Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi - Center for Social Sciences
Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi - Center for Social Sciences
Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi - Center for Social Sciences
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<strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebaTa seria<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong><br />
<strong>meTodebi</strong><br />
<strong>socialur</strong> <strong>kvlevaSi</strong><br />
momzadebulia <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebaTa centris<br />
akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze<br />
saleqcio kursi<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis<br />
TinaTin zurabiSvili<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2006
<strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebaTa seria<br />
mTavari redaqtori:<br />
enobrivi redaqtori:<br />
marine CitaSvili<br />
lia kaWarava<br />
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini:<br />
giorgi bagrationi<br />
© <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebaTa centri, 2006<br />
© <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>, 2006<br />
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10<br />
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge<br />
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge<br />
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `<strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebaTa<br />
centris” (<strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,<br />
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT<br />
The book has been published by the <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>,<br />
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education<br />
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.<br />
ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 9 - 3
s a r C e v i<br />
winaTqma 4<br />
Tema 1.<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> <strong>socialur</strong> <strong>kvlevaSi</strong>:<br />
Sesavali da saerTo mimoxilva 5<br />
Tema 2. siRrmiseuli interviu 16<br />
magaliTi #1. axalgazrduli umuSevrobis problema<br />
saqarTveloSi. sadiskusio gegma 25<br />
Tema 3. fokus-jgufi 27<br />
magaliTi #2. Rvinis moxmarebis kultura Tanamedrove<br />
saqarTveloSi. sadiskusio gegma 37<br />
magaliTi #3. korufcia saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba<br />
sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis<br />
warmomadgenlebis mier.<br />
fokus-jgufebis angariSi 39<br />
Tema 4. dakvirveba 48<br />
Tema 5. monografiuli gamokvleva 61<br />
Tema 6. <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis eTika 71<br />
magaliTi #4. gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis<br />
76<br />
mosaxleobaSi izrdeba emigraciis survili<br />
danarTi #1.<br />
danarTi #2.<br />
korufcia saqarTveloSi.<br />
fokus-jgufis transkripti 77<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> kvlevis meTodikis terminologiis<br />
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 100<br />
QUALITATIVE METHODS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH 104<br />
3
winaTqma<br />
winamdebare saleqcio kursze muSaoba daviwye Telavis saxelmwifo universitetSi.<br />
Tavdapirvelad is warmoadgenda saleqcio kursis “sociologiuri<br />
kvlevis <strong>meTodebi</strong>” erT-erT nawils, romelic Tamar zurabiSvilTan erTad<br />
SevimuSave. <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebaTa centris akademiuri stipendiis farglebSi<br />
saSualeba momeca, gamefarTovebina da magistraturis studentebisTvis gadamemuSavebina<br />
am saleqcio kursis is nawili, romelic kerZod Tvisebriv <strong>meTodebi</strong>s<br />
eZRvneba. kursze muSaoba davasrule kali<strong>for</strong>niis universitetSi losanjelesSi,<br />
sadac Ria sazogadoebis institutis FDFP programis farglebSi<br />
vimyofebodi.<br />
samwuxarod, am saleqcio kursSi ver moxerxda <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis yvela<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> meTodis ganxilva, amitom yuradReba gamaxvilebulia im meTodebze,<br />
romlebic yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove praqtikaSi da romlebic,<br />
Cemi azriT, yvelaze metad daexmareba studentebs sakuTari kvlevebis CatarebaSi.<br />
TiTqmis yvela meTodTan dakavSirebiT saleqcio kursSi moyvanilia<br />
Sesabamisi kvleviTi instrumentebis magaliTebi; garda amisa, yoveli Temis bolos<br />
moyvanilia Sesabamisi meTodisadmi miZRvnili sakvanZo literaturis sia.<br />
ramdenadac kvlevis <strong>meTodebi</strong>s Seswavla warmoudgenelia mxolod literaturis<br />
Seswavlis meSveobiT, yvela Temis dasasruls moyvanilia praqtikuli davalebebi.<br />
minda didi madloba gadavuxado Cems kolegebs moskovis levada-centridan<br />
da, upirveles yovlisa, aleqsei levinsons; swored am kvleviT centrSi muSaobis<br />
periodSi davinteresdi kvlevis <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>T da ramdenime Zalze<br />
saintereso <strong>kvlevaSi</strong> miviRe monawileoba; aseve didi madloba Ria sazogadoebis<br />
institutis FDFP programas, romlis farglebSic saSualeba momeca davswrebodi<br />
wamyvani <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> mkvlevrebis kursebs kali<strong>for</strong>niis universitetSi los-anjelesSi<br />
(UCLA); <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebaTa centrs da akademiuri stipendiebis programas<br />
(AFP), romlis farglebSic vaswavlidi am kurss <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebaTa<br />
centrSi; da Cems studentebs, romlebmac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes am<br />
saleqcio kursis SeqmnaSi.<br />
4
Tema 1.<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> <strong>socialur</strong> <strong>kvlevaSi</strong>:<br />
Sesavali da saerTo mimoxilva<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i mecnierebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mWidro kavSiri Teoriasa da<br />
empiriul kvlevebs Soris. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im aspeqtis<br />
Seswavlis mizniT, mecnierebi regularulad atareben empiriul kvlevebs, raTa<br />
Seamowmon esa Tu is Teoriuli mosazreba; am kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad iwvevs<br />
arsebuli Teoriebis gadasinjvas da daxvewas, zogjer ki — Zveli Teoriis<br />
uaryofas da axali Teoriis warmoSobas. magaliTad, <strong>socialur</strong>i mkvlevrebi jer<br />
kidev XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze Seiswavlidnen siRaribes da mis gamomwvev<br />
mizezebs; am kvlevebis Sedegad Seiqmna siRaribis klasikuri Teoriebi. magram XX<br />
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aSS-Si siRaribis specifikuri <strong>for</strong>mebis empiriuli<br />
Seswavlis Sedegad moxda am Teoriebis gadasinjva da Seiqmna “qveklasis” Teoria. 1<br />
siRaribis es <strong>for</strong>ma klasikuri Teoriebis yuradRebis miRma iyo darCenili.<br />
empiriuli <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ara mxolod<br />
Teoriuli codnis gamdidrebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed praqtikul donezec,<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis<br />
gaRrmavebasa da saxelmwifo marTvis optimizaciaSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi saubaria<br />
e.w. gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Seiswavlis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis<br />
iseT aspeqtebs rogorebicaa, magaliTad, ara<strong>for</strong>maluri urTierTobebi<br />
<strong>for</strong>malur organizaciebSi; korufciis gavrcelebis xelisSemwyobi faqtorebi;<br />
siRaribis mizezebi; da sxva. gamoyenebiTi <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevebis Sedegebi SeiZleba<br />
gaxdes gadawyvetilebebis miRebis safuZveli saxelmwifo marTvis an<br />
arasamTavrobo TviTmmarTvelobis doneze.<br />
aranaklebi roli eniWeba empiriul kvlevebs samomxmareblo bazris SeswavlaSi<br />
— e.w. marketinguli (sabazro) kvlevebis meSveobiT mimdinareobs momxmarebelTa<br />
motivaciis, ama Tu im produqtis SeZenis survilis, reklamis efeqturobis<br />
detaluri Seswavla. swored sabazro kvlevebis damsaxurebaa, rom wamyvani kompaniebis<br />
mier warmoebuli produqcia maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs momxmarebelTa<br />
moTxovnebs da survilebs, xolo reklama sul ufro efeqturi xdeba.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i sinamdvilis sul ufro da ufro meti mxare Seiswavleba<br />
empiriuli kvlevebis meSveobiT, xolo Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad<br />
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze. amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom<br />
es kvlevebi kompetenturad iyos Catarebuli da miRebuli iqnes sando Sedegebi.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis meTodika 2 Seiswavlis empiriuli <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis<br />
ganxorcielebis konkretul gzebs, ganixilavs in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segrovebis mecnieruli<br />
saSualebebis, anu <strong>meTodebi</strong>s erTobliobas da im eTikur principebs,<br />
romelTa dacviTac unda Catardes <strong>socialur</strong>i kvleva. empiriuli <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
kvlevis meTodika, rogorc sistematuri codnis dargi, <strong>socialur</strong> TeoriasTan<br />
SedarebiT gvian Camoyalibda da Tumca ufro praqtikul xasiaTs atarebs, xSirad<br />
gamoiyeneba Teoriuli problemebis Semowmebis, hipoTezebis damtkicebis an<br />
uaryofis mizniT.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis <strong>meTodebi</strong> or did jgufad iyofa: raodenobriv da Tvisebriv<br />
meTodebad. Tumca am ori jgufis meTodebs Soris aris mniSvnelovani<br />
gansxvavebebi, maT erTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani garemoeba aerTianebs: maTi<br />
mTavari da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTaderTi mizania Cveni codnis gamdidreba<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i samyaros Sesaxeb.<br />
kvlevis raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong> (rogorebicaa masobrivi gamokiTxva,<br />
kontent-analizi) iSveliebs raodenobriv maCveneblebs — qulebs, procentebs —<br />
1 ix. Michael B. Katz, ed. 1993. The “Underclass” Debate: Views from History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton<br />
University Press; TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2002. “‘qveklasis’ Teoria da misi gamoyenebis<br />
SesaZlebloba saqarTveloSi.” epoqa 2: 76-84.<br />
2 sityvebi “meTodi”, “meTodika” warmoiSva berZnuli sityvisgan methodos, rac SeiZleba<br />
iTargmnos rogorc “Seswavlis gzebi”.<br />
5
da miznad isaxavs daadginos ama Tu im <strong>socialur</strong>i fenomenis gamovlenis sixSire.<br />
<strong>meTodebi</strong>s es jgufi uaRresad <strong>for</strong>malizebulia, ris gamoc isini “mkacri”<br />
<strong>meTodebi</strong>s saxeliTaa cnobili.<br />
raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>s mecnierulobas da am <strong>meTodebi</strong>s meSveobiT<br />
miRebuli Sedegebis sandoobas statistikuri kanonzomierebebi uzrunvelyofs.<br />
raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebis erT-erT umTavres Rirsebas am Sedegebis<br />
reprezentatuloba warmoadgens, rac gulisxmobs, rom kvlevis procesSi<br />
gamokiTxuli adamianebi (respondentebi) proporciulad warmoadgenen mTel<br />
mosaxleobas, an mosaxleobis im nawils, romlis Seswavlac dagegmilia kvlevis<br />
procesSi (anu generalur erTobliobas, romelic ganisazRvreba yoveli konkretuli<br />
kvlevis amocanebidan gamomdinare). respondentebis reprezentatuli<br />
SerCeva mecnierulad amarTlebs gamokiTxvis Sedegebis gavrcobas generalur<br />
erTobliobaze, ris Sedegadac saSualeba gveZleva, respondentTa mier gamoTqmuli<br />
azri generaluri erTobliobis warmomadgenlebis azrad CavTvaloT.<br />
raodenobriv meTodebs Soris msoflio praqtikaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia<br />
masobrivi gamokiTxva — xalxis azris Seswavla ama Tu im problemasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. am meTods safuZvlad udevs ori daSveba: (1) rom mosaxleobis mier<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i movlenebis Sefasebebis gavrceleba garkveul statistikur kanonebs<br />
emorCileba, da (2) rom msgavsi <strong>socialur</strong>i mdgomareobis mqone pirovnebebi,<br />
rogorc wesi, analogiurad afaseben movlenebs. masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros<br />
yoveli respondenti ganixileba ara rogorc unikaluri pirovneba mdidari da<br />
ganumeorebeli Sida samyaroTi, aramed rogorc ama Tu im <strong>socialur</strong>i erTobis<br />
(jgufis) nawili, romelic warmoadgens misi msgavsi pirovnebebis azrs da gvawvdis<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macias CvenTvis saintereso <strong>socialur</strong>i fenomenis an misi Sefasebis<br />
Sesaxeb. aseTi midgomidan gamomdinare iTvleba, rom analogiuri <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
mdgomareobis mqone individebi kvlevis procesSi “urTierTSemcvlelni” arian. 3<br />
Tumca raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>s farglebSi intensiurad Seiswavleba respondentebis<br />
mier dafiqsirebuli mosazrebebi da/an Sefasebebi mniSnvelovan <strong>socialur</strong><br />
problemebTan dakavSirebiT, es <strong>meTodebi</strong>, rogorc wesi, ver dagvexmareba<br />
respondenTa mier gamoTqmuli azrebis motivaciis SeswavlaSi; respondentebs ar<br />
eZlevaT saSualeba, axsnan, Tu ratom fiqroben ase, da ara sxvagvarad.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis <strong>meTodebi</strong>s meore jgufi, <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> siRrmiseulad<br />
Seiswavlis <strong>socialur</strong> cxovrebas; xSir SemTxvevaSi es Seswavla xdeba<br />
ara mkvlevris ofisSi an sxva xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi, aramed “bunebriv”<br />
pirobebSi, iq, sadac realurad viTardeba urTierToba adamianebs Soris — iqneba<br />
es saklaso oTaxi, soflis maRazia, gazeTis redaqcia Tu sxva.<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> interdisciplinarulia da farTod gamoiyeneba TiTqmis<br />
yvela <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebaSi: sociologiaSi, eTnografiaSi, anTropologiaSi,<br />
fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, biografiul mecnierebaSi, istoriaSi, da sxv.<br />
zogadad, <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc <strong>meTodebi</strong>,<br />
romelTa meSveobiT mopovebuli monacemebic sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver<br />
daeqvemdebareba raodenobriv analizs (es mizezebi SeiZleba iyos dakvirvebaTa<br />
mcire ricxvi; iSviaTi an sulac unikaluri movlenebis Seswavla; ara<strong>for</strong>malizebuli<br />
midgoma calkeuli SemTxvevebis Seswavlisadmi, da sxva). am meTodebs<br />
aklia maTematikuri sizuste; maTi meSveobiT Cven ver miviRebT in<strong>for</strong>macias imis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tu procentulad rogoraa gavrcelebuli sazogadoebaSi esa Tu is azri.<br />
samagierod, <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s gamoyenebis Sedegad mkvlevrebs eZlevaT<br />
saSualeba, SeniSnon, daafiqsiron da axsnan adamianebis qcevis iseTi niuansebi,<br />
romlebic SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCes raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>s gamoyenebisas. 4<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s meSveobiT Cven ufro Rrma codnas viRebT im xalxis<br />
Sesaxeb, vis cxovrebas an vis mosazrebebsac SeviswavliT; Cven ara mxolod<br />
3<br />
Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis,<br />
sasurvelia, rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis<br />
raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>s Sesaxeb. es <strong>meTodebi</strong> ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar<br />
zurabiSvili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika.<br />
raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>. Tbilisi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.<br />
4 ix. Earl Babbie. 2002. The Basics of <strong>Social</strong> Research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. P. 281.<br />
6
vafiqsirebT maT mier gamoTqmul azrebs azrebs, aramed, agreTve saSualebas<br />
vaZlevT, axsnan Tavisi pozicia, Tqvan, Tu ratom fiqroben ise, rogorc fiqroben;<br />
ra faqtorebma iqonia gavlena maT cxovrebaze da rogor afaseben yoveli am<br />
faqtoris rols Tavis cxovrebaSi. kvlevis mxolod es <strong>meTodebi</strong> gvaZlevs<br />
saSualebas, SeviswavloT ama Tu im movlenis mizezebi; vupasuxoT ara kiTxvebs<br />
“ra?”, “ramdeni?” (am or kiTxvas raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>s meSveobiT vupasuxebT),<br />
aramed kiTxvebs “ratom?”, “rogor?”<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s erT-erTi umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom es <strong>meTodebi</strong><br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT da aRvweroT samyaro kvlevis obieqtebis TvaliT.<br />
vinaidan <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>T muSaobisas mkvlevris mizania individualuri<br />
saqcielis gageba, es <strong>meTodebi</strong> xSirad “interpretaciuli sociologiis”<br />
farglebSi ganixileba. magram Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebiT erTi seriozuli<br />
sirTule arsebobs: gamokvlevis Sedegebis damuSavebisas problemuri xdeba<br />
individualuri donidan saerTo kanonzomierebebze gadasvla, ris gamoc<br />
<strong>socialur</strong> mecnierTa nawils eWvi Seaqvs am <strong>meTodebi</strong>s mecnierulobaSi (am sityvis<br />
pozitivisturi gagebiT) anu imaSi, rom maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia sando<br />
monacemebis miReba <strong>socialur</strong>i samyaros Sesaxeb. <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s gamoyenebisas<br />
Cven, rogorc wesi, gagviWirdeba imis mecnierulad damtkiceba, rom<br />
srulad SeviswavleT esa Tu is fenomeni, da rom Cvens mier miRebuli Sedegebi<br />
obieqturi da sandoa, miT umetes — rom Catarebuli kvleva pasuxobs reprezentatulobis<br />
moTxovnebs. <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> Sedegebi arasodes ar aris reprezentatuli,<br />
rac imas niSnavs, rom <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>T warmarTuli kvlevis Sedegebi<br />
ar SeiZleba ganvazogadoT da movaxdinoT maTi eqstrapolacia generalur<br />
erTobliobaze. magram mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom es arc aris <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong><br />
kvlevis mizani — <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> Seiswavlis imas, Tu rogor xsnis adamiani<br />
<strong>socialur</strong> samyaros da Tavis adgils masSi.<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> intensiurad iyenebs in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segrovebis iseT sa-<br />
Sualebebs, rogorebicaa ara<strong>for</strong>maluri interviu da dakvirveba, amitom pirveli<br />
SexedviT <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> mkvlevris muSaoba Zalian hgavs Cveulebrivi adamianis<br />
yoveldRiur saqmianobas. Tumca, am saleqcio kursis farglebSi Cven davrwmundebiT,<br />
rom es msgavseba zedapiruli da moCvenebiTia. 5<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> mraval kvleviT teqnikas aerTianebs. esenia, magaliTad:<br />
• siRrmiseuli interviu;<br />
• “cxovrebis istoria”;<br />
• biografiuli interviu;<br />
• zepiri istoria;<br />
• werilebis, piradi dRiurebis da sxva werilobiTi dokumentebis <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong><br />
Seswavla;<br />
• fokus-jgufi da jgufuri interviu;<br />
• dakvirveba;<br />
• monografiuli gamokvleva (“SemTxvevis Seswavla”).<br />
xSirad Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli kvleva moiTxovs erTdroulad<br />
ramdenime kvleviTi teqnikis gamoyenebas, rac mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs,<br />
sxvadasxva kuTxiT Seiswavlos misTvis saintereso fenomeni. <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s<br />
kompleqsuri gamoyeneba yvelaze xSirad monografiuli gamokvlevis<br />
(“SemTxvevis Seswavlis”) farglebSi xdeba.<br />
5 Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis, sasurvelia,<br />
rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis raodenobrivi<br />
<strong>meTodebi</strong>s Sesaxeb. es <strong>meTodebi</strong> ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar zurabi-<br />
Svili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika. raodenobrivi<br />
<strong>meTodebi</strong>. Tbilisi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.<br />
7
mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed inglisurenovan<br />
qveynebSic, sadac warmoiSva <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>,<br />
dRemde ar aris Camoyalibebuli Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebuli unificirebuli<br />
terminologia. Zalze xSirad terminebs “<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>”,<br />
“eTnografia”, “CarTuli dakvirveba”, “SemTxvevis Seswavla” xmaroben rogorc<br />
sinonimebs, Tumca zog naSromSi isini ganixileba, rogorc gansxvavebuli me-<br />
Todebi. yvelaze ufro xSirad, <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> gaigivebulia eTnografiasTan,<br />
6 Tumca, Cveni azriT, eTnografia ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre nebismieri<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> meTodi; rogorc j.spradli aRniSnavs, eTnografia niSnavs<br />
[gansxvavebuli] kulturis aRweras, da misi ZiriTadi mizania cxovrebis gansxvavebuli<br />
wesebis gageba ise, rogorc es wesebi Tavad am kulturis<br />
warmomadgenlebs esmiT 7 ; amgvari eTnografiuli Seswavla ki SeiZleba ramdenime<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> meTodis gamoyenebiT moxdes. 8<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> naklebadaa <strong>for</strong>malizebuli, amitom maT “rbil”, “moqnil”<br />
meTodebsac uwodeben. iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac arsebobs konkretuli<br />
instruqciebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda moiqces mkvlevari ama Tu im<br />
situaciaSi — rogorc wesi, mas uwevs gadawyvetilebis miReba Seqmnili viTarebidan<br />
gamomdinare, is TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswinebs kvlevis obieqtebis<br />
individualur Tvisebebs. “gadawyvetilebis miRebisas Tqven unda ixelmZRvaneloT<br />
meTodologiuri da eTikuri mosazrebebiT. vinaidan isini xSirad<br />
upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, gadawyvetilebis miReba Zalze rTuli iqneba”, —<br />
afrTxilebs momaval mkvlevrebs e. babi 9 .<br />
ramdenadac <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi Zalze mcirea im<br />
aucilebel moTxovnaTa sia, romelTac kvleva unda akmayofilebdes, aseTi<br />
kvlevis warmateba didadaa damokidebuli iseT subieqtur faqtorze, rogoricaa<br />
mkvlevris gamocdileba da ostatoba. <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s gamoyeneba individualuria,<br />
isini did Tavisuflebas aniWeben mkvlevars, romelic, rogorc wesi,<br />
gamodis ara mxolod gamokvlevis ideis avtoris, misi Teoriuli nawilisa da<br />
problematikis SemmuSaveblis, aramed aseve empiriuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis Semgroveblis,<br />
interviueris da/an damkvirveblis rolSic.<br />
is garemoeba, rom <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> mkvlevari ar unda emorCilebodes mkacr<br />
instruqciebs, ar niSnavs, rom <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> kvlevis Catareba iolia — piriqiT, es<br />
Zalian rTuli da Sromatevadi saqmea, romelic araCveulebriv koncentrirebas<br />
da Sromisunarianobas moiTxovs, iseve rogorc mTel rig specialur unar-<br />
Cvevebs, romelTa umravlesobac mxolod kvlevis Catarebis procesSi SeiZleba<br />
iqnes Camoyalibebuli. xSir SemTxvevaSi, <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> mkvlevris individualuri<br />
pasuxismgebloba kvlevis msvlelobazec da miRebul Sedegebzec ufro didia,<br />
vidre raodenobrivi mkvlevrisa.<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> mkvlevris profesionalizmi unda gamoixatebodes, agreTve im<br />
garemoebis gacnobierebaSi, rom gamokvlevis procesSi mkvlevari Zalauneburad<br />
axdens gavlenas Sesaswavl <strong>socialur</strong> jgufebze da urTierTobebze; Tumca<br />
garkveulwilad SesaZleblia am gavlenis minimizacia, misi srulad gamoricxva<br />
SeuZlebelia.<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> kvlevis procesSi mkvlevari, rogorc wesi, axlo da xangrZliv<br />
urTierTobebs amyarebs im xalxTan, vis cxovrebasac Seiswavlis, sargeblobs maTi<br />
ndobiT. <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s umravlesobis warmatebiT gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia<br />
respondentebis aqtiuri daxmarebis gareSe, romlebic savele muSaobis dros<br />
6 ix., magaliTad: James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston;<br />
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago:<br />
University of Chicago Press; Michael Burawoy et al. 1991. Ethnography Unbound: Power and Resistance in<br />
the Modern Metropolis. Berkeley: University of Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Press.<br />
7 Spradley, James P. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. P. 3.<br />
8<br />
am saleqcio kursis farglebSi yoveli meTodis ganxilvisas moyvanili iqneba<br />
qarTulenovan literaturaSi gamoyenebuli yvela Sesabamisi termini da moSveliebuli<br />
iqneba misi inglisurenovani Sesatyvis(eb)i.<br />
9 Earl Babbie. Op. cit. P. 285.<br />
8
mkvlevris “in<strong>for</strong>mantebis” rols kisruloben da exmarebian mas “SeaRwios”<br />
Sesaswavl jgufSi. Sesabamisad, raodenobriv meTodebTan SedarebiT, <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong><br />
<strong>meTodebi</strong>s gamoyenebisas ufro mwvaved dgeba kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli eTikuri<br />
normebis dacvis sakiTxi, kerZod: gvaqvs Tu ra moraluri ufleba, Cveni kvleviTi<br />
miznebis misaRwevad gamoviyenoT adamianis Cvendami ndoba da gulaxdiloba,<br />
saaSkaraoze gamovitanoT misi piradi cxovreba? Tvisebriv mkvlevars gansakuTrebuli<br />
eTikuri pasuxismgebloba akisria; mniSvnelovania, rom masa da<br />
kvlevis obieqtebs Soris arsebuli ndoba kvlevis damTavrebis da Sedegebis<br />
gamoqveynebis Semdegac iqnes SenarCunebuli.<br />
rogorc wesi, Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli gamokvlevis savele etapi,<br />
iseve rogorc monacemTa damuSaveba, ufro met dros moiTxovs, vidre<br />
raodenobrivi kvlevis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> mkvlevrebi sruliad<br />
gansxvavebul kvleviT instrumentebze dayrdnobiT muSaoben. Tumca arsebobs<br />
kompiuteruli programebi, romlebic specialurad <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>T<br />
miRebuli Sedegebis damuSavebisTvisaa Seqmnili, <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> Sedegebis analizis<br />
sakvanZo etapebi dRemde kompiuteris gareSe xorcieldeba. rogorc wesi,<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> kvlevis Sedegad yvelaze xSirad viRebT sakvlevi obieqtis Sida<br />
struqturis analizs da/an kvlevis sakiTxis adekvatur tipologias.<br />
Teoriuli winamZRvrebi<br />
Tu raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>s ganviTareba <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis praqtikaSi<br />
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis miRwevebs ukavSirdeba, <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong><br />
humanitarul sferosa da xelovnebasTanaa kavSirSi; maT damkvidrebaSi<br />
garkveuli roli iTamaSa, agreTve samedicino praqtikam, romelic yvela<br />
pacientisadmi individualur midgomas da calkeuli samedicino SemTxvevebis,<br />
daavadebebis Rrma da safuZvlian Seswavlas moiTxovs. <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong><br />
calkeuli pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa patara jgufis gamocdilebis, grZnobebis,<br />
Sefasebebis irgvlivaa koncentrirebuli, amitom am midgomas xSirad “subieqturi<br />
sociologiis”, an mikrosociologiis farglebSi ganixilaven. Tu raodenobrivi<br />
<strong>meTodebi</strong>s farglebSi respondenti ganixileba, rogorc ama Tu im <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
jgufis warmomadgeneli, Tvisebriv <strong>kvlevaSi</strong> yoveli respondenti sainteresoa<br />
rogorc pirovneba. adamianebisadmi gamovlenili Rrma interesis gamo mkvlevrebi<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s rolis gazrdas XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sociologiis<br />
da, ufro farTod, <strong>socialur</strong>i mecnierebebis humanizaciis periods ukavSireben.<br />
Tvisebriv da raodenobriv meTodebs sxvadaxva “filosofia” udevs safuZvlad.<br />
Tu raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong> pozitivistur ideebs emyareba da gulisxmobs,<br />
rom xalxi srulad acnobierebs Tavis grZnobebs, saqciels da Sexedulebebs,<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> meTodologia simboluri interaqcionizmis principebs iziarebs.<br />
simboluri interaqcionizmis mizania SevecadoT gavigoT adamianis saqcieli ise,<br />
rogorc es Tavad moqmed pirs, anu aqtors esmis. am Teoriis fuZemdeblis,<br />
herbert blumeris Tanaxmad, simboluri interaqcionizmis oTxi ZiriTadi<br />
principi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: 10<br />
1) adamianebis qceva ganpirobebulia im mniSvnelobiT, romelsac adamianebi<br />
ukavSireben sagnebs, romelic maTi samyaros nawilia; e.i. adamianebi moqmedeben<br />
ara sagnebis, aramed im mniSvnelobis mimarT, romelsac isini am sagnebSi xedaven;<br />
2) sagnebis mniSvneloba yalibdeba <strong>socialur</strong>i interaqciis procesSi, Sesabamisad,<br />
kultura adamianebs Soris sagnebis damkvidrebuli mniSvnelobebis<br />
urTierTgaziarebaa;<br />
3) rogorc individualuri, aseve koleqtiuri <strong>socialur</strong>i moqmedeba damokidebulia<br />
aqtorebis mier <strong>socialur</strong>i situaciis interpretaciis <strong>for</strong>m(eb)ze;<br />
4) sagnebis mniSvneloba icvleba aqtorebis mier samyaros interpretaciis<br />
procesSi.<br />
es sami principi <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> kvlevis principebadac SegviZlia miviCnioT. rogorc<br />
ukve aRvniSneT, <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s mizania, gamovlenili da aRwerili<br />
10 Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:<br />
Prentice-Hall. P. 50.<br />
9
iqnes is mniSvneloba, romelsac moqmedi pirebi Tavad ukavSireben ama Tu im<br />
moqmedebas, da ara — daadginon ama Tu im azris gavrcelebis sixSire.<br />
istoriuli mimoxilva<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes<br />
evropelma anTropologebma, romlebmac ganaviTares “CarTuli dakvirvebis”<br />
meTodi afrikisa da aziis primitiuli sazogadoebebis Seswavlis mizniT. Cikagos<br />
sociologiuri skolis pirveli yvelaze cnobili gamokvleva, uiliam Tomasisa da<br />
florian znaneckis “poloneli glexi evropasa da amerikaSi” (1918 w.) srulad<br />
emyareba Tvisebriv meTodebs, kerZod, amerikaSi gadasaxlebuli poloneli<br />
glexebis mier gamogzavnili werilebis, maTi Canawerebis (piradi dRiurebi da<br />
sxv.) da e.w. “cxovrebis istoriebis” Seswavlas. raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong> da,<br />
upirveles yovlisa, masobrivi gamokiTxvis meTodi mxolod XX saukunis 30-ani<br />
wlebis dasawyisidan damkvidrda aSS-Si adgilobrivi gazeTebisa da politikuri<br />
partiebis iniciativiT da materialuri mxardaWeriT.<br />
XX saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-s <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebebSi da, kerZod, sociologiaSi<br />
ganviTarda “<strong>meTodebi</strong>s konfliqti”, romelic raodenobrivi da <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong><br />
<strong>meTodebi</strong>s momxre mecnierTa dapirispirebaSi gamoixata. am dapirispirebaSi<br />
sufTa meToduri kamaTis garda igrZnoboda, agreTve im droisaTvis wamyvani<br />
amerikuli universitetebis ori meToduri skolis, kolumbiis da Cikagos<br />
skolebis dapirispireba. Tu Cikagos skolis waromadgenlebi did yuradRebas<br />
uTmobdnen Tvisebriv meTodebs da mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes maT ganviTarebaSi,<br />
kolumbiis universitetis mecnierebi raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>s momxreni<br />
iyvnen da miiCnevdnen, rom sociologia ar unda acxadebdes Tavs namdvil<br />
mecnierebad, Tu mas ar SeuZlia miRebuli empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis<br />
dasabuTeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis analogiurad. swored sabunebismetyvelo<br />
mecnierebebi iyo, kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenelTa azriT,<br />
“WeSmariti” mecnierebebi; isini miiCnevdnen, rom sociologiaSi da, zogadad,<br />
<strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebebSi empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis dasabuTeba mxolod<br />
maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac kvleva raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>T, upirveles<br />
yovlisa — respondentTa reprezentatuli SerCevis safuZvelze tardeba.<br />
Tvisebriv meTodebs kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenlebi aramecnierulad<br />
miiCnevdnen da maTi damkvidrebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen.<br />
amis sapirispirod, <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s momxreebi xazs usvamdnen im<br />
garemoebas, rom am <strong>meTodebi</strong>T SesaZlebelia rTuli da naklebad gavrcelebuli<br />
fenomenebis siRrmiseuli Seswavla, rom es <strong>meTodebi</strong> dagvexmareba iq, sadac yvela<br />
raodenobrivi meTodi uZluria; <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> aseve sasargebloa<br />
adamianTa Sinagani samyaros, Sidajgufuri urTierTobebis Seswavlis dros. maTi<br />
meSveobiT, rogorc wesi, xdeba problemuri situaciis sruli da yovelmxrivi<br />
Seswavla, da ara misi calkeuli gamovlinebebis dafiqsireba.<br />
ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebeli iyo imis uaryofa, rom arc erTi <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> meTodi<br />
ar pasuxobda statistikuri reprezentatulobis moTxovnebs, arc <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong><br />
kvlevis Sedegebis generalizacia iyo SesaZlebeli. garkveul sirTuleebs warmoadgenda<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> kvlevis Sedegebis analizis strategiac, romelic, agreTve<br />
minimalurad iyo <strong>for</strong>malizebuli da Zalze mwvaved svamda mkvlevaris obieqturobis<br />
sakiTxs. aRiarebdnen ra am sirTuleebs, <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s<br />
mxardamWerni xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas, rom aseT kvlevebs ZaluZT mniSvnelovnad<br />
gaamdidron Cveni codna <strong>socialur</strong>i samyaros Sesaxeb. amisaTvis ki<br />
saWiroa, rom es <strong>meTodebi</strong> maTTvis Sesaferis adgilas iyos gamoyenebuli da ar<br />
iqnes Sefasebuli raodenobrivi kriteriumebiT.<br />
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis “<strong>meTodebi</strong>s konfliqtSi” droebiTi gamarjveba<br />
moipoves kolumbiis universitetis warmomadgenlebma. 1935 wels maT mier<br />
daarsebuli iqna axali mecnieruli Jurnali American Sociological Review. 11 Review-s<br />
11 manamde, jer kidev 1895 wels, pirveli sociologiuri Jurnali, American Journal of<br />
Sociology, Cikagos universitetis sociologiis fakultetze iqna daarsebuli albion<br />
smolis mier.<br />
10
furclebze ver gamoinaxa adgili verc <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>saTvis da verc<br />
Cikagos sociologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebisaTvis. magram es gamarjveba ar<br />
iyo xangrZlivi — meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganaxlda da Semdgom TandaTan<br />
gaizarda mkvlevrebis interesi <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s mimarT, romlebic dRes<br />
sul ufro da ufro myar adgils ikaveben <strong>socialur</strong> gamokvlevebSi.<br />
“<strong>meTodebi</strong>s konfliqti” dRes<br />
Tumca raodenobrivi da <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba<br />
erTmaneTisagan, ar arsebobs erTazrovani pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu romelia am<br />
<strong>meTodebi</strong>dan “ukeTesi” da romeli — “uaresi”, an romels unda mivaniWoT<br />
upiratesoba. yvela meTods aqvs Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi, yvela SeiZleba<br />
kargi da saWiro iyos Tavis adgilas, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu ra sakiTxis<br />
Seswavlas vapirebT da ra kvleviT kiTxvebze veZebT pasuxs. kvlevis meTodis<br />
SerCeva konkretuli kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare unda moxdes — aris<br />
amocanebi da kiTxvebi, romelTa gadaWrasac ukeT SeZlebs raodenobrivi<br />
<strong>meTodebi</strong>, iseve rogorc aris amocanebi, romelTa gadawyvetac <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong><br />
<strong>meTodebi</strong>s meSveobiTaa yvelaze mizanSewonili. 12 rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> gamoiyeneba ama Tu im problemis, <strong>socialur</strong>i situaciis<br />
siRrmiseulad Seswavlis mizniT. am <strong>meTodebi</strong>s meSveobiT Seswavlili problemebi<br />
moicavs, magaliTad, migracias da emigrantebis cxovrebas axal garemoSi;<br />
damnaSaveTa samyaros Sida struqturas da/an damnaSaveTa pirovnul Tvisebebs;<br />
Zalauflebis ganawilebas mcire <strong>socialur</strong> jgufebSi; gansxvavebuli yofis mqone<br />
adamianTa (mag., musikosebis, mocekvaveebis) cxovrebis aRweras da sxv. sxva mxriv,<br />
raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>s gamoyeneba iqneba gamarTlebuli, Tu SeviswavliT<br />
sazogadoebaSi arsebul stratifikaciul sistemas; ama Tu im politikuri<br />
partiis mxardaWeris perspeqtivebs; romelime masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciis saSualebis<br />
auditoris demografiul Tvisebebs, da sxv.<br />
amasTan, <strong>socialur</strong>i sinamdvile imdenad rTulia, rom warmoudgenelia misi<br />
Seswavla mxolod erTi meTodis saSualebiT. Cven yovelTvis gvaqvs arCevani<br />
mraval midgomas Soris, xolo saukeTeso Sedegs, rogorc wesi, <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> da<br />
raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>s gaerTianebisas, maTi paraleluri gamoyenebisas<br />
miviRebT.<br />
sociologiis istoriaSi cnobilia ramdenime kvleva, romlebic am ori jgufis<br />
<strong>meTodebi</strong>s Serwymis TvalsazrisiTaa gansakuTrebiT saintereso. maT Soris erTerTi<br />
yvelaze adrindelia 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria<br />
iahodas, pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebuli gamokvleva,<br />
romlis Temac umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo. 13 ukanasknel<br />
wlebSi Catarebuli kvlevebidan aRsaniSnavia ielis universitetis mier 2000-2001<br />
wlebSi Catarebuli gamokvleva aRmosavleT evropis 7 qveyanaSi, romelic<br />
Seiswavlida e.w. “eTnikuri siRaribis” problemas. 14 aseTi kvlevebi adasturebs,<br />
rom “<strong>meTodebi</strong>s konfliqtis” gadaWris yvelaze mizanSewonili gza iqneba<br />
raodenobrivi da <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s erToblivi gamoyeneba, rac saSualebas<br />
mogvcems, ufro srulad davinaxoT is problema an sakiTxi, romelsac<br />
SeviswavliT.<br />
amerikeli mkvlevrebi isador niumani da kerolain benci, romlebmac Tavisi<br />
wigni <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> da raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>s Tanaarsebobisa da TanamSromlobis<br />
gzebs miuZRvnes, xazs usvamen am <strong>meTodebi</strong>s dapirispirebis xelovnurobas da, amis<br />
12<br />
raTa miviRoT gadawyvetileba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli meTodis gamoyeneba<br />
mogvcems ukeTes Sedegs ama Tu im problemis Seswavlisas, aucileblad unda<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoebac, Tu ramdeni dro gvaqvs gamokvlevis Casatareblad da<br />
ramdeni Tanxaa gamoyofili amisaTvis.<br />
13 Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed<br />
Community. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.<br />
14 am kvlevis Sedegebi jer ar gamoqveynebula. aseTi kompleqsuri gamokvlevebi SedarebiT<br />
iSviaTad tardeba, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom maTi Catareba Zalze rTulia, da<br />
amasTan — Zalian ZviradRirebuli.<br />
11
sapirispirod, laparakoben maT Soris arsebuli “interaqtiuli kontiniumis”<br />
Sesaxeb, romelsac, maTi rwmeniT, ara aqvs gamokveTili sawyisi da bolo wertili —<br />
kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare, mkvlevarma SeiZleba daiwyos muSaoba am<br />
“kontiniumis” nebismier wertilSi, rac kvlevis sworad warmarTvis pirobebSi ar<br />
Seamcirebs am kvlevis xarisxsa da mecnierul faseulobas 15 .<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> da raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>s “kontimuumze” laparaki <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
kvlevis mimarT axlebur midgomas warmoadgens. Tanamedrove etapze mkvlevari ar<br />
unda Semoifarglos <strong>meTodebi</strong>s mxolod erTi jgufiT, miT umetes — romelime<br />
erTi meTodiT. piriqiT, <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> da raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong> unda ganixilebodes<br />
rogorc urTierTSemavsebeli da urTierTgamamdidrebeli. rac ufro<br />
mravali kuTxidan SevecdebiT Cvens winaSe mdgari amocanis Seswavlas, miT ufro<br />
mniSvnelovan da faseul Sedegebs miviRebT.<br />
gamokvlevis programa<br />
empiriuli <strong>socialur</strong>i gamokvlevis Catareba arasodes ar aris TviTmizani — is<br />
miznad isaxavs axali codnis miRebas <strong>socialur</strong>i sinamdvilis ama Tu im aspeqtis<br />
Sesaxeb, emsaxureba akademiuri samyaros, mTavrobis, kerZo biznesis, Tu farTo<br />
sazogadoebis interesebs. kvlevis daniSnuleba da is interesebi, romlebsac is<br />
emsaxureba, gamoxatulia gamokvlevis programaSi.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> kvleva naklebad <strong>for</strong>malizebulia, misi<br />
Catarebisas, iseve rogorc raodenobrivi kvlevis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
aucilebelia, rom Sedgenili iqnes gamokvlevis programa. programis Sedgena<br />
aucilebelia gamokvlevis miznebis, amocanebisa da problemebis Camoyalibebis<br />
mizniT. amasTan, am dokumentSi Camoyalibebuli iqneba SerCeuli meTodis<br />
gamoyenebis marTebuloba.<br />
gamokvlevis programebi gansxvavdeba kvlevis tipidan gamomdinare. <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
gamokvlevis sami ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs: dazverviTi, aRweriTi da<br />
analitikuri. gamokvlevis tipis SerCeva damokidebulia imazec, Tu ramdenad iqna<br />
Seswavlili esa Tu is problema adrindeli gamokvlevebis Sedegad.<br />
dazverviTi gamokvleva kvlevis yvelaze martivi tipia — misi mizania,<br />
Seagrovos pirveladi monacemebi ama Tu im problemis irgvliv, “dazveros” misi<br />
mdgomareoba. aseT gamokvlevas, rogorc wesi, Zalian martiv programaze<br />
dayrdnobiT da mxolod erTi meTodis gamoyenebiT atareben. yvelze xSirad<br />
dazverviTi gamokvleva ama Tu im problemis Seswavlis pirveli etapia.<br />
aRweriTi gamokvleva ufro rTulia, misi mizania garkveuli problemis an<br />
adamianTa jgufis Sesaxeb vrceli in<strong>for</strong>maciis miReba, romelic SemdegSi<br />
saSualebas miscems mkvlvrebs daadginon, arsebobs Tu ara raime kavSiri am<br />
problemis sxvadasxva elements Soris. aRweriTi gamokvleva sruli kvleviTi<br />
programis SemuSavebas moiTxovs.<br />
analitikuri gamokvleva yvelaze ufro rTulia. <strong>socialur</strong>i problemis<br />
aRwerasTan erTad is miznad isaxavs misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis<br />
gamoaSkaravebas. sworad Catarebuli analitikuri gamokvleva movlenebis ganvi-<br />
Tarebis prognozirebis saSualebasac iZleva. analitikur gamo<strong>kvlevaSi</strong>, rogorc<br />
wesi, paralelurad gamoiyeneba in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segrovebis ramdenime gansxvavebuli<br />
meTodi.<br />
yvela tipis kvleva ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba, romlebic, rogorc wesi,<br />
Tanamimdevrulad xorcieldeba. esenia:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
gamokvlevis programis SemuSaveba;<br />
savele etapi, romlis drosac xdeba in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segroveba;<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis damuSaveba;<br />
miRebuli Sedegebis analizi;<br />
kvlevis angariSis momzadeba da publikacia.<br />
15 ix. Isadore Newman, and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology.<br />
Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.<br />
12
nebismieri kvleva programis SedgeniT iwyeba. Tu am dokumentis Sedgenas<br />
saTanado yuradRebis gareSe movepyrobiT, SeiZleba mTeli gamokvleva CaiSalos.<br />
maSinac ki, rodesac yvelaze martivi, dazverviTi gamokvlevis programis Sesaxeb<br />
vsaubrobT, aucilebelia misi Sedgenis dros maqsimalurad davasabuToT Cveni<br />
miznebi da amocanebi.<br />
gamokvlevis programis mTavari mizania gamokvlevis problemis gansazRvra,<br />
misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba da am problemis SeswavlisaTvis SerCeuli gzebis<br />
marTebulobis damtkiceba. programa unda pasuxobdes kvleviTi kiTxvebis<br />
logikur Tanamimdevrobas:<br />
o ra unda SeviswavloT?<br />
o ra miznebis misaRwevad unda SeviswavloT?<br />
o sad da ra pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT?<br />
o kvlevis ra saSualebebis gamoyenebiT unda SeviswavloT?<br />
am kiTxvebze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba gamokvlevis ukeT momzadebasa da<br />
CatarebaSi gvexmareba.<br />
gamokvlevis programa, romelic, agreTve “gamokvlevis koncefciis”<br />
saxeliTaa cnobili, rogorc wesi, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: meTodologiuri da<br />
proceduruli.<br />
programis meTodologiur nawilSi, romelic Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, xdeba (1)<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i problemis Camoyalibeba da misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba; (2) gamokvlevis<br />
obieqtisa da Temis gansazRvra; (3) dasmuli problemidan gamomdinare,<br />
gamokvlevis miznis (an miznebis) da amocanebis dasaxva da (4) gamokvlevis<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba.<br />
programis procedurul (meTodur) nawilSi saWiroa (1) Sesaswavli erTeulis<br />
(jgufis) gamoyofa da (2) in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segrovebis <strong>meTodebi</strong>s aRwera da daxasiaTeba.<br />
ganvixiloT moTxovnebi gamokvlevis programis orive nawilisadmi. 16<br />
programis meTodologiuri nawili<br />
1. problemis Camoyalibeba. SeuZlebelia <strong>socialur</strong>i gamokvlevis Catareba<br />
“saerTod” — mas aucileblad unda hqondes fokusi, unda gamoiyos konkretuli<br />
sakiTxebis jgufi, romelic mkvlevris ZiriTadi interesia. yvela kvleva tardeba<br />
ama Tu im <strong>socialur</strong>i problemis Seswavlis mizniT. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
problemebi SeiZleba exebodes cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos, magram isini<br />
yovelTvis xalxis erToblivi cxovrebiT, urTierTqmedebiT da/an maTi <strong>socialur</strong><br />
institutebTan urTierTobiTaa gamowveuli, asaxaven interesebis sxvadasxvaobas<br />
da mosaxleobis farTo fenebisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. ra Tqma unda,<br />
gamokvleva am problemebs ver gadaWris, magram mas SeuZlia, gaamdidros Cveni<br />
codna maT Sesaxeb da daexmaros sazogadoebas arsebuli problemebis gadaWraSi.<br />
ar aris mizanSewonili erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ramdenime <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
problemis Seswavla — aseTi kvlevis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba Zalian Znelia,<br />
xSirad ki SeuZlebelic.<br />
gamokvlevis problemis ukeT Camoyalibebisa da misi aqtualobis dasabuTebis<br />
mizniT aucilebelia Seswavlili iqnes arsebuli literatura am problemasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. agreTve mniSvnelovania am problemisadmi miZRvnili wina kvlevebis<br />
Sedegebis moZieba. literaturis mimoxilvaSi xdeba moZiebuli literaturis<br />
ganxilva da dagegmili kvlevis adgilis gansazRvra arsebul samecniero wyaroebs<br />
Soris.<br />
gamokvlevis programis es nawili mizanSewonilia davasruloT Cveni uSualo<br />
kvleviTi kiTxvis CamoyalibebiT.<br />
2. gamokvlevis Temisa da obieqtis gansazRvra. gamokvlevis TemaSi gamo-<br />
16<br />
qvemoT moyvanili moTxovnebi ar aris SemuSavebuli specifikurad <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> kvlevisaTvis.<br />
ramdenadac, rogorc aRvniSneT, gamokvlevis programa yvela tipis<br />
gamokvlevisTvis unda iqnes SemuSavebuli, es moTxovnebi SeiZleba wavuyenoT rogorc<br />
Tvisebriv, aseve raodenobriv kvlevas.<br />
13
kveTilia <strong>socialur</strong>i problemis is aspeqtebi, romelTa uSualo Seswavlacaa<br />
dagegmili. rogorc wesi, <strong>socialur</strong>i problemebi Zalian rTulia; gamokvlevis<br />
Temis gamoyofa aucilebelia imisTvis, rom kvleva mimarTuli iyos problemis<br />
swored im mxareebze, romelTa Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens. gamokvlevis<br />
Temis gamoyofa problemis gansazRvris Semdeg xdeba da mis yvelaze mniSvnelovan<br />
maxasiaTeblebs ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, gvalvis gavlenis Seswavlisas<br />
gamokvlevis uSualo Tema SeiZleba iyos (a) zaralis odenoba, romelic gvalvam<br />
mosaxleobas miayena; (b) resursebi, romelic aqvs mosaxleobas, raTa gaumklavdes<br />
zarals; (g) sxvadasxva saxis saxelmwifo an saerTaSoriso daxmarebis efeqturobis<br />
Sefaseba da sxv.<br />
gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvra advilia gamomdinare im Temidan, romlis<br />
Seswavlacaa dagegmili. gamokvlevis obieqti Seswavlis uSualo sagania.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong> gamokvlevebSi, rogorc wesi, esaa mosaxleoba (an misi romelime nawili)<br />
an sabuTebi. magaliTad, Tu SeviswavliT kaxeTSi gvalvis gamo warmoqmnil<br />
problemebs, ara aqvs azri, gamovkiTxoT Tbilisis mosaxleoba, romelsac<br />
araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs soflis meurneobasTan an glexebi, romlebic imereTSi<br />
an aWaraSi cxovroben. gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvris Sedegad Cven vayalibebT<br />
generalur erTobliobas, anu yvela im adamianis erTobliobas, romlebic im<br />
specifikuri <strong>socialur</strong>-demografiuli Tvisebebis matareblebi arian, romelTa<br />
Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens.<br />
sxva magaliTebi: Tu Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis azris Seswavla<br />
umaRlesi ganaTlebis re<strong>for</strong>masTan dakavSirebiT, generalur erToblioba iqneba<br />
saqarTvelos yvela srulwlovani moqalaqe; Tu SeviswavliT qarTveli qalebis<br />
damokidebulebas ama Tu im problemisadmi, generalur erToblioba<br />
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela qalia; Tu Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT miznad, generalur erToblioba iqneba am<br />
universitetis yvela studentebi.<br />
3. gamokvlevis miznisa da amocanebis dasaxva. gamokvleva SeiZleba atarebdes<br />
sufTa mecnierul xasiaTs. am SemTxvevaSi mas mxolod SemecnebiTi mizani eqneba —<br />
garkveuli problemis an sazogadoebrivi jgufis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segroveba,<br />
codnis gaRrmaveba an Teoriuli mosazrebebis Semowmeba. arsebobs, agreTve e.w.<br />
gamoyenebiTi kvlevebi, romlebic raime praqtikuli miznis misaRwevad tardeba.<br />
es SeiZleba iyos romelime azris gavrcelebis an sareklamo kampaniis<br />
efeqturobis Sefaseba; xalxis cxovrebis donis Sefaseba; ama Tu im sferoSi<br />
arsebuli problemebis gadaWris gzebis dasaxva da a.S.<br />
Tu gamokvlevis mizani mkvlevris farTo interess gamoxatavs, amocanebi am<br />
miznis dakonkretebis Sedegia. magaliTad, Tu gamokvlevis mizani kaxeTSi gvalvis<br />
Sedegebis Sefasebaa, misi amocanebi SeiZleba iyos gvalvis gamo yvelaze metad<br />
dazaralebuli glexebisaTvis daxmarebis SesaZlo gzebis SemuSaveba.<br />
4. gamokvlevis hipoTezis Camoyalibeba. hipoTeza mecnierulad dasabuTebuli<br />
varaudia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori pasuxia mosalodneli mkvlevaris mier dasmul<br />
kiTxvebze, rogor SeiZleba aixsnas Sesaswavli procesebi. nebismieri <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
gamokvlevis Catarebas win uswrebs met-naklebad Camoyalibebuli mosazreba imis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tu ra bunebis problemasTan gvaqvs saqme, raa misi warmoSobis mizezebi da<br />
rogori SeiZleba iyos misi gadaWris gzebi. gamokvlevis Catarebis Sedegad<br />
hipoTeza an dadasturdeba, an uaryofili iqneba.<br />
kargi hipoTeza iseT hipoTezas ar niSnavs, romelic aucileblad<br />
dadasturdeba. uaryofili hopiTezac SeiZleba kargi kvleviTi<br />
kiTxvebis dasmaSi dagvexmaros da swori mimarTuleba misces<br />
gamokvlevas.<br />
programis proceduruli nawili<br />
1. Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofa eyrdnoba gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvras,<br />
romlis Sedegadac gamoiyofa im mosaxleobis Tu sabuTebis raodenoba da<br />
konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic uSualod unda iqnes Seswavlili.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong> gamokvlevebSi aucilebelia Sesaswavli erTeulebis SerCeva, radgan<br />
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia gamokvlevis obieqtSi gansazRvruli yvela erTeulis<br />
14
anu generaluri erTobliobis yvela warmomadgenlis Seswavla.<br />
magaliTad, Tu Cveni gamokvlevis generalur erTobliobas kaxeTis glexebi<br />
warmoadgenen, kaxeTSi mcxovreb yvela glexs, anu ramdenime aTeul aTas adamians,<br />
mkvlevarTa jgufi ver gaesaubreba SezRuduli droisa da finansuri resursebis<br />
gamo. es arc aris saWiro. aucilebelia mxolod glexebis nawilis Seswavla, romelic<br />
sworad unda iyos SerCeuli. generaluri erTobliobis am nawils SerCeviTi<br />
erToblioba hqvia, da misi amorCeva gansakuTrebul kanonzomierebebs eyrdnoba.<br />
Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs raodenobrivi da<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s gamoyenebisas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, raodenobrivi<br />
<strong>meTodebi</strong>T muSaoba moiTxovs SerCevis reprezentatulobis uzrunvelyofas,<br />
maSin rodesac <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>T muSaobisas aseTi moTxovna ar arsebobs.<br />
2. in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segrovebis <strong>meTodebi</strong> aRwerili unda iyos programis daskvniT<br />
nawilSi. aq aRiniSneba, kvlevis romel meTodebs aniWeben upiratesobas<br />
gamokvlevis organizatorebi, da ratom. garda amisa, mizanSewonilia specialur<br />
danarTSi moyvanili iqnes yvela is kvleviTi instrumenti (kiTxvebi,<br />
instruqciebi da sxva), romlebic gamoyenebuli iqneba gamokvlevis Catarebisas.<br />
davalebebi:<br />
1. moifiqreT 5 <strong>socialur</strong>i problema, romelTa Seswavlac mizanSewonilad<br />
migaCniaT <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s meSveobiT.<br />
2. SeadgineT gamokvlevis programa TqvenTvis saintereso <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
fenomenis empiriulad Seswavlis mizniT; dagegmeT am fenomenis Seswavla<br />
romelime <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> meTodis gamoyenebiT.<br />
rekomendebuli literatura:<br />
1. iago kaWkaWiSvili. 1998. “konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia.”<br />
// sociologiuri kvlevis <strong>meTodebi</strong>. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba. gv. 22-44.<br />
2. В. Ядов. Социологическое исследование: методология, программа, методы. Изд-во<br />
«Самарский университет», 1995. С. 42-80.<br />
3. Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of <strong>Social</strong> Research. 10 th Edition. Belmont, CA:<br />
Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 281-311 (Chapter 10. “Qualitative Filed Research”).<br />
4. Howard S. Becker. 2001. “The Epistemology of Qualitative Research.” Pp. 317-330 in: Robert M.<br />
Emerson, ed. Contemporary Field Research. Perspectives and Formulations. Second Edition.<br />
Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.<br />
5. Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood<br />
Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Pp. 1-60.<br />
6. Michael Burawoy. 1991. “The Extended Case Method.” Pp. 271-287 in: Michael Burawoy et al.<br />
1991. Ethnography Unbound. Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkley:<br />
University of Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Press.<br />
7. W. Lawrence Neuman. 2003. <strong>Social</strong> Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative<br />
Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 363-401 (Chapter 13. “Field Research”).<br />
8. Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology.<br />
Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Pp. 1-26.<br />
9. James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Pp. 3-<br />
16 (Chapter 1. “Ethnography and Culture”).<br />
10. Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research. Techniques and<br />
Procedures <strong>for</strong> Developing Grounded Theory. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage<br />
Publications. Pp. 3-14 (Chapter 1. “Introduction”).<br />
15
Tema 2.<br />
siRrmiseuli interviu<br />
rogorc cnobilia, interviu in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segrovebis erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
farTod gavrcelebuli saSualebaa, da es mxolod <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT rodia swori. Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebas rigi mkvlevrebisa<br />
“intervius sazogadoebas” uwodebs 17 — mosaxleobis interviuirebis sxvadasxva<br />
<strong>for</strong>ma imdenadaa gavrcelebuli, rom interviu yoveldRiuri cxovrebis<br />
nawilad iqca. arsebobs intervius mravali saxeoba; maT Soris gvxvdeba iseTebi,<br />
romlebic mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. sayovelTao aRwerac da<br />
Jurnalisturi preskonferenciac intervius nairsaxeobebia.<br />
interviuersa da respondents Soris urTierTobis <strong>for</strong>mis safuZvelze gamoiyofa<br />
pirispiri, satelefono da safosto interviu. intervius xangrZlivoba<br />
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogori tipis interviusTan gvaqvs<br />
saqme: satelefono intervius xangrZlivoba SeiZleba 5 wuTs ar aRematebodes,<br />
xolo e.w. “cxovrebis istoria” SeiZleba ramdenime dRes gagrZeldes.<br />
Tavisi struqturisa da kiTxvebis tipidan gamomdinare, interviu SeiZleba<br />
iyos struqturirebuli; nawilobriv struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli.<br />
masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebisas gamoiyeneba struqturirebuli interviu,<br />
romelic kiTxvarze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba da saSualebas gvaZlevs, maqsimalurad<br />
<strong>for</strong>malizebulad warvmarToT ramdenime aTasi interviu. eTnografiuli<br />
kvlevis Catarebisas, gansakuTrebiT, kvlevis sawyis etapze, gamoiyeneba arastruqturirebuli<br />
interviuebi, romlebic exmareba mkvlevars, Seiqmnas saerTo<br />
warmodgena kvlevis obieqtebis Sesaxeb. intervius orive am saxeobasTan SedarebiT,<br />
siRrmiseuli interviu, romelic <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> kvlevis erT-erTi “savizito<br />
baraTia”, Zalze gansxvavebul tips warmoadgens da e.w. nawilobriv struqturirebuli<br />
interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba, anu ikavebs Sualedur pozicias<br />
struqturirebul da arastruqturirebul interviuebs Soris. rogorc am meTodis<br />
erT-erTi wamyvani specialisti robert vaisi aRniSnavs, siRrmiseul intervius<br />
mravali saxeliT moixsenieben, romelTa Sorisaa: “Tavisufali interviu”,<br />
“naratiuli interviu”, “fokusirebuli interviu”, “biografiuli interviu” da<br />
sxv. 18 Tavad vaisi am meTods “Tvisebriv intervius” uwodebs. misi azriT, Tumca<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> interviu sxvaTa azris Seswavlis “bunebrivi saSualebaa, is jer kidev<br />
ar aris saTanadod damkvidrebuli <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevebis samyaroSi, rom erTi<br />
saxeliT moixseniebodes” 19 .<br />
siRrmiseuli interviu da misi nairsaxeobebi gamoiyeneba ara mxolod <strong>socialur</strong><br />
mecnierebebSi, aramed, agreTve, mraval monaTesave dargSi: JurnalistikaSi,<br />
kriminalistikaSi, boigrafiul mecnierebaSi, marketingSi da sxv. gansxvavebuli<br />
midgomebis miuxedavad, yvela am SemTxvevaSi am meTods aerTianebs is garemoeba,<br />
rom is miznad isaxavs respondentebisagan detaluri, Rrma da Tanamimdevruli<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis miRebas maTi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romlis<br />
safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeba garkveuli sazogadoebrivi kanonzomierebebis<br />
dadgena, zog SemTxvevaSi ki — saerTo xasiaTis daskvnebis gakeTeba. 20<br />
xSirad gamoiyofa siRrmiseuli intervius Semdegi fazebi: preinterviu,<br />
kerZod interviu da postinterviu. yovel maTgans Tavisi funqcia aqvs.<br />
preintervius mTavari mizania kontaqtis damyareba respondentTan. swored<br />
preintervius dros unda avuxsnaT mas gamokvlevis mizani da is, Tu rogor iqna<br />
arCeuli respondentad konkretulad es pirovneba; davarwmunoT igi intervius<br />
anonimurobaSi da aucileblad vTxovoT nebarTva, CaviweroT interviu audio- an<br />
17 ix., magaliTad: Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein. 2002. “From Individual Interview to the<br />
Interview Society,” pp. 3-32 in: Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method. Ed. by Jaber F.<br />
Gubrium. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.<br />
18<br />
zogi qarTveli mkvlevari am meTods “CaRrmavebul intervius” uwodebs.<br />
19 Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New<br />
York: Free Press. P. 208.<br />
20 Ibid. P. 210.<br />
16
videofirze.<br />
kerZod interviu warmoadgens kiTxva-pasuxis gacvlis process interviuersa<br />
da respondents Soris, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari iRebs misTvis saWiro<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macias. qvemoT detalurad visaubrebT interivus am nawilis Sesaxeb.<br />
da bolos, postinterviu respondentisa da interviueris damSvidobebis<br />
procesia, magram amasTan rig damatebiT funqciasac asrulebs. swored<br />
postintervius dros SeiZleba molaparakebuli iqnes Semdgomi Sexvedris<br />
SesaZlebloba, Tu gamokvlevis programa aseT Sexvedras iTvaliswinebs; gadaeces<br />
respondents saCuqari an fuladi anazRaureba gamo<strong>kvlevaSi</strong> monawileobisaTvis,<br />
Tu es winaswar iyo molaparakebuli, da sxv.<br />
meTodis daxasiaTeba<br />
Tumca, erTi SexedviT, siRrmiseuli interviu waagavs Tavisufal saubars<br />
mkvlevarsa da respondents Soris, es ase ar aris, da warmatebuli intervius<br />
Catarebas mTeli rigi profesiuli unar-Cvevebis daufleba da sakmaod mdidari<br />
praqtikuli gamocdileba ganapirobebs — es aris meTodi, romelSi daxelovnebac<br />
mxolod misi gamoyenebis procesSia SesaZlebeli.<br />
siRrmiseuli intervius mizania, gavigoT respondentebis maqsimalurad detaluri<br />
mosazrebebi Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT; amitom “rogor?” da "ratom?"<br />
kiTxvebi yvelaze xSiri da sasargebloa am tipis interviuSi. ara nakleb xSirad<br />
aqvs adgili Txovnas respondentisadmi, dawvrilebiT agviRweros esa Tu is<br />
SemTxveva Tavisi cxovrebidan da misi STabeWdilebebi, misi reaqcia am Sem-<br />
TxvevasTan dakavSirebiT; misi damokidebuleba garkveuli xalxis an movlenebisadmi,<br />
mis mier CvenTvis saintereso movlenebis Sefaseba.<br />
robert vaisi ganixilavs siRrmiseul intervius rogorc interviuersa da<br />
respondents Soris TanamSromlobis process, romlic drosac orive monawiles<br />
erTi mizani amoZravebs — esaa axali in<strong>for</strong>maciis warmoeba kvlevis TemasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. metic, misi TqmiT, am TanamSromlobaSi interviueri “is instrumentia,<br />
romlis saSualebiTac respondenti mogviTxrobs Tavis ambavs” 21 . amitom<br />
interviueri arasodes ar unda Seecados, srulad akontrolos intervius<br />
msvlelobis procesi — piriqiT, man unda misces respondents saSualeba, rac<br />
SeiZleba meti ilaparakos Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, ra Tqma unda,<br />
valdebulia uzrunvelyos, rom saubarma ar gadauxvios kvlevis Temas; mxolod<br />
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia interviuers, gamoiyenos Tavisi Zalaufleba da<br />
Seitanos cvlileba intervius msvlelobaSi, Tumca man es rbilad unda gaakeTos.<br />
rogorc h.r.bernardi aRniSnavs, “Tqven agebT pasuxs imaze, rom saubari<br />
fokusirebuli iyos [kvlevis Temaze], magram saSualebas aZlevT respondents,<br />
gansazRvros saubris Sinaarsi. mieciT mas ufleba, mogawodoT in<strong>for</strong>macia,<br />
romelic, misi azriT, mniSvnelovania” 22 .<br />
mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom siRrmiseul intervius, rogorc wesi, atarebs<br />
ara daqiravebuli interviueri, romelsac ara aqvs miRebuli monawileoba<br />
kvlevis dagegmvis procesSi, aramed Tavad mkvlevari, romelic muSaobda<br />
gamokvlevis programis Sedgenaze, winaswar Seiswavla <strong>socialur</strong>i problema,<br />
romelsac interviu exeba. 23 “iyo kargi interviueri, niSnavs icode, Tu ra saxis<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciaa saWiro kvlevisaTvis da Segwevdes unari, daexmaro respondents<br />
mogvces es in<strong>for</strong>amcia” 24 , — aRniSnavs robert vaisi.<br />
21 Ibid. P. 65.<br />
22 H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Reseach Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third<br />
edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. P. 209.<br />
23<br />
es yovelTvis ase ar aris dasavleTis qveynebis Tanamedrove kvleviT praqtikaSi, sadac<br />
miRebulia interviuerebis daqiraveba ara mxolod raodenobrivi, aramed, agreTve<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> interviuebis Catarebis mizniT. miuxedavad amisa, am saleqcio kursSis farglebSi<br />
Cven ufro mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, rom siRrmiseuli interviu Tavad<br />
mkvlevarma Caataros, da am leqciaSi terminebi “mkvlevari” da “interviueri” ixmareba<br />
rogorc sinonimebi.<br />
24 Robert S. Weiss. Op cit. P. 66.<br />
17
siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis mizniT, mkvlevari ar amzadebs struqturirebul<br />
kiTxvars — magram mas yovelTvis aqvs Sedgenili savaraudo kiTxvebis da<br />
maTi sasurveli Tanamimdevrobis werilobiTi monaxazi, romelic emyareba<br />
intervius procesSi gansaxilveli Temebisa da sakiTxebis winaswar Seswavlas. am<br />
monaxazs sadiskusio gegma ewodeba. sadiskusio gegma mkvlevris samuSao instrumentia,<br />
romelic gvexmareba vakontroloT intervius procesi, ar gamovtovoT<br />
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi da maqsimaluri in<strong>for</strong>macia miviRoT respondentisgan<br />
CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. 25<br />
sadiskusio gegmis momzadeba aucilebelia, Tu gvinda miviRoT sando<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> monacemebi, rac SemdgomSi saSualebas mogvcems, SevadaroT sxvadasxva<br />
intervius Sedegad miRebuli in<strong>for</strong>macia. amave mizniT, gansaxilveli Temebis<br />
Tanamimdevroba intervius dros sasurvelia ucvleli iyos, Tumca dasaSvebia<br />
garkveuli variaciebi. mainc, ar aris sasurveli, rom winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmisagan<br />
gadaxveva, kiTxvebis <strong>for</strong>mulirebisa da Tanamimdevrobis Secvla Zalian<br />
xSiri da/an radikaluri iyos.<br />
siRrmiseuli intervius mTavari Rirseba isaa, rom is saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />
rogorc Cven, mkvlevrebs, aseve respondentebs uSualod intervius msvlelobisas<br />
wamovwioT an ganvaviTaroT axali Temebi, romlebic aqtualuria gamokvlevisaTvis,<br />
magram sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ar iqna winaswar gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
kvlevis dagegmvis etapze. uSualod intervius procesSi wamoWrili axali<br />
Temebis ganviTareba SesaZlebeli xdeba, ramdenadac sadiskusio gegma ar<br />
moiTxovs, zedmiwevniT zustad davicvaT iq dasmuli kiTxvebis <strong>for</strong>mulireba da<br />
Tanamimdevroba, aramed garkveul Tavisuflebas gvaniWebs. swored es garemoeba<br />
ganapirobebs imas, rom, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, siRrmiseuli interviu<br />
nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba.<br />
siRrmiseuli interviu ZiriTadad “Ria” kiTxvebze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba,<br />
anu iseT kiTxvebze, romlebic ar sTavazoben respondentebs pasuxis SesaZlo<br />
variantebs. aseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas respondentebs sruli Tavisufleba<br />
eniWebaT sakuTari azris gamoxatvisas, mkvlevari aranairad ar “ubiZgebs” maT<br />
garkveuli kategoriis pasuxebisaken, amitom iTvleba, rom aseTi kiTxvebi gansakuTrebiT<br />
mizanSewonilia iseTi Temebis Seswavlis mizniT, romlebic SedarebiT<br />
naklebadaa Seswavlili, da am Temebisa da sakiTxebis ufro Rrmad Seswavlis<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs. “daxuruli” kiTxvebi, romlebic Zalian gavrcelebulia<br />
raodenobriv kvlevebSi, TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba siRrmiseul interviuSi.<br />
sirRmiseuli interviu warmatebulia maSin, rodesac mkvlevarma miiRo<br />
mdidari da detaluri in<strong>for</strong>macia sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi<br />
in<strong>for</strong>amciis miRebaSi mas xSirad exmareba moTxovna, daakonkretebinos respondents<br />
misi pasuxebi. Tu respondenti yveba Tavisi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, magram<br />
Zalian zogadad ganixilavs mas, interviueri aucileblad unda Caeros saubarSi<br />
da sTxovos mas, daakonkretos esa Tu is detali. magaliTad, SeiZleba dausvas<br />
aseTi kiTxva: “rogor ganviTarda bolo aseTi SemTxveva?” an “rodis moxda es<br />
ambavi bolos?” 26 rac ufro vrcel in<strong>for</strong>macias viRebT respondentis gamocdilebis<br />
Sesaxeb, miT ufro meti masala gveqneba dasamuSaveblad da miT ufro<br />
metia imis albaToba, rom kvleva warmatebuli iqneba.<br />
siRrmiseuli intervius dros mizanSewonilia, interviuerma Zalian cota<br />
ilaparakos; rogorc wesi, rac ufro uwyvetia respondentis Txroba, miT ufro<br />
warmatebulia interviu.<br />
siRrmiseuli intervius xangrZlivoba damokidebulia gamokvlevis tipze<br />
da/an Temaze, magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi is sul cota 1 — 1,5 saaTs grZeldeba da<br />
iSviaTad grZeldeba 3 saaTze mets. ra Tqma unda, intervius mizania respondentisgan<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis miReba da, Teoriulad, rac met in<strong>for</strong>macias miviRebT<br />
misgan, miT ukeTesi iqneba, magram praqtikaSi SeuZlebelia, saubari usasrulod<br />
gagrZeldes. amitom mkvlevris profesionalizmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
maCvenebelia, droulad “gamoicnos” is pasuxebi da gadaxvevebi, romlebic<br />
25<br />
am leqciis Semdeg (magaliTi #1) moyvanilia siRrmiseuli intervius sadiskusio gegmis<br />
magaliTi.<br />
26 Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. Pp. 74-76.<br />
18
zedmeti an usargebloa am konkretuli gamokvlevis problemis Seswavlis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, da iswavlos respondentis Tavazianad gaCumeba da saubris<br />
msvlelobis Secvla saWiro mimarTulebiT.<br />
iTvleba, rom siRrmiseuli intervius meTodiT ganxorcielebuli erTi gamokvlevis<br />
farglebSi sakmarisia 20-30-dan 50-60-mde siRrmiseuli intervius<br />
Catareba 27 , raTa miRebuli iqnes sakmarisi da sando empiriuli monacemebi. saerTo<br />
rCeva interviuebis raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT aseTia: interviuebis Catareba<br />
unda Sewydes maSin, rodesac axali interviuebis msvlelobaSi miRebuli<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macia meordeba, axali in<strong>for</strong>macia umniSvnelo da periferiuli xasiaTisaa<br />
da aRar amdidrebs Cvens codnas Sesaswavli sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisad,<br />
damatebiTi interviuebis Catareba aRar aris gamarTlebuli 28 . masobrivi gamokiTxvis<br />
dros gamokiTxul aTasobiT respondentTan SedarebiT es ricxvi<br />
SeiZleba Zalian mcired mogveCvenos, magram nu daviviwyebT, rom yoveli aseTi<br />
intervius dros Cawerili saubris qaRaldze gadatanas (“gaSifvras”) sul cota 6-<br />
8 saaTi dasWirdeba, ris Sedegadac miviRebT 20-ze meti gverdis moculobis<br />
teqsts (“transkripts”); yvela interviu damuSavebuli da gaanalizebuli unda<br />
iqnes. es Zalze Sromatevadi samuSaoa.<br />
Znelia CamovayaliboT zusti wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac xdeba respondentebis<br />
SerCeva siRrmiseuli interviusaTvis. iseve rogorc saerTod <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong><br />
<strong>meTodebi</strong>T muSaobisas, aq arasodes ara gvaqvs saqme reprezentatul SerCevasTan.<br />
respondentebis SerCeva xdeba gamokvlevis miznidan gamomdinare, im moTxovnebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebsac mkvlevars gamokvlevis amocana karnaxobs. Cveulebriv<br />
saqme gvaqvs erTi da igive <strong>socialur</strong>i jgufis warmomadgenlebTan, an<br />
xalxTan, romlebsac miRebuli aqvs garkveuli gamocdileba — magaliTad, Tu<br />
SeviswavliT warmatebul biznes-karieras, unda davukavSirdeT warmatebul<br />
biznesmenebs; Tu gamokvlevis Temaa bavSvebis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli saerTo<br />
problemebi, maSin <strong>kvlevaSi</strong> monawileoba axalgazrda mSoblebma unda miiRon; Tu<br />
gamokvlevis Temaa migracia, unda CavataroT interviu migrantebTan; Tu gamokvleva<br />
umaRlesi saswavleblebis problemebs exeba, unda moviwvioT studentebi<br />
da/an profesor-maswavleblebi, da a.S. 29<br />
siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba yovelTvis winaswar SeTanxmebulia respondentTan<br />
da tardeba aseve winaswar SeTanxmebul adgilas — es SeiZleba iyos<br />
respondentis saxli, misi samsaxuri an mkvlevris ofisi. aseTi interviu arasodes<br />
ar tardeba quCaSi an sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi, rogorebicaa kafe,<br />
biblioTeka da sxv. siRrmiseuli interviu tardeba pirispir mkvlevarsa da<br />
respondents Soris; sxva pirTa daswreba akrZalulia. vinaidan amis miRweva<br />
sakmaod Znelia respondentis ojaxSi, siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba ufro<br />
mizanSewonilia mkvlevris ofisSi, sadac daculi iqneba simSvide da intervius<br />
CatarebisaTvis xelsayreli sxva pirobebi.<br />
siRrmiseuli intervius diqtofonze Cawera aucilebelia misi Semdgomi analizis<br />
mizniT. es moTxovna damatebiT pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs mkvlevars<br />
rogorc teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT (teqnikuri aRWurvilobis momzadeba, misi<br />
gamarTulad muSaobis uzrunvelyofa), aseve eTikuri TvalsazrisiTac (respondentebis<br />
konfidencialobis dacva).<br />
siRrmiseuli intervius specipikuri saxeobebi<br />
siRrmiseuli interviu <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> kvlevis Zalze gavrcelebuli meTodia, da<br />
gasakviri ar aris, rom misi gamoyenebis manZilze SemuSavebuli iqna misi ramdenime<br />
nairsaxeoba. biografiul-naratiuli interviu da “cxovrebis istoria”, iseve<br />
27 SesaZloa, yvela am intervius damuSaveba ver moxerxdes, vinaidan respondentebs Soris<br />
SeiZleba Segvxvdes adamianebi, romlebic ver moaxerxeben Tavisi azris sakmaod<br />
vrclad Camoyalibebas. Tumca, siRrmiseuli interviuebis Catarebis dros aseTi ram<br />
SedarebiT iSviaTad xdeba, vinaidan yvela respondenti, rogorc wesi, individualurad<br />
aris xolme SerCeuli, da SerCevis erT-erTi moTxovna swored maTi lingvistikuri<br />
komunikaciis maRali donea.<br />
28 Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. P. 21.<br />
29 ix. Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit.<br />
19
ogorc fokus-jgufi, romlis Sesaxebac Semdeg leqciaze visaubrebT, SeiZleba<br />
ganvixiloT rogorc siRrmiseuli intervius nairsaxeobebi — Tumca maT sakmaod<br />
specifikuri Tvisebebi gaaCnia, samive es meTodi Tavisi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT<br />
siRrmiseuli intervius analogiuria.<br />
“cxovrebis istoria” iTvaliswinebs respondentis cxovrebis dawvrilebiT<br />
aRweras. siRrmiseuli interviusagan gansxvavebiT, es aris arastruqturirebuli<br />
interviu, romelic ar moiTxovs sadiskusio gegmis SemuSavebas da romlis<br />
Catarebis procesSic mkvlevris roli xSirad mxolod msmenelis rols utoldeba<br />
— is sTxovs respondents, mouyves mas Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, da misi Semdgomi<br />
Careva Txrobis procesSi Zalian umniSvneloa, rogorc wesi, mxolod Txrobis<br />
fokusirebis an qronologiis dacvis mizniT xdeba.<br />
“cxovrebis istoriis” meSveobiT SeiZleba Seswavlili iqnes, magaliTad, migraciis<br />
gavlena adamianis cxovrebaze da axal kulturul garemoSi adaptaciis<br />
sirTuleebi. intervius msvlelobaSi miRebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis gamdidrebis mizniT<br />
mkvlevarma SeiZleba gamoiyenos piradi dokumentebi, rogorebicaa werilebi,<br />
dRiurebi, fotosuraTebi da sxv.<br />
Tumca misi saxeliT Tu vimsjelebT, es meTodi TiTqos respondentis mTeli<br />
cxovrebis momcvelia, es ase ar aris. cxovrebis periodi, romelsac kvlevis<br />
procesSi SeviswavliT, Zalauneburad SerCeviTia; aseT SemTxvevaSic ki interviu<br />
Zalian xangrZlivia da SeiZleba ramenime dRis ganmavlobaSi gagrZeldes (aseT<br />
SemTxvevebSi, ra Tqma unda, saubari mTeli dRe ar mimdinareobs, magram ramdenime<br />
dRis manZilze mkvlevari da interviueri ramdenime saaTs saubroben).<br />
“cxovrebis istoriis” meTodis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi upiratesoba<br />
gamoixateba sxvadasxva pirovnebebis istoriebis Sedarebis da garkveuli <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
kanonzomierebebis Ziebis SesaZleblobaSi. amitom es meTodi farTod<br />
gamoiyeneba sociologiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, kriminalistikaSi.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebebSi gamoiyeneba “cxovrebis istoriis” ramdenime saxeoba,<br />
kerZod, amerikuri kvleviTi tradiciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli “cxovrebis istoria”<br />
da biografiul-naratiuli interviu, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba evropeli<br />
(upirveles yovlisa, germaneli) mkvlevrebis mier. amerikul sociologiaSi<br />
es meTodi saTaves iRebs Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebis uiliam Tomasis da<br />
florian znaneckis klasikuri gamokvlevidan “poloneli glexi evropasa da amerikaSi”<br />
(1918) da kli<strong>for</strong>d r. Sous “jek roleris” cxovrebis aRweraSi (1930). 1930-<br />
iani wlebidan interesi am meTodisadmi Sesustda, magram 1960-anebSi kvlav<br />
gaZlierda.<br />
“cxovrebis istoriis” gamoyenebisadmi ori midgoma gamoirCeva:<br />
tradiciuli, romelic miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebis obieqtur<br />
aRweras da gamoirCeva interesiT imisadmi, Tu ra asaxva pova mis cxovrebaSi<br />
farTo <strong>socialur</strong>ma procesebma, ra gavlena iqonies maT Cveulebrivi adamianis<br />
cxovrebaze. aseTi midgoma gvexmareba, SeviswavloT <strong>socialur</strong>i procesebis<br />
subieqturi Sefasebebi, gavamaxviloT yuradReba <strong>socialur</strong> procesebsa da<br />
individualur cxovrebas Soris arsebul kavSirze, SevafasoT <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
cvlilebebis mniSvneloba, da sxv. am konteqstSi es meTodi xSirad gamoiyeneba<br />
axali <strong>socialur</strong>i fenomenebis Seswavlis mizniT, raTa Sevsebuli da<br />
gamdidrebuli iqnes mkvlevrebis xelT arsebuli statistikuri masala.<br />
SedarebiT axali midgoma miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebiseuli gzis<br />
interpretacias da/an aseTi interpretaciis SesaZlo gzebis Seswavlas, ris<br />
Sedegadac es midgoma fsiqologias uaxlovdeba.<br />
amerikelma sociologma geil kligmanma (Gail Kligman) “cxovrebis istoriis”<br />
gamoyenebiT Seiswavla rumineli qalebis reproduqciuli janmrTelobis problemebi<br />
CauSeskus reJimis dros, rodesac eris gamavlebis iZulebiTi politika<br />
tardeboda. am politikas tragikuli Sedegebi hqonda qalebis janmrTelobisa da<br />
TviT sicocxlisTvisac ki, vinaidan rTuli ekonomikuri pirobebi qalebs xSirad<br />
ubiZgebda aralegaluri abortebi gaekeTebinaT, romlebic arakvalificiurad<br />
keTdeboda, ris gamoc maT mravali qalis sicocxle Seewira. 30<br />
30 ix. Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania.<br />
Berkley: University of Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Press.<br />
20
“cxovrebis istoriis” analogiurad, biografiul-naratiuli interviuc<br />
respondentis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Seswavlas isaxavs miznad; esec<br />
arastruqturirebuli interviua, romlis msvlelobaSic interviueri minimalurad<br />
ereva saubarSi, vinaidan am tipis intervius erT-erTi mTavari mizani<br />
Txrobis spontanurobis uzrunvelyofaa. am intervius ZiriTadi gansxvaveba<br />
“cxovrebis istoriisagan” imaSi gamoixateba, rom biografiul-naratiul interviuSi<br />
ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba Tavad respondentis Sefasebebis Seswavlas<br />
mis cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebTan dakavSirebiT, rac, rogorc am meTodis<br />
Teoretikosebi varaudoben, saSualebas gvaZlevs gansakuTrebulad Rrmad<br />
SeviswavloT am procesebis roli adamianis cxovrebaSi. 31<br />
respondentTa gulaxdilobis gamomwvevi meTodikebi<br />
siRrmiseuli intervius warmatebis upirveles sawindars warmoadgens<br />
interviuersa da respondents Soris iseTi urTierTobis damyareba, romelic<br />
respondentis gulwrfelobas gamoiwvevs. aseTi urTierTobis winapirobaa<br />
mkvlevris WeSmariti interesi respondentis cxovrebisadmi, araSefasebiTi<br />
damokidebuleba misi gamocdilebis an misi azrebisadmi da misi unari daarwmunos<br />
respondenti, rom intervius Sedegad miRebuli in<strong>for</strong>macia mxolod kvleviTi<br />
amocanebisTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli.<br />
amasTan, arsebobs specialuri profesiuli meTodikebi, romlebic gvexmareba,<br />
gamoviwvioT respondentis meti gulwrfeloba da miviRoT misgan meti in<strong>for</strong>macia,<br />
vidre is Tavidan apirebda gaemJRavnebina CvenTvis. es meTodikebi xSirad moixsenieba<br />
rogorc “zondirebis” saSualebebi (“probing”); maTi meSveobiT Cven vubiZgebT respondents,<br />
daasrulos azri, romelic bolomde ar ganumartavs, an agvixsnas is, rasac<br />
mxolod gakvriT Seexo. zondireba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT SemTxvevebSi,<br />
rodesac respondentebi aRiqvamen gamokvlevis Temas rogorc Zalze rTuls an<br />
saTuTs, da amis gamo SeiZleba Tavi Seikavon detaluri da gulwrfeli pasuxebisagan.<br />
qvemoT ganvixilavT respondentebis gulaxdilobis gamomwvev ramdenime<br />
meTodikas — “siCumes”, “eqos” da “ganacxads”; mniSvnelovania, rom maTi gamoyenebis<br />
dros interviueri ar ereva saubarSi, Sesabamisad, ar axdens gavlenas<br />
respondentebis pasuxebze.<br />
1) siCume. imis magivrad, rom saubris dros warmoqmnili pauzis dros<br />
mkvlevarma morigi kiTxva dasvas, is agrZelebs Cumad jdomas. xSirad xdeba, rom<br />
aseT situaciaSi respondenti Tavs uxerxulad grZnobs, amitom gadawyvets, Tavad<br />
Seavsos siCume, agrZelebs saubars, Tan ambobs mets, vidre Tavidan apirebda.<br />
es meTodika Zalian misasalmebelia im TvalsazrisiTac, rom is neitraluria,<br />
mkvlevari arafers ambobs, ar svams damatebiT kiTxvebs, Sesabamisad, gamoricxulia,<br />
raime gavlena iqonios respondentis pasuxze.<br />
amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom am meTodikis warmatebiT gamoyeneba Zalze rTulia,<br />
vinaidan aq ar SeiZleba gadaWarbeba — SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom respondenti<br />
aRar apirebs arafris Tqmas; aseT SemTxvevaSi Camovardnili siCume SeiZleba uxerxuli<br />
gaxdes. mkvlevars unda Seswevdes unari, droulad auRos alRo situacias<br />
da gadawyvitos, gaagrZelos siCume Tu droulad gadavides morig kiTxvaze.<br />
2) eqo Zalze neitraluri da nakleb sarisko meTodikaa, romelic ar iwvevs<br />
intervius mimarTulebis Secvlas. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac respondentma daasrula<br />
pasuxi raime kiTxvaze, magram mkvlevari ar aris maincdamainc kmayofili<br />
miRebuli pasuxiT, mas SeuZlia ubralod nela gaimeoros respondentis mier<br />
naTqvami bolo sityva an fraza. didia imis albaToba, rom respondenti<br />
daubrundeba Sewyvetil Temas da ufro srul in<strong>for</strong>macias mogvawvdis.<br />
3) ganacxadi. es meTodika gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare, daxurul Temebze<br />
saubrisas gamoiyeneba, rodesac respondentebs euxerxulebaT saubari an ar<br />
undaT, raime jgufuri saidumlo “gascen”. ganacxadis teqnikis gamoyenebisas<br />
mkvlevari iqceva ise, TiTqos man ukve icis yvelaferi, rac am sakiTxTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli, da Tavisuflad saubrobs respondentTan “daxuruli” an “akrZa-<br />
31 Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identità nelle<br />
società multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag.<br />
21
luli” detalebis Sesaxeb. amis Sedegad respondents uCndeba grZnoba, rom<br />
yvelaferi isedac cnobilia, am TemasTan dakavSirebiT aRaraferia dasamali, da<br />
is ufro gulaxdili xdeba, mosalodnelia gacilebiT meti gviTxras, vidre sxva<br />
SemTxvevaSi ityoda, vinaidan rac ufro gaTviTcnobierebuli miaCnia mkvlevari<br />
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, miT ufro uadvildeba laparaki. is gabedulad<br />
grZnobs Tavs, vinaidan Tvlis, rom araviTari saidumlo ar gaucia — mkvlevarma<br />
isedac icoda yvelaferi.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom es meTodika SeiZleba Zalze efeqturi iyos, misi<br />
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis unda vifiqroT respondentis interesebze da ar<br />
davarRvioT eTikis elementaruli normebi. rac ufro gulaxdilia respondenti<br />
CvenTan saubrisas, miT metia Cveni pasuxismgebloba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom<br />
mogvianebiT man ar inanos, rom dagvTanxmda interviuze. swored Cven varT<br />
pasuxismgeblebi, agreTve, imaze, Tu rogor iqneba gamoyenebuli intervius msvlelobaSi<br />
miRebuli in<strong>for</strong>macia. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac ukeTesic aris, SevaCeroT<br />
respondenti da ar vaTqmevinoT is, ris Tqmasac is, SesaZloa, ukve apirebda. 32<br />
“zondireba” SeiZleba iyos arasruli an sruli. s.belanovskis mohyavs sruli<br />
zondirebis aseTi magaliTi:<br />
interviueri: Tavis tkivilis ra wamlebi iciT?<br />
respondenti: aspirini, analgini, piramidoni. da citramoni.<br />
interviueri: (siCume.)<br />
respondenti: kidev, spazgani, da, Tu ar vcdebi, maqsigani. isini erTmaneTSi<br />
meSleba xolme.<br />
interviueri: kidev?<br />
respondenti: Svils panadols vaZlev xolme, amboben, is usafrTxoao...<br />
interviueri: hm.<br />
respondenti: a, gamaxsenda — kidev baralgini.<br />
interviueri: baralgini...<br />
respondenti: kidev, reklamaa xolme televiziiT, magram saxeli ar maxsovs,<br />
raRac wamali, romelsac ormagi moqmedeba aqvs.<br />
interviueri: kidev?<br />
respondenti: sxva araferi maxsendeba.<br />
interviueri: aRaraferi?<br />
respondenti: diax, veRarafers vixseneb. 33<br />
sruli zondireba mTavrdeba maSin, rodesac interviueri darwmundeba, rom<br />
respondents aRaraferi aqvs saTqmeli am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
siRrmiseuli intervius Sedegebis damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi<br />
ar arsebobs unificirebuli midgoma <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> Sedegebis damuSavebisadmi.<br />
ramdenadac TviTon es <strong>meTodebi</strong> araa <strong>for</strong>malizebuli, maTi Sedegebis damu-<br />
Savebis <strong>for</strong>malizaciac Zalian rTuli, zog SemTxvevaSi ki SeuZlebeli amocanaa.<br />
avtorebis umravlesoba xazs usvams, rom iseve rogorc nebismieri <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong><br />
monacemebis SemTxvevaSi, siRrmiseuli intervius (da misi nebismieri nairsaxeobis)<br />
Sedegebis damuSaveba ar aris kvlevis izolirebuli safexuri, aramed<br />
monacemTa analizi savele etapis dros, interviuebis Catarebis paralelurad<br />
iwyeba. kerZod, jeims spradlis Tanaxmad, analizi pirveli intervius dasrulebisTanave<br />
unda daiwyos, ramdenadac Catarebuli intervius Sedegebis gaanalizeba<br />
dagvexmareba, ukeT SevarCioT kiTxvebi Semdeg interviuebisaTvis. 34 amis<br />
sapirispirod, robert vaisi miiCnevs, rom naadrevia analizis dawyeba savele<br />
etapis damTavrebamde. 35<br />
ar SeiZleba ar vaRiaroT, rom <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> analizi bevradaa damokidebuli<br />
mkvlevris individualur midgomaze; zog SemTxvevaSi, masze garkveul gavlenas<br />
32<br />
damatebiT aseTi meTodikebis Sesaxeb ix. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in<br />
Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Pp. 210-217.<br />
33 С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М. С. 26.<br />
34 James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. P. 92.<br />
35 Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. P. 151.<br />
22
axdens, agreTve interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebuli masalis specifika. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, SesaZlebelia gamovyoT ramdenime ZiriTadi midgoma <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong><br />
teqsturi in<strong>for</strong>maciis analizisadmi. esenia, magaliTad: naratiuli analizi,<br />
hermenevtikuli analizi, diskursuli analizi, kontent-analizi; interpretaciuli<br />
analizi; “dafuZnebuli Teoria” (grounded theory). yvela es analitikuri<br />
strategia kargad aqvs ganxiluli h.r.bernards. 36<br />
teqstis <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> analizis TiTqmis yvela saxeoba moiTxovs in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
kodirebas anu mniSvnelovani Tematuri blokebis an elementebis gamoyofas<br />
respondentis monaTxrobSi. es analizis sawyisi etapia; swored kodirebis dros<br />
xdeba, rogorc wesi, sawyisi Teoriuli konstruqtebis gamoyofa.<br />
Tu adre kodireba “xeliT” xdeboda da mkvlevari yuradRebiT kiTxulobda<br />
yvela intervius transkripts, raTa aRmoeCina mniSvnelovani Temebi, kategoriebi<br />
an kanonzomierebebi, amJamad arsebobs ramdenime kompiuteruli programa,<br />
romelsac SeuZlia intervius transkriptebis kodireba 37 ; miuxedavad amisa, rigi<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> mkvlevrebisa mainc “xeliT” muSaobas amjobinebs, Tumca mkvlevrebis<br />
axali Taoba xSirad kompiuterul programebs aniWebs upiratesobas.<br />
yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> monacemebis<br />
analizis saboloo mizania miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze Sesaswavli fenomenis,<br />
an misi romelime aspeqtis tipologizacia, anu <strong>socialur</strong>ad mniSvnelovani<br />
tipebis garkveuli klasifikaciis Seqmna. es xdeba respondentTa naambobze<br />
daydnobiT da, amave dros, mkvlevris analitikuri unaris gamoyenebiT,<br />
ramdenadac gamoyofili tipebi, rogorc wesi, Teoriuli abstraqciis Sedegia.<br />
bunebrivia, siRrmiseuli intervius, iseve rogorc yvela misi nairsaxeobis<br />
gamoyenebiT Catarebuli gamokvlevis Sedegad Cven ver davTvliT Sedegebs<br />
procentulad. am SemTxvevaSi Sedegebi gamoixateba ara ama Tu im maCveneblis<br />
gavrcelebis an misi gamovlenis sixSiris SefasebaSi, aramed garkveuli<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i problemis Sefasebebis, mizezebis, kanonzomierebebis, gadalaxvis<br />
gzebis Sesaxeb in<strong>for</strong>maciis miRebaSi.<br />
siRrmiseuli intervius da misi analogiuri <strong>meTodebi</strong>s gamoyenebiT<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis warmodgena xdeba angariSis saxiT, sadac Zalze<br />
farTod gamoiyeneba citatebi Catarebuli interviuebidan, romlebic<br />
adasturebs mkvlevris mier gakeTebul daskvnebs.<br />
davalebebi:<br />
1. SeadgineT siRrmiseuli intervius sadiskusio gegma TqvenTvis<br />
saintereso Temaze.<br />
2. CaatareT 3 siRrmiseuli interviu (SeZlebisdagvarad — sxvadasxva <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
da demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone respondentebTan) Tqvens mier<br />
Sedgenili sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze. samive interviu CawereT audiokasetaze.<br />
dawereT dawvrilebiTi angariSi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor warimarTa es<br />
interviuebi (SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara intervius etapebis gamoyofa; ra<br />
reaqcia hqonda respondents Tqvens SekiTxvebze; ra sirTuleebs grZnobdiT<br />
intervius Catarebis procesSi da rogor gadalaxeT es sirTuleebi).<br />
3. gaSifreT Tqvens mier Catarebuli erT-erTi intervius audioCanaweri,<br />
romelic, Tqveni azriT, yvelaze warmatebulad warimarTa.<br />
36 H. Russel Bernard. Op. cit. Pp. 449-488.<br />
37 aseTi programebia, magaliTad, ATLAS.ti da NUD.IST.<br />
23
ekomendebuli literatura:<br />
1. С. Белановский. 2000. Глубокое интервью. М.: Никколо М.<br />
2. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Reseach Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative<br />
Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 206-220 (“Unstructured<br />
Interviewing”) and 449-488 (“Some Traditions of Text Analysis”).<br />
3. Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed<br />
identità nelle società multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag.<br />
4. James A. Holstein and Jaber F. Gubrium. 1995. The Active Interview. Thousand Oaks: Sage<br />
Publications.<br />
5. Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s<br />
Romania. Berkley: University of Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Press. Pp. 148-205 (“Bitter Memories: The Politics of<br />
Reproduction in Everyday Life”).<br />
6. John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. 1995. Analyzing <strong>Social</strong> Settings: A Guide to Qualitative<br />
Observation and Analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Pp. 78-89.<br />
7. James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.<br />
8. Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview<br />
Studies. New York: Free Press.<br />
24
magaliTi #1<br />
axalgazrduli umuSevrobis problema saqarTveloSi<br />
sadiskusio gegma 38<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
rogorc es sadiskusio gegma gviCvenebs, kiTxvebis <strong>for</strong>mulireba ar aris<br />
mkacri, aramed SesaZlebelia gvqondes erTi da igive SekiTxvis ramdenime<br />
versia. garda amisa, sadiskusio gegma SeiZleba Seicavdes pasuxis mosalodnel<br />
variantebs — aq yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba variantebi, romlebic mniSvnelovania<br />
kvleviTi amocanebidan gamomdinare.<br />
Tu interviueri amas saWirod miiCnevs, mas SeuZlia Seitanos sadiskusio<br />
gegmaSi garkveuli cvlilebebi, moniSnos, ra kiTxva miaCnia yvelaze<br />
mizanSewonilad ama Tu im in<strong>for</strong>maciis miRebis mizniT, rogor gaagrZelos<br />
diskusia ama Tu im pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi. savsebiT dasaSvebia da<br />
mosalodnelic aris, rom sadiskusio gegmam cvlilebebi ganicados<br />
interviuebis Catarebis Sedegad, imis mixedviT, Tu ra damatebiT codnas<br />
miiRebs interviueri Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
[SesavalSi gaacaniT respondents intervius mizani, amocanebi, daarwmuneT<br />
misi pasuxebis anonimurobaSi.]<br />
vin brZandebiT? gTxovT mokled momiyveT Tqveni Tavis Sesaxeb. [asaki, ojaxi,<br />
pirveladi identifikacia]<br />
ras saqmianobdiT skolis damTavrebis Semdeg? [rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT ;<br />
skolis damTavrebis Semdeg gasuli mTeli drois manZilze]<br />
ra ganaTleba gaqvT miRebuli? sad swavlobdiT? rodis daamTavreT swavla?<br />
[Tu respondenti ar swavlobs da arc uswavlia skolis Semdeg:] ratom ar<br />
swavlobT? [abarebda, magram ver Caabara ; arc ucdia; sxva]<br />
ratom airCieT es specialoba? [nanobs?] romelime sxva specialobaze Tu<br />
fiqrobdiT?<br />
dRes rom irCevdeT specialobas, ras airCevdiT? igives Tu sxvas? ratom?<br />
ramdenad kmayofili xarT miRebuli ganaTlebiT? ratom?<br />
rogor swavlobdiT? rogor daamTavreT umaRlesi saswavlebeli?<br />
ras saqmianobT amJamad? [rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT]<br />
ramdenad gadgebaT miRebuli ganaTleba?<br />
visTan erTad cxovrobT amJamad? [ojaxuri mdgomareoba]<br />
vin muSaobs ojaxSi? rogor SeafasebdiT Tqveni ojaxis materialur<br />
mdgomareobas? vin arCens ojaxs ZiriTadad?<br />
38 es sadiskusio gegma Sedgenili iqna Tesau sociologiis specialobis me-2 kursis<br />
studentebis mier 2003 wels da gamoyenebuli iqna saswavlo siRrmiseuli intervius<br />
Catarebisas.<br />
25
eZebT Tu ara samsaxurs amJamad?<br />
[ara:] ratom ara?<br />
[diax:] rogor eZebT? rogor samsaxurs eZebT? [specialobiT Tu nebismiers;<br />
rogori anazRaurebiT]<br />
rogor fiqrobT, ra adgils daikavebs es samsaxuri Tqvens cxovrebaSi?<br />
[Semosavlis wyaro; “saxlidan gasvla”, sayvareli saqmis keTeba da sxv.]<br />
ratom ver moaxerxeT samsaxuris Sovna dRemde? [iyo Tu ara variantebi? iyo<br />
Tu ara iseTi varianti, romelzec TviTon TqviT uari? ra mizeziT? rogori<br />
variantebi iyo es?]<br />
Tqveni azriT, ra pirobebi Seuwyobs xels imas, rom Tqven amJamad samsaxuri<br />
daiwyoT?<br />
romeli specialobaa dRes yvelaze perspeqtiuli?<br />
visTan gaqvT urTierToba yvelaze xSirad? [megobrebi — megobrebis dasaqmeba]<br />
Tqvens megobrebs/axloblebs Soris, vis gaumarTla yvelaze metad samsaxuris<br />
mxriv? [mogviyevs dawvrilebiT — rogori samsaxuri aqvs am adamians; sad; rogor<br />
iSova es samsaxuri; ramdenad kmayofilia, da a.S.]<br />
rogor gesaxebaT Tqveni cxovreba 10 wlis Semdeg? kerZod, dasaqmebis<br />
sferoSi? risken iswrafviT, risi imedi gaqvT?<br />
26
Tema 3.<br />
fokus-jgufi<br />
fokus-jgufi jgufuri intervius saxeobaa, romlis msvlelobac garkveul<br />
wesebs emorCileba da romelsac specifikuri miznebi axasiaTebs. aseve<br />
gansxvavebulia fokus-jgufis Catarebis procesSi gamoyenebuli meTodikebi,<br />
moTxovnebi respondentTa SerCevisadmi da mkvlevarsa da respondentebs Soris<br />
urTierTobis <strong>for</strong>mebi.<br />
zogierTi mkvlevari fokus-jgufs “jgufur siRrmiseul intervius” uwodebs,<br />
vinaidan, rogorc wina leqciaSi aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufsa da siRrmiseul<br />
intervius saerTo Tvisebebi axasiaTebs. magram am or meTods Soris aris seriozuli<br />
gansxvavebebic, romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom fokusjgufis<br />
dros erTdroulad ramdenime respondents vesaubrebiT (yvelze ufro<br />
xSirad maTi raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde meryeobs), da Cveni mizania, xeli SevuwyoT<br />
maT Soris azrTa gacvlas (aqedan gamomdinareobs am meTodis kidev erTi<br />
dasaxeleba — “jgufuri diskusia”).<br />
siRrmiseul interviusTan SedarebiT, fokus-jgufs is upiratesoba aqvs, rom<br />
ramdenime adamianisagan Semdgar jgufSi yovelTvis aRmoCndeba xolme adamiani,<br />
romelic sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro gulaxdilia, da misi gulaxdiloba, rogorc<br />
wesi, jgufis sxva wevrebis gulaxdilobasac iwvevs.<br />
garda amisa, siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis procesSi gansakuTrebiT<br />
TvalSi sacemia interviuersa da respondents Soris arsebuli <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
distancia, romelmac, SesaZloa, damTrgunvelad imoqmedos respondentze.<br />
fokus-jgufSi es <strong>socialur</strong>i distancia ar qreba, magram aq respondenti marto<br />
aRar aris — mis gverdiT sxedan sxva respondentebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, imave<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i fenis warmomadgenlebi arian da romlebic missave mdgomareobaSi<br />
arian, rac respondentis met siTamames iwvevs da TviTdajerebulobas matebs mas.<br />
empiriul <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebebSi fokus-jgufebis Tanamedrove saxe<br />
Camoyalibda jgufebTan eqsperimentaluri muSaobis gamocdilebis safuZvelze,<br />
romelsac Tavidan fsiqologebi mimarTavdnen.<br />
Tumca 1940-ian wlebSi <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevebis sivrceSi raodenobirivi <strong>meTodebi</strong><br />
dominirebda, am periodSi amerikul <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebs Soris iyvnen<br />
iseTebi, vinc skeptikur damokidebulebas gamoTqvamda struqturirebuli da<br />
mkacrad <strong>for</strong>malizebuli <strong>meTodebi</strong>s mimarT. am skepticizmis ZiriTadi mizezi is<br />
iyo, rom <strong>for</strong>malizebuli <strong>meTodebi</strong> mniSvnelovnad zRudavdnen rogorc<br />
respondentebis, aseve mkvlevrebis Tavisuflebas, mkacr CarCoebSi aqcevdnen<br />
kvlevas, rac, zogis azriT, uaryofiT gavlenas axdenda miRebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
sandoobaze. amitom TandaTanobiT sul ufro meti popularobiT sargeblobdnen<br />
naklebad <strong>for</strong>malizebuli <strong>meTodebi</strong>, sadac Ria kiTxvebi da ara<strong>for</strong>malizebuli<br />
interviuebi dominirebda.<br />
Tanamedrove fokus-jgufebis uSualo winamorbedad <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebebSi<br />
amerikeli sociologis robert mertonis da misi kolegebis mier meore<br />
msoflio omis dros SemuSavebuli “fokusirebuli intervius” meTodi iTvleba. am<br />
meTodis meSveobiT isini ikvlevdnen faSisturi germaniis samxedro propagandis<br />
gavlenas jariskacebze. magram mertonis fokusirebuli interviu SeiZleba<br />
yofiliyo rogorc jgufuri, aseve individualuri. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1956<br />
wels mertonma Tavis kolegebTan, m. fiskesa da p. kendalTan erTad gamosca am<br />
meTodisadmi miZRvnili wigni “fokusirebuli interviu”, 39 maT ar SeumuSavebiaT<br />
am terminis mkacri ganmarteba. omis damTavrebis Semdeg mertonma Sewyvita<br />
muSaoba am mimarTulebiT, da garkveuli drois manZilze es meTodi daviwyebas<br />
mieca, sanam 1970-ian wlebSi mis Sesaxeb ar gaixsenes marketinguli kvlevebis<br />
Catarebis mizniT.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad fokus-jgufebi farTod gamoiyeneba empiriul<br />
39 Robert K. Merton, Marjorie Fiske, and Patricia L. Kendall. 1956. The Focused Interview. A Manual of<br />
Problems and Procedures. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.<br />
27
kvlevebSi da maT sayovelTao aRiareba poves rogorc marketingSi, aseve<br />
politikuri situaciebis da <strong>socialur</strong>i problemebis Seswavlisas, Teoriuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT jerac ar aris Seswavlili Tu ra tipis gamokvlevebSia es meTodi<br />
yvelaze ufro mizanSewonili. iTvleba, rom fokus-jgufebis gamoyeneba<br />
saukeTeso Sedegebs sabazro situaciis, bazarze axali saqonlisaTvis Sesaferisi<br />
adgilis Seswavlis mizniT Catarebul kvlevebSi iZleva. es meTodi yvelaze ukeT<br />
gvexmareba gavigoT respondentebis azri ama Tu im saqonlis Sesaxeb, davadginoT<br />
am saqonlis moxmarebis <strong>for</strong>mebi da, rac ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, arCevanis<br />
gakeTebis motivebi. es in<strong>for</strong>macia SemdgomSi exmareba mwarmoeblebs, gaaumjobeson<br />
saqonlis xarisxi, Secvalon sareklamo strategia da sxv. aseve, fokusjgufebis<br />
gamoyeneba efeqturia momavali reklamis efeqturobis gansazRvis<br />
mizniT. marketingis garda, es meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba politikur kvlevebSi,<br />
politikuri partiebis an calkeuli politikosebis imijis da maTi saarCevno Sansebis<br />
Sefasebisa da gaumjobesebis mizniT. fokus-jgufebi <strong>socialur</strong>i xasiaTis<br />
kvlevebSic gamoiyeneba, xSirad — rogorc problemis winaswari Seswavlis<br />
saSualeba an raime <strong>socialur</strong>i programis efeqturobis Sefasebis mizniT.<br />
amasTan, aris Temebi, romelTa Seswavlisas mizanSewonili ar iqneba fokusjgufebis<br />
gamoyeneba. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, intimuri xasiaTis sakiTxebi,<br />
maT Soris — piradi higiena, col-qmruli urTierTobebi, Ralati ojaxSi. fokusjgufis<br />
meTodi aseve naklebefeqturia respondentebis Semosavlis da saerTod,<br />
maTi finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kvlevis Catarebisas.<br />
meTodis daxasiaTeba<br />
rogorc mkvlevarTa didi nawili Tvlis, fokus-jgufebi saSualebas gvaZlevs,<br />
ara mxolod Zalian Rrmad SeviswavloT esa Tu is rTuli sakiTxi, aramed<br />
SeviqmnaT naTeli warmodgena am sakiTxis irgvliv sazogadoebaSi arsebuli azrTa<br />
mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb. fokus-jgufis dros warmoqmnili diskusiebis Sedegad<br />
ukeT vlindeba respondentebis damokidebuleba garkveuli <strong>socialur</strong>i problemebisadmi,<br />
maTi fsiqologiuri ganwyobebi da emociuri Sefasebebi, romlebic<br />
xSirad arc aris Segnebulad gaTviTcnobierebuli respondentebis mier.<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufis monawileTa raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde<br />
meryeobs, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi respondentTa minimaluri raodenoba SeiZleba<br />
5-6 iyos, xolo maqsimaluri — 12. 40 respondentTa raodenobis mkacri SezRudva<br />
imitomaa aucilebeli, rom fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi mis yvela monawiles unda<br />
mieces Tavisi azris Tavisuflad da srulad gamoTqmis saSualeba. Tu es piroba<br />
ar sruleba, fokus-jgufi ver aRwevs Tavis mizans.<br />
rogorc wesi, fokus-jgufis monawileebs specialuri kriteriumebis safuZvelze<br />
arCeven, es kriteriumebi ki gamokvlevis amocanebiTaa ganpirobebuli.<br />
upirvelesi moTxovna monawileTa SerCevisadmi isaa, rom isini unda iyvnen gaTviTcnobierebulni<br />
im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac fokus-jgufi eZRvneba<br />
(marketinguli kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi — unda iyvnen ama Tu im saqonlis momxmareblebi,<br />
an potenciuri momxmareblebi).<br />
saerTo rekomendaciis Tanaxmad, fokus-jgufis monawileebi ar unda icobnden<br />
erTmaneTs da jgufis wamyvans. iTvleba, rom ucxo adamianebs Soris jgufis<br />
msvlelobisas SeiZleba e.w. “Tanamgzavris efeqti” gaCndes, da respondentebi met<br />
gulaxdilobas gamoiCenen im adamianebis gverdiT, romlebsac ar icnoben, visac<br />
cxovrebaSi pirvelad da ukanasknelad xedaven. magram rig SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad,<br />
patara TemebSi muSaobisas) am moTxovnis dakmayofileba Zalze rTulia.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom cnobilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac Catarebuli<br />
iqna fokus-jgufebis seria, sadac yvela respondenti icnobda erTmaneTs.<br />
am jgufebis ara<strong>for</strong>maluri xasiaTis xazgasmis mizniT isini erT-erTi respondentis<br />
binaSi Catarda. rogorc am eqsperimentma daadastura, aseT pirobebSi<br />
40 aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac fokus-jgufis wevrebis raodenoba 15-s aRwevs, magram es ar<br />
aris mizanSewonili.<br />
28
savsebiT SesaZlebelia fokus-jgufebis warmatebiT Catareba. 41<br />
mizanSewonilia, rom jgufis Semadgenloba homogenuri iyos asakobrivi da<br />
sqesobrivi TvalsazrisiT; aseve, fokus-jgufSi erTi da imave <strong>socialur</strong>i mdgomareobis<br />
mqone pirebi unda iRebdnen monawileobas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi<br />
jgufis warmatebis perspeqtivebi mcirea, vinaidan mis msvlelobaSi Tavs iCens<br />
daZabuloba, mTeli rigi emociuri aspeqtebi, romlebic respondentTa yurad-<br />
Rebis gafantvas iwvevs.<br />
fokus-jgufis warmatebas didwilad gansazRvravs jgufis wamyvanis, anu<br />
moderatoris xelovneba. 42 misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, gauZRves diskusias im<br />
sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze, romelic sakiTxis winaswari Seswavlis da<br />
gamokvlevis programis safuZvelze iqna SemuSavebuli. ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom<br />
siRrmiseuli intervius da fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegmebs Soris raime<br />
principuli gansxvavebebi iyos, Tumca fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegma, ra Tqma<br />
unda, orientirebulia ramdenime respondentze.<br />
moderatoris ostatoba imaSi gamoixateba, rom man unda gamoiwvios jgufis<br />
monawileebis gulaxdiloba, uzrunvelyos yvela respondentis monawileoba<br />
diskusiaSi, maT Soris maTi, vinc ar aris aqtiuri, an Tavs gaubedavad grZnobs. Tu<br />
jgufis msvlelobaSi raime mizezis gamo viTareba daiZabeba, an respondentebs<br />
Soris raime gaugebroba moxdeba, moderatoris movaleobaa, ganmuxtos situacia.<br />
moderatori kargi msmeneli unda iyos, didi yuradRebiT usminos gamarTul<br />
saubars da rodesac saWirod CaTvlis, gaCumdes, raTa respondentebma Tavad warmarTon<br />
diskusia. fsiqologebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom rodesac respondentebi<br />
xedaven, rom maT yuradRebiT usmenen, rom maTi azri ainteresebT, isini<br />
iolad da siamovnebiT Tanxmdebian TanamSromlobaze. moderatorma unda<br />
gauadvilos respondentebs diskusiaSi monawileoba; mis qcevaSi ar unda iyos<br />
araferi, rac SeboWavs respondentebs. swored moderatorzea damokidebuli<br />
jgufSi megobruli da Ria atmosferos Seqmna, rac ueWvelad Seuwyobs xels<br />
diskusiis warmatebas. idealur SemTxvevaSi, fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi<br />
Seqmnili atmosfero mis monawileebs siamovnebas unda aniWebdes, saintereso<br />
unda iyos maTTvis.<br />
fokus-jgufis Catarebisas aqtualobas kargavs masobrivi gamokiTxvebisTvis<br />
Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad adekvaturad esmiT<br />
respondentebs dasmuli kiTxvebi —moderatoris erT-erT movaloebas swored<br />
imis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens, rom respondentebma sworad gaigon dasmuli<br />
kiTxvebi; zogjer moderatoris Careva arc aris xolme aucilebeli, vinaidan<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi jgufis sxva wevrebi Tavad exmarebian im respondents,<br />
romelmac ver gaigo kiTxva, azusteben ra kiTxvis Sinaarss. saerTod, jgufis<br />
msvlelobaSi respondentebis urTierToba erTmaneTTan xSirad saSualebas<br />
aZlevs moderators, CrdilSi darCes, Sesabamisad — naklebad moaxdinos gavlena<br />
respondentebis azrebze Tavisi SekiTxvebiT da komentarebiT, rac, ra Tqma unda,<br />
mniSnvelovnad amcirebs respondentebis pasuxebis reaqtiulobas. es garemoebac<br />
fokus-jgufebis Zalze mniSvnelovan upiratesobad iTvleba. amasTan, es, ra Tqma<br />
unda, ar niSnavs, rom moderatori nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs jgufis msvlelobisas<br />
gamarTul diskusias — piriqiT, misi CrdilSi gasvla, rodesac es saWiroa<br />
da sasargebloa jgufis msvlelobisaTvis, mis maRal profesiul ostatobaze<br />
mowmobs. rodesac is amis saWiroebas dainaxavs, moderatori kvlav CaerTveba<br />
jgufis wayvanis procesSi, imdenad aqtiurad, ramdenadac es saWiro iqneba.<br />
iseve rogorc <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s nebismieri saxeoba, fokus-jgufebis<br />
meTodi garkveul Tavisuflebas aniWebs mkvlevars am meTodis gamoyenebis<br />
konkretul <strong>for</strong>mebTan dakavSirebiT. moderatoris mier fokus-jgufis Catarebis<br />
stili SeiZleba iyos rogorc mkacri, aseve liberaluri. ukanasknel<br />
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, saqme gvaqvs gamocdil moderatorTan, vinaidan<br />
41 David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage<br />
Publications. P. 19.<br />
42<br />
moderatori SeiZleba iyos rogorc kvleviTi gundis warmomadgeneli, romelic<br />
uSualod muSaobs gamokvlevis Catarebaze da monacemTa damuSavebaze, aseve mowveuli<br />
piri, romlis daniSnulebac mxolod fokus-jgufis Catarebaa.<br />
29
espondentebis moCvenebiTi Tavisuflebis miuxedavad, man mainc unda akontrolos<br />
diskusiis msvleloba da unda miiRos pasuxebi dasmul kvleviT kiTxvebze.<br />
fokus-jgufis erT-erTi udidesi upiratesoba isaa, rom es meTodi<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tvali vadevnoT azrebis Camoyalibebis process, da amasTan,<br />
SevecadoT davadginoT, Tu ratom fiqrobs xalxi ise, rogorc fiqrobs 43 . es xdeba<br />
jgufis monawileebs Soris azrTa gacvlis dros. ara nakleb mniSvnelovania is,<br />
rom fokus-jgufis Catareba xSirad xels uwyobs ama Tu im sakiTxis axali TvaliT<br />
danaxvas, misi mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis gamoyofas, romlebic, SesaZloa, ar<br />
gamoaSkaravebuliyo <strong>for</strong>malizebuli intervius dros. amitom, rogorc devid<br />
morgani Tvlis, fokus-jgufebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Rirsebas warmoadgens<br />
am meTodis unari, aRmoaCinos axali Temebi da wamoWras axali hipoTezebi 44 .<br />
amasTan, fokus-jgufi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar isaxavs miznad raime gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebas — misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, yvela respondents Tavisi azris<br />
gamoTqmis saSualeba misces.<br />
magram fokus-jgufis, iseve rogorc siRrmiseuli intervius Sedegad<br />
mkvlevari mxolod respondentebis verbalur in<strong>for</strong>maciaze dayrdnobiT akeTebs<br />
daskvnebs, rac, ra Tqma unda, garkveulad amcirebs Sedegebis sandoobas, imitom<br />
rom es in<strong>for</strong>macia yovelTvis ar Seesabameba sinamdviles. 45<br />
fokus-jgufis Catareba seriozul momzadebas moiTxovs, rac gulisxmobs<br />
Temis winaswar Seswavlas, gamokvlevis programis da sadiskusio gegmis Semu-<br />
Savebas, agreTve, jgufis Catarebis teqnikuri mxareebis uzrunvelyofas.<br />
Senoba, sadac fokus-jgufi tardeba, specialur moTxovnebs unda pasuxobdes.<br />
es unda iyos sada oTaxi, romelic daculia gare xmaurisagan. rogorc wesi,<br />
fokus-jgufebi tardeba mkvlevaris ofisSi, specialur oTaxSi, romlis erTi<br />
kedelzec calmxirivi sarkea, romelic saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarTa gunds an<br />
damkveTebs Tvali adevnon diskusias ise, rom xeli ar SeuSalon mis msvlelobas.<br />
respondentebma ar ician am sarkis da meore oTaxis arsebobis Sesaxeb.<br />
yovelTvis xdeba fokus-jgufis dros gamarTuli saubris audio- da/an videoCawera,<br />
ris Sesaxebac respondentebi winaswar unda iyvnen gafrTxilebulni. ra<br />
Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSic uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes maTi konfidencialoba.<br />
fokus-jgufis xangrZlivoba, rogorc wesi, saaTnaxevridan or saaTamdea;<br />
Sesvenebis gakeTeba fokus-jgufis mimdinareobis dros ar aris mizanSewonili.<br />
fokus-jgufis msvlelobisas respondentebs, rogorc wesi, umaspinZldebian<br />
gamargilebeli sasmelebiT.<br />
erTi kvleviTi proeqtis farglebSi, rogorc wesi, ramdenime fokus-jgufi<br />
tardeba, romlebic xSirad gansxvavdeba monawileTa maCveneblebis mixedviT<br />
(qalebi; mamakacebi; sxvadasxva asakobrivi an profesiuli jgufi); arc Tu iSviaTia<br />
SemTxvevebi, rodesac jgufebi sxvadasxva qalaqSi, an sulac sxvadasxva qveyanaSi<br />
tardeba. yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari gacilebiT ufro mdidar in<strong>for</strong>macias<br />
iRebs, da Sedegebis Sedarebis SesaZlebloba eZleva asakobriv, sqesobriv,<br />
teritorialur/regionalur WrilSi.<br />
arcTu iSviaTad fokus-jgufebi gamoiyeneba kvlevis dazverviT etapze,<br />
rogorc naklebad cnobili problemis Seswavlis pirveli nabiji, romelic<br />
gvexmareba saerTo hipoTezebis <strong>for</strong>mulirebaSi. garda amisa, fokus-jgufebis<br />
msvlelobisas miRebuli in<strong>for</strong>macia mdidar da sasargeblo masalas iZleva<br />
masobrivi gamokiTxvis kiTxvaris Sesadgenad, kerZod, kiTxvebis Camoyalibebisa<br />
da maTi “daxurvis” daxvewis mizniT, vinaidan fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi<br />
kargad vlindeba respondentebis “leqsikoni”, maTi azrovnebis modelebi.<br />
fokus-jgufebi kargad uTavsdeba kvlevis sxva meTodebs, amitom xSirad<br />
gamoiyeneba farTomasStabian proeqtebSi sxva meTodebTan, maT Soris masobriv<br />
gamokiTxvasTan erTad. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, fokus-jgufebis Sedegad miRebuli<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> in<strong>for</strong>macia, rogorc wesi, amdidrebs raodenobriv Sedegebs.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, agreTve isic, rom masobriv gamokiTxvebTan SedarebiT fokus-<br />
43 Richard A. Kruger. 1994. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide <strong>for</strong> Applied Research. Second Edition. Thousand<br />
Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 3.<br />
44 David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 21.<br />
45 David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 8.<br />
30
jgufebis Catareba nakleb dros moiTxovs da damkveTs gacilebiT ufro iafi<br />
ujdeba, vidre sxva tipis kvlevis Catareba.<br />
proeqciuli teqnikebi<br />
Tvisebriv meTodebSi da, kerZod, fokus-jgufebSi farTod gamoiyeneba e.w.<br />
proeqciuli teqnikebi 46 , romlebic wina leqciaSi ganxiluli zondirebis saSualebebis<br />
ganviTarebis Sedegs warmoadgens. proeqciuli teqnikebis mizania adamianis<br />
Sinagani samyaros ufro Rrma Seswavla. es meTodikebi mWidro kavSirSia fsiqologebis<br />
mier SemuSavebul testebTan, da fsiqologiis mraval miRwevas iyeneben.<br />
proeqciuli teqnikebis aucileblobas aqvs rogorc fsiqologiuri, aseve<br />
lingvisturi gamarTleba. fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, adamianis qcevis<br />
motivebi xSirad qvecnobierebaSi arsebuli mizezebiT da motivebiT aixsneba,<br />
amitom zog SemTxvevaSi adamians ar SeuZlia sakuTari saqcielis an poziciis axsna<br />
verbaluri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. amas emateba lingvisturi gamarTleba —<br />
enis, anu Cveni verbaluri komunikaciis saSualebis arasrulyofili xasiaTi.<br />
swored proeqciuli teqnikebi dagvexmareba am ori SezRudvis gadalaxvaSi.<br />
mkvlevrebi gamoiyeneben proeqciuli teqnikebis mraval saxeobas. vidre<br />
mkvlevari gadawyvetilebas miiRebdes imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli teqnika<br />
gamoiyenos ama Tu im gamokvlevis farglebSi, man sam kiTxvas unda gasces pasuxi:<br />
1. romeli teqnika dagvexmareba yvelaze ukeT Cvens winaSe mdgari miznis<br />
misaRwevad?<br />
2. rogor unda gamoviyenoT SerCeuli teqnika?<br />
3. rogor unda davamuSavoT miRebuli Sedegebi?<br />
qvemoT moyvanilia aTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli proeqciuli teqnikis mokle<br />
aRwera. 47<br />
1. sityvieri asociaciebi<br />
magaliTi: “ra azri gebadebaT, rodesac gesmiT sityva “. . .”?”<br />
es meTodika Zalze martivia. misi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi respondentebs,<br />
rogorc wesi, advilad esmiT, Tu ra gvinda maTgan. amasTan, aseTi “savarjiSo”, Tu<br />
is fokus-jgufis an siRrmiseuli intervius dasawyisSi gamoiyeneba, saSualebas<br />
gvaZlevs, SeviqmnaT warmodgena respondentebis “leqsikonis”, maTi sityvaTa<br />
maragis Sesaxeb da agreTve, gaverkveT ama Tu im produqtis an <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
situaciis Sefasebis variaciebSi.<br />
es teqnika SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc zepiri, aseve werilobiTi saxiT;<br />
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, mas aucileblad anonimuri xasiaTi unda hqondes. magram<br />
mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom nebismieri teqnikis werilobiTi gamoyeneba<br />
dasaSvebia mxolod sakmaod maRali ganaTlebis donis mqone respondentebTan<br />
muSaobisas.<br />
2. winadadebebis damTavreba<br />
magaliTebi: “isini, vinc mxolod xsnad yavas svams, arian . . .”<br />
“idealuri qorwineba — esaa qorwineba, romelic . . .”<br />
es meTodikac Zalze iolia, da amasTan — uaRresad efeqturi. misi gamoyeneba<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovaaSkaravoT respondentebis faseulobebi, cxovrebiseuli<br />
orientaciebi da interesebi. is gvexmareba, swrafad da mkafiod CamovayalibebinoT<br />
repondentebs maTi damokidebuleba CvenTvis mniSvnelovani<br />
sakiTxebisadmi.<br />
46<br />
termini nawarmoebia sityvebisgan ~proeqcia~, ~proecireba~.<br />
47 es proeqciuli teqnikebi gamoyofilia sruliad ruseTis sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis<br />
centris (amJamad — levada-centris) <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> kvlevebis ganyofilebis mier 1996-1998<br />
wlebSi.<br />
31
3. SekiTxvebi “mesame pirSi”<br />
magaliTebi: “ratomaa, rom zogi diasaxlisi iSviaTad wmends macivars?”<br />
“rogorc fiqrobT, ratom ar uyvars xalxs zangebi?”<br />
cnobilia, rom rodesac adamiani sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb laparakobs, is<br />
imyofeba sakmaod Zlieri <strong>socialur</strong>i gavlenis qveS, romelic zRudavs mas Tavisi<br />
azrebisa da Sefasebebis gamoxatvaSi da xels uSlis misi azrebis gulaxdil<br />
gamoxatvas. magram rodesac Cven mas vTxovT sxvebis Sesaxeb (anu “mesame pirSi”)<br />
ilaparakos, is gacilebiT ufro Tavisufali xdeba, da ufro gulwrfelad<br />
gviziarebs Tavis mosazrebebs.<br />
4. “Rrubliani” naxatebi<br />
magaliTi: vuCvenoT respondentebs naxati an fotosuraTi, romelzec<br />
aRbeWdilia raime <strong>socialur</strong>i situacia da erT-erTi mTavari moqmedi piris<br />
gverdiT daxatulia carieli “Rrubeli”, romelic simbolurad misi azris<br />
Casawer adgils warmoadgens. vTxovoT respondentebs, “RrubelSi” am adamianis<br />
azri Caweron.<br />
es meTodika SedarebiT ufro rTulia. misi meSveobiT Cven vigebT<br />
respondentebis reaqcias suraTze asaxul <strong>socialur</strong> situaciasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
ise, rom Cven mas ar vubiZgebT, raime tipis daskvna gaakeTos — Cven saerTod ar<br />
aRvwerT arafers, ubralod naxats vuCvenebT. am naxatSi respondenti dainaxavs<br />
mxolod imas, ris dasanaxadac is ukve momzadebulia Tavisi <strong>socialur</strong>i Tu<br />
kulturuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, xolo respondentis mier “RrubelSi”<br />
Cawerili azri naTlad gviCvenebs mis damokidebulebas im problemisadmi,<br />
romelic gvainteresebs.<br />
am meTodikis gamoyenebisas didi yuradRebiT unda movekidoT Sesabamisi<br />
naxatebis SerCevas, da SeZlebisdagvarad karg mxatvrebs unda SevukveToT isini.<br />
naxati unda iyos sada, naTeli da ubralo.<br />
5. personifikacia<br />
magaliTebi: “warmoidgineT, rom axali markis BMW-s avtomobili adamiania.<br />
rogori adamiania is? SegiZliaT amiRweroT?”<br />
“warmoidgineT, rom es organizacia raime cxovelia. konkretulad romel<br />
cxovels gagonebT is?”<br />
xdeba xolme, rom Tavidan respondentebs uWirT am meTodikis gamoyeneba,<br />
magram, rogorc wesi, SemdgomSi isini gatacebiT umateben maT mier Seqmnil saxes<br />
axal-axal detalebs.<br />
sworad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi es meTodika Zalze mdidar in<strong>for</strong>macias<br />
mogvcems rogorc raime saqonlis imijis Sesaxeb, aseve misi “tipiuri<br />
momxmareblis” warmomadgenlebis Taobaze; masTan dakavSirebul faseulobebze;<br />
reklamis gavlenaze; da sxva.<br />
6. stereotipebi<br />
magaliTi: respondentebs sTavazoben produqtebis sias, romlebsac<br />
yoveldRiurad moixmars romelime hipoTeturi ojaxi, da sTxoven, aRweron es<br />
ojaxi.<br />
am meTodikis gamoyeneba sapirispiro <strong>for</strong>miTac SeiZleba: aRvweroT ojaxis<br />
tipi da vTxovoT respondentebs, Seadginon im produqtebis sia, romlebsac es<br />
ojaxi yoveldRiurad moixmars.<br />
es meTodika personifikaciis meTodikis Tavisebur gagrZelebadac SeiZleba<br />
CaiTvalos. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovyoT momxmarebelTa jgufebi, romlebic,<br />
respondentTa azriT, tipiuria.<br />
7. rolebis gaTamaSeba<br />
magaliTi: respondentebs vTxovT, rolebSi gaiTamaSon raime situacia,<br />
32
magaliTad, ganasaxieron sxvadasxva firmis mier warmoebuli analogiuri<br />
saqoneli.<br />
es sakmaod rTuli meTodikaa, romlis gamoyenebasac Zalian didi dro<br />
sWirdeba da amasTan, is moiTxovs moderatoris gansakuTrebul ostatobas. is<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavigoT, Tu ra adgils ikavebs esa Tu is saqoneli<br />
respondentebis yofaSi.<br />
8. naxatebi da “fsiqonaxatebi”<br />
magaliTi: vTxovoT respondentebs, Tavad daxaton naxati raime<br />
situaciasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
aseTi naxatebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevafasoT respondentebis mier ama Tu im<br />
saqonlis aRqma, amitom isini Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba satelevizio sareklamo<br />
rgolebis efeqturobisadmi miZRvnil fokus-jgufebSi. amasTan, aseTi naxatebis<br />
meSveobiT SesaZlebloba gveZleva SevamowmoT, Tu ramdenad daaxsovdaT<br />
respondentebs ama Tu im saqonlis SefuTva, samarko niSani, da sxva.<br />
ra Tqma unda, aseTi meTodikis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia,<br />
ramdenadac bevri respondenti ukan daixevs im mizezis gamo, rom xatva ar icis,<br />
Tumca aq xatvis xarixs ara aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. amitom es meTodika<br />
yvelaze xSirad bavSvebTan muSaobisas gamoiyeneba.<br />
9. kolaJi<br />
magaliTi: Jurnalebidan gamoWrili suraTebis didi raodenobidan<br />
respondentebs sTavazoben SearCion iseTebi, romlebic, maTi azriT, yvelaze<br />
metad Seesabameba romelime saqonlis an adamianis imijs.<br />
es meTodika saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovaaSkaravoT respondentebis<br />
damokidebuleba ama Tu im saqonlis mimarT, da mogvcems iseT in<strong>for</strong>macias,<br />
romlis verbalurad gamoxatvac repondentebs gauWirdebaT.<br />
rogorc wesi, kolaJis Sedgena sakmaod Znelia, amitom iTvleba, rom Tu<br />
respondentebma Tavi gaarTves am amocanas, e.i. isini xangrZlivi drois manZilze<br />
Segnebulad moixmaren ama Tu im saqonels, da maT cnobierebaSi ukve<br />
Camoyalibebulia myari warmodgena mis Sesaxeb.<br />
amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom kolaJis teqnika mniSvnelovan sirTuleebs<br />
Seicavs ara marto respondentebisTvis, aramed mkvlevarebisTvisac, romlebsac,<br />
rogorc wesi, uWirT Sedegebis interpretacia. amitom am teqnikis gamoyenebisas<br />
uaRresad mniSvnelovania, mivceT respondentebs saSualeba, Tavad agvixsnan<br />
Tavisi arCevani da agviRweron is, rac “Seqmnes”.<br />
10. kartografireba (Brand mapping)<br />
magaliTi: respondentebs vTxovoT, ramdenime jgufad dayon konkurenti<br />
firmebis mier damzadebuli msgavsi saqoneli.<br />
es meTodika sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba marketinguli xasiaTis fokusjgufebSi.<br />
is saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovacocxloT jgufis msvleloba. amasTan,<br />
is gvaZlevs Zalze Rirebul in<strong>for</strong>macias imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor xedavs<br />
bazars TviTon momxmarebeli. am meTodikis daxmarebiT SeiZleba davinaxoT,<br />
ramdenad “savsea” bazari Tu, piriqiT, jer kidev aris axali markis saqonlis<br />
SemoRwevis SesaZlebloba. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, agreTve davinaxoT, icvleba<br />
Tu ara momxmareblis warmodgena arsebuli saqonlebis Sesaxeb reklamis gavlenis<br />
qveS.<br />
am meTodikis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom is sakmaod<br />
did dros moiTxovs da misi CatarebisTvis saWiroa damxmare “TvalsaCino<br />
masalis” gamoyeneba.<br />
proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia Semdegi moTxovnebis<br />
dacva:<br />
33
• maTi gamoyeneba dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SeuZlebelia CvenTvis<br />
saWiro in<strong>for</strong>maciis miReba sxva gziT (kerZod, pirdapiri kiTxvebis meSveobiT);<br />
• mkvlevarma unda SearCios is meTodika, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba mis<br />
winaSe mdgar amocanebs;<br />
• aucilebelia winaswar ganvsazRvroT, fokus-jgufis Catarebis romel etapze<br />
ufro mizanSewonilia SerCeuli teqnikis gamoyeneba;<br />
• respondentebs gasagebad unda avuxsnaT, Tu ra gvinda maTgan, rogoria “TamaSis<br />
wesebi”;<br />
• aucilebelia Seiqmnas garemo, sadac respondentebi ar igrZnoben Tavs ise,<br />
TiTqos isini raRac gamocdas abareben;<br />
• moderatoris saqcieli maqsimalurad moqnili unda iyos, da Tu meTodika ar<br />
“amuSavda” (rac xdeba xolme), man unda moaxerxos jgufTan muSaobis gagrZeleba<br />
ise, rom aRar gaamaxvilos amaze yuradReba;<br />
• araa mizanSewonili, gadavtvirToT jgufi proeqciuli teqnikebiT — erTi<br />
jgufisTvis savsebiT sakmarisia 1-2 aseTi meTodikis gamoyeneba (erTi meTodikis<br />
gamoyeneba saSualod 20 wuTs ikavebs);<br />
• yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani am meTodikebis gamoyenebaSi maTi Sedegebis Semdgomi<br />
interpretaciaa. yvelanairad unda vecadoT, pirveladi interpretacia<br />
TviT respondentebma mogvcen.<br />
proeqciuli teqnikebis gverdiT, fokus-jgufebSi farTod gamoiyeneba,<br />
agreTve zondirebis saSualebebi, kerZod:<br />
siCume. rogorc ukve viciT, es aris erT-erTi yvelaze ubralo, neitraluri<br />
da amasTan efeqturi meTodi, da amitom is Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba.<br />
Jestebis ena. jgufis msvlelobisas Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
moderatoris araverbalur saqciels, kerZod, misi saxis gamometyvelebas,<br />
mimikas, xmis intonaciebs, Tvalebis moZraobas, Tavis daqnevas, xmis intonacias,<br />
diqcias da sxv. yvela es aris jgufis gaZRolis araverbaluri xerxebi.<br />
mizanSewonilia, moderatori pirdapir uyurebdes Tavis Tanamosaubres, magram<br />
amasTan ar iTvleba sworad, Tu is didi xniT daacqerdeba jgufis romelime<br />
monawiles.<br />
jgufuri urTierTobis marTva SesaZlebelia ramdenime teqnikis meSveobiT,<br />
romelTa Sorisaa: dasmuli kiTxvebis “gadagzavna” jgufis sxva wevrebisTvis;<br />
gamoTqmuli azris gameoreba; monawileTa Segnebuli “dapirispireba”, da sxv.<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis arasrulad gageba an respondentTa mier gamoTqmuli azris<br />
Segnebulad damaxinjeba moderatoris mier aiZulebs respondentebs, ukeT<br />
Camoayalibon Tavisi azrebi.<br />
“ratom?”-kiTxvebis gamoyeneba, romlebic SeiZleba davyoT “motivis”<br />
(“ratom?”) da “interesis” (“rogor?/rogori?/rogor moxda?”) kiTxvebad.<br />
“zondirebis”, iseve rogorc proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas<br />
yvelanairad unda vizrunoT imaze, rom ar dairRves respondentebis interesebi<br />
da ar CavayenoT isini uxerxul mdgomareobaSi.<br />
fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi<br />
fokus-jgufis Catarebis Semdeg xdeba mis msvlelobaSi Cawerili saubris<br />
qaRaldze srulad gadatana, ris Sedegadac iqmneba saubris transkripti (fokusjgufis<br />
transkriptis magaliTi ix. danarTSi #1). am transkriptis safuZvelze<br />
mkvlevari an mkvlevarTa jgufi SemdgomSi amzadebs angariSs, romelic, kvlevis<br />
miznebis Tanaxmad, Seicavs pasuxebs gamokvlevis programaSi dasmul kiTxvebze.<br />
fokus-jgufis angariSi analitikuri dokumentia, romelic Cveulebriv Seicavs<br />
citatebs respondentTa saubridan, iseve rogorc mkvlevris daskvnebs da,<br />
xSirad, praqtikul rekomendaciebs.<br />
34
amdenadac fokus-jgufi axlosaa siRrmiseul interviusTan, am ori meTodis<br />
gamoyenebis Sedegad mopovebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis damuSavebis analogiuri SesaZleblobebi<br />
arsebobs. analizis pirvel etapze xdeba in<strong>for</strong>maciis kodireba, Semdeg ki<br />
— Sedegebis interpretacia; analizis saboloo safexurze mkvlevari akeTebs daskvnebs,<br />
romlebic warmoadgens pasuxs gamokvlevis programaSi dasmul kiTxvebze.<br />
siRrmiseuli interviuebis Sedegad mopovebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis damuSavebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis damuSaveba damatebiT moiTxovs<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra doneze unda ganxorcieldes<br />
analizi. siRrmiseuli intervius SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi TavisTavad<br />
cxadia — aq analizis done SeiZleba mxolod respondenti iyos. magram fokusjgufebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba iyos rogorc respondenti, aseve jgufi<br />
(rogorc erTeuli), miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi kvlevis farglebSi<br />
ramdenime fokus-jgufi tardeba. gadawyvetilebis miReba analizis donis<br />
Taobaze Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tumca, erTi mxriv, yvela jgufi respondentebisgan<br />
Sedgeba da swored individualuri respondentebi ayalibeben jgufis<br />
msvlelobaSi gamoTqmul azrebs, udavoa, rom jgufis dinamika gavlenas axdens<br />
calkeul respondentebze, anu arsebobs agreTve analizis meore SesaZlo done,<br />
jgufuri. amitom, d.morganis azriT, fokus-jgufis Sedegebis analizi aucileblad<br />
unda iTvaliswinebdes am or dones Soris arsebul urTierTobebebs. 48<br />
ramdenadac fokus-jgufebi xSirad gamoiyeneba raime problemis winaswari<br />
Seswavlis mizniT, maTi Sedegebis analizi xSirad aRweriTi xasiaTisaa. am leqciis<br />
bolos moyvanilia fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis swored aRweriTi analizis<br />
magaliTi (ix. magaliTi #3). is eyrdnoba kvlevas, romelic Catarda Tavisuflebis<br />
institutis mier saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqSi 2004 wlis zafxulSi. kvleva<br />
mieZRvna sxvadasxva profesiul jgufSi korufciis gavrcelebis Sefasebas,<br />
korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebis ganxilvas da korufciis daZlevis SesaZlo<br />
gzebis dasaxvas. TiToeul jgufSi monawileobas iRebda respondentTa jgufi,<br />
romelic homogenuri iyo profesiuli statusis mixedviT (mag., profesormaswavleblebi;<br />
policielebi; saxelmwifo moxeleebi; studentebi), magram ara<br />
sqesisa da asakis mixedviT (Tumca, ra Tqma unda, studentTa jgufebi asakis<br />
mixedviTac sakmaod homogenurebi iyo).<br />
fokus-jgufebis Catarebis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebis generalizacia ar<br />
aris gamarTlebuli, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba dasaSvebad CaiTvalos —<br />
Tu Catarebuli iqna sakmaod bevri fokus-jgufi, romlebSic monawileoba miiRes<br />
sxvadasxva <strong>socialur</strong>-demografiuli jgufis da teritoriuli erTeulis<br />
warmomadgenelma respondentebma.<br />
iseve rogorc saerTod Tvisebriv <strong>kvlevaSi</strong>, fokus-jgufis Sedegebis<br />
analizisas ganuyofelia analizis da angariSis weris etapebi.<br />
davalebebi:<br />
1. gaecaniT fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegmas “Rvinis moxmarebis kultura<br />
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi” (magaliTi 2). romeli proeqciuli teqnikebis<br />
gamoyenebaa dagegmili am sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze Catarebul fokusjgufSi?<br />
2. SeadgineT gamokvlevis programa Temaze “korufciis gavrcelebis<br />
mizezebi saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi”; kvleva Catarebuli<br />
unda iyos fokus-jguf(eb)is gamoyenebiT.<br />
3. SeadgineT sadiskusio gegma TqvenTvis saintereso Temaze fokusjgufis<br />
Catarebis mizniT; gamoiyeneT is proeqciuli teqnikebi, romlebic<br />
yvelze mizanSewonilad migaCiaT kvlevis Temidan gamomdinare.<br />
48 David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 60.<br />
35
ekomendebuli literatura:<br />
1. maia araviaSvili, Tamar zurabiSvili. 2001. “narkomania: problemis Sefaseba<br />
axalgazrdebis mier.” // sociologia saqarTveloSi: Tanamedrove mdgomareoba<br />
da perspeqtivebi. Telavi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.<br />
2. С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М.<br />
3. Richard A. Krueger. 2000. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide <strong>for</strong> Applied Research. Third edition.<br />
Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.<br />
4. David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks,<br />
Calif.: Sage Publications.<br />
36
magaliTi #2<br />
Rvinis moxmarebis kultura Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi<br />
sadiskusio gegma 49<br />
SeniSvna:<br />
rogorc fokus-jgufis es sadiskusio gegma gviCvenebs, kiTxvebi SeiZleba<br />
dajgufebuli iyos Tematurad, da ganlagebuli iyos ise, rom moderators<br />
gauadvildes muSaoba. garda amisa, sadiskusio gegma SeiZleba Seicavdes<br />
ramdenime kiTxvas erTsa da imave Temaze, dazustebebs, romelTa mizania<br />
respondentebis daxmareba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT gauWirdebaT kiTxvaze<br />
pasuxis gacema. Tu moderatori amas saWirod miiCnevs, mas SeuZlia Seitanos<br />
sadiskusio gegmaSi pasuxebis mosalodneli variantebi da moniSnos, Tu<br />
rogor gaagrZelos diskusia ama Tu im pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sadiskusio gegma xSirad individualuri dokumentia<br />
da moderatoris gamocdilebasa da mis profesiul midgomas asaxavs.<br />
saerTo SekiTxvebi:<br />
ra SemTxvevebSi svamT Rvinos?<br />
- yoveldRiurad<br />
- dResaswaulebze (dabadebis dRe, axali weli da a.S.)<br />
- qorwili, qelexi<br />
- sxva ?<br />
daaxloebiT ramden litr Rvinos moixmarT weliwadSi? (kerZod, ramdeni<br />
litri Rvino moixmareT Tqven/Tqvenma ojaxma SarSan?)<br />
arCevani<br />
piradad Tqven, rogor Rvinos aniWebT upiratesobas?<br />
- TeTrs Tu wiTels?<br />
- glexurs Tu qarxnuls?<br />
ratom?<br />
Tqveni nacnobebis umravlesoba rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas?<br />
rogor fiqrobT, rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas axalgazrdebis<br />
umravlesoba saqarTveloSi? ratom?<br />
rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas asakovani xalxi? ratom?<br />
rogor fiqrobT, rogor Rvinoze ufro didi moTxovna arsebobs dRes<br />
saqarTveloSi?<br />
- TeTrs Tu wiTels?<br />
- glexurs Tu qarxnuls?<br />
ratom?<br />
Tqveni azriT, ra gansxvavebaa am tipebis Rvinoebs Soris:<br />
- glexuri;<br />
- qarxnuli Camosasxmeli;<br />
- qarxnuli boTlis.<br />
vin aniWebs upiratesobas glexur Rvinos? (aRwereT es xalxi.) ratom irCeven<br />
isini aseT Rvinos?<br />
49<br />
es sadiskusio gegma Sedgenili iqna Tesau sociologiis specialobis II kursis<br />
studentebis mier 2003 wels da gamoyenebuli iqna 2 saswavlo fokus-jgufis<br />
Catarebisas.<br />
37
vin aniWebs upiratesobas qarxnul Rvinos? (aRwereT es xalxi) ratom irCeven<br />
isini aseT Rvinos?<br />
rogor fiqrobT, dalevs Tu ara glexi qarxnul Rvinos?<br />
(Tu ara — ratom?)<br />
ra SemTxvevaSi dalevs?<br />
Tqveni azriT, dRes saqarTveloSi yvelaze did mowonebas romeli tipis Rvino<br />
imsaxurebs? ratom?<br />
daasruleT fraza: “is, vinc svams mxolod boTlSi Camosxmul Rvinos, aris . . .”<br />
ra Tvisebebi aqvs xarisxian Rvinos? (naturaluri Rvino?)<br />
Tu SegiZliaT dagvisaxeloT romelime xarisxiani Rvino?<br />
fasi<br />
sad yidulobT xomle Rvinos yvelaze xSirad?<br />
saSualod ra fasSi yidulobT xomle Rvinos?<br />
ra gavlenas axdens Tqvens arCevanze Rvinis fasi? Rvinis xarisxi?<br />
Tqveni arCevani Rvinis xarisxze ufroa damokidebuli Tu mis fasze?<br />
ra unda Rirdes Rvino?<br />
unda gansxvavdebodes Tu ara Rvinis fasi misi saxeobis mixedviT (wiTeli da<br />
TeTri, glexuri da qarxnis)<br />
Rvinis smis kultura<br />
rogor gesmiT fraza: “Rvinis smis kultura”?<br />
ra iciT Rvinis smis kulturis Sesaxeb sazRvargareT?<br />
aris Tu ara raime gansakuTrebuli im wesebSi da tradiciebSi, romlebic<br />
axasiaTebs Rvinis smis wesebs da masTan dakavSirebul tradiciebs saqarTveloSi?<br />
kaxeTSi?<br />
rogori iyo Rvinis smis kultura saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 100 wlis win?<br />
Seicvala Tu ara bolo 10-15 wlis manZilze Rvinis smis kultura saqarTveloSi<br />
/ TelavSi / TbilisSi? rogoria Rvinis smis kultura axla? ra mogwonT amaSi<br />
da ra — ara?<br />
38
magaliTi #3<br />
korufcia saqarTveloSi<br />
da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis<br />
warmomadgenlebis mier<br />
fokus-jgufebis angariSi<br />
Tavisuflebis institutis mier 2004 wlis ivnisSi Catarebuli iqna fokusjgufebi<br />
saqarTvelos ramdenime qalaqSi (axalcixe, Tbilisi, Telavi, quTaisi).<br />
jgufebi Catarda sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan: profesormaswavleblebi,<br />
studentebi, mZRolebi, policielebi, saxelmwifo moxeleebi.<br />
fokus-jgufebis mTavari mizani iyo am profesiuli jgufebis warmomadgenlebis<br />
mier korufciuli qmedebebis Sefaseba da korufciis <strong>for</strong>mebis Seswavla<br />
profesiuli saqmianobis Sesabamis sferoebSi; korufciuli da arakorufciuli<br />
qmedebebis gamijvna ama Tu im profesiis warmomadgenlebis TvalSi; agreTve,<br />
korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavla.<br />
angariSi eyrdnoba Semdegi fokus-jgufebis masalebs:<br />
profesiuli jgufi qalaqi Catarebis TariRi<br />
saxelmwifo moxeleebi axalcixe ivnisi, 2004 w.<br />
studentebi axalcixe ivnisi, 2004 w.<br />
maswavleblebi da mSoblebi Tbilisi seqtemberi, 2004 w.<br />
profesor-maswavleblebi Telavi ivnisi, 2004 w.<br />
studentebi Telavi ivnisi, 2004 w.<br />
policielebi quTaisi ivnisi, 2004 w.<br />
1. ra aris korufcia da ra ar aris korufcia<br />
fokus-jgufebis TiTqmis yvela monawilem daaxloebiT erTnairad ganmarta<br />
korufcia, rogorc:<br />
“Tanamdebobrivi ufleba-movaleobebis gadameteba angarebis mizniT”<br />
(policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
“adamiani rom nebismier Tanamdebobaze borotad iyenebs Tavis Tanamdebobas<br />
sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)<br />
“korufcia es aris kanons gareT momxdari garigeba” (studentebi, Telavi)<br />
“korufcia aris , rodesac garkveuli Tanamdeboba aqvs pirovnebas da am<br />
TanamdebobiT sargeblobs Tavis raRac gadaWarbebuli ambiciebiT da gZalavs<br />
fuls arakanonierad” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)<br />
“adamianTa mier saxelmwifo qonebis xelyofa” (profesor-maswavleblebi,<br />
Telavi)<br />
“[korufcia] qrTamis garda sxva saxiTac arsebobs: gadasaxadebis damalva,<br />
sagzao policiis TanamSromeli rom mZRols fuls arTmevs, esec korufciaa”<br />
(policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
sxva respondentebisagan gansxvavebiT, policiis TanamSromlebi ufro<br />
farTod ganmartaven korufcias:<br />
“korufcia pirvel rigSi sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulia, kanonis darRvevaa”<br />
(policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
39
“movaleobas pasuxismgeblobiT rom ar Seasruleb, isic korufciaa”<br />
(policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
SedarebiT iSviaTad gvaqvs saqme korufciis ganmartebasTan moralur WrilSi:<br />
“korufcia aris fulis, sindisis da kanonis ukmarisoba” (saxelmwifo<br />
moxeleebi, axalcixe)<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi, respondentebi aigiveben korufcias da meqrTameobas, Tumca<br />
zogjer isini aRniSnaven, rom korufcia meqrTameobasTan SedarebiT ufro farTo<br />
cnebaa, vinaidan is moicavs, agreTve arafuladi saxis garigebebs. SedarebiT<br />
iSviaTad iqna gaigivebuli korufciasTan nepotizmi:<br />
“naTesauri kavSirebi, megobroba, nacnoboba korufciaa, Tanamdebobaze iseTi<br />
adamianebi SeiZleba dainiSnon, romlebic saerTod Sesaferisi ar arian im<br />
Tanamdebobis” (policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
yvela jgufSi respondentebi eTanxmebian azrs, rom korufcia saqarTveloSi<br />
farTodaa gavrcelebuli da aRniSnaven, rom is gamoxatavs rogorc qrTamis<br />
amRebis, aseve qrTamis mimcemis interesebs:<br />
“vinc aZlevs [qrTams], isic kmayofilia da vinc iRebs, isic” (policielebi,<br />
quTaisi)<br />
“meqrTameoba universitetSi pirvel rigSi xels aZlevs students”<br />
(studentebi, Telavi)<br />
respondentebi yvelaze ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom korufcia erTnairad<br />
gasakicxia imis miuxedavad, Tu ra TanxiT gamoixateba aRebuli an micemuli<br />
qrTami; Tumca es pozicia erTsulovani ar iyo:<br />
“nemsis qurdi da aqlemis qurdi erTiao” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)<br />
“is, vinc 5 maneTs aiRebs, imas Tu saSualeba miecema, milionsac Tavisuflad<br />
aiRebs” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)<br />
“- rogorc ar arsebobs nawilobrivi orsuloba, ise ar arsebobs nawilobrivi<br />
[korumpirebuloba]. an aris, an ar aris.<br />
- ara ! zogi, magaliTad, davuSvaT, im wamlisTvis, im gaWirvebisTvis [iRebs<br />
qrTams] da zogi — fufunebisTvis, sasaxleebisTvis, mersedesebisTvis, “be-em-ve”-<br />
ebisTvis. aq gansxvaveba unda iyos, Cemi azriT” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)<br />
respondentebi ganixilaven korufcias, rogorc erTmniSvnelovnad uaryofiT<br />
movlenas, romelsac ar SeuZlia, raime dadebiTi Sedegi mohyves da raime<br />
gamarTleba hqondes:<br />
“korufciiT ara mgonia, qveyanam miiRos rame kargi, korufcia sikeTes<br />
moutans konkretul pirovnebas da mis ojaxs” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)<br />
“korufcia TavisTavad ar SeiZleba iyos kargi, SeiZleba korufcias raRac<br />
dadebiTi Sedegebi gaaCndes, magram misi zneobrivi mxare sul gadawonis im<br />
dadebiTs. amitom korufcia ar SeiZleba iyos kargi” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi,<br />
axalcixe)<br />
amasTan, qarTvel respondentebs uWirT erTmaneTisagan gamijnon korufcia<br />
da e.w. “pativiscema”, gamomdinare im garemoebidan, rom saqarTveloSi<br />
tradiciulad pativs scemen sxva adamianebs, iqneba es saCuqris Tu, ubralod,<br />
madlobis Tqmis meSveobiT. maTi azriT, ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSani<br />
korufciasa da pativiscemas Soris is aris, rom pirveli gamoZalvasTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli, xolo meore — nebayoflobiTia.<br />
“qrTams ver daarqmev-Tqo pativiscemas; pativiscema sxvaa, qrTami sxvaa”<br />
(studentebi, Telavi)<br />
“yvelafers korufcias ver davarqmev. magaliTad, bavSvi yvavils rom miutans<br />
maswavlebels skolaSi, es ar aris korufcia, es pativiscemaa. korufciad ar<br />
40
miviCnev, roca eqims sakuTari surviliT pacienti rames aCuqebs. ar aris qrTami ,<br />
radgan sakuTari surviliT Cuqnis” (policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
“[Tu] me miCndeba survili, rom im adamians pativi vce, me amas qrTams ar veZaxi.<br />
es SeiZleba iyos sunamo, “banbanerka” an sulac erTi fila Sokoladi. es, Cemi<br />
azriT, namdvilad ar unda aRiqmebodes qrTamad da korufciad” (maswavleblebi<br />
da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)<br />
“me, magaliTad, Zalian mewyineba, Tu isic korufciad CaTvales, rodesac me<br />
viRacis pativiscema minda da SemeSindes, rom is ar daiWiron an me ar damiWiron,<br />
rom imas pativi vce. pativiscema sxva aris, magram TviTon ar unda moiTxovon”<br />
(maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)<br />
2. korufciis mizezebi saqarTveloSi<br />
korufciis ZiriTad mizezad respondentebi TiTqmis erTxmad asaxeleben<br />
dabal xelfasebs sajaro samsaxuris yvela sferoSi; yvela profesiuli jgufi,<br />
gasagebi mizezebis gamo, gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebs Tavisi profesiuli<br />
sferos did mniSvnelobaze sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, da mizanSewonilad<br />
miiCnevs, rig SemTxvevaSi ki moiTxovs, am sferoSi xelfasebis mniSvnelovan<br />
gazrdas; sainteresoa, rom TiTqmis yvela sferos warmomadgenlebi, mamakacebi<br />
iseve rogorc qalebi, aucilebel saarsebo minimumad TveSi daaxloebiT 500 lars<br />
asaxeleben.<br />
“xelfasi minimumze minimumia” (policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
“roca Tanamdebobis piri xar, Zalian Znelia, cduneba Zalian didia”<br />
(saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)<br />
“maswavlebels imdeni xelfasi unda hqondes, rom aRar izrunos SeTavsebaze,<br />
rom sxvaganac aiRos saaTebi” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)<br />
“maswavlebels ar unda ecvas moswavleze cudad, ufro lamazad unda hqondes<br />
Tma davarcxnili” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)<br />
“Tu xelfasebi ar gaizrdeba , araferic ar Seicvleba” (maswavleblebi da<br />
mSoblebi, Tbilisi)<br />
bevri respondentis azriT, korumpirebuli pirebis nawili iZulebiT iRebs<br />
qrTams, vinaidan isini sxva gamosavals ver xedaven, es maTTvis Tavis an ojaxebis<br />
rCenis erTaderTi realuri gzaa; Zlieria rwmena, rom es xalxi Zalze ganicdis<br />
aseT mdgomareobas:<br />
“ekonomikuri mdgomareoba unda Seiqmnas imisTana, rom ar gaxde [ korumpirebuli]<br />
— magram miuxedavad amisa , is korumpirebulebi, vinc arian — isini<br />
iReben kidec [qrTams] da ekonomiuri mdgomareobac Zlieri aqvT. magram visac<br />
araviTari saSualeba ara aqvs — iman rom patara raRaca gaakeTos, me mgoni,<br />
korumpirebuli ar unda dauZaxon” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)<br />
“me rodesac maqvs kargi xelfasi, var Cemi saqmis profesionali da, ase vTqvaT,<br />
patrioti, me namdvilad ar davimcireb Tavs da ara mgonia, arc erTma<br />
maswavlebelma daimciros Tavi da gamarTos mSobelTan raRac uxerxuli saubari,<br />
raRac zewola moaxdinos masze, rom mere iman “pativi sces” — isevdaisev, Tu iqneba<br />
normaluri xelfasebi. imitom , rom pirovneba, vinc aseT saubars warmarTavs,<br />
TviTonac Zalian Seuracxyofilia, da roca mas kargi xelfasi eqneba, merwmuneT,<br />
igi ar Caigdebs Tavs aseT saCoTiro situaciaSi” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi,<br />
Tbilisi)<br />
rodesac aseT iZulebiT SemTxvevebTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin, saerTo azris<br />
Tanaxmad, xelfasebis gazrda gadaWris korufciis problemas.<br />
amasTan, fokus-jgufebis msvlelobis procesSi gamoikveTa azri, rom maRali<br />
xelfasi TavisTavad yovelTvis ar iqneba aucilebeli da sakmarisi garantia imisa,<br />
41
om korufcia aRar iqneba, vinaidan mas sxva mizezebic aqvs: (a) sixarbe da (b)<br />
tradiciuli kulturuli normebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi xels uwyobs<br />
korufciis gavrcelebas, anu, rogorc respondentebi moixsenieben, e.w. “qarTuli<br />
mentaliteti”.<br />
“adamians rac ufro meti aqvs, miT ufro meti unda” (studentebi, axalcixe)<br />
“marto gadarCenisTvis xom ar aris es korufcia? mTlad ise, vTqvaT —<br />
adamiani iRebs qrTams, rom gadarCes — esec ar mimaCnia sworad, imitom rom Zalian<br />
bevri adamiani vici me, romelic ar aris korumpirebuli, da Zalian bevri vici,<br />
rom ukve ‘gadarCenilia’, magram korufciis gzas agrZelebs” (profesormaswavleblebi,<br />
Telavi)<br />
“zogierT maswavlebels rom misce 1000 lari, is mainc aiRebs qrTams”<br />
(maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)<br />
bevri respondentis azriT, korufcia yvelaze seriozul <strong>for</strong>mebs<br />
xelisuflebis yvelaze maRal safexurebze iRebs, kerZod, xSirad saxeldeba<br />
parlamenti. es kidev erTxel adasturebs azrs, rom TavisTavad xelfasebis<br />
gazrda ar gadawyvets korufciis problemas saqarTveloSi, ramdenadac<br />
korufciis gavrcelebaSi dabal xelfasebTan erTad sxva faqtorebic TamaSoben<br />
mniSvnelovan rols; Tumca, ra Tqma unda, xelfasebis gazrda sajaro samsaxurebis<br />
moxeleebisTvis (gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es dakavSirebuli iqneba<br />
pasuxismgelobis amaRlebasTan da dausjelobis sindromis aRmofxvrasTan),<br />
saerTo rwmeniT, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels korufciis masStabebis<br />
Semcirebas.<br />
dausjelobis sindromi korufciis gavrcelebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
mizezia, da respondentebis mier xSirad iqna gamoTqmuli eWvi axlandeli<br />
xelisuflebis moqmedebebis marTebulebaSi, rodesac xdeba arakanonieri gzebiT<br />
mopovebuli qonebis patronebis gaTavisufleba winaswari patimrobidan<br />
mniSvnelovani jarimis gadaxdis Semdeg. maTi azriT, es xalxi seriozulad unda<br />
daisajos.<br />
korufciis gavrceleba garkveuli Sidasauwyebo zewolis Sedegadac SeiZleba<br />
moxdes, ris Sesaxebac, kerZod, saxelmwifo moxeleebi saubrobdnen:<br />
“SeiZleba ar gindodes, magram Seqmnilia rgoli da gaiZulebs, rom gaakeTo<br />
[qrTami aiRo], rom samsaxuri ar dakargo. gaiZulebs TviTon situacia”<br />
(saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)<br />
Tumca, amave fokus-jgufis erT-erTi respondenti imasac aRniSnavs, rom<br />
“vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg xelisuflebis Secvlis Sedegad es situacia<br />
Seicvala:<br />
“adre iyo is, rom ver imuSavebdi, Tu qrTams ar gadauxdidi, radgan fuli unda<br />
gekeTebina da yofiliyavi korumpirebuli. dRes me vityvi xmamaRla Cemi saxeliT<br />
da Cemi TanamSromlebis saxeliT , rom Cven vzivarT moWril konkretul xelfasze,<br />
ar davasaxeleb Tanxas, romelic ar gvyofnis elementarul, magaliTad,<br />
sigaretze” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)<br />
respondentebi im garemoebas usvamen xazs, rom korufcia xSirad sakuTari<br />
Tavis kvlavwarmoebas uwyobs xels:<br />
“ar aris korufcia, rom am umaRles damTavrebul Clungs Sen 500 dolars<br />
arTmev da maswavleblad iReb [skolaSi], rom is bavSvebi isev daaClungos, mere<br />
isev aq [universitetSi] fuliT moawyos, da mere isev gaaubeduros da ase<br />
gagrZeldes mudmivad?” (studentebi, Telavi)<br />
garda amisa, korufciis gavrcelebas garkveulwilad xels uwyobs Tavad is<br />
garemoeba, rom dRevandel saqarTveloSi korufcia Zalze farTodaa<br />
gavrcelebuli, rac respondentTa aseT mosazrebebs iwvevs:<br />
“me Tu ar aviRe, sxva mainc aiRebs, aseTi fiqric xdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
42
“arian iseTi [studentebi], rom marTla modian, udevT raRac CaTvlis wignakSi ;<br />
[me isini] gavabrune — ase iyo me-6 semestrSi, ase iyo me-7 semestrSi, ase iyo me-8<br />
semestrSi, da saxelmwifo gamocdaze wamomisves win. axla: ara sjobda, me TviTon<br />
gamomerTva?” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)<br />
garda amisa, korufciis mizezebad dasaxelda kanonebis ucodinroba,<br />
gaunaTlebloba, da arasrulyofili sakanonmdeblo baza:<br />
“rodesac esa Tu is urTierToba ar regulirdeba kanoniT, aq yovelTvis<br />
iqmneba raRac SezRuduli wre, sadac mimdinareobs [korufciuli] procesi. anu es<br />
procesi rom SeCerdes, es [sakanonmdeblo] vakuumi unda moispos aucileblad”<br />
(studentebi, Telavi)<br />
3. ra uwyobs xels korufcias<br />
miuxedavad yovelive zemoT Tqmulisa, korufcia respondentebSi garkveul<br />
gagebas iwvevs imdenad, ramdenadac is xSir SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc Tavis<br />
gadarCenis erT-erTi xelmisawvdomi strategia im pirobebSi, rodesac adamians<br />
sxva araferi gamosvali aRar darCenia, rodesac is ganwirulia saxelmwifos mier.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, dabali xelfasebi ganixileba rogorc korufciis<br />
ZiriTadi mizezi saqarTveloSi, Sesabamisad, respondentebi miiCneven usaxsrobas<br />
korufciis erT-erT umTavres gamarTlebad:<br />
“16 lari rodesac aqvs leqtors xelfasi da mas Semosavlis sxva wyaro ara<br />
aqvs, imas veranairad ver mosTxov, rom ar aiRos fuli viRac debilisgan, visac<br />
aqvs fuli da sTavazobs” (studentebi, Telavi)<br />
amas garda, fokus-jgufebis msvlelobis procesSi gamoikveTa korufciis<br />
kidev ori SesaZlo gamarTleba qarTveli respondentebis mxridan: “susti<br />
saxelmwifo”, romelic ver asrulebs Tavis funqciebs, da “qarTveloba/qarTuli<br />
mentaliteti”.<br />
3.1. “susti saxelmwifo”, rogorc korufciis<br />
institucionaluri gamarTleba<br />
repondentTa umravlesoba “patara kacis” poziciidan uyurebs korufciis<br />
problemas qveyanaSi da miiCnevs, rom pasuxismgebloba korufciis gavrcelebaze<br />
srulad ekisreba saxelmwifos da mis “pirvel moxeleebs”. am poziciisgan<br />
gansxvavdeba studentebis Sefasebebi, romlebic SedarebiT ufro<br />
TviTkritikulebi arian da xedaven rigiTi moqalaqeebis pasuxismgeblobas<br />
korufciis gavrcelebas dakavSirebiT.<br />
“yvelaferi mainc saxelmwifos meTauridan da mTavrobidan iwyeba da<br />
mTavrdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
“rodesac saxelmwifo winaswar uSvebs korufcias, imitom rom xelfass aZlevs<br />
amdagvars, is ukve geubneba — midi da iSoveo” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)<br />
“korufciis Tavi da Tavi mainc, me mgoni, zemodan modis” (saxelmwifo<br />
moxeleebi, axalcixe)<br />
“saxelmwifos midgomaa aseTi, rom imas awyobs, rom ase iyos. korufcia iyos”<br />
(profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)<br />
“ase Tu ise, korufcia yvela sferoSia, saboloo jamSi yvela sferodan Tanxa<br />
erT xelSi iyris Tavs — kancelariasa da parlamentSi. korufciis saerTod moSla<br />
gamoricxulia, magram Tu zemoT ar moiTxoven fuls, korufciis masStabebi<br />
Semcirdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
saxelmwifosadmi wayenebuli ZiriTadi pretenziebi aseTia: is ar zrunavs<br />
moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze; ar uzrunvelyobs “kanonierebis kulturis”<br />
damkvidrebas, rac warmoSobs dausjelobis sindroms; da ar zrunavs iseTi<br />
kanonebis miRebaze, romlebic ukeT imuSavebs Cvens qveyanaSi da mZime tvirTad ar<br />
43
daawveba mosaxleobas. amasTan, sazogadoebaSi Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli rwmena, rom<br />
maRali rangis saxelmwifo moxeleebi yvelaze ufro korumpirebulTa Soris<br />
arian saqarTveloSi, rac spobs mosaxleobaSi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas am<br />
saxelmwifo moxeleebis, an sxva moqalaqeebis winaSe.<br />
“vfiqrob, saxelmwifom unda ifiqros imaze, rom xelfasebi gaizardos, rom<br />
saxlSi mSieri bavSvi ar melodebodes da am saxlSi misvla ar meSinodes”<br />
(saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)<br />
“mSier adamians ver mosTxov kanonis dacvas” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi,<br />
axalcixe)<br />
“saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos materialuri keTildReoba da iseTi garemo ,<br />
sadac adamians kanondarRvevis SemTxvevaSi SeeSindeba dasjis” (policielebi,<br />
quTaisi)<br />
“kacs rom 30 lars aZlev da imas mere cixeSi Casvam — imis moraluri ufleba<br />
ara gaqvs!” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)<br />
“Cveni [universitetis] Semosavali rom aris , fasianebidan — 60% mihqonda<br />
saxelmwifos aramwarmoebeli sferodan, amitom ara gvaqvs xelfasi. sad aris, ra<br />
kanonzea laparaki? es aris saxelmwifosgan dadgenili oficialuri yaCaRoba. ...<br />
es aris naZirlebis dawerili kanoni” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)<br />
“sagadasaxado kanoni, magaliTad, unda iyos iseTi loialuri, rom adamiani<br />
gaiqces gadasaxadis gadasaxdelad” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)<br />
“Sroma moenatra yvelas! aucilebelia imuSaon, sawarmoebi amuSavdes, pirvel<br />
rigSi” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)<br />
saxelmwifo ar uqmnis Tavis moxeleebs normalurad muSaobisaTvis saWiro<br />
elementarul pirobebs, rac kidev ufro amcirebs saxelmwifos am xalxis TvalSi.<br />
“qurdobaze [Tu] daiWire vinme, saqme Ziebamde rom miiyvano, daaxloebiT 50-<br />
dan 100 laramde gWirdeba. furceli ginda, eqsperti, qseroqsi, benzini — am<br />
yvelafers aravin afinansebs, policieli cdilobs, yvelafer amisTvis Tanxa<br />
moipovos” (policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
“Tavidan muSaobas rom iwyeb, <strong>for</strong>ma gWirdeba, aravin ar gaZlevs mas, sakuTari<br />
saxsrebiT unda iyido an Seikero. “pagonebi” 10 lari Rirs, <strong>for</strong>mis perangi 18<br />
lari, 50 lari — Sarvali, <strong>for</strong>ma 100 laramde gijdeba. tyviebi Sen unda iyido ,<br />
sawvavi Sen unda Caasxa. aseT pirobebSi korufciisagan Tavs ver daizRvev”<br />
(policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
vinaidan saxelmwifo ar arsrulebs Tavis funqciebs, xdeba korufciaze<br />
pasuxismgeblobis srulad “gadatana” saxelmwifoze an Tundac mis calkeul<br />
maRalCinosnebze, rac mosaxleobas sakuTari udanaSaulobis grZnobas umtkicebs<br />
da Sesabamisad, amcirebs samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas. respondentebi<br />
iSviaTad afiqsireben SemTxvevebs, rodesac Tavad xalxi ase Tu ise xels uwyobs<br />
korufcias daufiqreblobis, gulgrilobis an sxva raime mizezis Sedegad:<br />
“yvelafers mTavrobas ver davabraleb, adamianebis mentaliteti unda<br />
Seicvalos. 100-dan 70-s hgonia, rom qrTami aris saukeTeso gamosavali. xom<br />
SeiZleba moqalaqem pasporti moiTxovos erTi TviT adre da ara bolo wuTSi?<br />
moqalaqe, romelic erT kviraSi iTxovs pasportis damzadebas, korufcias uwyobs<br />
xels” (policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gaiJRera mosazrebam, rom<br />
korufciaSi met-naklebad Tanabrad ageben pasuxs rogorc qrTamis amRebi, aseve<br />
qrTamis mimcemi — rogorc wesi, SeiniSneba tendencia, mTeli pasuxismgebloba<br />
korufciuli garigebis mxolod erT mxares daekisros, kerZod — qrTamis amRebs,<br />
romelic, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze ufro xSirad saxelmwifo moxelea.<br />
“vinc aZlevs, igivea. es ianusia, orsaxovani, arafriT masze ukeTesi ar aris,<br />
amRebic da mimcemic orive erTia. amitomac, TiTis miSvera mxolod imisken [vinc<br />
44
qrTams iRebs] es aris uzneoba” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)<br />
“bibliidan moviyvan, rom codvili is ki ar aris, vinc qrTams iRebs, Sen<br />
codvili xar, rodesac qrTams aZlev. me maqvs micemuli, vTqvaT , qrTami da me Cems<br />
Tavs ufro vTvli am SemTxvevaSi damnaSaved, vidre imas, vinc aiRo es”<br />
(studentebi, Telavi)<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi mTavrobis mimarT<br />
zogadad uaRresad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba dafiqsirda, axal mTavrobas<br />
mainc aqvs garkveuli ndobis krediti.<br />
respondentTa umravlesoba imediT uyurebs mTavrobis Secvlas da axali<br />
saxeebis gamoCenas, Tumca jerjerobiT es imedi araviTar realur cvlilebebze<br />
ar aris damyarebuli, aramed mxolod dapirebebsa da imedebze, amitom Znelia imis<br />
Tqma, Tu ramden xans gastans es ndobis krediti. situaciis gamosworebis imeds<br />
badebs, agreTve is garemoeba, rom, respondentebis SefasebiT, TandaTan<br />
mkvidrdeba SiSis faqtori, romelic, SesaZloa, xels Seuwyobs dausjelobis<br />
sindromis aRmofxvras.<br />
3.2. “qarTveloba”, rogorc korufciis kulturuli gamarTleba<br />
“qarTveloba”, “qarTuli mentaliteti”, agreTve xSirad ganixileba rogorc<br />
korufciis Taviseburi gamarTleba. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, qarTvelebs<br />
sCveviaT, “pativi scen” sxvebs, gamoxaton Tavisi madliereba saCuqrebis meSveobiT.<br />
amas respondentebi miiCneven misaReb movlenad da ar Tvlian, rom amis<br />
winaaRmdeg saWiroa brZola.<br />
“iciT ra aris — qarTvel kacs mentalitetSi aqvs raRacis Cuqeba, TiTqos<br />
mgonia, niSnisTvis ki ar miaqvT es...” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)<br />
“rogorc wesi, saqarTveloSi qrTamSi igulisxmeba rogorc saCuqari, raime<br />
momsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamiani madlierebis niSnad uxdida adamians<br />
raRacas. moqalaqe, romelic raime TxovniT mimarTavs [Tanamdebobis pirs],<br />
cdilobs rame gadauxados, rom is daayenos pirvel rigSi, an ufro ukeTesad<br />
moemsaxuros. es mentalobidanac gamomdinareobs” (studentebi, Telavi)<br />
“yvela adamians saqarTveloSi rom hkiTxo, unda yvelaferi iyos kanonierad;<br />
magram unda, rom am situaciaSi yvela iqceodes kanonierad TviTon mis garda,<br />
xolo TviTon isev Zveleburad agrZelebdes. anu, yvela fiqrobs, rom ki, ra Tqma<br />
unda, kanoni unda kanonobdes, damnaSave unda daisajos, magram...” (studentebi,<br />
Telavi)<br />
4. korufciis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli agentebi<br />
respondnetebi yvelaze ufro xSirad miiCneven, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg<br />
brZola calkeuli pirovnebebis doneze SeuZlebelia:<br />
“pirovneba ver aRudgeba korufcias, sanam qveyanaSi <strong>socialur</strong>i mdgomareoba<br />
ar amaRldeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
“korufciasTan brZolaSi moqalaqe uZluria, brZola mTavrobidan unda<br />
daiwyos” (policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
Tavad respondentebi, rogorc wesi, ar SebrZolebian korufciul faqtebs,<br />
romlebTanac hqoniaT Sexeba, vinaidan arCies, moridebodnen dapirispirebas,<br />
romelsac aseTi brZola gamoiwvevda.<br />
amasTan, respondentebma rig SemTxvevaSi daafiqsires is cvlilebebi, romelic<br />
moxda maT damokidebulebaSi bolo Tveebis manZilze:<br />
“axla me ukve SemiZlia [xmis amaRleba]. me Tu guSin cota mSiSara viyavi, dRes<br />
cota Tamami var” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)<br />
45
“imaze, razec vCumdebodi me yovelTvis, me gulaxdilad vityvi, razec vCumdebodi,<br />
raRac situaciebze, yovelTvis, me ar gavCumdi erTi Tvis win, Zalian<br />
delikaturad, magram me ukve ratom ar gavCumdi, iciT? me ukve vicodi, rom<br />
zurgi ukve cota magari meqneboda, rom Tu me xmas amoviRebdi da Tu amas vityodi,<br />
ukve vicodi, rom im Cems zurgs ukan ukve SeiZleba damdgariyo adamiani, romelic<br />
mxars momcemda” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)<br />
SedarebiT iSviaTad saubroben respodnentebi Tavad moqalaqeTa rolis<br />
Sesaxeb korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi:<br />
“aq aris mTavari sakuTari uflebebis da movaleobebis gacnobiereba, da<br />
rogorc Tanamdebobis pirma unda gaiTvaliswinos sakuTari movaleoba, aseve<br />
saxelmwifom nebismieri moqalaqisadmi unda gaacnobieros [Tavisi] uflebamovaleoba<br />
. ase unda iyos gacnobierebuli kanonis uzenaesoba” (saxelmwifo<br />
moxeleebi, axalcixe)<br />
“sazogadoebam is unda gaakeTos pirvel rigSi, rom unda SeveCvioT SeniSvnis<br />
micemas. ai, magaliTad: quCaSi mimavalma axlagazrdam daagdo Zirs nayinis<br />
qaRaldi, Cven mas SeniSvnas ar mivcemT, rom Caagdos qaRaldi urnaSi” (saxelmwifo<br />
moxeleebi, axalcixe)<br />
aqac, sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT studentebi yvelaze xSirad gamoTqvemen<br />
konstruqciul mosazrebebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogori SeiZleba iyos<br />
rigiTi moqalaqeebis roli korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi:<br />
“Cvens uflebebs unda gavecnoT, unda gavacnoT sxva adamianebic am uflebebs”<br />
(studentebi, Telavi)<br />
“kanoni unda vicodeT” (studentebi, axalcixe)<br />
“is, rac Sen ici da [sxva adamianma] ar icis — Tundac uflebebi, Tundac Sen<br />
ufro mebrZoli xar , vidre is — Sen [unda] daexmaro im adamians im resursiT, rac<br />
Sen gaqvs” (studentebi, Telavi)<br />
“Tu xalxs ar endomeba, rom korufcia moispos, is ar moispoba” (studentebi,<br />
Telavi)<br />
“saxelmwifoSi moqalaqem ar icis Tavisi valdebulebebi, ra movaleobebi<br />
akisria saxelmwifos winaSe da, rac mTavaria, ar icis, ra uflebebi aqvs, imitom<br />
rom misi uflebebi, rogorc wesi, gamoixateba saxelmwifos valdebulebebSi”<br />
(studentebi, Telavi)<br />
“sabani sadamdec gagwvdeba, ise unda daifaro” (studentebi, axalcixe)<br />
“axlandeli axalgazrdobac uwyobs amas [korufcias] efeqturad xels, imitom<br />
rom ukve ici, rom amis gareSe ar xdeba, fulis gareSe, an qrTamis gareSe, da ukve<br />
rogor aris, iciT? mcdeloba aRar aris” (studentebi, Telavi)<br />
mainc, ZiriTadi agenti, romelsac, respondentTa azriT, Seswevs Zala<br />
SeebrZolos korufcias, aris saxelmwifo. mas es SeuZlia gaakeTos Semdegi<br />
RonisZiebebis gatarebis meSveobiT: xelfasebis gazrda da kanonierebis<br />
kulturis damkvidreba, Sesabamisad, dausjelobis sindromis aRmofxvra. es<br />
ukanaskneli SeiZleba, kerZod, gakeTdes mosaxleobis samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis<br />
meSveobiT:<br />
“saxelmwifom unda izrunos sakuTari moqalaqeebis samarTlebrivi<br />
ganaTlebisaTvis. moqalaqeebi ufro aqtiuri unda gaxdnen, aRar unda ifiqron, es<br />
Cemi saqme ar ariso. unda gaacnobieron, rom saxelmwifos mSenebloba TiToeul<br />
maTganzea damokidebuli. mentalitetis Secvlas albaT dro dasWirdeba”<br />
(policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
“saxelmwifom unda akontrolos xalxi, rogor asrulebs kanons; Tu [kanoni]<br />
ar Sesruldeba, unda agebinon pasuxi” (studentebi, axalcixe)<br />
“saxelmwifom unda daanaxos xalxs, rom kanons Tu ar Seasruleb, daisjebi.<br />
viRaca rom dainaxavs , daisaja, sxvac aRar gaakeTebs” (studentebi, axalcixe)<br />
46
espondnetebi acnobiereben im garemoebas, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg<br />
brZola ioli ar aris:<br />
“xan aris, rom isea gamartivebuli qrTamis aRebis procedura, rom Zalian<br />
Znelia vinme konkretulze xelis dadeba” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)<br />
SesaZloa, yvelaze ufro konstruqciulia pozicia, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />
brZola korufciis winaaRmdeg unda xdebodes erToblivad, rogorc<br />
saxelmwifos, aseve calkeuli moqalaqeebis Zalebis gaerTianebis Sedegad:<br />
“moqalaqeebi ufro aqtiuri unda iyvnen, saxelmwifom ki <strong>socialur</strong>i pirobebi<br />
unda mouwesrigos Tavis moqalaqeebs” (policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
“sazogadoeba kanonmorCili unda gaxdes, saxelmwifom <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
problemebi unda moagvaros” (policielebi, quTaisi)<br />
oqtomberi, 2004 w.<br />
47
Tema 4.<br />
dakvirveba<br />
intervius nebismier saxeobas (maT Soris siRrmiseul intervius da fokusjgufs)<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segrovebis verbaluri saSualebebi udevs safuZvlad. magram<br />
adamianTa cxovrebaSi ara naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs moqmedebebs, qcevebs,<br />
urTierTobas, da am moqmedebebs Soris aris iseTebi, romelTa sityvierad aRwera<br />
da gadmocema respondents SeiZleba gauWirdes; damaxinjebulad gadmogvces<br />
isini; an ubralod ar CaTvalos laparakis Rirsad. arada, es SeiZleba iyos<br />
moqmedebebi, romelTa mniSvnelobac <strong>socialur</strong>i cxovrebis analizisaTvis Zalze<br />
didia. zog SemTxvevaSi respondentebi ar aqceven yuradRebas sakuTari qcevis<br />
garkveul detalebs, amitom intervius dros ver ixseneben maT; sxva SemTxvevaSi ki<br />
isini arasworad ixsomeben imas, Tu rogor ganviTarda movlenebi. <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
mecnierebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom adamianebi ar arian sakuTari qcevis<br />
kargi aRmwerebi, da ver gvawvdian sando in<strong>for</strong>macias mis Sesaxeb. 50<br />
situaciebSi, rodesac intervius verc erT saxeobas ver gamoviyenebT,<br />
CvenTvis saWiro in<strong>for</strong>maciis mopovebaSi dakvirveba dagvexmareba.<br />
dakvirvebis meTodi Zalze farTod gamoiyeneba <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebebSi.<br />
yvelaze xSirad am meTods antropologebi da eTnografebi mimarTaven<br />
gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenelebis cxovrebis Seswavlis mizniT, da aq<br />
sityva “kultura” Zalze farTo gagebiT ixmareba. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc sxva,<br />
SedarebiT mcirericxovani da naklebad cnobili <strong>socialur</strong>i jgufis kultura<br />
(magaliTad, rok-musikosebis; damnaSaveebis; mecxvareebis) da maTi cxovrebis<br />
Sinagani wesebis dadgena, aseve antropologiuri gamokvlevebi — naklebad<br />
cnobili tomis an eris cxovreba an am cxovrebis romelime aspeqti, iqneba es maTi<br />
religiuri wes-Cveulebebi; Taobebs Soris urTierToba; Sromis ganawileba, Tu<br />
sxva. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi kvleva Soreul qveynebSi xorcieldeba, SedarebiT<br />
naklebad Seswavlil kunZulebze, magram Tanamedrove kvleviT praqtikaSi<br />
savsebiT miRebulia, mivmarToT dakvirvebas Cvensave qalaqebSi mcxovrebi xalxis<br />
subkulturis Seswavlis mizniT.<br />
dakvirvebis meTodis Teoretikosebi, kerZod, h.r.bernardi, xazs usvamen im<br />
garemoebas, rom damkvirveblis amocana gacilebiT iolia misTvis ucxo<br />
kulturaSi muSaobis dros; es amocana mniSvnelovnad rTuldeba, rodesac mas<br />
mSobliur kulturaSi uwevs dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom<br />
mSobliur kulturaSi Cven “bunebrivad” aRviqvamT da Cveulebrivad gveCveneba<br />
moqmedebebisa da reaqciebis umravlesoba, romlebic mraval kiTxvas warmoSoben,<br />
Tu maT miukerZoebeli TvaliT SevxedavT; zogierTi mniSvnelovani elementi ki<br />
SeiZleba saerTod yuradRebis gareSe dagvrCes, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom<br />
isini Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia da miCveulebi varT maT.<br />
dakvirveba erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tvisebriv meTods warmoadgens, romlis<br />
umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom is bunebriv garemoSi xorcieldeba, iq, sadac realurad<br />
mimdinareobs cxovreba, da ara “laboratoriul” pirobebSi, rogoricaa<br />
mkvlevris ofisi. swored es garemoeba ganapirobebs am meTodis specifikas da<br />
masTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebul sirTuleebs. Tumca Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> gamoirCeva Tavisi ara<strong>for</strong>maluri xasiaTiT, es gansakuTrebiT<br />
sworia dakvirvebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SeuZlebelia imis winaswarmetyveleba,<br />
Tu vin Sexvdeba mkvlevars quCaSi an kafeSi; rodis, ra pirobebSi da ra Temaze<br />
mouwevs intervius Catareba; ra movlenebis momswre gaxdeba dRis manZilze.<br />
iTvleba, rom dakvirvebis warmoebis yvelaze mizanSewonili obieqtia yoveldRiuri<br />
saqmianoba, romelic mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe meordeba dRidan<br />
dRemde. es SeiZleba iyos urTierToba TanamSromlebs Soris samuSao saaTebSi;<br />
Tavisufali drois organizacia ojaxSi an megobarTa wreSi; saswavlo procesi<br />
(skolSi, umaRles saswavlebelSi); bazris cxovreba an maRaziaSi myidvelebis<br />
50 Robert S. Weiss. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York:<br />
Free Press. P. 236.<br />
48
qceva, da sxva. mklevris uSualo interesi SeiZleba iyos xalxis Cacmuloba ama Tu<br />
im situaciaSi; an mosaxleobis quCaSi moZraobis siCqare, nacnobebTan<br />
gamosaubrebis mizniT SeCerebis sixSire da am SeCerebebis xangrZlivoba.<br />
iSviaTi SemTxvevebis garda 51 , kvlevis procesSi damkvirvebeli Zalauneburad<br />
axdens gavlenas moqmed pirebze da <strong>socialur</strong> situaciebze, romelSic isini arian<br />
CarTulni. es gavlena cnobilia rogorc reaqtiuloba — ician ra, rom maT<br />
moqmedebas akvirdebian, adamianebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu<br />
rogor iqcevian, rogor epyrobian sxva adamianebs, ras da rogor amboben, da<br />
saboloo jamSi maTi saqcieli bunebrivi aRar aris, mkvlevris arseboba rom ara,<br />
isini ase ar moiqceodnen. reaqtiuloba adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciaa, magram<br />
dakvirvebis warmoebisas Zalze seriozul problemas warmoadgens, vinaidan<br />
amaxinjebs Sedegebs. misi srulad gadalaxva faqtiurad SeuZlebelia, Tumca<br />
arsebobs misi Semcirebis SesaZleblobebi, romelTa Sesaxebac qvemoT visaubrebT.<br />
meTodis daxasiaTeba<br />
iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva tipis gamokvleva, dakvirveba Sesaswavli<br />
erTeulis gamoyofiT iwyeba. es SeiZleba iyos:<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
adgili, sadac xdeba moqmedeba. specialur literaturaSi es adgili<br />
moxsenieba rogorc “saiti” (ingl. site);<br />
adamianebi, romlebic CarTulni arian CvenTvis saintereso saqmianobaSi da<br />
vis moqmedebebsac vakvirdebiT, anu “aqtorebi” (ingl. actor);<br />
TviTon moqmedeba an saqmianoba (scenebi), situaciebi, movlenebi, romlebsac<br />
uSualod vakvirdebiT; da<br />
nivTebi, romlebis irgvliv an romelTa gamoyenebiTac xdeba moqmedeba.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong> gamokvlevebSi dakvirvebis meTodi iSviaTad gvxvdeba rogorc<br />
kvlevis erTaderTi meTodi. es imiT aixsneba, rom, rogorc vTqviT, dakvirveba<br />
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebis cxovrebis<br />
wesis Seswavlis mizniT, aseTi Seswavla ki SeuZlebelia mxolod dakvirvebis<br />
meSveobiT — is aucileblad iTvaliswinebs sxva <strong>meTodebi</strong>s gamoyenebasac, upirveles<br />
yovlisa — gasaubrebas Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan da eqsperteb-<br />
Tan, romlebic dagvexmarebian sworad avxsnaT is, rac davafiqsireT dakvirvebis<br />
dros. gasaubreba ki, ra Tqma unda, intervius erT-erTi saxeobaa. amitom “sufTa”,<br />
an “ubralo” dakvirveba, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari ar amyarebs urTierTobas<br />
aqtorebTan, romlebsac is Seiswavlis, iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. rogorc<br />
wesi, dakvirvebis meTodi ixmareba kompleqsurad sxva meTodebTan — upirveles<br />
yovlisa, interviusTan erTad, da am meTodiT muSaobisas mkvlevari Zalauneburad<br />
erTveba <strong>socialur</strong> situaciaSi, romelSic aqtorebi monawileoben.<br />
mkvlevris monawileoba <strong>socialur</strong> situaciaSi, misi CarTva im procesebSi,<br />
romlebsac is Seiswavlis, SeiZleba sxvadasxva intnsiurobiT moxdes. am intensiurobidan<br />
gamomdinare, gamoiyofa CarTvis Semdegi tipebi: 52<br />
CarTvis intensiuroba<br />
maRali<br />
saSualo<br />
dabali<br />
mkvlevari ar iRebs monawileobas<br />
<strong>socialur</strong> situaciaSi<br />
CarTvis tipi<br />
sruli (“CarTuli dakvirveba”)<br />
aqtiuri<br />
mokrZalebuli<br />
pasiuri<br />
ar aris “CarTva”<br />
(“ubralo dakvirveba”)<br />
51<br />
aseT SemTxvevad SeiZleba CavTvaloT situacia, rodesac Sesaswavli obieqti ver<br />
igrZnobs damkvirveblis arsebobas — erT-erTi aseTi magaliTia dakvirveba xalxmraval<br />
adgilebSi.<br />
52 ix. James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. gv. 58.<br />
49
“ubralo” dakvirveba Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari saerTod ar<br />
iRebs monawileobas <strong>socialur</strong> situaciaSi — magaliTad, is zis kafeSi da mxolod<br />
akvirdeba im movlenebs, romlebic iq viTardeba.<br />
amis sapirispirod, <strong>socialur</strong> situaciaSi sruli CarTva Seesabameba CarTul<br />
dakvirvebas (participant observation), romlis drosac mkvlevari ar rCeba gare<br />
damkvirveblad, aramed srul monawileobas iRebs im <strong>socialur</strong> situaciebSi,<br />
romlebsac Seiswavlis. es monawileoba gamoixateba aqtorebTan erTad maT<br />
yoveldRiur saqmianobasa Tu zeimebSi monawileobis miRebaSi; damatebiT,<br />
mkvlevari awarmoebs ara<strong>for</strong>malur gasaubrebebs aqtorebTan an srulfasovan<br />
interviuebs atarebs maTTan.<br />
CarTuli dakvirvebaa is meTodi, romelic xSirad gaigivebulia Tavad Tvisebriv<br />
meTodebTan da/an eTnografiasTan; xSirad literaturaSi terminebi<br />
“eTnografia”, “eTnografiuli kvleva” da “CarTuli dakvirveba” ixmareba rogorc<br />
sinonimebi. 53<br />
CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodisadmi miZRvnil klasikur saxelmZRvanelod<br />
iTvleba jeims spradlis “CarTuli dakvirveba”. 54 spradlis Tanaxmad, ucnob<br />
<strong>socialur</strong> situaciaSi moxvedrili nebismieri adamiani CarTuli damkvirvebeli<br />
xdeba, vinaidan misTvis ucxoa am situaciaSi moqmedi wesebi da normebi, da is<br />
iZulebuli xdeba, gamoikvlios da Seiswavlos isini xalxTan urTierTobis meSveobiT.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i mecnierebebis farglebSi CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens<br />
mcdelobas gavigoT, Tu ra mniSvnelobebs aniWeben sxvadasxva <strong>socialur</strong>i Tu<br />
kulturuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi TavianT cxovrebas, rogor aRiqvamen<br />
sxvadasxva movlenebs da ra mniSvnelobas aniWeben maT. amis Seswavlas sakmaod<br />
bevri dro sWirdeba. CarTuli dakvirvebis minimalur xangrZlivobad ramdenime<br />
Tve iTvleba; srulfasovani gamokvleva ki sul cota erTi wlis manZilze<br />
grZeldeba, vinaidan erTi SexedviT martiv <strong>socialur</strong> situaciebSic ki xSirad<br />
Rrma da rTuli kulturuli azria Caqsovili. imisaTvis, rom kargad SeviswavloT<br />
ucxo kulturis warmomadgenlebi, maTi kulturuli normebi da/an simboloebi,<br />
didi droa saWiro. maSinac ki, Tu gamokvlevis savele periods ramdenime<br />
weliwads davuTmobT, iZulebulebi viqnebiT, SevarCioT cxovrebis konkretuli<br />
aspeqtebi, romlebic dakvirvebis ZiriTad fokuss warmoadgenen da romlebsac<br />
dawvrilebiT SeviswavliT, danarCenebs ki mxolod zedapiruli yuradReba<br />
davuTmoT.<br />
ar arsebobs CarTuli dakvirvebis warmoebis sayovelTao wesebi, iseve rogorc<br />
ar arsebobs dakvirvebis saitis SerCevasTan dakavSirebuli rekomendaciebi.<br />
am gadawyvetilebebis miReba yovelTvis konkretuli situaciidan gamomdinare<br />
xdeba. xSirad mkvlevari iwyebs muSaobas garemoSi, sadac aravis ar icnobs; is<br />
ubralod midis kafeebSi, biblioTekebSi, eswreba ama Tu im Temis mier<br />
organizebul RonisZiebebs, dadis SerCeuli “saitis” quCebSi, da TandaTan icnobs<br />
xalxs, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi misi in<strong>for</strong>maciis wyaroebi gaxdebian.<br />
miuxedavad am meTodikis simartivisa, “quCaSi dgomis” strategia Zalian efeqturia.<br />
magram in<strong>for</strong>mantebis gacnobis Semdeg Tveebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom<br />
mkvlevarma daimkvidros adgili Sesaswavl jgufSi da moipovos xalxis ndoba.<br />
h.r.bernardi Tvlis, rom am meTodis Seswavlis saukeTeso xerxi misi praqtikuli<br />
gamoyenebaa. amasTan, misi azriT, SeuZlebelia am meTodis warmatebiT<br />
gamoyeneba, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos is xalxi, visTanac is<br />
muSaobs, anu aqtorebi. “sakuTari Tavis wardgenis wesebi Zalze martivia, — ambobs<br />
bernardi. — ilaparakeT simarTle, iyaviT Tanamimdevruli da nu ilaparakebT<br />
zedmets. CarTul dakvirvebaSi, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba warmoadginos Tavi sxva<br />
adamianad, vidre is sinamdvileSia, is ver miaRwevs warmatebas” 55 .<br />
CarTuli dakvirvebis ori tipi arsebobs — gamJRavnebuli, (ingl. overt),<br />
53<br />
qarTulad CarTuli dakvirveba zog SemTxvevaSi moixsenieba rogorc “monawile<br />
dakvirveba” rac Sesabamisi inglisuri terminis ufro zusti Targmania.<br />
54 James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.<br />
55 H. Russel Bernard. 1994. Research Methods in Anthropology. 2 nd Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishers.<br />
P. 144.<br />
50
odesac mkvlevari Tavidanve acnobs aqtorebs Tavis vinaobas da miznebs, da<br />
gaumJRavnebeli (ingl. covert), romlis drosac aqtorebisTvis ucnobia, rom saqme<br />
aqvT mkvlevarTan — isini mas aRiqvamen, rogorc <strong>socialur</strong>i situaciis rigiT<br />
monawiles. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaumJRavnebeli dakvrivebis warmoebas Tavisi<br />
upiratesobebi aqvs (upirveles yovlisa, aRar gvaqvs saqme reaqtiulobis<br />
problemasTan), is Zalze seriozul eTikur problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli,<br />
vinaidan misi warmoebis dros Segnebulad xdeba aqtorebis SecdomaSi Seyvana.<br />
amasTan, mkvlevari mudam “gamomJRavnebis” saSiSroebis winaSea — yovelTvis aris<br />
imis SesaZlebloba, rom romelime aqtori Seityobs mis namdvil vinaobas, an vinmes<br />
xelSi Cauvardeba mis mier kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli Canawerebi.<br />
gaumJRavnebeli dakvirveba yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac SeuZlebelia<br />
ama Tu im jgufis Seswavla sxvagvarad, rodesac kvlevis erTaderT<br />
saSualebas gaumJRavnebeli CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens; arcTu iSviaTad,<br />
mkvlevari ase Seiswavlis daxurul jgufebs, maT Soris — kriminalur<br />
dajgufebebs. magram Tu mkvlevari kriminaluri dajgufebis wevri xdeba kvlevis<br />
Catarebis mizniT da ar miaCnia mizanSewonilad Tavisi namdvili vinaobis gam-<br />
JRavneba, maSin is iZulebulia, monawileoba miiRos am jgufis kanonsawinaaRmdego<br />
qmedebebSi; garda amisa, mas eqneba in<strong>for</strong>macia dagegmili qurdobis/Zarcvis/yaCa-<br />
Robis Sesaxeb. rogor unda moiqces is aseT SemTxvevebSi? am sakiTxis gadawyveta<br />
Zalian rTulia, imitom rom Tu is Seatyobinebs policias aseT in<strong>for</strong>macias, maSin<br />
iZulebuli gaxdeba Sewyvitos kvleva, xolo Tu Tavs Seikavebs am in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
gamxelisagan, maSin damnaSaveTa Tanamonawile xdeba.<br />
CarTuli dakvirvebis sami etapi gamoiyofa — aRweriTi, fokusirebuli da<br />
SerCeviTi dakvirveba. 56<br />
mkvlevari axorcielebs aRweriT dakvirvebas (descriptive observation) kvlevis<br />
sawyis etapze, rodesac mas jer ara aqvs gadawyvetili, <strong>socialur</strong>i realobis<br />
konkretulad romel aspeqtebze gaamaxvilebs yuradRebas. amitom am etapze is<br />
“yvelafers akvirdeba”, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvelafris dakvirveba sinamdvileSi<br />
SeuZlebelia. aRweriTi dakvirveba dakvirvebis pirveli, sacdeli etapia, romlis<br />
msvlelobaSic mkvlevari cdilobs, gaerkves arsebul <strong>socialur</strong> situaciaSi da<br />
Seiqmnas saerTo warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu “ra xdeba aq”. aRweriTi dakvirvebis<br />
meSveobiT SesaZlebelia pasuxi gavceT mkvlevaris winaSe mdgar aRweriT<br />
kiTxvebze 57 , romlebic saerTo xasiaTis in<strong>for</strong>maciis miRebas isaxavs miznad.<br />
warmovidginoT, rom es esaa daviwyeT dakvirvebis Catareba sasamarTloSi da<br />
gvsurs SeviswavloT, Tu rogor xdeba garkveuli tipis saqmeebis warmoeba.<br />
dakvirvebis aRweriT etapze Cven SevZlebT mxolod Zalian saerTo doneze<br />
aRvweroT, Tu rogor iqceva sasamrTlo darbazSi xalxi; ra Temebs exeboda Cvens<br />
mier mosmenili saubrebi, ra tipis saqmeebis ganxilva mimdinareobs, romeli<br />
saqmeebi iwvevs yvelaze did interess da a.S.<br />
aRweriT dakvirvebas ar SeuZlia met-naklebad mniSvnelovani Sedegebi<br />
mogvces — misi erTaderTi mizania, dagvexmaros dakvirvebis fokusis dadgenaSi —<br />
xSirad es xdeba eqspertebTan da/an Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan<br />
konsultaciebis meSveobiT, romlebic eyrdnoba aRweriTi dakvirvebis dros<br />
Segrovil masalas.<br />
dakvirvebis fokusis SerCeva da misi Semdgomi dazusteba, anu saboloo jamSi<br />
im situaciis SerCeva, romelic Cveni Seswavlis “fokusSi” moeqceva, yovelTvis<br />
konkretuli gamokvlevis miznebidan da amocanebidan gamomdinareobs. fokusis<br />
SerCevaSi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos <strong>socialur</strong>i situaciis<br />
monawileebTan gasaubrebis Sedegad miRebulma in<strong>for</strong>maciam, maTma komentarebma.<br />
fokusirebuli dakvirveba (focused observation) dakvirvebis meore etapia,<br />
rodesac mkvlevars ukve gamokveTili aqvs Seswavlis konkretuli erTeulebi.<br />
dakvirvebis fokusireba Zalauneburad iwvevs <strong>socialur</strong>i situaciis im<br />
elementebis ignorirebas, romlebic ar warmoadgens Seswavlis uSualo interess.<br />
56 James P. Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 33-34.<br />
57 jeims spradlis mohyavs aRweriTi kiTxvebis yvela SesaZlo tipis cxrili (ix. James<br />
Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 82-83).<br />
51
warmatebuli fokusirebuli dakvirveba moiTxovs gasaubrebas Sesaswavli<br />
kulturis warmomadgenlebTan, raTa SevZloT ama Tu im movlenebis axsna TviT am<br />
kulturis warmomadgenelTa TvaliT. aseTi interviuebis Sedegad miRebuli<br />
komentarebis gareSe zogi moqmedeba SeiZleba Cveni yuradRebis miRma darCes, an<br />
uazro da SemTxveviTi gveCvenos, maSin rodesac am kulturis wamomadgenlebis<br />
TvalSi mas garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs. amasTan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom Tumca<br />
damkvirvebelma SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom adamianebi racionalurad moqmedeben, es<br />
yovelTvis ase ar xdeba.<br />
SerCeviTi dakvirveba (selective observation) dakvirvebis bolo etapia da moiTxovs<br />
damkvirveblis yuradRebis sferos kidev ufro dazustebas da SezRudvas,<br />
fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze gamoyofili Seswavlis erTeulebis ama Tu im<br />
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis Seswavlas. magaliTad, Tu restoranSi oficiantebis<br />
saqcielis Seswavla aRweriTi dakvirvebis sagania, maT mier klientebisagan damatebiTi<br />
gasamrjelos miRebis xerxebi (magidis SerCeva klientisaTvis; daxmareba<br />
menius SerCevaSi, da sxv.) SeiZleba gaxdes fokusirebuli dakvirvebis sagani,<br />
xolo am xerxebis SedarebiTi efeqturobis dadgena — SerCveviTi dakvirvebis<br />
sagani. anu mklevaris interesi garkveulwilad viwrovdeba, sanam is aRweriTi dakvirvebidan<br />
SerCeviTamde miva. SerCeviTi dakvirveba aucileblad moiTxovs<br />
interviuebis Catarebas Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan maTi Sexedulebebis<br />
da komentarebis miRebis mizniT, raTa daskvnebis gamotanisas ar iqnes<br />
ugulebelyofili mniSvnelovani niuansebi, romlebis gagebac mxolod am xerxiTaa<br />
SesaZlebeli.<br />
dakvirvebis samive etapi, rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli<br />
Tanamimdevruli etapebia, Tumca SesaZloa, rom kvleva mxolod<br />
aRweriTi dakvirvebiT Semoifarglos. yvelaze xSirad es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu<br />
sakiTxis sawyis SeswavlasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac mkvlevari jer ar aris<br />
darwmunebuli, Tu ra iqneba misi kvlevis sagani da problema, an Tu dakvirveba<br />
gamoiyeneba rogorc damxmare meTodi kompleqsuri kvlevis farglebSi.<br />
Tu aRweriTi dakvirvebis etapze mkvlevari SeiZleba sakuTari miznebis<br />
gamJRavnebis gareSe muSaobdes, fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze is Zalauneburad<br />
amJRavnebs Tavs rogorc mkvlevari; xolo SerCeviTi dakvirvebis etapze is<br />
ukve am situaciis monawile xdeba. dakvirvebis SerCeviTi etapis yvelaze mniSvnelovan<br />
damaxasiaTebel niSnad iTvleba mkvlevris mier kontrastruli<br />
Sedarebebis da kontrastuli SekiTxvebis gamoyeneba, vinaidan am etapze misi<br />
mizania kulturul situaciaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamomJRavneba.<br />
nebismieri <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> meTodis gamoyenebisas, gansakuTrebiT ki dakvirvebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu muSaobis procesSi gamoCndeba axali<br />
Temebi, romlebic SeiZleba Zalze mniSvnelovani iyos Cveni gamokvlevisTvis, da<br />
mzad unda viyoT, CavrToT es Temebi Cveni muSaobis procesSi, zog SemTxvevaSi —<br />
SevcvaloT kvlevis fokusi.<br />
CarTuli dakvirveba warmoudgenelia mkvlevaris mier damatebiTi kvleviTi<br />
teqnikebis, kerZod, intervius sxvadasxva saxeobis gamoynebis gareSe. CarTuli<br />
dakvirvebis procesSi SeiZleba gamovyoT intervius ori ZiriTadi saxeoba:<br />
<strong>for</strong>malizebuli da ara<strong>for</strong>malizebuli.<br />
ara<strong>for</strong>malizebulia yvela is interviu, romelic tardeba moumzadeblad,<br />
CarTuli dakvirvebis dros aqtorebTan urTierTobis damyarebis an ganmtkicebis<br />
procesSi, an aqtorebisagan damatebiTi in<strong>for</strong>maciis mopovebis mizniT, rodesac<br />
damkvirvebeli grZnobs, rom misTvis araa srulad gasagebi im movlenebis<br />
mniSvneloba, romlebsac is akvirdeba. aseTi interviuebi araa struqturirebuli<br />
da, rogorc wesi, araa winaswar SeTanxmebuli da dagegmili — isini Cveulebriv<br />
gasaubrebas ufro hgavs da maTi Cawera diqtofonze yovelTvis ar xdeba, Tumca<br />
mis msvlelobaSi damkvirvebelma SesaZloa (da sasurvelicaa) gaakeTos<br />
Canawerebi. magram, miuxedavad maTi “moumzadeblobisa”, ara<strong>for</strong>malizebuli<br />
interviuebi in<strong>for</strong>maciis Zalze mniSvnelovani wyaroa.<br />
<strong>for</strong>malizebuli interviu mkvlevarsa da aqtors Soris winaswari molaparakebis<br />
da SeTanxmebis Sedegia; aseTi interviuebi tardeba winaswar daTqmul<br />
drosa da adgilas da xdeba maTi Cawera audiokasetaze. es interviu Zalze waagavs<br />
siRrmiseul intervius da tardeba winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmis (sadiskusio<br />
52
gegmis) mixedviT. rogorc wesi, CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi saWiroa erTi<br />
Temisadmi miZRvnili mTeli rigi <strong>for</strong>maluri interviuebis Catareba.<br />
interviuebis gamoyenebasTan erTad, CarTuli dakvirvebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
damaxasiaTebeli niSania mkvlevrebis mWidro TanamSromloba in<strong>for</strong>mantebTan.<br />
in<strong>for</strong>manti, anu Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgeneli, exmareba mkvlevars ama<br />
Tu im jgufis warmomadgenlebis cxovrebis wesis SeswavlaSi da jgufSi arsebuli<br />
wesebisa da normebis gagebaSi; swored is uadvilebs mkvlevars jgufSi SeRwevas,<br />
acnobs xalxs. in<strong>for</strong>mantebis gareSe Cven gagviWirdeba SeviswavloT movlenebi,<br />
romelTa mowmeebic vxdebiT. in<strong>for</strong>mantis roli gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevari misTvis ucxo kulturaSi muSaobs, romlis<br />
warmomadgenelTa enac man ar icis. am SemTxvevaSi in<strong>for</strong>manti, rogorc wesi,<br />
Tarjimnis funqciebsac kisrulobs xolme, da misi gavlena miRebul Sedegebze<br />
erTiorad izrdeba.<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mantebis SerCeva ioli ar aris, vinaidan kargi in<strong>for</strong>manti mTel rig<br />
moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes. pirvel rigSi, is unda iyos Sesaswavli kulturis<br />
warmomadgeneli, romelic kargad icnobs sakuTar kulturas. sasurvelia,<br />
es iyos komunikabeluri pirovneba, vinc dainteresdeba gamokvleviT da mTeli<br />
gulisyuriT CaerTveba masSi; rac mTavaria, mas unda hqondes survili, rom<br />
daexmaros mkvlevars. garda amisa, mas dadebiTad unda uyurebdnen Sesaswavl<br />
jgufSi, ukeTesia, Tu is garkveuli avtoritetiTac sargeblobs. bevri mkvlevari<br />
Tvlis, rom karg in<strong>for</strong>mants Seswevs Zala, Cveni “maswavlebeli” gaxdes CvenTvis<br />
ucxo kulturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. amasTanave, rogorc aRvniSneT, in<strong>for</strong>manti ar<br />
unda gaxdes erTaderTi pirovneba, vis azrsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda<br />
mivaniWoT — Tu es moxdeba, maSin kvlevas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba. xolo<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu in<strong>for</strong>manti Tarjimnis rolsac TamaSobs, ufro izrdeba imis<br />
saSiSroeba, rom is “gafiltravs” aqtorebis naTqvams da mxolod im in<strong>for</strong>macias<br />
gadaTargmnis, romelic mas miaCnia mniSvnelovnad, amitom, sasurvelia, rom<br />
mkvlevarma rac SeiZleba male moaxerxos im enis Seswavla, romelzec mas uwevs<br />
kvlevis Catareba.<br />
magram in<strong>for</strong>manti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebaTa<br />
specialisti, adamiani, vinc Seecdeba mecnieruli terminebiT agvixsnas<br />
mimdinare movlenebi — Cven gvWirdeba Cveulebrivi adamiani, Sesaswavli jgufis<br />
rigiTi wevri, SesaZloa, sxvebze ufro xalisiani da gonebagaxsnili, magram<br />
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara mecnieri; Cven gvesaWiroeba misi daxmareba, magram man<br />
Tavisive eniT unda agvixsnas yvelaferi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis eniT, da ara<br />
samecniero kategoriebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
rac unda kargi iyos in<strong>for</strong>manti, misi brmad ndoba ar SeiZleba — rogorc am<br />
kulturis warmomadgenels, mas SeiZleba gauCndes survili, met-naklebed<br />
Sealamazos faqtebi, an ar gamoitanos saaSkaraoze cxovrebis is elementebi,<br />
romlebic miaCnia samarcxvinod, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi arasatrabaxod.<br />
rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis mkvlevars ramdenime in<strong>for</strong>manti<br />
sWirdeba xolme, romelTa Sorisac arian ZiriTadi, mTavari (key in<strong>for</strong>mant) da<br />
“damatebiTi” in<strong>for</strong>mantebi. in<strong>for</strong>mantebis SerCeva, ra Tqma unda, ver iqneba da<br />
arc unda iyos reprezentatuli.<br />
Tumca garegnulad mkvlevari, romelic CarTul dakvirvebas awarmoebs,<br />
xSirad arafriT ar gansxvavdeba sxva aqtorebisgan, sinamdvileSi mas sruliad<br />
gansxvavebeli roli aqvs da, garkveulwilad, ormagi cxovrebiT cxovrobs — erTi<br />
mxriv, is Cveulebriv monawileobs aqtorebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, magram<br />
amave dros is regularulad awarmoebs Canawerebs am cxovrebis Sesaxeb, raTa<br />
Seiswavlos misi wesebi; is cxovrobs, raTa Seiswavlos. amitom mniSvnelovania<br />
ganvasxvavoT ama Tu im <strong>socialur</strong>i situaciis Cveulebrivi monawilis da CarTuli<br />
damkvirveblis rolebi. aq SeiZleba gamovyoT 6 ZiriTadi gansxvaveba 58 :<br />
1. damkvirvebels ormagi mizani aqvs: Cveulebrivi monawilisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
is ara marto monawileobs <strong>socialur</strong> situaciaSi, aramed Segnebulad da<br />
58 es klasifikacia moyvanilia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: James P. Spradley. 1980. Op. cit. Pp.<br />
53-58.<br />
53
mizanmimarTulad akvirdeba movlenaTa ganviTarebas, xalxs, maT saqmianobas.<br />
amasTan, mas akisria garkveuli movaleobebi: daakvirdes, Tu rogor viTardeba<br />
movlenebi, CainiSnos da/an daixsomos yvelaferi, rac xdeba, raTa SemdgomSi Tavis<br />
CanawerebSi aRweros movlenebi da maTSi monawile pirebi.<br />
2. Cveulebrivi adamianisgan gansxvavebiT, damkvirvebelma gaaskecebuli<br />
yuradReba unda gamoiCinos mis garSemo mimdinare movlenebisadmi, raTa SeniSnos<br />
da daixsomos iseTi detalebic ki, romlebsac Cveulebriv pirobebSi yuradRebas<br />
ar vaqcevT. es garkveul momzadebas moiTxovs. CarTuli dakvirvebisas Cveni mizani<br />
unda iyos, SeZlebisdagvarad araferi dagvrCes yuradRebis gareSe (ra Tqma<br />
unda, yvelafris SeniSvna SeuZlebelia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Cveni mizani unda<br />
iyos, maqsimalurad gavzardoT dakvirvebuli elementebis raodenoba).<br />
3. cxovrebaSi yvelas gviwevs garkveuli dakvirvebebis Catareba; aseTi<br />
cxovrebiseuli dakvirvebebisagan gansxvavebiT, CarTuli damkvirveblis mizani<br />
unda iyos, movlenaTa rac SeiZleba farTo speqtri moaqcios Tavisi dakvirvebis<br />
sferoSi; es miT ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevris mizania,<br />
Seiswavlos <strong>socialur</strong>i jgufis kulturuli normebi, romlebic araa gamotanili<br />
saaSkaraoze.<br />
4. kidev erTi, SesaZloa, umniSvnelovanesi gansxvaveba movlenebis rigiT<br />
monawilesa da damkvirvebels Soris isaa, rom damkvirvebeli, imasTan erTad, rom<br />
aris movlenebis monawile, uyurebs am movlenebs gareSe mowmis — “ucxos” —<br />
TvaliT, anu erTsa da imave dros is aris am <strong>socialur</strong>i situaciis monawilec da<br />
Semswavlelic, romelic ganixilavs situacias, rogorc Sesaswavl obieqts. ese<br />
igi, erTsa da imave dros profesiuli damkvirveblebi arian situaciis<br />
monawileebic da gareSe pirebic, romlebic am situacias akvirdebian. mkvlevari<br />
aTviTcnobierebs, rom is ormag rols TamaSobs, da mkafiod ganasxvavebs Tavisi<br />
moqmedebebis “monawileobiT” da “SemecnebiT” mxareebs.<br />
5. CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mkvlevari Tavad aris Tavisi kvlevis<br />
instrumenti — mas ar “exmareba” arc kiTxvari, arc sadiskusio gegma an raime sxva<br />
instrumenti. yovel saRamos, savele muSaobis Semdeg, iwyeba kvlevis meore, ara<br />
nakleb mniSvnelovani etapi, rodesac man unda gaaanalizos mis mier Segrovebuli<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macia, nanaxi da gagonili, maT Soris — Tavisi sakuTari moqmedebebi, grZnobebi,<br />
reaqciebi, da azrebi. aseT introspeqcias yoveldRiurad mimdinareobs da is<br />
didad amdidrebs CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mopovebul faqtologiur<br />
masalas. ra Tqma unda, Cveulebrivi adamiani ar eweva Tavisi moqmedebebis da<br />
grZnobebis aseT sistematur da Rrma analizs.<br />
6. da bolos, damkvirvebeli awarmoebs Tavisi dakvirvebis Sedegebis dawvrilebiT<br />
Caweras — esaa iseTi ram, rasac <strong>socialur</strong>i situaciis nebismieri sxva,<br />
rigiTi monawile arasdros ar akeTebs — Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT im adamianebs,<br />
vinc regularulad awarmoebs pirad dRiurs. magram bolo SemTxvevaSi, rogorc<br />
wesi, aseTi dRiurebi mimarTulia individis piradi grZnobebis da gamocdilebebis<br />
aRsawerad da amiT gansxvavdeba savele Canawerebisgan. dakvirvebis Sedegebis<br />
Cawerasac saTanado codna da gamocdileba sWirdeba, da Cven ganvixilavT<br />
moTxovnebs maTi warmarTvisadmi.<br />
CarTuli dakvirvebis umTavresi upiratesoba ubralo dakvirvebasTan<br />
SedarebiT isaa, rom aqtorebTan xangrZlivi da mWirdo urTierTobis Sedegad<br />
mkvlevari Zalze mdidar in<strong>for</strong>macias iRebs maTi cxovrebis Sesaxeb; metic, is<br />
Tavad iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze. rogorc<br />
zemoT aRvniSneT, dakvirvebis meTodiT Catarebuli gamokvleva, rogorc wesi,<br />
didxans grZeldeba, da am drois manZilze mkvlevari da aqtorebi Zalauneburad<br />
sakmaod axlos icnoben erTmaneTs. warmatebuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba<br />
SeuZlebelia, Tu mkvlevarma ar moipova aqtorebis ndoba, ndobis mopoveba ki<br />
garkveuli pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyarebas gulisxmobs. rigiT interviuers,<br />
romelic maTTvis sruliad ucxo adamiania, respondentebi gacilebiT<br />
naklebi gulaxdilobiT esaubrebian, vidre damkvirvebels, romelic Tveebis, ar<br />
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess; es exeba ara marto<br />
saerTo in<strong>for</strong>macias, aramed, agreTve in<strong>for</strong>macias aqtorebisTvis mgZnobiare<br />
Temebze.<br />
54
ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, rom gamokvlevis manZilze aqtorebi eCvevian maT<br />
gverdiT damkvirveblis yofnas, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba maTi qcevis da maTi<br />
saubrebis reaqtiuloba, Sesabamisad, CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegad mopovebuli<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macia ufro sando xdeba.<br />
CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis moqmedebs mkvlevaris<br />
emociur mdgomareobaze. rac ar unda ecados mkvlevari, obieqturi iyos Tavisi<br />
in<strong>for</strong>matebis mimarT, amis srulad miRweva SeuZlebelia, ufro metic, eTnografiuli<br />
kvlevis Sedegad mkvlevrebi xSirad resocializaciis process gadian,<br />
anu eCvevian aqtorebis TvaliT uyuron movlenebs. xSirad mkvlevari rTuli eTikuri<br />
dilemis winaSe dgeba — aRweros Tu ara moqmedeba, romelic mis<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mantebs cudad daaxasiaTebs? miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevari mainc “ucxod”<br />
rCeba im sazogadoebaSi, romlis Seswavlasac cdilobs, Tundac imis gamo, rom is<br />
yovelTvis, nebismieri movlenis dros imaze fiqrobs, ramdenad mniSvnelovania is<br />
misi kvlevisTvis, Rirs Tu ara masze yuradRebis gamaxvileba da CaniSvna, da a.S.<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma SeiZleba imitom miiRos monawileoba ama Tu im<br />
RonisZiebaSi, rom mas gadwyvetili aqvs mis Sesaxeb daweros, mniSnvelovnad<br />
miaCnia Tavisi kvlevisTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom rac ar unda ecados<br />
mkvlevari, srulad “Seerwyas” Sesaswavls jgufs, misTvis es SesaZlebeli gaxdeba<br />
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is xels aiRebs Tavis kvlevaze.<br />
bernardi gamoyofs CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcilebis procesSi<br />
mkvlevaris mier gancdili fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebis Tanamimdevrobas:<br />
• pirveli kontaqti;<br />
• kulturuli Soki;<br />
• aRmoCena imisa, rac aSkaraa;<br />
• Sesveneba;<br />
• fokusireba;<br />
• daqancva, meore Sesveneba da gaSmagebuli saqmianoba; da<br />
• muSaobis dasruleba da “saitis” datoveba. 59<br />
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mkvlevars eufleba Soki, garkveul etapze is<br />
gadaiRleba, gauCndeba Sesvenebis aucilebloba. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad<br />
CarTuli dakvirveba mkvlevrisagan srul CarTvas moiTxovs. bolos, arc iseTi<br />
etapis gamoyofaa SemTxveviTi, rogoricaa “saitis” datoveba — CarTuli<br />
dakvirvebis damTavreba da “saitidan” wasvla cxovrebis mniSvnelovani periodis<br />
damTavrebas niSnavs, da is xSirad mtkivneulia rogorc mkvlevrisTvis,iseve im<br />
aqtorebisaTvis, visTanac man yvelaze mWidro urTierTobebi daamyara;<br />
mkvlevarsa da aqtorebs Soris damyarebuli urTierTobebi, rogorc wesi,<br />
gamokvlevis damTavrebis Semdegac grZeldeba; aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac<br />
damkvirvebeli daumegobrda aqtorebs, monaTla maTi Svilebi, da sxv.<br />
CarTuli dakvirveba saboloo jamSi Zalze piradi xasiaTis ganumeorebeli<br />
gamocdilebaa; es ar aris romelime rigiTi meTodi, romelic SeiZleba “vcadoT,<br />
rogor gamogviva” — es aris saqme, romelsac mkvlevari uZRvnis cxovrebis<br />
mniSvnelovan periods. amitomaa, rom bernardi Tvlis, rom garkveuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT, “mkvlevari arasodes tovebs saits” — sulierad is iq rCeba. rac ar<br />
unda ecados is, SeuZlebelia in<strong>for</strong>matebis mimarT gulgrili damokidebulebis<br />
SenarCuneba da bevri in<strong>for</strong>manti saboloo jamSi mkvlevris namdvili megobari<br />
xdeba.<br />
59 H. Russell Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.<br />
Third Edition. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. Pp. 356-362.<br />
55
savele Canawerebi<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, eTnografiuli kvlevis farglebSi xdeba individebis<br />
da <strong>socialur</strong>i jgufebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aRwera maTi kulturuli<br />
normebis Seswavlis mizniT, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs savele muSaobis<br />
Catarebas ara eqsperimentalur pirobebSi, aramed ama Tu im Sesaswavli jgufis<br />
Tu individisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv pirobebSi. eTnografiuli kvlevis<br />
Catarebis ZiriTadi mizania imis gageba, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebenen ama Tu im<br />
gamocdilebas, cxovrebis wessa Tu kulturul normas is adamianebi, romelTa<br />
yofasac Cven SeviswavliT.<br />
CarTuli dakvirvebis Catareba mkvlevrisagan mTeli rigi unar-Cvevebs<br />
daxvewas moiTxovs — is unda iyos yuradRebiani damkvirvebeli, kargi msmeneli,<br />
kvalificiuri interviueri rogorc <strong>for</strong>malizebuli, aseve ara<strong>for</strong>malizebuli<br />
interviuebis Catarebisas. mas unda hqondes Zalian kargi mexsiereba, romelic<br />
daexmareba daimaxsovros is, rasac SeniSnavs dakvirvebis procesSi, raTa Semdgom<br />
Caiweros dakvirvebis Sedegebi, xolo am Canawerebis da SemdgomSi dakvirvebis<br />
angariSis momzadebisaTvis mas moeTxoveba sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis Seqmnis<br />
unari — dawyebuli savele CanawerebiT da damTavrebuli Semajamebeli angariSiT,<br />
romelic xSirad monografiis safuZveli xdeba. amasTan, mas unda SeeZlos miiRos<br />
gadawyvetilebebi gamokvlevis fokusis dadgenisa da gamokvlevis dros<br />
wamoWrili axali sakiTxebis integrirebis an uaryofis Taobaze.<br />
mkvlevris mier ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis dokumentacia savele<br />
Canawerebis meSveobiT xdeba, sadac is cdilobs CainiSnos yvela is wvrilmani Tu<br />
mniSvnelovani movlena, romlis momswrec gaxda. kvlevis procesSi yoveldRiuri<br />
savele Canawerebis (fieldnotes) warmoebis wesebis Seswavla CarTuli dakvirvebis<br />
meTodis Seswavlis mniSvnelovani nawilia Tanamedrove eTnografiaSi. savele<br />
CanawerebSi warmoCenili unda iyos is <strong>socialur</strong>i realoba, romelsac mkvlevari<br />
Seiswavlis; maTSi xdeba arsebuli cxovrebis wesis, kulturuli normebis da<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i organizaciis <strong>for</strong>mebis aRwera detaluri dakvirvevebis doneze.<br />
savele Canawerebi is masalaa, romelic SemdgomSi umniSvnelovanes rols<br />
TamaSobs dakvirvebis Sedgebis Seswavlasa da analizSi — saboloo jamSi, savele<br />
Canawerebi masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis analogiuri<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis wyaroa, amitom maTi Sedgena da momzadeba guldasmiT unda moxdes.<br />
CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyenebiT kvlevis Catarebis erT-erTi<br />
ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba isaa, rom kvleviT unar-CvevebTan erTad, aseTi<br />
kvleva moiTxovs gamarTulad da sainteresod weris unars. mkvlevars unda<br />
Seswevdes unari, yoveldRiurad aRweros rogorc mniSvnelovani, aseve<br />
umniSvnelo movlenebi, romelTa mowmec gaxda kvlevis procesSi, CainiSnos yvela<br />
detali da SemdgomSi es detalebi ufro farTo konteqstSi moaTavsos.<br />
savele Canawerebis mimarT ori ZiriTadi damokidebuleba arsebobs. erTis<br />
Tanaxmad, savele Canawerebis warmoebis unari, iseve rogorc zogadad weris niWi,<br />
Tandayolilia da misi swavleba SeuZlebelia — is an aqvs adamians, an ara. meore<br />
midgomis Tanaxmad ki savele Canawerebis warmoeba iseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba<br />
aswavlo adamians, rogorc nebismieri sxva unar-Cveva. Cvenc am azrs viziarebT da<br />
gvjera, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia am unar-Cvevis daufleba Seswavlis da<br />
praqtikuli saqmianobis procesSi; Tu adamiani dRidan dRemde awarmoebs<br />
Canawerebs da kritikuli TvaliT afasebs maT, mas aucileblad gamoumuSavdeba<br />
maTi ukeT warmoebis unari.<br />
dakvirvebis Sedegad gakeTebuli savele Canawerebis umravlesoba<br />
warmoadgens TxrobiT Canawerebs, sadac aRwerilia damkvirveblis mier danaxuli<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i situaciebi, Cawerilia mosmenili dialogebi an calkeuli frazebi.<br />
devid m. fetermanis azriT, savele Canawerebi “eTnografiuli struqturis<br />
aguri da cementia” 60 . miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev XIX saukunidan moyolebuli<br />
maT yvela eTnografi iyenebda Tavis muSaobaSi, meTodologiuri ganxilvis sagani<br />
savele Canawerebi sul raRac bolo 15-20 wlis win gaxda. rogorc robert<br />
emersoni aRniSnavs, adre mkvlevrebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas imas, Tu rogor<br />
unda warmoebuliyo savele Canawerebi. amitomaa, rom dResdReobiT jer kidev ar<br />
60 David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 107.<br />
56
aris miRweuli konsensusi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu konkretulad ra saxis<br />
Canawerebs unda ewodos “savele Canawerebi”, ramdenad unda ganvasxvavoT maTgan<br />
“dRiurebi” an “Junalebi”, da, saerTod, ramdenad marTebulia savele Canawerebis<br />
sxvadasxva tipebad dayofa 61 .<br />
robert emersonis msgavsad, Cven vTvliT, rom savele Canawerebia savele<br />
muSaobisas gakeTebuli yvela Canaweri. Tumca zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom<br />
arsebobs gansxvaveba savele Canawerebsa da dRiurebs Soris. maTi azriT, savele<br />
Canawerad unda miviCnioT mxolod da mxolod is Canaweri, sadac mkvlevari<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad miukerZoeblad aRwers savele pirobebSi gakeTebuli dakvirvebis<br />
Sedegebs. rac Seexeba dRiurs an Jurnals, maTSi is Tavis pirad mosazrebebs<br />
da STabeWdilebebs iniSnavs, Seaqvs Tavisi SeniSvnebi gamokvlevis msvlelobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, Tavisi molodini, miRebuli gamocdileba, daSvebuli Secdomebi,<br />
problemebi, romlebic uCndeba muSaobis procesSi. magram, rogorc emersoni<br />
aRniSnavs, aseTi dayofis SemTxvevaSi xelovnurad xdeba dakvirvebisaTvis<br />
“obieqturobis” miniWebis mcdeloba, ramdenadac savele Canawerebi (am terminis<br />
viwro gagebiT) momxdaris obieqtur asaxvad iTvleba, xolo dRiurebi ganixileba<br />
rogorc warmoebuli dakvirvebis “subieqturi” STabeWdilebebis asaxva.<br />
savele Canawerebi uaRresad individualuri dokumentia, romelzec Zalian<br />
did gavlenas axdens mkvlevris pirovnuli Tvisebebi. eWvs gareSea, rom ramdenime<br />
mkvlevris mier erTi da igive movlenis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli savele Canawerebi<br />
SeiZleba absoluturad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan iqidan gamomdinare, Tu<br />
romel aqtorebze, movlenebze, detalebze, faqtebze gaamaxviles maT yuradReba.<br />
savele Canawerebis auditoria mxolod erTi adamiania — Tavad mkvlevari.<br />
magram swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebiT iwyeba monacemTa analizi, amrigad,<br />
savele Canawerebi unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod rogorc instrumenti, aramed<br />
rogorc warmatebuli eTnografiuli kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi nawili.<br />
savele Canawerebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogor ama Tu im movlenis ubralo<br />
aRwera; maTi waramoebis procesi eTnografiuli kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi<br />
komponentia. xSirad swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros uCndeba<br />
mkvlevars esa Tu is kiTxva, wamoiWreba kvlevis axali mimarTulebebi. es procesi<br />
exmareba mkvlevars gaaanalizos movlenebi, romelTa momswrec is gaxda, rac<br />
xels uwyobs kvlevis warmatebulad Catarebas.<br />
rogor unda gaukeTdes organizacia am Canawerebs?<br />
pirveli kiTxva, romelsac mkvlevarma unda gasces pasuxi savele Canawerebis<br />
warmoebisas, aris is, Tu romel enaze unda awarmoos es Canawerebi? ra Tqma unda,<br />
upirveles yovlisa, es kiTxva exeba im mkvlevrebs, romlebic ucxo qveynebSi<br />
muSaoben da kvlevis savele etapi ucxo enaze xorcieldeba, magram maSinac ki,<br />
rodesac mkvlevari Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi muSaobs, es sakiTxi ar kargavs Tavis<br />
aqtualobas, vinaidan mainc arsebobs ramdenime enis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba:<br />
• yoveldRiuri, salaparako ena;<br />
• mecnieruli ena (ufro konkretulad, <strong>socialur</strong>i mecnierebis ena);<br />
• Sesaswavli jgufis ena (profesiuli leqsika, Jargoni da sxv.).<br />
mkvlevari ar unda ahyves survils, gaamartivos mis winaSe mdgari amocana da<br />
ukve savele Canawerebis warmoebis procesSi mecnierul enaze Targmnos is, rasac<br />
akvirdeba; es arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba movlenebis kulturuli mniSvnelobis<br />
damaxinjebis mizezi. jeims spradli urCevs yvela mkvlevars, uari Tqvas<br />
Sefasebebsa da ganzogadoebebze savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros,<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad gaakeTos Canawerebi imave enaze, ra enazec mimdinareobda<br />
saubarebi, da aucileblad miuTiTos Tavis CanawerebSi yvela frazis avtoris<br />
vinaoba, raTa rac SeiZleba zustad moxdes ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis asaxva.<br />
rodesac mklevari aqtorebis naTqvams gadmoscems, misi mizani unda iyos, es<br />
naTqvami sityvasityviT CainiSnos. es moTxovna, spradlis azriT, yvelaze xSirad<br />
61 Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago:<br />
The University of Chicago Press. Pp.viii-x.<br />
57
irRveva, vinaidan damkvirvebelisTvis ufro advilia, mokled da “Taviseburad”<br />
gaukeTos Tqmuls perefrazireba. SemdgomSi es mravali Secdomis mizezi xdeba,<br />
rameTu aqtorebis mier gamoynebuli ena maTi kulturis erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani gamoxatulebaa, da Tu is ar SevinarCuneT, maSin garkveul<br />
kulturul elementebsac davkargavT.<br />
spradlis mesame rCeva aseTia: dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawerisas, iyaviT rac<br />
SeiZleba zusti da konkretuli, movlenebi dawvrilebiT aRwereT, maSinac ki,<br />
rodesac Tqveni STabeWdilebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb laparakobT. es rTulia,<br />
da gacilebiT met dros moiTxovs, vidre mokle “Sejamebebi”, magram saboloo<br />
jamSi swored detalebia, rac yvelaze metad dagvexmareba monacemebis analizis<br />
dros. CanawerebSi araa mizanSewonili, vixmaroT iseTi mecnieruli terminebi,<br />
rogorebicaa “roli”, “<strong>socialur</strong>i situacia”, “interaqcia”, “kulturuli<br />
strategia”, “socializacia” da sxv. detaluri da konkretuli aRwera imisa, risi<br />
mowmeebic Cven gavxdiT dakvirvebis dros, dagvexmareba davicvaT Tavi winaswari<br />
(da xSirad mcdari) Sejamebebisa da Sefasebebisagan; ra Tqma unda, ganzogadoebebi<br />
saWiro iqneba Cveni Semdgomi muSaobisas, magram es unda moxdes mas Semdeg, rac<br />
ukve SevagrovebT faqtebs.<br />
mklvevari unda ecados, rom gadmogvces ama Tu im movlenis in<strong>for</strong>mantiseuli<br />
axsna-ganmartebebi, maT Tavs gadamxdari ambebi, sxvadasxva istoriebi — savele<br />
etapis Catarebis procesSi aqtorebis yuradrebiT mosmenis unari erT-erTi<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovania.<br />
ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis aRwera savele CanawerebSi yoveldRiurad<br />
unda xdebodes uSualod dakvirvebis dasrulebis Semdeg — winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba dagvaviwydes detalebi da davkargoT bevri faseuli<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macia. dakvirvebis angariSis dawera SeiZleba or etapad moxdes: uSualod<br />
dakvirvebis damTavrebisas iwereba mokle angariSi, Semdeg ki — vrceli. vrceli<br />
angariSis dawerac ar unda gadavdoT Soreuli momavlisaTvis, magram vinaidan<br />
aseTi angariSebis Caweris dasrulebisTvis meti droa saWiro, sanam maT<br />
SevudgebodeT, mizanSewonilia mokle angariSis dawera uSualod dakvirvebis<br />
damTavrebis Semdeg.<br />
vrcel angariSSi damkvirvebels ar unda eSinodes xSiri ganmeorebebis —<br />
piriqiT, Tu movlenebi xSirad meordeba, isini isev da isev unda iqnes aRwerili;<br />
SemdgomSi es mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba ucxo kulturis SecnobaSi. amasTan,<br />
spradli darwmunebulia, rom swored mravalgzis ganmeorebuli dakvirvebebis<br />
aRweris Sedegad axerxebs mkvlevari Cawvdes <strong>socialur</strong>i situaciis mTel<br />
sirTules, romelic pirveli SexedviT mas, SesaZloa, iolic ki eCvena.<br />
detaluri savele Canawerebis regularuli gakeTeba zog SemTxvevaSi<br />
SeuZlebelia, amitom eTnografisTvis aucilebelia kargi mexsierebis qona. mas<br />
unda SeeZlos daimaxsovros adamianebis garegnoba, sakvanZo frazebi, garemo,<br />
Jestebi da sxva. magram mexsierebis srulad ndoba ar SeiZleba. imisaTvis, rom<br />
mkvlevars ar daaviwydes mniSvnelovani movlenebi, man aucileblad unda<br />
ramenairad CainiSnos isini; es SeiZleba ar iyos gamarTuli da Camoyalibebuli<br />
winadadebebi — sakmarisia sakvanZo fraza, an raime sakvanZo detalis mokled<br />
CaniSvna, rom maTi wakiTxvis Semdeg mkvlevarma SeZlos ama Tu im movlenis<br />
mexsierebaSi aRdgena da detalurad aRwera.<br />
arsebobs aseTi termini — jottings, an jotting notes, rac mokle Canaweris gakTebas<br />
niSavs. es termini Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari iyenebs mxolod<br />
misTvis gasageb Semoklebebs, SeiZleba, figurebs an sqemebs imisaTvis, rom<br />
CainiSnos raime detali Tu movlena. aseTi Canawerebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ucxo<br />
pirebs SesaZloa sityvebis uazro nakrebi eCvenos. qvemoT moyvanilia aseTi<br />
Canwerebis magaliTi:<br />
jorji=magidasTan aravin ar gamacno<br />
exla marto espanurad saubrobs<br />
saerTo saubari — vin ukravs<br />
“isini ar arian Zalian magrebi” — bodiSi 62<br />
62 Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. Op. cit. P. 30.<br />
58
es Canaweri gakeTda espaurenovani rok-musikis erT-erT klubSi. Cven vigebT,<br />
rom jorji magidasTan zis, rom Tavidan is inglisurad saubrobda da raRac<br />
momentSi gadavida espanurze. jorjma ar gaacno mkvlevari aravis, vinc<br />
magidasTan ijda. magidasTan saerTo saubari mimdinareobs, romlis drosac<br />
viRacam ikiTxa, romeli jgufi ukravs am dros scenaze; erT-erTi damswreTagani —<br />
ara mkvlevari — akeTebs komentars imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor ukravs es<br />
jgufi — “isini ar arian Zalian magrebi”, da mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom es SeniSvna<br />
garkveulwilad bodiSis moxdas niSnavs, imis gamo, rom is iseT klubSi moiyvanes,<br />
sadac jgufi ver ukravs saTanado doneze.<br />
mkvlevari unda ecados, rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT gadmosces Tavis CanawerebSi<br />
is garemo da dialogebi, romelTa momswrec xdeba. es SeiZleba iyos<br />
pirdapiri naTqvami, perefrazireba an iribi naTqvami. savele CanawerebSi<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mantis zusti naTqvami brWyalebSi unda movaTavsoT, perefrazirebuli<br />
sityvebi ki brWyalebis gareSe davweroT. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:<br />
2004 wlis ... ivnisi. niu-iorki.<br />
Sexvedraze — metros gaCereba braiton biCi, me-10 aRmosavleTis quCa — Tamazi<br />
zustad wuTi-wuTze movida (saRamos 5 saaTze). Tamazi maRali, daaxlovebiT 1.80<br />
sm. da 32-34 wlisaa. ecva TeTri perangi da lurji jinsebi, tyavis fexsacmeli.<br />
perangis jibeSi uCanda Camel-is kolofi da sanTebela. im drois manZilze, rac<br />
saxlamde mivdiodiT, Cven mivesalmeT da movikiTxeT erTmaneTi da is gamiZRva<br />
Tavisi sacxovrebeli binisken, ufro swored ki im binisken, sadac is sawoladgils<br />
qiraobda. gzad SevekiTxe, ramdeni welia, rac niu-iorkSi cxovrobda da<br />
aRmoCnda, rom ukve meeqvse weli iyo. “sul aq cxovrobdiT Tu sxva binac gqondaT<br />
naqiravebi?” — “sul aq, rac Camovedi, pirveli dRidan, aqa var”. rogorc aRmoCnda,<br />
masTan erT oTaxSi kidev 3 adamiani cxovrobs, zogi dRisiT muSaobs da zogi<br />
RamiT. “iseTi daRlili movdivar xandaxan samsaxuridan rom Zilis garda arafris<br />
Tavi ara maqvs xolme. ai, movediT kidec”. Cven gaviareT 3 kvartali aRmosaleTiT<br />
da aRmovCndiT TeTrad SeRebili orsarTuliani binis win, romelsac ori<br />
Sesasvleli qonda, win patara kibeebiT. Cven marcxena SesasvlelSi SevediT — “ar<br />
SegeSindeT, cota dasalagebelia aqauroba, mainc, kacebi vcxovrobT yvelani”,<br />
gamotyda Tamazi da kari SeaRo. 63<br />
am magaliTSi gamoyenebulia rogorc pirdapiri, aseve iribi naTqvami,<br />
perefrazi, mocemulia garemos da Tavad in<strong>for</strong>mantis aRwera.<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom savele CanawerebSi daTariRebuli iyos yoveli Canaweri.<br />
sasurvelia aseve, miTiTebuli iyos zusti saaTi, rodesac esa Tu is dakvirveba<br />
ganxorcielda, adgili, monawileTa raodenoba, maTi daxasiaTeba — rogorc<br />
eTnografebi amboben, rac meti detalia, miT ukeTesi. aseTi Canawerebi<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis mdidari wyaroa, kvlevis savele etapis damTavrebis Semdeg is<br />
exmareba mkvlevars aRadginos grZnobebi da ganwyobebi, romlebmac, SesaZloa,<br />
gavlena iqonies miRebul Sedegebze.<br />
savele Canawerebi sakmaod fragmentul xasiaTs atarebs, radgan isini<br />
calkeuli dakvirvebebis aRweras warmoadgens. magram maTi analizisa da<br />
gadamuSavebis Sedegad iqmneba saboloo naSromi, romelic gamarTulia rogorc<br />
Sinaarsobrivad, aseve stilisturad.<br />
ramdenadac savele Canawerebi mxolod mkvlevrisTvisaa gankuTvnili, maTSi<br />
SeiZleba aqtorebis da in<strong>for</strong>mantebis namdvili saxelebis xmareba, magram rodesac<br />
kvlevis angariSs vamzadebT, yvela saxeli unda Seicvalos ise, rom<br />
SeuZlebeli gaxdes aqtoris identifikacia. zog SemTxvevaSi, aqtorebis<br />
konfidencialobis dacvis mizniT, aucilebelia, agreTve SevcvaloT an saerTod<br />
ar davasaxeloT dasaxlebuli punqti, sadac kvleva Catarda, an organizacia,<br />
sadac vawarmoebdiT dakvirvebas.<br />
63<br />
Tamar zurabiSvilis mier Catarebuli kvlevis savele Canawerebidan.<br />
59
monacemTa analizi<br />
CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis damuSaveba eyrdnoba savele Canawerebs da<br />
kvlevis procesSi Catarebuli interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebul in<strong>for</strong>macias.<br />
vinaidan CarTuli dakvirvebis manZilze Catarebuli yvela intervius<br />
audioCawera ar xerxdeba, zog SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari eydnoba intervius Sedegad<br />
xeliT gakeTebul Canawerebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki — transkriptebs.<br />
analizis procesSi mkvlevarma Zalian vrceli masala unda Seiswavlos — am<br />
masalis umravlesoba mis mieraa Segrovebuli xangrZlivi savele muSaobis<br />
procesSi; sakuTari savele Canawerebis Seswavlis dros mkvlevari gamoyofs im<br />
detalebs, SemTxvevebs, faqtebs da citatebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania Sesaswavl<br />
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da cdilobs, gaakeTos daskvnebi Seswavlili <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
urTierTobebis specifikisa da aRmoCenili kanonzomierebebis Sesaxeb.<br />
monacemTa analizis saboloo mizani unda iyos kvleviT kiTxvebze pasuxis<br />
gacema, magram ramdenadac xSir SemTxvevaSi kvleviTi kiTxvebis saboloo<br />
dazusteba savele muSaobis Catarebis procesSi xdeba, bunebrivia, rom adreuli<br />
Canawerebi am miznisTvis SedarebiT naklebad gamosadegi iqneba. magram es<br />
Canawerebi SeiZleba gamodges imis asaRwerad, Tu rogor moxda kvlevis fokusis<br />
gamoyofa, Tu isini Seicaven in<strong>for</strong>macias im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelmac ubiZga<br />
mkvlevars, garkveuli mimarTulebiT waremarTa kvleva.<br />
rogorc analitikuri strategiis magaliTi, sainteresoa uiliam f. uaiTis<br />
mier gakeTebuli analizi imisa, Tu rogoria erT-erTi amerikuli qalaqis<br />
italiur ubanSi arsebuli dajgufebis Sida struqtura, ra aris am jgufis<br />
lideris avtoritetis safuZvels. 64<br />
CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis Sejameba, maTi analizis saboloo Sedegi,<br />
rogorc wesi, aris monografia, sadac ganxilulia kvlevis savele etapi da<br />
moyvanilia miRebuli daskvnebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gamarTulad weris unari<br />
saWiro da aucilebelia ara mxolod savele muSaobis yvela etapze, aramed,<br />
agreTve miRebuli Sedegebis analizis dros, Sualeduri Tu daskvniTi<br />
angariSis/monografiis daweris mizniT.<br />
davaleba:<br />
wadiT sajaro biblioTekaSi, SeukveTeT wignebi da daakvirdiT iq<br />
myof/misul adamianebs da situaciebs 3 saaTis manZilze. dakvirvebis<br />
dasrulebisTanave gaakeTeT detaluri Canawerebi.<br />
rekomendebuli literatura:<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative<br />
Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (“Participant Observation”).<br />
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes.<br />
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.<br />
David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.<br />
Roger Sanjek, ed. 1990. Fieldnotes. The Making of Anthropology. Ithaca: Cornell University<br />
Press.<br />
James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.<br />
John Van Maanen. 1988. Tales of the Field. On Writing Ethnography. Chicago: The University of<br />
Chicago Press.<br />
William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The <strong>Social</strong> Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth<br />
edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<br />
64 William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The <strong>Social</strong> Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth edition.<br />
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<br />
60
Tema 5.<br />
monografiuli gamokvleva<br />
iseve rogorc <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s umaravlesoba, monografiuli gamokvlevac<br />
Tavdapirvelad antropologebis mier iqna SemuSavebuli da maTi gamocdilebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad damkvidrda <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebebSi. erTerTi<br />
pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac es meTodi gamoiyena, iyo cnobili britaneli<br />
antropologi bronoslav malinovski (1884-1942 ww.). Tumca, garkveulwilad<br />
SeiZleba monografiul gamokvlevad miviCnioT agreTve 1890-iani wlebis bolos<br />
londonSi Carlz butis mier Catarebuli siRaribis cnobili gamokvleva,<br />
romelic erT-erT pirvel <strong>socialur</strong> gamokvlevad iTvleba msoflioSi da ara aqvs<br />
kavSiri antropologiasTan.<br />
monografiuli gamokvleva sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo frangul mecniereba-<br />
Sic, sadac is klod levi-strosis da frederik le pleis saxels ukavSirdeba.<br />
miiCnevda ra, rom sazogadoebis Seswavlis mizniT saWiroa misi sakvanZo elementis<br />
SerCeva, sadac yvelaze aSkarad gamoikveTeba am sazogadoebis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
Tvisebebi, le pleim sazogadoebebis Seswavla muSaTa ojaxebis Seswavlis<br />
meSveobiT gadawyvita. le pleis da mis mimdevarTa naSromebSi yvelaze xSirad<br />
gamoiyeneboda in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segrovebis iseTi <strong>meTodebi</strong>, rogorebicaa dakvirveba,<br />
interviu da samTavrobo organoebis mier Segrovebul monacemTa Seswavla.<br />
monografiuli gamokvlevis ganviTarebaSi didi roli iTamaSes Cikagos sociologiuri<br />
skolis warmomadgenlebma. sociologiaSi swored maT daamkvidres<br />
mkvlevris xangrZlivi droiT dasaxlebis tradicia aqtorebis gverdiT, da<br />
maTTvis saintereso fenomenis mravalmxrivi siRrmiseuli Seswavla.<br />
meTodis aRwera<br />
monografiuli gamokvleva 65 calkeuli SemTxevis, Temis an <strong>socialur</strong>i jgufis<br />
siRrmiseuli da yovelmxrivi Seswavlaa mkvlevarTa xelT arsebuli yvela<br />
saSualebis meSveobiT, romelTa Soris umniSnvelovanesia CarTuli dakvirveba.<br />
saerTod, CarTul dakvirvebasa da monografiul gamokvlevas Soris imdeni<br />
saerTo elementia, rom zogjer isini gaigivebulicaa erTmaneTTan; miuxedavad<br />
amisa, monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi mkvlevaris xelT kvlevis Catarebis<br />
ufro mdidari da mravalferovani saSualebebia, vidre CarTuli dakvirvebis<br />
Catarebis dros, Tumca es ukanasknelic kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi elementia.<br />
monografiuli gamokvlevis mTavar upiratesobad iTvleba mis mier<br />
problemis siRrmisulad da mravalmxriv Seswavlis unari. am meTods, iseve<br />
rogorc saerTod Tvisebriv meTodebs, safuZvlad udevs maqs veberis saxelTan<br />
dakavSirebuli “interpretaciuli sociologiis” principebi, romelic miznad<br />
isaxavs <strong>socialur</strong>i agentebis moqmedebaTa sazrisSi Cawvdomas. monografiuli<br />
gamokvlevis Sesaxeb tradiciuli warmodgenis Tanaxmad, mkvlevari Seiswavlis ama<br />
Tu im <strong>socialur</strong> erTobas masSi “CaZirvis” meSveobiT. am “CaZirvis” Sedegad<br />
mkvlevari ukeT ecnoba Sesaswavli jgufis cxovrebas, iziarebs misi wevrebis<br />
yofas da saSualeba eZleva, maTi TvaliT Sexedos samyaros.<br />
mkvlevris muSaoba iwyeba misi “saitSi” CasvliT da pirveli kontaqtebis<br />
damyarebiT Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan. aseT gamokvlevebSi, ra Tqma<br />
unda, Zalian mniSvnelovania CarTuli dakvirvebis roli; muSaobis warmateba<br />
didad aris damokidebuli kargi in<strong>for</strong>mantebis povnaze.<br />
savele muSaobis dros aucilebeli moTxovnaa, mkvlevari imyofebodes<br />
“saitze” sakmoad xangrZlivi drois manZilze, respondentebTan erTad icxovros<br />
da gaiziaros maTi yofis yvela elementi. es saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ara<br />
marto uSualo urTierToba daamyaros aqtorebTan da ufro Rrmad Seiswavlos<br />
maTi cxovreba, aramed, agreTve moipovos maTi ndoba.<br />
65 qarTul enaze jer ar aris damkvidrebuli inglisuri “case-study”-s Sesabamisi termini.<br />
mis qarTul Sesatyvisad Cven vxmarobT termins “monografiuli gamokvleva”, Tumca<br />
misi zusti Targmani “SemTxvevis Seswavla” iqneba.<br />
61
xangrZlivi savele muSaoba Sedgeba, erTi mxriv, pirveli SexedviT Cveulebrivi<br />
yoveldRiuri cxovrebisgan, romelsac mkvlevari aqtorebTan erTad<br />
iziarebs, eswreba maT Sexverdebs, muSaobs maT gverdiT, saubrobs maTTan,<br />
isvenebs maTTan erTad da a.S., xolo meore mxriv — yoveldRiuri angariSebis<br />
Sedgenisgan, sadac rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiTaa gadmocemuli yovelive is, rasac<br />
mkvlevari akvirdeboda da rac man Seityo dRis manZilze. yovelive es Zalian<br />
mkacr TviTdisciplinas, sakuTari Tavis moqmedebebis kontrols da drois<br />
optimalurad ganawilebis unars moiTxvos, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac<br />
mkvlevari marto muSaobs.<br />
monografiuli gamokvleva SeiZleba Caataros rogorc erTma mkvlevarma,<br />
aseve mkvlevarTa jgufma. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa gamokvlevis Zalian<br />
maRal doneze organizeba, raTa kvleviTi jgufis wevrebi marTlac erTsa da imave<br />
sakiTxze muSaobdnen, da miRebuli iqnes Sedegebi, romelTa Sedarebac SemdgomSi<br />
SesaZlebeli iqneba. Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevebi individualur<br />
kvleviT proeqtebs warmoadgenda, da dRemde SeimCneva tendencia, es kvleviTi<br />
midgoma erTi mkvlevris mier iqnes gamoyenebuli.<br />
monografiuli gamokvlevis Catarebis procesSi mkvlevari arasodes<br />
yabuldeba in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segrovebis mxolod erT meTods, aramed ramdenime<br />
urTierTSemavsebel meTodikas gamoiyenebs, romlebic Sesaswavli problemis<br />
gansxvavebul mxareebs gamoavlenen. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, dakvirveba da<br />
sxvadasxva saxis interviu, dokumentebis analizi, fokus-jgufi; es SeiZleba iyos,<br />
agreTve saarqivo sabuTebis Seswavla, piradi werilebi da/an dRiurebi, aseve —<br />
fotosuraTebi da sxv. sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs gamokvlevis<br />
Sedegebis sandoobis gazrdas, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>T<br />
Catarebuli yvela gamokvlevisaTvis. arcTu iSviaTad, Sesaswavli Temis Sesaxeb<br />
sruli in<strong>for</strong>maciis miRebis mizniT mkvlevrebi mimarTaven mosaxleobis aRweras<br />
an gamokiTxvas ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi mravalmeToduri midgoma<br />
axasiTebda jer kidev 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria iahodas,<br />
pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebul gamokvlevas, romlis Temac<br />
umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo. 66 es gamokvleva Catarda<br />
sofelSi, romlis TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba struqturuli cvlilebebis<br />
Sedegad umuSevari darCa. mkvlevarTa mizani mosaxleobaze umuSevrobis gavlenis<br />
Seswavla iyo, rac maT iseTi gansxvavebuli midgomebis gamoyenebiT ganaxorcieles,<br />
rogorebicaa raodenobrivi monacemebis Segroveba da situaciaSi<br />
“CarTva”. am gamokvlevis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli angariSis dasawyisSive<br />
mkvlevrebs moyavT Tavisi infomaciis wyaroebis sruli sia:<br />
“saojaxo dosie: marientalSi mcxovrebi 478-ve ojaxis yvela wevris Sesaxeb<br />
Segrovebuli iqna detaluri da vrceli in<strong>for</strong>macia: maTi piradi monacemebi, umuSevrobis<br />
Semweobis saxeoba, da sxva. dosie Seicavda agreTve srul in<strong>for</strong>macias sacxovrebeli<br />
pirobebis, ojaxuri cxovrebis, ojaxSi Sromis ganawilebis Sesaxeb da a.S. damatebiT,<br />
yvela ojaxSi Cveni TxovniT avsebdnen saojaxo dRiurs.<br />
cxovrebis istoriebi: Cven CaviwereT 32 mamakacis da 30 qalis detaluri cxovrebis<br />
istoria. am istoriebis mniSvneloba pirvel rigSi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom isini<br />
adamianis mTel cxovrebas asaxaven. rodesac am adamianebma umuSevrobis Sesaxeb daiwyes<br />
laparaki, maTi Txroba ukve mimdinareobda. maTTvis ufro ioli iyo umuSevrobis<br />
gamocdilebis aRwera, vinaidan am droisaTvis maT ukve moyolili hqondaT Tavisi<br />
cxovrebis wina periodis Sesaxeb, romelic maTTvis Sedarebebis safuZvels warmoadgenda.<br />
Cven rom pirdapir maTi axlandeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb dagvesva kiTxvebi, Sedegad<br />
SeiZleba moridebuli siCume an arafrismTqmeli saerTo frazebi migveRo.<br />
drois grafikebi: 80 adamianma Seavso kiTxvari, romelSic aRweres, Tu rogor<br />
gaatares Tavisi cxovrebis erTi dRe.<br />
angariSebi da Civilebi: Cven SeviswavleT ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze venis<br />
noiStatis olqis samrewvelo komisiaSi wardgenili angariSebi da Civilebi (marientali am<br />
olqSi Sedis).<br />
66 Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed<br />
Community. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton.<br />
62
saskolo eseebi: skolis damwyebi da saSualo klasebis ramdenime moswavlem dawera<br />
naSromebi Semdeg Temebze: “ra minda yvelaze metad”, “vin minda viyo” da “ra saCuqari minda<br />
saSobaod”.<br />
eseebis konkursi, romlis gamarjvebulisTvisac dawesebuli iyo jildo: ramdenime<br />
mozardma dawera naSromi Temaze: “rogor mesaxeba Cemi momavali”.<br />
kvebis angariSebi: erTi kviris manZilze 40 ojaxi iwerda, Tu ras Wamdnen, agreTve, ra<br />
sagzals atandnen skolaSi bavSvebs Semweobis miRebis wina dRes da Semweobis miRebis<br />
Semdgom dRes.<br />
sxvadasxva saxis in<strong>for</strong>macia: Cven SevagroveT in<strong>for</strong>macia 80 patara bavSvis mier<br />
miRebuli saSobao saCuqrebis Sesaxeb; barebSi saubris Temebisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb; im<br />
sirTuleebis Taobaze, romlebsac mSoblebi Svilebis aRzrdisas awydebian (im Canawerebis<br />
safuZvelze, romlebic eqimis sakonsultacio kabinetSi moviZieT); samedicino analizebi;<br />
maswavleblebisgan miRebuli in<strong>for</strong>macia maTi moswavleebis warmatebebis Sesaxeb;<br />
saxelmwifo organoebis, qarxnis, eklesiis da sxvaTa mier warmoebuli saqvelmoqmedo<br />
saqmianobis Sesaxeb; duqanSi, dalaqTan, yasabTan, fexacmlis SemkeTebelTan, mkeravTan,<br />
konditerTan daxarjuli Tanxebis Sesaxeb; agreTve, sxvadasxva politikuri klubis Tu<br />
sxva organizaciebis mier mowodebuli in<strong>for</strong>macia.<br />
statistikuri monacemebi: am tipis monacemebs warmoadgenda kooperatiuli maRaziis<br />
saangariSo wignebi; sajaro biblioTekidan gatanili wignebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli<br />
Canawerebi; in<strong>for</strong>macia gazeTebis gamoweris Sesaxeb; klubebis wevrebis raodenoba;<br />
arCevnebis Sedegebi; asakobrivi ganawilebis, Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis, qorwinebebis da<br />
migraciis maCveneblebi.<br />
saojaxo statistika: marientalSi Camovida savaWro palatis oficialuri<br />
warmomadgeneli specialuri mizniT: raTa Seegrovebina saojaxo statistika, magram<br />
teqnikuri sirTuleebis gamo man mxolod ramdenime ojaxis monacemebis Segroveba<br />
moaxerxa.” 67<br />
garda amisa, kvlevis manZize sofelSi ganxorcielebuli iqna ramdenime<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i progarma (e.w. tansacmlis proeqti; samedicino momsaxurebis proeqti;<br />
Wra-kervis kursebi; konsultaciebi mSoblebisaTvis da sxv.); am programebis<br />
msvlelobaSi, agreTve Segrovebuli iqna damatebiTi in<strong>for</strong>macia. in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
wyaroebis aseTi mdidari sia Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevebisTvisac<br />
STambeWdavad gamoiyureba.<br />
Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebic intensiurad iyenebdnen e.w. “mravalmeTodur<br />
midgomas” (multimethod approach) monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi; isini<br />
Tvlidnen, rom amis meSveobiT in<strong>for</strong>maciis maqsimalurad farTo speqtris<br />
Segroveba iyo SesaZlebeli. oTxi ZiriTadi meTodi, romlebsac isini iyenebdnen,<br />
iyo: (1) Sesaswavli dasaxlebuli punqtis <strong>socialur</strong>i istoria; (2) ama Tu im<br />
maCveneblebis gavrcelebis amsaxveli grafikuli masalebi; (3) sxvadasxva<br />
kulturuli jgufis an urTierTobis modelebis aRwera, da (4) iseTi<br />
raodenobrivi monacemebis statistikuri analizi, rogorebicaa Semosavlebi da<br />
xarjebi, mosaxleobis mobiloba, miwis zoma, da sxv.<br />
Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebs Soris gansakuTrebuli popularobiT<br />
sargeblobda aseTi gamokvlevebSi piradi xasiaTis dokumentebis (werilebis,<br />
dRiurebis) gamoyeneba, iseve rogorc gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis daTmoba<br />
respondentebis cxovrebis istoriebisadmi; rig SemTxvevebSi, gamokvlevis<br />
saboloo angariSic ise iyo moyolili, rogorc mTavar aqtorTa cxovrebis<br />
istoria 68 . am angariSebSic Tavis asaxvas poulobs kvlevis dros ramdenime me-<br />
Todis gamoyeneba, ramdenadac aq moyvanilia rogorc dakvirvebis Sedegebi, aseve<br />
Catarebuli interviuebis fragmentebi, eqspertebis Sefasebebi, romlebic arc<br />
Tu iSviaTad ilustrirebulia rukebiT, sqemebiT an fotosuraTebiT.<br />
monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi gamoyenebuli <strong>meTodebi</strong>s mravalferovneba<br />
aqtualurs xdis SekiTxvas, romelsac rigi mkvlevari svams: kerZod,<br />
ufro gamarTlebuli xom ar iqneboda, monografiul gamokvlevas ewodos<br />
67 Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Op. cit. Pp. 4-5.<br />
68 mag.: Clif<strong>for</strong>d R. Shaw. 1966. The Jack-Roller: A Delinquent Boy’s Own Story. Chicago: University of<br />
Chicago Press.<br />
63
kvleviTi midgoma (romelic <strong>meTodebi</strong>s vrcel arsenals aerTianebs), da ara<br />
romelime erTi calkeuli meTodi? vfiqrobT, am kiTxvas dadebiTad unda<br />
vupasuxoT.<br />
ra Tqma unda, mravali meTodis gamoyenebisas moulodneli ar unda yofiliyo<br />
gansxvavebuli, zogjer — sawinaaRmdego Sedegebis miReba. Tumca, “raodenobrivi”<br />
mkvlevrebisagan gansxvavebiT, <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s momxreebi amas ar aRiqvamen<br />
rogorc saSiSroebas, aramed rogorc kidev erT SesaZleblobas, miRebul<br />
Sedegebs gansxvavebuli TvaliT SevxedoT, rac, saboloo jamSi, sruli da<br />
yovelmxrivi suraTis daxatvaSi unda dagvexmaros. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos<br />
isic, rom monografiul gamo<strong>kvlevaSi</strong> gamoyenebuli <strong>meTodebi</strong> savsebiT ar<br />
Semoifargleboda mxolod <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>T — piriqiT, isini xSirad<br />
mdidrdeboda statistikuri da raodenobrivi monacemebiT. Cikagos skolis erTerTi<br />
lideris, ernest berjesis TqmiT, “ori midgomis Tanamoqmedeba ueWvelad<br />
yvelaze nayofieri iqneba” 69 .<br />
rogorc am meTodis Teoretikosebi miiCneven, kvleviTi amocanebis dasaxva<br />
monografiuli gamokvlevis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia mxolod mas Semdeg, rac<br />
mkvlevarma daiwyo savele samuSaoebi, amitom TviTon gamokvleva iwyeba, rogorc<br />
wesi, gamokvlevis saerTo Temis gansazRvriT, da ara konkretuli hipoTezebis<br />
SemuSavebiT. amis Sedegad monografiuli gamokvleva gansakuTrebuli moqnilobiT<br />
gamoirCeva. Tumca, rogorc robert iini aRniSnavs, “paradoqsaluria, magram<br />
rac ufro “rbilia” kvleviTi strategia, miT ufro rTuli gansaxorcielebelia<br />
is praqtikulad” 70 .<br />
monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebaSi Zalian didia mkvlevris roli da<br />
Zalian bevria damokidebuli am ukanasknelis profesiulobaze. monografiuli<br />
gamokvlevis Catarebis dros mkvlevari ar aris daculi emociuri stresisagan,<br />
romelic yovelTvis Tan axlavs CarTul dakvirvebas. amitom kvlevis dawyebamde<br />
mis mier kargad unda iyos gaTviTcnobierebuli mis winaSe mdgari sirTuleebi.<br />
ZiriTadad mkvlevarzea damokidebuli, Tu rogor gansazRvravs is<br />
gamokvlvevis xangrZlivobas — is SeiZleba gagrZeldes rogorc ramdenime Tve,<br />
aseve ramdenime weli. Znelia imis dadgena, Tu rodis unda damTavrdes savele<br />
samuSaoebi. metic, rogorc u.f.uaiTi aRiarebs, “romelime Temis an organizaciis<br />
Seswavlas ar SeiZleba, raime logikuri dasasruli hqondes. rac ufro mets<br />
igebT, miT ukeT gesmiT, Tu ra dagrCaT kidev Sesaswavli” 71 .<br />
iTvleba, rom monografiuli gamokvleva yvelaze efeqturia rogorc<br />
romelime <strong>socialur</strong>i problemis winaswar Seswavlis, misi pirveladi aRweris<br />
saSualeba, amitom praqtikaSi es meTodi yvelaze xSirad aRweriT fuqncias<br />
asrulebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseve xedavda am meTodis rols Cikagos skolis<br />
warmomadgeneli vivien palmeri, am meTodisadmi miZRvnili pirveli saxelmZRvanelos<br />
72 avtori (es saxelmRvanelo 1928 wels gamovida). Tumca Tanamedrove<br />
mkvlevrebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom am meTods savsebiT Seswevs<br />
Zala, ara marto aRweros, aramed, agreTve axsnas esa Tu is <strong>socialur</strong>i situacia;<br />
kerZod, robert iini gamoyofs monografiuli gamokvlevebis or gansxvavebul<br />
saxeobas — romlebic aRweren <strong>socialur</strong> sinamdviles da romlebic xsnian mas. 73<br />
monografiuli gamokvlevis Sedegebi vrceli angariSis, xSirad ki — wignis<br />
saxiT xdeba xolme cnobili, sadac avtori cdilobs, SesTavazos mkiTxvels<br />
Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebis Rirebulebebis da normebis Taviseburi inter-<br />
69 citirebulia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: Martin Bulmer. 1984. The Chicago School of Sociology.<br />
Institutionalization, Diversity, and the Rise of Sociological Research. Chicago and London: The University<br />
of Chicago Press. P. 162.<br />
70 Robert K Yin. 1994. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 2 nd Ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.<br />
P. 16.<br />
71 William F. Whyte. 1993. Street Corner Society. The <strong>Social</strong> Structure of an Italian Slum. Fourth Edition.<br />
Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. P. 324-325.<br />
72 Viven M. Palmer. 1928. Field Studies in Sociology: A Student’s Manual. Chicago, Ill.: The University of<br />
Chicago Press.<br />
73 Robert K. Yin. Op. cit.<br />
64
pretacia. amitom mkvlevars naratiuli niWi unda hqondes. am mxriv sainteresoa,<br />
rom am meTodis Camoyalibebis periodSi, rodesac jer ar arsebobda Teoriuli<br />
literatura mis Sesaxeb, Cikagos universitetis studentebs urCevdnen, ekiTxaT<br />
romanebi da avtobiografiuli Txzulebebi, romlebic Tanamimdevrulad asaxaven<br />
adamianis an jgufis cxovrebas da amdenad garkveulwilad avsebdnen arsebul<br />
sicarieles.<br />
Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis yvelaze<br />
mizanSewonil “saitebad” iTvleboda did qalaqebs da sxva dasaxlebebs<br />
mowyvetili patara soflebi da mcire izolirebuli tomebi, vinaidan, erTi mxriv,<br />
maTi mosaxleobis kulturuli da eTnikuri erTianoba SesaZlebels xdida, aseTi<br />
dasaxlebebi ganxiluli yofiliyo rogorc kulturuli erToba, xolo meore<br />
mxriv, maTi mcire zoma da mosaxleobis mcire raodenoba aseT Seswavlas<br />
SesaZlebels xdida erTi adamianis ZalebiTac ki.<br />
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi monografiuli gamokvlevis meSveobiT Seiswavlian<br />
iseT mravalferovan sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa saskolo ganaTlebis xarisxi,<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i daxmarebis programebis efeqturoba, Tanamedrove samrewvelo<br />
organizaciebis struqtura, eTnikuri da rasobrivi problemebi da sxv. Tumca,<br />
iseve rogorc XX saukunis dasawyisSi, monografiuli gamokvlevebi SedarebiT<br />
mcire Temebis an organizaciebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba, raTa SesaZlebeli<br />
iyos mkvlevris uSualo kontaqti Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebTan.<br />
saboloo jamSi, monografiuli gamokvlevis mizania aRweros Sesaswavli<br />
jgufis cxovreba da gaaanalizos am cxovrebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi,<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad — gaakeTos mecnieruli daskvnebi jgufSi arsebuli ierarqiis,<br />
urTierTobaTa specifikis da a.S. Sesaxeb.<br />
“SIDEWALK”: monografiuli gamokvlevis erTi magaliTi<br />
Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso<br />
magaliTia mitCel dunieris wigni “Sidewalk” (“trotuari”) 74 . es wigni am meTodis<br />
gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso nimuSad iTvleba, romelmac ramdenime premiac ki<br />
miiRo 75 . garda imisa, rom es saintereso da SemecnebiTi kvlevaa, is amave dros<br />
inovaciurisaa rogorc savele samuSaoebis Catarebis, aseve Sedegebis<br />
warmodgenis TvalsazrisiT — is uxvadaa ilustrirebuli fotosuraTebiT,<br />
romlebic “Cikago tribiun”-is fotokorespondentma ovi karterma gadauRo<br />
dunieris TxovniT aqtorebs da im garemos, sadac maT uwevdaT cxovreba da<br />
muSaoba (da, ra Tqma unda, suraTebi aqtorebis nebarTviT iqna gadaRebuli).<br />
Sesabamisad, mkiTxvels saSualeba eZleva sakuTari TvaliT naxos is adamianebi,<br />
romlebic wignis mTavari gmirebi arian, dainaxos is garemo, sadac isini<br />
cxovroben da muSaoben. garda amisa, dunieris kvleva erT-erTi im kvlevaTagania,<br />
romlis procesSic ganviTarda gansakuTrebiT mWidro urTierToba da, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, inteleqtualuri TanamSromloba mkvlevarsa da in<strong>for</strong>mantebis Soris;<br />
dunierma saSualeba misca in<strong>for</strong>mantebs, gacnobodnen wignis xelnawers da<br />
TavianTi SeniSvnebi gamoeTqvaT. dunieris kvleva imiTac gamoirCeva, rom man<br />
gamomcemlobasTan gaa<strong>for</strong>ma kontraqti, romlis mixedviTac mis in<strong>for</strong>mantebs<br />
wignis gayidvidan Semosuli mogebis garkveuli procenti unda mieRoT. ufro<br />
metic, dunierma miiwvia Tavisi ZiriTadi in<strong>for</strong>manti, hakim hasani Tavis<br />
universitetSi da masTan erTad uZRveboda seminars bakalavrebisaTvis “Savi<br />
amerikis quCis cxovreba da gonebrivi cxovreba” (“The Life of the Street and the Life of<br />
Mind in Black America”); dunierma, agreTve SesTavaza hakim hasans, misi wignis<br />
blosityvaobis avtori yofiliyo, razec hasans uari ar uTqvams.<br />
dunieris kvleva, iseve rogorc bevri sxva monografiuli gamokvleva,<br />
sruliad SemTxveviT daiwyo. niu-iorkSi myofi dunieris yuradReba miipyro<br />
wignebis erT-erTma quCis movaWrem — hakim hasanma, romlis magidazec man Tavisi<br />
wigni dainaxa.<br />
74 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.<br />
75 Los Angeles Time Book Prize da The C.Wright Mills Award.<br />
65
“— saidan gaqvT es wigni? — vkiTxe mas, Tan gamefiqra, moparuli xom ar arismeTqi.<br />
me Cemi arxebi aqvs, — mipasuxa hakimma. — gainteresebT es wigni?<br />
es wigni me davwere, — vupasuxe.<br />
marTla? aq axlomaxlo cxovrobT?<br />
diax, quCis kuTxeSi, merseris quCaze.<br />
xom ar momcemdiT Tqvens misamarTs da telefonis nomers, Cems rolodeqsSi<br />
rom Sevitano?” 76<br />
swored hakimis am bolo frazam gamoiwvia dunieris daintereseba: quCis gamyidvlebis<br />
umravlesoba iqve quCaSi cxovrobda da is faqti, rom hakims hqonda rolodeqsi<br />
— misamarTebis da telefonebis Casaweri specialuri mowyobiloba, romelsac,<br />
rogorc wesi, saqmiani adamianebi xmaroben, — marTlac rom gasakviri iyo.<br />
mitCels daebada idea, dakvirveba daewyo wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis<br />
movaWreebis saqmianobaze da Seeswavla, Tu ra rols TamaSoben es adamianebi —<br />
romelTa didi nawilic usaxlkaroa, zogi narkomani, zogic cixidan axali<br />
gamosuli — qalaqis am ubnis cxovrebaSi. mitCeli Seecada daaxloveboda da<br />
damegobreboda hasans, da es erT-erTi Tavisi yofili kurselis meSveobiT<br />
moaxerxa, romelic hasanis wignebis xSiri myidveli aRmoCnda.<br />
rogorc dunieri aRniSnavs, Tavidan hasani Zalian skeptikurad Sexvda mis<br />
ideas — pirvel rigSi imitom, rom dunieris gegma iTvaliswinebda Savakniani quCis<br />
movaWreebis gverdiT muSaobas, maSin rodesac quCaSi muSaoba TavisTavad ar iyo<br />
usafrTxo saqmianoba, miT umetes ki dunierisTvis — ebrauli warmoSobis<br />
TeTrkaniani profesorisTvis, romlis garegnobac da aqcentiT maSinve<br />
gamoyofda mas quCis movaWreebs Soris, romelTa umravlesobasac afroamerikeli<br />
mamakacebi Seadgendnen.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, dunieri TandaTan Caeba dakvirvebaSi, romelic saerTo<br />
jamSi TiTqmis 7 wels gagrZelda — radgan is sxva qalaqSi aswavlida universitetSi,<br />
dunieri mxolod ardadegebis periodSi axerxebda dakvirvebis ganxorcielebas,<br />
ise rom, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, misi kvleva sezonur xasiaTs atarebda.<br />
dunierma hakimi 1992 wels gaicno da nel-nela dauaxlovda mas. hakimma is sxva<br />
quCis movaWreebs gaacno da dunierma daiwyo muSaoba maT damxmared — is Tvals<br />
adevnebda movaWreebis magidebs, rodesac isini sxvagan midiodnen; mohqonda yava;<br />
yidulobda da yidda saqonels. 1996 wlis zafxulSi, Semdgom ki 1997 wlis<br />
zafxulSi da Semodgomaze man Jurnalebis gamyidvlad imuSava; 1998 wlis<br />
zafxulSi regularulad midioda xolme “saitze” dReSi ramdneime saaTiT, xolo<br />
1999 wlis martSi, rodesac misi kvleva TiTqmis ukve dasrulebuli iyo, kidev 2<br />
kviris manZilze imuSava sruli datvirTviT rogorc quCis movaWrem 77 .<br />
Tavad dakvirvebis adgili (Greenwhich Village) niu-iorkis erT-erT yvelaze<br />
Tavisufal, garkveulwilad bohemur raionad iTvleba, sadac uamravi mxatvari,<br />
mwerali, sqesobrivi umciresobebis warmoamdgeneli cxovrobs. aqvea ramdenime<br />
umaRlesi saswavlebeli — niu-iorkis universiteti (NYU), New School University, ise<br />
rom am ubanSi bevri studenti da profesori cxovrobs. es xels aZlevs quCis<br />
gamyidvlebs — am ubnis mosaxleoba maT Zveli wignebiT da JurnalebiT amaragebs;<br />
amasTan, gamyidvlebi Tavad eZeben gadasayrelad gamzadebul nivTebSi wignebs da<br />
Jurnalebs.<br />
Tavdapirvelad dunieri mxolod hasans da mis saqmianobas akvirdeboda; wignis<br />
pirveli variantic mxolod hasans exeboda — mas “hasanis magida” erqva (“Hassan’s<br />
Table”; es saTauri garkveulwilad dunieris pirveli wignis saTauris — “Slim’s<br />
Table” — gamoZaxili iyo). dunierma es varianti hasans waakiTxa, da swored am<br />
ukanasknelma CaTvala, rom kvleva usamarTlod iyo fokusirebuli mxolod masze;<br />
man urCia duniers, Tavis <strong>kvlevaSi</strong> Jurnalebis gamyidvlebic CaerTo.<br />
kvlevis Catarebis procesSi dunieris ZiriTad “iaraRs” warmoadgnenda<br />
magnitofoni, romelic faqtiurad mTeli dRis manZilze CarTuli iyo. dunieri<br />
cdilobda, yvelaferi Caewera —gamyidvlebis saubrebi erTmaneTs Soris, maTi<br />
76 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 21.<br />
77 Ibid. P. 11.<br />
66
saubrebi myidvelebTan. amasTan, dunieri maqsimalurad cdilobda gaekeTebina im<br />
dialogebis mokle Canawerebi (jotted notes), romlebis momswrec is xdeboda. rogorc<br />
Tavad dunieri aRniSnavs, es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT viTarebaSi,<br />
rodesac erTi kulturis an rasis warmomadgneli ikvlevs sxva kulturis da rasis<br />
warmoadgenlebs. “kulturis mniSvneloba garkveulwilad enaSia Caqsovili, da<br />
SeuZlebelia kulturis gageba sxva kulturis warmomadgenlis mier imis gareSe,<br />
rom yuradReba daeTmos sityvebisa da winadadebebis, maTi Tanamimdevrobis<br />
SerCevas” 78 . amasTan, dunieri aRniSnavs, rom magnitofons SesaZloa garkveuli<br />
zegavlena moexdina in<strong>for</strong>mantebze — rodesac ici, rom Seni saTiTao sityva<br />
fiqsirdeba, Sen Zalauneburad cdilob, akontrolo sakuTari saubari, Tavi<br />
aarido zogierT Temas da ar iyo zedmetad gulaxdili. magram, dunieris TqmiT,<br />
magnitofonma SeZlo is, rac yvelaze mTavari iyo — trotuarze mimdinare<br />
cxovrebis dafiqsireba. Cawerili dialogebis Seswavlis mizniT dunierma saubris<br />
specialur analizs mimarTa (conversational analysis), raTa gamoekveTa urTierTobis<br />
garkveuli strategiebi.<br />
imisaTvis, rom rac SeiZleba sruli in<strong>for</strong>macia Seekriba, dunierma Caatara<br />
interviuebi ZiriTad in<strong>for</strong>mantebTan, gaesaubra wignebisa da Jurnalebis<br />
myidvelebs, moinaxula da interviuebi Caatara niu-iorkis im organizaciebis<br />
xelmZRvanelebTan, romlebic qalaqis raionebis keTilmowyobisaTvis ibrZvian da<br />
zRudaven usaxlkaroebs (da usaxlkaro quCis movaWreebs) TaviaanTi raionebis<br />
teritoriebze; gaicno da interviu CamoarTva im adamians, vinc dawera kanoni<br />
quCaSi beWvdiTi produqciiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb. dunierma aseve Caatara interviuebi<br />
axlomdebare kafeebisa da maRaziebis mepatroneebTan, raTa daedgina, Tu<br />
ra azris arian quCis movaWreebis Sesaxeb maT maxloblad momuSave adamianebi.<br />
imis saCveneblad, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos damokidebuleba<br />
quCaSi momuSave adamianebis mimarT maTi <strong>socialur</strong>i, ekonomikuri da rasobrivi<br />
maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare, dunierma, agreTve Caatara Taviseburi sakontrolo<br />
dakvirveba iqve maxloblad, ramdenime kvartalis moSorebiT momuSave<br />
naZvis xeebiT movaWreTa TeTrkanian ojaxze.<br />
es naZvis xeebi yovel zamTars Camoaqvs niu-iorkSi erT ojaxs vermontis<br />
Statidan; isini TeTrkanianebi arian; isini noembris bolos Camodian niu-iorkSi<br />
da Sobamde rCebian. mTeli am periodis manZilze maT manqanis misabmelSi uwevT<br />
cxovreba, sadac arc abazanaa da arc tualeti. magram maT moaxerxes<br />
daemyarebinaT imdenad kargi urTierToba ubanSi mcxovreb xalxTan, rom isini maT<br />
uflebas aZleven, maTi abazanebiT isargeblon, xolo rodesac qalaqgareT midian,<br />
binis gasaRebsac ki utoveben naZvis xeebiT movaWreebs. aseTi keTilmosurne<br />
damokidebuleba radikalurad gansxvavdeba im damokidebulebisgan, rasac<br />
mosaxleoba iCens wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebis mimarT; Zalauneburad<br />
ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ratom xdeba ase. dunieris azriT, amas SeiZleba<br />
ramdenime axsna hqondes — is, rom naZvis xeebiT movaWreebi TeTrkanianebi da<br />
saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi arian; is, rom isini bavSvebTan erTad arian<br />
Camosulebi, bavSvebi ki yovelTvis met TanagrZnobas iwveven; sxva mizezebi<br />
SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes im garemoebas, rom bevri quCis movaWre an nasamarTlevia,<br />
an narkomani/yofili narkomani, rac afrTxobs mosaxleobas; yovelive<br />
amasTan erTad, zog maTgans sakmaod gamomwvevad uWiravs Tavi, rac, ra Tqma unda,<br />
ar iwvevs mosaxleobis simpaTiebs.<br />
dunieri Tvlis, rom jeims vilsonis da jorj kelingis Teoria, romelic<br />
cnobilia rogorc “Camtvreuli fanjrebis Teoria”, quCaSi momuSave wignebisa da<br />
Jurnalebis gamyidvlebTan dakavSirebiT ar marTldeba. es Teoria amtkicebs, rom<br />
Tu romelime ubnis binebSi Camtvreulia fanjrebi da quCebSi matulobs nagavi,<br />
mosaxleobas eqmneba STabeWdileba, rom aravis ar adardebs da aravis ar<br />
ainteresebs, Tu ra xdeba am ubanSi; Sesabamisad, am ubanSi matulobs danaSauli,<br />
mosaxleoba cdilobs sxva ubnebSi gadavides sacxovreblad; saboloo jamSi es<br />
yvelaferi iwvevs kriminogenuli mdgomareobis gauaresebas da ubanSi cxovrebis<br />
donis dacemas.<br />
78 Ibid. P. 339.<br />
67
am Teoriis gavlenis Sedegad aSS-s policiam gaamkacra damokidebuleba<br />
naklebad seriozuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigis danaSaulebebisadmi — maTxovrebisadmi,<br />
mTvralebisadmi, xulignebisadmi da a.S. aseTi midgomis farglebSi<br />
policia quCis movaWreebic wesrigis damrRvevebad aRiqvams da yvelanairad<br />
cdilobs maTi saqmianobis SezRudvas.<br />
dunieri ki cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis gamyidvlebis magaliTma bevr<br />
cixidan gamosuls uCvena, rom SeiZleboda fulis patiosnad Sovna — anu, quCaSi<br />
muSaoba <strong>socialur</strong>i reabilitaciis funqcias asrulebs.<br />
rogorc dunierma kvlevis Sedegad daadgina, erTi SexedviT erTmaneTis<br />
msgavs quCis gamyidvlebs Soris sakmaod mkacri ierarqia arsebobs; maT Soris<br />
ganawilebulia rolebi da funqciebi. aq arian “adgilis damkaveblebi”, anu<br />
adamianebi, romlebic yvelaze adre modian da ikaveben savaWro adgils, Semdeg ki<br />
“yidian” mas 20-50 dolarad; aq arian “momtanebi” — adamianebi, romlebsac moaqvT<br />
Senaxuli saqoneli sawyobebidan da amisaTvis garkveul gasamrjelos iReben;<br />
“magidaze Tvalis damWerebs”, romlebic xSirad iqve axlos mdgomi maTxovrebi an<br />
sxva gamyidvlebi arian, Tvali uWiravT ama Tu im saqmeze wasuli gamyidvlis<br />
magidaze, raTa policiam misi konfiskacia ar moaxdinos 79 , da a.S.<br />
dunieri cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis movaWreebi “sajaro figurebi” (public<br />
character) arian, romlebic awesrigeben cxovrebas da sazogadoebrivi kontrolis<br />
funqciasac asruleben.<br />
“sazogadiebrivi figurebis” koncefcia cnobil <strong>socialur</strong> mecniers, jein<br />
jeikobss (Jane Jacobs) ekuTvnis, romelmac jer kidev 1961 wels gamosca wigni “didi<br />
amerikuli qalaqebis sikvdili da sicocxle” (“Death and Life of Great American Cities”),<br />
sadac is grinviC vilijis ubanSi ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze<br />
saubrobs Tanamedrove qalquri cxovrebis Sesaxeb:<br />
“trotuaris <strong>socialur</strong>i cxovreba bevrad aris damokidebuli maTze, visac<br />
SeiZleba TviTdaniSnuli sajaro figurebi vuwodoT. sajaro figura aris nebismieri<br />
adamiani, visac xSiri kontaqti aqvs mraval adamianTan da vinc sakmarisad<br />
aris dainteresebuli imiT, rom sakuTari Tavi sajaro figurad warmoaCinos. sajaro<br />
figuras ar unda hqondes raime gansakuTrebuli niWi an sibrZne, raTa Tavisi<br />
funqciebi Seasrulos — Tumca mas xSirad aqvs es Tvisebebi. misi mTavari<br />
kvalifikacia isaa, rom is aris sajaro, rom is esaubreba bevr sxvadasxvanair<br />
adamians. amgvarad xdeba axali ambebis gavrceleba, rac trotuaris mizania” 80 .<br />
jein jeikobsi sajaro figurebad miiCnevs maRaziis gamyidvlebs, mcire<br />
biznesis mepatroneebs, romlebsac “Tvali uWiravT quCaze”. dunieris azriT,<br />
swored aseT funqcias asruleben wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebi — maT<br />
utoveben sagazeTo jixurSi motanil gazeTebs, isini yuradRebas aqceven maT<br />
maxloblad gaCerebul manqanebs, isini esaubrebian ubnis macxovreblebs, da a.S.<br />
Tavis kvlevis meTods mitCel dunieri “diagnostikur eTnografias” uwodebs.<br />
“rodesac me davbrundi me-6 avenueze, raTa memuSava rogorc Jurnalebis<br />
gamyidvels, me jer kidev ar mqonda Camoyalibebuli zusti kvleviTi SekiTxva” 81 , —<br />
ambobs dunieri. miT umetes, kvlevis sawyis etapze mas ar hqonia Teoria, romlis<br />
Semowmebasac apirebda. amitom is cdilobda yuradReba gaemaxvilebina quCaSi<br />
mimdinare koleqtiur saqmianobaze; rogor xdeboda saqonlis moZieba, rogori<br />
urTierToba iyo gamyidvlebsa da myidvelebs, gamyidvlebsa da policielebs<br />
Soris, da a.S. “is, rom me ar mqonda gakrveuli kvleviTi SekiTxva Cemi kvlevis<br />
dawyebisas, SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes imas, rac sociologiaSia miRebuli.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, me sxvanairi Sexeduleba maqvs. xSirad <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebebSi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> kvlevis dros, rodesac monacemTa didi raodenoba<br />
moipoveba, kvlevis dizaini monacemebis Segrovebis Semdeg gamoikveTeba xolme.<br />
79 kanonis Tanaxmad, policies ufleba aqvs im magidis konfiskacia moaxdinos, romelic<br />
upatronod dgas trotuarze.<br />
80 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 6.<br />
81 Ibid. P. 340-341.<br />
68
Cemi ideebi Camoyalibda imis safuZvelze, Tu ras vxedavdi da ra mesmoda<br />
quCaSi” 82 .<br />
rogorc CarTul damkvirvebels, duniers unda SeemCnia da yuradReba<br />
gaemaxvilebina iseT movlenebze, romlebic sxvebs umniSvnelod eCveneboda. metic<br />
— imis wyalobiT, rom mas TiTqmis mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi CarTuli hqonda<br />
magnitofoni, kasetebis mosmenisas is afiqsirebda iseT momentebs, romlebic<br />
gamorCa anda ar CaTvala mniSvnelovnad uSualod dakvirvebis dros. “CarTuli<br />
dakvirvebis dros kvleviTi SekiTxvebi savele samuSaoebis Catarebisas ibadeba.<br />
magaliTad, me ar SemeZlo meTqva marvinisTvis da ronisTvis 83 , rom mainteresebda<br />
imis Seswavla, Tu rogor esaubreba ramodenime mamakaci (romelic quCaSi vaWrobs<br />
— T.z.) Camvlel qalebs, imitom rom me ar vicodi, rom es sakiTxi wamoiWreboda.<br />
aseve, me srulebiT ar vicodi, Tu damainteresebda dRevandeli trotuaris<br />
cxovrebis Sedareba im periodTan, rodesac jein jeikobsi werda Tavis wigns. me<br />
viyavi iq, raTa ubralod mewarmoebina dakvirveba da gamekeTebina Canawerebi, da me<br />
vTxovdi im adamianebs, romlebic quCaSi muSaobdnen, rom CemTvis amis neba<br />
daerToT” 84 .<br />
dunierma es nebarTva miiRo, Tumca is bolomde ar iyo darwmunebuli, rom<br />
quCis movaWreebi endobodnen da “Tavisianad” miiCnevdnen mas. is aRiarebs, rom<br />
quCis movaWreebs sxvadasxva motivi amoZravebdaT, rodesac maT masTan<br />
TanamSromlobaze Tanxmoba ganacxades: “zogierT gamyidvels ... ubralod<br />
undoda, rom iq vyofiliyavi rogorc cotaodeni xurdis da sesxebis wyaro, ...<br />
kidev ramodenimem ki CemTan saqmis daWera imitom gadawyvita, rom daweriliyo<br />
wigni am ubnis da maT Sesaxeb. magram Cemi mxridan gulubryvilo iqneboda mefiqra,<br />
rom me vicodi, Tu ras fiqrobdnen isini, rom isini mendobodnen, an “Tavisianad”<br />
mTvlidnen, rasac ar unda niSnavdes es” 85 .<br />
adamianebi ficis qveSac ityuebian, miT umetes mkvlevars ara aqvs aranairi<br />
garantia, rom in<strong>for</strong>manti mas srul WeSmaritebas etyvis. amitomaa, rom dunieris<br />
kvlevisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mokvleuli masalis gadamowmebis mcdeloba —<br />
yovelTvis, rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo. magaliTad, dunierma gadaamowma misi<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mantebis biografiis faqtebi (marTla hqonda Tu ara hasans damTavrebuli<br />
rutgersis universiteti? marTla miatova Tu ara ronma Tavisi sacxovrebeli<br />
bina, rodesac umuSevari darCa? marTla zrunavda Tu ara merdiki Tavis<br />
SviliSvilze da a.S.); Seiswavla quCaSi beWvdviTi produqciiT vaWrobis kanonis<br />
evolucia; rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo, iyenebda mraval mowmes, da a.S.<br />
kvlevis warmoebis procesSi dunieri im daskvnamde mivida, rom imisaTvis,<br />
raTa mkvlevarma warmatebuli kvleva Caataros, ar aris aucilebeli, rom<br />
aqtorebma is “Tavisianad” miiCnion — sakmarisia, rom mkvlevars hqondes<br />
dakvirvebis saSualeba; rac ufro mniSvnelovania, is unda akvirdebodes iseT<br />
<strong>socialur</strong> struqturas, sadac meordeba garkveuli moqmedebebi da situaciebi.<br />
magaliTad, Tu ojaxSi damokidebuleba meuRleebs Soris arc Tu idealuria,<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi Cven aucileblad gavxdebiT Cxubis an usiamovnebis mowmeni —<br />
ra Tqma unda, es konkretuli Cxubi SeiZleba sul sxva ramis gamo iyos gamowveuli<br />
da sul sxva <strong>for</strong>mebi miiRos, vidre maT Soris Cxubis wina SemTxvevam, magram TviT<br />
aseTi faqtis sixSiremac SeiZleba miuTiTos imaze, Tu ramdenadaa gamwvavebuli<br />
urTierTobebi; anda, Tu romelime dawesebulebaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli<br />
korufcia, didia imis albaToba, rom Cven aucileblad SeveswrebiT aseT faqts.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas mainc sasurvelia, rom<br />
mkvlevari maqsimalurad iyos “saitze”, radgan arsebobs unikaluri SemTxvevebic,<br />
romlebic aRar meordeba da romlebsac SeiZleba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba<br />
hqondes kvlevis warmatebisTvis. magaliTad, masala, romelic dunieris kvlevis<br />
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tavs daedo safuZvlad (“Soba me-6 avenueze”), sruliad<br />
SemTxveviT iqna Segrovebuli. Soba dRes, rodesac dunieri ar apirebda kvlevis<br />
Catarebas, man gauara hakims, raTa kinoSi wasuliyvnen. aRmoCnda, rom erT-erT<br />
82 Ibid. P. 341.<br />
83 dunieris in<strong>for</strong>mantebi.<br />
84 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 335.<br />
85 Ibid. P. 338-339.<br />
69
quCaSi policiam ubrZana movaWres, aelagebina Tavisi saqoneli, winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi mas konfiskaciiT daemuqrnen. dunierma gadawyvita Seemowmebina,<br />
policia mis mimarTac iseTive zomebs mimarTavda Tu ara. man gaSala magida imave<br />
adgilas da daeloda policiis gamoCenas — sabednierod, mas Tan hqonda Tavisi<br />
magnitofoni da SeZlo Caewera policiasTan saubari, Semdeg ki gaaanalia, Tu ra<br />
gavlenas axdens rasa da <strong>socialur</strong>i mgomareoba imaze, Tu rogor eqceva policia<br />
adamianebs.<br />
swored dunieris dakvirvebis arasistematurobam ganapiroba is, rom aseTi<br />
xangrZlivi savele muSaobis miuxedavad, kritikosebi dunieris kvlevis erT-erT<br />
mTavar naklad miiCnevdnen imas, rom mas ar hqonda SesaZlebloba, 24 saaTis<br />
manZilze dakvirveboda Tavisi in<strong>for</strong>mantebis cxovrebas da saqmianobas. rogorc<br />
wesi, is maT weliwadSi ramdenime Tvis manZilze xedavda; xvdeboda diliT da<br />
Sordeboda saRamoTi, Tumca maTTan erTad wignebiT da JurnalebiT vaWrobasTan<br />
dakavSirebul sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi monawileobda — magaliTad, mouwia<br />
saqmeebis garkveva policiasTan, rodesac policielebma magidebis aReba<br />
moiTxoves; gahyva Tavis in<strong>for</strong>mantebs gadasayrelad gamzadebuli nivTebidan<br />
gasayidad gamosadegi wignebis da Jurnalebis amosarCevad, da a.S.<br />
mainc, dunieris kvleva warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos; es warmateba, hasanis<br />
azriT, iman ganapiroba, rom mitCels mosmenis unari hqonda — is ar axvevda Tavis<br />
azrs Tanamosaubreebs, aramed cdilobda gaerkvia, Tu ratom iqceoda esa Tu is<br />
adamiani ise, rogorc is iqceoda, amasTan, mas Tavad am adamianis axsna<br />
ainteresebda. “quCa mainc quCaa, — ambobs hakim hasani. — es ar unda dagaviwydeT.<br />
mitCi amas maSinve mixvda. mas ar ucdia moeCvenebina Tavi sxva adamianad, vidre is<br />
sinamdvileSi iyo: adamiani da sociologi, romelic cdilobda Caswvdomoda Cveni<br />
cxovrebis azrs” 86 .<br />
metic, hasani ambobs, rom dunieris midgoma kvlevisadmi ar gamomdinareobda<br />
paradigmidan “mecnierma yvelaze ukveT icis”, aramed mas axasiaTebda <strong>socialur</strong>i<br />
mecnieris mondomeba, moesmina sxvebisTvis 87 .<br />
rekomendebuli literatura:<br />
1. Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.<br />
2. Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an<br />
Unemployed Community. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton.<br />
3. Robert K. Yin. 2002. Applications of Case Study Research. Second edition. Sage Publications.<br />
86 Ibid. P. 325<br />
87 Ibid. P. 327. ukve ramdenime welia, rac hakim hasani quCaSi aRar vaWrobs — is niu iorkis<br />
erT-erT saxelmwifo universitetSi muSaobs (Director of the Metropolitan Institute at MCNY,<br />
Metropolitan College of New York).<br />
70
Tema 6.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis eTika<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i kvleva yovelTvis respondentebis, anu Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis<br />
monawileobiT tardeba, misi Sedegebi ki arcTu iSviaTad mniSvnelovan gavlenas<br />
axdens sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. amitom <strong>socialur</strong>i mecnierebis yvela dargis<br />
warmomadgeneli profesiuli organizaciebis erT-erTi umTavresi moTxovnaa<br />
gamokvlevebis warmarTvisas mTeli rigi eTikuri principebis dacva, romlebic<br />
respondentTa da farTo sazogadoebis uflebebsa da interesebs icavs da<br />
romlebic profesiuli eTikis kodeqsebSia gaerTianebuli.<br />
eTikis kodeqsi profesiuli saqmianobis principebis krebulia, romelic ama<br />
Tu im profesiis zneobriv Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs. rogorc wesi, is asaxavs<br />
idealur warmodgenebs ama Tu im profesiis Sesaxeb. saerTo azris Tanaxmad,<br />
profesiuli moralis normebis SemuSaveba ama Tu im profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebis<br />
mier maTi sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gacnobierebisa da<br />
aRiarebis Sedegia. mniSvnelovania, rom profesiuli eTikis normebis aRiareba am<br />
profesiis warmomadgenlebis mier xdeba nebayoflobiT, vinaidan isini afaseben am<br />
profesiul gaerTianebaSi wevrobas; profesiuli eTikis moTxovnebi maT<br />
internalizebuli aqvT profesiuli momzadebis Sedegad.<br />
eTikis kodeqsebi xSirad ganixileba rogorc qveyanaSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi<br />
normebis gavrcoba ama Tu im profesiuli saqmianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tumca<br />
Tavad eTikis kodeqsebi samarTlebriv dokumentebs ar warmoadgenen — isini<br />
ufro farTo xasiaTisa da Sinaarsisaa, vidre iuridiuli dokumentebi. amasTan,<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes, rom vercerTi profesiuli kodeqsi ver SeZlebs,<br />
SesaZlo situaciebis sruli speqtri moicvas.<br />
aSkaraa, rom nebismieri <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis warmateba damokidebulia<br />
sazogadoebis keTilganwyobaze mkvlevrebis mimarT, respondentebis ndobaze<br />
interviuerebisa da gamokvlevis organizatorebisadmi, maT rwmenaze, rom kvleva<br />
tardeba keTilsindisierad, obieqturad, sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacviT da<br />
rom daculi iqneba respondentTa konfidencialoba. eTikis kodeqsis mizania,<br />
aamaRlos <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevebis sazogadoebrivi prestiJi, gaaZlieros ndoba am<br />
tipis saqmianobis mimarT da misi warmarTvisaTvis maqsimalurad xelsayreli<br />
pirobebi Seqmnas.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebebSi eTikuri standartebis sistematuri SemuSaveba XX<br />
saukunis 50-ian wlebSi daiwyes sxvadasxva qveynis profesiulma gaerTianebebma.<br />
dRes es gaerTianebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi transnacionalur xasiaTs atarebs da<br />
sxvadasxva qveynis warmomadgenel mkvlevrebs aerTianeben.<br />
eTikuri normebis SemuSaveba da maTi SeZlebisdagvarad farTod danergva<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i mecnierebis profesiuli gaerTianebebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
misiaa. yvela aseT asociaciaSi gaerTianebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens<br />
kandidatis mier asociaciis eTikuri kodeqsis normebis aRiareba da miReba.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i mecnierebis profesiuli kodeqsis normebis Seswavlis mizniT Cven<br />
dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT or aseT dokuments — saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis<br />
(ICC) da sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sabazro kvlevis evropuli kavSiris (ESOMAR)<br />
sabazro da <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis praqtikis erTobliv kodeqss 88 da amerikis<br />
sociologiuri asociaciis (ASA) eTikis kodeqss 89 .<br />
dRes ukve danamdvilebiT SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis eTikuri<br />
standartebi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa dacvasac<br />
yvela mkvlevari Tavis movaleobad miiCnevs. yvela profesiuli kodeqsi Seicavs<br />
e.w. saerTo principebs, rogorebicaa: profesiuli kompetenturoba, patiosneba,<br />
88 ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and <strong>Social</strong> Research Practice. ICC/ESOMAR, 1995.<br />
kodeqsis naxva SeiZleba agreTve ESOMAR-is veb-gverdze: www.esomar.nl.<br />
89 Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics. American<br />
Sociological Association, 1999. kodeqsi SegiZliaT ixiloT agreTve amerikis sociologiuri<br />
asociaciis veb-gverdze: www.asanet.org.<br />
71
espondentebis uflebebisa da Rirsebis pativiscema; pasuxismgebloba sazogadoebis<br />
winaSe, da sxv.<br />
profesiuli normebis dayofa mizanSewonilia ramdenime jgufad, gamomdinare<br />
iqidan, Tu romeli <strong>socialur</strong>i jgufis interesebis dacvis mizniTaa SemuSavebuli<br />
eTikuri moTxovnebis esa Tu is jgufi. am TvalsazrisiT, gamoiyofa eTikuri normebi,<br />
romlebic icavs (a) respondentebis, (b) damkveTebis da (g) farTo sazogadoebis<br />
interesebs. profesiuli kodeqsebis erT-erTi mTavari daniSnulebaa,<br />
gansazRvros mkvlevarTa pasuxismgebloba am sami jgufis mimarT.<br />
a. respondentTa uflebebi<br />
eTikis kodeqsebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben respondentTa<br />
uflebebis dacvas. es gasagebicaa — respondentebi kvlevis umTavres obieqts<br />
warmoadgenen. maTi monawileoba <strong>kvlevaSi</strong> damokidebulia maT keTil nebaze, da<br />
Cveni upirvelesi valdebuleba unda iyos uzrunvelvyoT, rom isini ar<br />
dazaraldnen <strong>kvlevaSi</strong> monawileobis miRebis Sedegad.<br />
eTikis kodeqsebis moTxovnebis Tanaxmad, respondentebis monawileoba<br />
gamo<strong>kvlevaSi</strong> nebayoflobiTi unda iyos, mkvlevarma SeZlebisdagvarad unda<br />
miawodos mas sruli in<strong>for</strong>macia gamokvlevis miznebisa da amocanebis Sesaxeb.<br />
respondentTa uflebebis dacvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi valdebuleba,<br />
romelsac mkvlevrebi kisruloben, maTi konfidencialobis dacvaa. xSirad<br />
respondentebi mxolod im pirobiT iZlevian Tanxmobas CvenTan saubarze, Tu maTi<br />
vinaoba ar iqneba gamJRavnebuli, magram, zog SemTxvevaSi, Zalze rTulia maTi<br />
darwmuneba, rom Cven maT konfidencialobas davicavT, vinaidan mkvlevrebisTvis,<br />
rogorc wesi, cnobilia respondentis vinaoba, masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebisas<br />
ki interviuerebis muSaobis kontrolis uzrunvelsayofad yovelTvis xdeba<br />
TiToeuli respondentis saxelisa da misamarTis Cawera. mniSvnelovania,<br />
davarwmunoT respondentebi, rom es mxolod gamokvlevis saTanado xarisxiT<br />
Catarebis uzrunvelsayofad xdeba da rom Sedegebis damuSavebis Semdeg maTi<br />
pasuxebi mxolod anonimurad iqneba gamoyenebuli, masobrivi gamokiTxvis<br />
SemTxvevaSi — statistikuri damuSavebis Semdeg.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i gamokvlevis zogierTi saxeoba moiTxovs interviuebis Caweras<br />
audio- an videofirze. amisaTvis aseve calke nebarTva gvWirdeba<br />
respondentebisgan, da aqac, iseve rogorc yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, Cven unda<br />
davarwmunoT respondentebi, rom Camweri mowyobilobebis gamoyenebis<br />
miuxedavad maTi konfidencialoba daculi iqneba.<br />
gansakuTrebiT rTulia respondentTa uflebebis dacva maSin, rodesac<br />
xorcieldeba gaumJRavnebeli dakvirveba; magaliTad, Tu dakvirvebas xalxmraval<br />
adgilas vatarebT, sadac Cveulebriv mravali adamiani iyris Tavs, Cven, ra Tqma<br />
unda, ver gavafrTxilebT yvela adamians, rom isini kvlevis obieqtebi arian.<br />
amitom CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas, eTikis normebi garkveulwilad<br />
specifikur xasiaTs iZens, da sakmaod relativisturi xasiaTisaa; erTaderTi<br />
stabiluri mosazreba, romliTac mkvlevari unda xelmZRvanelobdes, isaa, rom<br />
miRebuli unda iqnes yvela zoma, raTa kvlevam respondentebs raime vneba ar<br />
miayenos. kvlevis angariSidan amoRebuli iyos ara mxolod respondentTa<br />
saxelebi da gvarebi, aramed, agreTve yvela is in<strong>for</strong>macia, romlis mixedviTac<br />
SesaZlebeli iqneba adamianis identificireba.<br />
b. damkveTebis uflebebi<br />
empiriuli gamokvlevebis mniSvnelovani nawili komerciuli xasiaTisaa da<br />
sabazro, politikuri Tu sxva SekveTebis Sesasruleblad tardeba. mkvlevarebs<br />
ara naklebi pasuxismgebloba akisriaT damkveTebTan urTierTobisas, da maTi<br />
movaleobaa, uzrunvelyon, rom TiToeuli gamokvleva damkveTis mier dasmuli<br />
problemebis gadaWris gzebis povnas isaxavdes miznad da yvelaze ufro<br />
optimalur gzebs sTavazobdes damkveTs gamokvlevis gansaxorcieleblad.<br />
mkvlevarisa da damkveTis urTierTobebi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTisaa imdenad,<br />
ramdenadac profesiuli eTikis kodeqsis garda maTi regulireba xdeba agreTve<br />
or mxares Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. magram rogorc ukve<br />
aRvniSneT, eTikis moTxovnebi ufro farTo xasiaTisaa, vidre administraciuli<br />
72
da samarTlebrivi dokumentebi, amdenad eTikis kodeqsebi aregulirebs<br />
mkvlevrisa da damkveTis urTierTobebis im sferoebs, romlebic xelSekrulebebis<br />
miRma rCeba da urTierTpatiosnebisa da urTierTgagebisken, maRali<br />
profesiuli standartebis dacvisaken mouwodebs orive mxares.<br />
g. farTo sazogadoebriobis interesebis dacva<br />
ramdenadac <strong>socialur</strong>i mecnierebis pasuxismgebloba farTo sazogadoebis<br />
winaSe iuridiuli regulirebis obieqts ar warmoadgens, is mTlianad eqceva profesiuli<br />
eTikis farglebSi. miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoebrivi interesebis gaTvaliswineba<br />
sociologebis moRvaweobis Zalze mniSvnelovan sferos warmoadgens.<br />
rogorc amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis eTikis kodeqsSia xazgasmuli,<br />
sociologebi acnobiereben maT profesiul da mecnierul pasuxismgeblobas im<br />
sazogadoebis winaSe, sadac isini cxovroben da muSaoben; isini iyeneben Tavis<br />
codnas, raTa xeli Seuwyon sazogadoebriv keTildReobas. gamokvlevis Catarebisas<br />
isini miznad isaxaven rogorc sociologiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebas,<br />
aseve sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis xelSewyobas. 90<br />
sanqciebi<br />
ramdenadac profesiuli eTikis kodeqsebi iuridiuli dokumentebi ar aris,<br />
maTi normebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg ver iqneba gamoyenebuli samarTlebrivi<br />
sanqciebi. arada, eTikis kodeqsis normebis damyareba mxolod mkvlevarTa<br />
keTilganwyobaze da maT mier am normebis didi mniSvnelobis gacnobierebaze<br />
yovelTvis sakmarisi ar aris. amitom, profesiuli sazogadoebebi zrunaven imaze,<br />
rom profesiuli eTikis darRvevis SemTxvevebma SeumCnevlad ar Caiaros da<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad Zvirad daujdes am normebis damrRvevs, vinaidan yoveli aseTi<br />
darRvevis SemTxvevaSi laqa ecxoba yvela mkvlevars, <strong>socialur</strong>i mecnierebis<br />
sazogadoebriv reputacias.<br />
eTikuri kodeqsebis specifikuri bunebidan gamomdinare, maT mier<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli sanqciebic Taviseburi xasiaTisaa. isini did yuradRebas<br />
aqcevs eTikuri normebis darRvevis SemTxvevebis gaxmaurebas profesiul wreSi<br />
da aseTi faqtebis dagmobas kolegebis mier. amasTan, mniSvnelovania imis<br />
aRniSvna, rom nebismieri faqti mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc<br />
profesiuli eTikis normebis darRveva, Tu es damtkicebuli iqna, iqamde ki<br />
yvelas mimarT Taviseburi “udanaSaulobis prezumfcia” moqmedebs.<br />
profesiuli eTikis normebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg Zalze seriozuli<br />
sanqciebi iqna SemuSavebuli amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis (ASA) mier. am<br />
organizaciis farglebSi muSaobs profesiuli eTikis komiteti, romelic eTikis<br />
normebis darRvevis faqtebs ganixilavs. es komiteti uflebamosilia ASA-s<br />
wevrebis mier, Semdegi saxis sanqciebi gamoiyenos damnaSaveTa mimarT:<br />
a) piradi gafrTxileba. es SedarebiT rbili sanqcia gamoiyeneba im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu darRveva SedarebiT msubuqi iyo da ar gamouwvevia seriozuli<br />
piradi an profesiuli ziani. piradi gafrTxileba, rogorc wesi, werilis saxiT<br />
egzavneba eTikis normebis damrRvevs.<br />
b) sajaro gafrTxilebas im SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven, Tu darRveva seriozul<br />
xasiaTs atarebda. isic SeiZleba werilis saxiT iyos, magram es werili qveyndeba<br />
Sesabamis sain<strong>for</strong>macio saSualebebSi.<br />
g) privilegiebis CamorTmeva. nebismieri sociologiuri asociaciis (maT<br />
Soris ASA-s) wevroba ara mxolod sakmaod maRali statusis niSania, aramed<br />
wevrebisaTvis garkveul profesiul da materialur privilegiebTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli. amitom am privilegiebis CamorTmeva sakmaod seriozul sasjels<br />
warmoadgens. kerZod, eTikis normebis damrRvevi SeiZleba ar iqnes daSvebuli am<br />
asociaciis mier mowyobil RonisZiebebze; ar iqnes Seyvanili saredaqcio<br />
kolegiebSi; aekrZalos monawileobis miReba asociaciis sxvadasxva komitetebSi<br />
90 Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics. American<br />
Sociological Association, 1999. P. 4-5.<br />
73
arCevnebSi, ar iqnes ganxiluli misi kandidatura asociaciis wevrebisaTvis<br />
gankuTvnili kvleviTi stipendiebis ganawilebis procesSi da a.S. im sakiTxs, Tu,<br />
kerZod, romeli privilegiebi CamoerTmeva eTikis normebis damrRvevs,<br />
profesiuli eTikis komiteti yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare<br />
gadawyvets.<br />
d) asociaciaSi wevrobis Sewyveta ASA-s profesiuli eTikis komitetis<br />
yvelaze seriozuli sanqciaa. aqac, komiteti yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi<br />
wyvets, Tu ramdeni xniT unda moxdes ama Tu im sociologis wevrobis Sewyveta<br />
ASA-Si da ra pirobiTaa SesaZlebeli am wevrobis ganaxleba momavalSi. sasjelis<br />
yvelaze mZime <strong>for</strong>maa profesiuli sazogadoebis wevrTa rigebidan garicxva, rac<br />
TavisTavad ara mxolod samarcxvinoa, aramed abrkolebs garicxulis Semdgom<br />
profesiul saqmianobas, xels uSlis mas mniSvnelovani SekveTebis mozidvaSi.<br />
kvlevis Sedegebis publikacia<br />
profesiuli normebis specifikuri jgufia moTxovnebi kvlevis Sedegebis<br />
gamoqveynebisadmi masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciis saSualebebSi. am moTxovnebis<br />
SemuSaveba araprofesiuli publikaciebis momravlebis Sedegad gaxda<br />
aucilebeli. mkvlevrebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad rwmundebodnen, rom<br />
Jurnalistebi, romlebsac ara aqvT Sesabamisi codna, xSirad sakmaod uxeS<br />
Secdomebs uSvebdnen masobrivi gamokiTxvebis an sxva tipis kvlevebis Sedegebis<br />
gamoqveynebisas, am Secdomebs ki Semdeg maTi mkiTxvelebi imeorebdnen. arcTu<br />
iSviaTad Jurnalistur masalebSi daSvebuli Secdomebis gamo kvlevis Sedegebi<br />
Sefasebuli iyo rogorc araswori, es ki arasaxarbielo gavlenas axdenda am<br />
kvlevebis Sefasebaze sazogadoebis mier.<br />
am problemis gadaWris mizniT 1983 wels sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sabazro<br />
kvlevis evropulma kavSirma (ESOMAR) SeimuSava “sazogadoebrivi azris<br />
gamokiTxvebis gzamkvlevi” 91 , romlis mizansac presaSi <strong>socialur</strong>i gamokvlevebis<br />
Sedegebis gamoqveynebisas daSvebuli Secdomebis Semcireba iyo. gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba am kodeqsSi masobrivi gamokiTxvis Sedegebis publikacias eZRvneba,<br />
romlebic yvelaze ufro xSirad Suqdeba masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciis saSualebebis<br />
mier. garda imisa, rom es kodeqsi ganixilavs gamokiTxvebis Sedegebis<br />
mniSvnelobas demokratiuli sazogadoebebisaTvis da Jurnalistebisa da<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i mecnierebebis profesiuli TanamSromlobis Taviseburebebs, aq<br />
warmodginelia praqtikuli rekomendaciebi kvlevis Sedegebze damyarebuli<br />
publikaciebis momzadebasTan dakavSirebiT. ESOMAR-is rCeviT, yvela<br />
publikacias, romelic masobrivi gamokiTxvebis Sedegebs iyenebs, aucileblad<br />
unda axldes meToduri in<strong>for</strong>macia Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb, kerZod:<br />
o romelma kvleviTma organizaciam Caatara gamokiTxva;<br />
o gamokiTxvis Catarebis meTodika (piradi, satelefono, safosto Tu sxva);<br />
o SerCeviTi erTobliobis raodenoba;<br />
o SerCevis reprezentatuloba;<br />
o gamokiTxvis Catarebis TariRebi;<br />
o dasmuli kiTxvebis tipi (Ria, daxuruli Tu naxevraddaxuruli) da maTi<br />
zusti <strong>for</strong>mulireba.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis gamoqveynebisas<br />
aucilebelia mkafiod gaimijnos miRebuli Sedegebi da am Sedegebis safuZvelze<br />
Jurnalistebis mier gakeTebuli komentari.<br />
garda amisa, ESOMAR-i urCevs kvleviT organizacias da masobrivi<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis organos, dadon xelSekruleba, romelSic ganxiluli iqneba maT<br />
Soris TanamSromlobis pirobebi.<br />
91 Guide to Opinion Polls. E.S.O.M.A.R., 1993.<br />
74
davalebebi:<br />
1. ipoveT internetSi <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis eTikis ramdenime kodeqsi (garda<br />
im kodeqsebisa, romlebic am masalaSia miTiTebuli) da SeadareT isini<br />
erTmaneTs maTi detalurobis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
2. gaecaniT publikacias “gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis<br />
mosaxleobaSi izrdeba emigraciis survili” (magaliTi #4). rogor<br />
SeafasebdiT kvlevis Sedegebis gaSuqebis xarisxs?<br />
rekomendebuli literatura:<br />
1. Bruce L. Berg. Qualitative Research Methods <strong>for</strong> the <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>. Fifth edition. Boston:<br />
Pearson. Pp. 43-73 (“Ethical Issues”).<br />
2. Eric J. Arnould. 1998. “Ethical Concerns in Participant Observation/Ethnography,” in Advances<br />
in Consumer Research 25: 72-74.<br />
3. ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and <strong>Social</strong> Research Practice.<br />
http://www.esomar.org/esomar/show/id=65961<br />
4. American Sociological Association. 1997. Code of Ethics. http://www.asanet.org/members/<br />
ecoderev.html<br />
5. American Sociological Association Committee on Professional Ethics. 1997. Policies and<br />
Procedures. http://www.asanet.org/members/en<strong>for</strong>ce.html<br />
75
magaliTi #4.<br />
gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis mosaxleobaSi<br />
izrdeba emigraciis survili<br />
CNN Italia, 26 agvisto, 2002 w.<br />
londoni (CNN) — isini veRar itanen amindis kaprizebs da cxovrebis siZvires,<br />
zogi — samzareulosac ki. swored esaa ZiriTadi mizezebi, romelTa gamoc<br />
britaneTis moqalaqeebis umravlesobas surs sazRvargareT gamgzavreba — iq,<br />
sadac ufro rbili hava, dabali fasebi da gemrieli samzareuloa.<br />
amaze mowmobs gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romelic gazeT «deili telegrafis»<br />
SekveTiT Caatara demoskopiurma sazogadoebam YouGov. rogorc gamokiTxulTa 54<br />
procentma ganacxada, SesaZlebloba rom hqondeT isini siamovnebiT<br />
gaemgzavrebodnen sazRvargareT sacxovreblad.<br />
maTTvis yvelze sasurveli qveynebia SeerTebuli Statebi da avstralia,<br />
sadac maT ar dasWirdebaT enobrivi barieris gadalaxva. (evrogaerTianebaSi<br />
britanelebi yvelaze naklebad floben ucxo enebs). rom ara es barieri, maSin<br />
espaneTs da safrangeTs arCevdnen.<br />
ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze britaneTis mosaxleobaSi gaizarda qveynidan<br />
gamgzavrebis survili. msgavsi gamokiTxvis Sedegad, romelic uSualod meore<br />
msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg Catarda, gairkva, rom aseTi survili<br />
mosaxleobis 42 procents hqonda. 1975 wels ki es raodenoba 40 procentamde<br />
Semcirda.<br />
umTavresi motivi, ris gamoc mosaxleobas didi britaneTidan gamgzavreba<br />
surs, aris cxovrebis siZvire da SesaZleblobebis nakleboba. havis cvalebadoba<br />
kidev erTi mizezia, romelsac gamokiTxulebi xSirad asaxelebdnen.<br />
ingliselebis mxolod 25 procentma ganacxada, rom axali sacxovrebeli<br />
adgilebis Zebnis mTavari mizezia maTi ukmayofileba erovnuli samzareuloTi.<br />
sxva mxriv, umTavresi, rac maT Sin darCnis survils uZlierebs, ojaxi,<br />
megobrebi, da erovnuli istoriiT gamowveuli siamayis grZnobaa.<br />
76
danarTi #1<br />
korufcia saqarTveloSi 92<br />
fokus-jgufis transkripti<br />
fokus-jgufis Catrebis TariRi: 29 ivnisi, 2004 w.<br />
fokus-jgufis Catrebis adgili: q. Telavi.<br />
fokus-jgufis respondentebis kategoria: studentebi.<br />
SeniSvna:<br />
transkripti fokus-jgufis dros gamarTuli diskusiis dros Cawerili<br />
audio- an videokasetis detaluri gaSifvris Sedegia; masSi unda aisaxos<br />
fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi gamoTqmuli yvela azri, romlebic SeZlebisdagvarad<br />
sityvasityviT unda iyos gadatanili qaRaldze. aris SemTxvevebi,<br />
rodesac respondenti Cumad laparakobs da misi sityvebis garCeva ver<br />
xerxdeba — maSin transkriptSi Sesabamisi miniSneba unda iyos gakeTebuli. am<br />
magaliTSi, aseT SemTxvevebSi gamoyenebuli kvadratuli frCxilebi.<br />
fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi gamarTuli diskusiis gaSifvris Sedegad<br />
srulad xdeba respondentTa stilis dacva; dauSvebelia saubris<br />
stilisturi redaqtireba.<br />
zogjer transkripSi miTiTebulia, Tu romel respondents ekuTvnis<br />
yoveli gamoTqmuli azri; vinaidan fokus-jgufis respondentebis vinaobis<br />
gamJRavneba arasodes ar xdeba, respondentebs pirobiTi saxelebiT moixsenieben<br />
xolme. aq moyvanil magaliTSi moyvanilia mxolod jgufis msvlelobaSi<br />
gamoTqmuli azrebi, avtoris miTiTebis gareSe. gamoyofilia mxolod moderatoris<br />
sityvebi.<br />
Cveni saubris Temaa korufcia. saubris procesSi kidev davakonkretebT im<br />
sakiTxebs, romlebsac dRes ganvixilavT ; magram Tavdapirvelad gTxovT<br />
yvelam warvadginoT Tavi.<br />
- ..., 93 studenti.<br />
- ..., agraruli universiteti.<br />
- ..., ucxo enebi 94 .<br />
- ....<br />
- ..., biosamedicino.<br />
- ..., ucxo enebi.<br />
- ..., iuridiuli.<br />
- ..., studenti.<br />
sanam konkretul magaliTebze da konkretul SemTxvevebze gadavalT, jer<br />
SevecadoT cota akademiurad mivudgeT am sakiTxs — Tqveni azriT, rogor<br />
SeiZleba ganvmartoT, ra aris korufcia? am cnebis Teoriuli ganmarteba Tu<br />
gaqvT vinmes?<br />
- gaaCnia, iseT SenobaSi vimyofebiT, rom akademiurad midgoma, albaT, ufro<br />
saWiro iqneba, 95 samecniero doneze. gasarkvevia, korufciaSi ras vgulisxmobT —<br />
es aris marto fulis micema, Tu saCuqaric igulisxmeba, namcxvari... Cemi azriT,<br />
orive igulisxmeba.<br />
- igulisxmeba.<br />
92<br />
fokus-jgufi Catarda Tavisuflebis institutis proeqtis farglebSi “korufcia<br />
saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebis<br />
mier”.<br />
93<br />
respondentTa saxelebi gamotovebulia maTi anonimurobis dacvis mizniT.<br />
94 Tumca es ar iyo moderatoris moTxovna, ramdenime respondentma miuTiTa fakulteti,<br />
sadac swavlobdnen.<br />
95<br />
fokus-jgufi Catarda Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis SenobaSi.<br />
77
- korufcia aris, rodesac romelime adgilze mosaxvedrad Tu raRac,<br />
gWirdeba gasamrjelo, rom miitano, da ara is, rac sinamdvileSi saWiroa, codna an<br />
raRac; sinamdvileSi rac ar gaqvs, im kriteriumebs Sen ver akmayofileb da amis<br />
safasurad Sen unda gadaixado raRac...<br />
- Seavso...<br />
- korufcia es aris kanonis gareT momxdari garigeba, rodesac orive mxare<br />
raRac valdebulebas kisrulobs, vTqvaT, erTi mxare kisrulobs raime Tanxis<br />
gaRebas, xolo meore, da ZiriTadad saxelmwifo moxeleze unda gvqondes aq<br />
saubari, kisrulobs raime ukanono qmedebis Sesrulebas am piris sasargeblod.<br />
- mec, albaT, daaxloebiT ase vfiqrob.<br />
korufcia da meqrTameoba erTi da igivea Tu ara?<br />
- ki.<br />
- Cemi azriT, ki.<br />
- ki.<br />
- erTia.<br />
- Cemi azriT, ara, imitom rom meqrTameoba SeiZleba gamoixatos nebismier<br />
pirTan mimarTebaSi, anu es SeiZleba ar iyos saxelmwifo moxele, vTqvaT, da<br />
qrTami miutano kerZo pirs, romelmac ginda rom samsaxurSi migiRos. korufciaze<br />
rodesac vsaubrobT, es aris uSualod saxelmwifo samsaxurSi momxdari movlena,<br />
xolo qrTami SeiZleba gamoixatos kerZo seqtorSic, arasamTavrobo organizaciaSic.<br />
- mainc korufciasTan aris gadajaWvuli.<br />
- magram amas ar SeiZleba davarqvaT, Cemi azriT, korufcia.<br />
- qrTami pirdapir kavSirSia, Cemi azriT, korufciasTan, imitom rom qrTams<br />
iReb, ese igi... Sen xdebi korumpirebuli.<br />
- raRacas ukanonod akeTeb am SemTxvevaSi.<br />
- Tu am gansazRvrebas gamoviyenebT, am SemTxvevaSi ver mivalT korufciamde,<br />
imitom rom, rogorc wesi, igulisxmeba saqarTveloSi qrTami rogorc saCuqari,<br />
anu raime valdebulebis Sesruleba, raime momsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac<br />
adamiani madlierebis niSnad uxdida adamians raRacas. gansakuTrebiT, vTqvaT,<br />
notariusebTan mimarTebaSi, vTqvaT, raRac moqmedebas asruleben, xom? moqalaqe,<br />
romelic raime TxovniT mimarTavs, cdilobs rom rame gadauxados, rom is<br />
daayenos pirvel rigSi, an ufro ukeTesad moemsaxuros. es mentalobidanac gamomdinareobs.<br />
- da ar aris, Seni azriT, es korufcia?<br />
- ara, korufcia aris, korufciis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, magram<br />
mTlianobaSi identuri cnebebi ar aris.<br />
- ara, identuri ar aris, ra Tqma unda.<br />
...-m rom moiyvana magaliTi — rodesac samsaxurSi iReben ara codnis<br />
safuZvelze, aramed imis safuZvelze, Tu vis ras miscem — im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
viRaca gaiZulebs raRaca misce samsaxurSi miRebisaTvis, magram amave dros<br />
ase Tu ise akmayofilebs, Tundac <strong>for</strong>malurad, codnis mxriv arsebul<br />
moTxovnebs — am SemTxvevaSi rasTan gvaqvs saqme?<br />
- esec korufciaa, me Tu mkiTxavT, TviTon im moxelis mimarT, vinc iRebs<br />
fuls, imitom rom is mainc akeTebs amas da arasamarTlebrivad xdeba im mxriv, rom<br />
SeiZleba ufro kargi kriteriumebis, ufro kargi Sefasebis mqone adamiani darCes<br />
gareT.<br />
- cxadia, aseT SemTxvevaSi TviTon im adamianis uflebac irRveva, visac Txoven<br />
[fuls], magram korufciis yvelaze ganmasxvavebeli niSani swored is aris, rom<br />
saxelmwifo moxele TviTon iTxovs “aucilebel” gadasaxads, xolo qrTamis<br />
SemTxvevaSi meqrTame TviTon aris SemTavazebeli.<br />
- dRes-dReobiT, mgoni, qrTamic igivenairad xdeba — eg SeiZleba adre iyo mase,<br />
magram dRes qrTamis micemisas igive movaleobas asrulebs is, rom Sen gTxoven im<br />
qrTams, rom miitano. adre SeiZleba nebayoflobiTi iyo, magram dRes-dReobiT<br />
aRar aris, me mgoni, nebayoflobiTi.<br />
- Tu nebayoflobiTia, maSin es ukve saCuqaria, vTqvaT, madlierebis niSnad.<br />
78
- qrTamis SemTxvevaSi iniciativa modis Seni mxridan, xolo korufciis<br />
SemTxvevaSi iniciativa modis im mxridan.<br />
- Cemi azriT, SeiZleba xmamaRla ar iyos naTqvami, rom ai, Sen raRac momitane,<br />
magram qvecnobierad, farulad miganiSnebs, rom ai, kargi iqneboda, Tu raRacas<br />
momitan.<br />
- ki.<br />
- sityvaze, vTqvaT, romeliRac samsaxurSi gamocxadda raRac konkursi,<br />
SesarCevi, miiRe monawileoba da geubnebian, rom ai, ki, akmayofileb amas, magram<br />
raRac damatebiTi isini unda gaimarTos — Sen atyob, rom giWianureben saqmes, ar<br />
gawyoben — iZulebuli xdebi rom SesTavazo raRac, “pativs gcem, ra”...<br />
- qrTami me mainc sul cudi gagebiT maxsovs, ai “qrTami misca” da...<br />
- ara, kargi gagebiT verc ityvi.<br />
- kargi gagebaa, rodesac pativs gcemen da Sen pativs scem adamians, magas xom<br />
qrTams ver daarqmev?<br />
- qrTami aris korufciis gamomxatveli meTodi.<br />
maSin sxva kiTxva — korufcia SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorc raRac fuladi<br />
Tanxis an saCuqris miReba, Tu amas sxva <strong>for</strong>mebic aqvs?<br />
- sxva <strong>for</strong>mebic aqvs, ra Tqma unda.<br />
- da bankSi ver Seitan, namdvilad.<br />
- korufcias aqvs yvelanairi <strong>for</strong>ma — swored is aris, rom Sen arasamarTlebrivad<br />
im adamians, vTqvaT, igive rogorc samsaxurTan dakavSirebiT Camovarda<br />
laparaki, TanamSromlad iyvan da nebismieri — amas SeiZleba, uxeSad geubnebi,<br />
parketis dageba undodes an sul sxva raRacis [SekeTeba]; am SemTxvevaSi Sen<br />
raRacis safasurad ukeTeb amas. imiT ki ara, rom is samarTlebrivad sworia, rom<br />
is daimsaxura an raRaca — sxvas toveb TamaSgareT, imitom rom gawyobs im wuTas<br />
Sen am adamianis SemoTavazebuli winadadeba, da mniSvneloba ara aqvs, es ra iqneba.<br />
- amas kanonic aregulirebs, kanonSi aris, rom sajaro pirebs ar SeuZliaT<br />
miiRon saCuqari, romlis fasic aRemateba [800] lars, Tu sworad maxsovs — aris<br />
konkretuli Tanxa miRebuli, anu saCuqarSi igulisxmeba Tanxac da igulisxmeba<br />
nivTic.<br />
- 1000 lari.<br />
- am SemTxvevaSi maSin is moiTxovs sam 400-larians, da Tavisuflad SeuZlia<br />
rom cal-calke aiRos.<br />
- elementarulad ai, nacnobia, kargi, fuls ar gamovarTmev, magram ukve ici,<br />
rom saCuqari Sen unda “ikisro”.<br />
- madlierebis niSnad.<br />
- eg ukve tradiciuli momentia.<br />
- ara! mainc korufciaa.<br />
- korufcias imas ver davarqmevT, rom eqimTan midixar da “banbanerka” migaqvs.<br />
- ara, ra Tqma unda!<br />
- anda, vTqvaT, pativs scem adamians elementarulad adamianuri motiviT da<br />
ara imitom, rom...<br />
- eg vTqvi weRan, qrTams ver daarqmev-Tqo pativiscemas; pativiscema sxvaa,<br />
qrTami sxvaa.<br />
- eg iyo istoriuli winamZRvari qrTamisa.<br />
aris aq vinme, vinc dRes pirvelad gaigo sityva “korufcia”?<br />
- raRac ar mgonia, saqarTveloSi...<br />
- imdenad xSirad ismis dRes-dReobiT, rom ara mgonia.<br />
aris aq vinme, visac ucxo xalxis TandaswrebiT jer ar ulaparakia imis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris korufcia da ar gamouTqvia Tavisi azri?<br />
- Sedegebze gvilaparakia, magram korufcia ar gangvimartavs rogorc aseTi.<br />
romeli qveynebia, Tqveni azriT, sadac korufcia Zalian aris<br />
gavrcelebuli?<br />
- es aris ZiriTadad ganviTarebadi qveynebi, Tumca korufciis xarisxi da<br />
79
korufciis masStabi — aq yvela sferoSi midis korufcia, iq ki, SeiZleba...<br />
- aseve CamorCenili qveynebi.<br />
modiT davasaxeloT qveynebi, nu davajgufebT.<br />
- indoeTi mgonia me.<br />
- ruseTi.<br />
- sasomxeTic aseve.<br />
- sasomxeTi, azerbaijani, ruseTi, ukraina. yofili sabWoTa samyaro.<br />
ratom aris am qveynebSi SedarebiT metad gavrcelebuli?<br />
- kanoni ar kanonobs, albaT.<br />
- ufro metad gavrcelebuli ar aris, me mgoni, sasomxeTSi an ruseTSi, magram<br />
sadac marTlaa gavrcelebuli — indoeTSi, vTqvaT.<br />
- moicavs im qveynebs, rasac hqvia “ganviTarebadi”.<br />
- da xalxis donea ufro SeiZleba dabali.<br />
- ara, TviTon saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibebis procesi ar aris iq<br />
dasrulebuli, aqedan gamomdinare, TviTon sazogadoebac da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,<br />
saxelmwifo moxeleebic ver acnobiereben, ras niSnavs saxelmwifoSi cxovreba.<br />
meorec, TviTon korufciis sistemazec aris aq saubari, vTqvaT, nebismier<br />
ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, rodesac atyoben, rom raRac sfero eqceva maqsimarulad<br />
CrdilSi, da iq xdeba korufciuli garigeba, cdiloben es gadmoitanon sakanonmdeblo<br />
regulirebis sferoSi, da aq es kultura ar aris xSir SemTxvevaSi.<br />
- imitom, rom, albaT, kanoni ar kanonobs.<br />
- damokidebulia azrisa da sityvis TavisuflebasTan, rac CvenTanac iyo didi<br />
problema.<br />
kargiT. da romelia, Tqveni azriT, qveynebi, sadac korufcia ar aris, an<br />
SedarebiT naklebad aris gavrcelebuli?<br />
- naklebad.<br />
- gacilebiT naklebad.<br />
- evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyana.<br />
- es aris civilizebuli qveynebi.<br />
- amerika.<br />
- me amerikas davasaxelebdi.<br />
- korufcia aris yvela qveyanaSi.<br />
- ara, naklebad.<br />
da ra aris imis mizezi, rom am qveynebSi korufcia naklebadaa<br />
gavrcelebuli?<br />
- ganviTarebulia, kanoni kanonobs.<br />
- iq aris sakanonmdeblo regulireba.<br />
- Zalian did pativs scemen sazRvargareT saerTod, ginda amerikaSi, gind<br />
evropaSi, kanonebs da eSiniaT, imitom rom ician, raRacas rom daaSaveben, ician,<br />
rom marTla daisjebian.<br />
- weRan damaviwyda meTqva, rom kriminogenuli situacia CvenTan da im qveynebSi<br />
[sadac korufcia gavrcelebulia] Zalian dabal donezea, da iq, [sadac korufcia<br />
ar aris gavrcelebuli,] me vfiqrob, ufro maRal donezea. ician, rom Tu es<br />
moxdeba, daisjeba is adamiani, da CvenTan ukve aravis eSinia arafris gakeTebis.<br />
- ho, igive momentia — raRacas Caiden, fuls miitan da morCa.<br />
- eg cxadia, kanonis simkacre imdenad ar gansazRvravs kanonis dacvas,<br />
ramdenadac TviTon sasjelis aucilebloba, anu prevencia am SemTxvevaSi.<br />
- dausjeloba akeTebs amas.<br />
- dausjelobis sindromia saqarTveloSi.<br />
- isic ar dagvaviwydes, rom iseT qveynebSi arsebobs iseTi kanonebi, romlebic<br />
uSualod xels uwyoben korufciis gaRvivebas.<br />
- martiv magaliTs moviyvan — amerikis nebismier universitetSi ratom ar aris<br />
korufciis didi masStabi? elementarulad, yvela gadasaxadi iq aris kanonizirebuli,<br />
anu is ukanono imaSi ar eqceva. aq yvelaferi dauregulirebelia,<br />
80
kanons gareSea, vakuumia sakanonmdeblo.<br />
- unda meTqva is, rom axlandeli axalgazrdobac uwyobs amas efeqturad xels,<br />
imitom rom ukve rom ici, rom amis gareSe ar xdeba, fulis gareSe, an qrTamis<br />
gareSe, da ukve rogor aris, iciT? mcdeloba aRar aris. im dRes erTma amerikelma<br />
Tqva, rom qarTvelebis Cvevaao rom dawyebul saqmes bolomde ar amTavrebeno — da<br />
daaxloebiT hgaqvs, rom dabrkolebas gana gadalaxavs, is fiqrobs, rom modi axla<br />
ukve fuls mivcem, axla ukve daviRale...<br />
- marcxena gzas gamonaxaven.<br />
- Cvenc vuwyobT xels raRac momentSi, me vfiqrob.<br />
- ra Tqma unda!<br />
- da sazRvargareT aravin gadaixdis fuls uswavlelobisTvis, rogorc Cven<br />
vakeTebT, mgoni, amas.<br />
- rogorc yovelTvis, ukuRma varT niWierebi — nebismieri sxva SeiZleba<br />
fiqrobdes problemis gadaWraze, qarTvelma SeiZleba oTxjer meti ifiqros<br />
marcxena mxridan mogvarebaze, mainc moZebnis raRacas.<br />
- da sabolood ver xvdebian, rom uswavleloba ufro Zviri ujdebaT da ufro<br />
cudia qveynisTvis ekonomikuradac da saerTodac.<br />
- cudi kidev is aris, rom adamiani, romelic profesias korufciuli xerxebiT<br />
eufleba, anu romelic, vTqvaT, iqidanve ixdis ukanonod, mere, ra Tqma unda, isic<br />
ukanonod gadaaxdevinebs, rodesac Tanamdebobas daikavebs, anu ukan amoiRebs.<br />
- ho, xelisuflebaSi modis da...<br />
- jaWviviT modis.<br />
Cvens qveyanas davubrundeT. saqarTveloSi korufcia ramdenad aris<br />
gavrcelebuli, Tqveni azriT?<br />
- sakmaod.<br />
- Zalian.<br />
- Zalian gavrcelebulia.<br />
sakmaod Tu Zalian?<br />
- Zalian.<br />
- Zalian.<br />
- me vityodi, katastrofuli masStabiT.<br />
- igives vityodi mec.<br />
- faqtiurad sfero ar arsebobs, sadac korufcia ar aris.<br />
SegiZliaT daasaxeloT sami sfero, sadac korufcia yvelaze Zalian aris<br />
gavrcelebuli? an Tu TvliT, rom erTia aseTi sfero — ki, batono, erTi<br />
daasaxeleT.<br />
- ganaTleba.<br />
- saganmanaTleblo.<br />
- ganaTleba, samarTaldamcavi organoebi...<br />
- saxelisuflo struqturebSi, ganaTlebis sistemaSi, da mesame — damexmareT.<br />
- samarTaldamcav organoebSi.<br />
- es SeiZleba Sevides saxelmwifo struqturebSi.<br />
- es im doneze, rom yvelas TvalSia.<br />
Telavis raionSi igive sami sferoa, Tu aq raime specifikuri situaciaa?<br />
- ara, me mgoni, igive sami gvaqvs.<br />
- mgoni, gamonaklisebi iqneba, magram ZiriTadad igive.<br />
- adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze Tu gadmovitanT xelisuflebis<br />
situacias, maSin igive sami sferoa.<br />
- igive.<br />
- samarTaldamcavebi, saganmanaTleblo da...<br />
saSualod saqarTvelos dones Tu SevadarebT, TelavSi korufcia metad<br />
aris gavrcelebuli, naklebad Tu igivea?<br />
- igivea.<br />
81
- igivea.<br />
- Cemi azriT, igivea.<br />
- aranairad naklebad.<br />
- SedarebiT naklebi SeiZleba iyos.<br />
- iqidan gamomdinare, rom Telavi saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT Zalian pataraa...<br />
- ara, me vityodi piriqiT, TbilisSi ufro, Cemi azriT, naklebia, vidre aq —<br />
patara qalaqia, magram Zalian [gavrcelebulia].<br />
- procentulad Tu aiRebT, am SemTxvevaSi ...<br />
- SeiZleba sadRac naklebi Tanxaa gadasaxdeli, magram Semosavalic naklebia.<br />
- eg aris mTavari, Tu korufcia ra donezea? is aris mTavari, ramdens ixdi, Tu<br />
ra donezea? is xom mainc iRebs am SemTxvevaSi? korufcia is aris, rom iman<br />
SeiZleba — uxeSad ar gamigo — lari aiRos, magram iman xom mainc safasurad<br />
gagikeTa! am wuTas korufciazea laparaki, samarTlebrivi is rom irRveva; aqac<br />
sakmaod irRveva.<br />
- ki, hoda Tanabrad aris procentulad Tu aviRebT.<br />
- nu, Tanabrad.<br />
piradad Tqven Tu gqoniaT Sexeba korufciasTan?<br />
- albaT, yvelas hqonia met-naklebad.<br />
- met-naklebad.<br />
- me SemiZlia vTqva, rom ar mqonia. Tamamad SemiZlia vTqva, rom arasodes ar<br />
mqonia.<br />
- ho, axla mec vfiqrob, ra vici, verafers ver vigoneb.<br />
- qrTami ar mimicia, magram vici, rom...<br />
Tqvens pirad gamocdilebas davubrundebiT , magram manamde — ra aris<br />
korufciis gavrcelebis mizezi saqarTveloSi, ra iwvevs korufcias?<br />
- Cemi azriT, ucodinroba.<br />
- kanonis ucodinroba.<br />
- gaunaTlebloba.<br />
- samarTlebrivi...<br />
- arsebuli mdgomareoba, raSic Cven vcxovrobT, is saSinelebebi, ase vTqvaT,<br />
rac dRes-dReobiT xdeba: ukanonoba...<br />
- es SeiZleba iyos erTi kompleqsi, <strong>socialur</strong>i foni, zogadi <strong>socialur</strong>i foni,<br />
rodesac igive dabali xelfasi aqvT saxelmwifo samsaxurSi da bunebrivia,<br />
sajaro moxeles ar SeuZlia 16 larian xelfasze cxovreba. aqedanac gamomdinareobs,<br />
erTi faqtori SeiZleba es gamovyoT. meore faqtori, TviTon<br />
moqalaqis samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis zedmetad dabali done. mesame faqtoric<br />
SeiZleba arsebobdes am SemTxvevaSi...<br />
- mainc araferi ar Seicvleba.<br />
- mesame faqtoria umTavresi, zogadad saxelmwifoSi ukve sakanonmdeblo<br />
vakuumi, rodesac esa Tu is urTierToba ar regulirdeba kanoniT, aq yovelTvis<br />
iqmneba raRac SezRuduli wre, sadac mimdinareobs es procesi. anu es procesi<br />
rom SeCerdes, es vakuumi unda moispos aucileblad. igive universitetSi,<br />
ganaTlebis sistemaSi, es vakuumebi Zalian bevria.<br />
ganaTlebis sistemaSi konkretulad ra vakuumebia?<br />
- vTqvaT, igive ar aris gansazRvruli studentis da universitetis<br />
valdebulebebi. Cven praqtikulad aranair, rodesac SemovdivarT universitetSi,<br />
<strong>for</strong>malurad Tu iuridiulad ar xdeba gamijvna, ra valdebulebebi aqvs<br />
universitets Cvens mimarT.<br />
- es valdebulebebi wesdebiT aris gansazRvruli.<br />
- ho, wesdebiT aris gansazRvruli, magram sainteresoa, ramdeni icnobs am<br />
wesdebas, xom?<br />
- erTi procenti.<br />
- erTic ara.<br />
Tu aris es wesdeba da Tqven mas ar icnobT, maSin iqneb sxva problemasTan<br />
82
gvaqvs saqme?<br />
- ara, universitetSi rom Semodis studenti, iq unda xdebodes piradi<br />
gasaubreba da uflebebis ganmarteba.<br />
- ki, magram ar xdeba.<br />
- magram me ras viZaxi — TviTon kanoni ukve ar avaldebulebs universitets,<br />
rom [studentis] Semosvlis Tanave, Tavisive iniciativiT...<br />
- anu Tu gainteresebs Seni uflebebi, is getyvis uxeSad: me unda gaswavlo, Sen<br />
unda iswavlo; is arc imas getyvis, rom Tu ar iswavli, fuli gadamixadeo...<br />
- gasagebia, vTqvaT, igive Cvens universitetze rom aviRoT, debulebaSi wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi iyo Cadebuli, rom 40% vTqvaT fasiani seqtoridan Semosuli<br />
Tanxebis unda moxmarebodaT studentebs, TviTon universitets, materialurteqikuri<br />
bazis saxiT, xolo 60% leqtorebs xelfasebis saxiT — ar xmardeboda,<br />
martivad imitom, rom mxolod im adamianebs hqondaT es debuleba wakiTxuli, vinc<br />
es miiRo. da sakmaod rTulad mosapovebeli dokumentia dRemde.<br />
sxva mizezebi, sxva mosazrebebi?<br />
- Cemi azriT, SeiZleba cota xmamaRali naTqvami iyos Cemi mxridan, magram<br />
TelavSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, asea, me ase mgonia, rom Cveni mTavroba da xalxi<br />
erTmaneTTan kavSirSi saerTod ar aris, anu Cven, adamiani laparakobs sul sxva<br />
enaze, mTavroba laparakobs sul sxva enaze, Cvens problemebze ar laparakoben.<br />
mTavrobas xalxi ar irCevs?<br />
- irCevs, magram raRac momentSi isini ...<br />
- <strong>for</strong>malurad irCevs.<br />
- adamianebis azrs isini aRar aqceven yuradRebas imis Semdeg, rac isini<br />
amorCeulebi arian.<br />
- dabali politikuri kulturac aris amomrCevlisa, amas aucileblad unda<br />
gavusvaT xazi, ZiriTadad populisti [politikosebi].<br />
- me ise mgonia, rom xalxi arc cdilobs imis gamosworebas, rac xdeba.<br />
- es yvelaferi modis, Cemi azriT, mainc saboloo jamSi imas vfiqrob, im<br />
doneze midis ukve aqcenti, rom mTavroba, mTavroba — me vfiqrob, yvela<br />
CvenTaganis bralic, imitom rom saganmanaTleblo sistema Zalian dabal donezea,<br />
es SeiZleba imis bralic aris, amis bralic, magram Cven kargad viciT, rom Tu<br />
adamians unda swavla da raRacis miRweva, gadalaxavs im raRac problemebs, magram<br />
kidev viZaxi, rogorc weRan vTqvi, Cven vuwyobT amas xels da Cveni isic aris.<br />
- ki.<br />
- sxvaTaSoris, bibliidan moviyvan, rom codvili is ki ar aris, vinc qrTams<br />
iRebs, Sen codvili xar, rodesac qrTams aZlev. da am SemTxvevaSi — me maqvs<br />
micemuli, vTqvaT, qrTami da me Cems Tavs ufro vTvli am SemTxvevaSi damnaSaved,<br />
vidre imas, vinc aiRo es.<br />
- erTi faqti SemiZlia — dResdReobiT imasac davoben, uxeSad rom SevadaroT,<br />
qaTami ufro adre gaCnda Tu kvercxi; igive situaciaa, meqrTameoba ufro adre<br />
gaCnda Tu TviTon meqrTame? imdenad gadajaWvulia es yvelaferi erTmaneTze,<br />
igive Cvens dRevandel mdgomareobaSi, rom...<br />
- eg marTalia; iyo periodi, roca arc codna, araferi marTla ar fasdeboda,<br />
marTla gareT rCebodi, marTla katastrofa iyo.<br />
axla laparakia am Senobaze, am qalaqze, am qveyanaze Tu ...?<br />
- am Senobazec, am qalaqzec da am qveyanazec. elementarulad, ver Sexval,<br />
gindac codna gqondes, ver Sexval, Tu raRac gadasaxadi ar Seitane<br />
universitetSi; misaReb gamocdebze erTxel CaWra, orjer CaWra, samjer CaWra —<br />
es ukve xdeboda raRac katastrofulad.<br />
axla mase aRar aris?<br />
- me vfiqrob, axla SeiZleba ase iyos, magram mcodnes xmis amoRebis unari da<br />
saSualeba eqneba, odnav mainc rom gaitanos Tavisi simarTle.<br />
- meti aqvs.<br />
- ukve raRas sasikeTo Zvrebi iqneba, ukve raRac testireba, romelic unda<br />
83
iyos misaReb gamocdebze... garkveulwilad aferxebs korufcias.<br />
- meore momentic aris, TviTon saxelmwifoebriv doneze Tu vityviT,<br />
saxelmwifoSi moqalaqem ar icis Tavisi valdebulebebi, ra movaleobebi akisria<br />
saxelmwifos winaSe...<br />
- da ra uflebebi aqvs, arc is ar icis.<br />
- ... da rac mTavaria, ar icis, ra uflebebi aqvs, imitom rom misi uflebebi,<br />
rogorc wesi, gamoixateba saxelmwifos valdebulebebSi.<br />
- ki magram, Cemi azriT, mgoni umetesobas arc unda rom icodes...<br />
- masas, zogadad, ver moTxov amas.<br />
- arc aqvT moTxovnileba.<br />
- gind icode, xom weria xolme, vTqvaT, “icode kanoni, iqnebi daculi” — vici<br />
kanoni — rom, vTqvaT, ar unda gamCxrikon orderis gareSe, — vici, rom is ar aris<br />
sabuTi imisa, rom im wuTas me damiWiron, magram dRes-dReobiTac sakmaod<br />
efeqturad mimdinareobs es. kanoni icis im adamianma, magram ver icavs im kanons!<br />
- verc daicavs, martivad vityvi: Sen rogorc ar unda icode kanoni, Sen ise ver<br />
daicav kanons, rogorc iuristi dagicavs — maSin Cveni profesia saerTod ar<br />
gaxdeboda saWiro.<br />
- elementarul imeebze, yvelaferze advokati xom ar geyoleba, ara?<br />
- ara, yvelaferze advokati ara, Tundac igive saproceso moqmedebebze roca<br />
vsaubrobT, da gakaveben, mainc gWirdeba damcveli.<br />
Tqven daiwyeT laparaki, rom xalxs arc undao arafris Secvla...<br />
- ubralod, me ase mgonia, rom arc cdiloben im situaciis Secvlas, rac aris.<br />
Tu ar cdiloben, maSin ise gamodis, rom moswonT is situacia, Tu ra xdeba?<br />
- ar moswonT, me ubralod ise mgonia, rom mieCvivnen.<br />
- rogor aris, iciT? yvela adamians saqarTveloSi rom hkiTxo, unda yvelaferi<br />
iyos kanonierad; magram unda, rom am situaciaSi yvela iqceodes kanonierad<br />
TviTon mis garda, xolo TviTon isev Zveleburad agrZelebdes. anu, yvela fiqrobs,<br />
rom ki, ra Tqma unda, kanoni unda kanonobdes, damnaSave unda daisajos,<br />
magram...<br />
- Tan qarTvelebis fsiqologia ufro sxvanairia.<br />
- ... magram am dros TviTonve fiqrobs, rom kargi iqneboda, rom yvela ase<br />
iqceodes, magram me mainc privilegirebuli unda viyo. es momenti namdvilad aris.<br />
- Cemi azriT kidev, eg ar aris imis dasabuTeba, rom ar unda qarTvel xalxs<br />
raRac Secvalos, imitom rom igive es Cveni ori revolucia imis<br />
damadasturebelia, rom xalxs raRac undoda da Secvales kidec.<br />
- ara, Sen cudad gamige — gana ar unda Secvla, unda rom Secvalos, magram...<br />
- revolucia moxda, magram jer imdeni araferi ar momxdara.<br />
- survili rom ara yofiliyo raRacis Secvlisa da keTildReobisken, arc<br />
moxdeboda revolucia.<br />
- ki.<br />
- me vityvi, rom is elodeba viRacisgan Svelas — ki unda, rom Seicvalos,<br />
magram TviTon mainc ar akeTebs.<br />
- eg marTalia.<br />
- saerTod, qarTveli xalxis Cvevaa, da, mgoni, mTavrobac ukve ise mieCvia<br />
sazRvargareTidan daxmarebas, miliardi, ori miliardi — rogora varT ici,<br />
rogorc patara ToTo bavSvi, rom sul Wamaze da sul TxovniT TvaliT vuyurebT,<br />
ukve gamogvimuSaves aseTi Tviseba.<br />
- nu, axla martivad rom aviRoT: Tu universitetis biblioTekaSi ar aris<br />
wigni, Sen SegiZlia moiTxovo es, anu daayeno aseTi moTxovna, imitom rom gaqvs<br />
amis ufleba, da meore varianti, rasac realurad studentoba mimarTavs: elodeba<br />
axal reqtors, romelic SeiZleba 10 wlis Semdeg movides. “iman gadawyvitos” — es<br />
momenti Zalian aris.<br />
ori ramis Sejereba minda. Tqven yvelam — TiTqmis yvelam — TqviT, rom<br />
gqoniaT Sexeba korufciasTan. amave dros, Tqven axseneT revolucia. Tu<br />
SevadarebT mdgomareobas revoluciamde da revoluciis Semdeg, situacia<br />
84
Tqvens cxovrebaSi korufciasTan dakavSirebiT Seicvala Tu ar Seicvala?<br />
- Cvens SemTxvevaSi ar Secvlila.<br />
- jerjerobiT...<br />
- araferi ar Secvlila, jerjerobiT mainc.<br />
- magram me vfiqrob, imedi unda iyos, magram jerjerobiT...<br />
niSnavs Tu ara es, rom axla korufcia isevea, rogorc iyo revoluciamde?<br />
- ara, imis laparaki, rom ar Secvlila situacia, cota mgoni ararealuri<br />
meCveneba, imitom rom situacia marTla Seicvala.<br />
- ara, me rasTanac mqonda Sexeba, iq ar Secvlila situacia. igive<br />
universitetis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, leqtorebTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
- SeiZleba ufro gaCumda da ar ismis. ise aRar aris aSkarad.<br />
- gamocdebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
- axla dameTanxmebiT, sami Tvea Tu oTxi Tvea, rac avirCieT Cveni prezidenti<br />
— sam TveSi da oTx TveSi aseTi didi problemis mogvareba ar SeiZleba. SeiZleba<br />
nela, magram situacia nel-nela win midis — gaumjobesebisaken, korufcias<br />
vgulisxmob.<br />
- imedi geqneba, magram jerjerobiT...<br />
- centridan iwyeba korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola da mere regionebSi cota<br />
ufro sustdeba.<br />
- erTi rame minda vTqva, Tu SeiZleba momismineT. Tu xalxs ar endomeba, rom<br />
korufcia moispos, is ar moispoba.<br />
- ki.<br />
- jerjerobiT me amas ver vxedav. universitetSi ixdidnen fuls, imitom rom<br />
eswavlaT. marwyvs yididnen da ixdidnen. mere imaSi ixdidnen, rom ar eswavlaT.<br />
mere imaSi ixdidnen, rom mowyobiliyvnen samsaxurSi da is fuli amoeRoT. axlac<br />
asea. movida axali reqtori — rac Cemi TvaliT maqvs danaxuli, modiT konkretul<br />
faqtebze davideT, mgoni, sjobia. saxelmwifo gamocdaze moikrifa isev fuli,<br />
TiTqmis yvela jgufSi. midis reqtori da eubneba: “es fuli daabruneT ukan, azri<br />
ara aqvs”. an: “mokrefili gaqvT? dekans mieciT?” — “ara, rogor gekadrebaT”,<br />
studenti iZaxis. arada, dekani udga gverdze — konkretuli faqti vici, da “ara,<br />
aravis ar miutanoT”, es dekanic iZaxis; arada, is fuli jibeSi udevs. kargi, im<br />
students awyobs, rom gadaixados, ase vTqvaT, raRacnairad gaZvres.<br />
- ki, veTanxmebi, es meqrTameoba universitetSi, pirvel rigSi, xels aZlevs<br />
students. rom aviRoT, me roca vabarebdi aq universitetSi, da 100 kaci viyaviT<br />
Tu ufro metni, vinc vabarebdiT erTad, iqidan codna hqonda erTi xuT-aT kacs.<br />
gvqonda. danarCeni abarebda fuliT. gamocdebze axlac yvelani aZleven fuls,<br />
imitom rom Cairicxnen fuliT, ar ainteresebT codna, mSoblebs aqvT aseTi is,<br />
rom “Cems Svils aucileblad unda hqondes diplomi” da ar uyureben imas, rom<br />
imaT Svils ar unda swavla.<br />
- diplomiani siZe unda iyos, diplomiani rZali unda iyos...<br />
- da Semdeg gamocdebzec leqtorebs aZleven fuls. leqtori aiRebs fuls,<br />
imitom rom valdebuli ar aris, rom ucodinar bavSvs ise dauweros niSani.<br />
axla, am bolo sesiaze aZleven fuls?<br />
- ki.<br />
- ki, kaco.<br />
- ki, ai axla. ufro Cumad, magram ...<br />
- arian leqtorebi, romlebic nebayoflobiT iZaxian uars, da es Zalian kargia,<br />
SemiZlia davasaxelo kidec es leqtorebi, magram arian leqtorebi, romlebic,<br />
piriqiT, moswrebaze arian, rom vTqvaT momavali wlidan [ar ician, ra moxdeba].<br />
- gavaldebuleben, iseT situacias giqmnian, rom valdebuli xar...<br />
- ki, im dRes erTma Tqva, fuli momikrifeT jgufmao.<br />
- ara, bolos mase aSkarad aRar aris, magram mainc.<br />
- da kidev ra situaciaa — rom CaTvlaSi 7 lari ar kmara da 10 lari unda<br />
moitano da aseTi raRaceebi.<br />
- “seilebi” ar aris.<br />
- ubralo magaliTs moviyvan, rac me gadamxda. xom SeiZleba saxelebis da<br />
85
gvarebis dasaxeleba, ara? ese igi, Cemi meuRle wayvanili myavda TbilisSi<br />
samSobiarod da darCenili hqonda gamocda germanulSi, qalbaton m. g.-sTan.<br />
mivedi am qalTan da veubnebi, rom iqneba an gadavavadoT, an raRaca, imitom rom ar<br />
aris fizikurad da axla mSobiare qali rogor Camogiyvano Casabareblad? 25 lari<br />
momecio, da yvelaferi kargad iqnebao. nu, vici es qali vinc aris, rac aris —<br />
rasac metyoda vicodi. jibeSi midevs Cveulebrivi radio. me vuTxari, nakleb ar<br />
iqneba-meTqi? arao, rogor, Tan xuTianio — mase ara xdebao. me vuTxari, vuxsni,<br />
rom Tan gundSi mReris, aqtiuri studentebi varT, is gvikeTebia, es gvikeTebia da<br />
iqneba gagviwioT angariSi... daicao, kaco, grantebi gikeTebiao da geqnebao fuli.<br />
- da am SemTxvevaSi Sen sTxov gadavadebas, araTu niSnis daweras, ara?<br />
- nu, iqneb ramiT mogvexmaroT, an raRaca — kargi, gadamivade, eg miTxari!<br />
pirdapir 25 lars rom majaxeb, egre xom ara xdeba? kargi-meTqi maSin — amoviRe es<br />
radio, davanaxe. ai-meTqi diqtofoni, hoda unda garbeino-meTqi magrad. es xdeba<br />
reqtoris arCevnebamde. Camovedi, reqtorobis orive kandidats vuTxari me es<br />
yvelaferi, am SemTxvevaSi vicrue, rom viTom diqtofonze mqonda es Cawerili,<br />
rom cota seriozuloba Semateboda am faqts, da orive Cavayene saqmis kursSi.<br />
mere iman etyoba gaikiTxa, gamoikiTxa, rom viRaca igre ar viyavi — Tavidan miTxra,<br />
sadac ginda iq miCivle, rac ginda isa qenio da mere, rom, etyoba, mixvda, iq<br />
viRacasTan mivida da Tqva, uTxres, rom cota saxumaro Tema ar aris egao, mere<br />
daiwyo aqeT-iqiT sirbili, xan vin damireka, kaseta momecio, xan isa qenio, xan isa,<br />
xan esa...<br />
- mere ratom ar uTxari, 25 lari momeci da mogcem-Tqo?<br />
da is 25 lari iqna gadaxdili Tu ara?<br />
- ara. niSani ki Tavisi surviliT dawera, dawera oTxiani.<br />
- iZulebiT.<br />
studentis gamoCenis gareSe?<br />
- ki.<br />
- SantaJireba moaxdine.<br />
- ara, SantaJi ar momixdenia, imitom rom me ara mqonia is kaseta. mere ukve<br />
vTqvi, rom is ar iyo Cawerili. morCa.<br />
- minda vTqva saxelmwifo gamocdebze. vfiqrob, rom is pirovnebebi, vinc<br />
Tavidanve fuliT miiRes, mTeli oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi codna ar miuRiaT, ese<br />
igi aZlevdnen leqtorebs fuls. imaT rom mosTxovo saxelmwifo gamocdebze<br />
codna, cota, Cemi azriT, vfiqrob rom ararealuria, imitom rom axla Tu, vTqvaT,<br />
mesame kursze xar, axla SeiZleba leqtorma, vTqvaT, fuli aRar aiRos da<br />
saxelmwifo gamocdazec fuli aRar gTxovon, magram im moswavles, romelsac<br />
oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi fuls arTmevdnen, axlac, Cemi azriT, isev fuliT unda<br />
isa qnan...<br />
- ki, veTanxmebi.<br />
- imitom rom ...<br />
- magram axla uyure — ver dageTanxmebi, universitets Tu unda ramis<br />
pretenzia hqondes, anu Tu unda winsvlis pretenzia hqondes, man diplomi ar unda<br />
gasces ucodinarze — da es daiwyeba dReidan Tu xvalidan...<br />
- piradad CemTvis es didi xarji iqneba, marTali giTxraT, magram [mase] saqme<br />
ar gakeTdeba.<br />
- is pirovneba, romelic Tavisi swavlis periodSi ixdida da axla aRmoCnda am<br />
situaciaSi, Cemi azriT, Rirsia da ar imsaxurebs...<br />
- ki, ki, ki!<br />
- ki.<br />
- Rirsia ratom, kargi ra! yvelaferi misaRebi gamocdebidan iwyeba.<br />
- maseTi arc unda miiRo.<br />
- qrTams rom aZlev Sen, marto is ar aris, vinc aiRo, korumpirebuli, Senc xar<br />
korumpirebuli.<br />
- gasagebia, magram oTxi wliT ukan dros ver davabrunebT.<br />
- kaco, sami weli rom fuli ixade, ar geyo im fulis gadaxda? dajeqi is erTi<br />
weli, iswavle ra!<br />
86
- erT welSi ver iswavlis is.<br />
- ara, me vambob axlandel mdgomareobaze, meoTxe kurselebi, vinc amTavrebs<br />
axla.<br />
- bodiSs vixdi, magram axla saxelmwifo gamocdebze ici ra moxda?<br />
exvewebodnen leqtorebi, sam-sami sakiTxi iswavleTo — aq ar iyo laparaki yvela<br />
sakiTxis momzadebaze.<br />
- sami ki ara, erTi sakiTxi.<br />
- imdenad aqvT tvini gayinuli, rom ver iswavles is sami sakiTxi — ver iswavles<br />
Tu ar iswavles, amas ara aqvs mniSvneloba. mainc iqidan cdiloben gaZvrenas.<br />
- es ukve aris TviTon im pirovnebis brali, rogor, sami furceli ver unda<br />
iswavlo?<br />
- axlobels hqonda erTi gverdi saswavli — leqtorma uTxra, es erTi gverdi<br />
iswavle da dagiwer ra niSans, samians dagiwer da wadi, ra — da es erTi gverdis<br />
swavla ver moaxerxa, gadaixada 15 lari. kinaRam ara vceme, me vuTxari, dajeqi ra,<br />
rom waikiTxo, viRaca rom mogiyves, imas daimaxsovreb amxela kaci!<br />
- ho, magram elementarulad ar atokeben tvins.<br />
- urCeviaT fuli gadaixadon da...<br />
- CvenTan, magaliTad, agrarulSi 96 xom vswavlob — aris aseTi pirovneba, g. C.,<br />
romelic aris Tbiliseli profesori, Camodis CvenTan universitetSi, leqcias<br />
atarebs, midis. magram am adamianis sagani xom maqvs me, vswavlob. imis magivrad<br />
atarebs viRac qali — im sagans, leqcias ra. da es kaci Camodis — am semestrSi,<br />
bolo semestrSi iyo erTxel Camosuli — da is leqcia ratomRac gavacdine me, ver<br />
vnaxe, ise rom am semestrSi ar minaxia es pirovneba. Camovida, axla CaTvlagamocdebis<br />
periodi xom modis — es kaci Camodis erTi dRiT, da im erT dReSi<br />
warmoidgine Sen rom vin Caabarebs, Tan aris saSineli mkacri, rom ra vici. hoda, es<br />
iTxovs — darekavs, Tavis sagans vinc kiTxulobs, etyvis imas, rom amdeni<br />
momikrifos jgufma, rom Camova, dro aRar dakargos, aiRos, Caidos jibeSi da<br />
wavides — xels ki moawers.<br />
- da aseTi kaci aris profesori? profesori aris Zalian bevri, rogorc aris<br />
generali Zalian bevri.<br />
- hoda aris profesori aseTi kaci da is kaci amayobs, rom profesoria da<br />
sazogadoebaSi Cans, rom profesoria. me Tu mkiTxav, aseTi profesorebi ki ar<br />
unda daiWiro, unda raRac...<br />
- unda xarisxi CamoarTva da gauSva...<br />
- aseTi momenti xom ar SeiZleba, ara? Camodis — iZulebuli xar rom misce<br />
fuli, imitom rom...<br />
- ho, aseTi situaciaa, zustad magas vambob, Sen xar imisi studenti,<br />
iZulebuli xar misce, xom? oTxi weli es studenti iZulebulia misces leqtors<br />
fuli, da is leqtoric — “ra kargi bavSvi xar, ai dagiwer Sen xuTians” da mere rom<br />
saxelmwifo gamocdebze sTxov codnas...<br />
- ara, am universitetSi 97 xom ar aris aseTi situacia rom erTi profesori<br />
Camodis da magitom, Torem aq xom ar aris ase, rom Tbilisidan...<br />
- profesori ar aris, leqtoria, da leqtori gaiZulebs...<br />
- ara, rogor ar aris, aq ufro metia, magram me minda isev TavSi davbrunde,<br />
erTi wuTi — axla, nu davikavebT iseT pozicias, rom Cven yvelani ise movediT am<br />
universitetSi da ai “sxvebi”, sxvebze fuls iReben da isa.<br />
- ara, magas arc aravin ar ambobs.<br />
- me marTla ar gadamixdia.<br />
- arc me gadamixdia.<br />
- me 15 larad Cavabare.<br />
- me gadavixade.<br />
- arc me gadamixdia, magram viRacam viRacas uTxra da movewye universitetSi.<br />
eg aris Tu ara korufcia?<br />
- ar vici.<br />
96 saqarTvelos agraruli universitetis Telavis filiali.<br />
97<br />
Telavis saxelmwifo universitetSi<br />
87
- ki, ra Tqma unda.<br />
- ra Tqma unda, aris.<br />
- erTi wuTi, davamTavreb Tu SeiZleba. is viRacis Svilia, is viRacis naTesavia,<br />
moewyo. nawili aris fuliT mowyobili, imitom rom imas ara hyavs naTesavi da unda<br />
swavla — iyvnen, Cemi kurselebic iyvnen, brwyinvaled daamTavres, magram fuli<br />
hqondaT gadaxdili. Cemma meuRlem 800 dolari gadaixada inglisurze rom<br />
mowyobiliyo, magram oTxi weliwadi da saxelmwifo gamocdebze ise gavida, rom<br />
arc erT imaSi kapiki ar gadauxdia.<br />
- Zalian kargi!<br />
- iZuleba ara yofila, magram survili radgan hqonda swavlisa, gadaixada,<br />
imitom rom meti gza ara hqonda.<br />
- aravin ar moawyobda.<br />
- ki, ra Tqma unda, sabednierod maseTebic arian jer kidev.<br />
Tu saidumlo ar aris, kidev vin Caabara aq ise, rom fuli ar gadauxdia?<br />
- me.<br />
- me Cavabare.<br />
- mec.<br />
- me — arc fuli, arc...<br />
- me Cavabare, magram axla raSia saqme, viRacam viRacas uTxrao — me ubralod<br />
ar damikarges Cemi codna, imitom rom ver damikargavdnen, amitom ar vTvli me amas<br />
garigebad.<br />
- bevrs daukarges. ai Cems dros bevrs daukarges.<br />
- pirovnulad Cemze ver damikargavdnen, ra, imitom rom…<br />
- bevri vici iseTi, rom hqondaT conda da daarekines ubralod, hyavdaT is<br />
naTesavi an axlobeli, ise rom am bavSvs codna aqvs da ar daukargoT.<br />
rom ar daerekinebinaT ra moxdeboda?<br />
- daukargavdnen!<br />
- ki, ar miiRebdnen!<br />
- dakargavdnen, imitom rom — magaliTs moviyvan, Cemi meuRle rom<br />
mowyobiliyo, erT-erT umaRles pirTan reqtoratSi rom mividnen da gasaubreba<br />
iyo, Tu Tanxaze iyo laparaki, Tu rac iyo, maSin eubnebodnen, rom ai,<br />
momzadebulia da raRaca — maSin uTxres, “Cven am etapze codna ar gvainteresebs”.<br />
- ki, eg...<br />
- “Cven am etapze codna ar gvainteresebs”. ar minda davasaxelo saxeli da<br />
gvari.<br />
- arc gWideba, yvela mixvda!<br />
- gavagrZeleb. inglisuri icio, ekiTxeba — kio, kargad vicio. mere rad<br />
gindao? inglisurze rad ginda rom iswavloo, aq mainc verafers ver iswavlio.<br />
anu prestiJi aris nulze dacemuli. TiTqmis yvela fakultetze, garda<br />
sociologiurisa, ar aris imis prestiJi dacemuli.<br />
- ara, Cvenebi ki fiqrobdnen imas, rom, sityvaze, cudi momentia, rom Svilma<br />
ver Caabaros, da iZulebuli gaxdebi mag SemTxvevaSi, rom gadaixado, xom? rom ar<br />
darCes Svili gareT — magram me vuTxari, rom axla, sityvaze, viRacas daarekinoT<br />
— iqneb vabareb, hoda ratom unda viyo imis madlieri, Tu SevZeli, rom me CemiT<br />
Cavabaro. is fuli gadavixado — ar iyo is fuli gadasaxdeli da xom ar isesxebTmeTqi?<br />
Tu raRaca, RmerTma daifaros, moxda ise, rom ver da raRaca — mere an<br />
vinmes [daurekeT] an raRaca, magram gavedi Cveulebriv, uSpargalkod Sevedi,<br />
Cveulebriv davjeqi, davwere, gamovedi, damiweres 7 qula.<br />
- erTaderTi viyavi, vinc Tavisufali Tema dawera qarTulSi.<br />
- mec Tavisufali Tema davwere.<br />
- meore dRes [maTematikaSi] mqonda testireba, 10-quliani sistemiT iyo da<br />
miviRe 7 damiweres, magram aRar vidave, imitom rom gasuli viyavi.<br />
- magram Cems gverdze ra moxda, vTqvaT — Zalian kargad momzadebuli bavSvi,<br />
romelic ar iyo Telaveli — brwyinvaled abarebda istorias, magram ar uwerdnen<br />
am bavSvs im niSans! sanam aman mere panika ar daiwyo da viRac ar ipova.<br />
- iyo “posleze” mowyoba.<br />
88
- ki.<br />
- [anu] moewyobi, da pirvel sesiamde Tu ar dafarav am gadasaxads, gagricxaven.<br />
- me xom ar viyavi fuliT mowyobili da cxonebuli g. a. — me xom ar viyavi<br />
fuliT mowyobili, da es xom icoda iman, iyo proreqtori, da Tu vinme raRacas<br />
akeTebda fuliT, midioda magasTan, da is mere reqtorTan iyofda. me rom ar<br />
viyavi fuliT mowyobili, pirveli kvira araferi da meore kviras biWebma dalies<br />
sasmeli da kursze viyaviT sami kaci fxizlebi, ra — atyda mTeli ambavi,<br />
dagvibares xuTi kaci, ori CemTan erTad sxva, vinc ufulod moewyo da ori kidev<br />
fuliT mowyobilebi, magram imaT Zalian cudi raRaceebi gaakeTes simTvraleSi.<br />
me ise iZulebuli gamxades, rom meRiarebina, rom ar gavegde, rom mec davlie,<br />
gesmis?<br />
- eg ukve dabali donea raRac, sxva sakiTxze gadavdivarT. axla me minda<br />
prestiJs Sevexo — ese igi, nulzea dacemuli universitetis prestiJi, azri ara<br />
aqvs, wiTels aiReb, mwvanes aiReb, cisfers aiReb, mniSvneloba ara aqvs aranairi.<br />
- da me mindoda gamemaxvelebina yuradReba TviTon leqtorebis doneze —<br />
piradad me ucxo enebze vswavlob, magram me Tu ar movemzade da me Tu ar viswavle<br />
kerZo maswavlebelTan...<br />
- eg skolaSia eg problema da magazec vilaparakebT.<br />
- ... kerZo maswavlebeli Tu ar meyoleba, me vinc maswavlis — nu movkvdebi, me<br />
mgoni, namdvilad.<br />
- is ver gaswavlis.<br />
- xandaxan, magaliTad — jek londonis istoria movuyeviT, magram<br />
sinamdvileSi sul sxva rame movuyeviT da ubralod saxelebi SevcvaleT da qali —<br />
cota nela moyeviTo, rom cota SeesworebinasaviT; me ar movyevi, Cemma kurselma<br />
gaakeTa, da Tavisi sakurso miutana TviTon, ese igi gadaaqseroqsa Cumad da<br />
miutana, nu qali ver mixvda.<br />
- anu kvalifikacia aris Zalian dabali.<br />
- ki.<br />
- bodiSi, erTi wami, Tundac CvenTan, iuristebTan rac xdeba — am<br />
universitetSi romc gadawyvitos vinmem, rom iswavlos im programiT, rac aris<br />
dRes — verasodes ver gaxdeba normaluri iuristi, Tu TviTon ar aris aqtiuri<br />
pirovneba.<br />
- eg mindoda [meTqva], TviTon aqtiuroba Zalian [mniSvnelovania].<br />
- ki, jer marto masalebi — ganaTlebis sistemaSi marTla re<strong>for</strong>ma unda<br />
gatardes, imdenad moZvelebul raRaceebs vswavlobT, ubralod...<br />
- SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos, vTqvaT, 60-ian wlebSi gamocemuli wignidan, magram<br />
iuristisTvis es aris dauSvebeli.<br />
- ki, zustad!<br />
- davamateb, ra, Tu SeiZleba — ai is patiosani leqtorebic, romlebic Zalian<br />
cotaa am universitetSi, isinic garkveulwilad xels uwyoben korufcias, da<br />
ratom. magaliTad, sociologiurze mowyoba pirvel weliwads Rirda 400 dolari.<br />
mere, rodesac prestiJi aiwia, ramodenime leqtorma daxvewa jgufi da Zalian<br />
kargad gamoiyvana, igive konferenciebze waiyvana da raRacaSi CarTo — mere<br />
gaZvirda es, faqtia ra, 800 dolaramde iyo SarSan, saSualod.<br />
- ara, meti.<br />
- SeiZleba. anu, ese igi, ginda Tu ar ginda, mainc xels uwyob korufcias, ra!<br />
- korufciul sistemaSi yvelaferi...<br />
- albaT, prestiJis xarjze Rirs raRac, albaT...<br />
axla minda Sevecado Zalian mokled SevajamoT is, rac ukve vTqviT, da mere<br />
gadavideT sxva Temaze. ese igi , Tqvens studentur cxovrebaSi yvelas gvxdebaT<br />
raRac korufciuli faqtebi da yvelas erTxel mainc, Soridan mainc<br />
daginaxavT is, rac xdeba arakanonierad. es exeba (a) universitetSi Cabarebas,<br />
(b) sesiebs da (g) saxelmwifo gamocdebs. amis garda, Tu aris kidev rame<br />
korufciuli SemTxvevebi Tqvens studentur cxovrebaSi?<br />
- sxva raRa darCa?<br />
Tu SegiZliaT damisaxeloT korufciis raime faqti, romelsac, Tqveni<br />
89
azriT, aqvs raime gamarTleba?<br />
- araviTari.<br />
- gaaCnia visTvis?<br />
- ara, gamarTleba aqvs. magaliTad, 16 lari rodesac aqvs leqtors xelfasi da<br />
mas Semosavlis sxva wyaro ara aqvs, imas veranairad ver mosTxov, rom ar aiRos<br />
fuli viRac debilisgan, visac aqvs fuli da sTavazobs. codoa.<br />
- magram erTi ramea oRond — is bavSvi ar aris codo, rom niSans ar uwers?<br />
- ar aris codo, is aris debili...<br />
- mcodnesac rom ar ar uwers niSans, mainc awvalebs?<br />
- ara, eg...<br />
- ara, ki, aseTi faqtebi aris, rom gawvaleben.<br />
- Cven erTi rame gamogvrCa. dRes, Cems kursels — dRes moxda es ambavi —<br />
romelic pirvelia Tavis kursze da romelsac hyavs yvelgan “xuTi” — yvelaferi<br />
icoda, mesamed daibara qalma da mainc “oTxi” dauwera, im imediT, rom<br />
“xuTianisTvis” fuls miutanda. es ar aris gawameba?<br />
- ara, me magaze ar viZaxi.<br />
- “oTxi” damiwereo, Tqva am bavSvma, “xuTi” ar mindao. ukve itira kidec.<br />
- ar aris ganaTleba. unda icodes, rom SeuZlia man moiwvios komisia...<br />
- ukve ra aris, ici? is imedi da isa — yvela iseTi xom ver iqneba, ara?<br />
- magas viZaxi — samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar aris kargad Camoyalibebuli,<br />
brZolisunariani.<br />
- me magaze ar viZaxi.<br />
- axla sxva Temaze gadavediT, Cven xom...<br />
- ara, sxva Tema ar aris, am qals uWirs am SemTxvevaSi, ityvi, rom 16 lari aqvs<br />
xelfasi.<br />
- ara, es aris ubralod gamamarTlebeli sabuTi.<br />
- me raze vbrazdebi, iciT — Cemi azriT, dauSvebelia students aqvs stipendia<br />
17 lari da leqtorebs, profesorebs aqvT sadRac 50 laramde, ra, dedaCems aqvs<br />
sadRac 31 Tu raRaca, imdenad sasaciloa es yvelaferi!<br />
- 45 lari dekans aqvs.<br />
- erTi Zalian uxeSi Sedareba unda moviyvano, bodiSs vixdi winaswar. es aris<br />
realoba. aiRebs qrTams, maS ras izavs! axla warmoidgineT: erTi leqciis Catareba<br />
Rirda 15 TeTri. da samoqalaqo tualetSi rom Sexvide, Rirs 20 TeTri. ar aiRebs<br />
qrTams? aiRebs!<br />
- Zalian kargi Sedarebaa, magram...<br />
- roca bavSvi Clungia da ar swavlobs, mag SemTxvevaSi ver gaamtyuneb.<br />
- ukacravad, magram Cemi 3 Tvis disSvils Clungma eqimma dauniSna gentamicini<br />
— sinamdvileSi araferze! axla, dedaCemi ki azrovnebs da ar gaukeTa, magram Sen<br />
rom dauniSnav bavSvs da — imitom aris, dayruvdao da is mouvida da es mouvida —<br />
Sen ase nu uyureb, rom Clungia da morCa, gavida [universitetidan] da arafers ar<br />
gaakeTebs, imaze (vTqvaT, ucxo enebze ara) — aTi da aTasi adamianis sicocxlea<br />
damokidebuli da aTi da aTasi adamianis ganaTlebaa damokidebuli.<br />
- ra Tqma unda!<br />
- cxadia.<br />
axla warmovidginoT Telavis saxelmwifo universiteti korufciis<br />
gareSe.<br />
- sami studentiRa darCeba!<br />
- ver warmomidgenia!<br />
- me ver warmomidgenia.<br />
- Zalian sasiamovno iqneba, magram Zalian mcire raodenobiT darCeba — me<br />
gaviricxebi, magram mirCevia meored Caviricxo, magram axla gaviricxo, me amas<br />
Tamamad vityvi.<br />
- me Zalian gamixardeba!<br />
- me, magaliTad, vityvi — mirCevia, am universitetSi sul 5 kaci dadiodes da<br />
iyos iseTi, rogoric unda iyos wesiT, vidre aq iaros 3 aTasma...<br />
- universiteti ver iarsebebs maSin, Tu xuTi kaci ivlis.<br />
- maSin ar unda arsebobdes, es aris sircxvili amis arseboba!<br />
90
- ki, marTalia, es aris — maSin ar unda arsebobdes.<br />
- CamovTvaloT, ra SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba universitetSi korufcia. Cemi azriT<br />
— SeiZleba srulad ver vTqva, magram SevavsoT. erTi is, rom xelfasi unda<br />
moematos profesor-maswavleblebs. meore is, rom skolidanve bavSvi unda<br />
wamovides codniT. mesame is, rom saerTod es kvalifikacia gadaisinjos<br />
profesor-maswavleblebis.<br />
- ki, aucileblad, eg aris pirveli.<br />
- SemCneulebi vinc arian ise ki ara, rom Tan “ar ginda” da Tan jibes uwevs,<br />
iZulebiT rom arTmevs im fuls, [aramed] Zalian-Zalian rom aqvT am korufciaSi<br />
gadgmuli fexebi, eseni unda moSordnen.<br />
- ki.<br />
- da ucodinroba, TviTon leqtorebis done unda iyos normaluri.<br />
- da iseTi leqtorebi, romlebic bavSvebs ukiTxaven — vTqvaT, sagani uweria<br />
“ekonomiqsi” magram es ver gaurCevia politikuri ekonomikisgan. aseTi<br />
leqtorebic unda gavidnen.<br />
- aris leqcia, rodesac erT-erTma leqtorma — aseTi faqti arsebobs, ra —<br />
datova bavSvebi auditoriaSi da uTxra: Cumad iyaviTo, bazari daiketebao,<br />
RanZili maqvs sayidelio. taqsiT gaiqca, RanZili iyida, da isev im leqciaSi<br />
moaswro, amovida da gauSva is bavSvebi. isini Cumad isxdnen, iman RanZili iyida. an,<br />
rZal-dedamTilis urTierTobebze midis saubari.<br />
- bavSvebsac awyobdaT, xom, ese igi, Cumad jdoma?<br />
- rogor ar awyobdaT! mageTi leqtoris Catarebul leqcias naRdad mirCevia,<br />
rom siCumes vusmino!<br />
- eg marTalia.<br />
- ise marTali xar.<br />
skolebSi korufcias aqvs adgili?<br />
- ki.<br />
- ra Tqma unda!<br />
- adre ise ar iyo...<br />
- skolidan modis, me Tu mkiTxavT.<br />
sad ufro metia — skolaSi Tu universitetSi?<br />
- universitetSi.<br />
- universitetSi.<br />
- skolaSi iafi, universitetSi Zviri.<br />
- skolaSi gamoxatvis <strong>for</strong>ma sxva aris.<br />
- skolaSi iwyeba korufcia da mere grZeldeba universitetSi.<br />
- ara, iq fuli ar aris, skolaSi.<br />
- rogor ar aris! pirvel skolaSi vici maswavlebeli, rom 60 lars iRebs<br />
niSanSi!<br />
- Tavi daanebe pirvel skolas!<br />
- ginda dagisaxelo?<br />
- vin aris?<br />
- n. T.<br />
- ara.<br />
- studenti modis skolidan, me vfiqrob, skolidan unda daiwyos maswavleblebisa<br />
da sistemis gadaxaliseba, rom mere kadri wamovides normaluri.<br />
- ar aris korufcia, rom Sen bavSvs Zalas atan, rom, ginda Tu ara, SenTan<br />
moemzados, da Tu SenTan ar moemzadeba, niSans ar dauwer?<br />
- da emzadebian?<br />
- ar aris korufcia, rom am umaRles damTavrebul Clungs Sen 500 dolars<br />
arTmev da maswavleblad iReb, rom is bavSvebi isev daaClungos, mere isev aq fuliT<br />
moawyos, da mere isev gaaubeduros da ase gagrZeldes mudmivad?<br />
- Caketili wrea.<br />
- eg modis skolidan. TavSi rom urtyav, rom eubnebi, rom Seni saqme ar aris,<br />
Seni uflebebis dacva araferi ar aris — aq universitetSi rom amodis da is rom<br />
fuls sZalavs — iman ar icis, rom komisia unda moiwvios da viRacasTan erTad<br />
91
Caabaros, daCagrulia.<br />
- ai, universitetSia eg faqtori, rom momzadebaze — skola maxsendeba xolme<br />
magaze, erT leqtorTan vemzadebodi, da Semdeg ukve, rom davanebe am leqtorTan<br />
momzadebas Tavi, imitom rom aranairi Sedegi vera vnaxe — ai veranairi, naxevari<br />
saaTi vsaubrobdiT, meWoraveboda uxeSad rom vTqvaT, da siTamamec ar myofnida,<br />
rom meTqva rom “ara” — Semdeg misi mSoblebis binis pirdapir daviwye momzadeba da<br />
amis gamo ignorirebas mikeTebda kursze, maxsovs, maSin kargi aRmavlobis periodi<br />
mqonda, da, rasac hqvia, Caaqro mTlianad CemSi eg, da axla ver viwyeb isev Tavidan,<br />
imitom rom is Zalian Zlieri survili mqonda. da rom vuyvebodi seminars,<br />
yovelTvis ukmayofilebis SegrZneba hqonda da Suaze mawyvetinebda an roca xels<br />
viwevdi, ignorirebas mikeTebda — es imitom, rom masTan aRar vemzadebodi.<br />
- aseTi faqtebi skolaSi xSiria xolme.<br />
- amaSi geTanxmebi, magram meore momentic aris. rodesac aq adamiani modis, da<br />
elementaruli, minimaluri azrovnebis donec ara aqvs. magaliTad, Cven visxediT<br />
CaTvlaze, Sexvda qristianoba, da naxevari saaTi mekiTxeboda, saidan daviwyo<br />
qristianobao. bolos leqtorma mohkra yuri da eubneba — saidan unda daiwyo<br />
qristianoba, axla ar gamagiJoo!<br />
- mkalaviSvilidan-Tqo.<br />
- miT umetes, rom faqtebi dazepirebuli ki hqonda, magram veRar moaxerxa imis<br />
“gadaxarSva”.<br />
- TviTon skolaSi maswavleblebis done aris Zalian dabali. erTi statia<br />
davwere erTi sami Tvis win — ese igi, 90% maswavleblebisa ori xeliT mwyevlida.<br />
statia exeboda skolis problemebs, arc saxelebi damisaxelebia, arc gvarebi —<br />
modiodnen da, “Sen is ratom dawere?”. iq wamZRvarebuli maqvs ilia WavWavaZis<br />
“kacia-adamianSi” romaa, “vinc luarsabis saxeSi Tavis Tavs icnobs” da a.S.<br />
vekiTxebi: “icani Seni Tavi?” — “ara, kaco!” — “Sen gagikeTebia aseTi rame?” — “ara!”<br />
- “maS ra ginda?” — “ara, es xom skolis prestiJia!” ra skolis prestiJia, es rom<br />
xdeba, ar aris prestiJis dacema?<br />
- ai, goka gabaSvilma rom Tqva, erTi gadacema gavakeTeo da sul nacvalsaxelebiT<br />
vlaparakobdio — da yvelam damirekao, “ratom Tqvi, goka, Cemze?” yvela<br />
kargad xvdeboda, vin ra gaakeTa.<br />
- yofili ganaTlebis ganyofilebis gamge mibarebs — axla mibarebs, warmoidgine<br />
— meo suliT pedagogi varo, da rogor unda makadros adamianmao, rom<br />
skolaSi fuliT awyoben xalxso? saxeli da gvari miTxari, vino? axla, me unda<br />
vuTxra, gaigeT? mere is wavides, ciliswamebaze miCivlos da marbeninos giJiviT.<br />
- axla, skolis wesdebaSi weria, rom is bavSvebi, vinc cxovroben Telavs gareT,<br />
skolas unda hqondes erTi avtobusi, rogorc sazRvargareT aris, da Turme es<br />
bavSvebi — me ar vicodi, axla gavige — skola valdebulia es bavSvebi waiyvanos<br />
saxlSi da Semdeg diliT wamoiyvanos. imis gamo, rom skolas ara aqvs, igive pirvel<br />
skolas, amis saSualeba, hqondes avtobusi, hqondes yoveldRiurad benzini...<br />
- ra sisulelea!<br />
- ... direqtori ar iRebs saerTod soflidan bavSvebs, dameTanxmebiT, albaT,<br />
imitom, rom pirvel skolaSi iSviaTia...<br />
- eg aris diskriminacia sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.<br />
- ... an Tu iRebs, maSin im bavSvs saxlSi manqana unda hyavdes, da im SemTxvevaSi<br />
iRebs.<br />
- an fuli unda hqondes da gadaixados.<br />
- ra Tqma unda, esec korufciaa, xom?<br />
- ara, ara, es ukve diskriminaciaa sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.<br />
- ai ra in<strong>for</strong>macias vflob: 2003 welSi skolebSi, Tu ar vcdebi, 355 aTasi lari<br />
iyo gamoyofili xelfasebisa da socanaricxebis garda, rom unda daxarjuliyo.<br />
ese igi, rom gadagvexeda, rogor iyo gamoyofili: yvela skolaSi saxuravi unda<br />
iyos gakeTebuli, fasadi unda iyos gakeTebuli, merxebi unda iyos, skamebi unda<br />
iyos, dafebi, sul yvelaferi unda iyos — ar aris arsad! midixar buRalteriaSi,<br />
xom? am saqmes edga a. g., proeqtis farglebSi. mivida buRalterTan, ekiTxeba: es<br />
fuli Camogividao? — Camomividao. mere mivida sxva skolebSi, wamoiReTo? —<br />
arao. is midis isev buRalterTan, romelic eubneba, waRebuli aqvTo [fuli]. aba<br />
maCveneo qviTrebio, miReba-Cabarebis raRaca — eg kontrolis palatis saqmeao,<br />
92
Sen vina gkiTxavs, wadio — ar iZleva! azri ara aqvs, xalxo!<br />
- iq sxva situaciaa.<br />
- magedan modis.<br />
- ra doneze qreboda fuli, kacma ver miagno.<br />
- ara, dawyeba eg aris, skolidan, magram dRes-dReobiT universitetis<br />
korufcia ufro damRupvelia.<br />
- ara, gamomdinarea skolidan.<br />
- me vfiqrob, universitetidan gadaiRo skolis struqturam, imitom rom adre<br />
ar iyo.<br />
- ara, ra aris — erTi rame, ra. studenti rom modis universitetSi, is modis<br />
skolidan da is skolaSi Tu mieCvia meqrTameobas, fulis micemas, raRaceebs, xom —<br />
igives gaagrZelebs aq da aravis ar unda gaukvirdes es.<br />
- amis mizezi ra aris, iciT? weRan rom viZaxdiT, im avtobusebze, im fasadis<br />
SekeTebaze da a.S. — skolas ara aqvs fuli da iZulebuli xdeba, xom?<br />
- ki, iZulebuli xdeba.<br />
- anu saxelmwifom dRes, samwuxarod, qarTulma saxelmwifom yvelanairi moraluri<br />
ufleba dakarga, vinmes rame mosTxovos; Tundac im adamians, romelsac Sia<br />
da raRacas iparavs, da martivad vityvi, ratomac. saqarTvelos parlamentma<br />
rodesac daadgina, rom saarsebo minimumi unda iyos 115 lari, da igive parlamenti<br />
adgens, rom minimaluri xelfasi qveyanaSi unda iyos 14 lari, xom — amiT igive Seni<br />
xelisufleba geubneba, rom sasikvdilod xar ganwiruli da Seni Tavis gadasar-<br />
Cenad rac ginda is qenio. aqedan gamomdinare, yvelanair moralur valdebulebas<br />
mosamarTle kargavs, rom miusajos...<br />
- ese igi, raRac momentSi saxelmwifo gvibiZgebs korufciisken.<br />
- raRac momentSi ki ara, gibiZgebs Sen!<br />
- eg yvelaferi maRlidan modis, aba...<br />
- isic sakiTxavia, minimumi aris marTla is 115 lari, Tu ufro meti sWirdeba<br />
adamians, magram rodesac Sen amas akeTeb, da plius...<br />
- yvelas ara aqvs imis saSualeba, kerZo biznesi wamoiwyos, yvelas ara aqvs imis<br />
saSualeba, arian adamianebi, mcodneebi...<br />
- ver dadgeba da papiross ver gayidis quCaSi!<br />
- profesoria!<br />
- viRa iyidis, yvelam rom papirosi gayidos?<br />
- rogor ara, gaiyideba! oRond, erTi rame kidev da skolasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
xmas aRar amoviReb. Zalian aris axla yuradReba misaqcevi da dasafiqrebeli —<br />
rogorc viciT, re<strong>for</strong>miT SeiZleba iseTi rame moxdes, umaRles saswavlebelSi<br />
saerTod gauqmdes gamocdebi da skolaSi miRebuli raRac Sefasebebis mixedviT<br />
ganawildes. es aris absurdi — aq ixsneba korufcia da midis skolaSi, Tu direqtori<br />
ar Seicvala, Tu sistema ar Seicvala, Tu monitoringi an sazogadoebrivi, an<br />
saxelmwifo, an raRacnairi monitoringi ar ganxorcielda.<br />
- nu, praqtikebze rom viyaviT [skolebSi] — bavSvebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, swavla ar<br />
undaT! es aris kidev yvelaze didi, da maswavlebels rom eubnebian, “ki-Wa!” mere<br />
vubnebi, Sen swavla ar ginda-meTqi? da — “me rad minda swavla, me rad minda!”,<br />
marto rom ipranWebian da bolos veRar Sevikave Tavi, me rom Seni maswavlebeli<br />
viyo, kedelze gartymevinebdi-Tqo Tavs. aris usaSinlesi mdgomareoba. ara, ar<br />
vartymevinebdi, magram im wuTas...<br />
- meoTxe skolaSi maswavlebelma marilze daayena muxlebiT bavSvi.<br />
- eg adre iyo, axla piriqiT xdeba.<br />
- adre ara, erTi wlis winandeli faqti.<br />
- Sevedi skolaSi da guli gamiskda — telefonze TamaSobs naxevari klasi, ra!<br />
meoTxeklaseli lawirakebi!<br />
- Cems periodSic iyo, magram verc erTi maswavlebeli ver bedavda xeli daedo<br />
CemTvis.<br />
- maswavlebeli rom yviris, maswavlebeli rom wivis, wixliT rom Semodis, rom<br />
Semodis da ar icis, rom Sesavali unda gaakeTos, bavSvi unda moamzados, da im<br />
gagiJebul bavSvs rom dadgeba da wivil-kivils dauwyebs: “modi gakveTili<br />
Camabare!”, JurnalSi yofaqcevis magivrad saganSi “erTians” rom dauwers — ar<br />
iswavlis da ver gaamtyuneb. ai eg maswavlebeli unda miartya kedelze!<br />
93
axla skolis Tema davxuroT. erTi Zalian mokle SekiTxva universitetTan<br />
dakavSirebiT — rogor fiqrobT, axali reqtori ras Secvlis? ramdenad<br />
TvliT, rom reqtoris Secvla moitans sasurvel cvlilebebs korufciis<br />
dargSi? sxva dargebs jerjerobiT nu SevexebiT.<br />
- axali reqtori ecdeba, me vfiqrob, rom mcdeloba iqneba, magram ramdenad<br />
ganaxorcielebs, eg ar vici. imitom rom me vici erTi magaliTi, rom moatyues<br />
reqtori. sinamdvileSi fuli iqna aRebuli, erT-erTi bavSvis SeyvaniT, aiRo sxvam<br />
is fuli, 300 dolarzea aq saubari, aiRo sxvam, erT-erTma moxelem es fuli da<br />
Seiyvana reqtorTan rogorc uniWieresi bavSvi, rogorc es-es-es.<br />
- me SemiZlia faqtebiT vilaparako. 12 maisidan aris reqtori, damtkicda 1<br />
ivniss, Tu ar vcdebi. ukve aris raRac sasikeTo Zvrebi, me, magaliTad, Cems Tavze<br />
gamovcade, davinaxe.<br />
- ki.<br />
- axali cocxis faqtori mgonia jerjerobiT.<br />
- ara, me ara mgonia axali cocxis faqtori. axla raSia saqme — saxelmwifo<br />
gamocdebze am kacma Semoiara absoluturad yvela auditoria da uTxra, rom ar<br />
gadaixadoT araferi, ar mokrifoT, dekans ar misceT, aravis ar misceT, vinc<br />
ginda mogTxovoT, imitom rom azri ar eqneba. da marTla CaiWrnen is<br />
fulgadaxdilebi.<br />
- ukan daubrunes fuli?<br />
- ar vici, ra gaakeTes.<br />
- eg dekanebis da studentebis [saqmea].<br />
- mere mirbodnen saCivlelad, ai, maS fuli raRas gamogvarTveso? karg dros<br />
mirbodnen! es erTi. meore, sanam reqtoris arCevnebi iqneboda, studentebis<br />
garkveulma nawilma movagroveT 600 xelmowera [erT-erTi kandidatis] mxardasa-<br />
Werad — magram es ar iyo raRaca Tavis moqonvis principi, Cven mas warvudgineT<br />
Cveni programa, ra unda Seesrulebina mas studnetebisTvis. da amaze dagvTanxmda.<br />
iq iyo: biujetis gamWvirvaloba, misaRebi gamocdebis gamWvirvaloba, rac<br />
ukve faqtia da me piradad Cemi arasamTavrobo organizaciis saxeliT mivmarTav<br />
da me davakvirdebi misaReb gamocdebs Telavis saxelmwifo universitetSi axla.<br />
da iq iyo sxvadasxva sakiTxebi, romlebzec es kaci dagvTanxmda, romlebzec visaubreT,<br />
romlebic gvjera, rom gakeTdeba, da jerjerobiT midis sworad yvelaferi.<br />
- ho, imedi aris.<br />
- is fuli, mosawyobi fuli, ojaxidan mainc xom gamodioda, ara? da midioda<br />
marcxena jibeSi. axla me vnaxe, rom fasian seqtorze gazrdilia gadasaxadebi.<br />
- ho.<br />
- da es aris marTali. imitom rom mainc gamodis is fuli, da [sjobs] wavides<br />
ise, rom leqtorebs gauzardo xelfasi, vidre is “marcxniv” wavides.<br />
- ar SeiZleba, Seni arasamTavrobo organizacia ara marto misaRebze<br />
daeswroT, aramed, vTqvaT, saxelmwifo gamocdebze da aseve sesiaze?<br />
- ki.<br />
- kargi iqneba!<br />
danarCenebis azri mainteresebs — kidev ra unda gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom<br />
universitetSi situacia gamoswordes korufciis TvalsazrisiT?<br />
- Cemi azriT, pirvel rigSi leqtorebs xelfasi unda gaezardoT.<br />
- unda gaezardoT.<br />
- [fasiani seqtoris gadasaxadebis gamoyenebiT ufro kargia maTi xelfasebis<br />
gazrda.]<br />
- ki, Torem saxelmwifo ar gazrdis Tavisi iniciativiT.<br />
- da Semdeg leqtorebis atestacia unda moxdes.<br />
- unda akontrolon misaRebi gamocdebi, TviTon universitetis xelmZRvanelobam.<br />
anu, me viZaxi, kargi mxriv unda akontrolon.<br />
- a. erT wels iyo mimReb komisiaSi Tavmjdomared. movida viRac qistio, imas,<br />
ra Tqma unda, Tavidanve ise hqonda saqme, rom imas unda Caebarebina. dedaCemma<br />
[Tqva], Tavidanve momceso sia, ai amaT unda Caabarono, da danarCenebma ar unda<br />
94
Caabarono.<br />
- maraa, kaco, me rom gamocdebi mqonda, mubnebodnen, mwvane ginTia, risi<br />
geSiniao.<br />
- movidao viRac qisti, romelmac ar icoda qarTuli. axla me veubnebio, me ar<br />
vici qisturio da rusuli me ki vicio, magram ruseTSi ar varT da ratom unda<br />
gamogcado rusulad? am dros is unda mieRoT.<br />
- Cems win gogo gadioda, istorias rom vabarebdi — ra Tqma unda, ar icoda, da<br />
erT-erTi sakiTxi hqonda [erekle]. [gamomcdeli] eubneba axla, rac ici is moyevio<br />
da — araferi ar vicio. gagiJda, moixsna saTvale — ras hqvia araferi ar vicio,<br />
uxerxul mdgomareobaSi nu magdebo, iq 70 kacze meti zis auditoriaSi, Tan icis,<br />
rom viRaca magis mere unda CaWras — moyevio rame! araferi ar vicio.<br />
sanam movrCebiT universitetis Sesaxeb saubars, vinmes rame xom ar darCa<br />
saTqmeli?<br />
- am yvela problemis mogvarebasTan erTad unda aiwios universitetis prestiJi,<br />
anu, raSi gamoixateba: unda daematos iseTi sagnebi, iseTi fakultetebi,<br />
romlebic kaxeTs sWirdeba, ra. amdeni pedagogi weliwadSi kaxeTs ara sWirdeba,<br />
Cemi azriT, da es aucileblad unda gakeTdes da es reqtoris Zalian didi<br />
survilia da, albaT, momavali wlidan gakeTdeba, unda gakeTdes mevenaxeobameRvineobis<br />
fakulteti, razec aris moTxovna kaxeTSi, oRond es unda iyos Zalian<br />
prestiJuli fakulteti, Tundac weliwadSi uSvebdes xuTs, magram profesional<br />
kadrs. da imas garantirebuli eqneba samsaxuri. axla Cven rom mivdivarT, ar viciT<br />
sad mivdivarT — diploms ki viRebT, magram sul sxvagan vfiqrob vimuSavo, imitom,<br />
rom maRali xelfasia.<br />
- kidev erTs davamatebdi. me vfiqrob, leqtorebis kadri unda gadaxalisdes,<br />
anu gadamzaddessaviT...<br />
- rame treningebisaviT...<br />
- ... da literaturac unda gaZlierdes, Torem is literatura, romliTac<br />
swavlobdnen 10 wlis win, ukve CvenTvis moZvelebulia.<br />
- anu, Taobebia gaWedili. erTi qalia kaxeTSi, 75 wlis, vinc akeTebs miwis<br />
analizs.<br />
- marto erTi qali?<br />
- is qali rom mokvdes, ver gaigeb, kaxeTSi ra miwaSi ra Cayaro. SeiZleba vazis<br />
miwaSi miwis Txili Cayaro, qvebSi Cayaro RanZili, anu ra unda gaakeTo, ar ici.<br />
- me vfirqob, mTavari problemebi ukve Tqves: is, rom leqtorebma unda<br />
atestacia, Tu rac aris [gaiaron], rom leqtoris done iyos maRali, da rac<br />
mTavaria, da mec amis msxverpli var, rom TviTon ara var mondomebuli, magram<br />
vapireb — Cemi azriT, bavSvebis mondomeba swavlisadmi, es iqneba, me mgoni,<br />
gadamwyveti, imtom rom Tu is bavSvi swavlobs, da Semdeg Tu is Tavis uflebebs<br />
gaecnoba, da Semdeg, Tu is Tavisi uflebebisaTvis daiwyebs brZolas, ukve<br />
daanaxebs Tavis saxes reqtoratsac da leqtorebsac da ukve esec erT-erTi is<br />
iqneba, rom korufcia aRmoifxvras mTlianad. imitom, rom am revoluciazec,<br />
igive, xalxma daanaxa, da ara vinmes yvirilma, ukacravad, xalxma daanaxa, aqvs<br />
xalxs amis saSualeba, energia da CveniT unda gavakeToT es, me mgoni.<br />
- Cemi azriT, sanam saxelmwifoSi ar Seicvleba situacia, universitetSic ar<br />
Seicvleba; roca saxelmwifoSi Seicvleba, me vfiqrob, rom avtomaturad aqac<br />
sxvanairi situacia Seiqmneba.<br />
- araswori midgomaa.<br />
- ho.<br />
- saerTod es aris Zalian daStampuli, yovelTvis ase iyo, zevidan qveviT.<br />
modiT, piriqiT, qvevidan SevcvaloT, da ava is nel-nela zeviT.<br />
- saxlis Senebas iwyeben, me rogorc vici, saZirkvlidan.<br />
- weRanac vTqvi me es azri da axlac gavimeoreb, rom igive saxelmwifo<br />
gamocdebze is, rodesac 4 weli aZlev fuls, axla, saxelmwifo gamocdebze, aRar<br />
unda aiRon fuli da pirdapir gauSvan isini, arc CaWran, araferi — Cemi azriT.<br />
gauSvan is studentebi, da igive samsaxurSi roca miva is, mixvdebian, rom mas ara<br />
aqvs codna, da morCa. is, rom is studentebi CaWran, romlebic 4 wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi fuls aZlevdnen universitets...<br />
95
- unda CaWran!<br />
- ar SeiZleba!<br />
- ara, ar unda CaWran!<br />
- unda CaWran! axla ratom —<br />
- Cemi azria! unda gauSvan, wavidnen.<br />
- wavidnen da adamians wamali dauniSnon, romelic mas ar sWirdeba?<br />
- ara, imas ar miiReben samsaxurSi, roca ar eqneba codna.<br />
- e-e, fuls miscems da miiReben.<br />
- Tu maSin, me vlaparakob, roca gamoswordeba situacia.<br />
- jerjerobiT xom... Tu Sen igives gaakeTeb, ar gamowordeba!<br />
- meti raRa pativi unda ecaT [saxelmwifo gamocdebze], ver gavige —<br />
geubnebian, wigni Semoitane, konspeqti Semoitane, mTeli biblioTeka amoitane,<br />
dade da waikiTxe — erT saaTs gaZleven, ori sityva gviTxari! oTxians giwerT, Tu<br />
oTx sityvas gvetyvi, or sityvaze samians giwerT. ver iZaxian! maS ar unda CaWra<br />
egeTebi?<br />
- hoda unda gauSva, isini arc arasdros ar iswavlian, unda gauSva eseTebi,<br />
wavidnen ra!<br />
- unda sacerSi gatardes yvela.<br />
- ver garicxav, imitom rom roca fuliT gyavs miRebuli, imas...<br />
- kargi, is wava da giCivlebs.<br />
- sad giCivlebs?<br />
- getyvis, rom vabarebdi, ras gamomarTvio fuli?<br />
- ras giCivlebs, ras ambob?<br />
- raRaca sistemis cvlas mohyveba xolme viRacis...<br />
- ZiriTadi yvelaferi iTqva, da, Cemi azriT, erT-erTi mniSvnelovania, rom<br />
Seicvalos saswavlo programebi, romlebic aris Zalian moZvelebuli, Tundac<br />
Cems fakultetze, ucxo enebze, aranairad ara varT kmayofili im swavliT<br />
<strong>meTodebi</strong>T, rasac gavdivarT, da me ara var darwmunebuli, rom rodesac<br />
davamTavreb, viqnebi srulyofili da kargi specialisti da isev bavSvi fiqrobs,<br />
rom sxva gzebiT miiRos, Seivsos is codna — roca man es codna unda miiRos<br />
universitetSi, da yvelanairad unda iyos dakmayofilebuli. Cemi azriT, es unda<br />
Seicvalos.<br />
- Cemi azriT, aucileblad unda gadaxalisdes saswavlo programebi, ukve<br />
iTqva da veTanxmebi, absoluturad gawelili, gaberili da xSir SemTxvevaSi,<br />
uazro sagnebis swavleba, anu, rogorc wesi, ar aris saWiro, vTqvaT, akademiur<br />
doneze icode saqarTvelos istoria, Cemi azriT.<br />
- Tu ar abareb istoriulze.<br />
- sjobia profesiuls daeTmos meti dro da ara piriqiT, profesiuli sagnebis<br />
xarjze farTovdeba is sagnebi, romlebic... elementarulad, saqarTvelos<br />
istoria igulisxmeba, rom iswavleba skolaSi. igive qarTuli ena. marTalia,<br />
qarTuli ena aucilebelia, imitom rom aCvena gamokiTxvebma, rom TiTqmis aravin<br />
ar icis normalurad aq, magram mainc es ar unda aRematebodes, vTqvaT, erT wels<br />
da ar unda gadadiodes sam welze.<br />
- ubralod normalurad unda iswavlebodes.<br />
- da testi unda iyos. es aucilebelia, Cemi azriT.<br />
- me minda kidev erTi davamato, Cemi azriT, CaTvla-gamocdebis arsebuli<br />
sistema unda Seicvalos testirebiT, imitom rom, Cemi azriT, jer erTi CaTvlagamocdebs<br />
miaqvs uazrod didi dro, meorec, aseTi erTi erTze Secvla<br />
leqtorTan yovelTvis iwvevs korufciul moments, da sjobia testi, jer erTi, is<br />
dokumentic aris.<br />
- davamateb — testebi iyos ara marto, vTqvaT, pirveli semestris bolos,<br />
meore semestris bolos, aramed, vTqvaT, erTi Tvis Semdeg...<br />
- ki, yoveli Tvis bolos, da gaadvildeba studentis saqme.<br />
- ki, yoveli Tvis bolos, imitom rom ici, rogor aris? rom ar gTxoven,<br />
adamiani xar da gimuSavdeba erTi momenti. yovelTviuri an yovelkvireuli<br />
gamokiTxva rodesac ar aris, Sen ar swavlob, da gamocdebis [win] amxela wignebs<br />
ixli TavSi da ra Zali medga...<br />
- ho, ra!<br />
96
- movaleobas ixdi, ver gaxsovdeba.<br />
- axla iseTi gadaRlili var gamocdebis mere, ver vazrovneb.<br />
- me Tu mkiTxavT, pirvel rigSi, unda gamoicvalon leqtorebi, arian ukve<br />
Zalian bebrebi bevrni.<br />
- marTalia!<br />
- marTalia!<br />
- sapensio asaki...<br />
- axali kadri unda movides.<br />
- ara, erTi-ori xanSi Sesuli namdvilad kargia oRond, ver ityvi, rom<br />
axalgazrdebi unda Semoiyvano...<br />
- ara, me ar viZaxi, axalgazrdebi unda SemoviyvanoT — unda SemoviyvanoT<br />
iseTebi, vinc ufro...<br />
- Semoyvanaze, umjobesi xom ar iqneba, rom weRan rogorc vTqvi — rom<br />
gadaxalisdes.<br />
- asaksac gaaCnia, mikiTxavda kaci, SeiZleba, Zalian brwyinvaledac icoda,<br />
[magram] misi xmis tembri iyo CurCuli, da auditoriis damorCilebis done — nuli.<br />
- da, sxvaTaSoris, eg iwvevs ukve... xuTianze damTavrebuli studenti, marTla<br />
kargi studenti, Cemi axlobeli movida SarSan, undoda rom leqtorad imuSavos,<br />
magram... am dros me mikiTxavs qali leqcias, romelsac kbilebi daaviwyda saxlSi<br />
da meubneba, “wadi Svilo, kbilebi momitaneo”. amasTan is axalgazrda gogo,<br />
romelmac marTla xuTebze daamTavra — “me xuTosnebi ar mainteresebso”, maSin<br />
reqtoratSi uTxres.<br />
- erTi momentic aris, arian aq moxucebi, xanSi Sesuli kadri, romelsac<br />
SeiZleba sapensio asaki aqvs, magram imas ver Secvli, imitom rom brwinvalea.<br />
- egeTi SemTxvevebi...<br />
- skolaSic da universitetSic asaks ratomRac abaven Rvawlmosilebas — es ase<br />
aRar aris.<br />
- marTalia.<br />
universitetis situacia, mgoni, safuZvlianad ganvixileT. Tqveni azriT,<br />
SeiZleba Tu ara axla vilaparakoT warmatebuli brZolis Sesaxeb korufciis<br />
winaaRmdeg zogadad saqarTveloSi?<br />
- araviTar SemTxvevaSi.<br />
- jer ara.<br />
- jerjerobiT ar SegviZlia.<br />
- Cemi azriT, igive revoluciam erTi Zalian cudi raRac moaxdina — xalxi<br />
adre xom iZaxda, Cven verafers ver SevcliT, unda movides kargi mTavrobao. axla<br />
xalxi uaresad gazarmacda da iZaxis, Cven kargi mTavroba gvyavs da axla isini<br />
gviSvelian. anu, ratom aqvs am xalxs aseTi...<br />
- ar gamigia maseTi naTqvami.<br />
- ra? yvela mase iZaxis!<br />
- marTalia, revoluciam erTi ra SeiZleba cudi moitanos — xalxs amdeni wlis<br />
dagrovili energia im ramdenime kviraSi daaxarjvina da axla aRar ainteresebs im<br />
xalxs jer-jerobiT, ai mere ukve daiwyebs isev, albaT.<br />
- ara, ki ar ainteresebs, ukve imedi aqvT, albaT, rom raRacas gamocvlian.<br />
- ara, imedi SeiZleba gqondes, magram Senc unda iyo aqtiuri.<br />
- es aqsiomaa: Sen xar moqalaqe, Sen gaqvs uflebebi, romlebic pirvel rigSi Sen<br />
unda daicva. xelisuflebas — aravis ar hqondes iluzia, rogorc ginda kargi<br />
xelisufleba iyos, is yovelTvis Tavxeddeba xelisuflebiT, es ase xdeba<br />
gamonaklisebis gareSe.<br />
- Sen xom axla amas iZaxi — Sen rom moxvide xelisuflebaSi, analogiurad<br />
iqneba.<br />
- aucileblad! adamiani var da ase iqneba!<br />
- Tu ar Segawuxe, raRaca Tu ar gaiZule, ar gaakeTeb. keTili nebiT es ar<br />
iqneba.<br />
- aqedan gamomdinare, Sen rogorc ki xuWav Tvalebs...<br />
- iTxove da mogecemao — raRac unda iTxovo da...<br />
97
maS axla aravin ar unda ifiqros imaze, rom rame seriozuli brZola<br />
daiwyos korufciis winaaRmdeg?<br />
- ara, rogor ara.<br />
- seriozuli brZola da seriozuli cvlilebebi moitana am revoluciam.<br />
- aba ra aris seriozuli cvlileba?<br />
- Zalian bevri!<br />
- me davinaxe cvlileba, dRes-dReobiT myavs axalgazrda axloblebi TbilisSi,<br />
romlebic samsaxurs eZebdnen da sakmaod kargi codna aqvT, erTma gogom sami ena<br />
icis, yvela Tavis profesiaSi, ase vTqvaT, karg donezea. aqamde Zalian wvalobdnen,<br />
da sxvaTaSoris oTxidan samma ukve samsaxuri naxa. me vfiqrob, ukve<br />
iciT, rogori done Semovida da rogori azrovneba? rom Tu ar geyoleba<br />
samsaxurSi profesionali, ukve rom midixar, TbilisSi elementarulad: “inglisuri<br />
ici? kompiuteri ici?” atestacias gadixar da giReben samsaxurSi.<br />
- eg kerZo struqturebSi.<br />
- ki, kerZoSia, magram am SemTxvevaSi TviTon Cveni codniT, Cemi azriT, raRac<br />
patara wvlils SevitanT korufciis winaaRmdeg.<br />
- ki!<br />
- imitom, rom sul rom gvqondes magis imedi, weRan rogorc vTqvi, Tu qvevidan<br />
ar wamovida, is zemodan namdvilad ar iqneba.<br />
- Cemi azriT, kidev, unda Seiqmnas (da mgoni ukve Seqmnilic aris) antikorufciuli<br />
komisiasaviT raRaca, sadac iqnebian arasamTavrobo organizaciebis<br />
wevrebi, ucxoeTidan moyvanili eqspertebi... unda gaakontrolon.<br />
- oRond, es ar unda iyos... [<strong>for</strong>malurad.]<br />
- da unda Sedges es antikorufciuli sabWo da unda gaakontrolon igive Cveni<br />
universiteti da ase mivaRwevT Sedegs.<br />
kidev ra SeiZleba gakeTdes?<br />
- Zalian kargia, precedentebi iqmneba, rom korumpirebulebs iWeren, vinc<br />
ixlarTeba raRaceebSi, iWeren, magram Cumad mainc xdeba, ra.<br />
- Cumad ki ar xdeba, yvelaze didi Secdoma ra aris — iWeren, magram ar iWeren<br />
Tavisebs. axla saCvenebel daWerebze nu damiwyebT laparaks, ra!<br />
- wavidnen, daiWiron anzor burjanaZe da davijereb rom asea, ra!<br />
vin unda ibrZodes, Tqveni azriT, axla saqarTveloSi korufciis winaaRmdeg?<br />
- yvela.<br />
- xalxi.<br />
- yvela absoluturad.<br />
- yvelam, magram mTavrobisgan unda modiodes keTili neba. me rac ginda viyviro...<br />
- ra Tqma unda!<br />
ra SemTvevaSi iqneba brZola korufciis winaaRmdeg dRevandel<br />
saqarTveloSi warmatebuli?<br />
- Tu kanoni ikanonebs.<br />
- Tu ara marto sityviT, aramed Cveni saqmiTac... sinamdvileSi ai gamodian<br />
revoluciis dros, da sinamdvileSi saqme saqmeze rom midges, saqmiT verafers ver<br />
gaakeTeben.<br />
- kanoni ikanonebs da xelfasebi gaizrdeba. magram erTi SemTxveva moxda —<br />
sagadasaxados TanamSromlebs hqondaT 400 lari xelfasi. axla daaWres da 30<br />
lari dautoves.<br />
- ara, 40 lari — nuli mouWres.<br />
- ara, vici rom 30 — Zmakacis deda 400 lars iRebda, atestacia gavlilebi,<br />
samjer gamocdebi Caabarebines, axla meoTxed Caabarebines da 30 larze dasves.<br />
adre iRebda 400 lars. axla wadi da nu moaparineb imas!<br />
- jerjerobiT mainc Zalian Znelad moxdeba es, magram imedi ar unda<br />
daikargos.<br />
98
konkretulad ra SeiZleba gavakeToT Cven?<br />
- me, magaliTad, Zalian cud mdgomareobaSi var, imitom rom me bevrad<br />
mirCevia, rom mivce fuli leqtors da raRac CavTvalo, imitom rom namdvilad<br />
problemebiT var savse, magram dRes-dReobiT me amas ar gavakeTeb, miT umetes,<br />
maqvs saSualeba. me sami gamocda gadavitane da vapireb swavlas. me vfiqrob, es iyo<br />
Cemi erT-erTi Setanili wvlili am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
- marTali xar.<br />
- albaT marTla, rom aRar gadavixadoT gamocdebSi da CaTvlebSi fuli.<br />
- Cveni cxovreba xom marto gamocdebi da CaTvlebi ar aris?<br />
- ara.<br />
- arc arsad.<br />
- me vfiqrob, zogadad interesi unda gaviRviZoT imisa, rom ar CavdgaT fexi<br />
iq, sadac...<br />
- Cvens uflebebs unda gavecnoT, unda gavacnoT sxva adamianebic am uflebebs.<br />
- erTi, pirveli — Seni piradi magaliTiT misce magaliTi sxvas, meores; es aris<br />
erTi momenti, da meore momenti — is, rac Sen ici da iman ar icis (Tundac<br />
uflebebi, Tundac Sen ufro mebrZoli xar, vidre is) — Sen daexmaro im adamians im<br />
resursiT, rac Sen gaqvs. bunebrivia, Tu raime organizaciis wevri xar, meti<br />
saSualeba SeiZleba gqondes, TavisTavad, magram Tu xar rigiTi pirovneba, es ar<br />
niSnavs, rom ar SegiZlia — Tundac kerZo saubarSi Sens megobars uTxra,<br />
elementarulad is in<strong>for</strong>macia, romelic SeiZleba ver moipova, SeiZleba ar<br />
undoda, ar gaigo; anda qmediTi daxmareba aRmouCino, gahyve imas, igive<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis gamoTxovebis momentSi, yvelam xom ar icis? egec Setanili wvlilia.<br />
bevri rame SeiZleba!<br />
- Tundac, ukanono gadasaxads — magaliTad, pasportis aReba mindoda,<br />
Sevitane gancxadeba. 6 lari Tu 12 lari momTxoves. me vuTxari: “damiwere qviTari<br />
da vixdi”. ar dagiwero. ratom ar damiwer, veubnebi — sxvaTaSoris, maSin vicrue da<br />
Tavisuflebis institutis saxeli gamoviyene...<br />
- ar aris eg korufcia?<br />
- pasporti, Tu piradobis mowmoba?<br />
- pasporti.<br />
- 6 lari Zalian iafia pasportisTvis.<br />
- ara, ubralod gancxadebis Setana.<br />
- veubnebi, damiwere [qviTari] da 24 lari unda mogce. analogiurad, diplomis<br />
fuli minda, rom bankSi Sevitano — ar aris aranairi gza!<br />
- angariSis nomeri ici, rom Seitano?<br />
- Tundac, bavSvi myavs, da ramdenime dRis win aRricxvaze aviyvane bavSvTa<br />
poliklinikaSi. maqvs polisi, dedisac da bavSvisac. TbilisSi samSobiaroSi 100<br />
dolari moaWra polisma. aq mivitane — rveuli xom mivitane, kargi, istoriebi ara<br />
aqvT; 10 lari xom gadavixade, risTvis — eg RmerTma icis. da 5 lari kidev wamlebi<br />
mogvces raRac da imaSi gadagvaxdevines.<br />
- da is sadazRvevo polisi raRa iyo?<br />
- hoda, polisis funqcia ver gavige. Zlivs vikavebdi Tavs, magram aqeT sidedri<br />
medga, iqiT dedaCemi — “kargi, gaCumdi! eqimebia, dagvWirdeba”. gavCumdi. mere<br />
gamovdivar da yvirian, intriganiao. intrigani var?<br />
- eg aris kidev — mSoblebis faqtori Zalian is aris. Cems das Sehqonda<br />
pasportze 10 lari rom mosTxoves, me vuTxari, ar gadavixdiT-meTqi, da<br />
deidaCemma: “sircxvilia, gadavixadoT, ra moxdao”.<br />
- jer skolidanve, Ramis skolaSi vswavlobdi, 9 Tve xom vswavlob, TveSi 10<br />
lari unda gadamexada, ese igi 90 lari, ara? fasianze vswavlobdi. kaco, 120<br />
lariani gadasaxadi momitanes. me vuTxari, damiwereT-meTqi qviTari — damiweres,<br />
Senaxuli maqvs dRemde. rom moviTxove es qviTari — ratom moiTxoveo, direqtori<br />
iZaxis, eg giJiao, rom dadis, TavisTvis laparakobso. anu igive, ra!<br />
didi madloba!<br />
99
danarTi #2.<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> kvlevis meTodikis terminologiis<br />
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni<br />
analitikuri gamokvleva — <strong>socialur</strong>i gamokvlevis yvelaze rTuli saxeoba,<br />
romelic miznad isaxavs ara marto <strong>socialur</strong>i problemis aRweras, aramed,<br />
agreTve misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis gamoaSkaravebas. ix. agreTve:<br />
dazverviTi gamokvleva da aRweriTi gamokvleva.<br />
anketireba — masobrivi gamokiTxvis saxeoba, romelic kiTxvaris gamoyenebiT<br />
warimarTeba. anketirebis dros respondenti TviTon kiTxulobs kiTxvaris<br />
kiTxvebs da Tavadve aRniSnavs pasuxebs, romlebic mis azrs Seesabameba. ix.<br />
agreTve: interviu.<br />
aqtori (Tvisebriv <strong>kvlevaSi</strong>) — pirovneba, romlis moqmedebac mkvlevris<br />
dakvirvebis da Seswavlis sagania. termini gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad CarTuli<br />
dakvirvebis Sesaxeb saubrisas.<br />
biografiuli interviu — siRmiseuli intervius nairsaxeoba, romelic<br />
miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebis (biografiis) qronologiur rekonstruqcias,<br />
raTa Seswavlil iqnes ama Tu im <strong>socialur</strong>i problemis gavlena individis<br />
cxovrebaze, mis mier ama Tu im movlenebis gaazreba da Sefaseba, da sxv.<br />
biografiul interviusa da “cxovrebis istorias” Soris bevria saerTo, Tumca<br />
pirveli gansakuTrebiT farTod gamoiyeneba evropaSi, kerZod — germaniaSi, xolo<br />
meore — aSS-Si. ix. agreTve: cxovrebis istoria.<br />
aRweriTi gamokvleva — <strong>socialur</strong>i gamokvleva, romelic tardeba ama Tu im<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i problemis SeZlebisdagvarad sruli aRweris mizniT, xSirad — raTa<br />
gamovlenili iqnes, arsebobs Tu ara kavSiri am problemis Semadgenel elementebs<br />
Soris. ix. agreTve: dazverviTi gamokvleva da analitikuri gamokvleva.<br />
gamokvlevis programa — sabuTi, romelic aucilebelia empiriuli<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i gamokvlevis Casatareblad. gamokvlevis programa kvlevis dawyebamde<br />
unda SemuSavdes. aq Camoyalibebulia gamokvlevis strategia, dasabuTebulia<br />
gamokvlevis problemis mniSvneloba da aqtualuroba da mis Sesaswavlad<br />
SerCeuli gzebis (<strong>meTodebi</strong>s) gamoyenebis marTebuloba. gamokvlevis programis<br />
safuZvliani damuSaveba xels uwyobs xarisxiani gamokvlevis Catarebas da sando<br />
Sedegebis miRebas, Tumca wminda gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis SemTxvevaSi misi<br />
SemuSaveba SeiZleba ar moxdes.<br />
generaluri erToblioba — yvela im adamianTa erToblioba, visac axasiaTebs<br />
is <strong>socialur</strong>-demografiuli Tvisebebi, romelTa Seswavlac mkvlevris mizans<br />
warmoadgens. gamokvlevis obieqtidan gamomdinare, generaluri erToblioba<br />
SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos. magaliTad, Tu Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis<br />
azris Seswavla, generalur erTobliobas warmoadgens saqarTvelos yvela<br />
srulwlovani moqalaqe; Tu SeviswavliT qarTveli qalebis damokidebulebas ama<br />
Tu im problemisadmi, generaluri erTobliobaa saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qalebi;<br />
Tu Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT<br />
miznad, Cveni generaluri erToblioba am universitetis studentebi iqnebian.<br />
generaluri erTobliobis gansazRvra SerCevis Sedgenis safuZvelia.<br />
dazverviTi gamokvleva — <strong>socialur</strong>i gamokvlevis yvelaze ubralo tipi,<br />
romlis mizanicaa ama Tu im problemis winaswari Seswavla, misi mdgomareobis<br />
“dazverva”. ix. agreTve: aRweriTi gamokvleva da analitikuri gamokvleva.<br />
dakvirveba — in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segrovebis meTodi (ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba<br />
eTnografiaSi, antropologiaSi da sociologiaSi), romlis drosac mkvlevari<br />
akvirdeba aqtor(eb)is moqmedebas. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben e.w. “ubralo” da<br />
“CarTul” (“monawile”) dakvirvebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevari aranairad ar<br />
ereva im movlenebSi, romlebsac akvirdeba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi is xSirad<br />
100
srulad iziarebs dakvirvebis obieqtTa yofas, monawileobas iRebs maT<br />
saqmianobaSi, esaubreba maT, raTa ukeT Seiswavlos maTi cxovreba.<br />
daxuruli kiTxvebi — kiTxvebis saxeoba sociologiur kiTxvarSi, romlebsac<br />
Tan axlavs pasuxis SesaZlo variantebis sia.<br />
demografia — mosaxleobis struqturis mecnieruli Seswavla, romelic<br />
awarmoebs mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdisa da Semcirebis, Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis,<br />
sicocxlis xangrZlivobis, migraciis analizs; agreTve, ganixilavs mis<br />
asakobriv, sqesobriv Tanafardobas da am maCveneblebis cvlilebebs. demografiuli<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segrovebis umTavresi wyaroa regularuli aRwera, romelic<br />
yvela saxelmwifoSi saSualod 10 weliwadSi erTxel tardeba.<br />
eTnografia — gansxvavebuli kulturis Seswavla da aRwera, romelic<br />
ZiriTadad <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong>s gamoyenebiT xdeba. eTnografiis ZiriTadi mizania<br />
cxovrebis gansxvavebuli wesebis gageba ise, rogorc es wesebi am kulturis<br />
warmomadgenlebs esmiT.<br />
eTika — profesiuli saqmianobis ganmsazRvreli principebis da normebis<br />
erToblioba, romelic ama Tu im profesiis zneobriv Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs.<br />
eTikuri normebi Tavmoyrilia eTikis kodeqsebSi.<br />
<strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> — <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis <strong>meTodebi</strong>s jgufi, romelic<br />
aerTianebs iseT meTodebs, rogorebicaa siRrmiseuli interviu, “cxovrebis istoria”,<br />
fokus-jgufi, dakvirveba, monografiuli gamokvleva, da sxv. es <strong>meTodebi</strong><br />
cnobilia rogorc “moqnili” <strong>meTodebi</strong> da raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>sagan gansxvavebiT<br />
miznad isaxavs ara Sesaswavli fenomenis raodenobrivi gavrcelebis<br />
suraTis dadgenas, aramed mis siRrmiseul Seswavlas.<br />
interviu — respondentis gamokiTxvis, misgan in<strong>for</strong>maciis miRebis procesi.<br />
interviu verbaluri in<strong>for</strong>maciis miRebis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli<br />
saSualebaa <strong>socialur</strong> kvlevebSi. misi ramdenime ZiriTadi tipi gamoirCeva,<br />
gamomdinare iqidan, ramdenad struqturirebulia interviu: struqturirebuli,<br />
nawilobriv struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli.<br />
interviueri — kvleviTi jgufis wevri, romelic uSualod esaubreba<br />
respondents, mimarTavs mas kiTxvaris kiTxvebiT da iniSnavs miRebul pasuxebs.<br />
interviueri ZiriTadad masobrivi gamokiTxvis procesSi gamoiyeneba.<br />
in<strong>for</strong>manti — CarTuli dakvirvebis dros mkvlevaris in<strong>for</strong>maciis erT-erTi<br />
ZiriTadi wyaro; Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgeneli, romelic exmareba<br />
mkvlevars am kulturis SeswavlaSi.<br />
kiTxvari — specialuri wesebis Tanaxmad Sedgenili kiTxvebis erToblioba,<br />
romelTac respondentebi pasuxoben masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros. gamokiTxvis<br />
tipidan gamomdinare, kiTxvari SeiZleba miZRvnili iyos mxolod erTi Temisadmi,<br />
an sxvadasxva Tematuri blokisagan Sedgebodes.<br />
kontent-analizi — sociologiuri kvlevis meTodi, romlis meSveobiTac<br />
Seiswavleba sxvadasxva tipis dokumentebi maTSi ama Tu im maCveneblebis gamovlenis<br />
sixSiris dafiqsirebis mizniT. termini iTargmneba qarTul enaze rogorc<br />
“Sinaarsis analizi”; is SeiZleba iyos rogorc raodenobrivi, aseve <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong>.<br />
masobrivi gamokiTxva — sociologiuri kvlevis yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli<br />
raodenobrivi meTodi, mosaxleobis azris Seswavla ama Tu im problemasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT misi reprezentatuli nawilis (SerCevis) gamokiTxvis<br />
safuZvelze. gamokiTxva xdeba <strong>for</strong>malizebuli kiTxvaris safuZvelze,<br />
specialuri wesebis Tanaxmad SerCeul respondentebTan.<br />
meTodi — ama Tu im saqmianobis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis konkretuli<br />
xerxi. <strong>socialur</strong> <strong>kvlevaSi</strong> — pirveladi in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segrovebis saSualeba. ix.<br />
agreTve: <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> <strong>meTodebi</strong> da raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis meTodika — pirveladi in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segrovebis,<br />
101
damuSavebis da gamoyenebis <strong>meTodebi</strong>s erToblioba.<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis meTodologia — samecniero kvlevis logika, romelic<br />
erTian sistemaSi aerTianebs mis principebs, wesebsa da meTodebs. <strong>socialur</strong><br />
<strong>kvlevaSi</strong> meTodologia ganixileba rogorc kvlevis Teoriuli safuZveli,<br />
ukavSirdeba mis problemur monaxazs da Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs<br />
gamokvlevis programaSi.<br />
moderatori — fokus-jgufis wamyvani, romelic SeiZleba iyos rogorc Tavad<br />
mkvlevari, aseve mowveuli piri.<br />
monografiuli gamokvleva — kvleviTi midgoma <strong>socialur</strong> mecnierebebSi,<br />
romelic ramdenime meTods aerTianebs; cnobilia, agreTve “SemTxvevis Seswavlis”<br />
saxeliT. es midgoma upirveles yovlisa gamoirCeva imiT, rom mis farglebSi<br />
mravali meTodi gamoiyeneba (upirveles yovlisa — CarTuli dakvirveba), savele<br />
samuSaoebi ki Zalian didi xnis manZilze grZeldeba. Tumca yvelaze xSirad<br />
monografiuli gamokvleva Tvisebriv meTodebTan asocideba, mis farglebSi<br />
raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong>c gamoiyeneba.<br />
naxevrad daxuruli kiTxvebi — kiTxvebis saxeoba sociologiur kiTxvarSi,<br />
romlebsac Tan erTvis pasuxis SesaZlo variantebis sia, magram, agreTve<br />
mocemulia damatebiTi varianti “sxva”, sadac respondentebs saSualeba eZlevaT,<br />
daafiqsiron gansxvavebuli azri, romelic ar iqna (an ver iqna) gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
gamokiTxvis organizatorebis mier.<br />
pirispir interviu — intervius yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeoba, romlis<br />
drosac interviueri pirispir esaubreba respondents da kiTxvarSi iniSnavs mis<br />
mier gacemul pasuxebs. pirispir interviu, rogorc wesi, respondentis binaze<br />
tardeba; misi xanrgZlivoba SeiZleba meryeobdes 20 wuTidan 60 wuTamde.<br />
intervius sxva saxeobebia satelefono da safosto interviu.<br />
raodenobrivi <strong>meTodebi</strong> — <strong>socialur</strong>i kvlevis <strong>for</strong>malizebuli <strong>meTodebi</strong>,<br />
romelTa gamoyenebac statistikur kanonzomierebebs emyareba da romlebic miznad<br />
isaxavs gamoavlinos ama Tu im <strong>socialur</strong>i fenomenis gavrceleba, misi gamovlenis<br />
sixSire. es iseTi <strong>meTodebi</strong>a, rogorc masobrivi gamokiTxva, kontent-analizi.<br />
reaqtiuloba — mkvlevris an kvleviTi situaciis gavlena aqtorebis<br />
saqcielsa da naTqvamze, kvlevis obieqtebis reaqcia im garemoebaze, rom<br />
mkvlevari Seiswavlis maT; gansakuTrebiT vlindeba CarTuli dakvirvebis<br />
warmoebis procesSi. ician ra, rom maT moqmedebas akvirdebian, adamianebi<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu rogor iqcevian, rogor epyrobian<br />
sxva adamianebs, ras da rogor amboben, da saboloo jamSi maTi saqcieli bunebrivi<br />
aRar aris, mkvlevris arseboba rom ara, isini ase ar moiqceodnen. reaqtiuloba<br />
adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciaa, magram dakvirvebis warmoebisas es Zalze<br />
seriozuli problemaa, vinaidan amaxinjebs miRebul Sedegebs.<br />
reprezentatuloba — mTavari moTxovna respondentTa SerCevisadmi<br />
masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros. reprezentatuloba gulisxmobs, rom<br />
SerCeva proporciulad asaxavs generaluri erTobliobis ZiriTad maCveneblebs,<br />
warmoadgens ra mis “mikromodels”.<br />
respondenti — adamiani, romelic kvlevis Catarebis dros in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
uSualo wyaroa, romlisganac mkvlevrebi iReben maTTvis saWiro in<strong>for</strong>macias;<br />
gamokiTxuli.<br />
sadiskusio gegma — kvlevis instrumenti, romelic gamoiyeneba siRrmiseuli<br />
intervius da fokus-jgufebis struqturirebis mizniT. esaa intervius savaraudo<br />
kiTxvebis sia. sadiskusio gegma ZiriTadad “Ria” kiTxvebisgan Sedgeba.<br />
savele samuSaoebi — termini, romliTac moixsenieba kvlevis Catrebisas<br />
pirveladi in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segrovebis procesi.<br />
satelefono gamokiTxva — masobrivi gamokiTxvis saxeoba, romelic tele-<br />
102
fonis meSveobiT tardeba. satelefono interviuebi, rogorc wesi, 10-15 wuTze<br />
met xans ar grZeldeba. satelefono gamokiTxvis Catarebisas gansakuTrebiT<br />
Znelia reprezentatulobis dacva.<br />
siRrmiseuli interviu — intervius saxeoba, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba<br />
Tvisebriv meTodebSi. esaa nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviu, romelic<br />
sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze warimarTeba da miznad isaxavs, Seityos<br />
respondentis ara mxolod damokidebuleba da pozicia, aramed motivaciebi.<br />
transkripti — intervius an fokus-jgufis audio-Canaweris qaRaldze<br />
gadatanis (“gaSifvris”) Sedegad miRebuli teqsti. Tvisebriv <strong>kvlevaSi</strong> xSirad<br />
swored transkriptis saxiT viRebT pirvelad (“nedl”) monacemebs, romelTa<br />
damuSavebac xdeba kvlevis Sedegebis analizis mizniT.<br />
fokus-jgufi — <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli meTodi,<br />
romelic aseve cnobilia “jgufuri diskusiis” saxeliT. rogorc wesi, fokusjgufSi<br />
6-dan 12-mde respondenti iRebs monawileobas; is warimarTeba<br />
sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze specialuri kvalifikaciis mqone wamyvanis,<br />
moderatoris mier.<br />
“Ria” kiTxva — kiTxvis saxeoba, romelic ar sTavazobs respondentebs pasuxis<br />
SesaZlo variantebs. am tipis kiTxvebi Zalian mizanSewonilia imdenad,<br />
ramdenadac isini minimalur gavlenas axdens respondnetTa pasuxebze, magram<br />
maTi statistikuri damuSaveba Zalian Sromatevadia, amitom Ria kiTxvebi ufro<br />
farTodaa gavrcelebuli, da ufro damaxasiaTebelia <strong>Tvisebrivi</strong> kvlevisTvis.<br />
SerCeva — wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac unda moxdes respondentTa SerCeva<br />
generaluri erTobliobis wevrebisagan. am process gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros, sadac SerCeva reprezentatuli unda<br />
iyos; Tvisebriv <strong>kvlevaSi</strong> SerCevis SedgenasTan dakavSirebiT naklebi moTxovna<br />
arsebobs.<br />
SerCeviTi erToblioba — respondentTa jgufi, romelsac Cven viRebT<br />
SerCevis Sedegad da romlebsac uSualod gamovkiTxavT. Tu SerCeva sworad<br />
ganxorcielda, SerCeviTi erToblioba generaluri erTobliobis<br />
reprezentatuli iqneba.<br />
“cxovrebis istoria” — siRrmiseuli intervius nairsaxeoba, romelic miznad<br />
isaxavs ama Tu im problemis Seswavlas respondentis cxovrebaSi am problemis<br />
adgilis, misi gavlenis dadgenis meSveobiT. ix. agreTve: biografiuli interviu.<br />
hipoTeza — mecnierulad dasabuTebuli varaudi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori<br />
pasuxia mosalodneli mkvlevris mier dasaxul kvleviT kiTxvebze. hipoTeza<br />
gamokvlevis programis aucilebeli nawilia.<br />
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Tinatin Zurabishvili<br />
QUALITATIVE METHODS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH<br />
Course outline<br />
As stated in the course syllabus, the main objectives of this 8-week course are two-fold:<br />
as a result of attending this course, the students will: (a) get familiar with the theory and<br />
history of qualitative research methods in social sciences; and (b) learn how to conduct<br />
various types of qualitative research which are most frequently used in the contemporary<br />
social research practice.<br />
Main topics covered in the course are outlined below.<br />
Week 1.<br />
Qualitative Methods in <strong>Social</strong> Research: Introduction and Historical Overview.<br />
Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour<br />
The first lecture offers introduction to qualitative research methods in social sciences.<br />
We start with discussion of the nature and distinctive features of qualitative research<br />
methods, which are compared with quantitative methods, such as surveys. We stress that,<br />
unlike quantitative research method results, qualitative data are not representative, which,<br />
however, does not mean that they are less scientific; they provide deeper understanding of<br />
the social world than the quantitative methods do, although they can not be generalized and<br />
claimed that their results are representative <strong>for</strong> the population under study.<br />
Qualitative research methods offer more flexibility to the researcher while doing field<br />
work. On the other hand, this leads to higher responsibility of the researcher, and poses<br />
specific ethnical issues, which will be covered more in detail later on.<br />
Major issues in the discussion of the nature of qualitative and quantitative research<br />
methods are connected with the idea that qualitative and quantitative methods of social<br />
research are of different, but not of opposite nature; they should be used appropriately in<br />
order to achieve reliable results. The model of “qualitative – quantitative interactive<br />
continuum” developed by Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz (1998) is introduced, which<br />
stresses the idea that the two groups of methods can mutually enrich the research.<br />
First lecture also offers a historical analysis of development of qualitative research<br />
methods, and a discussion of theoretical paradigms that lay behind qualitative and<br />
quantitative research methods<br />
At the end of the lecture, we discuss research design and the ways to develop it.<br />
Detailed analyses of components of research design are presented, in order to make the<br />
students familiar with the ways of thinking about new research projects and getting prepared<br />
to start one.<br />
At the end of the class, we will have discussion and/or Q&A session.<br />
Required readings <strong>for</strong> this week are:<br />
Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of <strong>Social</strong> Research. 10 th Edition. Belmont, Calif.:<br />
Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 288-298 (“Some Qualitative Filed Research Paradigms”).<br />
Michael Burawoy. 1991 “The Extended Case Method.” Pp. 271-287 in: Michael Burawoy et al.<br />
1991. Ethnography Unbound. Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkley: University of<br />
Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Press.<br />
Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research<br />
Methodology. Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University<br />
Press. Pp. 1-12 (“Qualitative-Quantitative Research: A False Dichotomy”).<br />
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John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. 1995. Analyzing <strong>Social</strong> Settings: A Guide to Qualitative<br />
Observation and Analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Pp. 101-122 (“Thinking Topics”).<br />
iago kaWkaWiSvili. 1998. “konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia.”<br />
// sociologiuri kvlevis <strong>meTodebi</strong>. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 1998. gv. 22-44.<br />
Recommended readings:<br />
Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of <strong>Social</strong> Research. 10 th<br />
Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 282-268 (“Qualitative Filed Research”).<br />
Edition. Belmont, Calif.:<br />
Howard S. Becker. 2001. “The Epistemology of Qualitative Research.” Pp. 317-330 in:<br />
Robert M. Emerson, ed. Contemporary Field Research. Perspectives and Formulations.<br />
Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.<br />
W. Lawrence Newman. 2003. <strong>Social</strong> Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative<br />
Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 363-381 (“Field Research”).<br />
В. Ядов. 1995. Социологическое исследование: методология, программа, методы.<br />
Изд-во «Самарский университет». С. 42-80 («Методология»).<br />
After the first lecture, students are required to prepare two assignments to be submitted<br />
two days prior the next class:<br />
a) Think of and bring a list of 5 issues which are suitable <strong>for</strong> qualitative research; and<br />
b) Come up with a research design of their own, where both theoretical and practical<br />
aspects of the proposed research will be considered; research proposals submitted by the<br />
students will be discussed during the next seminar.<br />
Week 2.<br />
In-Depth Interview<br />
Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours<br />
The first method that is covered in detail in terms of this course is in-depth interview.<br />
While introducing this method, we first distinguish between structured, semi-structured and<br />
non-structured interviews. In-depth interview is an example of semi-structured interviews<br />
which are conducted based on a discussion guide as a major research instrument, which,<br />
however, is not directive, and allows both researcher/interviewer and respondent to develop<br />
new issues not mentioned in the guide, provided that they are of interest to the study.<br />
After Robert S. Weiss, we consider in-depth interviewing as a process of collaboration<br />
between researcher and respondent. Use of open-ended questions stimulates<br />
development of the respondent’s narrative, which can be directed by the questions of the<br />
interviewer. We also discuss several probing techniques (silence, echo, baiting) that can<br />
help us get more in<strong>for</strong>mation, often – without interviewer’s injection in respondent’s narrative.<br />
We also discuss technical aspects of conducting in-depth interviews, such as selection<br />
and preparation of the setting; recording equipment; selection of respondents.<br />
In addition to general discussion about in-depth interview as qualitative research method<br />
in the social sciences, we consider two variations of in-depth interviewing, namely, life<br />
histories and biographic narrative interviews (Gail Kligman’s and Gabriele Cappai’s works<br />
are used to get better understanding of these types of in-depth interview).<br />
The lection finishes with the discussion of possibilities of analyzing in-depth interviews.<br />
In the end, we offer an example of how a Discussion Guide of an in-depth interview can<br />
look like, with a short review which emphasizes its major features.<br />
Homework assignments <strong>for</strong> this week are:<br />
1) to prepare a discussion guide which could be used to conduct a series of in-depth<br />
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interviews. An example of a discussion guide is presented in the appendix, which can help<br />
students to work on their own guide;<br />
2) to conduct 3 in-depth interviews based on this guide, and to discuss the process of<br />
conducting these, specifically focusing on the difficulties they encounter;<br />
3) the students are also required to transcribe one of these interviews – the one they<br />
think was the most successful.<br />
The most important and/or typical experiences reported by the students will be<br />
discussed during next meeting.<br />
Required readings <strong>for</strong> this week are:<br />
Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative<br />
Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. Pp. 121-150 (“Issues in Interviewing”).<br />
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and<br />
Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 206-220<br />
(“Unstructured Interviewing”).<br />
gabriele kapai. 2000. “biografiul-naratiuli interviu: Teoriuli<br />
winamZRvrebi da gamoyenebis xerxebi.” (Targmani wignidan: Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra<br />
realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identità nelle società<br />
multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag).<br />
Recommended readings:<br />
Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative<br />
Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. Pp. 61-120 (“Interviewing”).<br />
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and<br />
Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 449-488<br />
(“Some Traditions of Text Analysis”).<br />
Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s<br />
Romania. Berkley: University of Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Press. Pp. 148-205 (“Bitter Memories: The Politics<br />
of Reproduction in Everyday Life”).<br />
С. Белановский. 2000. Глубокое интервью. М.: Никколо М., 2000.<br />
Week 3.<br />
Focus Groups<br />
Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours<br />
We discuss focus group as a “group in-depth interview,” which, however, has several<br />
specific features, which are determined, first of all, by the fact that up to a dozen of<br />
respondents participate in a single focus group discussion. The greatest advantage of focus<br />
groups as a qualitative research method is that it gives the researchers the possibility to<br />
observe the process of <strong>for</strong>ming group judgments and/or decisions.<br />
A short review of the historical development of the focus groups in the social<br />
sciences focuses on Robert K. Merton’s and his colleagues’ work in this field. Major areas of<br />
use of focus groups in contemporary research practice are reviewed, namely, marketing<br />
research, social and political research; these are the areas where focus groups proved to be<br />
most effective, while there are some areas where it is not usually recommended to use focus<br />
groups – e.g., personal relationships; income.<br />
In the section devoted to the main features of this method, we discuss distinctiveness<br />
of focus groups, technical aspects of their preparation, selection of participants, and advises<br />
regarding how to conduct them, specifically focusing on the role and functions of the<br />
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moderator.<br />
Next section is devoted to the 10 most frequently used projective techniques that<br />
facilitate focus group discussions. These techniques are: verbal associations, finishing<br />
sentences, personification, stereotypes, collages, brand mapping, etc.<br />
Last section discusses the possibilities of analysis of the data obtained through focus<br />
group discussions. Analysis of focus group results is quite similar to the analysis of in-depth<br />
interview data, although there are several specific considerations, first of all – the level of<br />
analysis should be determined; although both individual and group level can be justified, our<br />
advise is to base analysis on the interplay of the two levels of analysis (Morgan 1997: 60).<br />
Two examples are offered in the end of this lecture, one of which is a possible<br />
discussion guide, and the other – a descriptive report of a research project based exclusively<br />
on focus groups. In addition, Appendix 1 offers a transcript of a focus group conducted with<br />
students of one of Georgian universities, where the causes of corruption in Georgian higher<br />
education are discussed.<br />
Homework assignments <strong>for</strong> this week are:<br />
1. To find out which projective techniques are used in the Discussion Guide presented<br />
in the Example 2.<br />
2. To write a Project Proposal on a given topic (“Causes of Corruption in the Georgian<br />
Higher Educational Institutions”); the project should be conducted using focus groups.<br />
3. To prepare a discussion guide which could be used to conduct a series of focusgroup<br />
discussions, where the students are required to use projective techniques they find<br />
suitable <strong>for</strong> the topic they choose.<br />
Our discussion classes will be based on the analysis of the students’ homework<br />
assignments; besides, we’ll watch a tape of a focus-group discussion and evaluate how it<br />
was conducted. If possible, I’ll try to arrange a visit to a research center where the students<br />
will have an opportunity to see a room designed <strong>for</strong> focus group discussions, with all<br />
necessary equipment.<br />
Required readings <strong>for</strong> this week are:<br />
David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition.<br />
Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Pp. 31-65.<br />
Richard A. Krueger. 2000. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide <strong>for</strong> Applied Research. Third<br />
edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Pp. 39-68; 97-124.<br />
maia araviaSvili, Tamar zurabiSvili. 2001. “narkomania: problemis Sefaseba<br />
axalgazrdebis mier.” // sociologia saqarTveloSi: Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da<br />
perspeqtivebi. Telavi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.<br />
Recommended readings:<br />
С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М.<br />
Week 4.<br />
Participant Observation<br />
Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour<br />
As we move towards non-verbal techniques of data collection, observation is obviously<br />
the first method to be introduced. In contrast with the interview techniques discussed during<br />
the previous weeks, observation takes place in the natural environment, which presents<br />
additional challenges to the researcher. Although a distinction will be made between nonparticipant<br />
and participant observation, we will focus on the latter, which is one of the most<br />
popular qualitative research methods.<br />
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Historically, participant observation was first developed by anthropologists and<br />
ethnographers, and was considered as a means to learn about distinctive culture.<br />
Contemporary participant observation as it is practiced by most social sciences, can be<br />
applied in modern as well as in non-modern societies; its major aim as well as its major<br />
advantage is the possibility to study a distinctive (sub)culture and explain its meanings as<br />
they are understood and interpreted by its members. Paradoxically, it is considered that<br />
studying unfamiliar cultures is usually more effective than researchers’ own culture, because<br />
in the latter case the researcher can not approach his/her own culture as a complete<br />
stranger.<br />
Participant observation is always a long-time commitment and usually takes years to<br />
collect the data. It starts with entering the field, establishing contact with the actors, finding<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mants. Characteristics of good in<strong>for</strong>mants are also discussed during the lecture.<br />
During the fieldwork, the researcher defines the exact focus of observations, starting<br />
with descriptive stage of observation and eventually arriving to selective observation.<br />
Fieldnotes are discussed in detail, as a way to document how the fieldwork proceeds.<br />
As an example of possible analytic strategy used by participant observers, W.F.White’s<br />
classical analysis of group structure in the Street Corner Society will be presented, to be<br />
further discussed during next week’s class.<br />
There is only one homework assignments <strong>for</strong> this week:<br />
The students are required to go to a public library in pairs, take different seats and<br />
observe what’s going on in the library <strong>for</strong> 3 hours. They are required to take notes during the<br />
observation, but not to share any observations with each other. Immediately after the<br />
observation, they have to write (again, separately) fieldnotes based on what they’ve<br />
observed, and submit them.<br />
Required readings <strong>for</strong> this week are:<br />
James P. Spradley. 1997. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and<br />
Winston. Pp. 53-62; 73-84; 100-111; 122-129.<br />
William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The <strong>Social</strong> Structure of an Italian<br />
Slum. Forth edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 3-51; 94-110; 279-373.<br />
Recommended readings:<br />
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and<br />
Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (“Participant<br />
Observation”).<br />
Week 5.<br />
Participant Observation (continued)<br />
Lecture, 1 hour; discussion, 3 hours<br />
During our fifth week, we continue to learn participant observation, in particular – how to<br />
write fieldnotes during the fieldwork, and how to trans<strong>for</strong>m them into the research report.<br />
Relatively little new material will be delivered during this week; instead, we will focus of<br />
detailed discussion of (a) fieldnotes submitted by the students as a result of observations<br />
they made, and (b) readings from White’s Street Corner Society.<br />
By next week, the students have to make final decisions regarding their course projects,<br />
so these discussions will be particularly helpful at this stage.<br />
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Week 6.<br />
Case Study<br />
Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour<br />
Case study is the final method considered in terms of this course. As in the case of<br />
participant observation, we will discuss this method during two week.<br />
First we will focus on the history of this method, which was introduced in the social<br />
sciences based on the experience of anthropologists. Experience of the Chicago School and<br />
their role in establishing this method are also discussed.<br />
Case studies are a lot in common with participant observation, but we consider the<br />
<strong>for</strong>mer as an even broader research approach, rather than a single method of collecting the<br />
data. As a multi-method approach, case studies employ a number of research techniques<br />
that help the researchers to collect the data; what is particularly specific with case studies,<br />
the methods used can be both qualitative and quantitative (e.g., surveys).<br />
As an example of early case study research, we will discuss a study of the 1930s<br />
conducted by Paul Lazarsfeld and his colleagues in the Austrian village of Marienthal. This<br />
study is very interesting <strong>for</strong> us mainly from the methodological perspective, use of many<br />
various techniques of data collection which are discussed in detail by the authors.<br />
Since there is no single way to conduct case study research, and there are no clear<br />
guidelines regarding site selection and data analysis, one of the best ways to learn about<br />
this method is to introduce more examples. So, the second study we will discuss in detail in<br />
this class is Mitchel Dunier’s Sidewalk, which is distinctive in a number of ways. We discuss<br />
several aspects of this study: the research question and how it was <strong>for</strong>mulated; its<br />
theoretical context and how Dunier fit his study into the particular one; methodology used by<br />
Dunier and, specifically, his relationships with the in<strong>for</strong>mants; use of photography in<br />
presenting the findings.<br />
Required readings <strong>for</strong> this week are:<br />
Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. Pp. 17-42, 231-<br />
289.<br />
James P. Spradley. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and<br />
Winston. Pp. 25-39 (“In<strong>for</strong>mants”).<br />
Recommended readings:<br />
Robert K. Yin. 2002. Applications of Case Study Research. Second edition. Sage<br />
Publications.<br />
James P. Spradley. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and<br />
Winston. Pp. 55-68 (“Interviewing an In<strong>for</strong>mant”).<br />
Week 7.<br />
Case Study (continued)<br />
Discussion, 2 hours; students’ presentations, 2 hours<br />
This week is focused on discussions. During the class, we will first discuss readings<br />
from the Sidewalk, focusing on the specific ways of conducting fieldwork and building<br />
relationships with in<strong>for</strong>mants.<br />
In the second part of the class, the students will present their research projects focusing<br />
on (a) their research questions; (b) sites; and (c) methodology they use to conduct the<br />
fieldwork. This will be our final discussion of students’ research projects be<strong>for</strong>e they finish<br />
and submit them.<br />
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Week 8.<br />
Ethics of Qualitative Research<br />
Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours<br />
It’s hard to overestimate significance of ethical issues while doing fieldwork. During our<br />
last class, we will focus on the responsibility of the researcher while doing fieldwork and the<br />
requirements of professional communities towards their members.<br />
Codes of ethics have been elaborated in a systematic way after the Second World War<br />
by professional associations of the social scientists in Europe and North America; other<br />
countries joined them later. Nowadays, most of the professional association are<br />
international, which leads to unification of ethical standards of the respective professional<br />
activity over the state boarders.<br />
Codes of ethics should be distinguished from the legal requirements, and from mutual<br />
responsibilities outlined in the contracts signed between the researchers and clients; during<br />
the class, we discuss the specific character of ethical norms.<br />
Two Codes of Ethics we are focusing on in this class are ICC/ESOMAR International<br />
Code of Marketing and <strong>Social</strong> Research Practice (ICC/ESOMAR, 1995) and Code of Ethics<br />
and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics (American<br />
Sociological Association, 1999). We focus on: (a) Rights of the respondents; (b) Rights of<br />
the clients who commission research; and (c) responsibility towards the society in general.<br />
Sanctions against those who violate ethical norms are discussed based on the hierarchy<br />
of sanctions in the ASA Code of Ethics.<br />
We will also discuss special rules that try to regulate publications of research results in<br />
the media, in order to avoid misin<strong>for</strong>mation and deception of public.<br />
Two case studies are presented during the class, to be discussed during the seminar;<br />
one is a CNN publication where survey results are presented, and the second is a paper<br />
where an ethnographer (Eric J. Arnould) discusses ethical dilemmas he faced while doing<br />
fieldwork in Chad.<br />
Homework assignments <strong>for</strong> this week are:<br />
1. the students are required to find on the web codes of ethics of several professional<br />
organizations whose members are involved in social research, and to compare these Codes;<br />
2. Assess the quality of presentation of the finding in the CNN publication distributed in<br />
class.<br />
3. Discuss the case study concerning ethical dilemmas that Eric J. Arnould faced during<br />
his fieldwork and provide their own assessment of the situation and best ways to deal with it.<br />
Required readings <strong>for</strong> this week are:<br />
W. Lawrence Newman. 2003. <strong>Social</strong> Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative<br />
Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 396-398 (“Ethical Dilemmas of Field<br />
Research”).<br />
Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of <strong>Social</strong> Research. 10 th Edition. Belmont, Calif.:<br />
Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 306-307 (“Research Ethics in Qualitative Field Research”).<br />
Eric J. Arnould. 1998. “Ethical Concerns in Participant Observation/Ethnography,” in<br />
Advances in Consumer Research 25: 72-74.<br />
ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and <strong>Social</strong> Research Practice.<br />
http://www.esomar.org/esomar/show/id=65961<br />
American Sociological Association. 1997. Code of Ethics.<br />
http://www.asanet.org/members/ecoderev.html<br />
American Sociological Association Committee on Professional Ethics. 1997. Policies<br />
and Procedures. http://www.asanet.org/members/en<strong>for</strong>ce.html<br />
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In the Appendix 1, a transcript of a focus group interview is presented.<br />
In the Appendix 2, a Short Glossary of the terms used in qualitative research practice is<br />
presented. This is a concise reference <strong>for</strong> the students, where only terms covered in terms of<br />
this particular course are explained. Nevertheless, I hope this will be helpful <strong>for</strong> the students,<br />
given that some of them may not be familiar with any vocabulary connected with research<br />
practice, and few of the terms used in this course are already established in Georgian (some<br />
are not fully established even in English).<br />
Over 40 terms are defined in this glossary, e.g.: actor; respondent; in-depth interview;<br />
biographic interview; life history; research design; observation; close-ended questions; openended<br />
questions; ethnography; ethics; qualitative methods; quantitative methods; content<br />
analysis; focus group; moderator; case-study; fieldwork; discussion guide, transcript;<br />
hypothesis, et al. The terms and in (Georgian) alphabetical sequence.<br />
This Glossary, however, is not the only one the students will be using; they will be<br />
encouraged to consult academic social science dictionaries.<br />
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