es ukanaskneliproblema SedarebiT moixsna Sengenis procesis aqtualizaciis Semdeg.mesame sayrdenSi aqtivoba gaizarda 1990-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi. 1992wlis programis dasrulebis Semdeg samdivnos yurdaReba gadavida swored amsferoze. 1997 wels ministrTa sabWoSi sxdomebis saerTo raodenobis erTimesamedi swored marTlmsajulebis da Singan saqmeTa sferoebSi mimdinareobda.amasTan, gaizarda yuradReba mesame sayrdenis sferoebis mimarT erovnuliadministraciebisgan. magaliTad, britaneTis Sida saqmeebis saministro ambobda,rom 1998 wlisTvis daaxloebiT 68 oficeri muSaobda evropul saqmeebze, maSinrodesac 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aseT oficerTa ricxvi 10-s ar aRemateboda.saqmis warmoeba (Flow of policy)iniciativebis ufleba. am sferoSi sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis ufleba,iseve rogorc meore sayrdenSi, aqvs prezidentobas, romelsac exmareba sabWossamdivno. yovel eqvs TveSi prioritetebi icvleba. magaliTad, Tu erT drostrefikingia modaSi, mere narkotikebi Semodis da ase Semdeg. imisaTvis rom aseTiproblemebi aecilebinaT da uzrunveleyoT saqmiswarmoebis gangrZobadobaSemoRebuli iqna ramdenimewliani gegmebi.1998 seqtemberSi avstriam warmoadgina TavSesafris da imigraciis politikisstrategiis monaxazi, romelic sakmaod agresiuli iyo da moicavda qsenofobiurmomentebs, ris gamoc es iniciativa gakrtikebul iqna. msgavsi iniciativebi bevrismier ganixileboda, rogorc evropis cixesimagris Seqmnis mcdeloba. imave wlisdekemberSi venis sabWos sxdomaze miRebuli teqsti gacilebiT rbili iyo, imisgamo rom gaiara molaparakebebi k4 komitetTan, koreperTan da JHA sabWosTan.sabWos samdivnos didi roli hqonda am procesSi da sakmaod maRali doniseqspertebi iyvnen iq dasaqmebuli. ori direqtorati monawileobda (marTlmsajulebisda Sida saqmeebis da iuridiuli saqmeebis). 1998-99 wlebSi meti xalxidaimates, radgan Sengenis samdivnoc Sevida am samdivnos SemadgenlobaSi. aseveCarTulni iyvnen koreperis warmomadgenlebi.mas Semdeg, rac iniciativa wamovidoda, xdeboda misi ganawileba daaxloebiT20 samuSao jgufSi, romlebic Sedgebodnen saSualo donis an umcrosi erovnulimoxeleebisagan. aq mTavari mizani iyo saerTo ideis aRmoceneba da saerTo gegmisSemuSaveba. aseve monawileobas iRebdnen eqspertebi evrokavSiris sxvadasxva saagentoebidanda uwyebebidan. samuSao jgufebis raodenoba icvleboda sakiTxebidangamomdinare.1997 wlis luqsemburgis prezidentobis dros Seiqmna ori samuSao jgufi,romelTac daevalaT Sengenis xelSekrulebis Setana xelSekrulebaSi danorvegiasTan da islandiasTan asocirebis xelSekrulebis dadeba. rogorc wesi,pirveli sami Tve ikribebian samuSao jgufebi, radgan Tu am xnis ganmavlobaSi armoxerxda teqstis SeTanxmeba momavalSi misi miRebis Sansi minimaluria, radganprocedura SeuSlis xels.62

ogorc wesi, samuSao jgufebi Sedgeba sajaro moxeleebisgan da araaRmasrulebeli organoebis warmomadgenlebisgan. samuSao jgufebis efeqturobadidwiladaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu romeli qveynidan arian warmomadgenlebi.Sesabamisad gansxvavdeba ama Tu im delegatis Senatani da maT gadawyvetilebebzeerovnuli interesebis gavlena.trevidan moyolebuli mesame sayrdenSi iyo sakmaod mkacri ierarqiuliinstituciuri struqtura.saorganizacio jgufebi (Steering Groups) uweven monitorings samuSaojgufebis muSaobis progress. Tavis mxriv, isini umzadeben yovelwliur samusaoprogramas k4-is komitets, romelic unda gadaxedul iqnes eqvsi Tvis Semdeg.Semdeg isev abareben angariSs komitets wlis bolos. bevrs miaCnda, romsaorganizacio jgufebi sakmaod ufunqciod iyvnen isedac gadatvirTulierarqiul struqturaSi. amsterdamis xelSekrulebam isini ar gaauqma, Tumcaimis gamo, rom maTi funqcia male aRmoifxvra, isini TavisiT gauqmdnen. Tumcaufro aqtualuri gaxda horizontaluri jgufebis Seqmna, romlebic asevecnobilia “maRali donis jgufebis” saxeliT. maT funqciebSi Sedioda detalurida teqnikuri molaparakebebis warmoeba sxvadasxva samuSao jgufebs Soris dayovelwliuri samoqmedo gegmebis winwaweva.instituciur struqturaSi sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili ekavasakoordinacio komitets, anu, igive K4 komitets. amsterdamis xelSekrulebisSemdeg mas saxeli Seecvala da daerqva 36 muxlis komiteti. am komitetSi SedianmaRali rangis warmomadgenlebi sxvadasxva erovnuli saministroebisgan TveSiminimum erTxel. winaaRmdegoba korepertan, romelic Tavad iyo valdebulisakitxebis SeTanxmebaze. problema aRmoifxvr amas Semdeg rac koreperSimiavlines eqspertebi, ramac koreperi ufrometad gaxada erovnuliadministracis warmomadgenlobad da ara diplomatiur misiad.sabWom, romelic weliwadSi minimum oTxjer (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi plusorjer) araformalurad ikribeboda xeli Seuwyo generaluri saqmeebis sabWosrolis Semcirebas.maastrixtis da amsterdamis xelSekrulebebiT saqmis warmoebis sistemebsSoris gansxvavebebi ixileT qvemoT moyvanil I da II cxrilebSi.cxrili I: gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi maastrixtis xelSekrulebis Semdeg63

cxrili II: gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi amsterdamis xelSekrulebisSemdegsabWokoreperimss mrCevlebiimigraciis,sazRvrebis daTavSesafrisstrategiulikomitetiimigraciavizebigaZevebaTavSesafarisamoqalaqosaqmeebissakiTxebiskomitetimaRali donis eqspertTa jgufi-koleqtiuri Sefaseba-Sengenis komitetisazRvrebiCIREFICIREA-org. danaSaulis multidisc. jgufi-narkotikebis horizontaluri jgufi-TavSesafris da migraciis jgufi36 muxlis komitetisamuSao jgufebi1. sapolicio sakiTxebipoliciaevropolinarkotikebiterorizmi2. sabaJo sakiTxebisabaJoTanamSromloba3. sisxlis samarTlissisxlis samarTlisTan.susbstanciuri sis.sam.4. sainformaciosistemebimonacemebisusafrTxoebasainformaciosistemebisainf. sistemebisteqnol.SIRENEmesame sayrdenis sisusteebiiTvleba, rom marTlmsajulebis da saSinao saqmeebi aris evrokavSiris issayrdeni, romelsac yvelaze meti problema da sisuste gaaCnia. amis asaxsneladsakmarisia gavixsenoT, rogor Seiqmna es sayrdeni. imis gamo, rom sayrdeniwarmoadgenda kompromiss sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebs Soris da gaaCnia rogorcsamTavrobaTaSoriso, ise supraerovnuli xasiaTi, mas aqvs bevri problema, romlebicZiriTadad aramdgradobasTan da aratransparentulobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.im sisusteebs Soris, romlebic mesame sayrdens aqvs, SegviZlia xazi gavusvaTsams:1) iuridiuli da konstituciuri CarCos gaurkveveli xasiaTi2) dabali politikuri xedvadoba da masmediisgan yuradRebis nakleboba; asevemkacrad gansazRvruli biurokratiuli xasiaTi3) wevri saxelmwifoebis mxridan daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi iZulebismeqanizmebis ararseboba64

leqcia 9evropis sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikaevropis politikuri TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis istoriaevropuli sazogadoebis Seqmnis da Camoyalibebis procesis dawyebisTanaveiyo mcdelobebi daemyarebinaT politikuri erToba. saerTo sagareo daTavdacvis politikis SemuSavebis sakiTxi araerTxel yofila dadebuli samuSaomagidaze. yvelaze gabeduli da win waweuli mcdeloba rom SeeqmnaT saerTosagareo da Tavdacvis politika iyo mowodebuli 1950 wels safrangeTis premierministrismier. plevenis gegmiT, unda Seqmniliyo integrirebuli evropuliarmia gaerTianebuli sardlobis qveS. es gegma gaxda (euTk) ECSC-is farglebSiwevri qveynebs Soris molaparakebis da ganxilvis sagani 1950 wlidan 1952 wlamderomlis Sedegadac gaformda xelSekruleba, romelmac Camoayaliba evropisTavdacvis gaerTianeba (EDC). am gaerTianebis Seqmnis Tanmdevi efeqti iyo asevepolitikuri proeqti, romelic wardgenili iqna 1953 wels da iTvaliswinebdafederaciis an konfederaciis Seqmnas. Tavadcvis gaerTianebis msgavsad unda Seqmniliyopolitikuri gaerTianeba, romelsac eqneboda Zalian farTo uflebebi damovaleobebi. es gegma ver ganxorcielda, radgan igi uaryo golistebisumravlesobam safrangeTis erovnul asambleaSi 1954 wlis 30 agvistos.fuSes komiteti: 60-ian wlebSi gaimarTa molaparakebebi safrangeTSi romelsacsafuZvlad daedo fuSes ori gegma, romelic mouwodebda axlo politikuriTanamSromlobisaken. am gegmamac kraxi ganicada da 1962 wels molaparakebebiSewyda.miuxedavad kraxisa evropuli qveynis mTavrobis warmomadgnelebi eZebdnengzebs romliTac moxdeboda ufro mWidro politikuri TanamSromloba daCatardeboda kvlevebi am sakiTxis irgvliv. 1970 wels luqsemburgis samitzewardgenil iqna “davinionis moxseneba” (D’Avignon report), romelic safuZvladdaedo evropis politikur TanamSromlobas (European Political Cooperation - EPC),romelic SemdgomSi formalurad iqna Seyvanili saerTo evropul aqtSi 1987wels. davinionis moxseneba warmoadgenda wlebis manZilze evrogaerTianebisqveynebis politikuri TanamSromlobis ZiriTad dokuments. epT-s mTavarimaxasiaTebeli iyo wevr qveynebs Soris konsultaciebi sagareo saqmeTaministrebis doneze romlebic ganixilavdnen sagareo politikasTandakavSirebul sakiTxebs da unda Sexvedrodnen weliwadSi orjer mainc. gardasagareo saqmeTa ministrebisa yovelma wevrma saxelmwifom daniSna wamyvanidiplomatiuri moxele - politikuri direqtori, romlis pasuxismgeblobaSiSedioda politikis sferoSi 15 wevri saxelmwifos TanamSromloba.sami wlis Semdeg kopenhagenis samitma gamosca moxseneba epT-s saqmianobisSesaxeb. am periodSi gaxSirda Sexvedrebi sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis dapolitikuri komitetis doneze da aseve Seiqmna evropeli korespondentebisjgufi romlebic iyvnen politikuri direqtorebis umcrosi moxeleebi damonitorings uwevdnen wevr qveynebSi eps saqmianobas da komunikacias. epssaqmianobas xeli Seuwyo COREU Seqmnam, romelic aris specialuri teleqsissistema da akavSirebs wevr saxelmwifoebs.1974 wels evropuli sabWos (European Council) Seqmnam EPC saqmianoba ufrokoordinirebuli gaxada, vinaidan qveynis meTaurebs miecaT ufro gamokveTiliroli, romelic iTvaliswinebda kavSirisTvis saerTo mimarTulebis micemas.sabWoTa kavSiris mier avRaneTis dapyrobam da iranSi momxdarma islamurmarevoluciam kidev erTxel daanaxa evropelebs saerTo poziciis arqoniTganpirobebuli sisuste saerTo sagareo politikis warmoebis saqmeSi. amangamoiwvia EPC rolis gaZlierebis moTxovna londonis moxsenebaSi, romelicmoiTxovda winaswar konsultacias wevr qveynebs da komisias Soris im sakiTxebze,romlebsac gavlena SeiZleba hqonoda yvela wevr saxelmwifoze.1987 wlis saerTo evropulma aqtma instituciuri safuZveli Cauyara EPC - sarsebobas samdivnosa da evropuli korespondentebis saxiT, romlebicmuSaobdnen prezidentobis meTvalyureobis qveS. EPC – s kompetenciaSi aseve65

Sevida yvela is sagareo sakiTxi, romelic Sedioda wevri qveynebis interesebSi.mokled rom SevajamoT, EPC iyo forumi, sadac wevr qveynebs SeeZloTkonsultaciebi gaewiaT sagareo saqmeTa sakiTxebze da, Sesabamisad,daefiqsirebinaT saerTo pozicia, ris Sedegadac gamoxatavdnen saerTo poziciassaerTaSoriso organizaciebSi. EPC-s hyavda uamravi kritikosi da mas seriozulwamowyebad aravin ganixilavda. bevrisTvis is mxolod salaparako forumi iyo,romelsac aranairi realuri Sedegi ar mohyveboda. saerTo politikuri forumisararseboba marTlac kargad gamoCnda iugoslaviis daSlisas, rodesac bevrevropul saxelmwifos gansxvavebuli sagareo pozicia hqonda: magaliTad,germania mxars uWerda xorvatiis damoukideblobas, safrangeTi ki mxars uWerdaiugoslaviis erTianobas da ase Semdeg. cota ufro mogvianebiT, kidev ufronaTlad gamoCnda evrogaerTianebis ara marto saerTo sagareo politikis, aramedsaerTo samxedro politikis warmoebis SeuZlebloba. saqveynod nanaxmasircxvilma evropelebi aiZula daewyoT samuSaoebi saerTo samxedro da sagareopolitikis Camosayalibeblad da gansaxorcieleblad.maastrixis xelSekruleba da sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikaxelSekrulebaSi calke Tavad aris Sesuli evropis saerTo sagareo dauSiSroebis politika (Common Foreign and Security Policy - CFSP). amasTanave, CFSPgaxda evro kavSiris erT-erTi sveti. is muxlebi romlebic exeba CFSP-scnobilia rogorc “jei muxlebi” (J articles), da sul 11 muxlisagan Sedgeba.muxli J 1 Seexeba ssup-s kompetenciis areals da amocanebs. moicavsTiTqmis yvela im sakiTxs, rac sagareo politikas Seexeba. magram, cnobiliarom xelSekrulebaSi CamoTvlili es movaleobaTa nusxa aris an Zalianbundovani, an gaurkveveli. magaliTad, ssup-s mizania “xeli SeuwyossaerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas,” an “gaaZlieros wevri qveynebis uSiSroebayvela saSualebiT” da a. S. aseve, ssup-s gansaxorcieleblad xelSekrulebamouwodebs wevr qveynebs daarson sistemuri TanamSromloba yvela im sagareopolitikis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, romlebic warmoadgenen sayovelTao interess.muxli J 2 Seexeba saerTo poziciebs. wevri qveynebi movaleni arianmoaxdinon erTmaneTis informireba da erTmaneTTan konsultacia ministrTasabWos SigniT sagareo da uSiSroebis politikasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze,ministrTa sabWo ki, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gansazRvravs saerTo pozicias.wevri qveynebi movaleni arian SeuTanxmon TavianTi erovnuli politikasaerTo pozicias da moaxdinon TavianTi qmedebebis koordinirebasaerTaSoriso organizaciebSi.muxli J 3 Seexeba erTobliv qmedebebs. am muxlis Tanaxmad, ministrTasabWos evaleba “erToblivi qmdebebis” saerTo safuZvlebis gansazRvra daaseve masve evaleba gansazRvros daeqvemdebaros Tu ara romelime sfero TusakiTxi erTobliv qmedebas. ganxorcielebis detalur gegmas gadawyvetsxmaTa kvalificiuri umravlesoba.muxli J 4 Tanaxmad, ssup unda moicavdes evrokavSiris usafrTxoebasTandakavSirebul yvela sakiTxs, maT Soris, saerTo Tavdacvis politikissaboloo CarCoebs, ramac SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos saerTo TavdacvisSemuSavebas. gadawyvetilebebi usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, romelSic CarTuliiqneba Tavdacvis elementebi, miRebul iqneba moTxovnisamebr dasavleTevropis kavSiris mier.muxli J 5 Seexeba evrokavSiris saerTo poziciis wardgenas. maastrixisxelSekrulebis mixedviT es misia akisria sabWos prezidentobas. igigamoxatavs kavSiris pozicias saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi da saerTaSorisokonferenciebze. mimdinare prezidents ssup-s marTvaSi da ganxorcielebaSiexmareba bolo da momavali prezidentic e.w. Troika da komisia, Tumcamaastrixis xelSekrulebaSi Zalian bundovnad aris mocemuli komisiis rolissep warmoebaSi.aseve parlamenti ruglarulad unda iyos informirebuli ssup-s ZiriTadaspeqtebze da arCevnebze da misi Sexedulebebi unda iqnes gaTavisebuli.parlaments aqvs ufleba dasvas kiTxvebi da misces rekomendaciebi. aseve66

parlamentma unda moawyos yovelwliuri debatebi ssup saqmianobis daprogresis Sesaxeb.ministrTa sabWo iRebs gadawyvetilebebs ssup farglebSi evro sabWos mierdawesebuli ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis mixedviT. sabWo muSaobs konsensusispirobebSi garda proceduruli sakiTxebisa da im sakiTxebisa, romlebiceqvemdebareba mesame muxls (erToblivi qmedebebi). erToblivi qmedebebisdadgenis da ganxorcielebisas detalebs kenWi eyreba xmaTa kvalificiuriumravlesobiT. politikur komitets, aseve evaleba situaciis monitoringi dainformaciis miwodeba sabWosaTvis sakuTari iniciativiT an misi moTxovnissafuZvelZe. maTve evalebaT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis implementaciismonitoringi. (muxli J 8).rac Seexeba dafinansebas, igi an evrogaerTianebis biujetidan gamoiyofa(biujetidan mxolod mcire nawili finansdeba), an wevri saxelmwifoebis mierxorcieldeba.aRsaniSnavia, rom ssup sferoSi gadawyvetilebebi miiRebamTavrobaTaSoris doneze da masSi monawileobas ar Rebuloben evrogaerTianebis sxva instituciebi.amsterdamis xelSekruleba da saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika1996 wels dawyebuli samTavrobaTaSoriso konferenciis erT-erTi mizani,romelic win uZRoda amsterdamis xelsSekrulebis Semqnas iyo is rom gaeZlierebinaCFSP da mieca kavSirisTvis saSualeba ukeT Seesrulebina Tvisi rolisaerTaSoriso politikaSi. es problema Zalian mwvaved dadga iugoslaviisdaSlis Semdeg, roca naTlad gamoCnda erTiani evropuli xmis da politikisararseboba da SesaZlebloba imisa, rom politika gamagrebuli yofiliyoSesabamisi qmedebebiT. maSasadame, amsterdamis mizani gaxda amoevso ormoebiSesaZleblobebsa da saSualebebs Soris da daeZlia winaaRmdegobebi racarsebobda CFSP-s ambiciur programasa da im saSualebebs Soris, romelickavSiris xelT iyo, raTa am miznebisTvis mieRwia.amsterdamis xelSekrulebaSi Caido ramdenime mniSvnelovani cvlileba.1. daemata kidev erTi sagareo politikis instrumenti - saerTo strategia.anu, sabWos aqvs ufleba gansazRvros, konsensusiT, saerTo strategia im sferoebSi,romlebic wevri qveynebis saerTo interess warmoadgenen. sabWo arispasuxismgebeli saerTo strategiis implementaciaze saerTo qmedebebis da er-Tiani poziciis saSualebiT (romlebic mtkicdeba kvalificiuri umravlesobiT).igi aseve rekomendacias uwevs evropul sabWos saerTo strategiis Sesaxeb;2. gadawyvetilebis miRebis mxriv saerTo principi mainc erTxmad gadawyvetilebismiReba darCa, magram SemoiRes e.w. “konstruqciuli TavisSekaveba,”anu, wevr qveynebs SeuZliaT Tavi Seikavon, raTa sakiTxi gadaurCes dablokvas.Tuki es qveynebi TavSekavebas daadastureben formaluri deklaraciiT, maSin maTar evalebaT miRebuli gadawyvetilebis gatareba, magram isini valdebuli arianSeeguon miRebul gadawyvetilebas solidarobis mizniT da ar Caidinon iseTiqmedebebi, rac konfliqtSi iqneba evrokavSiris am gadaqyvetilebis safuZvelzeganxorcielebul qmedebebTan. gadawyvetileba ar miiReba Tuki aseTnairad TaviSeikava wevri qveynebis 1/3;3. amsterdamis meore didi monapovari aris ssup-s umaRlesi warmomadgenlispostis SemoReba. es posti mianiWes sabWos generalur mdivans, romelic 1999wlidan gaxda xavier solana. generaluri mdivnis movaleobaSi Sedioda sabWosadministraciuli saqmianobis marTva da mimarTulebis micema, magram axalifunqciebis damatebis Semdeg es funqciebi gadaeca generaluru mdivnis moadgiles.Tavad solanas amjerad evaleba ssup-s sferoSi sabWosTvis daxmarebisgaweva, kerZod ki ssup-is mimarTulebebis formulireba, momzadeba da gadawyvetilebebisimplementacia. prezidentobis moTxovniT, solana aseve atarebspolitikur dialogs mesame saxelmwifoebTan da pirebTan. ssup-s umaRleswarmomadgenels logistikur daxmarebas uwevs amsterdamis xelSekrulebiTSeqmnili politikis dagegmarebis da adreuli gafrTxilebis danayofi.4. politikis dagegmarebis da adreuli gafrTxilebis danayofi Seiqmna im67

mizniT, rom SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo kavSiris mier erTiani reagirebis moxdenasaerTaSoriso movlenebze. sakiTxebis erToblivma Seswavlam da informaciismopovebam unda ganapirobos kavSiris efeqturi reaqcia saerTaSoriso movlenebze.es danayofi dakompleqtebulia specialistebiT wevri qveynebidan,generaluri samdivnodan, komisiidan da dasavleT evropis kavSiridan. amdanayofis movaleobaSi Sedis:- ssup-s sferoSi arsebuli movlenebis monitoringi da analizi, ssup-sinteresTa sferos Sefaseba da im sferoebis moxazva, romelzec ssup-isfarglebSi momavalSi yuradRebis gamaxvileba SeiZleba;- drouli Sefaseba da adreuli gafrTxileba potenciuri politikurikrizisebis da situaciebis Sesaxeb, romlebac SeiZleba gavlena iqonion ssup-ze;- aseve, sakuTari inciativiT an sabWos moTxovniT sarekomendaciebis damoxsenebebis miwodeba sabWosTvis.5. petersbergis amocanebi, uSiSroeba da dasavleT evropis kavSiri:.amsterdamis xelSekrulebiT petersbergis amocanebi Seyvanil iqna ssup-skompetenciaSi. es iyo umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetileba, vinaidan es niSnavs imas,rom amieridan evro kavSirma Tavis Tavze aiRo iseTi konfliqtebis mogvareba,romlebic saWiroebs samSvidobo operaciebs, humanitarul daxmarebas dasamaSvelo operaciebs. aseve, me-17 muxlSi naxsenebi iyo rom dek nel-nela undaSerwymoda kavSirs da rom kavSiri daekiTxeboda dek-s rogorc aRmasrulebelorganos usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi. martivad rom vTqvaT, dek gaxdeboda ssup-ssamxedro organo.amgvarad, amsterdamis xelSekrulebis monapovari iyo, upirveles yovlisa,ssup-s umaRles warmomadgenlis postis SemoReba. axla ukve SesaZlebeli gaxdapasuxi gaecaT kisinjeris cota ar iyos cinikur kiTxvaze, Tu vis unda daureko,roca ginda esaubro evropas? meore monapovari iyo is, rom SeTanxmdnen zogierTisakiTxebi xmaTa kvalificiuri umravlesobiT gadaewyvitaT, Tumca, isic undaiTqvas, rom, sinamdvileSi, ssup-s sferoSi yvelaferi mainc konsensusiT wydeba.evropuli sabWoebis roli ssup-is institucionalizaciaSisent malos evropuli sabWo: sent malo istoriaSi Sesulia rogorcgadamwyveti momenti evrokavSiris saerTo Tavdacvis aRorZinebis saqmeSi.katalizatorad im procesisa, romelic daiwyo sent maloSi da, romelic dRemdegrZeldeba, iyo iugoslaviis daSla da Tanmdevi sisxliani omebi, romlisdaregulirebis da, Tundac Tavidan acilebis sakiTxSi, evropam Zalian sustiroli iTamaSa. TvalnaTeli gaxda, rom evropa absoluturad araqmediTunarianiiyo samxedro sakiTxebSi da, rogorc civi omis periodSi, igi axlac amerikis danatos Semyure unda yofiliyo. swored am saqveynod gamoaSkaravebuliuZlurobis gamo gadawyvita britaneTis premier-ministra toni blerma rom droiyo evropas ganeviTarebina sakuTari samxedro SesaZleblobebi, raTa sakadrisisityva eTqva saerTaSoriso arenaze. es iyo britaneTis politikis 180 gradusiTSemobruneba, vinaidan warsulSi didi britaneTi sastikad ewinaaRmdegebodaevropis mier avtonomiuri samxedro meqanizmebis Seqmnas.sent malos samiti warmoadgenda 1998 wlis araformaluri Sexvedra prezidentSiraksa da blears Soris, romlis Sedegadac gamoica sent malosdeklaracia. am deklaraciaSi naTqvamia, rom droa evropam Sesaferisi roli SeasrulossaerTaSoriso arenaze. man unda “aamuSaos amsterdamis xelSekrulebaSiCadebuli debulebebi ssup-s sferoSi, TandaTanobiT saerTo Tavdacvispolitikis CarCoebis ganviTarebis CaTvliT”. sabWos unda SeeZlos im principebisda miznebis ganxorcieleba rac mexuTe TavSia mocemuli. amisaTvis “evrokavSirsunda hqondes avtonomiuri moqmedebis unari, romelsac zurgs gaumagrebssaimedo samxedro Zala, unda hqondes am Zalis amoqmedebis da gadawyvetilebismiRebis saSualeba da mzadyofna, raTa upasuxos saerTaSoriso krizisebs”.deklaracia xazs usvams natos Seucvlel rols evropis Tavdacvis sferoSi darom evropam unda Tavisi wvlili Seitanos natos modernizaciis saqmeSi. magram,evropas aseve unda hqondes “moqmedebis saSualeba iseT situaciebSi sadacaliansi ar aris Cabmuli”. evropas sWirdeba Zlieri armia, konkurentunarianievropuli Tavdacvis industria da teqnologia raTa upasuxos axal safrTxeebs.68

sent maloSive safrangeTma da britaneTma daafiqsira rom isini gaaerTianebdnenZalisxmevas raTa miscen evro kavSirs am miznebis ganxorcielebis konkretuliSesaZleblobebi.sent malos Semdeg movlenebi Zalian swarafad ganviTarda ssup sferoSi.sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis sferoSi gansakutrebiT mniSvnelovani iyosami evropuli sabWo.kiolnis evropuli sabWo (1999 wlis ivnisi): 1999 wlis ivnisis kiolnisevropuli sabWos deklaraciam gaiTavisa sent malos deklaracia da TiTqmismTlianad miiRo iq miRweuli SeTanxmebebi. amjerad formalurad dadasturdaevrokavSiris wevri yvela qveynis survili, rom ganeviTarebinaT saerToTavdacva. kiolnis deklaraciaSi Caido is samomavlo gegmebi, rac saWiro iyo amideis gansaxorcieleblad, kerZod ki gadawyvetilebis miRebis infratruqturisSeqmna (samxedro politikuri komitetebi da a.S.) iseve rogorc samxedrosaSualebebi, anu samxedro Stabbinis da samxedro Zalebis Seqmna. Sesabamisad,momaval prezidentobas daevala samuSaobis gagrZeleba am mimarTulebiT.helsinikis evropuli sabWo (1999 wlis dekemberi): es SexvedramniSvnelovania imitom, rom masze dasaxuli iqna e.w. “mTavari amocana”, romlismixedviT qveynebs unda SeZlebodaT 2003 wlisaTvis Tavi moeyaraT(nebayoflobiT) 50,000 — 60,000 kaciani swrafi reagirebis jarisTvis, romlisganlageba SesaZlebeli iqneboda 60 dReSi, da Senaxva erTi wlis manZilze. amjaris movaleobebSi Sevidoda petersbergis amocanebis Sesruleba.santa maria de feiras evropuli sabWo (2000 wlis ivnisi): am Sexvedrazewevri qveynebi SeTanxmdnen samoqalaqo “mTavar amocanaze,” anu esdp-s samoqalaqokomponentis ganviTarebaze. isini SeTanxmden, rom 2003 wlisTvis kavSiris gankargulebaSiiqneboda 5000-mde policieli krizisuli situaciebis dasaZlevad.maSasadame, sent malom da Semdgomma evropulma sabWoebma safuZveli CauyarasaerTo Tavdacvas, anu evropis usafrTxoebis da Tavdacvis politikas (euTp),romelic formalurad Seyvanil iqna evropis institutebSi nicis xelSekrulebismier. nicis xelSekrulebam aseve Seqmna euTp-s struqtura, radgan Seiqmna samiaxali komponenti: politikuri da usafrTxoebis komiteti (PSC – COPS - puk),evrokavSiris samxedro komiteti (esk), evrokavSiris samxedro Stabi (esS).saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis da evropis usafrTxoebis da Tavdacvispolitikis struqtura: gadawyvetilebis miRebis institutebi daproceduraevropuli sabWo: maastrixtis xelSekrulebis me13 muxlis mixedviT sabWogansazRvravs ssup-is principebs da mTavar mimarTulebebs da ayalibebs saerTostrategiebs. veropuli sabWo muSaobs generalur saqmeTa sabWosTan (GAC) erTadda misi meSveobiT aris ssup-Tvis mimarTulebis mimcemi.1992 wlis lisabonis samiti aris magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor saqmianobs sabWossup-is sferoSi. imis dasadgenad, aris Tu ara saerTo interesi ama Tu im sakiTxisan arealis irgvliv, mxedvelobaSi miiReba Semdegi faqtorebi: mocemuli qveynisgeografiuli mdebareoba da siaxlove evrokavSirTan; evrokavSiris dainteresebaam qveynis politikur da ekonomikur stabilurobaSi da safrTxis arsebobaevropis usafrTxoebis interesebis mimarT. rogorc wesi, sabWo aseve gamoxatavsTavis Sexedulebebs sagareo politikis mimdinare problemebis Sesaxeb.ministrTa sabWo: sabWo aris ssup warmoebis sakvanZo organo. igifunqcionirebs Semdegi organoebis saSualebiT:generaluri da sagareo urTierTobebis sabWo: sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi dakomisari xvdebian erTmaneTs daaxloebiT TveSi erTxel, magram aseve imarTebadamatebiTi Sexvedrebic. gsus aris ssup-s mTavari gadawyvetilebis mimRebiorgano: gansazRvravs saerTo poziciebs da saerTo qmedebebs. umniSvnelovanesiroli akisria prezidentobas, romelic waradgens kavSirs ssup-is sferoSi damonitorings uwevs am sferoSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebas. adreprezident qveyanas exmareboda troika, magram es roli axla gaiTavisa ssup-isumaRlesma warmomadgenelma da sagareo urTierTobebis komisarma.69

mudmiv warmomadgenelTa komiteti (COREPER) warmoadgens erTgvar filtrspolitikur da usafrTxoebis komitets (romlis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebisSecvla mas ar SeuZlia, Tumca SeuZlia mxolod ganxilva) da generalur sabWosSoris. aq xdeba sakiTxebis da poziciebis Sejereba, vidre sakiTxi miaRwevssabWomde. koreperi ganixilavs sakiTxebis biurokratiul, instituciur,finansur da sxva aspeqtebs, Tumca ar exeba sakiTxebis Sinaarss. sagareo dausafrTxoebis politikis sferosTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs ganixilavskoreper II.politikuri da usafrTxoebis komiteti Sedgeba maRali rangis elCebisa daerovnuli administraciebis warmoadgenlebisagan, aseve sagareo urTierTobebisgeneraluri direqtoratis maRali rangis warmomadgenlebisgan. mis movaleobaSiSedis Tvali adevnos saerTaSoriso situacias ssup-is sakiTxebSi, gansazRvrosssup-s politika, gauwios politikuri mimarTuleba samxedro SesaZleblobebisganviTarebas da krizisuli situaciebis gamklavebas. Sexvedrebis sixSire ariskviraSi erTxel an saWiroebisamebr. politikuri da usafrTxoebis komitetiganixilavs yvela sakiTxs, sanam es sakiTxebi gava sagareo saqmeTa ministrebissabWoze.korespondentebis jgufi koordinacias uwevs ssup-s wevri saxelmwifoebissagareo saqmeTa saministroebTan. es jgufi aseve axdens yoveldRiur komunikaciassagareo saqmeTa saministroebs Soris, rac sxva saqmeebTan erTad, asevegulisxmobs aTasobiT telgramis gagzavnas teleqsis saSualebiT. es jgufi ewevayvelaze rutinul, magram mniSvnelovan saqmianobas. maT aqvT specialuriteleqsis sistema, romelic aadvilebs urTierTobas wevr-saxelmwifoebs Soris.samuSao jgufebi: sabWos struqturaSi arsebobs daaxloebiT 30 samuSaojgufi, zogi - mudmivi, zogi ki - droebiTi. dakompleqtebulia diplomatebiT dakomisiis warmomadgenliT. yvela jgufi muSaobs calkeul sakiTze: regionze, ansxvadasxva Temaze.generaluri samdivno: epT-s ssup-d gardaqmnam gamoiwvia is rom epT-s yofiligeneraluri samdivno mierTebul iqna sabWos samdivnosaTvis. amjerad am xalxiskompetenciaSi Sedis administraciuli daxmareba gauwion sabWos saqmianobas ssupsferoSi. es kompontenti gamyarda mas Semdeg rac Seiqmna umaRlesi warmomadgenlispozicia. rogorc cnobilia mas evaleba ssup-s politikis gansazRvris,formulirebis momzadebis da implementaciis procesSi monawileobis miReba damesame pirebTan dialogis warmarTva.politikis dagegmvis ganyofileba: am danayofis kompetenciebi ganxululiazemoT.evrokomisia: xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad komisia srulad asocirdeba ssup-sTan,magram ssup-s warmoebis mTavrobaTaSorisi buneba da komisiis supraerovnulmabunebam ganapiroba is, rom komisiis roli ssup-Si jer kidev sustia. romanoprodis prezidentobis periodSi gaiyo sagareo urTierTobebis portfeli sagareourTierTobebis da gafarToebis portfelebad, romelTa daqvemdebarebaSiaRmoCnda, Sesabamisad, sagareo urTierTobebis generaluri direqtorati dagafarToebis generaluri direqtorati. funqciebis amgvarma danawilebam, SeiZlebaiTqvas, gazarda evrokomisiis roli ssup-Si (amis mizezi aseve SeiZleba iyoskris patenis da gunter verhogenis pirovnuli Tvisebebi). miuxedavad amisa,komisiis roli ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis romelaspeqtTan gvaqvs saqme. Tu ssup-is farglebSi gamoiyeneba evrogaerTianebisinstrumentebi (magaliTad, ekonomikuri sanqciebi), maSin komisiis roli sakmaoddidia, xolo Tu saqme exeba samTavrobaTaSoriso instrumentebs, maSin komisiisroli SezRudulia.evroparlamenti: sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikaSi evroparlamentisroli maqsimalurad aris SezRuduli. miuxedavad imisa, rom parlaments aqvssagareo urTierTobebis komiteti da kidev ramdenime komiteti, romelTasaqmianoba ukavSirdeba sagareo politikas (ganviTarebis politika, gafarToeba,sagareo daxmareba da sxv.), sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikaSi misi roliminimaluria. maastrixtis xelSekrulebis mixedviT parlaments aqvs ufleba iyos70

“regularulad informirebuli” ssup-Si mimdinare sakiTxebze. gadawyvetilebismiRebis procesSi parlamentis monawileoba gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris. aseve araagaTvaliswinebuli parlamentisadmi sxva institutebis angariSvaldebulebissakiTxi, rodesac saqme exeba sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikas.saelCoebi da warmomadgenlobebi: evrokomisias hyavs daaxloebiT 130delegacia (da ara warmomadgenloba) msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi da 5saerTaSoriso organizaciaSi (aseve aRsaniSnavia rom daaxloebiT 160 qveyanashyavs oficialuri warmomadgenloba evrokavSirSi). evrokavSiris xelSekrulebisme-20 muxlis mixedviT, wevri qveynebis misiebma da komisiis delegaciebma undaiTanamSromlon erTmaneTSi, raTa uzrunvelyon sabWos mier miRebuli saerTopoziciebis da erToblivi qmedebebis Sesabamisoba da implementacia.es procesi (koordinaciis da urTierTqmedebis) didi xania arsebobs da kidevufro ixveweba. magaliTad, evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis gaeroSimivlenili mudmivi warmomadgenlebi kviraSi erTxel ikribebian, raTa politikiskoordinireba moaxdinon. aRsaniSnavia, rom evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebierTnairad aZleven xmas gaeros uSiSroebis sabWoSi gatanili sakiTxebis 75 %-ze.troika: troika aris instituti, romelic SemoRebul iqna 1980-ian wlebSi immizniT, rom uzrunvelyofili yofiliyo sagareo politikis sakiTxebSi politikismdgradoba, gansakuTrebiT yovel eqvs TveSi cvladi prezidentobisgaTvaliswinebiT. Tavdapirvelad troikaSi Sedioda mimdinare, wina da momavaliprezidenti qveynebi. dakompleqtebis amgvari wesiT uzrunvelyofili iyo dRiswesrigis Sedgenis procesSi da saerTaSoriso molaparakebebis dros evrokavSirispoziciebis da politikebis mdgradoba da gangrZobadoba. dReisaTvistroikis dakompleqtebis wesi Seicvala. dRes troikas warmoadgenen prezidentiqveyana, sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis sakiTxebSi evrokavSiris umaRlesiwarmomadgeneli da evrokomisari. aseve SesaZlebelia, rom troikaSi monawileobamiiRon wina an momavalma prezidentma qveyanam.Tavdacvis politikis warmoebis procesSi CarTuli organoebisamxedro komiteti: samxedro komiteti Sedgeba Tavdacvis ministrebisgan,romlebic warmodgenili arian TavianTi warmomadgenlebiT, garda im Sem-Txvevebisa, rodesac piradad ministrebis daswreba aris aucilebeli. am komitetiskompetenciaa rCevebis micema politikuri da samxedro komitetisTvis dasagareo saqmeTa ministrebisa da evropuli sabWosTvis samxedro sakiTxebisSesaxeb. samxedro komiteti aseve warmoadgens forums samxedro konsultaciebisTviskonfliqtebis Tavidan asacileblad da krizisebis mosagvareblad.samxedro Stabi: samxedro Stabi Sedgeba wevri saxelmwifoebisgan wargzavnilisamxedro moxeleebisagan. moxeleebis Stabi ekuTvnis sabWos samdivnos,magram usafrTxoebis mosazrebebidan gamomdinare maTi Senoba ar mdebareobssamdivnos SenobaSi. Stabi muSaobs samxedro komitetis meTvalyureobis qveS daemsaxureba euTp-s samxedro eqspertiziT, maT Soris iseT sakiTxebzec,rogoricaa adreuli gafrTxileba, situaciis Sefaseba da strategiuli dagegmva.nato da ssup/euTpnatos evropuli ganzomileba (ESDI): civi omis dasrulebiT natos arsebobassafrTxe Seeqmna, rac Tavidan iqna acilebuli organizaciuli cvlilebebiT. esaris procesi, romelic cnobilia rogorc natos transformacia, da romelicdRemde grZeldeba. es vrceli Temaa, magram aqve unda iTqvas, rom natostransformaciis nawils warmoadgens evropisTvis “Tvalis devneba” da misisagareo politikis da, gansakuTrebiT, Tavdacvis natos farglebSi ganviTareba.jer kidev 1990 wlis natos londonis samitze aRniSnul iqna, rom undadabalansdes pasuxismgeblobebi mokavSireebs Soris. amave samitze aSS-ma mouwodawevr qveynebs gaezardaT evropis qveynebis roli da pasuxismgebloba aliansSi.aliansis uZlieresi partnioris mowodebis idea iyo is, rom evropas unda ekisraufro didi movaleoba transatlantikuri usafrTxoebis sferoSi, magram es unda71

gaekeTebina aliansis farglebs SigniT.evropas SedarebiT gansxvavebuli gegmebi hqonda, ramac gaiJRera kidecmaastrixtis xelSekrulebis momzadebisas. evrokavSirs surda, rom dasavleTevropis kavSirs Seesrulebina evrokavSiris samxedro sayrdenis funqcia. ammosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod 1991 wlis dek-is ministerialze aSS-ma gaazavna e.w.barTlomes telegrama, romelSic naTlad iyo dafiqsirebuli, rom evropuliTavdacva natos gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo, da rom evropis Tavdacvis svetiSesaZlebelia ganviTarebuliyo natos farglebs SigniT.mas Semdeg, rac gadawyda, rom dek-s unda Seesrulebina kavSiris Tvdacvisorganos funqcia, 1992 wels gadawyda misTvis konkretuli funqciebis micema daamocanebis dasaxva, rac cnobilia petersbergis amocanebis saxeliT. amamocanebSi Sedis humanitaruli da samaSvelo samuSaoebi, samSvidobo operaciebi,sabrZolo amocana krizisebis menejmentis dros, mSvidobis keTebis CaTvliT(humanitarian and rescue tasks, peacekeeping tasks, [and] tasks of combat forces in crisismanagement, including peacemaking). aseTi operaciebis Sesasruleblad aucilebeliiyo gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos da natos nebarTva. maSin, konceptualurad, deknatoze win idga, radgan nato im droisaTvis mxolod Tavdacvis organizacia iyoda mis funqciebSi ar Sedioda samSvidobo da humanitaruli operaciebis Catareba.imisaTvis, rom evropis Tavdacva ganviTarebuliyo natos SigniT da armomxdariyo instrumentebis da Stabebis dublikacia, 1994 wels bruselis samitzemiRweuli iqna SeTanxmeba, rom nato mzad iyo sakuTari koleqtiuriinstrumentebi mieca gamosayeneblad dek-isTvis sufTa evropuli operaciebisgansaxorcieleblad Crdilo atlantikuri sabWos (North Atlantic Council – NAC)Tanxmobis safuZvelze. amave samitze farda aexada saerTo gaerTianebulisamuSao Zalebis (Common Joint Task Forces – CJTF) koncefcias, romlis principi iyo -“gayofadi, magram ganuyofeli.” es principi niSnavs, rom amerikas eqnebodasaSualeba ar mieRo monawileoba samxedro operaciebSi, Tu igi saWirod armiiCnevda, xolo evropas eqneboda saSualeba gamoeyenebina natos samxedroinstrumentebi. amiT amerika or kurdRels iWerda: Tavidan icilebda arasasurveloperaciebs da, amavdroulad, aZlebda evropas saSualebas ganevi-Tarebina sakuTari Tavdacvis identoba instrumentebis dublikaciis Tavidanacilebis gziT.1996 wels ukve oficialurad Seesxa frTa dek-s da nato-s Soris TanamSromlobas,rodesac damyarda pirdapiri kavSiri SHAPE-Si (Supreme HeadquartersAllied Powers Europe) amerikis mTavarsardals da evropis jarebis xelmZRvanels(Deputy Commander of Allied Forces in Europe – DSACEUR) Soris.1997 wels xeli moewera amsterdamis xelSekrulebas, riTac evrokavSirmasakuTar Tavze aiRo petersbergis amocanebis Sesruleba da moaxdina dekissakuTar struqturebSi integracia. amis sapasuxod, 1999 wlis vaSingtonissaiubileo samitze miRebul iqna sagangebo zomebi, rom evropis Tavdacvisidentoba gaRrmavebuliyo natos SigniT. daisaxa gegma, rom ganviTarebuliyoefeqturi konsultaciis, TanamSromlobis da gamWvirvaaleobis uzrunvelmyofimeqanizmi evrokavSirsa da natos Soris. am gadawyvetilebis mixedviT aseveuzrunvelyofili iqna evrokavSiris mier natos samxedro instrumentebisgamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. es Canafiqri praqtikulad ganxorcielda 2002 wlisdekemberSi da am SeTanxmebas ewoda berlini + (Berlin Plus Agreement), radgan igieyrdnoboda igive principebs rac 1992 wels natosa da deks Soris iqnagaformebuli. berlini + daeyrdno 4 ZiriTad princips:1. evrokavSirs aqvs garantirebuli SeRwevis ufleba natos operaciulidagegmvis saSualebebSi;2. evrokavSirisTvis xelmisawvdomia natos SesaZleblobebi (iaraRi, Zalebi)da saerTo qoneba;3. evrokavSirisTvis xelmisawvdomia natos sardloba;4. natos samxedro Zalebis adaptacia xorcieldeba ise, rom evropulioperaciebisTvis Zalebis gamoyofa gaxdes SesaZlebeli.imisaTvis, rom moxdes operaciebis Seuferxebeli momzadeba evrokavSirmawargzavna strategiuli mgegmavebis patara jgufi SHAPE-Si, raTa maT uxel-72

mZRvanelon operaciebs, romelic Catardeba berlini + farglebSi (aseTioperaciis magaliTia SFOR-is Canacvleba EUFOR-iT 2004 wlis dekemberSi).2002 wlis 16 dekembers gamoica evrokavSiris da natos erToblivi deklaraciaeuTp-s Sesaxeb, romelSic gaJRerebuli iqna ramdenime permanentuli principi -partnioroba, gamWvirvaleoba da SesaZleblobebis urTierTSeTanxmebuladganviTareba. amave deklaraciiT natom daadastura evrokavSirisTvis natosdagegmarebis SesaZleblobebis xelmisawvdomoba, xolo evropam piroba dado, romuzrunvelyofda evrokavSiris arawevri natos wevri saxelmwifoebis monawileobaseuTp-s operaciebSi.natos da evrokavSiris urTierTobas aseve zurgs umagrebs 2001 wlidandawyebuli konsultaciebi evrokavSiris politikur da usafrTxoebis komitets(PSC) da Crdiloatlantikur sabWos ( NAC ) Soris. aseve, 2003 wlis maisSi Seiqmnae.w. evro kavSiri-natos SesaZleblobebis jgufi romelmac unda uzrunvelyoserTuerTmxardaWera PCC da ECAP Soris.evrokavSiris konstituciis proeqti da ssup/euTpevrokavSiris konstituciis proeqts Semoaqvs ramdenime mniSvnelovanicvlileva, rac sruliad Secvlis sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis saxes.konstitucias sxvadasxva cvlilebebis garda Semoaqvs Semdegi siaxleebi:evrokavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministri: instituciuri TvalsazrisiT esaris konstituciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani siaxle. konstituciis mixedviTerTiandeba sagareo da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi evrokavSiris umaRlesi warmomadgenlisposti da sagareo urTierTobebis komisris posti da warmoiqmnebaaxali — sagareo saqmeTa ministris Tanamdeboba. sagareo saqmeTa ministri darCebawarmomadgenlad sagareo uerTierTobebis sferoSi, magram aseve eqnebaevrokomisris funqciebi, anu iqneba cali fexiT komisiaSi da meore fexiTsabWoSi. ministrs aseve eqneba sagareo saqmeTa saministro, sadac dasaqmebuliiqnebian evrokavSiris diplomatebi. evrokavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministri undadainiSnos evropuli sabWos mier kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT daarCevisTanave gaxdes evrokomisiis vice-prezidenti da komisarTa kolegiissruluflebiani wevri. misi sxva movaleobebi, rogoricaa evrokavSirSi ukvearsebuli programebis da institutebis koordinacia, politikis inicireba,krizisis menejmentis implementacia, sagareo warmomadgenloba, sagareo saqmeTaministrebis sabWos Tavmjdomareoba da pokos Tavmjdomareoba sagangebowarmomadgenlis meSveobiT iseve darCeba ZalaSi rogorc dResaa.prezidentobis koncefciis Secvla: konstitucia aseve cvlis evrokavSirisprezidentis arCevis wess. Tu dRes prezidentoba qveyanas aqvs da eqvsTvianirotaciuli xasiaTisaa, konstituciis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg moxdeba amprincipis Secvla. pirvel rigSi, moxdeba prezidentobis principis daSoriSorebaevropul sabWosa da ministrTa sabWoSi. evropuli sabWos prezidenti iqneba araqveyana, aramed pirovneba, romelic arCeuli iqneba 2.5 wliT. ministrTa sabWoSiSemova 18-Tviani prezidentobis vada, Tumca erTi qveynis nacvlad iqneba 3Tanaprezidenti qveyana.urTierTdacva da solidaroba: konstituciam waradgina ori axaliwinadadeba romlis mizania gazardos Sida simtkice da xeli Seuwyos Semdgomintegracias. urTierTTavdacvis winadadeba gulisxmobs ZalisxmevebisgaerTianebas iseTi saxelmwifos dasacavad, romelic gaxdeba agresiis msxverpli.es TanamSromloba Riaa yvela qveynisTvis da masSi monawileoba nebayoflobiTia.TanamSromlobaSi igulisxmeba daxmarebis aRmoCena, iqneba es samxedro Tu sxvatipis. aseTi ideis konstituciaSi asaxvam gamoiwvia ukmayofileba da SiSi, rom esgamoiwvevda evropis qveynebis mier amerikis da sxva araevrokavSireli natoswevrebis evropis Tavdacvis sakiTxebisgan CamoSorebas da gaucxoebas. aseTi SiSisarsebobis gamo es winadadeba Casworda da Semotanil iqna daxmarebis gawevisnebayoflobiTobis idea. aseve, konkretulad ganisazRvra natos da amerikisfunqciebi, rac asaxuli iqna konstituciaSi.konstituciaSi Caido winadadeba solidarobis Sesaxeb, romelic amoqmeddeba,Tu romelime qveyana gaxdeba terorizmis, an bunebrivi, Tu teqnogenuri73

katastrofis msxverpli.aRsaniSnavia, rom konstitucia ar ganmartavs am winadadebebis SesrulebisTvisaucilebel operaciul da instituciur gzebs.konstitucia aseve sagrZnoblad cvlis arsebul xelSekrulebas axali muxliT“:gafarToebuli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb” ssup da euTp sferoSi mxolod yvelaqveynis Tanxmobis safuZvelze. aseTi TanamSromloba Riaa yvelasaTvis, magramunda moicavdes qveynebis 1/3-s mainc. am principiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebisavaldebuloa mxolod monawile qveynebisTvis. Tu aramonawile qveyana CaTvlissaWirod SeuerTdes ama Tu im iniciativas, ar unda arsebobdes rame damatebiTiinstituciuri berketi amisaTvis. es iniciativa warmoadgens moqnilinstituciur berkets mniSvnelovani dablokvebis winaaRmdeg, gansakuTrebiTimis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis sakiTxebSigadawyvetilebebis umravlesoba dResac konsensusiT miiReba.74

leqcia 10saqarTvelos da evrokavSirisdaaxloebis perspeqtivebi 2Sesavali:saqarTvelom ukve ramdenime welia miznad daisaxa evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba,rac sakmaod idealisturad da miamitad moeCveneba yvelas, vinc odnav maincCaxedulia evrokavSiris gafarToebis koniunqturaSi, regionuli da saerTa-Soriso politikis detalebSi da saqarTvelos SigniT, Tu gareT mimavalpolitikur procesebSi. saqme isaa, rom evrokavSiri warmoadgens ekonomikurgaerTianebas, romelic ukanaskneli aTwleulis manZilze cdilobs sakuTari Tavisredefinicias usafrTxoebis da politikuri integraciis kuTxiT. miuxedavadimisa, rom evrokavSirSi ukve Camoyalibda saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebispolitika, ganviTarda saerTo Tavdacvis politika, SemuSavda saerToevropuliarmiis ganviTarebis gegma da dainiSna sagareo sakiTxebis umaRlesi komisioneri,evrokavSiri mainc rCeba ekonomikur gaerTianebad da ekonomikuri maCveneblebiumTavresi kriteriumia, riTac fasdeba kandidati qveynebis vargisianoba kav-SirSi gasaerTineblad. am kriteriumebis dakmayofilebamde ki saqarTvelos jerkidev bevri aklia.amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikuri kriteriumebis mxedvelobaSi miRebaxdeba mxolod maSin, rodesac qveyana politikurad axlos dgas evrokavSirTan,realurad surs kavSirSi Sesvla da Setanili aqvs oficialuri gancxadebawevrobis Sesaxeb. Cvenda samwuxarod saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebijer am etapze ar asula. am statiis mizania mimoixilos saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirispolitikuri daaxloebis yvelaze misaRebi strategiebi da warmoadginosmomavali strategiuli TanamSromlobis gzebi.saqarTvelos da evrokavSiris dRevandeli urTierTobebi:saqarTvelo da verokavSiri dRes urTierTobis axal fazaSi Sedian. aqamdesaqarTvelo mxolod da mxolod dinebas mihyveboda da evrokavSirisiniciativebis, mxardamWeri programebis, teqnikuri, finansuri da sxvadaxmarebebis benefaqtori iyo. dRes ki saqarTvelom ukve mkveTrad unda aiRosgezi evrokavSirisaken. sanam SemogTavazebdeT im gzas, romelic qveyanam undagaiaros evrokavSirisaken da visaubrebdeT saqarTvelos strategiaze, modiTmokled gadavxedoT im gzas, romelic saqarTvelom jerjerobiT gaiara.1993 wlidan evrokavSirma miznad daisaxa gaemravalferovnebina Tavisisagareo urTierTobebi mTeli rigi regionebisa da qveynebisaTvis daxmarebebisgaweviT. erT-erTi regioni, romelsac evrokavSirma didi daxmareba gauwiaswored samxreT kavkasia iyo. finansuri, humanitaruli da teqnikuri daxmarebebisSedegad 1993 wlidan saqarTvelom 350 milion evroze meti miiRo. yuradRebamiaqcieT, rom arc maSin da arc amis Semdeg saqarTvelo ar ganixileboda rogorccalke qveyana; evrokavSiris politika saqarTvelos mimarT yovelTvis rCebodaregionis, anu samxreT kavkasiis mimarT evrokavSiris politikis nawilad.1994 wlidan saqarTvelom daiwyo evrokavSirTan partniorobisa da TanamSromlobisSeTanxmebaze muSaoba. am SeTanxmebam, romelic luqsemburgSi 1996wlis 22 aprils iqna xelmowerili, gansazRvra is ZiriTadi CarCo, romelSic undaganviTarebuliyo saqarTvelos da evrokavSirs Soris momavali urTierTobebi.partniorobis da TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebis mTavari miznebi SeiZlebaSemdegi saxiT iqnes mokled Camoyalibebuli:2 2004 wlis aprilis Semdeg, rodesac es statia daiwera zogierTi ram Seicvala. aqnaxsenebi “farTo evropis iniciativa” — “evrokavSiris samezoblo politikad” iqca. 2004wlis ivnisidan saqarTvelo azerbaijani da somxeTi gaxdnen samezoblo politikiswevrebi da daiwyes molaparakebebi evrokavSirTan samezoblo politikis farglebSisamoqmedo gegmebis SesaTanxmeblad. im droisaTvis, rodesac es statia daibeWdebaSeiZleba zogierTi informacia moZvelebuli iyos, Tumca ZiriTadi sakiTxebisumravlesoba mainc relevanturi darCeba.75

- mxareebs Soris politikuri dialogisaTvis saTanado struqturis Semu-Saveba, rac politikuri usafrTxoebis ganviTarebis saSualebas uzrunvelyofs;- saqarTvelos Zalisxmevis mxardaWera demokratiis gaZlierebaSi, ekonomikisganviTarebasa da sabazro ekonomikaze sabolood gadasvlaSi;- mxareebs Soris vaWrobis da investirebis, agreTve harmoniuli ekonomikuriurTierTobebis mxardaWera da am gziT maTi myari ekonomikuri ganviTarebisxelSewyoba;- samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri, socialuri, finansuri, samoqalaqo, samecniero,teqnologiri da kulturuli TanamSromlobisaTvis safuZvelis Cayra.es SeTanxmeba, romelic aTi wlis vadiT aris dadebuli, (ZalaSi Sevida 1999wlis 1 ivliss), samwuxarod, CvenTvis ar warmoadgens evrokavSirSi saqarTvelosintegraciisaTvis wingadadgmul nabijs. realurad es SeTanxmeba ar saubrobs immeqanizmebze, romlebic SesaZloa amoqmedebuli iqnas saqarTvelos evrokavSirSigasawevrianeblad. principSi es savsebiT gasagebia, radgan xelSekrulebis dadebisdros saqarTvelo ar imyofeboda iseT mdgomareobaSi, romelic mas sa-Sualebas miscemda eCvenebina evrokavSirisaTvis mzadyofna kavSirSi gasaer-Tianeblad. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, partniorobis da TanamSromlobis xel-Sekruleba warmoadgens wingadadgmul nabijs evropasTan TanamSromlobis,magram ara evropaSi integraciis mxriv.2003 wlis 7 ivliss evrokavSirma samxreT kavkasiis regionSi Tavisi specialuriwarmomadgeneli (b-ni heiki talvitie) daniSna, riTac kidev erTxel gausvaxazi am regionisadmi Tavis interess, Tumca amasTan isic daadastura, romsaqarTvelo mxolod da mxolod samxreT kavkasiis konteqstSi ganixileba.yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT gadavxedoT saqarTvelos evrokavSirSi integraciismomdevno perspeqtivebsa da konkretul strategiebs, romlebic SeiZlebamet-naklebi warmatebiT iqnan gamoyenebuli integracias warmatebiT gansaxorcieleblad.daviwyoT yvelaze pirveli nabijiT, romelic saqarTvelom unda gadadgasevrokavSiris axal iniciativa - “farTo evropa - samezobloSi” (amieridan— “farTo evropis” iniciativa) SesvliT. ra Tqma unda, am iniciativaSi saqar-Tvelos damateba ar aris mxolod saqarTveloze damokidebuli. Tumca, Cvendasasixarulod, unda iTqvas, rom “vardebis revoluciam” da saqarTvelosadmievrokavSiris ukanasknel TveebSi demonstrirebulma damokidebulebam gaaCinasakmaod didi Sansi imisa, rom 2004 wlis maisamde saqarTvelo da mTlianadamierkavkasia moazrebuli iqnes evrokavSiris mezoblad.saqarTvelo da “farTo evropis” iniciativa:“farTo evropis” iniciativa 2002 wlis gazafxlze iqna CamoyalibebuligaerTianebuli samefos sagareo saqmeTa ministris jek sTrous mier da igiZiriTadad ukrainis, belorusiisa da moldovas mimarT evrokavSiris urTier-Tobebis gansazRvras iTvaliswinebda. 2003 wlis 11 marts gamocemuli iqnaevrokomisiis miTiTeba (komunikacia), romlis mixedviTac ganisazRvra evrokavSirisurTierTobebi aRmosavleT (ruseTi, ukraina, belorusia da moldova) dasamxreT mezoblebTan (alJiri, egvipte, israeli, iordania, libani, libia, maroko,palestina, tunisi da siria). saqarTvelo “farTo evropis” iniciativaSi Seyvaniliar iqna, radganac, rogorc komunikacia ganmartavda “geografiuli mdebareobisgaTvaliswinebiT, samxreT kavkasia mocemuli momentisaTvis am iniciativis interesebsgareT imyofeba”. es gasagebic aris, radgan komunikacia exeba evrokavSirisuSualo mezoblebs, romelTac sazRvao an saxmeleTo sazRvari gaaCndaT evrokavSirTan.miuxedavad amisa, dRes daiwyo saubari imaze rom SesaZloa saqar-TveloSi momxdarma “vardebis revoluciam” biZgi misces amierkavkasiis evrokavSirTandaaxloebas. evrokavSiris sabWos irlandiis prezidentobis vadisgasvlamde, anu 2004 wlis maisamde evrokavSiri gadawyvtilebas miiRebs CarTosTu ara saqarTvelo gafarToebuli evropis koncefciaSi. dRevandeli gadasaxedidanise Cans, rom Tu saqarTvelom 2004 wlis maisis bolomde moaxerxa imkursis SenarCuneba, romelic mas dRes aqvs aRebuli, saqarTvelo da misi amierkavkasielimezoblebi CarTulni iqnebian “farTo evropa-samezoblos” iniciativaSi.sainteresoa, Tu ra sargebeli eqneba evrokavSiris am gadawyvetilebas76

saqarTvelosaTvis da ramdenad wingadadgmuli nabiji iqneba igi evropuli integraciisrTul gzaze. sanam uSualod saqarTvelos strategiaze gadavidodeT,unda aRvniSnoT, rom “farTo evropis” iniciativa ar aris pirdapiri gza evrokavSirSiintegraciisaken. iniciativaSi weria, rom “axali samezoblos politikamiznad isaxavs Seqmnas CarCo, romlis farglebSic moxdeba axali urTierTobebisCamoyalibeba, Tumca ara evrokavSirSi integracia an kavSiris institutebSigansakuTrebuli rolis miReba. siaxloviTa da mezoblobiT gamowveuli praqtikulisakiTxebisadmi kavSiris damokidebuleba gansxvavdeba evrokavSirSiintegraciis sakiTxisagan da calke WrilSi unda iqnas ganxiluli.” miuxedavadaseTi skeptikuri frazisa, “farTo evropis” iniciativis yuradRebiT gacnobisSemTxvevaSi, naTeli xdeba rom evrokavSiris mezoblebs eniWebaT gansakuTrebuliprivilegiebi, ramac SeiZleba gadamwyveti roli iqonios saboloo integraciisaTvis.“farTo evropis” iniciativis dadebiTi mxareebi:1) saerTo evropul bazarSi integraciis perspeqtiva: “axali samezoblo—farTo evropa” iTvaliswinebs evrokavSiris mezoblebisaTvis “saerTo bazar-Si” TandaTanobiTi gawevrianebis perspeqtivas da evrokavSiris oTxi fundamenturiTavisuflebis (muSaxeli, kapitali, momsaxureba da saqoneli)Semosvlas. komunikaciaSi weria: “yvela mezobel qveyanas, unda mieces saSualebaTavisi sityva Tqvas evrokavSiris Sida bazarze, moaxdinos Semdgomiintegracia da liberalizacia muSaxelis, kapitalis, momsaxurebisa dasaqonelis Tavisufali mimosvlis daSvebiT”. am perspeqtivasTan dakavSirebiT,evrokomisiis prezidenti romano prodi aRniSavda, rom es aris maqsimumi,riTac evrokavSiris arawevri saxelmwifo SeiZleba dauaxlovdes kavSirs.msgavsi daaxloeba, saqarTvelosaTvis iqneba ara marto qarTuli produqciisgasaRebis bazris gafarToebis garanti, aramed evropul qveynebSi saqar-Tvelos moqalaqeebis mimosvlis gamartivebis xelSemwyobic. iniciativaSiweria, rom evrokavSiri eZebs gzebs sazRvrebis gadakveTis gamartivebuliformebis dasaweseblad mezobeli qveynis moqalaqeebisaTvis da fiqrobsuvizo reJimis SemoRebis SesaZleblobaze garkveuli xnis Semdeg. miuxedavadimisa, rom dRes msgavsi cvlilebebi Soreul perspeqtivad gvesaxeba, 2007 welsrumineTisa da bulgareTis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisa da TurqeTis savaraudodaaxloebis Semdeg (uaxloesi monacemebiT molaparakebebievrokavSirsa da TurqeTs Soris ukve 2004 wels ganaxldeba da 2012 wels anufro adre dasruldeba) saqarTvelos saerTo sazRvao da saxmeleTo saz-Rvari gauCndeba evrokavSirTan, rac dRis wesrigSi daayenebs saqarTvelosmoqalaqeebisaTvis evrokavSiris karis gaRebas da ufro gamartivebulimimosvlis saSualebebis dawesebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom evrokomisiis komunikaciaSiweria: “saerTo Rirebulebebis arsebobis da politikuri, ekonomikurida institucionaluri reformebis warmatebiT gatarebis SemTxvevaSi, maTSoris erovnuli kanonmdeblobis evropul kanonmdeblobasTan SesabamisobaSimoyvaniT, evrokavSiris mezoblebs saSualeba eqnebaT dauaxlovndnenevrokavSirs ekonomikuri integraciis procesebSi CarTviT.” yovelive amisgaTvaliswinebiT, naTelia rom saqarTvelosaTvis ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTevrokavSirTan msgavsi daaxloeba Zalzed momgebiani iqneba.2) axali da gazrdili evropuli daxmareba: 2007 wlidan dagegmilia axalifinansuri instrumentis Seqmna, romelic daexmareba evropis mezoblebs daTavis TavSi gaaerTianebs daxmarebis iseT proeqtebs, rogorebicaa TACIS(damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis qveynebis teqnikuri daxmareba),PHARE (poloneTis da ungreTis ekonomikuri restruqturizaciis programa),CARDS (rekonstruqciis, ganviTarebis da stabilizaciis sazogadoebrividaxmareba), MEDA (xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qveynebis daxmarebis programa) daINTERREG (evrokavSiris regionTaSorisi daxmarebis programa). amasTan 2007wels evrokavSirisaTvis iwyeba axali sabiujeto faza, romlic erT-erTiprioriteti iqneba evrokavSiris sagareo politikur asparezze damkvidreba.77

analogiuri mizani aqvs evropis axal sakontitucio modelsac, sadacevrokavSiris ganviTarebis erT-erT prioritetad msoflio asparezze axalaqtorad gadaqceva da uSualo samezoblosTan aqtiuri urTierTobebisdamyarebaa. msoflio scenaze evrokavSiris rolis zrda ki pirvel rigSiswored misi uSualo mezoblebis stabilizaciisa da ganviTarebisaTvisxelSeyobas gulisxmobs. amitom, miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos 2007wlidan Seuwydeba TACIS—iT miRebuli Semosavali, mas eqneba saSualeba miiRosufro konkretuli saerToevropuli daxmareba, romelic winaswarimonacemebiT amJamindel daxmarebaze didi iqneba.3) trans-evropuli qselebis sistemaSi sruluflebiani gawevrianeba: evrokavSirismier saqarTvelos aRmosavleT mezoblad aRiareba gamoiwvevs Cveniqveynis aqtiur CarTvas sxvadasxva satransporto da energetikul evropulqselebSi, iseve rogorc evropis kvleviT arealSi (galilei da sxv.) ufro myarintegracias. msgavsi integracia xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi mecnierebisa dakulturis ganviTarebas, maT CarTvas saerTo evropul sivrceSi da adamianuriresursebisa Tu axali kvleviTi meTodebis ganviTarebas.4) konfliqtebis daregulirebis procesSi evrokavSiris CarTva: evrokavSiriufro met aqtiurobas gamoiCens afxazeTis konfliqtis daregulirebissakiTxSi, radganac “farTo evropis” iniciativaSi igi iRebs pasuximsgeblobasufro aqtiurad Caerios Tavisi sazRvrebis maxloblad arsebulikonfliqtebis mogvarebaSi. “farTo evropa da mezobloba gulisxmobs pasuxismgeblobiserTad zidvis tvirTs da urTierTTanamSromlobas konfliqtebisada arastabilurobis Tavidan asacileblad da dasaregulireblad”.komunikacia aseve konkretulad moixseniebs dasavleT saharis, transdnestriisda palestinis konfliqtebs. marTalia afxazeTi ar iqneba ise axlosevrokavSirTan, rogorc Tundac transdnestria an kviprosia, magram evrokavSirisavaraudod mainc Seecdeba gaaaqtiuros Tavisi Careva am konfliqtismosagvareblad. daxmarebis gaaqtiureba da kidev erTi sagareo aqtorisCarTva konfliqtis daregulirebasa da post-konfliqtur reabilitaciaSisaqarTvelosaTvis udavod win gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba.saqarTvelos strategia “farTo evropaSi” Sesvlis Semdeg:gaerTianebul evropasTan ‘gamezoblebis’ Semdeg, saqarTvelom unda airCiossami gzidan erT-erTi: (1) scados evropasTan daaxloeba samxreT kavkasiisregionTan evrokavSiris urTierTobis farglebSi; (2) daarwmunos evrokavSiriindividualuri strategiuli midgomis SemuSavebis aucileblobaSi saqarTvelosmimarT; (3) moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis redefinicia Savi zRvis auzis qveynad dagaagrZelos evrokavSirSi integraciaze fiqri axali “Savi zRvis regionis”farglebSi. ganvixiloT samive SesaZlebloba.gza 1: samxreT kavkasiis regioni.saqarTvelom, azerbaijanma da somxeTma ukve scades saerTo instrumentismsgavsis Seqmna ufro mWidro integraciis gansaxorcieleblad. pirveli mowodebebisamxreT kavkasiis qveynebis integraciis Sesaxeb 1996 wlidan keTdebodasaqarTvelos eqs-prezidentis da sxva samxreTkavkasieli maRalCinsonebis mier.am iniciatorebs Soris sxvadasxva dros iyvnen azerbaijanis elCi aSS-Si hafizfaSaevi (amerikul-Turqul sabWoze 2000 wlis 31 marts), prezidenti heidaralievi (euTos stambulis samitze, 1999 wlis 17 noembers, azerbaijanul —amerikuli savaWro palatis sxdomaze, 2000 wlis 12 seqtembers) saqarTvelosyofili sagareo ministri irakli menaRariSvili, somxeTis prezidenti robertkoCariani (Savi zRvisa da baltiispireTis TanamSrmlobis samitze 1999 wlis 11seqtembers, stambulis euTos samitze 1999 wlis 19 noembers, aseve saqarTvelosparlamentis winaSe gamosvlaSi 2000 wlis 29 marts). garda diplomatiuri dasamTavrobo iniciativebisa sakmaod didi raodenobis naSromebi mieZRvnasaqarTvelos, somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris e.w. “stabilurobis paqtis” msgavsi78

asociaciis damyarebas. am gamokvlevebs Soris aRsaniSnavia evropuli politikiskvlevis centris 2000 wels gamocemuli moxseneba, romlis mTavar rekomendaciaswarmoadgenda 1994-95 wlebis aRmosavleT evropis e.w. “baladuris stabilurobispaqtis” da 1999 wlis balkaneTis “stabilurobisa da asociaciis paqtis” msgavsixelSekrulebis Seqmna, romelic miznad daisaxavda kavkasiaSi eTnikurikonfliqtebis aRmofxvras, regionaluri TanamSromlobis ganviTarebas,organizebul danaSaulTan erTobliv brZolas da mTeli rigi aqtualuriproblemebis daZlevas. rac mTavaria, “kavkasiis stabilurobis paqtis” warmatebisSemTxvevaSi Seiqmneboda regioni, romelic mimzidveli gaxdeboda ara martoucxoeli investorebisaTvis, aramed evrokavSirisTvisac.“kavkasiis stabilurobis paqtis” Seqmnas Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTimxareebi gaaCnia.stabilurobis paqtis dadebiTi mxareebi:(1) msgavsi asociaciis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi saxeze gveqnebaregioni, romlis ekonomikuri potenciali mimzidveli iqneba dasavleTisa daevrokavSirisaTvis, ara marto energoresursebis da “satransporto derefnis”funqciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aramed Tundac turizmis ganviTarebis Sedegad.(2) “kavkasiis stabilurobis paqtis” farglebSi SesaZlebelia regionaluriusafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmna, romlis farglebSi unda moxdes regionispolitikuri stabilurobis gamyareba da konfliqtebis aRmofxvra. faqtia, romkavkasiis mTliani stabilizacia samive respublikis keTil nebazea damokidebuli.Sesabamisad eTnikuri konfliqtebis mogvareba erTmaneTisadmi xelSewyobisgareSe warmoudgenelia. miT umetes, rom yarabaxis konfliqtSi uSualodmonawileobs amierkavkasiis ori saxelmwifo. aseve problematuria javaxeTissomxebis da qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanelebis sakiTxi, somxebis interesebiafxazeTSi da potenciuri dapirispireba naxiWevanis garSemo. Sesabamisad,naTelia, rom meoce saukunis “Savi Wiris” - eTnikuri konfliqtebisagan TavisdaRweva mxolod regionaluri TanamSromlobiT aris SesaZelebeli. sxvaTa Soris,evrokavSiris mxridan regionis miaxloeba SeiZleba kargi stimuli aRmoCndesregionisaTvis am problemebis aRmosafxvrelad. amisaTvis balkaneTis qveynebisda kviprosis magaliTebic kmara. yofili iugoslaviis qveynebma evrokavSiriszewolis da masTan urTierTobebis gamyarebis perspeqtivis gamo daiwyo haagistribunalTan TanamSromloba, amave mizeziT moxda serbeTs, montenegros dakosovos Soris uflebebis ganawileba, bosniaSi eTnikuri tolerantobisamaRleba da albaneTSi reformebis saswrafod gatareba. amasTanave, kviprosSi 35wliani umoZraobis Semdeg, evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis perspeqtivam realuraddaZra molaparakebebi samxreT da CrdiloeT kviprosis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb.miuxedavad amisa, arc erTi zemoTnaxsenebi potenciuri sikeTe konkretuladar miuTiTebs saqarTvelosaTvis evrokavSirTan daxloebis Sansebis gazrdaze.metic, evrokavSirSi gasawevrianeblad ar aris sakmarisi marto kopenhageniskriteriumebis dakmayofileba da ekonomikuri Tu politikuri stabilurobismiRweva. amasTan arsebobs kidev erTi dauwereli kriteriumi, romelsacgadamwyveti roli eniWeba evrokavSireli politikosebisaTvis. es aris evropuliidenturobis arseboba. Tu saqarTvelo metnaklebad evropuli suliskveTebissaxelmwifoa da mkveTrad proevropuli gezi aqvs aRebuli, igives Tqma cotaZnelia somxeTsa da azerbaijanze. Sesabamisad “kavkasiis regionalur maxeSi”aRmoCenam SeiZleba moaxdinos dResdReobiT evropaSi saqarTvelos mimarTarsebuli pozitiuri ganwyobis nivelireba Cveni meoblebis mkveTrad araevropulidamokidebulebis gamo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kavkasielobisaqcentirebam saqarTvelos SeiZleba araevropuli Rirebulebebis saxelmwifosimiji Seuqmnas, rac damRupveli iqneba evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis SansebisaTvis.“kavkasiis stabilurobis paqtis” msgavsi asociaciis Seqmna bevr sxvasirTulesac ukavSirdeba. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia:1. eTnikuri konfliqtebis aRmofxvris sirTule: yarabaxis konfliqtismogvareba ramdenadac sasurveli da aucilebelia, imdenad rTuli dadroismomcvelia. saqarTvelom SeiZleba SeZlos Tavisi konfliqtebismogvareba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba ruseTTan da Tavad separatist79

liderebTan molaparakebas, magram azerbaijans da somxeTs Soris konfliqtismogvarebis cda SeiZleba damRupveli da Zalian dro- da SromatevadiaRmoCndes, risi droc saqarTvelos naklebad rCeba. amasTan naklebsavaraudoa,rom konfliqtis daregulirebis SemTxvevaSi azerbaijansa dasomxeTs Soris iseTi megobruli urTierTobebi ganviTardes, rom maT uaxloesvadebSi moaxdinon Seuqcevadi ekonomikuri da politikuri integracia.2. saerTokavkasiuri identurobis ararseboba: samxreT kavkasiis erTianregionad Camoyalibeba iseTi saxiT, rogorc es moxda balkaneTsa daaRmosavleT evropaSi TiTqmis warmoudgenelia (rac sxvaTa Soris aRniSnuliaara marto evropuli politikis kvlevis centris moxsenebaSi, ramed evrokavSirisusafrTxoebis sakiTxebis institutis ukanasknel gamokvlevaSic,romelic 2003 wlis dekemriTaa daTariRebuli). udavoa, rom azerbaijaneli daqarTveli gacilebiT ufro gansxvavdeba erTmeneTisagan, vidre xorvati daslovenieli, an Tundac, albaneli da makedoneli. Sesabamisad, identurobisgansxvavebulobebidan gamomdinare, regionis integraciis maRali donismiRweva TiTqmis warmoudgenelia. evropis politikis kvlevis centris mierwamoyenebuli idea “samxreT kavkasiis sazogadoebis” Camoyalibebis Taobazepraqtikulad ganuxorcielebelia, radgan saqarTvelos, azerbaijans dasomxeTs sakmaod gansxvavebuli politikuri kultura, ganviTarebis sxvadasxvasaxis samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da demokratiulobis araerTgvarovanidone gaaCniaT; samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs aseve mkveTrad gansxvavebulisagareo politikuri orientacia aqvT aRebuli, rac Tu ar gamoricxavs,praqtikulad SeuZlebels xdis politikuri gaerTianebis Seqmnas. Tundac isfaqti, rom saqarTvelosgan gansxvavebiT somxeTi dsT-s Tavdacvis paqtSiSedis, naTlad aCvenebs msgavsi gegmis utopiurobas.3. sxva regionaluri aqtorebis gansxvavebuli politikuri interesebi:“kavkasiis stabilurobis paqtis” Seqmnis arc erTi iniciativis dros aryofila saubari mxolod sami kavkasiuri qveynis asociaciaze. somxeTi yovel-Tvis mxars uWerda ruseTis da iranis did rols regionSi, maSin rodesacazerbaijani yovelTvis aRiarebda TurqeTis interesebs. sagareo aqtorebisCarevis aucileblobam da regionis usafrTxoebis TviTuzrunvelyofisSeuZleblobam gamoiwvia e.w. 3+3+2 sistemis Seqmna, romelic iTvaliswinebssami samxreT kavkasiuri qveynis (azerbaijani, saqarTvelo, somxeTi), samiregionaluri aqtoris (irani, ruseTi, TurqeTi) da ori sponsoris (aSS,evrokavSiri) arsebobas. albaT advili misaxvedria, rom regionuli Zalebismudmivi urTierdapirispirebisa da ZalTa dabalansebis mcdelobebis pirobebSi“kavkasiis stabilurobis paqtis” warmatebulobaze fiqric ki zedmetia.yovel SemTxvevaSi msgavsi regionaluri asociaciis Seqmna evrokavSirisaTvisar iqneba motivacia kavkasiis regionis momavali gawevrianebis seriozuladaRsaqmelad4. samxreT kavkasiis feTqebad regionTan siaxlove: samxreT kavkasiis regioniesazRvreba irans, romelsac sadReisod namdvilad ar gaaCnia maRali prestiJimsoflio arenaze. aseve axlos aris regioni axlo aRmsavleTTan. SeiZleba essakiTxebi zogierTs ‘yuriT moTreuli’ moeCvenos, magram evrokavSirisTurqeTTan bolo wlebis damokidebulebas Tu gadavxedavT, davinaxavT, romerT erTi umTavresi mizezi TurqeTis kavSirSi miRebaze (pirveli nabijebiTurqeTma 1962 wels gadadga(!)) swored erayTan da iranTan siaxlove iyo.gza 2: individualuri midgoma“farTo evropis” iniciativaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, saqarTvelom unda airCiosevrokavSirTan daaxloebis praqtikuli gzebi. Cvenda samwuxarod, am mxriv didiarCevani ar aris da saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri manevrirebis amplitudadidadaa damokidebuli im koniunqturebsa da damokidebulebebze, romlebicramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda evrokavSirSi. mxedvelobaSigavqvs evrokavSiris mier ‘amoCemebuli’ regionaluri midgoma. sxvagvarad romvTqvaT, evrokavSiri, rogorc wesi, Tavs ikavebs Tavis rigebSi qveynebis saTiTaodmiRebaze, rasac ramdenime mizezi aqvs. pirvel rigSi, es imitom xdeba, romTiToeuli wevris Sesvla evrokavSirSi iwvevs ZalTa gadanawilebas evrokavSiris80

sabWosa da evropis parlamentSi, rasac evrokavSiri mxolod ukidures Sem-TxvevebSi axorcielebs. meore mizezi, ratomac evrokavSiri amjobinebsregionalur midgomas, aris e.w. “Taflisa da maTraxis politika”. kavSiriaiZulebs erT regionSi myof qveyenebs, rom erTmaneTis ganviTarebis magaliTiaiRon da daaCqaron is reformebi, romlebic aucilebelia kopenhageniskriteriumebis dasakmayofileblad. swored amis gamo Sedian wels evrokavSirSierTmaneTisagan ise radikalurad gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri mdomareobisqveynebi, rogorebica CexeTi da litva, kviprosi da estoneTi. analogiurimizeziT centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropis qveynebis siaSi Seyvanil iqnenbulgareTi da rumineTi, romlebic sruliad aSkarad ar akmayofilebdnenevrokavSiris kriteriumebs, Tumca, imis gamo, rom isini “evrokavSiris gzaze”daayenes, reformebis siswrafem gacilebiT imata da es qveynebi 2007 welswevrobis realur kandidatebad moiazrebian. amave mizeziT samxreT aRosavleTevropis “stabilizaciisa da asociaciis SeTanxmebaSi” erTdroulad Sediansakmaod ganviTarebuli xorvatia da SedarebiT CamorCenili albaneTi. Sedegad,savaraudoa, rom xorvatias mouwevs daelodos albaneTis ganviTarebas, amukanasknels ki mouwevs reformebis daCqareba, rom xorvatebTan, serbebTan damakedonielebTan erTad Sevides evrokavSirSi.samwuxarod evrokavSiri ar aris nato, romelmac individualuri daaxloebisprogramebi SeimuSava mTeli rigis saxelmwifoebisaTvis da maT Soris saqarTvelosTvisac.evrokavSirma sul erTxel moaxdina gafarToeba erTi saxelmwifosmiRebiT. es moxda 1981 wels, rodesac evrokavSirs saberZneTi SeuerTda. arcmanamde da arc mis Semdeg, evrokavSirs Tavis rigebSi ar miuRia regionisagangancalkevebiT myofi saxelmwifo. zogierTi albaT daasaxelebs avstriis magaliTs,romelic 1995 wels SeurTda evrokavSirs SevdeTTan da fineTTan erTad.miuxedavad amisa, unda aRvniSnoT, rom samive es saxelmwifo gaerTianebuli iyo“evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebaSi”, amitom am SemTxvevaSi maTi miRebamoxda ara geografiuli regionis, aramed ekonomikuri regionis niSnebisgaTvaliswinebiT. 1995 wlis gafarToeba, sxvaTa Soris, “EFTA Enlargement”-issaxeliTaa cnobili, rac TvalnaTliv miuTiTebs am sami qveynis msgavsebaze.gza 3: Savi zRvis regionis aqcentireba.rCeba mesame gza, romelic albaT yvelaze misaRebi da realurad warmatebismomtania, Tumca amasTan sakmaod sarisko da Znelad gansaxorcielebeli.saqarTvelom unda moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis redefinicia “Savi zRvis regionisqveynad”, moaxdinos TurqeTTan “mitmasneba” da “fexi auwyos” moldovas daukrainas evrokavSirTan daxloebis erToblivi gzebis saZieblad.im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxdeba samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis Seyvana “farToevropis” iniciativaSi saqarTvelos miecema jer arnaxuli Sansi, rom realuradiqnas moazrebuli rogorc evrokavSiris potenciuri wevrobis kandidati.pirveli rac saqarTvelom unda gakeTos, aris sakuTari poziciis dafiqsireba imdebatebSi, romelic mimdinareobs “farTo evropa — samezoblos” iniciativisgarSemo. am komunikaciis gamosvlisTanave, havier solanam aRniSna, rom msgavsiiniciativis warmatebiT dagvirgvineba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganxorcieldeboda,Tu moxdeboda realuri diferenciacia evrokavSiris samxreT daaRmosavleT mezoblebs Soris. evropis politikis kvlevis centri miiCnevs romunda moxdes konkretuli diferenciacia “farTo evropisa” da “samezoblos”erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebiT. “farTo evropa” unda moicavdes im saxelmwifoebs,romlebic Sedian evrosabWoSi da arian WeSmaritad evropuli saxelmwifoebi,xolo termini “samezoblo” mxolod im afrikuli saxelmwifoebis mimarT undaiqnas gamoyenebuli, romlebic evrokavSirs samxreTiT esazRvrebian daevrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Sansi ar aqvT. saqarTvelom amTaviTve unda daiwyosTavisi poziciis dafiqsireba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, raTa sabolood mouRosbolo saqarTvelos evropuloba-aravvropulobis Sesaxeb debatebs. Tu saqar-Tvelo amas Tavs ver gaarTmevs, SeiZleba sabolood mogviwios evrokavSirSigawevrianebis ocnebaze uaris Tqma, radgan saqarTvelos “samezoblos” wevradmoazreba “farTo evropis” nacvlad saboloo wertils dausvams Cvens Sansebs.garda amisa, saqarTvelom aucileblad unda dauWiros mxari ukrainisa da81

moldovis iniciativas, rom moxdes Tavad “farTo evropis” SigniT diferenciaciaim qveynebs Soris, romelTac realurad surT da SeuZliaT (moldova, ukraina,saqarTvelo) evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba Soreul momavalSi da romelTac ar aqvTsurvili an SesaZleboba (ruseTi, belorusia, somxeTi, azerbaijani). moldovasada ukrainis sagareo politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba sworedevrokavSirSi gawevrianeba, an ukidures SemTxvevaSi iseTi integraciaa,romlidanac saboloo wverobamde bevri aRar darCeba. saqarTvelom swored am orqveyanasTan mWidro TanamSromlobiT unda moaxerxos evrokavSirisaken mimavaligzebis aRmoCena.ra gamova amis Sedegad? miviRebT Zalian saintereso suraTs. realuradaRmoCndeba rom Savi zRvis yvela qveyana gaxdeba evrokavSiris potenciurikandidati. rumineTi da bulgareTi 2007 wlisaTvis unda gaxdnen evrokavSiriswvvrebi, TurqeTi 2012 wels, xolo saqarTvelo, moldova da ukraina “farToevropis” iniciativis Sedegad gaxdebian Soreuli kandidatebi. 2007 wlamdesaqarTvelom unda moaxerxos moldovasTan da ukrainasTan erTad, romelTac amSemTxvevaSi analogiuri interesebi amoZravebT, TavianTi regionis redefiniciaSavi zRvis garSemo. es SeiZleba moxdes bisekis (Black Sea Economic Cooperation)farglebSi, an Tundac axali instrumentis SeqmniT, romelic miznad daisaxavsswored “Savi zRvis regionis” aqcentirebas. saqarTvelos 2007 wlidan eqnebasazRvao sazRvari evrokavSirTan, rac mas saSualebas miscems ufro aqtiuripolitika Camoayalibos evrokavSirTan mimarTebaSi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,saqarTvelos dasWirdeba evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan Tavisi saimigracioda sazRvao transportis Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis SeTanxmeba.imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom proevropuli miswrafebebi eqnebaT ara martosaqarTvelos, aramed moldovas da ukrainasac, miviRebT Savi zRvis garSemoproevropuli ganwyobis mqonde evrokavSiris realuri kandidatebis sartyels.aqedan rumineTis da bulgareTis 2007 wlis, xolo TurqeTis 2012 wlisTvisgawevrianebis Semdeg evrokavSirs didi stimuli eqneba Tavis rigebSi miiRosdanarCeni Savi zRvis saxelmwifoebic da amiT faqtiurad Savi zRva gadaaqciosTavis Sida wylad.meore mimarTuleba romelic amavdroulad unda aiRos saqarTvelom arisTurqeTTan maqsimalurad daaxloebis gza, raTa momzadebuli SevxvdeT TurqeTismier evrokavSiris karebis SeRebas 2012 wlisaTvis. am drois ganmavlobaSi (CvendaxloebiT 9 weli gvaqvs, anu imaze naklebi rac baltiispireTma moandomaevrokavSirTan daaxloebas) saqarTvelom unda gaagrZelos aqtiuri muSaobaramdenime mimarTulebiT da SeiZleba “Cvens quCazec dadges zeimi”.gansakuTrebiT saWiro iqneba TurqeTTan gamartivebuli savizo reJimisSenarCuneba da sxvadasxva ekonomikur proeqtebSi TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba(maT Soris baqo jeihanis proeqtSic), raTa 2012 wlisaTvis ori qveynisekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba Seuqcevadi xasiaTis iyos.mesame mimarTuleba, romelic saqarTvelom unda aiRos, es aris saqarTvelosevropuli identurobis mtkiceba. unda xazi gaesvas saqarTvelos ara martoistoriisa da kulturis evropulobas, aramed politikuri kulturis evropulxasiaTsac. msgavsi gamokvlevebis Catareba didad Seuwyobs xels evrokavSirSisaqarTvelos Sesaxeb azris gaumjobesebas da sabolood darwmunebas imaSi, romsaqarTvelos evrokavSirTan daxloeba ara marto ekonomikuri da politikurimizezebis gamo surs, aramed ufro imitom, rom “Cvenc evropelebi varT”.meoTxe mimarTuleba aris evrokavSirSi lobisti qveynebis moZieba da Cveniinteresebis gatareba ucxoeli “heraldebis” saSualebT. gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba eqneba evrokavSiris “ori dinozavris” germaniisa da didibritaneTis sakmaod keTilganwyobil politikas da sami baltiispireTis qveynisaqtiur daxmarebas. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom bulgareTi da rumineTidRes saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani savaWro da politikuri partniorebi arian.Sesabamisad 2007 wlis Semdeg, Tu saqarTvelom warmatebiT ganagrZo evropelilobistebis moZebnis procesi, evrokavSirSi gveyoleba ‘proqarTuli’ Svidisaxelmwifo (germania, didi britaneTi, litva, latvia, estoneTi, bulgareTi darumineTi), romelTa poziciebis evropul tribunaze gamoyeneba saqarTvelosSansebs gazrdis.82

aris kidev erTi sayuradRebo faqtori. saqarTvelos “Savi zRvis regionSi”integraciis Sedegad Cven Tavs avaridebT feTqebad regionTan (irani, erayi, axloaRmosavleTi) siaxloves. saqarTvelos samxreTi mezoblebi, somxeTi daazerbaijani darCebian e.w. “buferul zonebad” evrokavSirs da axlo aRmosavleTsSoris, xolo saqarTvelo gadainacvlebs evrokavSiris uSualo mezoblebis siaSi.saqarTvelos redefinicia samxreT kavkasiis qveynidan “Savi zRvis auzis”qveynad ioli ar iqneba. igi dakavSirebuli iqneba bevr problemasTan. Tumcauknaskneli aTqleulis gamocdileba gvafiqrebinebs, rom es amocanaSeusrulebadi namdvilad ar aris. 90-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi adgili hqondasxvadasxva qveynebis mier sakuTari Tavis warmatebul redefiniciasarasasurveli regionidan sasurveli regionisaken. maT Soris aRsaniSnaviabaltiispireTis redefinicia “yofili sabWoTa respublikebidan” aRmosavleTevropad, sloveniis redefinicia “balkaneTis qveynidan” centralur evropad,mTeli balkaneTis (iugoslavia, albaneTi, makedonia, bosnia da hercogovina,xorvatia) e.w. ‘debalkanizacia’ da samxreT-aRmosavleT evropad ‘gadaqceva’.aRarafers vambobT TurqeTis ‘vesternizaciaze’, rasac ramdenime aTeuli welidasWirda TurqeTis mosaxleobis sididis da Turquli cxovrebis wesisTaviseburebebidan gamomdinare. CvenTvis sayuradreboa moldovas mier aRebulistrategiuli kursi, romelic miznad isaxavs samxreT aRmosavleT evropaSiTavisi adgilis povnas da stabilizaciisa da asociaciis paqtSi sruluflebiangawevrianebas evrokavSirSi gaerTianebis perspeqtivebis gasazrdelad.redefiniciis mTavari arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qveyana axdens imregionidan gamosvlas, romelic uaryofiT asociacias iwvevs. ‘yofili sabWoTakavSiris qveyana’, es aris is iarliyi, romelic asocirdeboda gardamavalekonomikasTan, avtoritarul reJimTan, korufciis maRal donesTan da eTnikurnacionalizmTan. yvela es problema baltiispireTis qveynebis mier efeqturadiqna Tavidan aridebuli evropasTan adreuli diplomatiuri saqmianobiT daevrokavSirSi gawevrianebis adreuli moTxovniT. sayuradReboa, rom baltiispireTisqveynebi evrokavSirSi bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi moiazrebodnen“centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis regionis” qveS, maSin rodesac ukraina damoldova isev “post-sabWour qveynebad” rCebian.analogiuri SemTxveva iyo sloveniasTan dakavSirebiT. qveyana, romelicyofili iugoslaviis nawils warmoadgenda dRes evrokavSirSi Sedis, maSinrodesac sxva balkanur qveynebs amis perspeqtiva jer ar gaaCniaT. miuxedavadimisa, rom slovenias da xorvatias Soris dResdReobiT arc ise didi gansxvavebaaekonomikuri donis gaTvaliswinebiT, xorvatiam ver moaxerxa im politikiswarmatebiT gagrZeleba, romelic sloveniam 90-iani wlebSi ganaxorciela.msgavsi “redefiniciis politikis” ganxorcielebas SeiZleba kargi Sedegebimohyves saqarTvelosaTvis, radgan dRes samxreT kavkasia iwvevs korufciis,eTnikuri konfliqtebis, organizebuli danaSaulis, terorizmis da dauZlevelisiRaribis asociacias. imis miuxedavad, moaxerxebs Tu ara saqarTvelo amproblemebis daZlevas, kavkasiur problemebTan asociaciis gamo evropelTamentalitetSi saqarTvelo mudam darCeba im regionis warmomadgenlad, sadacmZevlebs iyvanen CeCeni teroristebi da erTmaneTs ebrZvian eTnikur niadagze.“redefiniciis” warmatebiT ganxorcieleba mogvcems saSualebas naklebad viyoTdamokidebulni CeCneTis da somxeT-azerbaijanis gadauwyvetel problemebze.meore mxriv aucileblad unda gvesmodes, rom Cven SeiZleba wavawydeT sakmaoddid winaaRmdegobas im qveynebis mxridan, visTan “mitmasnebasac” moviwadinebT.arc, TurqeTi da miT umetes arc moldova, rumineTi Tu bulgareTi armoisurveben “tvirTad aikidon” iseTi qveyana, romelic Tavs ver arTmevselementarul ekonomikur problemebs, gaaCnia ori mougvarebeli konfliqti, veraxerxebs sazRvrebis dacvas, korufciasTan efeqtur brZolas da siRaribiszRvarze hyavs mosaxleobis didi nawili. Sabednierod, ukanasknel TveebSidawyebuli reformebi, gvaZlevs imis imeds, rom uaxloes momavalSi amproblemebis aRmofxvra nawilobriv mainc moxdeba. yvel SemTxvevaSi axalixelisuflebis mier am problemebTan SeWidebis dawyebam evrokavSirSi sakmaodimediani ganwyobis Seqmna gamoiwvia.amgvari ‘mitmasnebis’ politika SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli aRmoCndes83

TurqeTis, rumineTisa da bulgareTisaTvis. am bolo ori qveynis evrokavSiriswevrobaze 2003 wels uaris Tqmis Semdeg, saubari iyo maT gawevrianebaze samxreTaRmosavleT evropis “stabilurobis paqtSi”, rasac rumineTis mxridan mZafriwinaaRmdegoba mohyva. bunebrivia, rom arc bulgareTs da arc rumineTs arsurdaT sakuTari Tavis asociacia iseT qveynebTan, romelTac evrokavSirSigawevrianebis mcire Sansi gaaCniaT. amis gTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos politikaunda iyos ambiciuri da akuratuli, ise rom ar gadaizardos ‘Tavsmoxvevasa datvirTad akidebaSi”. Cenma mezoblebma da strategiulma partniorebma undadainaxon, rom saqarTvelosTan siaxlove maTTvis problemebis Semqneli ki aramomgebiani iqneba.daskvna:amrigad, saqarTvelos evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisaTvis aucilebelia “farToevropis” iniciativaSi Sesvla. amis Semdeg saqarTvelom unda moaxdinos diferenciaciismoxdena “samezoblos” da “farTo evropas” Soris. Semdeg etapzesaqarTvelom unda aCvenos evrokavSirs, rom moldovasTan da ukrainasTan erTadSesaZlebelia misi moazreba evrokavSiris potenciur da realur kandidatad.2009 wels, partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlisSemdeg, saqarTvelos unda hqondes sakmarisi da argumentirebuli baza imisaTvis,rom axali tipis xelSekruleba gaaformos evrokavSirTan, raTa Tvisobrivadaxal etapze aiyvanos “TanamSromloba” da realuri “asociaciiT da daaxloebiT”Secvalos. amis misaRwevad saqarTvelom unda gaaaqtiuros Tavisi evropulobismtkiceba, moaxdinos “Savi zRvis regionisadmi” kuTvnilebis aqcentireba,ganaxorcielos TurqeTTan “mitmasneba” da evropeli lobistebis daxmarebiTdaiwyos evrokavSirTan TandaTanobiT daaxloeba.84

Sergi KapanadzeEUROPEAN UNION POLITICSExtended SyllabusThe lectures in European Union Politics are to be delivered to the Masters students inInternational Relations at the Center of Social Sciences, Tbilisi State University. This coursewas aimed to provide the students with the insight on European Union institutions anddifferent policies. Course can be virtually divided in four parts. In the first part history ofEuropean integration was discussed, second part dealt with the main institutions of theEuropean Union. Third part dealt with three main pillars of the EU and different policies,whereas in the fourth part accent was made on the enlargements of European Union and itsrelations with Black Sea and South Caucasus states.Course consists of fifteen topics, which are as follows:1) Brief History of European Integration2) European Council and the Council of Ministers3) European Commission4) European Parliament5) Common Agriculture Policy6) Single Market7) Economic and Monetary Union8) Regional Policy and Structural Funds9) Justice and Home Affairs10) Common Foreign and Security Policy and European Security and Defense Policy11) Enlargements of the European Union12) Eastern Enlargement of the EU13) European Union and the European Neighborhood Policy14) Georgia and the EU: Black Sea or South Caucasus?Below each topic is discussed briefly and main points that had been brought up duringthe course will be accentuated. Also the list of required readings that have been incorporatedin the reader is provided (only textbook not mentioned below is a Georgian translation ofDick Leonard “Textbook of the European Union”).1) Brief History of European IntegrationMain goal of this seminar is to provide the students with the background about the“making of Europe”, its origins and the dynamics of the integration from 1945 till today.Seminar starts with the explanation of the preconditions for the emergence of the “idea ofUnited Europe”, talks about the situation in Europe after the Second World War and thedynamics of power at the outset of the Cold War. Then Jean Monnet’s role in thecommencement of integration and Schuman plan are explained at length. Also firstconfrontations between Unionists and Federalists are mapped out in order to help thestudents to identify the schools of thought that had emerged on the basis of thesedeliberations.Then the course is broken down into the decades. During the 50s, the emergence of theHigh Authority of Coal and Steel is discussed and the setting for the creation of Paris Treatyis presented. Course talks about Messina Initiative and Rome Treaties, as well as themotivations of the European States to join the Community and the rationale of the Britishgovernment to abstain from such decision. Thus during this part of the course, mainbackground of EC institutions is presented.During the 60s focus is on the beginning of integration in different spheres, such asAgriculture Policy, and the raising role of institutions. As a leitmotiv two theoreticalframeworks are briefly introduced. By outlining main concepts of Neofunctionalism I intend to85

help students to understand the rationale behind the integrationist process, whereas whilediscussing intergovernmentalism I focus on the decisions of De Gaulle regarding therejection of Britain’s membership application, Empty Chair Crisis and LuxembourgCompromise.When talking about the 70s concepts of euroskepticism and eurosclerosis are explained.Enlargement of 1972 and issues pertaining to the enlargement process (Norwegianreferendum, British contributions to community budget, emergence of structural funds) areexplained. Also economic stagnation of the 70s, revival of parliamentarianism and thedecisions of the 1974 European Council in Paris are described.In the 80s economic transformation of the community is accentuated and differentreforms started in the single market, agriculture policy and free movement of persons aredescribed. Also considerable attention is paid to the debate over British rebate and activitiesof European Commission under Jacques Delors. Moreover, increasing role of the Parliamentand the new dynamics of relations between the institutions is described.In the 90s emphasis is made on the changes that Maastricht Treaty has made to thecommunity, 1995 enlargement and the start of the last round of enlargement. Also changesintroduced in the Amsterdam and Nice Treaties are discussed. Moreover issues, pertainingto 2004 enlargement round are mapped out. This part ends with the brief description of theconstitutional debate.Readings:1) Raymond Vernon, “The Schuman Plan: Sovereign Powers of the European Coal andSteel Community”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 47, No. 2. (Apr.,1953), pp. 183-202.2) Neill Nugent, “The Treaty of Nice”, Ch. 6, The Government and Politics of the EuropeanUnion, Fifth Edition, Duke University Press, Durham, 2003, pp. 81-92.3) Desmond Dinan, “Ever Closer Union: An Introduction to European Integration”, ThirdEdition, Boulder: Lynne Reiner, 2005. Chapters 1-62) European Council and the Council of the European Union (Council of Ministers)When describing European Council main functions of the Council and its history from“fireside chat” to EU institution is discussed. Role of negotiations and personalities isanalyzed at the examples of European summits in the beginning of 80s (British rebateissues).Council of Ministers is characterized as an intergovernmental institution with legislativefunctions. Together with legislative functions, its executive duties are described as well. Also,structure of the Council, role of working groups, COREPER and Presidency is discussed.Decision making system of the Council is analyzed, in the context of different treaties. Alsothe changes made to the decision making system in the project of Constitutional treaty isdiscussed. In the end relations between the Council and other institutions is discussed.Particular attention is paid to the relations with European Commission, European Parliamentand European Council.Readings:1) Helen Wallace and William Wallace, “The Institutional Setting”, Ch. 1, Policy-Making in theEuropean Union, Fouth Edition, Oxford University Press, pp. 3-362) Stephen George, Ian Bache, Politics in the European Union, Oxford University Press,2001, pp. 213 – 229, 246-25886

3) European CommissionIn this chapter European Commission is presented to the students. Composition of theCommission, allocation of portfolios within the Commission and the formation of Commissionis discussed. Emphasis is made on the role of different institutions (European Council,European Parliament) and bargaining between different member states in the selectionprocess of the Commission. Also the role of the President of Commission is analyzed, andparticular examples are given (Delors Commission, Santer and Prodi Commissions). Thenthe duties and responsibilities of the Commission are looked at. Executive and legislativepowers of Commission are defined and the ways European Commission interacts withCouncil (comitology) and Parliament (various consultative procedures) are analyzed.During this lecture we look at the decision making process in the Commission and tracethe vertical movement of legislative initiatives within the complicated structure of theCommission (working groups, directorates, DGs, Cabinets, etc.). Also consultativeprocedures of the Commission with national administrations are discussed.Readings:1) Neill Nugent, “The Commission”, Ch. 8, The Government and Politics of the EuropeanUnion, Fifth Edition, Duke University Press, Durham, 2003, pp. 111-1494) European ParliamentIn this lecture we discuss the emergence of European Parliament as a legislative bodyfrom that of consultative. We talk about the powers of European Parliament, its supervisoryand legislative functions and its interplay with European Commission and Council ofMinisters. We discuss in details decision making procedures, such as co-decision,cooperation, consultation and assent and talk about how these procedures emerged as aresult of gradual strengthening of parliamentary powers. Also we talk about the budgetarypowers of the parliament and its powers over Commission and Council of Ministers.Part of the lecture is also dedicated to the explanation of the electoral system in theparliament, different national practices of electing MEPs and distribution of seats and powersin this body.Readings:1) Neill Nugent, “The European Parliament”, Ch. 11, The Government and Politics of theEuropean Union, Fifth Edition, Duke University Press, Durham, 2003, pp. 197-2345) Common Agriculture PolicyWhen discussing CAP we focus on the emergence of CAP from the 60s until currently.We look at the initial price support system and how the CAP went different transformationsuntil today through the Mansholt reform, 1984 and 1988 reforms, McSharry reform andAgenda 2000 proposals. We look at the different models of agriculture in France, Germanyand United Kingdom and how these differences determined attitudes of these states whenCAP was unfolding. We also look at how environmental, external and single market relatedchallenges determine outcomes of CAP negotiations, by looking at the 1984 and 1988negotiations.We also take a look at how the decisions are made in CAP and what influences donational governments and interest groups have on the decision making process in theCommission and the Council.Readings:1) Helen Wallace and William Wallace, “The Common Agriculture Policy”, Ch. 7, Policy-Making in the European Union, Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press, pp. 179-21087

6) Single MarketIn this lecture we look at the origins of the single market and its foundations in the RomeTreaty. First we look at different kinds of economic unions that can exist in economic theoryto provide students with the better insight about the degrees of integration that EU hasundergone. Then we take a look at the emergence of the single market programme in the1980s, role of the Delors Commission and European Parliament in this process. We look atthe reasons underlying the creation of the Single Market and varying policies of differentstates (France, Germany, UK) at different stages of single market in the 80s. We alsoanalyze the 1992 Single Market Programme and its implications for EU member states.In this lecture we analyze different regulations that European Union produces, how arethese regulations made and why does EU produce more regulations in certain spheres thanin others. We also look at deregulation and reregulation practices of the EU through differentmethods and explain EU’s regulatory policies, as well brief theoretical background for theirexistence.Readings:1. Simon Hix, “Regulation of the single market”, The Political System of the EuropeanUnion”, 2 nd ed., 2005, Palgrave, New York, pp. 235-2712. Europe on the Move; How Single Market benefits Europeans. Official Website of theEuropean Union. http://europa.eu.int/comm/publications/booklets/move/35/en.doc7) Economic and Monetary UnionIn this lecture we look at the emergence of the EMU and how the EMU works. In thebeginning we look at the general theories of the EMU to better understand why it is lucrativefor the states to unite in a common currency area. We look at three stages of the EMU andhow it came to 1999, when single European currency was introduced. We discuss the rolesof the Central Bank and how it came into being, as well as its role in monetary policy and theroles of Council of Ministers in economic and monetary policies.Then we discuss economic and monetary policies of the EMU, where we talk about therole of the ECB, its decision making powers and relations with the ECOFIN. We also talkabout the stability and a growth pact and national fiscal policies as well as the externalinfluence of the EMU on the non-member states.Readings:1) Stephen George and Ian Bache, “Economic and Monetary Union”, Politics in theEuropean Union, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 341-3602) Helen Wallace and William Wallace, “Economic and Monetary Union”, Ch. 6, Policy-Making in the European Union, Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press, pp. 158-1733) Simon Hix, “Economic and Monetary Union”, The Political System of the EuropeanUnion”, 2 nd ed., 2005, Palgrave, New York, pp. 309-3448) Regional Policy and Structural FundsIn this lecture we talk about the regional policy of the European Union and how thestructural and cohesion policy of the EU is targeted to ameliorate regional differences. Westart out by comparing different regions of Europe during the outset of European integrationand in recent years. First we discuss the development of the idea of regional developmentbefore UK’s accession to the Community. We cover initial proposals related to creation ofthe regional development fund and different positions of member states in the 60s. Then wetalk about the creation of the regional development policy and the implications that Britishaccession had on this issue. We discuss Thompson proposals and main aspects of the initialregional policy as well as the main criteria for the structural funds.88

Then we talk about the reform of the structural policy in 1988 and what implications didthe enlargement to Mediterranean States have to the reform. We later discuss the reforms of1993 and 1999.During the lecture we try to characterize all four funds of the Union – European RegionalDevelopment Fund (ERDF), European Social Fund (ESF), European Agricultural Guidanceand Guarantee Fund (EAGGF). We also talk in details how the general principles offinancing emerged and discuss how the objectives of the Funds have changed over time andwhat they constitute currently. Lecture intends to show the students what are differencesbetween these objectives and how do member states regions qualify for certain regions andhow they get financing.CouncilJustice/Home AffairsCoreperK4 CommitteeSteering Group Steering Group Steering GroupImmigration/Asylum Police/CustomsJudicial Cooperation in(ad hoc group onCooperationcivil/criminal mattersimmigration, 1986) (Trevi. 1975 – Celad –drugs, MAG – mutual asst(set up under Europeanpolitical cooperation)asylum immigration visas externalfrontiersfalsepapersterrorism policecooperationorganizedcrimeEuropol drugs customsextraditioncriminallawBrusselsconventiontransmissionof actsdrivingbans89

JHA CouncilCoreperJHA CounsellorsStrategic Committee onImmigration, Frontiersand AsylumCommittee onCivic Law MattersArticle 36CommitteeWorking• migration• expulsion• visaWorking Parties1. Police Matters- police cooperation• asylum• CIREA - Europol• CIREFI - Drug Trafficking• Frontiers - Terrorism2. Customs MattersHigh Level Expert Group- Collective Evaluation Party- Schengen Committee- Horizontal Working Group on Drugs,- Horizontal working group on crime- HWR on asylum and migration- Customs Cooperation3. Criminal MattersCooperation in criminal mattersSubstantive criminal Law4. Information and data protectionReadings:1) Stephen George and Ian Bache, “Regional and Structural Policies”, Politics in theEuropean Union, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 361-3842) Helen Wallace and William Wallace, “Cohesion and the Structural Funds”, Ch. 9, Policy-Making in the European Union, Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press, pp. 242-2659) Justice and Home AffairsIn this lecture we discuss the emergence of Justice and Home Affairs. Before analyzingthe articles of Maastricht Treaty which started JHA, we look at those initiatives whichpreceded the creation of the area of freedom, security and justice. We analyze theemergence of the Trevy group, working groups on immigration and judicial cooperation incivil and criminal matters. Also we look at the decisions made at Rhodes Council of 1988and the creation of the Coordinators Group and Europol. At the same time we take a look atthe emergence of the Schengen process. When looking at the creation of Maastricht Treatyand the articles of the Justice and Home Affairs we analyze the positions of the EU largepowers, such as France, UK, Germany and Italy.90

Then we discuss articles K1-K9 of the Maastricht Treaty and how these clauses changedas a result of the Amsterdam Treaty. In the end we look at the decision making process overthe Justice and Home Affairs issues.As case studies on how the Justice and Home Affairs works we look at the current stateof asylum and immigration policies, external border control and visa policies, judicialcooperation in civil and criminal affairs, police cooperation, decisions made at the TempereEuropean Council and the changes in JHA after September 11.Readings:1) Helen Wallace and William Wallace, “Justice and Home Affairs”, Ch. 18, Policy-Making inthe European Union, Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press, pp. 493-5192) Jorg Monar, “JHA and Eastward Enlargement”, Discussion Paper, Zentrum fürEuropäische Integrationsforschung, (Center for European Integration Studies), C 91,2001.10) Common Foreign and Security Policy and European Security and Defense PolicyFirst we look at the emergence of the CFSP through the creation of Pleven Plan, idea ofthe European Defense Community, Fouchet Committee, D’Avignon report and the likebenchmarks. We focus on the emergence of European Political Cooperation in 1974 and theinstitutionalization of EPC through Single European Act. Then we look at the emergence ofCFSP as the EU pillar through the Maastricht Treaty’s J articles. Afterwards we look at themodifications in CFSP through Amsterdam Treaty. We take a look at the instruments offoreign policy and decision making system in this pillar.We also look at the role of the High Representative on Common Foreign and SecurityPolicy and his functions in the implementation of the foreign policy.In a separate lecture we also look at the European Security and Defense Policy, as aninherent part of the CFSP. We look at the role of the Western European Union and itsgradual merger with the CFSP as well as the emergence of Petersberg Tasks. Then wediscuss the development of defense community through St. Malo, Cologne, Helsinki, SantaMaria de Feira Councils and Nice Treaty. Then we look at the decision making structure inregard to ESDP and the relations of ESDP and NATO. In the end we look at the emergenceof the Rapid Reaction Force and the problems it has been encountering. Also we analyzethe changes that the ESDP/CFSP would have undergone had the constitution of theEuropean Union been adopted.Readings:1) David Allen and Michael Smith, “External Policy Developments”, Journal of CommonMarket Studies, Volume 42, Annual Review, pp. 95-1122) Helene Sjursen, (1998), “Enlargement and the Common Foreign and Security Policy:Transforming the EU's External Policy?”, ARENA Working Papers WP 98/18.http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp98_18.htm3) Helen Wallace and William Wallace, “Common Foreign and Security Policy”, Ch. 17,Policy-Making in the European Union, Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press, pp. 461-4924) Neill Nugent, “External Relations”, The Government and Politics of the European Union,Fifth Edition Duke University Press, pp. 417-4325) Chris Lindborg, “The EU Rapid Reaction Force: Europe Takes on a New SecurityChallenge”, August 2001, Basic Paper Number 37, Issn 1353-0402, Occasional PapersOn International Security Policy, http://www.basicint.org/pubs/Papers/BP37.htm91

11) Enlargements of the European UnionDuring this lecture we look at the first five enlargements of the European Union. We lookat the political processes preceding first enlargement and the position of France towards UK.We also look at the rationale behind the willingness of Denmark, UK and Ireland to join theEU. Also we take a look at the referendum of Norway, to analyze what were the reasons whythe enlargement idea was rejected by Norwegian population.Then we look at the Mediterranean Enlargement (Greece in 1981 and Portugal andSpain in 1986). We look at the political situation in these countries and how the dictatorshipsin these countries affected the relationship with European communities. We look at thenegotiation process with these states on the case of Spain and then at the implications of theenlargement on their economies and regions (cases of Catalan and Galicia in Spain).Afterwards we take a look at EFTA Enlargement (Austria, Finland and Sweden). Weanalyze the political situation in these states which led to the approximation with theEuropean Union. We also look at the reasons which made these states to start thinkingabout the closer integration with the EC. We look at the negotiations between the applicantstates and the EU and the concessions that both sides had to make during the negotiations.We also look at the change of the institutional setup in the EU as a result of thisenlargement. In the end we take a look at the referendum of Norway and underlying reasonsfor the rejection of the membership by Norwegians, as well as similarities and differencesfrom the similar vote of 1972.Readings:1) Stephen George and Ian Bache, “Enlargement”, Politics in the European Union, OxfordUniversity Press, 2001, pp. 407-4242) Geoffrey Pridham, “EU’s Enlargement and Consolidating Democracy in Post-CommunistStates – Formality and Reality”, Journal of Common market Studies, Volume 4, No. 3,200212) Eastern Enlargement of the European UnionIn this lecture we scrutinize the whole process of Eastern Enlargement. Without makinga separate case study of a particular applicant we look at the generalities that all applicantstates shared. We look at the decisions of the Essen European Council, explain the natureof PHARE program and Europe Agreements, and structured dialogue. We look at thedifferences that EU has undergone since the previous enlargement processes, what resultedin the elaboration of different strategy towards new applicant countries, thus defining theconcept of adaptive enlargement.We pay considerable attention to the Copenhagen Criteria and define at length how theywork and what is required from the applicants to pass the stringent conditions that EUapplies.Then we look at the Europe (association) agreements that the applicant statesconcluded with the EU, also analyze the regular reports as an important tool for evaluation ofthe progress and composite strategy papers. We also examine the method of permanentfollow-up and look at various strategies that EU applied to see the progress.Then we look at the accession partnerships, reinforced pre-accession strategies, andNational Programs for the Adoption of the Acquis.At the same time we look at the internal modifications that the EU has undergone tobetter adjust to the enlargement process. We analyze Amsterdam and Nice treaties and themodifications made to improve the decision making system, qualified majority voting andintroduction of such novelties as flexible coalitions and open method of coordination. Also welook at the Agenda 2000 as the program to change different policies of the EU.Then we proceed to the analysis of the accession negotiations and decisions made atthe Luxembourg Summit and Helsinki Summits. We look at the formal procedures during theaccession negotiations and main problems that the applicant states came across during theclosing of the accession chapters.92

In the end we take a look at the strategies that the applicant states used during thenegotiations and transitional arrangements that many have achieved. In the end we take alook at the main outcomes of the enlargement for the applicant states and the problems thatsome of the states have encountered as a result of enlargement.Readings:1) Agh, Atilla, (1999), “Europeanization of policy-making in East Central Europe: theHungarian approach to EU accession”, Journal of European Public Policy 6:5, pp. 839-854.2) Anne Evans and Gord Evans, “Improving government decision-making systems inLithuania and Latvia” Journal of European Public Policy 8:6 December 2001.13) European Union’s European Neighborhood PolicyIn this lecture we look at the emergence of the European Neighborhood Policy. We lookat the Wider Europe – New Neighborhood Initiative and analyze the Communication whichgave birth to this initiative. We also take look at the international setting in Europe whichserved as background to the creation of such policy.Then we analyze how the European Neighborhood Policy works, how Action Plans aredrafted and the role of the Commission in this process, as well as the final evaluation of theprogress that each country makes after the Action Plans expire.Also during this lecture priorities of the European Neighborhood are analyzed. Wecompare the priorities in ENP action plan for Ukraine and Moldova, as well as draft prioritiesfor Georgia. We also analyze the elements of conditionality and socialization in the contextof European Neighborhood Policy and how this policy resembles/varies from the previouspolicies that EU employed vis-à-vis its neighbors and membership aspirant states.We also look at the strategies that EU’s neighbors can employ in order to make use ofthe benefits offered by the European Neighborhood Policy to the fullest possible extent.Readings:1) Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission,“European Neighborhood Policy”, Strategy paper, Brussels, 12.5.2004, COM (2004) 373final.2) Commission of the European Communities; Communication to the Council and theEuropean Parliament, “Wider Europe – Neighborhood: A New Framework for Relationswith our Eastern and Southern Neighbors”. Brussels, 11.3.2003, COM (2003) 104 Final,3) Judith Kelley, “New Wine in Old Wineskins: Policy Learning and Adaptation in the NewNeighborhood Policy”, Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy, Duke University,December 200414) Georgia and the EU; Black Sea or the South CaucasusIn this last lecture we take a look at the relations of the European Union with Georgia.We start out historically tracing back the relations to the beginning of the 90s, when EU-Georgian relations did not go beyond financial assistance.Then we look at the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between Georgia and theEuropean Union, analyze its main aspects and priorities and study the institutions that areset up under this instrument to further the objectives of the PCA.We also look at the institutional structure of Georgia in relationship to the EuropeanUnion (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, State Minister’s Office on European and Euro-AtlanticIntegration Issues) and analyze positive sides of the decision making system in theseinstitutions and its drawbacks, such as lack of coordination, etc.Main leitmotiv of this lecture is to discuss the main strategies that Georgia can take inrelation to the European Union. We look at the regional approach of the EU towards itspotential members and draw conclusions, whether it would be more appropriate for Georgia93

to take stronger steps and redefine itself as a Black Sea country, rather than SouthCaucasus state. We look at the strategies that other states (Balkans, Baltics, and CEEC)have employed in their pre-accession period and examine positive and negative sides ofthese strategies.Readings:1) Yannis Valinakis The Black Sea Region: Challenges and Opportunities for Europe,Chaillot Paper 36, 2002.2) Alexander Rondeli, “Southern Caucasus - Reemerging Region” Marco Polo Magazine 4-5/99.3) Sergi Kapanadze, “Georgia and the EU; Steps to Europe”, Journal of Foreign Policy ofMoldova, April 2004, www.eurojournal.org.94