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socialur mecnierebaTa seriamTavari redaqtori:enobrivi redaqtori:marine CitaSvililia kaWaravadakabadoneba, ydis dizaini:giorgi bagrationi© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006© Center for Social Sciences, 2006q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10el. fosta: contact@ucss.geinternet gverdi: www.ucss.gewigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTacentris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebismxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiTThe book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher EducationSupport Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 9 - 0

s a r C e v iI kvira: Teoria da meTodologia 7I mecadineobakonstitucia da politikuri institutebi liberalur,respublikur da demokratiul politikur tradiciebTan mimarTebaSi 7II mecadineobakvlevis meTodebi: institucionaluri da diskursulitranzitologia da demokratiis Sumpeteriseuli gansazRvreba 10TurqeTisa da amerikis politikurisistemebis diskursiuli SedarebiTi analizi 13II kvira: saqarTvelo 15I mecadineobasaqarTveloSi konstituciis sajaro legitimacia 2004 wlis magaliTze 151. konstituciuri cvlilebebisganxilvis dinamika da procesis monawileni 152. ra mimarTulebiT cvlilebebi? Sinaarsobrivi mxare 183. sakonstitucio cvlilebebi: pirovnebebi Tu institutebi 204. ratom cvlilebebi? legitimacia da delegitimacia 215. saxelmwifos legitimacia, adamianis uflebebi,kanonis uzenaesoba, redistribucia da ganviTareba 236. partia da saxelmwifo; axali droSa 26II mecadineobasaqarTvelos mosaxleobis politikuri Sexedulebebi 30kvlevis meTodologia 30Sedegebis mokle Sejameba da Teoriuli ganzogadeba 34saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri diskursebis analizi 363

1. opozicioneri-konstitucionalisti 382. modernizatori 383. marTlmadidebeli tradicionalisti 394. humanisti tradicionalisti 39daskvna 42CONSTITUTION AND ITS DISCOURSIVE LEGITIMATION 474

seminaris aRweraseminari Sedgeba 8 mecadineobisgan 4 kviris ganmavlobaSi.pirveli kvira - 2 seminari daeTmoba Teoriuli cnebebisa da midgomebis Seswavlagameorebas1. konstitucia da politikuri institutebi liberalur,respublikur da demokratiul politikur tradiciebTanmimarTebaSi2. kvlevis meTodebi: institucionaluri da diskursulimeore kvira - saqarTvelo da kvlevebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb — 2 seminari daeTmobasaqarTvelos realobis Seswavlas.1. Case Study — 2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebi2. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis politikuri Sexedulebebi — diskursulianalizimesame kvira — saseminaro muSaoba; iqneba ganxiluli konkretuli sakiTxebi,studentebi ufro Rrmad Caswvdebian problematikas da SeimuSaveben sakuTariprezentaciebis sakiTxebs; miiReben rekomendaciebs damatebiT sakiTxavliteraturasTan dakavSirebiT.meoTxe kvira — studentebis prezentaciebi da maTi namuSevrebis garCeva.seminaris mizaniseminaris mizania studentebma SemoqmedebiTad Seiswavlon diskursuli analizismeTodi da SeiZinon damoukidevbeli analizis unar-Cvevebi. studentebma undaSeZlon daukavSiron erTmaneTs sxvadasxva disciplinaruli cnebebisurTierTdakavSireba da maTi gamoyeneba realobis saanalizod.Sefaseba:daswreba— 30%monawileoba da Teoriuli nawilis aTvisebis demonstrireba — 40%prezentacia da werilobiTi referati — 30%sakiTxavi literatura:1. qrestomaTia politikis TeoriaSi, romelic momzadda 2004 wels;2. John Druzek, “The Informal Logic of Institutional Design”, in: Goodin R., (ed.) TheTheory of Institutional Design, CUP, 1990.3. Dryzek, John S. Holmes, Leslie, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. Political5

Discourses Across Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press4. G.O'Donnell. 1998 Horisontal Accontability in New Democracies. Journal ofDemocracy, v.9, N.35. H. de Soto, The Mystery of Capital, Basik Books, 20006. Sartory, Giovanni. Comparative Constitutional Engineering. An Inquiry intoStructures, Incentives and Outcomes. London, Macmillan, 19947. Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government, Cambridge UniversityPress, 19978. Jon Elster, Ways of constitution-making, in: Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. byAxel Hadenius, Cambridge University Press, 19979. Th.Hnaf, Gh.Nodia. Georgia - Lurching to Democracy. From Agnostic Tolerance toPious Jacobinism: Societal Change and People's Reactions. NomosVerlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, 200010. Norberto Bobbio Democracy and Dictatorship11. Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization, Cultural, Economic andPolitical Change in 43 Societies, Princeton University Press, 199712. farid zaqaria, “araliberaluri talRis aRweveba”, sazogadoeba dapolitika, N3, CIPDD, Tbilisi, 20006

I kvira: Teoria da meTodologiaI mecadineobakonstitucia da politikuri institutebi liberalur,respublikur da demokratiul politikur tradiciebTanmimarTebaSijer kidev 1997 wels cnobili analitikosi farid zaqaria werda, rom msofliossul ufro da ufro met qveyanaSi “demokratiulad arCeuli reJimebi...ugulebelyofen maTi Zalauflebis konstituciur farglebs da sakuTar moqalaqeebsZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs arTmeven” 1 . demokratizaciismesame talRam msoflioSi axali fenomeni, axali tipis reJimi warmoqmna, romelsacaraliberaluri demokratiis saxeli ewoda. am reJimma iseTi maxasiaTeblebiSeiZina, romlebic Zvel liberalur demokratiebSi ar iyo warmodgenili. Zvelidasavluri demokratiebisgan gansxvavebiT, am reJimebSi masobrivi demokratia dasayovelTao xmis ufleba ufro adre da safuZvlianad damkvidrda, vidrekonstituciuri liberalizmi: “demokratia yvavis, konstituciuri liberalizmiki — ara” 2 . sayovelTaod arCeuli, popularuli mmarTvelebi ar eridebian imas,rom parlamentebsa da konstituciis CarCoebs gverdi auaron, qveyana saprezidentobrZanebulebebiT marTon, saxelmwifo aparati opoziciisa da Tavisufalipresis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenon da adamianis konstituciuri uflebebi Selaxon.es movlenebi mraval da mraval qveyanaSia dafiqsirebuli, rogorclaTinur amerikaSi, ise yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi. regularuli da sayovelTaoarCevnebis Catareba am qveynebSi ver uzrunvelyofs kanonis uzenaesobas,korufciis SezRudvasa da karg mmarTvelobas Zalauflebis konstituciurCarCoebSi. aseTi qveynebis ricxvs saqarTveloc unda mivakuTvnoT.demokratia, konstitucionalizmi da liberalizmi araliberalur demokratiebSierTmaneTTan gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobaSi modis. saqme isaa, rom konstitucionalizmida liberalizmi, orive, arsebiTad, xelisuflebis SezRudvis,SezRuduli mmarTvelobis Teoriasa da praqtikas ganasaxiereben, xolo demokratiaxalxis umravlesobis mier arCeul liderTa xelSi Zalauflebismaqsimalur akumulirebasa da gamoyenebas eswrafvis. maSin, roca Zvel demokratiebSidemokratiis, konstitucionalizmisa da liberalizmis principebigarveul dabalansebul sistemas qmnis, axal demokratiebSi demokratiis principebiaSkarad Warbobs da Zirs uTxris liberaluri demokratiis arsebobisTvisaucilebel danarCen komponentebs 3 : “demokratiulad arCeul mTavrobebs axasiaTebTimis dajerebis tendencia, rom maT absoluturi Zalaufleba ekuTvniT,aman ki SeiZleba Zalauflebis centralizacia gamoiwvios”. 4 imave movlenas aRwersgilermo o’doneli, rodesac miuTiTebs, rom Zlier liderebs, romlebsacsjeraT, rom xalxis saxeliT laparakoben, gulwrfelad ar esmiT, ratom undadauqvemdebaron Zalaufleba konstituciur SezRudvebs, Tu maTi saqmianoba(rogorc wesi, es korufciasTan brZolas exeba), xalxisTvis sikeTis momtania 5 .1 farid zaqaria, “araliberaluri talRis aRzeveba”, sazogadoeba da politika, N3, CIPDD,Tbilisi, 2000 (Foreign Affairs, 1997, N6), gv.27.2 iqve, gv.283 gilermo o’doneli, zaqariasgan gansxvavebiT, erTmaneTs upirispirebs ara demokratiasada konstituciur liberalizms, aramed xazs usvams liberalur demokratiaSi demokratiis,liberalizmisa da respublikanizmis politikuri tradiciebis Tanaarsebobisaucileblobas. es sxvaoba midgomebSi, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, gadaulaxavi ar aris,Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom konstitucionalizmi swored respublikuri azrovnebisproduqts warmoadgens.4 iqve, gv. 35-365G.O'Donnell. Horisontal Accountability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy, v.9, N.3, 19987

axali demokratiebis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom araliberalur demokratiebSikonstitucionalizmis damkvidreba bevrad ufro Znelia, vidre metnaklebadsamarTliani arCevnebis Catareba. tokviliseulma gafrTxilebam, romxalxis umravlesobis nebam SeiZleba pirovnebis Tavisufleba SezRudos, axaldemokratiebSi TvalnaTlivi institucionaluri gansaxiereba pova. Tumca, esdilema postsabWouri sivrcisTvis arc axalia da arc ucnobi.“saxalxo demokratiad” wodebuli sabWoTa reJimis konstituciaSi bevriliberaluri Rirebuleba iyo deklarirebuli, romlebic arasdros realizebula,gansakuTrebiT, totalitarizmis periodSi 6 . garda amisa, konstituciisarseboba, Tundac is srulad iyos realizebuli, TavisTavad ar niSnavsmmarTvelobis konstitucionalizmis principebze agebas. sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciaZalauflebis koncentraciis SezRudvis principebis ganxorcielebasar iTvaliswinebda. piriqiT, is amkvidrebda komunisturi partiis mmarTvel rolssazogadoebaSi da demokratiuli centralizmis principebze agebul mmarTvelobasefuZneboda. gansxvavebuli iyo sabWoTa samarTlis filosofiac. Tukomunisturi partiis mmarTveloba saxelmwifo aparats amyarebda, misi ideologiasabWoTa kanonis wyaros warmoadgenda, samarTlisa da konstitucionalizmissanacvlod. kanonis idea iyo ara uflebebis dacva, aramed _ marTulTadaqvemdebareba saxelmwifo Zalauflebisadmi mmarTveli partiis mier gansaz-Rvruli miznebis misaRwevad. kerZo adamiani da kerZo sfero garkveul legitimaciasmxolod bolo, post-totalitarul periodSi iZens, rodesac sustdebaideologiis gavlena da sazogadoebrivi transformaciis Zalismieri meTodebi.Tu sabWoTa dros legitimuri iyo Zalauflebis koncentracia komunizmismisaRwevad da “amerikis dasawevad da gasaswrebad”, ratom ar unda iyoslegitimuri misi koncentracia postsabWoTa periodSi swrafi reformebisgasatareblad da “evropis” dasawevad? Tu legitimuri iyo “eqspropriatorTaeqspropriacia” da mSromelTa mZarcveli kapitalistebis ganadgureba, ratom arunda iyos legitimuri “ukanonod miTvisebuli qonebis” yvela xerxiT amoReba?Tu legitimuri iyo saxelmwifos ageba mmarTveli ideologiis sawyisebze, ratomar unda aigos saxelmwifo ganaxlebuli ideologiis sawyisebze axla?demokratia, rogorc xalxis mmarTvelobis Teoria, am kiTxvebze pasuxs ver iZleva,Tuki is moklebulia liberalur da respublikur komponentebs,konstitucionalizmisa da kanonis uzenaesobis principebs. qvemoT vnaxavT,rogor upirispirdeba erTmaneTs es midgomebi da principebi TanamedrovesaqarTvelos politikur diskursSi.qveynis konstitucia gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor aris mowyobili am qveynispolitikuri sistema. konstitucia, Tuki is sruldeba, qmnis politikis “ConCxs”,politikuri moqmedebis wesebsa da kanonebs, romlebic politikuri procesismonawileebs maTi qcevis normebsa da taqtikas karnaxobs. politikuri procesismonawileebma, Tavis mxriv, ician, Tu ras moelian isini politikuri sistemisgan,ras aqceven yuradRebas yvelaze metad da ratom aris mocemuli politikurisistema maTTvis misaRebi Tu miuRebeli. konstituciisa da moqalaqeebis amurTierTqmedebaSi dgindeba konstituciis namdvili arsi da mniSvneloba sazogadoebisTvis,vlindeba misi susti da Zlieri mxareebi, ikveTeba misi Semdgomigardaqmnis perspeqtivebi.diskursuli analizisas sazogadoebas vikvlevT rogorc subieqturi Sexedulebebisada warmodgenebis mqone adamianTa urTierTobis sivrces. urTierTobenra erTmaneTTan da politikuri sistemis institutebTan, moqalaqeebi sinamdvilissakuTar suraTs xataven, romelic Seferilia mocemuli individispolitikuri SexedulebebiTa da msoflmxedvelobiT. amitom, iseTi cnebebi,rogorebicaa, vTqvaT, demokratia, kanoni, konstitucia da a.S. sxvadasxvaadamianisTvis SeiZleba gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisa da Rirebulebis fenomenebswarmoadgendes. amdenad, politikuri sazogadoeba ara Tu erTgvarovania, aramed6 sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi totalitaruli da posttotalitaruli periodebis erTmaneTisgangancalkeveba mniSvnelovania, vinaidan saxelmwifos, reJimisa da kanonis legitimaciamam ukanasknel (posttotalitarul) periodSi seriozuli transformaciaganicada.8

masSi arsebobs adamianTa didi erTobliobebi, romlebic met-naklebad msgavsadfiqroben da politikur movlenebs msgavsad afaseben. sazogadoebaSi arsebulpolitikuri Sexedulebebis am Sekrul sistemebs Cven aq politikuri diskursebissaxeliT movixseniebT. konstituciis legitimaciis analizisas saWiroa sazogadoebaSifarTod gavrcelebuli politikuri diskursebis gamokveTa daSeswavla. demokratiis erT-erT ZiriTad principad unda miviCnioT is, romsazogadoebaSi arsebuli yvela Sexeduleba uflebamosilia sakuTari wvliliSeitanos qveynis politikuri sistemis formirebasa da funqcionirebaSi.araliberaluri demokratia, rogorc vTqviT, konstitucionalizmisa daliberalizmis naklebobas ganicdis da iswrafvis mTeli Zalaufleba arCeulilideris xelSi moaqcios. SemdgomSi Cven am dilemas saqarTvelos magaliTzeganvixilavT. Cveni mizani iqneba aviRoT erTi case study, 2004 wlis sakonstituciocvlilebebi, da gavaanalizoT isini ori miznis misarwevad : pirveli, da uSualo,gavigoT institucionaluri sakonstitucio mowyobis legitimaciis sawyisebisaqarTveloSi, da meore, viswavloT, Tu rogor SeiZleba amgvari sakiTxebiskvleva.2004 wlis konstituciuri cvlilebebis SemoqmedTa mizans aSkarad arwarmoadgenda politikuri pluralizmis institucionalizacia da umravlesobisnebis konstitucionalizmis CarCoebSi moqceva. piriqiT, aqcenti keTdebodakonsolidaciaze, krizisidan gamosvlaze da maqsimalurad swrafi gardaqmnebisada reformebis gatarebaze. axali modelis droebiTi, gardamavali xasiaTiukavSirdeba im konteqsts, romelic mudmivad figurirebs sakonstitucioganxilvebis procesSi. es aris is, rom noembris movlenebi iyo ara ubralodxelisuflebis cvlilebis momenti, aramed sistemuri gardaqmna, revolucia,warsulTan radikaluri gaxleCa, sxva sistemaze gadasvla. mixeil saakaSvilisgamosvlebSi amas mudam esmeva xazi: "ise, rogorc iyo, aRar iqneba", "uprecedento",~saqarTveloSi postsabWouri sistema imsxvreva~ (mixeil saakaSvili,davosi, 22 ianvari).erTi sistemidan sxva sistemaze gadasvla, qveynis mmarTvelTa nebiT warmarTuli,droebiTi viTareba, romelic sayovelTao ayvavebas da bednierebasmoitans, oRond _ momavalSi, daCqarebuli ganviTareba, romelsac politikurixelmZRvaneloba warmarTavs da romelic civilizebul qveynebTan (am SemTxvevaSi«evropa») dagvaaxlovebs, brZola erTi muWa «kriminalebis» winaaRmdeg,romlebic am winsvlas xels uSlian, es yvelaferi metad tradiciulia da nacnobipostsabWouri sivrcisTvis.saqarTveloSi bolo 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi sami reJimi gamoicvala, da arcerTxel — arCevnebis gziT. arCevnebi mxolod postfaqtum tardeboda ukveaRiarebuli xelisuflebis legitimirebisTvis. damarcxebuli politikuri Zalaarc erTxel ar darCenila politikaSi, aramed samudamo marginalizaciasganicdida. garda zviad gamsaxurdiasi da jaba ioselianisa, yvela axalipolitikuri lideri wina xelisuflebis wevric iyo. TiToeul mmarTvelobashyavda erTi qarizmatuli lideri, erTi mmarTveli partia da revanSis mosurnedauZinebeli mtrebi, romelTa TvalSi xelisufleba diqtatorulia, xolo misilegitimuroba _ saTuo da aramyari.ratom aris saqarTveloSi swored aseTi da ara sxva institucionaluri ganviTareba?SeiZleba mizez-Sedegobrivi daskvnebis gakeTebis gareSe institutebidavukavSiroT politikuri diskursis xasiaTs.Tuki opozicia yovelTvis diqtaturis braldebiT gamodis, xolo xelisuflebaTavs sasikeTo gardaqmnebiTa da realobis gaTvaliswinebiT imarTlebs(rogorc es sami bolo reJimis dros xdeboda), maSin mosalodnelia Semdegi: sanamxelisufleba popularulia — moxdeba mis mier Zalauflebis gadameteba (amasmmarTvelobis saWiroebebi moiTxovs), xolo, rodesac is popularobas dakargavs— gaCndeba revoluciuri moTxovnebi mis gadayenebaze xalxis mxridan, romelicdaujerebs opozicias imaSi, rom araefeqturobas reJimis diqtatoruli xasiaTiganapirobebda.am fonze rogorc «vardebis revolucia», ise momdevno sakonstituciocvlilebebi gamoiyureba kanonzomierad, stabiluri sistemis nawilad, da ara am9

sistemidan gadaxrad. am sistemis gaazreba SesaZlebelia misi arSemdgarialternativebis dafiqsrebiT. es ar aris liberaluri demokratia, sadacmmarTvelebi modian xelisuflebaSi arCevnebis gziT, moqmedeben konstitucionalizmisCarCoebSi da arCevnebSi damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi gadadian(droebiT) opoziciaSi momavali gamarjvebis imediT. aseTi sistemisTvis aucilebelia«eTikuri» politikuri partiebi, anu iseTi partiebi, romlebicpolitikuri brZolisa da politikuri kamaTis wesebs ar cvlian imisda mixedviT,arian isini xelisuflebaSi Tu opoziciaSi. es ar aris diqtatura, sadac xalxisneba arafers niSnavs da sadac xalxi xelisuflebis Secvlas saerTod veraxerxebs. diqtaturis damyarebas saqarTveloSi swored Zlieri damravalricxovani kerZo interesebi ewinaaRmdegeba. es aris sistema, romelSicmarTaven adamianebi, magram ara kanonebi.mizezebi am mdgomareobisa SeiZleba bevr faqtorSi veZioT, magram kavSiriinstitutebsa da diskursebs Soris aSkaraa. Seiqmneba Tu ara odesme iseTiviTareba, rodesac «efeqturoba» da «samarTlianoba» erT sibrtyeSigadainacvlebs? SeZleben Tu ara odesme saparlamento sistemis momxreebi misdasabuTebas efeqturobis argumentiT, xolo saprezidento mmarTvelobismimdevrebi — pluralizmisa da konstitucionalizmis moSveliebiT? SeZleben Tuara odesme xelisufleba da misi opozicia erTi sistemis CarCoebSi konkurirebasda ara erTmaneTis delegitimizacias? gamova Tu ara odesme saqarTvelo«gardamavali periodis» marwuxebidan?II mecadineobakvlevis meTodebi: institucionaluri da diskursulitranzitologia da demokratiis Sumpeteriseuli gansazRvrebademokratizaciis procesebis Seswavla, romelic politikuri mecnierebistranzitologiis qvedisciplinis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, meTodologiuradumTavresad erTi - institucionaluri midgomis CarCoebSi warmoebs. es midgoma,misi Tanamedrove versiis saxiT, romelic axali institucionalizmis saxeliTaacnobili, safuZvlad udevs rogorc kvlevebis umravlesobas, aseve, pirvel rigSi,im taqsonomias, romelic am kvlevebs azrs aniWebs. es aris Tavad politikurireJimebis taqsonomia maTi demokratiuloba-arademokratiulobis TvalsazrisiT.disciplinis CarCoebSi “demokratia” gaiazreba rogorc reJimi (da arasazogadoebis an saxelmwifos maxasiaTebeli), xolo es reJimi ganmartebuliapolitikur institutTa terminebSi, romelTa centralur elements warmoadgensxelisuflebis regularuli, Tanaswori da Tavisufali arCeva sayovelTaokonkurenciuli arCevnebis meSveobiT. marTalia, dResdReobiT arsebobsdemokratiisTvis aucilebeli da sakmarisi pirobebis CamonaTvalis mravalivarianti, magram miuxedavad definiciis saboloo da SeTanxmebuli variantisararsebobisa, empiriul kvlevebSi TiTqmis yvela gansazRvreba met-naklebadmomdinareobs da eyrdnoba demokratiis Sumpeteriseul institucionalurgagebas.am midgomis dominanturi pozicia ganpirobebulia ara imdenad Teoriulikvlevis Sida logikiT, aramed mas metwilad qmnis praqtikuli politikissaWiroebebiT wayenebuli moTxovnebi. is iqmneba kvlevis gareTa politikurimotivebiT. am gavlenas ganapirobebs TviT demokratiis cnebis uaRresad maRalifaseulobrivi da politikuri mniSvneloba, misi udidesi roli im sazogadoebrivcvlilebebSi da masobriv moZraobebSi, romlebic msoflioSi xdeba. mas, agreTve,ganapirobebs is, rom mecnierebi, romlebic demokratizaciis procesebs ikvleven,eZeben ara imdenad Teoriul Sedegebs, romlebic martooden mecnierebasgaamdidrebs, aramed politikur strategiebs, romlebic demokratizaciisprocess xels Seuwyobs. maT sWirdebaT empiriulad xelSesaxebi da praqtikulad10

ganxorcielebadi miznebi da kriteriumebi, romlebic politikosebis xelSimoqmedebis gegmad da strategiad iqceva.swored aseTi iyo Tavis droze demokratiis Sumpeteriseuli ganmartebisbedic, Tumca ki Tavad ganmarteba praqtikuli miznebis mosamsaxureblad arSeqmnila. is, ubralod, civi omis periodSi ideologiuri dapirispirebisartikulirebisTvis metad gamosadegi gamodga maTTvis, vinc liberalurdemokratias icavda e.w. saxalxo demokratiis sapirispirod. demokratiis ufrotradiciuli gagebisgan gansxvavebiT (demokratia rogorc xalxis mmarTveloba),is ar utovebda SesaZleblobas sabWouri tipis reJimebs hqonodaT pretenziademokratiulobaze.demokratiis es institucionaluri, formalizebuli ganmarteba, agreTve,gamosadegi aRmoCnda avtoritarul reJimebTan brZolis strategiis dasasabuTeblad.man ideologiurad daaSoriSora erTmaneTs iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaademokratiuli reJimi, modernizebuli sazogadoeba da kapitalisturiekonomika da ukana planze gadaitana demokratiis mimarTeba sazogadoebrivimowyobis sxva aspeqtebTan. amiT man avtoritarul reJimebs gamoacala isargumenti, rom mocemuli sazogadoeba SesaZloa demokratiisTvis mzad aryofiliyo. faqtobrivad, man struqturulad diferencirebuli sazogadoebismxolod erTi sistema gaaigiva demokratisTan, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada imisdasabuTeba, rom amgvari sistemis danergva agrarul, ganuviTarebel Tu ubralodRarib qveynebSic demokratiis damkvidrebis tolfasi iqneboda.magram bolo wlebis kvlevebi, da gansakuTrebiT ki mesame talRis demokratiebisgamocdileba metyvelebs imaze, rom es midgoma metad gamartivebulxedvas gvTavazobs da aRar esadageba Tanamedrove etapis arc mecnierul da arcpolitikur amocanebs. demokratia dResdReobiT aRiarebulia erTaderT legitimurreJimad, magram rigi qveynebisa, romlebic formalurad Tu ideologiuradSumpeteriseuli demokratiis kriteriumebs esadagebian, Znelad Tupasuxobs dasavleTis liberaluri demokratiis idealebs, da, amave dros, arcavtoritarul reJimebs ar warmoadgenen. am, e.w. minimaluri demokratiebis klasificireba,iseve rogorc maTi Semdgomi evoluciis gzebi dRes axal kiTxvebsbadebs.Tuki gavyvebiT robert dalis terminologias, da ganvasxvavebT demokratiasrogorc normatiul (mTeli sisruliT ganuxorcielebel) ideals poliarqiisgan,romelic institutebis realur da realizebad nakrebs warmoadgens (nakrebs,romelic kargad esadageba dasavluri liberaluri demokratiebis dRes arsebulmowyobas), es problema sxvagvardac SeiZleba warmovaCinoT. niSnavs Tu aramocemul politiaSi poliarqiis institutebis damkvidreba demokratiisidealebTan miaxloebas?minimaluri demokratiebis problemasTan dabrunebisas vxedavT, rom maTi“gansxvavebuloba” kargadaa gacnobierebuli mecnierebis mier. rogorc o’doneligviCvenebs, gansxvavebuli konteqstis fonze demokratiis institutebma SeiZlebasul sxvadasxvagvarad imuSaon. ase, politiko-ekonomikuri urTierTobebisklientelisturi, partikularistuli konteqsti SesaZloa warmoadgendes urTierTobaTamdgrad modelebs, romlebic minimalur demokratias liberalurmodelad konsolidirebis saSualebas ar aZleven - imisda miuxedavad, rom reJimipasuxobs Sumpeteriseuli demokratiis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs. gasaTvaliswinebelia,rom dasavlur socialur konteqstSi universalisturi agentisarseboba win uswrebda demokratizacias, iseve rogorc dasavluri liberalurikonstituciuri saxelmwifo ufro adre Seiqmna, vidre masobrivi demokratiebi.ramdenad ganapiroba am konteqstma demokratiis institutebis dasavlurifunqcionaluri, normatiuli da bihevioruli specifika, da ramdenad aqvsgavlena sxva tipis konteqstebs demokratiis amave maxasiaTeblebze sxvagan?am kiTxvebis gaCenam Semdegi meTodologiuri gamoZaxilebi warmoSva TeoriulkvlevebSi.11

1. disciplinis CarCoebSi darCena: es midgoma miiCnevs, rom demokratiisinstitutebis CamonaTvali SeiZleba gafarTovdes da moicvas ara martoreJimis maxasiaTeblebi, aramed garkveuli konteqstualuri elementebic.am gzas adganan is mkvlevrebi, romlebic demokratiis ganamartebasamateben xan kanonis mmarTvelobas (rule of law) (riCard rouzi), xansazogadoebis struqturul diferenciacias (linci da stefani, romlebicam maxasiaTeblebs latenturad konsolidirebuli demokratiiscnebaSi deben). yvela es mcdeloba isev poliarqiis institutebis irgvlivtrialebs. ase magaliTad, o’doneli, miuxedavad imisa, rom acnobierebsda aanalizebs konteqstis mniSvnelobas formaluri institutebis muSaobisanalizisTvis, mainc demokratiis Sumpeteriseuli gansazRvrebisCarCoebSi rCeba da cnebis sakuTar gagebas isev da isev am centralurielementis irgvliv agebs. es araTanmimdevruloba meTodologiurSecdomas waagavs, vinaidan Tuki erTi da igive institutebi sxvadasxvamniSvnelobasa da funqcias iZenen konteqstisda mixedviT, maSin maTTviserTi da igive saxelis miniWeba umarTebuloa.2. politikuri kulturis Seswavla. es gza sakmaod tradiculi da SedarebiTnayofieri Cans. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, ronald inglehartis midgomada faseulobebis msoflio gamokiTxvidan miRebuli Sedegebi. mokledrom SevajamoT, am gziT gamokveTilia garveuli kanonzomierebebi dakorelaciebi demokratiis funqcionirebasa, ekonomikur ganviTarebasadaqveynis religiur da istoriul warsuls Soris. magram am midgomisnaklovaneba mdgomareobs masSi, rom is metad zogadia, da wina midgomissapirispirod politikurad mkveTrad neitraluri. anu, im daskvnis Sem-TxvevaSic ki (ris safuZvelsac es gamokvlevebi iZleva), rom postsabWoTasazogadoebebi ganwirulni arian wlebis ganmavlobaSi airCion korumpirebuli,arareprezentaciuli elitebi, es analizi usargebloa Semdgomidemokratizaciis politikis SemuSavebis saWiroebis Tvalsawieridan.is ubralod adasturebs, rom demokratizaciis saxeliT cnobiligamowveva minimaluri demokratiebisTvis ufro metad saWiroebs modernizaciulda ekonomikur gamoZaxils, vidre politikurs. magram amisdeterministuli gaziareba gvagdebs sxva ukiduresobaSi — institucionalurimSeneblobis mcdlobaze uaris TqmaSi.3. zemoT moyvanil or midgomas Tu erTmaneTs davupirispirebT, maT SorisSualedur adgils daikavebs institucionaluri midgomis CarCoebisgacdena da institutebis Seswavla maT konteqstualur mniSvnelobebTanerTad, anu maTi legitimaciis sawyisebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac ufrodiskursis analizis amocanaa. am midgomis arsi qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiTiqneba ganxiluli, aq ki mxolod mis avkargianobaze SevCerdebi. meTodisdadebiT mxares warmoadgens institutebis mibma maT normatiul dafunqcionalur mniSvnelobebTan. es saSualebas iZleva avcdeTdemokratiis “komunizmad” gagebas - demokratis aRrevas ganviTarebiswindawin gansazRvrul elitistur gegmasTan, romelSic sazogadoebamxolod statistis, obieqtis rols TamaSobs. is aseve iZleva saSualebasgadaiWras meore problema, romelic adre iyo naxsenebi -demokratizaciis procesSi eqspertebis mier SemuSavebuli strategiebisrolis gazviadeba. TviT cneba “demokratia” ar warmoadgens mkvlevarTasakuTrebas. igi mZlavr politikur datvirTvas atarebs, romelic masebismobilizebasa da politikur swrafvebs gansazRvravs. am sityvisTvis12

eqspertebis mier erTi konkretuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba, mniSvnelobisa,romelic garkveul politikur strategias gulisxmobs, SeiZlebaukavSirdebodes demokratizaciis metad ideologizebul, dogmaturgagebas. midgomis sisuste mdgomareobs TviT meTodis sirTuleSi,vinaidan mas Semoaqvs metad Znelad gazomvadi da gansazRvrebadidiqotomiebi, iseTi tipis, rogoricaa codnisa da Sexedulebis,filosofiisa da ideologiis, normisa da moralis dapirispireba, raciolad xelSesaxebi da gazomvadi faqtori ar aris.qvemoT moyvanili iqneba magaliTi am meTodis gamoyenebisa, romelicmdgomareobs TurqeTisa da aSS-s politikuri sistemebis diskursiul SedarebiTanalizSi.TurqeTisa da amerikis politikuri sistemebis diskursiuli SedarebiTianalizies magaliTi erTob egzotikuria da aqvs ufro meTodis sailustraciodaniSnuleba, vidre mecnieruli mtkicebulebis datvirTva. misi mizaniakonstituciuri institutebis formalurad msgavsi, magram arsebiTadgansxvavebuli arsis Cveneba, romelzedac zemoT iyo laparaki. am magaliTismoyvaniT minda vaCveno, Tu ra mimarTeba arsebobs institutebis funqcionirebasada maT legitimizacias Soris.TurqeTis politikuri sistema, iseve rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa,formalurad konstituciur demokratias warmoadgens. Tumca ki, TurqeTi sxvatipis demokratiaa. institucionaluri analiziT dakavebuli specialistisTvalsawieridan, es sxvaoba Cans im rolSi, romelsac Turquli demokratiisSenarCunebaSi samxedroebi TamaSoben; igi aseve SeiZleba aRiweros liberaluriinstitutebis sisusteSi, samoqalaqo uflebebis SezRudulobaSi, mokled, es araris im tipis sxvaoba, romlis aRwera SeuZlebelia institucionalur terminebSi.Tumca ki amgvari aRwera bevrs arafers ambobs imaze, Tu ratom xdeba, rom am oriqveynis erTob Tanamedrove konstituciebi sxvadasxvanairad muSaoben. amsxvaobis arsi, Cemi azriT, ukeT gasagebi xdeba, Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT am oriqveynis politikuri sistemebis or simbolur reprezentacias: linkolnismemorials vaSingtonSi da aTaTurqis mavzoleums ankaraSi.am or memorials bevri saerTo niSani aqvs. orive ganlagebulia qveynis axaldedaqalaqSi, romelic qveynis politikuri centria, magram imavdroulad arwarmoadgens mis kulturul centrs; is viTardeba swored politikuriinstitutebis erTobis saxiT. erTic da meorec ganasaxiereben pirovnebebs,romlebic idgnen dRes arsebuli politikuri sistemis — demokratiis —sawyisebTan; es memorialebi swored demokratiis monapovars axsenebs mnaxvels.swored am miniSnebis gansamtkiceblad orive warmoadgens klasikuri berZnulistilis variaciebs Sesabamisi arqiteqturuli elementebiT.magram maT Soris arsebobs arsebiTi sxvaobac. aTaTurqis mavzoleumi, gardaTviT mavzoleumisa, moicavs agreTve aTaTurqis muzeums. am muzeums emsaxurebiangidebi, romlebic acnoben damTvaliereblebs mis biografias, aCveneben mis piradnivTebs, axseneben Rvawls da agrZnobineben am adamianis gansakuTrebulobas.mavzoleums icavs Turquli gvardiis jariskacebi, romelTa forma (xaki TeTriT)qmnis peizaJis ganuyofel komponents. aTaTurqis mavzoleumisgan gansxvavebiTlinkolnis memoriali gacilebiT ufro lakonuria. iq dgas linkolnis qandakeba,xolo kedlebze amotvifrulia misi gamonaTqvamebi.mesijebi, romlebsac damTavalierebeli iRebs am ori memorialisganarsebiTad gansxvavebulia. pirveli yuradRebas amaxvilebs pirovnebaze da misgansakuTrebulobaze, xolo meore — pirovnebis mier gaziarebul ideebze da maTsayovelTaobaze. pirveli mesiji aris partikularistuli xasiaTis, is argulisxmobs msjelobas, gansjas, aramed mxolod gaziarebas da aRiarebas, xolo13

meore universalisturia da dikursul gagebas, kognitur, filosofiurgaazrebas gulisxmobs.Sesabamisad, Turquli saxelmwifo, romelic formalurad liberalur konstituciursawyisebzea agebuli, araformalurad ideologiur (politikur)sawyisebs moicavs sabWoTa saxelmwifos msgavsad. swored aq unda veZeboT imismizezi, rom rule of law masSi arasruli da nakluli saxiTaa damkvidrebuli.es magaliTi gvafiqrebinebs, rom Semdegi ori hipoTeza relevanturiademokratizaciis procesebis Seswavlisadmi. pirveli: sabWoTa tipis politikurisistema istoriulad ar warmoadgens erTaderT ideologiur sawyisebzedafuZnebul politikur sistemas, anu sistemas, romlis samarTlebrivi sawyisebiraime tipis ideologiidan momdinareobs. saxelmwifo, romelic formaluradliberalur demokratias warmoadgens, aseve SesaZloa araformaluradideologiurad iyos legitimizebuli. amasTan es ideologiuroba SeiZlebaqmnides mdgrad paternebs da ar iyos gardamavali da droebiTi xasiaTis. miTufro dRes, rodesac politikuri sistemis mosawyobad liberaluri demokratiislegitimurobas alternativa ar gaaCnia.TurqeTSi maRalia korufciis done, uaRresad dabalia ndoba politikosebisada politikuri partiebis mimarT, xolo samxedroebisa daarmiis mimarT ndobis xarisxi Seudareblad maRalia. Tu ganvazogadebT, ammaCveneblebs da SevadarebT maT sxva ideologiuri (politikuri) demokratiebisrealobas, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom korufciis maRalimaCveneblebi da politikosebis uaRresad dabali ndoba logikurad undaiyos kavSirSi saxelmwifos ideologiurobasTan (politikur legitimizebasTan),Tuki reJimi ar aris uaRresad mkacri da avtoritaruli (amSemTxvevasi is SeiZleba TiTqmis totalitaruli reJimis niSnebs iZendes).kavSirs saxelmwifos ideologiurobas da korufcias Soris am statiisSemdgom paragrafebSi davubrundebiT.14

II kvira: saqarTveloI mecadineobasaqarTveloSi konstituciis sajaro legitimacia 2004 wlis magaliTze1. konstituciuri cvlilebebis ganxilvis dinamika da procesis monawilenicnobili konstitucionalistis jon elsteris TqmiT, msoflioSi arsebobsdemokratiuli konstituciebi, miRebuli arademokratiuli gziT, magram ararsebobs demokratiuli gziT miRebuli arc erTi avtoritaruli konstitucia. 7konstituciis miRebis procesSi mniSvnelovania ori momenti: ramdenaddemokratiulia es procedura da ramdenad efuZneba axali konstituciis miReba(Tu arsebul konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setana) farTo da srulfasovanmsjelobas.konstitucia, garda imisa, rom iyos demokratiuli, unda uzrunvelyofdesmdgradi da efeqturi mmarTvelobis arsebobas. proceduruli TvalsazrisiT,mdgradi da efeqturi mmarTvelobis meqanizmebis SemoReba saWiroebs, sul mcire,am meqanizmebis irgvliv yvela gavleniani politikuri elitis SeTanxmebismiRwevas. centraluri xelisuflebis mowyoba, pirvel rigSi, gavlenas axdens impolitikur aqtorebze, romlebic uSualod monawileoben xelisuflebisganxorcielebaSi. cvlilebebis miRebis momentSi xelisuflebaSi myofpolitikosTa SeTanxmeba ver uzrunvelyofs modelis mdgradobas xelisuflebiscvlilebis da momdevno arCevnebis Semdeg. amdenad, mdgradi mowyobisTvisSeTanxmebaSi an unda monawileobdnen xelisuflebaSi im momentisTvis armyofiZalebic, an es Zalebi samudamod unda gairiyos politikidan; sxvagvarad,konstituciis legitimacia iZens droebiT, gardamaval xasiaTs.sakonstitucio cvlilebebis process ianvar-TebervalSi axasiaTebda Semdegi:cvlilebebi muSavdeba kuluarulad da miiReba Zalian swrafad; mmarTvelobisaxali modelis SemmuSavebeli da ganmsazRvreli aris mxolod momavalixelisuflebis sami xelmZRvaneli; politikaSi CarTuli sxva Zalebi ver axerxebenprocesis SeCerebas an sxva mimarTulebiT warmarTvas; am procesis da misirgvliv warmarTuli debatebis qvemoT moyvanili qronologiuri aRwera naTladwarmoaCnes im winaaRmdegobebs, romlebic procesis aRniSnul maxasiaTeblebsukavSirdeba.noembris saxelisuflebo krizisidan gamosvlis gzebis Ziebisas jer kidev imdReebSi konstitucia, misi avkargianoba da SesaZlo gadamuSaveba kvlavaqtualuri Tema xdeba. xolo „revoluciuri triumviratis“ xelSi ZalauflebisgadasvlisTanave ikveTeba sakonstitucio cvlilebebis gardauvaloba da maTiganxorcielebis mimarTuleba: sami lideri — mixeil saakaSvili, zurab Jvania danino burjanaZe — erTmaneTSi Tanxmdebian Zalauflebis gadanawilebis Sesaxeb. amSeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, mixeil saakaSvili xdeba saqarTvelos prezidenti, zurabJvania _ premier-ministri (im droisTvis jer ararsebuli Tanamdeboba), ninoburjanaZe _ parlamentis Tavmjdomare. am SeTanxmebam sajaro ganacxadis formamiiRo, ramac mas TiTqmis sakanonmdeblo xasiaTi mianiWa. am SeTanxmebisganxorcielebas ki konstituciis Secvla esaWiroeboda.vinaidan xelisuflebis axali konfiguracia, pirvel rigSi, am axalimmarTveli elitis SeTanxmebas unda daeyrdnos, misi SemuSaveba daxurul karsmiRma iwyeba. masmedia da molaparakebis gareT darCenili is Zalebi, romlebmacaqtiuri monawileoba miiRes noembris movlenebSi, cdiloben procesi sajarogaxadon. saprezidento arCevnebis Semdeg (4 ianvari) iwyeba sajaro gamosvlebiimaze, Tu ra tipis mmarTveloba iqneboda mizanSewonili saqarTvelosTvisSeqmnil viTarebaSi. am gamosvlebSi fiqsirdeba garkveuli SeSfoTeba7 Jon Elster, Ways of Constitution-making, in: Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. Axel Hadenius, CambridgeUniversity Press, 1997, p.125.15

mosalodnel cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT („arasamTavrobo organizaciebiskeptikurad uyureben momaval cvlilebebs“, I arxi), gamoiTqmeba surviliSenarCundes arsebuli sistema, xolo konstituciaSi cvlilebebi naCqarevad dapirovnebebze morgebiT ar moxdes. xelisufleba Tavs aridebs oponentebiskritikaze reagirebas, magram garkveuli gamonaTqvamebi, (magaliTad,“saqarTvelos mTavroba Cemi xelmZRvanelobiT gaakeTebs [amas da amas]”. mixeilsaakaSvili, 10 ianvari), (am SemTxvevaSi) saprezidento sistemis SenarCunebazeunda miuTiTebdes.mas mere, rac 14 ianvars parlamenti, daCqarebuli wesiT, axal saxelmwifodroSas amtkicebs, xolo 15 ianvars centraluri saarCevno komisia saprezidentoarCevnebis Sedegebs acxadebs, xelisufleba, rogorc Cans, ufro intensiuriwesiT udgeba sakonstitucio cvlilebebis mzadebas, da es cvlilebebi kvlavmasmediis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva. kanonproeqti, romelic iusticiissaministroSi muSavdeba, xdeba sameulis konsultaciebis sagani; 19 ianvars isixileba Sexvedraze zurab Jvanias, nino burjanaZis, zurab adeiSvilis, gigiwereTlis da mixeil maWavarianis monawileobiT. imave dRes telearxebi iwyebenlaparaks imaze, rom axali kanonproeqtiT, saqarTvelos eyoleba “Zlieriprezidenti, Zlieri premier ministri da susti parlamenti”; “parlamentisTavmjdomare qveynis meore piridan Camolaborantebulia da uuflebo mesamepirad gvevlineba” (imedi, 19 ianvari). am msjelobas droebiT anelebs mixeilsaakaSvilis viziti davosSi da inauguraciis ceremonia (25 ianvari). inauguraciisSemdeg sakonstitucio cvlilebebis ganxilva meti intensivobiT axldeba,vinaidan, rogorc Cans, ukve gansazRvrulia, rom mTavrobis dakompleqteba axalikonstituciis Sesabamisad unda moxdes, es ki moiTxovs, rom axali sakonstituciomowyoba ZalaSi Sevides araugvianes 8 Tebervlisa — sxva SemTxvevaSi mixeilsaakaSvils mouwevs 9 Tebervals parlamentisTvis ministrebis wardgena Zvelimodelis Sesabamisad.prezidentis inauguraciis Semdeg nino burjanaZe ramdenime dRiT tovebssaqarTvelos, rac fasdeba rogorc protesti, parlamentis uflebebis Sekvecissapasuxod. mxolod 1-2 Tebervals prezidenti saakaSvili, ucxoeTidandabrunebuli burjanaZe da zurab Jvania agrZeldeben molaparakebebs funqciebisgadanawilebaze da parlamentis uflebebze. 2 Tebervals cxaddeba, romkompromisis miRweva SesaZlebelia. dRis bolosTvis sameulis erTianobaaRdgenilia, imave dRes ikribeba sakonstitucio komisia, romelic, marTalia,SemuSavebuli kanonproeqtis teqsts jer ar icnobs, magram, principSi, TanxmobasiZleva imaze, rom proeqti Sevides parlamentSi gansaxilvelad misi publikaciisada erTTviani ganxilvis gareSe. 83 Tebervals ixsneba 1999 wlis mowvevis parlamentis sagazafxulo sesiada imarTeba biuros sxdoma, romelzedac cxaddeba, rom kanonproeqtiimave kviris bolomde unda iqnes ganxiluli. dRis meore naxevarSikanonproeqti Semodis parlamentSi, mravldeba da miewodeba iuridiulsakiTxTa komitets gansaxilvevlad. 5 Tebervals iwyeba kanonproeqtissaparlamento ganxilva, romelic 6 Tebervals mTavrdeba proeqtisdamtkicebiT; proeqti saswrafod qveyndeba, rac saSualebas aZlevspremier-ministrs, daakompleqtos ministrTa kabineti ukve axali konstituciisSesabamisad. amdenad, sakonstitucio cvlilebebis saparlamentoganxilva xdeba elviseburi siswrafiT; saparlamento ganxilvisprocesi mis Sinaarsze did gavlenas ar axdens.revoluciis gziT xelisuflebaSi mosuli Zalebi, marTalia, arcdiloben oponentebTan dialogis gamarTvas, samagierod, iswrafvianxalxis umravlesobis mxardaWeris ganmtkicebas. procesis warmarTvanaCqarevad da viwro wreSi sulac ar niSnavs xelisuflebis mxridan8 es gadawyvetileba argumentirebulia imiT, rom cvlilebebi arsebiTad imeorebs 2001wlis gazafxulze parlamentSi eduard SevardnaZisis mier Semotanil da gamoqveynebulkanonproeqts.16

sazogadoebrivi azris mniSvnelobis ignorirebas. piriqiT rogorc mixeilsaakaSvili, ise zurab Jvania cdilobs brifingebsa da interviuebSicvlilebebisa da daCqarebuli wesis gamarTlebas qveynis winaSe mdgarigadaudebeli da mwvave problemebiT; rac SeiZleba Cqara unda SeiqmnasmTavroba, romelic daiwyebs xalxis winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebisSesrulebas. 9mmarTvelobis winaSe mdgari amocanebis simwvavis gamo xelisuflebis mxridancvlilebebis daCqarebas oponentebi upirispireben konstitucionalizmis, kanonierebisda warmomadgenlobis dacvis moTxovnebs. oponentebis mxridangamoiTqmis mosazrebebi, rom procesi unda gaiwelos droSi, rom sakonstituciocvlilebebi moiTxovs ufro safuZvlian msjelobas da “met pativiscemas kanonierebisdacvis dapirebiT mosuli xelisuflebis mxridan“, da rom daCqarebuliproceduris Sedegad arsebobs Zalauflebis SeuzRudavi koncentraciis saSiSroeba10 . oponentebis azriT, darRveulia sakonstitucio moTxovna kanonproeqtisaucilebeli winaswari publikaciisa da erTTviani ganxilvis Sesaxeb,xolo 1999 wlis mowvevis parlamenti vadagasulia, ar sargeblobs xalxismxardaWeriT da ar aris uflebamosili gadawyvitos konstituciuri mniSvnelobissakiTxebi.xelisufleba, Tavis mxriv, xalxis umravlesobis nebaze apelirebas aZlierebsori meqanizmiT: xelisuflebaSi armyofi politikuri Zalebis de-legitimaciiT(erTi mxriv, nacionaluri moZraoba da mixeil saakaSvili gamoxatavs mTelixalxis nebas, xolo, meore mxriv, vinc ar dadga xalxis gverdze, iman politikuriTviTmkvleloba Caidina 11 ) da „legitimuri“ politikuri Zalebis mxridankritikis SezRudviT. satelevizio debatebis SezRudva, romelic 3 Tebervlidaniwyeba 12 , ukavSirdeba ara imdenad sxva partiebisgan Tu politikuri Zalebisgankritikis acilebis survils, aramed „revoluciur ZalebSi“ ganxeTqilebissaSiSroebas. am dReebSi mosalodneli dapirispirebis Tavidan asacilebladcxaddeba „nacionaluri moZraobisa“ da „burjanaZe-demokratebis“ erT partiadgaerTianebis Taobaze (rasac praqtikuli xorcSesxma im periodSi ar ewera),magram es ar Svelis konstituciis irgvliv „revoluciur ZalebSi“ konsesusismiRwevas. cxare Tavdasxma sakonstitucio proeqtze Tina xidaSelis, gigabokerias (rusTavi2, 2 Tebervali) da koba daviTaSvilis mxridan (gadadganacionaluri moZraobis politikuri mdivnis Tanamdebobidan im motiviT, rom „arSeiZleba konstitucia ergebodes adamianebs da ara piriqiT, adamianebi undaergebodnen konstituciebs“, 3 Tebervali) safrTxes uqmnis mmarTveli Zalis aramarto erTianobas, aramed legitimurobasac, mis moqmedebas ukargavenerTaderTi swori gzis imijs. mixeil saakaSvilis reaqcia koba daviTaSvilisgadadgomaze gamoricxavs am oponentebTan diskusiis warmarTvas: „me armainteresebs pirovnebebi, Cems gverdze unda idges qarTveli xalxi. me mWirdebaxalxis mxardaWera, me maqvs xalxis mxardaWera da. . . xalxis mxardaWeriT ammafiasTan brZolas miviyvan bolomde“.am gamonaTqvams, romelic zedmiwevniT udgeba araliberaluri demokratiislegitimizebas, Cven kidev davubrundebiT.9 „miviRoT es cvlilebebi, rogorc aris warmodgenili da mivceT, axal samTavrobo gunds[SesaZlebloba] rom Seiqmnas da daiwyos energiulad nabijebis gadadgma qveyniskrizisidan gamosayvanad“ (mixeil saakaSvili, 4 Tebervali).10 "teqstis Sinaarsi iyo gasaidumloebuli . . . gamoqveynebulic ki ar aris. . . xalxs arhqonda SesaZlebloba emsjela . . . aseTi cvlilebebi prezidents SeuzRudavuflebamosilebas aZlevs" (zaqaria qucnaSvili, 5 Tebervali, parlamentis sxdoma).11 "Zalian kargad viciT, vin miiTvisa xelisufleba. . . . xalxma aseT cvlilebebs ukve didixania dauWira mxari". (6 Tebervali, saparlamento ganxilva); „politikurma jgufebma,vinc noembris movlenebis dros SevardnaZis mxares aRmoCndnen an barikadebis meoremxares. . . , politikuri TviTmkvleloba Caidines. es aRar Seicvleba.“ (giga bokeria, 12ianvari, imedi).12 am sakiTxze ix. agreTve danarTi.17

2. ra mimarTulebiT cvlilebebi? Sinaarsobrivi mxareTanamedrove konstituciebi, rogorc wesi, moicavs adamianis uflebebisdamcvel Tavebsa da ganayofebs. konstituciis es nawili, Tumca ki mniSvnelovanialiberalizmis damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT, ar warmoadgens, rogorc amas xazsusvams jovani sartori 13 , konstituciis Seqmnis mTavar mizans. SesaZloawarmovidginoT konstitucia adamianTa uflebebis deklaraciis gareSe (mag. aSSiskonstituciis Tavdapirveli varianti), magram SeuZlebelia warmovidginoTkonstitucia, romelic ar aregulirebs Zalauflebis ganxorcielebismeqanizmebs da ar anawilebs funqciebs. konstitucia, pirvel rigSi, saxelmwifoZalauflebis CarCoebs ayalibebs; 2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebic,ZiriTadad, centraluri xelisuflebis mowyobas Seexo.2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebis mTavar Sinaarsobriv komponentswarmoadgenda ministrTa kabinetis SemoReba da premier-ministris Tanamdebobisdaweseba. es sakiTxi, romelic jer kidev eduard SevardnaZis mmarTvelobisperiodSi mravaljer iqna wamoweuli sxvadasxva opoziciuri politikuripartiisa da politikosis mier, yovelTvis efuZneboda mmarTvelobis efeqtianobisamaRlebis saWiroebas da prezident SevardnaZis garkveul gamijvnas Sidaekonomikuri problemebis mogvarebisgan. es winadadebebi modioda saparlamentoumravlesobidanac (moqalaqeTa kavSiri), romelic ibrZoda aRmasrulebelxelisuflebaze meti gavlenis mosapoveblad. amgvari iniciativebiT gamodiodabevri opoziciuri partia, maT Soris tradicionalistebi da leiboristebi,romelTac hqondaT sakuTari kanonproeqtebi, xolo mrewvelebs ministrTakabinetis SemoReba saprogramo dokumentSi hqondaT dafiqsirebuli. yvelazeaxlos ganxorcielebasTan es sakiTxi 2001 wlis gazafxulze mivida, rodesacprezidentma parlamentSi gansaxilvelad Sesabamisi kanonproeqti Semoitana;kanonproeqti sajaro ganxilvisTvis 2001 wlis gazafxulze gamoqveynda. Tumca amdokumentis saparlamento ganxilva ver Sedga, vinaidan cxadi gaxda, rom is verSeagrovebda sakmarisi raodenobis momxreebs. kritikosTa nawilma xazi gausvakanonproeqtis arademokratiulobas da kvlav wamowia saparlamento mmarTvelobisupiratesobis sakiTxi, xolo naklebad sajaro, kuluaruli winaaRmdegobagamoiwvia momavali premier-ministris (zurab Jvanias) kandidaturam.2004 wels premier-ministris Tanamdebobis SemoRebis perspeqtivam Zveli diskusiebisfonze Semdegi problemebi warmoSva: ra tipis cvlilebebs gamoiwvevdaes qveynis politikur mowyobaSi? ministrTa kabinetis Seqmna, romelsac uxelmZRvanelebspremier-ministri, TavisTavad arafers ambobs qveynis politikurmowyobaze. ministrTa kabineti SeiZleba arsebobdes rogorc saparlamento, isenaxevradsaprezidento da supersaprezidento respublikebSi. am modelebisnimuSebad sajaro diskursSi xSirad figurirebs “evropa”, “safrangeTi”, “ruseTida TurqmeneTi”: “es aris absoluturad evropuli modeli” (zurab Jvania, 27ianvari, rusTavi 2); “safuZveli aris franguli modeli” (mixeil maWavariani, 27ianvari, rusTavi 2); “es ar aris franguli modeli. praqtikacaa gansxvavebuli.dgas rusulsa da Turqmenuls Soris. ar aris demokratiuli konstitucia” (kobadaviTaSvili, 5 Tebervali, saparlamento ganxilva). amgvari Sefasebebi argansazRvraven calsaxad sasurveli modelis xasiaTs. erTi mxriv, am droisTvis,Tuki laparakia naxevradsaprezidento mowyobisken gadasvlaze, Zveli argumenti,rom SevardnaZe ver uZRveba ekonomikas, aRar aris aqtualuri, piriqiT,axladarCeul prezidentSi (noemberSi is jer kidev “gamarjvebuli xalxislideria”, magram misi momavali prezidentoba aravisSi eWvs ar iwvevs) akumulirebuliaxalxis mTeli imedebi momaval karg mmarTvelobasTan dakavSirebiT.amdenad, Zveli miswrafeba prezidentis aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebis Sez-Rudvisa veRar amarTlebs saprezidento modelis uaryofas. meore mxriv, sakonstituciocvlilebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios Zalauflebis gadametebuli koncentrirebaprezidentis xelSi, rogorc es 2001 wlis proeqtis kritikaSi dafiqsirda,rac kiTxvis qveS ayenebs revoluciis gacxadebul demokratiul xasiaTs.tradiciulad, saparalamento modeli saqarTveloSi asocirebulia met13 G. Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering, New York University Press, 1994, 199718

demokratiasTan, xolo saprezidento — diqtaturis saSiSroebasTan. Tumca, 2004wlis ianvarSi eqspertebi, romlebic mmarTvelobis saukeTeso sistemis SerCevazemsjeloben, TiTqmis erTxmad uaryofen saparlamento models, rogorc (bevrisTvalSi) sasurvels, magram mocemul realobaSi ganuxorcielebels. aseve, sakmaodmoulodnelad, arasamTavrobo seqtorisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda Sereulisistema; amdenad, alternatiuli winadadebebi sul ramdenimea: a) arsebulisaprezidento sistemis SenarCuneba da mis farglebSi prezidentis mieraRmasrulebeli Zalauflebis nawilis delegireba premier-ministrze da kabinetze;b) imave sistemaSi vice-prezidentis postis SemoReba (zurab JvaniasTvis); g)centraluri xelisuflebis reformis SeTavseba saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyobismogvarebasTan da Zalauflebis teritoriul gadanawilebasTan; d) farTomasStabianikonstituciuri reformis dawyeba orwliani vadiT, xolo am reformisSedegad SemuSavebuli modelis ZalaSi SesvlisTanave axali saparlamentoarCevnebis Catareba.es winadadebebi, rogorc xelisuflebis iniciativis alternativa, msjelobissagani ar gamxdara, xolo momavali sistemis xasiaTi bolomde bundovani darCa.Tavidan mixeil saakaSvili ramdenjerme axsenebs Zlier saprezidento mmar-Tvelobas, romelSic premier-ministri saWiroa prezidentisgan yoveldRiurisazrunavis CamosaSoreblad 14 ; am fonze xelisuflebis mxridan apelireba “evropul”da “frangul” modelebze gaugebari rCeba. mxolod Tebervlis dasawyisSi,nino burjanaZesTan kompromisis miRwevis Semdeg, mixeil saakaSvili acxadebs,rom miRebuli modeliT “prezidentis uflebamosileba garkveulwilad izRudeba”,rom, “Tu prezidenti ver moipovebs parlamentSi umravlesobas, es prezidentismdgomareobas Zalian gaarTulebs” (3 Tebervali) da rom “saqarTvelo gadadissaprezidento respublikidan naxevrad -saprezidento modelze” (5 Tebervali).oponentebi, cxadia, amgvar Sefasebas ar iziareben, maTTvis kanonproeqtiniSnavs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gadametebul gaZlierebas da avtoritarizmissaSiSroebas. Tumca, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Tavdapirvel variant-Tan SedarebiT saboloo variantis mixedviT parlamentis uflebamosilebebimarTlac garkveulwilad gazrdilia. rogorc Cans, es exeba ZiriTadadparlamentis daTxovnis SezRudvas garkveuli SemTxvevebis gansazRvriT daparlamentis mier mTavrobis upirobo daTxovnis SesaZleblobas 15 . molaparakebaTaSedegad parlamentis Tavmjdomare iZens garkveul damatebiT uflebebsac:kontrols kontrolis palataze, parlamentis reglamentis da parlamentisbiujetis, aseve parlamentis Senobis gankargvas.6 Tebervals miRebuli mmarTvelobis modeli ver povebs saboloo erTianSefasebas misi xasiaTis Taobaze. es sakiTxi, rogorc Cans, rCeba momavalipolitikuri debatebis dRis wesrigSi: rogoria axali sistema — naxevradsaprezidentoda “evropuli” Tu supersaprezidento da “Turqmenuli”,demokratiuli Tu avtoritaruli. modelis xazgasmulad gardamavali, droebiTixasiaTi, rac dafiqsirda xelisuflebis yvela lideris gamosvlaSi 16 , nawilobrivmisi arasrulyofilebis irib aRiarebad unda iyos aRqmuli; Tumca, vada,romliTac ganisazRvra misi moqmedeba (6-7 weli 17 ), ris Semdegac, rogorcgacxadda, saparlamento modelisken unda moxdes gadasvla, aseve miuTiTebs imas,rom xelisufleba am gardamavali periodis asocirebas axdens sakuTarimmarTvelobis periodTan.14 “iqneba Zlieri saprezidento mmarTveloba” (mixeil saakaSvili, 18 ianvari, HTB);15 “pirvel variantSi parlamenti iyo Zalian susti da me ar vapirebdi im variantiTparlamentis Tavmjdomareobas”, nino burjanaZe, rusTavi 2, 2 Tebervali; “me amberketebisTvis (parlamentis berketebzea saubari) erTi Tve vibrZodi, Torem erTiTvis win gamoqveyndeboda kanonproeqti” nino burjanaZe, mze, 4 Tebervali.16 “is cvlilebebi, romlebic Cven Semogvaqvs, aris konstituciuri reformis dasawyisi,es ar aris is modeli, romelic saqarTveloSi aTwleulebis manZilze unda darCes”(zurab Jvania, 24 saaTi, 24 ianvari);17 “batonma zurab Jvaniam mizanSewonilad miiCnia warmodgenili kanonproeqti miiRosparlamentma im daTqmiT, rom 7 wlis Semdeg savaldebulo wesiT moxdeba konstituciisgadasinjva” (sakonstitucio komisiis sxdomis oqmi, 2 Tebervali)19

3. sakonstitucio cvlilebebi: pirovnebebi Tu institutebikonstituciis morgeba pirovnebebze iyo erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri argumeticvlilebebis kritikosTa mxridan: “sami kaci dadga kibeze da Tqva: me unda viyoprezidenti, me — premier-ministri, es — parlamentis Tavmjdomare, ori postiarsebobs, axla mesame unda SemoviRoT — ase qveyana ar ewyoba” (12 ianvari, I arxi,irakli melaSvili)zogadad, mixeil saakaSvili rogorc sajaro gamosvlebSi, ise politikurmoqmedebaSi, zemoTmoyvanili citatisda miuxedavad, («me ar mainteresebspirovnebebi») did mniSvnelobas aniWebs swored pirovnebebs: roca akritikebsZvel politikur mowyobas, is personalurad eduard SevardnaZes adanaSaulebsyvelaferSi; Tu cdilobs axsnas, ra Seicvleba ukeTesobisken momavalSi, pirvelrigSi axsenebs mmarTvelobaSi axali, profesionali da wesieri adamianebismosvlas; Tu ebrZvis korufcias, is sjis konkretul pirebs. oponentebi,sapirispirod, laparakoben swored institutebze da struqturebze, da araadamianebze.pirovnebebisa da institutebis aRreva sakonstitucio cvlilebebis procesSimarTlac aqtualuri sakiTxia; sami instituti — prezidenti, ministrTa kabinetida parlamenti — modelis SemuSavebis procesSi ukve ganpirovnebulia samadamianSi, romlebic am molaparakebas awarmoeben.zogadad, nebismieri politikosis racionaluri qceva mimarTulia misiZalauflebis gaZlierebaze da uflebamosilebebis zrdaze. magram es ismotivebia, romlebic ar gamodgeba ama Tu im qmedebis sajaro legitimaciisTvis.sakuTari Zalaufleba sajarod politikosma ama Tu im sazogadoebriviinteresiT unda gaamarTlos. amis magaliTia nino burjanaZis pasuxikorespondentis pirdapir kiTxvaze, rodesac is uaryofs imas, rom sameulSimidis brZola ZalauflebisaTvis, magram aRiarebs, rom “sadac xar, ginda rom metiberketebi gqondes konkretuli saqmis gasakeTeblad” (2 Tebervali, rusTavi2).sajaro legitimaciis aucilebloba am mxriv maxes ugebs politikoss, vinaidanzRudavs misi manevrirebis vels. sajaro viTarebaSi mas ar SeuZliaurTierTgamomricxavi argumentebiT sakuTari qmedebis gamarTleba; amdenad,sajarooba politikis pozitiur, mastabilizebel da winaswarmetyvelebadobisgamaZlierebel efeqts iZleva. legitimuri qmedeba unda Candes miukerZoebeli daar unda iyos TviTneburi. oponentebma SeiZleba ostaturad gamoiyenon ZveligamonaTqvamebi. ase, gazeTi 24 saaTi aqveynebs mixeil saakaSvilis 2001 wlisintervius, sadac mixeil saakaSvili daaxloebiT im argumentaciiT gamodisSevardnaZis proeqtis winaaRmdeg, rasac misi amJamindeli opozicia iyenebs(pirovnebebze morgeba, safrangeTis modelis sanacvlod yirgizeTis modelTanmiaxloeba). xelisuflebis mxridan ki Zlier arguments warmoadgens is, rompartiebi yovelTvis mxars uWerdnen ministrTa kabinetis SemoRebas, axla kigaafTrebul winaaRmdegobas uweven am ideis xorcSesxmas.politikosTa racionaluri qcevis modeli TiTqmis zedmiwevniT udgebasakonstitucio cvlilebebis SemoqmedTa strategiis aRweras. sajarod rogorcsaakaSvili, ise Jvania ar laparakoben maT Soris warmoebul vaWrobazeuflebamosilebebis Taobaze; isini warmoaCenen momaval cvlilebebs, rogorcerTian proeqts, magram unda vivaraudoT, rom maT uwevT garkveuli brZolauflebamosilebebis gadanawilebaze, vinaidan sajarod saakaSvili ufroganwyobilia ilaparakos Zlier saprezidento mmarTvelobaze, xolo Jvania —pasuxismgeblobis mqone ministrTa kabinetze. gansxvavebulia momavaliparlamentis Tavmjdomaris pozicia, romelic parlamentis (da sakuTari)uflebamosilebebis gazrdas ara marto kuluarulad icavs, aramed sajarodac“Tavs iwonebs” imiT, rom moaxerxa parlamentis dacva gadametebulidasustebisgan. kidev erTi moTamaSe — parlamenti, romelic bolo momentSi iZensgavlenas kanonproeqtze, kanonproeqtSi cvlilebebis Setanas TiTqmis veraxerxebs (sxvaoba parlamentSi Semotanil teqtsa da saboloo teqsts Soris metadmcirea) ; erTaderTi muxli, romelmac kenWisyraze sakmarisi raodenobis xmebiver daagrova, exeboda parlamentis wevrTa uflebebis SezRudvas — parlamentis20

wevrTa imunitetis Sesustebas. 18 .gacilebiT ufro umtkivneuloa iseTi cvlilebebi, romlebsac ara hyavTuSualod pirovnulad dainteresebuli oponentebi an am oponentebs ara aqvTsakmarisi berketebi sakuTari interesebis dasacavad. ase, magaliTad, axalikonstituciidan gaqra debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac prezidents ara aqvsufleba ekavos partiis xelmZRvanelis posti. meore cvlileba exeboda imamomrCevelTa raodenobas, romelic unda misuliyo saprezidento arCevnebSi,rom es arCevnebi Semdgarad CaTvliliyo. axal variantSi gaqra amomrCevelTa 50%-is monawileobis moTxovna. mesame SezRudva exeba parlamentis mier iseTikanonebis miRebas, romelTac SeiZleba mTavrobis Tanxmobis gareSe biujetisxarjebi gazardon. samive Tavis droze gamoyenebuli iyo SevardnaZis winaaRmdeg(is iyo moqalaqeTa kavSiris lideri; 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSimonawileTa raodenobis oficialuri monacemebi aradamajerebelia; winasaarCevnoperiodSi parlamenti Rebulobda populistur kanonebs pensiebis daxelfasebis gazrdis Taobaze, romelTa aRsasruleblad biujetSi fuli ar iyo)da SesaZloa Semotrialebuliyo mixeil saakaSvilis winaaRmdegac - is xom~nacionaluri moZraobis~ erTpirovnuli da ualternativo lideria, xolo 2004wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi monawileTa raodenoba aseve saTuoa. miuxedavadimisa, rom erT-erTi — parlamentis sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebis SezRudva —rogorc es nino burjanaZis replikidan Cans _ kamaTis sagani gamxdara kanonproeqtismomzadebis etapze, da yvela es cvlileba badebs kiTxvebs saparlamentoganxilvisas, sabolood parlamenti maT mainc xmas aZlevs. samagierod,konstruqtiuli Cans xelisuflebis urTierToba oponentebTan iseT sakiTxze,romelic saerTod ar exeba Zalauflebis sakiTxebs — es aris ormagi moqalaqeobisproblema; am muxlis formulirebaSi mixeil saakaSvili did daTmobebze midis.sxva Zalebi, romlebic pretenzias acxadeben politikur gavlenaze anmomavali politikuri brZolebisTvis emzadebian, kanonproeqts konstitucionalizmisada kanonis uzenaesobis Rirebulebebis Tvalsawieridan akritikeben,razedac qvemoT gveqneba saubari; swored maTi misamarTiT warmoTqvams prezidenti,konsolidaciis saWiroebaze saubris konteqstSi: «me ar mainteresebspirovnebebi, Cems gverdze dgas xalxi»; is gulisxmobs, rom «xalxs», rogorcdemokratiuli legitimaciis erTeuls, SeiZleba hyavdes mxolod erTi warmomadgenlobiTimmarTveli, romlis irgvlivac konsolidirebuli iqneba mTelimmarTveloba; yvelas aqvs SesaZlebloba, am mmarTvelobaSi monawileoba miiRos,magram es monawileoba politikur dapirispirebas gamoricxavs: “veraferiaRudgeba win saqarTvelos konsolidaciis process, es aris Cemi iniciativa, mindagaerTiandnen partiebi, gaerTiandnen politikosebi, Tu gvinda, rom amovZvreT imwumpedan, romelSiac Cagvagdo SevardnaZem” (mixeil saakaSvili, 3 Tebervali) 19 .4. ratom cvlilebebi? legitimacia da delegitimaciammarTvelobis efeqturobis amaRleba, rogorc ministrTa kabinetisSemoRebis argumenti, jer kidev wina periodidan momdinareobda, rodesac,praqtikulad, yvela politikuri Zala momxre iyo ministrTa kabinetis Seqmnisa,saxelmwifos meTaurisa da mTavrobis meTauris postebis daSoriSorebis.mTavrobis gunduri pasuxismgebloba, yoveldRiur saqmianobaze maqsimalurikoncentrireba, reformebis gatareba da a.S. mudmivad figurirebs kanonproeqtis18 es muxli ukve axali mowvevis parlamentis mier iqna Casworebuli.19mmarTvelobis konsolidacia, rogorc iyo naTqvami, gardamavali periodis dasaZlevadaasaWiro. ase, magaliTad, sakonstitucio kanonproeqtTan erTad parlamentSiSemotanili kanonproeqti, romliTac prezidenti niSnavs raionis gamgeblebs daaZlierebs prezidentis regionul rwmunebulTa instituts, marTldeba imiT, rom isdroebiTia, da saWiroa imitom, rom sxvanairad raionebi Zveli xelisuflebis momxreTamier iqneba marTuli, xolo «gardamaval periodSi Cven ver davuSvebdiT, rom qveynisregionebi SevardnaZis kadrebiT gvemarTa» (zurab adeiSvili, 4 Tebervali, 24 saaTi).21

damcvelTa gamosvlebSi 20 .krizisuli mdgomareobis daZleva postrevoluciur saqarTveloSi kidevufro Zlieri argumentia Zalauflebis koncentraciis dasasabuTeblad;kanonproeqti xazgasmulad mimarTulia gardamavali periodis daZlevaze, swrafgardaqmnebze, romlebic xelisuflebam unda gaataros. „Cven gvWirdeba iseTicvlilebebi, romlebic mogvcemen saSualebas efeqturad vmarToT qveyana“(mixeil saakaSvili, 29 ianvari, I arxi); “am kanonproeqtiT prezidents. . . eqnebakrizisuli situaciebis ganmuxtvis saSualeba. Tu parlamenti ar amtkicebsbiujets, da sakiTxebis blokireba specialurad xdeba, prezidents misidaTxovnis ufleba eniWeba” (gigi wereTeli, 21 ianvari); „rodesac prezidenti dapremier-ministri Tvlian, rom es aris erTaderTi SesaZlebloba, rom qveyanafexze dadges, am viTarebaSi bunebrivia, miRebul iqnes is modeli, romelicimuSavebs da romelic efeqturi iqneba“ (nino burjanaZe, 2 Tebervali)oponentebi Zalauflebis am koncentraciaSi diqtaturis niSnebs xedaven.oponentebis azriT, cvlilebebma mospo ramdenime berketi, romlebiTac isargeblesJvaniam da saakaSvilma SevardnaZis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg daromlebic momavalSi SeiZleboda maT winaaRmdeg gamoeyenebina SesaZlo momdevnoopoziciebs. vinaidan 1995 wlis konstituciiT prezidents ar hqonda parlamentisdaTxovnis ufleba, parlaments SeeZlo ukidures opoziciaSi gadasvlada pasuxismgeblobis acilebiT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis efeqturimoqmedebis blokireba, mmarTvelobiTi krizisis Seqmna da am krizisis gamoyenebaprezidentis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. parlamentis daTxovnis uflebismopovebiT prezidenti iSorebs movlenebis amgvari ganviTarebis saSiSroebas. “esgundi Wris im tots, romlidanac movida” (koba daviTaSvili, 5 Tebervali).kanonproeqtis Sinaarsis warmoCenis mTeli procesi, rogorc is warmodgeniliasazogadoebis samsjavroze, SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc legitimaciisada de-legitimaciis brZola acdenil sibrtyeebSi. xelisufleba apelirebsefeqtur mmarTvelobaze, gardamaval periodze, eqstremalur pirobebze, Zlierxelisuflebaze krizisis dasaZlevad, evropul modelze, xalxis nebis aRsrulebaze,realobis gaTvaliswinebis saWiroebaze.oponentebi operireben iseTi cnebebiT, rogorebicaa: demokratiis SezRudva,gza diqtaturisken, tiranuli mmarTveloba, monarqia, rusuli modeli, Turqmenizaciada sxva.zemoT moyvanili CamonaTvalidan Cans, rom acdenilia sibrtyeebi, romlebSicimyofebian kanonproeqtis damcvelebi da maTi oponentebi. damcvelebs aqvTpozitivisturi aqcenti efeqtur mmarTvelobaze; oponentebs _ normatiuliSeSfoTeba konstitucionalizmis SezRudvasTan dakavSirebiT.es acdena ar aris ganpirobebuli (didwilad) damcvelTa da oponentTaRirebulebrivi, msoflmxedvelobiTi poziciebiT; is ukavSirdeba im rolursxvaobas, romelic maT Soris arsebobs realur politikur procesSi. anu:opoziciad yofna saqarTveloSi niSnavs apelirebas uflebebze, Zalauflebis-Tvis sazRvrebis dawesebaze da kanonis uzenaesobaze, xolo xelisuflebad yofna— xalxis interesebze da realobis gaTvaliswinebaze. amgvari acdena, rogorcCans, tradiciulia da Cveuli bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebulipolitikuri sistemisTvis, romelSic politikuri sakiTxebi, rogorc wesi,ixileba ara politikuri strategiis SemuSavebis horizontalur WrilSi(partiebis konkurencia, dialoguri reJimi, erTi sibrtye), aramed vertikalurganzomilebaSi, legitimacia-delegitimaciis maneraSi (liberaluri sazogadoebriobaicavs sakuTar Tavs saxelmwifos gadametebuli zewolisgan). erTi mxriv,efeqturi mmarTveloba da realobis gaTvaliswineba rogorc xelisuflebisargumenti da, meore mxriv, diqtatura rogorc liberaluri da samarTlebriviRirebulebebis damcveli opoziciis braldeba, aris is dominanaturi diskursi,romelic damkvidrda saqarTveloSi.20“marTvis is stili, meqanizmebi, rac moqmedebda wina periodSi, araefeqturi iyo,sakmaod rTul mdgomareobamde mivida qveynis ekonomikac, finansebic, energetikac, dayvela is dargi, romelic TiTqos iyo saxelmwifo ministris koordinirebis qveS” (gigiwereTeli, 12 ianvari, iberia).22

Tumca, mainc iyo garkveuli mcdelobebi, erTmaneTis sibrtyeebSi SeWriliyvnenda argumentebi gaecvalaT. ase, mixeil saakaSvilis momxre oponentebi,romlebic ar arian dainteresebuli saakaSvilis reJimis de-legitimaciiT,cdiloben, garda demokratiis SezRudvisa, ilaparakon SemoTavazebuli sistemisaraefeqturobaze. maTi azriT, modeli ganwirulia krizisisTvis, romelsacwarmoSobs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis SigniT ori Zlieri figuris Tanaarseboba.es argumenti sakmaod sustia, vinaidan “efeqturobis” ganzomileba,maTi mxridan, ukavSirdeba mxolod aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, xolo warmomadgenlobiTobis— sakanonmdeblos, rac, TavisTavad, mxolod saprezidentomodelis maxasiaTebelia: “aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis filosofia argulisxmobs imas, rom igi iyos warmomadgenlobiTi. igi unda iyos efeqturi”(levan ramiSvili, 24 saaTi, 16 ianvari).xelisufleba aseve cdilobs Tavi daicvas diqtaturis braldebisgan:“diqtaturaze saubari aris metad upasuxismgeblo saubari. gamodis, rom evropisuklebliv yvela qveyanaSi aris diqtatura”. (zurab Jvania, mze, 5 Tebervali); “isopozicia, vinc axla xmaurobs parlamentSi, eseni arian SevardnaZistebi, damagaTi mxridan demokratiaze xmauri cota uxerxulia” (mixeil saakaSvili, 5Tebervali).erTic da meorec kontrargumentaciaa, romelic diskursisaTvis ganmsaz-Rvrel rols ar TamaSobs. wamyvani mainc rCeba legitimacia efeqturobiT (xelisufleba)da delegitimacia usamarTlobiT (tirania, diqtatura) (opozicia).Tu gavixsenebT, rom es diskursi warmoadgens dominantur politikur diskurssxelisuflebasa da opozicias Soris mTel postsabWoTa periodSi, SesaZloa vilaparakoTpolitikuri sistemis mdgradobaze da ara mis radikalur gardaqmnazenoembris movlenebis Sedegad. xelisuflebasa da mis oponentebs Soris Senar-Cunebulia uwindeli radikaluri gaxleCa da polarizeba Zveli niSniT:Zalauflebis gadameteba, uzurpacia da diqtatura, rogorc opoziciis lozungi;efeqturi mmarTvelobis dapireba da qveynis winsvlis uzrunvelyofa,rogorc xelisuflebis argumenti. es ar waagavs politikur konkurencias partiebsSoris; wamyvan diskurss ayalibebs sazogadoebis da saxelmwifosdapirispireba 21 .5. saxelmwifos legitimacia, adamianis uflebebi, kanonis uzenaesoba,redistribucia da ganviTarebaefeqturi ganviTareba da swrafi gardaqmnebi Tu konstitucionalizmi da daculobaZalauflebis koncentraciisgan: mJRavndeba Tu ara es dixotomiamxolod sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Sesaxeb diskusiaSi, Tu sxva politikurmovlenebSic vlindeba? saxelmwifos umaRlesi kanonis — konstituciis —Sesworeba im fonze mimdinareobs, rodesac icvleba TviT saxelmwifos legitimaciisstili da misi funqcionireba. saxelmwifo iwyebs Zalovani struqturebisamoqmedebas wesrigis dasamyareblad da korufciasTan sabrZolvelad,rac manamde praqtikulad ar xdeboda.saxelmwifos postrevoluciuri gaZlierebis legitimacia poulobs sawyisebswesrigis damyarebaSi, saxelmwifo aparatis amoqmedebaSi da kanonis damrRvevTadasjadobaSi. dominantur diskursSi politikuri da samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobasaxelmwifos uwindel sisusteze uSualod “SevardnaZes da mis klans”ekisreba, xolo wesrigisTvis brZola eyrdnoba gamijvnas xalxsa da “kriminalebsa”da “korufcionerebs” Soris: “vinc Seqmna es korufciuli sistema,yvelam unda agos pasuxi Zalian mkacrad”; “unda damyardes wesrigi. . . SevardnaZemyvelaferi waiRo saxlSi Tavis TanamzraxvelebTan erTad, xazina gaZarculia”;“Cven viwyebT wesierad cxovrebas” (mixeil saakaSvili, davosi, 21 ianvari).21 SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom opoziciuri politikuri partiebi saqarTveloSi TavismTavar oponentad xSirad ara xelisuflebas, aramed masmedias asaxeleben.23

saxelmwifos Zlierebis zrda simboluri agresiis, daSinebis Zlier sajarokampanias eyrdnoba. Zalovani struqturebis amoqmedebis da saxelmwifos gaaqtiurebissafuZveli, pirvel rigSi, mixeil sakaSvilis gancxadebebsa da mispirovnul nebaSi mdgomareobs. cxadia, mniSvneloba aqvs sajaro kampaniis sxvaelementebsac, rogoricaa: sanimuSo sadamsjelo aqciebi, Zalis demonstrireba,sxva maRalCinosanTa gancxadebebi.am periodSi axladdaniSnuli Sinagan saqmeTa ministri da axali prokuroribrals uyeneben mTel rig yofil Tu moqmed Tanamdebobis pirebs; xdeba maTidakaveba didi raodenobiT saxelmwifo Tanxebis datacebis (Tu Zalauflebisgadametebis) braldebiT da maT samTviani winaswari patimrobebi efardeba. masmere, rac fexburTis federaciis prezidenti, romelsac gadasaxadebisgadauxdeloba edeboda bralad, tovebs sapatimros saxelmwifosTvis davalianebisdafarvis Semdeg, Cndeba eWvi (rac bevr SemTxvevaSi Semdeg dadasturda),rom sxvebsac es bedi moeliT — biujetSi seriozuli Tanxis gadaricxvisSemTxvevaSi maTi saqme sasamarTlo ganxilvamde da ganaCenis gamotanamde armividoda.kampaniis laitmotivia korufciasTan da danaSaulTan brZola. ~{axladdaniSnulmaprokurorma unda} . . . korufciis gveleSapi Camarxos. kriminalebi gawevenwinaaRmdegobas, es winaaRmdegoba iqneba rogorc kriminaluri, aseve politikuri.. . Cven gvaqvs sazogadoebis mxardaWeris imedi~ (mixeil saakaSvili, 12 ianvari); „mevurCie, rogorc momavalma prezidentma. . . Cem kolegas, iusticiis ministrs, romcixeSi buntis nebismieri mcdelobisas _ da es minda kargad moisminon cixeSidabudebulma da mis gareT myofma kriminalebma _ gamoiyenon Zala da buntisnebismieri mcdelobisas gaxsnan cecxli da adgilzeve gaanadguron yvela iskriminali, romelic Seecdeba situaciis arevas» (mixeil saakaSvili, 12 ianvari) ;«qurdebi da qurduli mentaliteti unda amoiZirkvos», «qurdi unda ijdescixeSi» (gia baramiZe, 2 Tebervali). Tumca, muqara mxolod kanonis damrRvevTamisamarTiT ar gaismis. xuTjvriani droSis saxelmwifo droSad gamocxadebisoponentebs 14 ianvris saparlamento sxdomaze vano merabiSvili Semdegnairadpasuxobs : «es aris mcdeloba kontrrevoluciis da, Sesabamisad, kontrrevolucionerebismimarT saxelmwifo gamoiyenebs im meTodebs, romlebisac isiniRirsebi arian».am da sxva sityvier gancxadebebs amyarebs vizualuri masalebi: niRbiani SeiaraRebulipolicielebi Zalis gamoyenebiT miarbenineben samoqalaqo pirebscixeSi; xelketebiT erekebian xalxs mcirericxovani mitingebidan; atarebenoperaciebs SeiaraRebuli jgufis dasakaveblad (zugdidSi jgufi ayvaniliagamTeniisas sakuTar saxlebSi, arian daWrilebi, sakaciT mihyavT winaswaridakavebis sakanSi guliT daavadebuli yofili ministri da a.S.).amave periodSi mosaxleoba iwyebs winasaarCevno socialuri dapirebis SesrulebismoTxovnas; am dapirebebSi Sedis pensiebis gaormageba, davalianebebisdafarva da sxva. sxvadasxva regionSi iwyeba ltolvilebis, maswavleblebis,pensionerebis gamosvlebi, romlebsac imedi miecaT, rom sajaro aqciebiTmiaRweven samarTliani moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas, argadaxdili pensiebisa Tuxelfasebis dafarvas. am moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis SeuZlebloba (“biujetigaZarcvulia”) uSualod ukavSirdeba xelisuflebis mxridan im adamianebisdakavebas, vinc wina xelisuflebaSi moRvaweobda. “es aris is xalxi, vis gamocpensioneri ar iRebs pensias, vis gamoc is devnili zugdidSi Tavisi ramodenimelaris gareSe rCeboda” (zurab Jvania, 22 ianari, rusTavi 2).rogorc zemoT moyvanili citatebidan Cans, am diskursSi ZneliasamarTlebrivi danaSaulisa da politikuri danaSaulis garCeva. es problematipuria post-revoluciuri reJimebisTvis, romlebic cdiloben dasajon winareJimis damnaSaveebi; rogorc wesi, maT uWirT gaarCion samarTalaRsruleba dapolitikuri SurisZieba. xolo im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac laparakia ekonomikurdanaSaulebze, miT umetes, Tu es danaSaulebi masiuria, anu kanonis universalurigamoyeneba gamoricxulia, arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom moxdes qonebis gadanawilebaZveli elitidan axal mmarTvel elitaze, rac, gansakuTrebiT, xelisuflebisdabal eSelonebSi da regionebSi iCens xolme Tavs.saerTo interesis dacva Tu sakuTari politikuri Zalauflebis ganmtkiceba —24

es kiTxva bevr Jurnalists uCndeba. kanonis uzenaesoba da adamianis uflebebixdeba xelisuflebis kritikis laitmotivi. es kritika gaismis opoziciurtelearxebze da xelisuflebis momxreebi masSi ar monawileoben (albaT,erTaderTi gamonaklisi elene TevdoraZea: «adamianebi iTxoven wesrigs, magramukanonobas ukanonobiT ar unda ebrZolo»(iberia, 14 ianvari). Cndeba informaciapatimrebis wamebis faqtebze, Cndeba moTxovnebi udanaSaulobis prezumfciisdacvaze, gaismis gamoTqmebi; : «37 wlis anarekli», «diqtaturis dasawyisi»,«represiebi» da sxva.amdenad, saxelmwifos gaZlierebas, axlavs rogorc imedebi, ise SiSi.imedebi socialuri samarTlianobisa da kanonierebis aRdgenisa da SiSisaxelmwifos TviTnebobis, arasamarTlebrivi da araliberalurimaxasiaTeblebis restavraciis. sabWouri gamocdileba da cnobierebisnarCenebi ar gamoricxavs orives SeTavsebas: “saakaSvils stalins veZaxiT...kargia da samarTliani da imitom” (moqalaqe, 19 Tebervali, imedi).samarTlianobis am gagebis sawyisebi isev sabWoTa saxelmwifos legitimaciaSiunda veZioT. sabWoTa saxelmwifo, gansakuTrebiT stalinis periodSi,axorcielebda or globalur ekonomikur da socialur funqcias: warmarTavdasabWouri tipis modernizaciasa da ekonomikur winsvlas da axdenda ekonomikuriproduqciis redistribucias socialuri Tanasworobis principebis Sesabamisad.manam, sanam arsebobda rwmena, rom am or funqcias saxelmwifo da misi winamZRolikomunisturi partia warmatebiT axorcielebda, sistema legitimurobasinarCunebda: is ar iyo, ubralod, despoturi, Tavisuflebis SemzRudveliorganizacia; saxelmwifo mosaxleobisaTvis socialuri samarTlianobis,momavlis xedvisa da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis wyaros warmoadgenda.demokratiul mmarTvelobaze da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasuli saxelmwifo,cxadia, veRar Seasrulebda bevr im funqcias, rasac misgan mosaxleoba moeloda.orive aspeqtSi — ganviTareba da samarTliani gadanawileba — saqarTveloSi mZimekrizisma daisadgura. wlebis ganmavlobaSi mSp-is zrda metad dabal donezerCeboda, xolo uTanasworoba sazogadoebaSi katastrofulad izrdeboda.Seiqmna klientelistur-korufciuli sistema, romelSic TiToeuli adamianisTviTgadarCena misi piradi saqme gaxda.axalma ekonomikurma urTierTobebma, rogorc Cans, ver gaxada ekonomikuriuTanasworoba legitimuri da ver Seqmna sazogadoebis TvalSi misaRebi mdidarTafena. bolo wlebSi gamdidrebulTa winaaRmdeg mTavari argumenti aRmoCndakorufcia: zogi gamdidrda qrTamebiT da Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyenebiT,zogi — usamarTlo privatizebiTa da gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobiT. erTic dameorec qmnida “kerZo mflobelobas” da ara “kerZo sakuTrebas” — politikur, daara samarTlebriv sawyisebze Seqmnil kapitals. am Tu sxva mizezebis gamo amkapitalma ekonomikurad efeqturad ver imuSava da Tavisi arseboba ekonomikurizrdis maCveneblebiT ver gaamarTla.politikuri mmarTvelobis cvlilebisTanave iwyeba am aramyaradlegalizebuli kapitalis amoReba, saxelmwifosTvis dabruneba da /an axaligadanawileba (es bolo tendencia gansaxilvel periodSi jer sawyis etapzeimyofeba). yofil saxelmwifo moxeleebs uyeneben braldebebs TanxebismiTvisebaSi, romlebic xalxs unda daubrundes. sakonstitucio cvlilebebTanerTad parlamentSi Sedis arsebuli kanonmdeblobis Sesworebebis paketi,romelic akanonebs dausabuTebeli da ukanonod miTvisebuli qonebisCamorTmevas, maT Soris _ qrTamiT privatizebuli kerZo sakuTrebisas.es konteqsti garkveulwilad xsnis imas, Tu ratom ukavSirdebasakonstitucio diskursSi efeqturi ganviTarebis ganzomileba mxolodxelisuflebis moqmedebas, xolo mis sapirispirod mxolod uflebrivi danormatiuli maxasiaTeblebi figurirebs. rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis, isesamarTliani gadanawilebis TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifo kvlavac ganixilebamTavar samoqmedo Zalad, xolo arsebuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebi verpoulobs, rogorc Cans, legitimur argumentacias sakuTari Tavissazogadoebrivi interesebis uzrunvelyofis wyarod warmosaCenad. martivadrom vTqvaT, mmarTvelobis SezRudvisken da Tavisuflebisken swrafvis25

dasabuTeba im argumentiT, rom es Tavisufleba imavdroulad sazogadoebisefeqturi ganviTarebis sawindars warmoadgens, ver xerxdeba.6. partia da saxelmwifo; axali droSaerT-erTi maxasiaTebeli, romelsac unda pasuxobdes konstitucia, arispolitikuri konkurenciis uzrunvelyofa: “konstituciuri modeli unda emsaxurebodesdemokratiis ganviTarebas, politikuri konkurenciis ganviTarebas dapolitikuri azris ganviTarebas qveyanaSi.” (daviT usufaSvili, 30 ianvari, imedi).politikuri pluralizmi aris sabWoTa partia-saxelmwifos modelis sapirispiroinstituti, romlis legitimacia gulisxmobs qveynis ganviTarebismravalferovani (da ara erTaderTi) politikuri ideologiebis legitimacias dagamoricxavs erTi dominanturi partiis gansakuTrebul pirobebSi moqcevas.sabWoTa konstituciis postsabWour, demokratiul konstituciad gardaqmnissakvanZo moments warmoadgenda misi me-6 muxlis gauqmeba. am muxliT konstituciaSidafiqsirebuli iyo erTpartiuloba da komunisturi partiis wamyvanida ganmsazRvreli roli saxelmwifoSi. mmarTveli partia, misi ideologiada misi aparati, romelic yvela saxelmwifo struqturas dominirebda, qmnidnenpartia-saxelmwifos institucionalur models, romelic postsabWoTa periodSimmarTvelobis mraval Tandayolil naklovanebas ganapirobebda.manZili partiebsa da saxelmwifos Soris, romelic liberalur demokratiebSiarsebobs, am institutebis legitimaciis gansxvavebuli wesebiTaa ganpirobebulida uzrunvelyofili. partiebi pouloben legitimacias (xdebian legitimurimmarTvelebi) umravlesobis xmebiT — es aris demokratiuli legitimacia; saxelmwifoganasaxierebs ara umravlesobas, aramed saerTo nebas (respublikuri principi),romelic TiToeuli adamianis uflebebsac moicavs (liberaluriganzomileba). es sxvaoba umravlesobis nebasa (mmarTveli partia) da saerTo nebas(saxelmwifo) Soris, waSlilia iseT struqturaSi, sadac demokratiuli umravlesobaamarTlebs mmarTveli partiisadmi saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebas damasTan aTqvefas.bevris TvalSi, noembris movlenebis mizani partia-saxelmwifos sabWouritradiciis bolo gamovlinebaTa dasamareba iyo. magram ukve ianvarSi cxadigaxda, rom Zveli tradicia reinkarnacias axal mmarTvlobaSic povebda. amis erTerTipirveli simboluri gamoxatuleba axali saxelmwifo droSis SemoRebagaxldaT. 22“nacionaluri moZraobis” xuTjvriani droSa noembris movlenebamderamdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mixeil saakaSvilisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobissimbiozis simbolod iyo gamoyenebuli. is, evrokavSirisdroSasTan erTad, amSvenebda iusticiis ministr mixeil saakaSvilis oficialurbrifingebs, is frialebda Tbilisis sakrebulos Tavze, rodesac sakrebulosmixeil saakaSvili Tavmjdomareobda. SevardnaZis gadadgomisTanave is afrialdasaxelmwifo kancelariis Tavze, Semdeg ki aslan abaSiZis reJimis winaaRmdegsabrZolvelad iqna gamoyenebuli. 2322 garda am simboluri maxasiaTeblisa, Semdgom periodSi partia-saxelmwifos niSnebi sxvamaxasiaTeblebiTac myardeba. esenia saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi biurokratiis masiuriSenacvleba axali politikuri kadrebiT; erTpartiuli parlamenti da uaris Tqmaevropis sabWos moTxovnaze daiwios 7-procentiani saarCevno barieri; arCevnebiTmanipulirebis tradiciis gagrZeleba, maT Soris qveynis prezidentis aqtiuri CarevawinasaarCevno agitaciaSi sakuTari partiis sasargeblod da sxva.23 analogiurad saakaSvilisa, aslan abaSiZe bolo wlebSi iyenebda muqi lurji ferisvarskvlavebian droSas rogorc aRorZinebis kavSirisa, da, imavdroulad, aWarisavtonomiis simbolos. am ori simoblikis dapirispireba xdeba politikuri brZolisdominanti ianvarSi, baTumSi, sadac paralelurad imarTeba aslan abaSiZisa da mixeilsaakaSvilis momxreTa mitingebi. saakaSvilis momxreebi 12 da 13 ianvars cdilobenavtonomiur respublikaSi xuTjvriani droSis aRmarTvas, magram uSedegod, vinaidanaslan abaSiZis momxreebi amas ar uSveben. es brZola droSis aRsamarTavad axalmimarTulebas iRebs 14 ianvars, rodesac saqarTvelos parlamenti cvlis saxelmwifo26

xuTjvriani droSa Tavisi simbolikiT qarTvelTa umravlesobis mravaliRirebulebis matarebelia. is religiuria, rac exmianeba qarTvelTa warmodgenasimaze, rom qarTuli kultura saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi marTlmadideblurmareligiam Seinaxa. jvaris gamoCena saxelmwifo droSaze aZlierebs mosaxleobisnawilis sanukvar ocnebas, rom marTlmadidebloba gamocxaddeba saxelmwiforeligiad. amave dros es droSa istoriulia: is figurirebs Zvel ruqebze daxSirad interpretirebulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis simbolod.amdenad, is kargad Seesabameba mosaxleobis konservatuli nawilis Rirebulebebs— ena mamuli, sarwmunoeba. meore mxriv, is revoluciuri Zalebis RirebulebebsaciTavsebs: evropa, reformebi, demokratia (gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesacgamoiyeneba evropis droSasTan erTad, rogorc es iyo mixeil saakaSvilisinauguraciis dros; Semdeg prezidentma gasca gankarguleba, rom yvelasaxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi evropis droSac yofiliyo aRmarTuli) 24 .amdenad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axali droSis simbolika xalxis umravlesobaSipovebs legitimacias warsuliTac da momavliTac. amave dros, TviT droSisSecvlis faqti da meTodi mwvave protests iwvevs xelisuflebis oponentebismxridan. maT mier is ar aRiqmeba saerTo nebis gamomxatvelad, aramed saerTonebis daqvemdebarebad kerZo politikur interesebze.droSis gamocvla 14 ianvars imdenad moulodnelad moxda, rom kamaTebidroSis Sesaxeb masmediaSi mxolod post-faqtum moxerxda. am kamaTebSi gamoiTqvamravali argumenti rogorc droSis dasacavad (droSa lamazia; imedebis droSaa;droSa unda gamoxatavdes saxelmwifo ideologias, am ideologiis safuZveliadroSa, eklesia, rwmena, kultura), ise mis sawinaaRmdegod (es aris jvarosanTa daara qarTuli droSa; jvrebis forma sxvanairi unda yofiliyo; droSis wakiTxvaaracalsaxaa, rac dauSvebelia; Zveli droSac bevrisTvis Zvirfasia da misiSeuracxyofa ar SeiZleboda; droSis gamocvla saxalxo msjelobas moiTxovda dasxva). Tumca, mTavari, albaT mainc isaa, rom es aris, erTi mxriv, gamarjvebulixalxis droSa da axali saxalxo reJimis damyarebis simbolo, xolo meore mxriv,es aris partiis droSa da amave dros saxelmwifoze politikuri moZraobismxridan Zaladobis simbolo. viTarebidan gamomdinare, xdeba droSis politizireba.anu, oponentebis TvalSi, swored is, rom esaa umravlesobis droSa, daara saerTo droSa, xdeba misi mTavari damaxasiaTebeli elementi, iseve rogorc~nacionaluri moZraoba~ maTTvis aris mxolod da mxolod politikuri moZraobada ara saerTo saxalxo moZraoba. droSis momxreebisTvis, romlebisTvisacrevoluciaSi «xalxma» gaimarjva, droSac saerTo nebasa da erTobisgamomxatvelia, da misi politizireba, romelsac isini acnobiereben, mxolodsamwuxaro, magram umniSvnelo detalia.~nacionaluri moZraobis~ droSis saxelmwifo droSad gamocxadebas armohyolia Tavad moZraobisTvis axali, gansxvavebuli droSis daweseba. moZraobada droSa rCeba gaigivebuli, iseve rogorc droSa da saxelmwifo. SemdgomSi,martis saparlamento arCevnebSi, ~nacionaluri moZraoba~ kvlavac am (awi ukvesaxelmwifo) droSiT monawileobs. amdenad, politikuri pluralizmis postsabWourisimbolo, partiebis Tanaswori da Tavisufali konkurencia, simbolurlegitimacias kargavs, xolo ~nacionaluri moZraobis~ politikuri kursi da nebapolitikuri konkurenciis miRma aRmoCndeba.droSis sakiTxi es isev partiisa da saxelmwifos mimarTebis sakiTxia.~nacionaluri moZraoba~ miiCnevs, rom is, xalxis, rogorc erTianobis, nebasgamoxatavs. droSis legitimacia, iseve rogorc konstituciis legitimacia,24simbolikas axali xuTjvriani droSiT: 19 ianvridan saakaSvilis moZraoba "Cveni aWara"anaxlebs droSis aRmarTvis mcdelobebs da ukve TiTqmis legitimur sawyisebzeaTavsebs mas aWaris saxelmwifo dawesebulebebze, imavdroulad marTavs saxalxogamosvlebs aslan abaSiZis gadadgomis moTxovniT.„qristianuli droSa es aris Cveni evropuli integraciis gamoxatuleba“ (mixeilsaakaSvili, 28 ianvari) ~Cveni uryevi kursi aris evropuli integracia. . . SemTxveviT aravwieT Cven dRes evropis droSa. es droSa saqarTvelos droSac aris imitom, romgamoxatavs Cveni istoriis, Cveni civilizaciis Cveni kulturis arss da Cveni momavlisperspeqtivas da xedvas~ (25 ianvari, inauguracia).27

emyareba, xelisuflebis Tvalsawieridan, saerTo nebas, xolo opoziciisTvalsawieridan, umravlesobis nebas, umciresobebis uflebebis ignorirebiT.sakonstitucio cvlilebebis komunikaciuri konteqstimocemuli kvleva swavlobs 2004 wlis TebervalSi ganxorcielebulisakonstitucio cvlilebebis legitimacias, rogorc is warmoCinda saqarTvelossajaro sivrceSi 2004 wlis ianvar-TebervalSi. anu, garda garkveuli damxmarexasiaTis empiriuli monacemebisa, aq ZiriTadad aRiwereba virtualuri sivrce,romelSic warimarTa msjeloba. komunikaciurad es sivrce ZiriTadadkonstruirebulia telemauwyeblobiT da, Seudareblad naklebad, presiTa daradioTi. televizia warmoadgens qveynis masobrivi politikuri komunikaciismTavar da, albaT, ukonkurento medias. mocemuli kvleva arsebiTad eyrdnoba iminformacias, romelic telearxebis mier iqna translirebuli.kvlevis am specifikis gamo saWiroa davaxasiaToT sivrcis struqtura,romelSiac warimarTa mocemuli msjeloba, anu vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ra tipismauwyebloba Camoyalibda saqarTveloSi sakonstitucio cvlilebebis ganxilvismomentisTvis.noembris movlenebis wina periodSi televizia da presa sargeblobdnendamoukideblobiT xelisuflebisgan; es TvalnaTliv Canda arsebuli xelisuflebisSeuzRudav kritikaSi. wina reJimis delegitimaciaSi mediam didi roliSeasrula. am Tavisuflebis fonze Jurnalistika jer kidev ver gascda sabWourpropagandistul tradicias da ver daimkvidra axali, ufro liberaluriprofesiuli da eTikuri standartebi, romlebic miukerZoebeli obieqturimediis normebs daamkvidrebda. sabWouri tradiciis gavlena pirvel rigSiikveTeba mauwyeblobisa da presis ideologizirebul, propagandistul xasiaTSi.telemauwyebloba, romelic komerciulad aramomgebiania da ZviradRirebuliTavisi mflobelebisTvis, am fonze institucionalurad politikur xasiaTsiZens. anu misi ZiriTadi mizania ara komerciuli warmateba, aramed politikurizemoqmedebis moxdena, garkveuli sazogadoebrivi azris formireba. am periodSifunqcionirebs ramdenime damoukidebeli arxi, romelTa Soris gamoirCevarusTavi 2. es arxi liderobs politikis dRis wesrigis formirebaSi,xelisuflebis kritikasa da mixeil saakaSvilisa da zurab Jvanias mxardaWeraSi."vardebis revoluciis" Semdeg es arxi sakuTar Tavs "gamarjvebuli xalxistelevizias" uwodebs.Tuki noembramde yvela arxi met-naklebad xelisuflebas edga opoziciaSi,noembris movlenebis Semdeg mauwyeblobis landSafti politikurad bevradufro mravalferovani gaxda. ramdenime TviT myardeba viTareba, romelicSeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc "polarizebuli pluralizmi", sadac TiTqmisnebismieri mayurebeli raRac sainformacio niSas mainc poulobs sakuTariSexedulebebis Sesabamisad.mauwyebelTa politikuri mravalferovneba kargi magaliTia 14 ianvrissainformacio gamoSvebaTa mier mowodebuli siaxle saxelmwifo droSis miRebisSesaxeb. rusTavi 2-i imedianad svamda kiTxvas: "Cabardeba Tu ara istorias ZveldroSasTan erTad bolo wlebis yvela warumatebloba", iberia daCqarebuli wesiT~nacionaluri moZraobis~ droSis saxelmwifo droSad gamocxadebas "Zaladobis"aralegitimur statuss aniWebda: "gamarjvebulma gundma Zalis demonstrirebakidev erTxel moaxdina"; imave aspeqts miaqcia yuradReba kavkasiam: "saakaSvilisxuTjvriani droSa saqarTvelos saxelmwifo droSa xdeba".vinaidan telemauwyebloba saqarTveloSi politikuri mobilizaciis dapropagandis gacilebiT ufro mZlavri iaraRia, vidre politikuri partia,konstituciis ganxilva-arganxilvis bedi da am ganxilvaSi monawileTa vinaobadidwilad mauwyeblobebze iyo damokidebuli. am periodSi yvela arxma farTodgaaSuqa konstituciis cvlilebis procesi, magram gansxvavebuli elferiT. prosaxelisufleborusTavi 2, romelic aSkarad kritikuli aRmoCndasakonstitucio cvlilebebis SemoTavazebuli proeqtis mimarT, dainteresdamxolod “revolucioneri” kritikosebis SexedulebebiT, sxva arxebi28

sazogadoebis gacilebiT ufro farTo speqtrs uTmobdnenen pirdapir eTers;xelisuflebasTan radikalurad dapirispirebuli Zalebis speqtri — rogorc“eqspertebis”, aseve politikosebis _ aq xSirad gacilebiT farTo iyo.swored sakonstitucio cvlilebebis ganxilva gaxda televiziisTavisuflebis pirveli postrevoluciuri seriozuli SezRudvis mizezi. manamde,noembris Semdgom periodSi, ukve gamoiTqmeboda garkveuli eWvebi, rom sityvisTavisufleba postSevardnaZiseul epoqaSi veRar SenarCundeboda im doneze, raciyo; gaCnda amis garkveuli niSnebic, magram arsebobda ukeTesobis imedic. esimedebi sustdeba mas mere, rac sakonstitucio kanonproeqtis gansajaroebasTanerTad ramdenime arxis teleeTeridan erTdroulad gaqra popularuli sasaubroprogramebi. pirdapir eTerSi gasuli es gadacemebi wina dReebSi did drosuTmobda sakonstitucio cvlilebebis kritikas. rusTavi 2-is, imedis, mzeis da me-9 arxis Ramis programebis gaqrobis Semdeg am sakiTxebze msjelobas ori arxis _iberiis da kavkasiis _ sasaubro programebi iZleoda. es SedarebiT patara daRaribi arxebi swored Tavisi simcirisa da siRaribis gamo ufro Tavisuflebiarian sxva arxebTan SedarebiT. Tavisi formatiTa da xasiaTiT isini waagavenkomunalur mauwyeblobas, romelsac ara aqvs pretenzia mosaxleobisumravlesobis yuradReba miipyros; amdenad, isini SedarebiT ukeT asrulebdnenadamianTa uflebebisa da politikuri umciresobebisTvis sajaro sivrcisuzrunvelyofis funqcias. konstituciuri cvlilebebis saparlamento ganxilvisdReebSi mxolod maT hqondaT saparlamento opoziciisTvis eTerissrulfasovani daTmobis SesaZlebloba.amwuTieri, pirdapir eTerze orientirebuli vrceli sajaro sivrce didgavlenas ver axdens sakonstitucio cvlilebebis ganxilvaze. yvela Sexeduleba,gamosvla Tu sxva, rac cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT gamoiTqmeba, ariszepirsityvieri informacia, saubari an monologi da ara werilobiTadmomzadebuli saavtoro dokumenti. es exeba ara marto satelevizio gamosvlebs,sadac amgvari stili bunebrivia, aramed sagazeTo publikaciebsac, sadac Warbobsinterviuebi, mrgvali magidebis Canawerebi da sxva. erT-or vrcel,specialistebis mier momzadebul publikacias, romelic gazeTebSi daibeWda,procesze didi gavlena ar mouxdenia. 25 vinaidan satelevizio gamosvlebisumravlesoba iyo sakmaod mokle, Warbobda ufro SefasebiTi msjeloba daSefasebiTi xasiaTis epiteTebi, rogorebicaa: “Zlieri”, “susti”, “evropuli”, sxv.da lozungebi: “qveyana unda gamovides krizisidan”, “gza diqtaturisken”, sxv.,monologi, da ara argumentirebuli dialogi.gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos gamosvlebis metad cxare emociuri toni dadatvirTva. emociurobiT gamoirCeodnen ara marto oponentebi, aramedxelisufalnic, gansakuTrebiT _ mixeil saakaSvili, romelic sajarod jer kidev“gamarjvebuli xalxis lideris” paTosiT gamodioda. im iSviaT SinaarsobrivdebatebSi, romlebic am periodSi mainc imarTeboda, kritikosebi emociurobiTjabnidnen kanonproeqtis damcvel politikosebs.25 erTaderTi werilobiTi komentari, romelic am periodSi gaJRerda, iyo veneciiskomisiiis wevris daskvna. bolo momentSi gamoCenili es daskvna argumentad gamoiyenebaorive mxaris mier (saakaSvili: dadebiTad afaseben; opozicia: uaryofiTi Sefasebaa),Tumca ki es dokumenti ara aqvT nanaxi parlamentis wevrebsac ki kanonproeqtissaparlamento ganxilvisas.29

II mecadineobasaqarTvelos mosaxleobis politikuri Sexedulebebikvlevis meTodologiamocemuli kvleva eyrdnoba ori midgomis kombinirebas. Tavisi arsiT isinterpretaciulia, magram amave dros iyenebs faqtobrivi masalis statistikuranalizs. kvleva, pirvel rigSi, mimarTulia qarTuli sazogadoebis gagebaze daara Seswavlaze am sityvis tradiciuli empiriuli mniSvnelobiT. mkiTxvels,romelsac naklebad ainteresebs meTodologia, SeuZlia gamotovos es qveTavi dagadavides Semdeg qveTavze.politikuri Sexedulebebis TvalsazrisiT, gansxvavebuli diskursebisgamosayofad gamoyenebul iqna faqtoruli analizi, saxeldobr, misi “Sebrunebuli”varianti —_ e.w. “Q-meTodi” (romelic stefensonis mier Semo-Tavazebuli “Q-sortirebis meTods efuZneba) 26 . rogorc cnobilia, tradiciulifaqtoruli analizi (“R-meTodi”) iZleva ama Tu im fenomenis Tu obieqtis raobisganmsazRvreli, arsobrivi faqtorebis 27 gamoyofis saSualebas, rac efuZnebasxvadasxva maxasiaTebels Soris kavSiris dadgenis proceduras. miRebuliinterkorelaciaTa matricis maTematikuri damuSevebiT xerxdeba ZiriTadifaqtorebis gamoyofa. Cveulebrivi faqtoruli analizisagan gansxvavebiT, “QmeTodis”SemTxvevaSi korelacia ara sxvadasxva maxasiaTebels , aramedrespondentebs Soris ganisazRvreba. am gziT Sedgenili interkorelaciebismatricis damuSavebiT miiRweva ara maxasiaTeblebis dajgufeba raime faqtorismixedviT, aramed TviT individebis dayofa garkveul jgufebad (da amissafuZvelze faqtorebis dadgena). sxva sityvebiT,, aRniSnuli meTodi saSualebasgvaZlevs davajgufoT respondentebi sakvlevi obieqtis mimarT maTiSexedulebaTa sistemis erTgvarovnebis mixedviT da, Sesabamisad, davadginoTsazogadoebaSi am TvalsazrisiT arsebuli diskursebi (anu TiTo gamovlenilifaqtori aris imavdroulad TiTo diskursi).aRniSnuli meTodis meSveobiT vlindeba subieqtTa orientaciebi garkveulisakiTxis mimarT. amis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli xdeba sxvadasxva jgufiswarmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebis sistemis Sedareba saTanado sferoSi. esmiiRweva subieqtis SefasebiTi reaqciis asaxviT TiToeulze im debulebebidan,romlebic Sedis sakvlevi sakiTxis garSemo arsebuli Sexedulebebis nakrebSi (Qnakrebi).amasTan, individis pozicia ama Tu im Sexedulebis mimarT mniSvenelobasiZens mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is ganixileba yvela sxva danarCen debulebazemis mierve gamoxatuli SefasebiTi reaqciebis konteqstSi.Q-meTodologiis principiT agebuli kvleva ramdenime etaps moicavs. I etapzemzaddeba debulebebi Q-nakrebisTvis, risTvisac gamoiyeneba fokus-jgufebisada masmediis saSualebebis safuZvleze mopovebuli masala.vinaidan kvleva miznad isaxavda im SexedulebaTa asaxvas, romlis matareblebiCveni sazogadoebis rigiTi moqalaqeebi arian, Q-nakrebisTvis debulebebisSegrovebisas ZiriTadad veyrdnobodiT fokus-jgufebis masalas. Sesabamisad,fokus jgufebis dakompleqtebisas vcdilobdiT, rom SerCeva demografiuli da26 mocemuli kvlevis meTodologiis da Teoriuli midgomis safuZvlad gamoviyeneTanalogiuri kvleva, romelic Catarda 13 postkomunistur qveyanaSi arsebulipolitikuri diskursebis gamosavlenad. ix. John S.Druzek, Leslie T.Holmes, “Post-CommunistDemocratization; Political Discourses across Thirteen Countries”, Cambridge University Press, 200227 naTqvamis naTelsamyofad martiv magaliTs mivmarToT. vTqvaT, nebismier speqtralurferTa erToblioba SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc wrfivi funqcia sami ZiriTadi ferisa(wiTeli, mwvane, lurji), anu es sami feri aris aRniSnuli fenomenis raobisganmsazRvreli sami ZiriTadi faqtori.30

socialuri maxasiaTeblebis TvalsazrisiT, SeZlebisdagvarad, mravalferovaniyofiliyo. fokus-jgufebi Catarda sam regionSi, kerZod, 2 jgufi TbilisSi daTiTo-TiTo Sesabamisad quTaissa da TelavSi. sul Catarda 4 fokus-jgufi,saSualod 8-10 monawiliT. diskusia grZeldeboda daaxloebiT 1,5 saaTi.diskusiis warmarTvisas moderatori ar emyareboda winasawar SemuSavebulkiTxvars, raTa minimumamde dayvaniliyo misi zegavlena jgufis wevrebze dadiskusias hqonoda spontanuri da Tavisufali xasiaTi. (gasaTvaliswinebeliaTemis sirTule da moqalaqeTa SexedulebaTa ganusazRvrelobis xarisxi ammaTTvis sakmaod ganyenebul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.)fokus-jgufebis Canawerebi gaiSifra da maT safuZvelze gamoiyocalkeuli frazebi, sul daaxloebiT 400 debuleba/ gamonaTqvami,romelic exeboda politikur sakiTxTa farTo speqtrs. rogorcmosalodneli iyo, Cveulebrivi, moqalaqeebisTvis bevrad ufro axloakonstituciis is aspeqtebi, romlebic maT uSualod exeba, da aracentraluri xelisuflebis mowyobis sakiTxebi. fokus -jgufebSiwamoiWra iseTi Temebi rogorebicaa adamianis uflebebis dacva,marTlmadidebluri religiis saxelmwifo statusis dafiqsireba,moqalaqeoba da erovnuloba, regionebis TviTmmarTveloba da sxva. amsakiTxebis Sesaxeb respondentebis azri, rogorc wesi, bevrad ufromyarad aris Camoyalibebuli.Semdgom etapze vaxdendiT TiToeuli am debulebis identificirebas dakategorizebas diskursebis e.w. gasaRebis meSveobiT. gasaRebi warmoadgensorganzomilebian sistemas (diskursis elementi da mtkicebis tipi), romlisTiToeul ganzomilebaze gamoiyofa oTxi parametri/kategoria. am origanzomilebis kategoriaTa kombinacia iZleva ujredul struqturas (matricas)4X4-ze, anu, saboloo jamSi, debulebaTa mTeli erToblioba 16 kategoriadjgufdeba.diskursis elementibunebrivi damtkicebis tipi ontologia aqtivoba motivi arabunebriviurTierTobebigansazRvrebiTi 1 2 3 4aRniSvniTi 5 6 7 8SefasebiTi 9 10 11 12dacviTi 13 14 15 16diskursis elementebi gulisxmobs Semdeg kategoriebs:1. ontologia (arsebuli) — realurad arsebuli institutebis, socialurijgufebis, pirovnebebis da a.S. erToblioba, anu es SeiZleba iyos eri,politikuri sistema, politikosebi, individebi, klanebi da a.S.2. aqtivoba (agency) — aqtivobis unari an SesaZlebloba, romelic miewereba, anar miewereba am arsebuls;3. motivi: zogierT motivs SeiZleba eniWebodes pirvelxarisxovanimniSvneloba, zogi ki — uaryofili an ugulebelyofil iqnes;4. bunebrivi da arabunebrivi politikuri urTierTobebi (politikuriTanasworoba, erovnuli da klasobrivi konfliqtebi, ierarqiuli dayofa,romelic efuZneba keTildReobis Tu politikuri interesebis xarisxs,gamocdilebas, demografiul niSnebs da a.S.).meore ganzomileba _ debulebis tipi — gulisxmobs Semdeg parametrebs:1. gansazRvrebiTi (definitive) — exeba terminis mniSvnelobas;2. aRniSvniTi (designative) — exeba faqtebs;31

3. SefasebiTi (evalutive) — exeba faseulobebs, romlebic arsebobs an SeiZlebaarsebobdes;4. dacviTi (advocative) — exeba imas, rac unda an ar unda arsebobdes.zemoaRniSnuli kriteriumebis safuZvelze debulebaTa mTeli erTobliobakategorizebul iqna 16 jgufad, anu miRebuli matricis 16 ujredis mixedviT.debulebaTa klasificireba (identificireba) moxda 3 eqspertis mierdamoukideblad, miwerili kategoriebi sabolood Sejerebul iqna erTmaneTTan.debulebaTa TiToeuli kategoriidan SemTxveviTi wesiT SeirCa 4-4 debulebaQ-nakrebisTvis, anu gakeTda 64 gamonaTqvamisgan Semdgari nakrebi. undaaRiniSnos, rom gamonaTqvamebi rCeboda ucvleli saxiT (anu im saxiT, rogoradacis warmoTqva avtorma), redaqtireba gulisxmobda mxolod Semoklebebsa dagramatikul Sesworebebs. ramdenime debuleba damatebul iqna masmediidan,radganac matricis zogierTi ujredi sakmarisad ver Seivso; garda amisa,masmedidan Q-nakrebs daemata ramdenime iseTi gamonaTqvami, romelic CvenikvlevisTvis iyo arsebiTi, magram ar figurirebda fokus - jgufebis teqstebSi(mag., 13 28 da 17). debulebebis SerCevis SemTxveviTobis principi ar iyo mkacraddaculi, vinaidan, Tu am gziT Q-nakrebSi xvdeboda ori Sinaarsobrivad TiTqmisidenturi gamonaTqvami, xdeboda erT-erTis amogdeba da mis magivrad sxvagamonaTqvamis arCeva.kvlevis mesame etapze Catarda individualuri interviuebi, romlis drosac64 debuleba respondentebs unda daelagebinaT 13 jgufad (kvazinormaluriganawilebis saxiT) TiToeul SexedulebasTan Tanxmobis xarisxis mixedviT.Sefaseba xdeboda 13-quliani skalis meSveobiT, 6-idan (“yvelaze metadveTanxmebi”) 0-s gavliT _6-mde (“yvelaze naklebad veTanxmebi”) 29 . kvlevis ametapze monawileoba miiRo 40 respondentma. maTi SerCeva xdeboda imkriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofda cvladebismravalferovnebas socialuri da politikuri maxasiaTeblebis TvalsazrisiT.socialur maxasiaTeblebSi igulisxmeba asaki, ganaTleba, saqmianobis sfero,materialuri keTildReobis xarisxi, sacxovrebeli adgili. respondentebiSeirCnen 4 regionidan, kerZod: 25 adamiani Tbilisidan, xuT-xuTi ki baTumidan,quTaisidan da goridan.politikuri maxasiaTeblebi ZiriTadad ukavSirdeboda politikurmikuTvnebulobas. SerCeva moicavda adamianebs, romlebic aqtiuraduWerdnen mxars ama Tu im partias an iyvnen romelime konkretuli partiiswevrebi, agreTve maT, vinc opoziciurad an indiferentulad iyvnenganwyobili yvela partiis mimarT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, romaRniSnuli kvleva mimdinareobda sxva sociologiuri gamokiTxvisparalelurad, romelic 1000 respondentze tardeboda, SemTxveviTiSerCevis principi am SemTxvevaSic kargad iqna daculi. gamokiTxvaCatarda 2004 wlis Semodgomaze.miRebuli monacemebi damuSavda specialurad Q-meTodisaTvis gankuTvnilistatistikuri programiT PQMethod2.11 (Brown et al.1999). faqtorulianaliziwarmoebda korelaciebis dadgeniT Q-nakrebebs Soris matricaSi 40X40, risSemdegac matricis analizi moxda centroiduli meTodisa da Varimax rotaciis(Varimax rotation) meSveobiT.kidev erTxel unda gavimeoroT, rom faqtorebi, romlebsac mocemulistatistikuri programa monacemebis damuSavebis Sedegad adgens, warmoadgensdiskursebs, romlebic axlosaa respondentebis garkveuli jgufisSexedulebebTan. statistikur programas SeuZlia daakavSiros respondentebior, sam, da a.S. Svid faqtorTan, Tundac es faqtorebi Tanabrad mniSvnelovani da28 aq da Semdgom Q-nakrebis gamonaTqvamebi aRniSnulia nomrebiT, romlebic SeesabamebamaT nomers tabula 1-Si.29 ix. nax. 132

Sinaarsis mqone ar iyos. monacemebis analizisas pirvel rigSi saWiro xdeba imisdadgena, Tu ramdeni faqtoris gamoyofa da analizi iqneba yvelaze koreqtuli.saukeTeso dajgufebis dasadgenad mkvlevarma SeiZleba gamoiyenos orikriteriumi — formaluri (daeyrdnos statistikur parametrebs) da Sinaarsobrivi(ugulebelyos is diskursuli dayofebi, romlebic nakleb SinaarsobrivdatvirTvas atarebs). Cven gamoviyeneT orive kriteriumi. Sesabamisad, aRmoCnda,rom ori faqtoris (diskursis) dafiqsirebiT SesaZlebelia respondentebisdayofa mxolod xelisuflebis momxre da mis mowinaaRmdege jgufebad, magramverafers vityviT SedarebiT Rrma msoflmxedvelobiT sxvaobebze. amasTan,metismetad bevri debuleba eqceoda konsensusis velSi (orive diskursi maTzeerTnairad reagirebda). es ukanaskneli viTareba gamovlinda, agreTve, samidiskursis gamoyofis SemTxvevaSi. xuTze meti diskuris dafiqsireba Sinaarsobrivadnaklebad Rirebuli iyo da qmnida erTi respondentiT gansazRvruldiskursebs. oTxsa da xuT diskurss Soris arCevani gakeTda oTxi diskursissasargeblod im safuZvleze, rom oTxi faqtoris SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis yvelagamokiTxuli respondenti mkafiod asociirebuli aRmoCnda ama Tu imdiskursTan, xuTfaqtoriani ganawileba ki bevr respondents tovebs myarimikuTvnebulobis gareSe.mas mere, rac dafiqsirebulia sakvlevi diskursebi, iwyeba maTi analizi.diskursebis interpretaciisas da SedarebiTi analizisas unda gaviTvaliswinoTis, Tu rogor iyo Catarebuli kvleva da ra mniSvnelobas aniWebdnenrespondentebi ama Tu im gamonaTqvams, rogor miawerdnen maT ama Tu im qulas.kidev erTxel SegaxsenebT, rom Cveulebrivi sociologiuri gamokiTxvisgangansxvavebiT, am SemTxvevaSi respondentebi TiToeul gamonaTqvams sxvagamonaTqvamebisgan damoukideblad ki ar afasebdnen, aramed axarisxebdnen maTerTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi. amitom, faqtorebis dasaxasiaTeblad sakmarisi araa,ubralod davakvirdeT im gamonaTqvamebs, romlebsac mieniWa yvelaze metimniSvneloba (absoluturi mniSvnelobiT, anu _6, _5 da +6, +5), da CavTvaloT,rom isini sakmarisia faqtoris dasaxasiaTeblad. Cven aseve unda mivaqcioTyuradReba reaqcias sxva gamonaTqvamebze da, agreTve, sxvaobas faqtorebs Soris,Tundac is SedarebiT susti aqcentebiT iyos dafiqsirebuli. ase, magaliTad, me-3faqtorisTvis 50-e gamonaTqvami “CvenTvis amJamad, am etapze yvelaze kargiadiqtatura. . . “ mxolod sustad dadebiTia (+1), magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, romsxva faqtorebi am gamonaTqvams mkveTrad uaryofiT Sefasebas aZlevs (_5), espasuxi sagulisxmo informacias iZleva mesame diskursis Taviseburebis Sesaxeb.aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom TiTqmis yvela gamonaTqvami, romelic Cvenspolitikur vels Seadgens, orazrovania da xSirad samazrovanic. sxvagvarad,,respondentis mier ama Tu im frazisTvis —6-dan +6-mde qulis miniWeba xSirSemTxvevaSi ar iZleva saSualebas gavigoT, ras gulisxmobs respondenti. amisTvissaWiroa, kvlevis meTodikidan gamomdinare, Sefasdes ara calkeuli gamonaTqvami,aramed es gamonaTqvami sxva pasuxebis fonze. amis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki,obieqturad dafiqsirebuli diskursebis interpretacia subieqturobisgarkveul xarisxs mainc Seicavs da didadaa damokidebuli imazec, Tu ra codnagagvaCnia zogadad saqarTvelos mdgomareobisa da masSi ganviTarebulimovlenebis Sesaxeb. is faqti, rom winamdebare kvlevis avtorebi saqarTvelosmkvidrni da politikuri procesebis monawileebic arian, dadebiTi da uaryofiTimomentebis Semcvelia. dadebiT mxares warmoadgens is garemoeba, rom miRebulimonacemebi gaiazreboda im konteqstSi, romelsac qmnis Cveni codnasaqarTvelosa da masSi arsebuli procesebisa da dapirispirebebis Sesaxeb;mniSvnelovan moments warmodgenda imis codnac, Tu ra konteqstSi Cndeboda esaTu is frazebi sadiskusio jgufebis Catarebisas. uaryofiT mxared SeiZlebamiviCnioT is garemoeba, rom Cven _ avtorebi, rogorc procesis monawileni,TavisTavad ukve romelime diskursSi vimyofebiT. nebismier adamians sakuTaridiskursi yvelaze naTel ferebSi esaxeba, sxvisa ki ufro kritikuli da zogjerantagonisturi ganxilvis sagani xdeba. Cven vecadeT, obieqturebi vyofilviyaviTyvela diskursis mimarT, magram ar uarvyofT garkveuli aqcentebis gadatanisSesaZleblobas sxva poziciis mqone mkiTxvelis mxridan. fenomenologiurimidgoma, romlis CarCoebSic gakeTda es kvleva, aRiarebs sakuTar meTodSi33

garkveul subieqturobas, metic, es subieqturoba kvlevis ganuyofel elementswarmoadgens.gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom saqarTveloSi am kvleviT dafiqsirebulidiskursebis garda SeiZleba arsebobdes sxva, naklebad gavrcelebuli,specifikuri diskursebi, romlebic sazogadoebis SedarebiT mcirericxovan,magram mkveTrad gansxvavebul jgufebs axasiaTebs. aseTebad SeiZleba miviCioT,magaliTad, araqarTulenovani erovnuli umciresobebi, romlebic am kvlevismiRma darCnen. mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT, rom kvleva gvaZlevs informaciassaqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi umravlesobis Sesaxeb, magram ar gamoricxavsmcirericxovani jgufebis mkveTrad gansxvavebuli diskursebis arsebobas. arc isunda dagvaviwydes, rom garda im adamianebisa, visac ganaTlebis, azrovnebisada/an politikuri informirebulobis wyalobiT SeeZlo SeTavazebulidebulebebi sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT Seefasebina,, arsebobspolitikurad “qveda” socialuri fena im adamianebisa, romelTaTvis sakuTaripoziciis dafiqsireba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda.Sedegebis mokle Sejameba da Teoriuli ganzogadebasaqarTvelos mosaxleobSi Cven mier gamovlenil iqna oTxi gansxvavebulidiskursi, politikuri Sexedulebebis oTxi gansxvavebuli tipi. sanam maTdaxasiaTebaze gadavidodeT, pirvel rigSi, unda ganvmartoT, ras niSnavsgansxvavebuloba politikur SexedulebebSi, razedac aq vsaubrobT.saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi realuri adamianebi ar arian erTmaneTis sruliantipodebi, romlebsac saerTo miswrafebebi ar gaaCniaT. ase magaliTad,nebismier qarTvel moqalaqes surs, rom saqarTvelo aRorZindes, rom qarTvelebiukeTesad cxovrobdnen, rom gvqondes konstituciuri demokratiuli saxelmwifoda rom saqarTvelo Cadges Tanamderove civilizebuli qveynebis rigSi. TusakiTxs am kuTxiT mivudgebiT, did sxvaobas adamianebs Soris ver davinaxavT.sxvaoba mJRavndeba maSin, rodesac maT vaiZulebT zemomoyvanil debulebaTaSoris gamokveTon prioritetebi da moaxdinon Rirebulebebis ranJireba, anudaafiqsiron, pirvel rigSi ras undaT miaRwion. realur cxovrebaSi adamianebsamgvar moTxovnas uyenebs politikuri garemo — imis saWiroeba, rom arCeul iqnesesa Tu is xelisufleba da gamoikveTos damokidebuleba ama Tu im politikurigadawyvetilebebisa da samoqmedo gegmebis prioritetebis mimarT.imaSi gasarkvevad, Tu ra Sinaaris sxvaobebi Cndeba moqalaqeTa SexedulebebSirealur viTarebaSi, Cven Semogvaqvs diskursebis abstraqtuli modeli, romel-Sic, realuri cxovrebisgan gansxvavebiT, yvela diskursi (da maTi matarebeliwarmosaxviTi individebi) mkveTrad gansxvavdeba da erTmaneTs upirispirdeba,anu e.w. veberiseuli “idealuri tipis” modeli. realur cxovrebaSi amgvariidealuri tipis diskursebi wminda saxiT ar arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa, idealuritipebi gvexmareba gaverkveT im mravalferovan samyaroSi, romelic Cven irgvlivarsebobs.Cveni kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili diskursebi idealuri tipisaa. isini mocemuliatabula N 1-Si (ix. danarTi) oTxi idealuri Q-tipis saxiT, romlebicSeesabameba statistikuri analizis oTxfaqtorian variants. TiToeuli gamonaTqvamisgaswvriv am tabulaSi moyvanilia qulebi —6-idan +6-mde, romlebicasaxaven gamonaTqvamis Sefasebas im warmosaxviTi (bunebaSi, SesaZloa, ararsebuli)individis mier, romelic srul TanxmobaSi iqneboda mocemuldiskursTan. diskursis nomeri miTiTebulia Sesabamisi svetis TavSi. am tabulaSi64 gamonaTqvami ganlagebulia mimdevrobiT maqsimaluri konsensusisgan (yvelamet-naklebad erTi azrisaa) maqsimalur dapirispirebamde (arsebobs radikaluraddapirispirebuli mosazrebebi).arsebiTad, am tabulis gadmocemiT Tavdeba kvlevis empiriuli nawili;Semdgomi etapi aris analizi da interpretacia — diskursebisTvis saxelebisdarqmeva, maTi naratiuli daxasiaTeba da Teoriuli gaazreba. ZiriTadad esiqneba gakeTebuli Semdeg qveTavSi, sadac dawvrilebiT aRiwereba dadaxasiaTdeba kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli diskursebi. aq mokled SevajamebT34

Sedegebs, risTvisac SemovitanT politikuri Sexedulebebis kidev ufroabstraqtul, Teoriul models. miuxedavad imisa, rom es modeli ar warmoadgendaanalizis amosaval wertils, aramed swored analizis Sedegad Camoyalibda, misiwinaswari prezentacia mizanSewonilad gamoiyureba, vinaidan garkveulwiladgauadvilebs mkiTxvels qvemoT moyvanili analizis gagebas.warmovidginoT iseTi politikuri Sexedulebebis sistemebi, romlebicSesaZlebelia ganvalagoT Semdegi organzomilebiani sibrtyis SesabamismeoTxedebSi; am sibrtyis ganzomilebebi Semdegi dapirispirebebiTaaSeqmnili:antitradicia1 2proceduramizani4 3tradiciaam sibrtyis vertikaluri ganzomileba pirobiTad SegviZlia gaviazroT,rogorc opozicia “tradicia” _“antitradicia”. sibrtyis qveda nawilSiimyofebian tradicionalistebi, romelTaTvisac politikuri legitimaciiswyaros warmoadgens, pirvel rigSi, is, rac aris adgilobrivi, qarTuli, warsulidanmomdinare, garkveuli CarCoebiT da identurobiT gamoyofili danar-Ceni samyarosgan. ganzomilebis meore boloSi myofni met mniSvnelobas aniWebengare samyaros, dasavlur gamocdilebas, momavals, warsulis uaryofasac ki.sibrtyis meore _ horizontaluri _ ganzomileba SeiZleba gaviazroTrogorc damokidebuleba politikisadmi zogadad. sibrtyis marjvena mxaresimyofebian isini, vinc politikaSi yvelaze metad afasebs miznebs, xolo meoremxare aqcents akeTebs wesebze, romlebsac misdeven politikosebi Tavisimiznebis misaRwevad. am opozicias pirobiTad davarqmevT “procedurisa” da“miznis” dapirispirebas. sailustraciod moviSvelioT demokratiis linkolniseulicnobili ganmarteba _ “demokratia aris xalxis mmarTveloba, xalxismier ganxorcielebuli xalxisTvis”, “proceduris” mimdevrebi am gamonaTqvamSiufro did mniSvnelobas mianiWeben mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebas xalxis mier,xolo “miznis” mimdevrebi imas, rom mmarTveloba iyos xalxisTvis.aq gansamartavia, Tu ratom gamoviyeneT termini “antitradicia” sibrtyiszeda nawilis dasaxasiaTeblad da ar davupirispireT “tradicias” “medasavleTeoba”,romelsac xSirad eyrdnobian saqarTveloSi cvlilebebis mosurnereformatorebi. saqme isaa, rom es ukanaskneli cneba qarTul realobaSigarkveulwilad “miTvisebuli” aqvs erT konkretul diskurss, maSin rodesac sxvadiskursebic acxadeben masze pretenzias. Cveni SexedulebiT, WeSmariti“medasavleTeoba” mdgomareobs zemoT mocemuli sqemis centraluri zoniskenswrafvaSi da ara misi romelime ganapira ukiduresobis absolutizebaSi.sibrtyis oTxive meoTxedi saWiro da aucilebeli komponentia imisa, rasacavtorebi dasavlur liberalur demokratiad moiazreben, xolo WeSmaritad“medasavluri” ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod maTi TanaarsebobisSemTxvevaSi, radikalizaciisa da urTierTgandevnisgan Tavis aridebiT.am dayofis Sesabamisad, sibrtyis zeda marjvena kuTxeSi ganlagdebian isini,visTvisac yvelaze mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos realobis rac SeiZleba swrafigardaqmna im nimuSebis misaRwevad, romlebic qveynis gareT, ufro ganviTarebuldemokratiebSi arsebobs. sibrtyis marjvena qveda meoTxedSi imyofebian isinic,visTvisac qveynis swrafi ganviTareba prioritetia, oRond qarTul tradiciebzeda mentalitetze dayrdnobiT. qarTul tradiciebs aseve pirvel rigSi afasebensibrtyis qveda marcxena meoTxedSi, oRond maT matareblad isini pirvel rigSi35

qarTvelebs ganixilaven, amdenad, maTTvis qveynis ganviTarebaze ufro mniSvnelovaniaqarTvelebisTvis adamianuri cxovrebis awyoba. sibrtyis zedamarcxena meoTxedi, marjvena meoTxedis msgavsad, dasavluri nimuSebiTaaSTagonebuli, magram, misgan gansxvavebiT, maTSi ufro politikuri cxovrebiswesebs eZebs, vidre politikuri gardaqmnebis miznebs.kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili diskursebi erTmaneTisgan daaxloebiTimgvarad gansxvavdeba, rogorc am sibrtyis meoTxedebi, anu isini sakmaodkarg (Tumc, arazust) SesabamisobaSi arian moyvanili sibrtyis meoTxedebTan.pirobiTad Serqmeuli saxelebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba vamtkicoT,rom pirveli diskursi “modernizatori” imyofeba zeda marjvenakuTxeSi, “marTlmadidebeli tradicionalisti” _ qveda marjvenaSi,“humanisti tradicionalisti” — qveda marcxenaSi, xolo “opozicionerikonstitucionalisti” — zeda marcxenaSi.1. “opozicioneri 2. “modernizatori”konstitucionalisti”davicvaTwavideTliberaluriwin, Sors warsulidandemokratiulikonstitucia4. “humanisti 3. “marTlmadidebelitradicionalisti”tradicionalisti”qarTvelebma adamianuradsaqarTvelo undaunda icxovronaRorZindeses oTxi ganwyoba unda miviCnioT im devizebad, romlebic kargad asaxavensaqarTvelos mosaxleobis prioritetebs.saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri diskursebis analiziSesaZlebelia Tu ara iTqvas, rom zemoT ganxiluli abstraqtuli modeligamodgeba realuri diskursebis aRsawerad, da saerTod, ras warmoadgenen isini?tabula 1-Si moyvanilia is oTxi diskursi. romlebic gamoikveTa Cvenigamokvlevis Sedegad.zogadad, Cven mier dafiqsirebuli yvela diskursi eTanxmeba imas, romkonstitucia unda Sesruldes yvela muxlSi da misi darRveva dauSvebelia, romdemokratiis dros unda iyos azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da rom konstituciis modeliunda uwyobdes xels demokratiisa da politikuri konkurenciis ganviTarebasqveyanaSi, rom mmarTvelebi aucileblad unda emorCilebodnen konstitucias daar cvlidnen mas erTpirovnulad (49, 64, 14, 53). raSia sxvaoba maT Soris?gamonaTqvamebis nakrebi, romelic respondentebis gamokiTxvas daedo safuZvlad,sakmaod rTul, xSirad Rrma filosofiuri azris mqone debulebebsmoicavs. ase, qveynis konstituciis Sinaarsi, zogierTi mtkicebis mixedviT,wminda legalisturia (4), zogierTis mixedviT — politikuri (3), is moralisdacvas emsaxureba (9), uzrunvelyofs xelisuflebis politikur mdgradobas daefeqturobas (11), zRudavs xalxis umravlesobis Zalauflebas (13), emsaxurebapolitikuri pluralizmis ganviTarebas (64). respondentebis SefasebebSi amgvarikonceptualuri gamonaTqvamebi, garkveulwilad daiCrdila politikurad ufroaqtualuri sakiTxebiT. Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moralze dafuZnebulmakonstituciam mTlianobaSi ufro dadebiTi Sefaseba miiRo, vidre xalxis36

umravlesobis nebis SemzRudvelma konstituciam. konstituciis raobas yvelazedidi mniSvneloba mianiWa meore diskursma, romlisTvisac konstitucia Tanlegalisturia (qveynis ZiriTadi kanoni) da Tan ideologiuri (politikuritraqtati). am diskursisTvis konstitucia garkveulwilad saxelmwifoideologiis funqcias atarebs. mis msgavsad, mesame diskursic konstituciaspolitikuri traqtatis rols aniWebs, oRond mas ufro xalxis umravlesobasukavSirebs da ara saxelmwifos. meoTxe diskursi, maTgan gansxvavebiT, metadpragmatulia da konstituciaSi politikuri pluralizmis dacvasTan erTad,pirvel rigSi, afasebs xelisuflebis politikuri mdgradobisa da efeqturobisuzrunvelyofas. am pragmatizms uaryofs pirveli diskursi, romelic yvelazegulgrilia konstituciis raobis mimarT da ufro misi Secvlis procedurissakiTxebs ganicdis.nakrebSi bevri iseTi gamonaTqvami aRmoCnda, romelic iZleva gamoyofilidiskursebis politikur SexedulebaTa mravalmxrivi analizis SesaZleblobas. esgamonaTqvamebi moicavs damokidebulebaTa farTo speqtrs, romlebic vlindebaadamianis uflebebis, demokratiis, diqtaturis, regionuli mowyobisa daTviTmmarTvelobis, samarTlianobisa da sxva TemebTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad,iqmneba diskursebis Rrma analizis SesaZlebloba.Tu davubrundebiT zemoT moyvanil organzomilebian klasifikacias,davinaxavT, rom mesame da meoTxe diskursi aSkarad tradicionalisturorientacias efuZneba (58, 63, 33, 61). isini, am mxriv, konservatiul xasiaTsatareben, oRond erTi TaviseburebiT. maSin, rodesac dasavlur sazogadoebebSikonservatiuli diskursebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia legitimaciis religiurisawyisebi, postsabWouri specifikidan gamomdinare, religia yvelatradicionalistisTvis Tanabrad Rirebuli ar aris. mesame diskursi mZafradganicdis marTlmadidebluri religiis statusis sakiTxs da emxroba am statusisdafiqsirebas konstituciaSi (34), maSin, roca meoTxe diskursi indiferentuliareligiis politikuri statusis mimarT da ufro sabWouri tradiciis CarCoebSigaiazreba. amdenad, es ori diskursi — mesame da meoTxe — sibrtyis qveda nawilSiunda moviazroT. pirveli ori diskursisgan gansxvavebiT, mesame da meoTxediskursebi ufro arian ganwyobili, ganixilon saxelmwifo droSa am saxelmwifosideologiis gamomxatvelad (2), naklebad mgrZnobiareni arian sakuTariuflebebis darRvevisadmi (41), naklebad eSiniaT parlamentis erTpartiulobisa(27) da kanonmdeblobis erT pirovnebaze morgebis (16). orive diskursipozitiuradaa ganwyobili dRevandeli xelisuflebis mimarT, vinaidan moswonTaxali, axalgazrda, energiuli mmarTvelebi (38), miaCniaT, rom axali xelisuflebapirnaTlad asrulebs kanonebs (42) da sjeraT, rom kanonebis darRveva winsvlissawindari ar xdeba (44).horizontalur ganzomilebaSi diskursebs Soris aseve arsebobs sxvaobamizanze da proceduraze orientaciebis TvalsazrisiT, oRond sibrtyis zedanawilSi diskursebs Soris gansxvavebas iwvevs erTi tipis sakiTxebi, xolo qvedanawilSi _ sxva. pirveli da meore diskursi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba “vardebisrevoluciis” Semdgom konstituciaSi Setanil cvlilebebsa da saxelmwifodroSis SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT, xolo mesame da meoTxe — demokratiisa dadiqtaturis gagebis, agreTve religiis saxelmwifosTan mimarTebis konteqstSi.Tu mesame diskursi emxroba imas, rom dRevandel gansakuTrebul viTarebaSiprezidentma sakuTar Tavze unda aiRos mTeli pasuxismgebloba (54), da romqarTveli xalxi saerTod iseTia, romelsac unda hyavdes erTi mmarTveli (18),meoTxe diskursi am debulebebs kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba. is ar iziarebsdiqtaturisa da demokratiis im gagebebs, romelsac mesame diskursi emxroba: amukanasknelis mixedviT, Tu erTi adamiani flobs mTel Zalauflebas dagamoxatavs sazogadoebis nawilis interesebs, es demokratiaa da ara diqtatura(8), anu erT xelSi mTeli Zalauflebis koncentrireba TavisTavad ar niSnavsdiqtaturas (1). miuxedavad imisa, rom orive tradicionalisturi diskursierTgvarad Tavs ikavebs konstituciuri cvlilebebis Sefasebisgan (SesaZloa,sakmarisad kompetenturad ver grZnoben Tavs am sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi), essulac ar niSnavs, rom maT ar aqvT konstitucionalizmis principebis SesaxebgamokveTili, Tanac urTierTsawinaaRmdego politikuri xedva. meoTxe diskursi37

mesamesTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro emxroba pluralizmsa da Zalauflebisdanawilebis konstitucionalistur ideebs (sibrtyis marcxena mxare).pirveli da meore diskursebis dapirispireba gacilebiT ufro metad exebamimdinare politikis Sefasebas. am mxriv, es diskursebi bevrad ufro“politizirebuli” xasiaTiT gamoirCevian. “im droSas, romelic dRes frialebs”nacionaluri moZraobis droSad ganixilavs pirveli diskursi, rasackategoriulad ar eTanxmeba meore (17). meore diskursi miesalmeba im faqts, romsaxelmwifo struqturebi dakompleqtdes revoluciidan mosuli xalxiT, xolopirveli amas ar emxroba (52). pirveli diskursi kategoriulad ar eTanxmebamosazrebas, rom saWiro iyo konstituciuri cvlilebebis swrafad gatareba (35),da rom prezidentis mier parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba xels Seuwyobs SesaZlopolitikuri konfliqtebis mogvarebas (5), meore diskursi ki, sakmaod dadebiTadaris ganwyobili orive debulebis mimarT. Tumca, aRniSnuli ori diskursidanverc erTi ver xedavs Zvrebs im mimarTulebiT, rom cxovreba konstituciismixedviT ewyoba, magram pirveli amaSi gacilebiT ufro kategoriulia (37).diskursebis TvalnaTlivi warmoCenis metad efeqtur saSualebas warmoadgensam diskursebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli debulebebis gadmocema naratiuli teqstissaxiT, romelsac Tavis naSromSi druzeki da holmsi mimarTven. TiToeulidiskursis daxasiaTebisas, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, veyrdnobiT, am diskursisyvelaze gamokveTil mtkicebulebebs (romelTac mieca Sefaseba _6,_5,+5,+6) daim debulebebs, romlebic mas sxvebisgan ganasxvavebs.1. opozicioneri-konstitucionalistiZalian cudia, rom konstituciuri cvlilebebi ase swrafad ganxorcielda(35). arc imis mere igrZnoba raime gaumjobeseba (37). mmarTveli aucilebladunda emorCilebodes konstitucias, xolo konstitucia ar undamoqmedebdes rogorc iuristebma ician — undaT aqeT moabaven qoTans yurs,undaT _ iqiT, is calsaxad unda iyos gaSifruli; dauSvebelia, rommmarTveli erTpirovnulad cvlides mas da es cvlilebebic ar iyo saWiro(53, 38, 48). naklebad veTanxmebi imas, rom istorias marTaven ufropirovnebebi (12), ar mgonia, rom dRes prezidentma mTeli pasuxismgeblobaunda itvirTos viTarebis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis gamo, an kanonmdeblobasakuTar Tavze moirgos, Tanac hqondes parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba (54,16, 5), verc diqtaturas gavamarTleb im sababiT , rom saWiroa korumpirebuliCinovnikebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva (50). saerTod, Tuki qvemodanxelisuflebas vinme ar mosTxovs, isini xalxze naklebad izruneben damxolod sakuTar interesebs daicaven (46), miT umetes, rom parlamentierTpartiulia da xSirad iq iseTi adamianebi arian, vinc sakuTari TavisakuTari saqmis keTebaSi ver ipova (27, 59). magram xelisuflebisadmimoTxovnebis wamoyeneba garTulebulia imitom, rom Cvens uflebebs xSiradver vicavT (41). es imitom xdeba, rom Cveni konstitucia im rols arasrulebs, rasac unda asrulebdes saerTod (19). Tavad xelisuflebanaklebad emorCileba kanons, xolo mmarTvelobaSi sxva faqtorebi ufromuSaobs (42). damnaSaveebTan brZola ki gamoacxades, magram pasuxi aravis aragebines, SevardnaZiT dawyebuli (31), piriqiT, vinc kanons arRvevs, is winmidis, xolo revolucionerebi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs ikaveben, racdauSvebelia (52). revolucia ar amarTlebs konstituciis cvlilebas, da arcdemokratiis motana SeuZlia imitom, rom xalxis mmarTveloba, anu ideaSirac aris demokratia, saerTod miuRwevelia, rogorc Cans, samwuxarod. (24,21)2. modernizatoridroa, xalxma Tavi daanebos politikosobas da yvelam Tavis saqmes mixedos(59). rac Seexeba kanonebs, maT ufro kargad iuristebi mixedaven (23), miT38

umetes, rom Cveni politikuri Tu sazogadoebrivi wyoba da uflebebi ukvegansazRvrulia qveynis ZiriTadi kanoniT — konstituciiT (4). Zalian saSiSia,rom gvyvades mmarTvelebi, romlebic ar emorCilebian konstitucias dacvlian mas erTpirovnulad, aravin unda amyarebdes diqtaturas im sababiT,rom xalxisTvis kargis gakeTeba unda (53, 43, 49). Cveni momavlis politikurixedva xom konstituciiTaa mocemuli (3), amitom mas unda emorCilebodesuklebliv yvela, is unda sazRvravdes yvela adamianis cxovrebas (56). maSinaRar gveqneba is problema , rom warsuliT vcxovrobT, Cven undavcxovrobdeT dRevandeli dRiT, momavalze fiqriT (58). Cven xom sxvacivilizebuli erebisgan didad ar ganvsxvavdebiT (33). bunebrivia, romkonstitucia vardebis revoluciis Semdeg Seicvala, raTa aRmoifxvrassamarTlebrivi vakuumi da saxelmwifo isev konstituciur mmarTvelobasdaubrundes (24, 35), Tanac cudi ar iyo is cvlilebebi, rac masSi Sevida:parlamentma SeiZina mTavrobis kontrolis ZiriTadi berketi — misdamiundoblobis gamocxadebis SesaZlebloba, xolo prezidentis mierparlamentis daTxovnis ufleba moagvarebs SesaZlo politikurkonfliqtebs (6, 5). modiT, am konstituciur cvlilebebs imas nudavabralebT, rom axalma axalgazrda xelisuflebam is Tavis Tavze moirgo(38), Tumca ki bunebrivia, rom isini, vinc revolucias awyobda, axlaTanamdebobebsac ikaveben (52). is droSac, romelic saxelmwifo droSadgamocxadda, kargia da momwons (17). qveynis winsvlas Zlieri regionebiuSlian xels, magram wesrigis aRdgenaSi Cven am problemis mogvarebas verdavelodebiT.3. marTlmadidebeli tradicionalistiyvelaferi aewyoba, Tu konstituciaSi dafiqsirdeba marTlmadideblurireligiis gansakuTrebuli statusi, xolo adamianebi dasaqmdebian,gadasaxads gadaixdian, saxelmwifo biujets Seavseben da saxelmwifodadgeba fexze (34, 32). jerjerobiT viTareba mZimea, da amitom prezidentmaunda aiRos sakuTar Tavze mTeli pasuxismgebloba qveynis am mZimemdgomareobidan gamoyvanaze (54); es ar niSnavs imas, rom saqarTveloSidamyardeba diqtatura (1), prezidenti xom xalxis umravlesobis nebasgamoxatavs, da prezidentebi xom saerTod did rols TamaSoben yvelgan,xolo qarTveli xalxi, saerTod, iseTi xalxia, rom unda hyavdes erTimmarTveli (40, 8, 18). saerTod, Cven iseTi mentaliteti gvaqvs, romyvelaferi, rac aris ucxouri, Tundac kargi iyos, SeiZleba aq,saqarTveloSi, ar gamogvadges (33). isic ki dasaSvebia, rom dRes diqtatoridagvWirdes, raTa xalxis interesebi davicvaT da korufcia davamarcxoT(50), magram is mainc unda moqmedebdes konstituciis CarCoebSi, maSinac ki,rodesac borotmoqmedebisgan icavs sazogadoebas (25). oRond , konstituciaxalxis umravlesobis Zalauflebas ar unda zRudavdes (13); xalxis mierarCeul prezidentsa da parlaments maqsimalurad unda hqondes gazrdiliuflebebi, xolo daniSnul premier-ministrs _ maqsimalurad SezRuduli(60). maSin parlamentis erTpartiuloba problema ki ar aris, aramed plusia,vinaidan demokratiis dros xalxi erTian miznebze ver Tanxmdeba, aris azrTasxvadasxvaoba, da am azrebidan unda aiRo erTi swori azri (27, 15, 14).4. humanisti tradicionalistikonstitucionerma unda daicvas konstitucia da kanonebi, xoloCveulebrivma adamianma adamianurad unda icxovros (56). Tumca, Cveulebriviadamianebi xSirad arRveven kanonebs da amis gamo iCagrebian, amitomdamnaSaveebTan brZolas axali xelisufleba cota frTxilad unda moekidos (44,31). dResac xom xalxis 90 procenti imaze ocnebobs, rom cota mainc iyoskorumpirebuli, es realobaa (26). rac Seexeba Cems uflebebs, maT me TviTonmovuvli da davicav, dRes es problemas ar warmoadgens (55, 41). konstituciam, daara xalxis zewolam, unda uzrunvelyos xelisuflebis mdgradi da efeqturi39

muSaoba (11, 46), amasTan, saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs pirvel rigSiprofesionalebi unda ikavebdnen (57). korufciasTan brZolis sababiTdiqtaturis damyarebas me veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver daveTanxmebodi (50).saxelmwifo ar unda iyos Zaladobis iaraRi (7); diqtaturasa da demokratiasSoris arsebobs didi sxvaoba, pirvel rigSi imitom, rom konstitucia undasruldebodes, is ar unda icvlebodes erTpirovnulad da unda iyos azrTasxvadasxvaoba (53, 14). kargia, rom mivdivarT dasavluri sistemisken, magramyvelaferi iqauri aq, saqarTveloSi ar gamogvadgeba (30, 33). sulac ar iqnebacudi, Tuki drodadro Cveni warsulisken mivixedavT da iqidanac karg magaliTebsaviRebT (58). aseve adgilobrivi saqmeebi adgilzeve unda wydebodes da armidiodes TbilisSi gadasawyvetad (61), saqarTvelos gaerTianebis problemadRes Zalian mwvaved dgas (63).ukeT rom gaverkveT imaSi, Tu ramdenad specifikuria mocemuli Sefasebebi amaTu im diskursisaTvis, sasargebloa, erTmaneTs SevadaroT 4-faqtoriani da 5-faqtoriani ganawileba. ra Seicvleba, Tuki vecdebiT cotaTi ufro metaddavanawevroT SexedulebaTa speqtri? respondentebis 5 faqtorad danawilebisSemTxvevaSi (romelic aq amdenad dawvrilebiT ar iqneba ganxiluli da mxolodzogadad daxasiaTdeba), adre dafiqsirebuli pirveli da mesame diskursebipraqtikulad igive rCeba. transformacias ganicdis mxolod meore da meoTxediskursebi. meore diskursi ganicdis radikalizacias diqtaturis mimar-TulebiT. is ukve naklebad asxvavebs diqtaturas demokratiisgan, pozitiurixdeba “kargi diqtatoris” mimarT da ufro kategoriulad miiCnevs, romkonstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setana aucileblobas warmoadgenda. meoTxe diskursiiZens religiurobis niSnebs, kargavs nostalgiur ganwyobebs da xdebasakmaod kritikuli arsebuli xelisuflebisa da bolodroindeli movlenebismimarT. is inarCunebs Tavis tradicionalistur orientacias TviTmmarTvelobaze.xolo axladgamoyofili mexuTe diskursi ikavebs ufro medasavlur,vidre tradicionalistur orientacias. amave dros, misi warmodgenebidemokratiiisa da konstituciiis Sesaxeb imdagvaria, rom mas ufro “saxalxodemokratia” unda vuwodoT, sabWouri tipis demokratiis msgavsad. marTalia, esdiskursi calsaxad momxrea konstituciuri demokratiisa da winaaRmdegiadiqtaturis, magram konstitucia da saxelmwifo mis cnobierebaSi bevri sabWouriniSan-TvisebiT xasiaTdeba. saxelmwifos droSa gamoxatavs am saxelmwifosideologias, konstitucia — samomavlo miznebs da morals; Tavad saxelmwifoaris centralizebuli. es dominanti saxelmwifo “saxalxo demokratisTvis”asatania imdenad, ramdenadac is ar gardaiqmneba diqtaturad da ar iWrebaadamianTa “cxovrebis samyaroSi”, maTi avtonomiurobis sferoSi. am pirobiT“saxalxo demokrati” mxarSi amoudgeba arsebul xelisuflebas da miesalmebarevoluciiT mosul mTavrobas. miuxedavad nostalgiisa Zvel droze, imedi aqvs,rom naTeli momavali, romelsac axali xelisufleba usaxavs (“demokratia”nacvlad “komunizmisa”), xalxisTvis sikeTis momtani aRmoCndeba.5-faqtoriani sqemis moSvelieba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gavakeToT oridaskvna: a. religiuroba da midrekileba diqtaturisken ar aris mxolod mesamediskursis maxasiaTebeli. meoresac, mis radikalur variantebSi, aqvs midrekilebadiqtaturisken, xolo konstituciaSi religiis dafiqsirebis momxreniTiTqmis yvela diskursSi monawileoben. b. sabWouri droidan SemorCeniliwarmodgenebi saxelmwifoze da konstituciaze sakmaod vrcladaa ganfenili; maTTavisi wvlili SeaqvT rogorc miznebze orientirebul antitradicionalizmSi,aseve im winaRobebSi, romelsic mocemuli miznebis miRwevas uqmnis saxelmwifoskontrolisgan adamianTa samyaros avtonomiurobis dacvis swrafva .TiToeul aq dafiqsirebul SexedulebaTa sistemas aqvs rogorc keTilganwyobiliinterpretacia — is, Tu rogor xedavs sakuTar Tavs, aseve kritikulixedva garedan — Tanac gansxvavebuli, imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli diskursiskuTxidan SevxedavT. garda amisa, SexedulebaTa TiToeuli sistema SeiZlebazomierebisken ixrebodes da amiT uaxlovdebodes miRebul demokratiuldiskursebs, Tumca aseve SesaZlebelia ganicdides radikalizacias da saSiSixdebodes demokratiisaTvis.40

meore diskursi miiCnevs, rom politikuri brZolebis dro damTavrebulia, dadadga miRweuli politikuri Zalauflebis realizebis dro. politikuri dapirispirebebisgagrZeleba misTvis saSiSroebas warmoadgens da amdenad is gmobspirveli diskursis mcdelobebs, Sexedos movlenebs politikuri Tvalsawieridan— saxelmwifo droSa ar unda iyos ganxiluli nacionaluri moZraobis droSad,arsebuli xelisufleba — diqtaturad, xolo ZalauflebaSi revoluciiT mosuliadamianebi — saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebis uzurpatorebad. ganviTarebis sworigezi gansazRvrulia; dadga dro, iuristebma is, ubralod, kanonebSi gadaitanon.meore diskursisTvis did saSiSroebas warmoadgens meoTxe diskursic, romelicSesaZloa am kanonebs ar daemorCilos. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba,mosaxleobis didi nawili, e.w. ubralo adamianebi, darCnen samarTlebriviregulirebis miRma da amiT daabrkolon ganviTareba. es isev korufciis wyaroiqneba. amitom warsuli ukan unda movitovoT. kanonebis amoqmedebaSi saqar-Tvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas ver davelodebiT. meore diskursimesamesac upirispirdeba mis orientaciaSi qarTul mentalitetze da tradiciulRirebulebebze. meore diskursi ar eTanxmeba konstituciaSi religiis dafiqsirebasac.pirveli diskursi, meoresgan gansxvavebiT, sulac ar aris ganwyobiliSeafasos mdgomareoba, rogorc demokratiuli ganviTarebis sawindari. is aSkaradxedavs Seqmnil mdgomareobaSi diqtaturis niSnebs da sakuTari politikuriuflebebis daculobis sawindarad konstitucionalizmis safuZvlebis ganmtkicebasmoiazrebs. meore diskursi mis TvalSi bolSevikuri tipis totalitarizmisnairsaxeobis advokatad gamoiyureba, vinaidan politikuradcalmxrivad cvlis droSas, konstitucias da eufleba saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs.am mxriv, meore diskurss, pirveli diskursis mixedviT, kvers ukravs mesamediskursic, romelic miiCnevs, rom dRes aris gansakuTrebuli momenti daprezidentma mTeli Zalaufleba unda itvirTos am mdgomareobidan qveynisgamosayvanad. mesame diskursi, misi azriT, saerTod saSiSia demokratiisaTvis,vinaidan naklebad afasebs kanonis uzenaesobis saWiroebas da ixrebaerTpirovnuli da konstitucionalizmis principebis sawinaaRmdego, mkacradmaJoritaruli mmarTvelobisken, TiTqmis diqtaturisken. pirvelis TvalSimeoTxe diskurss ar gaaCnia samarTlebrivi cnobiereba, is gulgrilia konstituciisbolodroindeli xelyofis mimarT da ar iziarebs pirveli diskursisSemarTebas imoqmedos politikurad anu xelisufleba xalxis kontrolsdauqvemdebaros.mesame diskursi, meore diskuris msgavsad, imedianad uyurebs momavals,radgan miaCnia, rom revoluciiT mosuli prezidenti xalxis umravlesobis nebasganasaxierebs da mis imedebs frTebs Seasxams: magaliTad, marTlmadideblurreligias gansakuTrebul statuss mianiWebs. Tumca, prezidentis ZalauflebasSeiZleba winaRobebi Sexvdes, rac xalxis umravlesobis nebis aRsrulebasgaarTulebs. mis TvalSi rogorc pirveli, ise meore diskursi xalxis nebisaRsrulebas arasaTanado yuradRebas aqcevs da amiT qarTul TviTmyofadobas daidenturobas safrTxes uqmnis. am diskursebs Soris is did sxvaobas ver xedavs,garda imisa, rom pirveli saSiSia, radgan xelisuflebis opoziciuria, xolomeore sxvanairad xedavs ganviTarebis mimarTulebas, anu zedmetad mimbaZveliadasavleTis. rac Seexeba meoTxes, isic safrTxes uqmnis xalxis nebis aRsrulebaspolitikuri Zalauflebis koncentraciis meSveobiT, vinaidan eSinia diqtaturisda zedmetad zrunavs adamianis uflebebis dacvaze.meoTxe diskursi iwyeba metad saintereso mtkicebiT “konstitucionerebisa”da ubralo adamianebis Sesaxeb, romelic mravalmxrivad SeiZleba iqnesinterpretirebuli. erTi mxriv, is gvagonebs habermasiseuli sistemisa dacxovrebis samyaros dapirispirebas da cxovrebis samyaros dacvis lozungs.meore mxriv, is ara marto mkafiod asxvavebs kanonsa da morals (rasacmarqsistuli midgoma, liberalurisgan gansxvavebiT, ar akeTebda), aramed orivesmkafiod gamijnul samoqmedo arealebs uwesebs da adamianTa cxovrebas, pirvelrigSi, moralis samyofelad ixilavs. da bolos, is SeiZleba gaviazroTpatnemiseul terminebiT, rogorc “amoraluri familizmi”, rac, respublikuricnobierebis sapirispirod, badebs korufcias da xels uSlis demokratiis41

funqcionirebas.saqarTvelos istoriis Tvalsawieridan es diskursi gvevlineba im midgomad,romelic ara marto sabWoTa periodSi, aramed wina saukuneebSic, mravali garedampyroblis qveS saqarTvelos arsebobis dros, wesad da CveulebadCamoyalibda, im wesad da Cveulebad, romelmac TviTgadarCenisa daTviTmoyofadobis SenarCunebis masobrivi strategiebi gansazRvra. ismdgomareobs mtruli da ucxo garemosagan gamijvnaSi da ara masze zemoqmedebismoxdenis mcdelobaSi.am mxriv, mas mTavar oponirebas meore diskursi uwevs, romelic swored romsistemis SeqmniTaa dainteresebuli. meores yvelaferi imis Secvla surs, racmeoTxesTvis TavSesafarsa da dasayrdens warmoadgens — warsuli, qarTulimentaliteti. Tuki meore diskursi sistemis garkveuli RirebulebrivitotalitarulobiT emuqreba, mesame _ diqtaturis niSnebs atarebs. amdenad, arcmesame diskursia misTvis xsna, miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveul Rirebulebrivganwyobebs orive iziarebs. mis TvalSi, mesame diskursi, garkveulwilad,religiuri fanatizmiTaa daavadebuli da Tavisi diqtatoruli midrekilebebiTmas SeuZlia kerZo adamiani diqtatoris Zaladobis obieqtad gaxados. miuxedavadyvelafrisa, meoTxe diskurss aqvs xelisuflebis ndoba, romelsac pirvelidiskursi uqarwylebs. meoTxe diskursis ganwyobas miimalos Tavis naWuWSi daimedovnos, rom xelisufleba Tavis saqmes TviTon mixedavs, pirveli diskursiewinaaRmdegeba da sazogadoebriv sivrceSi poziciis dakavebisken ubiZgebs, rasacis miCveuli ar aris.daskvnasaqarTveloSi wina wlebSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs,rom mocemul kvlevaSi gamokveTili SexedulebaTa sistemebi sakmaodmdgradia; maTi analogebi adre (yovel SemTxvevaSi, pirveli samis) sxva gamokvlevebSicdafiqsirebula. es kidev ufro aZlierebs im mosazrebas, rom metadmniSvnelovania maTi gaTvaliswineba konstituciuri mSeneblobis procesSi.Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom respondentebis pasuxebi, socialuri molodinebisgamo, SesaZloa ufro pozitiuria konstitucionalizmisa da demokratiis mimarT,vidre respondentebis qceva naklebad sajaro politikur viTarebaSi, SeiZlebaSeiqmnas STabeWdileba, rom aq aRwerili diskursebi an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,zogierTi maTganis radikaluri mimdevrebi, safrTxes uqmnian konstitucionalizms.magram Tu davuSvebT, rom SesaZlebelia TiToeuli maTganisradikalizebis Tavidan acileba da maTi Sejereba, maSin davinaxavT, rom isiniqmnian normalur, jansaR politikur speqtrs, romelic analogiuria imisa, racSeiZleba moviZioT nebismier konstituciur liberalur demokratiaSi. maSasadame,saqarTvelos problemaa ara is, rom romelime nawili sazogadoebisagamoiricxos politikuri procesidan, aramed is, rom Tavad am procesma xeliSeuwyos yvela politikuri Sexedulebis saukeTeso miswrafebebis realizebas.amgvari Tanaarsebobis uzrunvelyofaSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWebakonstituciuri modelis SerCevas da qveynis politikuri sistemis institucionalurimowyobis swor gansazRvras. ase magaliTad, amas xeli SeiZlebaSeuwyos ufro adekvaturi saarCevno sistemis SerCevam. SeiZleba vivaraudoT,rom tradicionalisturi politikuri SexedulebebisTvis ufro xelsayreliamaJoritaruli sistema, xolo “antitradiculebisTvis” — proporciuli. Tu esvaraudi sworia (rac TavisTavad, damatebiT kvlevasa da gansjas moiTxovs), maSinras moutans saqarTvelos orpalatiani parlamentis Seqmna, sadac zeda palatadakompleqtdeba maJoritari deputatebiT, xolo qveda — proporciuli wesiTarCeuli wevrebiT? rogor unda ganawildes uflebamosilebebi am or palatasSoris, rom aman ar gamoiwvios an sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilispolitikuri Sexedulebebis ugulebelyofa, an konfliqti palatebs Soris?es, ubralod, erT-erTi SesaZlo kiTxvaa, romelic am gamokvlevis Sedegebisgaazrebisa da gamoyenebis savaraudo mimarTulebas moxazavs. kvlevis Sedegebisanalizisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom mocemuli kvlevis meTodologia ar42

iZleva SesaZleblobas pasuxi gaeces kiTxvas imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenadgavrcelebulia saqarTveloSi esa Tu is Sexedulebebi. amis gageba SesaZlebeliiqneboda mxolod damatebiTi kvlevebis CatarebiT.tabula N 1debulebebi, romlebic moyvanilia am tabulis marcxena svetSi, Seadgenen imnakrebs, romelsac afasebdnen respondentebi. TiToeuli debulebis gaswvriv amtabulaSi moyvanilia qulebi —6-dan +6-mde, romlebic asaxaven gamonaTqvamisSefasebas oTxi gamovlenili diskursis mier. diskursis nomeri miTiTebuliaSesabamisi svetis TavSi. am tabulaSi 64 debuleba ganlagebulia TanmimdevrobiTmaqsimaluri konsesusisgan (yvela met-naklebad erTi azrisaa) maqsimalurdapirispirebamde (arsebobs radikalurad dapirispirebuli mosazrebebi).faqtorebi (diskursebi)debulebis N 1 2 3 4nomeri9 roca moralidan xdeba gadaxveva, konstitucia imisTvis aris, romes qceva miuaxlovos moralis dauwerel principebs, romlebickacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze arsebobda 1 0 2 149 konstitucia unda Sesruldes yvela muxlSi. dauSvebelia, romSeiZlebodes konstituciis darRveva momavlis raime miznisTvis 4 5 4 264 konstituciis modeli unda emsaxurebodes demokratiis ganviTarebas,politikuri konkurenciisa da politikuri azris ganviTarebasqveyanaSi 2 3 3 414 demokratia aris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, rodesac yvelas aqvsgarkveuli subieqturi azri, da im gansxvavebuli azrebidanunda aiRo kargi azri 3 3 3 561 adgilobrivi saqme adgilzeve unda gadawydes da ar wavides TbilisSi 1 1 3 410 saqarTvelos konstitucia marto qarTvelebisTvis ar iwereba.saqarTvelo mravalerovani saxelmwifoa, rac Zalian mtkivneuladdadga exla 0 3 0 045 igive somxebi da TaTrebi ufro mravldebian, vidre qarTvelebi.Tu saqarTvelos moqalaqea mTavari da ara qarTveli, maSin sul malesomexi iqneba saqarTvelos prezidenti, safrTxes vxedav me amaSi 1 -1 2 012 istorias marTaven ufro pirovnebebi 1 4 4 329 ar arsebobs, arc istoriulad da aranairad ar yofila, romsaqarTveloSi rodesme regioni Tavis sityvas ambobdes -1 -4 -5 -453 mmarTveli aucileblad unda daemorCilos konstitucias. erTmammarTvelma rom konstitucia Secvalos, amis ufleba masnamdvilad ar unda hqondes 6 5 3 636 vinc Cvenze meti icis da iuridiuli ganaTleba aqvs, iman icis,ra doziT daarRvios kanoni, da es aris ubedureba -1 1 0 213 konstituciur saxelmwifoSi iseTi demokratiaa, rodesac xalxisumravlesobas mTeli Zalaufleba ar ekuTvnis 0 -1 -3 128 komunistebis periodis konstituciiT, adamians hqonda yvelafrisufleba _ dasvenebis, swavlis, muSaobis, garTobis, magram faqtiuradaraferi ar sruldeboda, es yvelaferi qaRaldze iyo -4 -1 -4 -17 nebismieri saxelmwifo aris Zaladobis iaraRi 0 -2 0 -359 unda gakeTdes ise, rom TiToeulma adamianma Tavisi Tavi saqmeSi ipovos,saqmis keTebaSi, da ara parlamentSi eZios Tavisi Tavi 5 6 5 243

62 Tu Cven gvinda saxelmwifod yofna, modiT, adamianis uflebebsdavaneboT Tavi. es aris Semogdebuli Tema, raTa daingressaxelmwifoebi da mivideT kosmopolitizmamde -2 -4 -2 -447 daviT aRmaSenebels yvelaze didi problemebi Seuqmna sworedzedmetad gaZlierebulma regionebma -2 2 -1 -122 exla ar aris komunizmi, rom adamianma raRac ver Tqvas da vergamovides xmamaRla. amis gamo aravin ar mogklavs da araferi -3 -2 1 048 konstitucia ar unda moqmedebdes, rogorc iuristebma ician — undaTaqeT moabaven qoTans yurs, unda - iqiT. konstitucia calsaxad undaiyos gaSifruli 6 4 0 321 xalxis mmarTveloba, anu ideaSi, rac aris demokratia, ubralod veriqneba verasodes. iqneba yovelTvis xelisufleba da xalxi 3 1 -1 057 sakadro politikaSi udidesi mniSvneloba unda eniWebodes pirovnulfaqtors, vinaidan Tu pirovneba ar aris Cveneburi gagebiT dadebiTi,misi daniSvna arafers Secvlis 0 1 -1 -33 konstitucia es aris politikuri traqtati, romelzec eri momavlisSenebis perspeqtivas afuZnebs 2 5 3 060 xalxis mier arCeul prezidents da parlaments maqsimalurad didiuflebebi unda hqondeT, xolo premier-ministrs, romelic daniSnulia,maqsimalurad unda SeezRudos uflebebi -3 -2 2 -151 sanam kanonebi ar gveqneba, arc xelfasi gveqneba, arc saWmeli,arc sasmeli -2 -2 2 120 konstituciis bevri ram irRveva, imitom, rom ar aris obieqturisasamarTlo sistema 3 4 0 -126 xalxis 90 procenti mainc ocnebobs imaze, rom cota korumpirebulimainc iyos, es realobaa -3 0 -2 225 aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac borotmoqmedis dasja da borotmoqmedisgansazogadoebis dacva moiTxovs konstituciis darRvevas -1 -2 -4 124 aseTi revoluciebi, rogoric CvenTan moxda - vardebis revolucia,yovelTvis iwvevs konstituciur cvlilebebs -3 2 2 143 Tu kargi diqtatori xar da Sen xalxs kargi raRaceebi daanaxe,Tu Seni saqmianobiT xalxi karg mdgomareobaSia, didi ramea exla, diqtatori -3 -6 -2 -26 parlamentis mxridan mTavrobis kontrolis ZiriTadi berketi arismisdami undoblobis gamocxadeba -2 3 -2 -311 konstituciuri mowyobis ZiriTadi amocanaa xelisuflebis politikurimdgradobisa da efeqturobis uzrunvelyofa -2 0 1 415 demokratia aris mmarTvelobis forma, sadac mTeli sazogadoebaSeTanxmebulia raRac erT faseulobaze da raRac erTi mizani aqvs 1 2 -4 -15 prezidentis mier parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba aris SesaZlopolitikuri konfliqtis mogvarebis gza -4 2 -1 -139 rac Seexeba premier-ministris sakiTxs, xalxma gansxvaveba ar icispremier-ministrsa da saxelmwifo ministrs Soris 1 -4 1 -352 ar SeiZleba, xalxi, romelic awyobs revolucias da dgas quCaSi,ijdes kabinetebSi 2 -4 -1 023 zog SemTxvevaSi me SeiZleba iuristze meti vicode kanonSi, vinaidan manicis is, rac iswavla, me ki masze metad vici cxovreba -1 -6 -1 -12 saxelmwifos droSa aris am saxelmwifos ideologiis gamomxatveli -2 -3 1 319 Cveni konstitucia im rols ar asrulebs, rasac unda asrulebdeskonstitucia saerTod 4 -1 -1 -244

16 Tu kanonmdebloba erT pirovnebazea morgebuli, maSin mas SeiZleba araTu prezidenti, aramed monarqi vuwodoT 4 2 0 -246 xelisuflebas Tu viRaca qvemodan ar mosTxovs, isini erTmaneTSiyovelTvis SeTanxmdebian da Zalian bednierad icxovreben 5 1 1 -341 dRes SeiZleba vicodeT, ra aris Cveni ufleba, magram, samwuxarod,maT ganxorcielebas sxva faqtorebi gansazRvravs 3 1 -2 -458 . saqarTvelos problema is aris, rom warsuliT vcxovrobT. warsuliTcxovreba ar unda iyos, adamiani unda cxovrobdes dRevandeliT,xvalindelze fiqriT -1 3 0 -555 me unda viyo Cemi uflebis ardarRvevis sadarajoze. me unda movuaroam problemas 1 -1 -3 527 Cveni parlamenti erTpartiulia da, bunebrivia, rom gava is, rac undamTavrobas, Tundac xalxisTvis ar iyos misaRebi 4 0 -3 -263 pirvel rigSi unda gaerTiandes saqarTvelo da Semdeg vilaparakoTkonstituciaze -1 -3 4 450 CvenTvis am etapze, yvelaze kargia diqtatura _ erTi gamokveTiliZalauflebis mqone adamiani, romelic SeZlebs winaaRmdegoba gauwiosim patara Cinovnikebs, romlebic darbian da cdiloben TavisTvisrac SeiZleba meti moixveWon -5 -5 1 -540 evropis qveynebSi bevrma ar icis, vin aris prezidenti, radgan iqprezidenti petre iqneba Tu pavle, amiT Zireuli cvlilebebi ar moxdeba 0 -3 -5 218 qarTveli xalxi, saerTod, iseTi xalxia, rom unda yavdes erTimmarTveli -4 -3 4 -444 vinc kanons daarRvevs, is midis win, da vinc amas ver akeTebs, is sawyalia,mouxerxebelia, patiosania da sacodavi 1 0 -3 -632 yvelaferi aewyoba, Tuki yvelas eqneba samsaxuri da gadasaxads gadaixdis,maSin Seivseba es biujeti da saxelmwifo dadgeba fexze -1 4 6 133 yvelaferi momwons, rac aris kargi, magram qarTuli mentaliteti iseTiramaa, rom germanuli da amerikuli, inglisuri da iaponuri aqsaqarTveloSi ar gamomadgeba 2 -1 5 54 konstitucia qveynis ZiriTadi kanonia, romelic gansazRvravs amsaxelmwifos politikur Tu sazogadoebriv wyobas, agreTve TiToeulimoqalaqis uflebebs 2 6 -3 38 demokratia diqtaturisgan gansxvavdeba mxolod imiT, rom sazogadoebisraRac nawils SeuZlia zegavlena moaxdinos xelisuflebaze 0 0 5 -537 am axal periodSi ukve raRac Zvrebi aris, rac SesaZleblobas gvaZlevsvicxovroT marTla konstituciis Tanaxmad -6 -1 0 138 es konstituciuri cvlilebebi iyo saWiro. imitom, rom axalgazrdobamovida, energiiT savse da Zalian kargi, mcodneebi arian -5 -3 2 142 dRes mTavaria xelisuflebidan wamosuli direqtivebi, gavleniani nacnobebida a.S.. igive xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi naklebad emorCilebiankanons da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris kanonis uzenaesoba 5 1 -4 -231 damnaSaves pasuxi agebine. am mTavrobis xelSi pasuxnagebi me jer aravinar minaxavs, SevardnaZiT dawyebuli 2 -2 -2 -630 SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi saqarTveloSi ver gaigebdi, vin iyoufrosi da vin - umcrosi. axali xelisuflebis mosvlis Semdeg, ukvemidian dasavluri sistemisken -4 1 -5 317 is droSa, romelic dRes frialebs, aris nacionaluri moZraobis droSa 3 -5 1 -135 sworia, rom Cqara ganxorcielda konstituciuri cvlilebebi, qveyanakonstituciur vakuumSi iyo. revolucia moxda da sxva gamosavali ar iyo -6 2 -1 045

1 diqtatura ar niSnavs imas, rom romelime adamianis ufleba darRveulia.es niSnavs imas, rom erTi adamiani flobs mTlianad Zalauflebas 0 0 -6 256 konstitucionerma unda daicvas konstitucia da kanonebi, xoloCveulebrivma adamianma adamianurad unda icxovros 0 -5 1 634 Caideba konstituciaSi religia Tu ara, amas didi mniSvneloba ara aqvs.xar marTlmadidebeli da xa.r, iq ewereba Tu ara, amas mniSvneloba ara aqvs -1 -1 -6 054 dRes aris gansakuTrebuli momenti, amitom prezidentma unda aiRos TavisTavze pasuxisgebloba da mas unda hqondes gansakuTrebuligadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZlebloba -5 0 6 -246

Marina MuskhelishviliCONSTITUTION AND ITS DISCOURSIVE LEGITIMATIONDescription of workshopWorkshop will consist of 8 two-hour meetings, held during 4 weeks.Week 1: 2 lectures will be devoted to theoretical concepts and approaches:1. Constitution and political institutions in their relationship with liberal, republican anddemocratic political traditions;2. Methodology of research: institutional vs. discursive approachesWeek 2: Case of Georgia, and research about Georgia – 2 lectures1. Case Study – Constitutional amendments of 20042. Political perceptions of Georgian population –discourse analysesWeek 3 – seminars. Specific aspects and issues will be considered; students will get betterunderstanding of specific problematic and will work out topics for their ownpresentations. They will also get consultancy and recommendations concerningadditional reading.Week 4: Presentations by students and discussions.Aims of WorkshopThe workshop is aiming to teach students creative fluency in methods of discourse analysesand to practices skills of independent research. Students should demonstrate the ability tocompare to each other concepts, which derive from different disciplines and the ability to usethem, when analyzing reality.EvaluationAttendance – 30%Participation and comprehension of theoretical concepts - 40%Presentation and essay – 30%Bibliography13. qrestomatia politikis TeoriaSi, romelic momzadda 2004 wels;14. John Druzek, “The Informal Logic of Institutional Design”, in: Goodin R., (ed.) TheTheory of Institutional Design, CUP, 1990.15. Dryzek, John S. Holmes, Leslie, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. PoliticalDiscourses Across Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press16. G.O'Donnell. 1998 Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies. Journal ofDemocracy, v.9, N.317. H. de Soto, The Mystery of Capital, Basik Books, 200018. Sartory, Giovanni. Comparative Constitutional Engineering. An Inquiry intoStructures, Incentives and Outcomes. London, Macmillan, 199419. Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government, Cambridge UniversityPress, 199720. Jon Elster, Ways of constitution-making, in: Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. byAxel Hadenius, Cambridge University Press, 199721. Th.Hnaf, Gh.Nodia. Georgia - Lurching to Democracy. From Agnostic Tolerance toPious Jacobinism: Societal Change and People's Reactions. NomosVerlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, 200022. Norberto Bobbio Democracy and Dictatorship23. Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization, Cultural, Economic andPolitical Change in 43 Societies, Princeton University Press, 199724. farid zaqaria, “araliberaluri talRis aRweveba”, sazogadoeba da politika, N3, CIPDD,Tbilisi, 200047

Brief outline1. Institutional peculiarities of new democracies: as it is widely observed third wave ofdemocratization produced regimes, which have formally applied institutions of democracyand market economy, but this institutions work differently, than in Western social context.Many authors refer to the peculiarity of Western experience, where formal politicalinstitutions are uneasy mixture of three political traditions – democracy, liberalism andrepublicanism. Liberal constitutional principles, as Zakaria points out, were established therefar before democracy. Principles of limited government, which is core principle ofconstitutional arrangement of power, comes in contradiction with the principles of people’sdemocracies, which are more traditional for the post-Soviet space. First lecture will bedevoted to the principles of constitutionalism and to their origins in political thought andhistorical context of the West. To underline peculiarity of post-Soviet development, severalcomparisons will be emphasized: constitutionalism vs. democratic centralism; pluralism vs.state ideology; multiparty system vs. party-state system, et. Specific knowledge, such aspresidential, semi-presidential and parliamentary systems, majoritarian and proportional rule,et. will be touched in brief, provided that not all students will be aware of these theories.Specific focus will be made on constitution. A country’s constitution defines how a country’spolitical system is organized. The constitution, if abided by, builds a “skeleton” of politics bysetting the rules and laws of political action that in turn prescribe norms of conduct andstrategies of action for the participants in political processes. The participants in politicalprocesses, for their part, have their own expectations of the political system, know what isthe most valued and why a given political system is acceptable or unacceptable for them.The process of such interaction between the constitution and the citizens establishes thegenuine essence and significance of the constitution to society, reveals its strong and weakpoints and outlines the prospects of its further reform.Society, on its turn, is a space where people who have subjective views and opinionsinteract. While interacting with each other and the institutions of the political system, citizensdraw up their own versions of reality that are tinted by their own political views andideologies. Therefore such notions as democracy, law, constitution, etc. may carry differentmeanings and may have different values for different people. Thus, apart from beingheterogeneous, political society consists of large groups of people whose views are more orless similar and who evaluate political developments in a similar manner. Such a cohesivesystems of political views are referred to as political discourses.2. New democracies of the third wave of democratization have developed as a project,heavily influenced by institutional approach as a main principle of democratization policies.Theoretical thinking of new democracies also is based mostly on this (institutional)methodology of research. Both create problems and have limitations, which do not allowpractitioners and researchers to overcome gap between formal arrangement and realfunctioning of these institutions, which is far from expected standards. This extreme ofactivities, which is highly optimistic in its expectations, produced reaction, which goes to theopposite extreme. The opposite, conservative opinion and stream of research concentrateson political culture. It produces pessimistic perspectives for new democracies, saying, thatpolitical culture of given societies is not favorable for democracy, and that functioning of theinstitutions of democracy cannot be achieved there due to the civilization differences andpeculiarities of the correspondent societies.The middle way between these two extremes is exemplified by discursive approach todemocracy research, and correspondent flexible policies of democracy building. Thisapproach is aiming to study neither separately institutions, nor political culture, but takesthem in their interrelation. It studies discursive fields – institutions taken with their meaningfor society. Being phenomenological, rather than empirical, this approach has advantagesand disadvantages as well. In terms of measurement, labeling and comparison, it does notprovide criteria for democracy practitioners and democracy researchers, which could serveas a checking point for the success or failure in democracy building activities in a givencountry. Positive side of this is that from discursive perspective the process should not bemeasured in teleological manner, as a linear development with the known in advance output.Democracy is not what experts think it is. Democracy, according to the discursive approach,48

is something, that population of given society thinks it is. Correspondingly political institutionsshould be designed out of perceptions of population about what these institutions. Onlycommunicative and competitive efforts of population, straggling to represent itself throughthe social contract, can produce that kind of constitution, which will be followed by its citizensand abided by government. In other words, institutions have outputs, which depend not onlyon a design of these institutions, but also on a process, by which the institutions wereadopted.3. Case Study: Georgia, constitutional amendments of 2004. In January-February of 2004,after the Rose Revolution, constitutional amendments were adopted, changing structure ofcentral governance. Post of Prime Minister was introduced, and cabinet system ofgovernance changed former arrangement, where the President was the Head of state andthe government at the same time (so called American model). Correspondingly thePresidents acquired right to dismiss Parliament in a case of governmental crises. Case studystudied the process, as it was articulated in Georgian media. It showed what kind of arguingemerged between government and its opponents. It also studied context of these debates –what kind of development was underway in legitimation of state, economic relations andother fields, relevant to the constitutional arrangement.The principles of constitutionalism were stressed by the opponents of government, whoopposed constitutional amendments, Contrary to them government was emphasizingnecessity of rapid development, effective governance, overcoming difficult period, et. Themain direction of the debates followed traditional dominant public discourse in Georgia:legitimation and delegitimation, rather than constructive political competition: governmentlegitimizing its (often non-constitutional) actions by the values of development and effectiverule; opposition de-legitimizing government by accusations in dictatorship, concentration ofpower, violation of human rights, ets. This type of relationships among ruling authorities andsociety is stable feature of public space in Georgia, which did not change after therevolution. To develop into the more regular, electoral liberal democracy, based onconstitutional checks on power, public discourse has to develop in one of two directions: a.to shift from the watchdog function only to the more positive and participatory style of policydeliberation. That means, that it should react not ex-post, criticizing government, but exantre,directing government through public opinion formation, what should be done and how.b. Media and civil society should withdraw from the central place in political struggles inGeorgia, providing public space for party competition. In this case all people, who havestrong political perceptions, express themselves not only in a public, that means, withouttaking any responsibility, but also struggle for power and potentially express readiness oftaking responsibility of governance. Those who participate in a public as members of civilsociety take function of neutral observers (i.e. journalists), helping general public to makesense from political competition.Unfortunately, public space in Georgia is not developing in either of these two directions. Itmeans, that political system has taken stable form, which has revolution-like events as itsstable characteristic. This is legacy of Soviet system, having such features, as party-staterule, strong concentration of power in hands of one leader, low legitimacy of private sphere,et. These legacies were well represented in a period of constitutional debates by suchinitiatives, as changing state flag and struggling with corruption. Both discourses wereincluded in a study as an important part of development.4. Political perceptions of Georgian population. Research on constitutional issues, as theyappear in Georgian political a latent discourse was based on application of specifictechnology, provides picture of ideal type political discourses, existing across Georgiansociety. The research is based on Q-methodology. It was conducted as following: severaldiscussion groups were conducted both in Tbilisi and regions; Texts of the groups weretranscript and split into separate phrases. These phrases (expressions) were classified byspecific technology according specific discourse parameters, and from each category 4expressions were selected. Finally, 64 phrases formed Q-sort, which was used to questionrespondents. Results were processed with the specially designed statistical program. Finallyfour ideal type discourses were identified. This discourses form four quarters of twodimensionalfield, which provides useful tool to think of Georgian society and its perceptions.As the research demonstrates, all Georgians are in favor of rule of law, democracy,49

constitutionalism, human rights and other principles, underlying political system. Howeverthey tend to see these differently, to prioritize different aspects and to make differentemphasizes. Each of these four discourses can go to extreme and become intolerable to theother three, but they can also come close to each other and to form healthy context ofpolitical competition and deliberation.50