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socialur mecnierebaTa seriamsofliopolitikisglobalizaciamomzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centrisakademiuri stipendiis safuZvelzesaleqcio kursisocialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvisvaleri meliqiZeTbilisi2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seriamTavari redaqtori:enobrivi redaqtori:marine CitaSvililia kaWaravadakabadoneba, ydis dizaini:giorgi bagrationi© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006© Center for Social Sciences, 2006q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10el. fosta: contact@ucss.geinternet gverdi: www.ucss.gewigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa centris~(Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Riasazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxardaWerisprogramis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiTThe book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored bythe OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP)of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 1 - 5

s a r C e v iSesavali ..................................................................................................................................... 4Tavi 1. globalizaciisa da msoflio politikis Teoriebi ................................. 16konkretuli SemTxveva (Case-Study) 1ori sazogadoebrivi sistema— asparezoba grZeldeba? ............................. 17Tavi 2. msoflio politikis globalizacia ............................................................... 24konkretuli SemTxveva (Case-Study) 2amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi — “uxaliso imperia” .................................... 51Tavi 3. ekonomikuri ganviTareba da msoflio politikis globalizacia...... 60konkretuli SemTxveva (Case Study) 3terorizmi — msoflio politikis axali ZiriTadi moTamaSe? ................ 74Tavi 4. zogierTi globaluri problema. demografiuli da ekologiuriproblemebi........................................................................................................................ 88Tavi 5. zogierTi globaluri problema globaluri. teqnologiebi,kultura msoflio urTierTobebSi ...................................................................... 101daskvna — globaluri politika erayis Semdeg ....................................................... 109Globalization of World Politics......................................................................................122gv.3

aSkaraa, rom yvela aseTi xasiaTis ganmarteba, miuxedavad imisa, is Zalian zogadia, Tuzedmetad detaluri, ar xsnis globalizaciis arss da ar pasuxobs kiTxvebze ratom Ddarogor? maT safuZvelze faqtiurad SeuZlebelia msoflio politikis globalizaciismizezebisa da Sedegebis adekvaturi Sefaseba, rac am kursis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens.amasTan dakavSirebiT, specialurad am kursisaTvis SemuSavebulia globalizaciisganmarteba, romelic, avtoris azriT, ufro Sesabamisia Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareprocesebisadmi da maTi ganzogadebuli aRqmis saSualebas iZleva.es ganmartebaa — globalizacia aris urTierTobaTa sistema, romlis farglebSicmsoflios wamyvan moTamaSes da/an moTamaSeTa jgufs (uSualod an Tavisiwarmomadgenlebis meSveobiT) SeuZlia(T) iseTi procesebis inicireba da maTze ama Tuim saxiT gavlenis moxdena, romlebic saboloo jamSi ganapirobeben sazogadoebriviganviTarebis tendenciebs msoflios masStabiT.rac Seexeba msoflios wamyvan moTamaSeebs, isini SeiZleba iyvnen warmodgenilinebismieri subieqtiT, romelic uSualod monawileobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSian Seswevs unari gavlena moaxdinos gadawyvetilebis miRebaze sxvebis mier. e.i. aseTiSesaZlebelia gaxdes nebismieri kerZo pirovneba, sazogado moRvawe Tu organizacia(kerZo, sajaro, erovnuli Tu zeerovnuli, saxelmwifo Tu arasamTavrobo), visac SeuZliamoaxdinos iseTi gadawyvetilebis iniciireba, romelsac saboloo jamSi mosdevs msofliomasStabis sistemuri cvlilebebi.bunebrivia, rom dResdReobiT udides umetesoba SemTxvevebSi aseTebad gvevlinebiansuverenuli saxelmwifoebi romelTac ZiriTadad gaaCniaT aseTi cvlilebebis generirebisunari. 8 garda amisa, imisaTvis, rom esa Tu is cvlileba efeqturad ganxorcieldes, saWiroamisi kodificireba, formalizacia da legalizacia saerTaSoriso Tu erovnul doneebze.es isevdaisev mianiSnebs saxelmwifoebs rogorc globalizaciis mTavar agentebs.globalizacias safuZvlad udevs procesi, romelic cnobilia rogorc — eqspansia —(laTinuridan expansio — gafarToveba, gavrceleba) — anu [raRacis] zomis, moculobis,raodenobisa an zRvaris gafarTovebaze mimarTuli qmedeba. faqtiurad globalizaciaSesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes rogorc — [dedamiwis sasrul sivrceSi] logikur zRvarsmiRweuli eqspansia.samwuxarod qarTul enaSi am nasesxeb termins civi omis periodis Semdeg sakmaodSelaxuli reputacia aqvs. is ZiriTadad nagatiurad aRiqveba, radganac tradiciuladixmareboda iseT SesityvebebSi rogorebicaa “imperialisturi (komunisturi, koloniurida a.S.) eqspansia”.sinamdvileSi eqspansia ZiriTadad aris Sida sistemuri problemebis mogvarebisstandartuli instrumenti, romelic amas aRwevs am problemebis sistemis gareT gatanisxarjze. iTvleba, rom mas Zalian xSirad mimarTaven susti reJimebi, romlebic cdilobenTavisi ususurobis miCqmalvas saSinao problemebis mezoblebze gadabralebis gziT(magaliTad, ixileT argentinis samxedro reJimis konfliqti did britaneTTanfolklendis kunZulebis gamo 1982 wels an sadamiseuli erayis mier quveiTis okupacia 1990wels).msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebisaTvis mainc ukve sakmaod didi xnis manZilze eqspansiaaris procesi, romelic ara marto uSualod eqvemdebareba dagegmvas, aramed xSiradgegmiuri RonisZiebis xasiaTs atarebs. sakuTriv eqspansiis realizaciis konkretulmeqanizmebs principuli mniSvneloba ara aqvT. is SeiZleba iyos politikuri, ekonomikuri,kulturuli da a.S.msoflios ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze samxedro eqspansia am wamyvaniqveynebisaTvis gamonakliss warmoadgens. mas rogorc ukidures saSualebas mimarTaven,Tumca arc ise didixnis win is eqspansiis ZiriTad saxes warmoadgenda.“gegmiuri” eqspansia orientirebulia konkretul, sasrul Sedegze da mimdinareobskontrolirebad garemoSi. amis tipuri magaliTia evrogaerTianebis gafarToveba.miuxedavad misi udidesi mniSvnelobisa, is globaluri procesis xasiaTs (e.i. daaxloebiT —“gaumarjos “evroglobalur” gaerTianebas!”) ver miiRebs, radganac amisaTvis evropelebsarc sakmarisi motivacia aqvT da verc sakmaris energias daagroveben.savaraudoa, rom globalizacias, fizikidan motanil analogias Tu vixmarT - ormagibuneba aqvs. iseve rogorc sinaTle, romelic talRac aris da diskretuli nawilakebic,globalizaciac erTdroulad situaciacaa da procesic. globalizaciis procesebismimdinareoba SesaZlebelia mxolod gansazRvruli situaciis farglebSi, magram TviT am5

situaciis arseboba, Tavis mxriv, am procesebis mimdinareobazea damokidebuli.principSi globalizaciis procesebi SeiZleba SevadaroT talRebs, romlebic Tavisiwyarodan sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT vrceldebian. yvelaze axlo analogia am SemTxvevaSiwyalSi Cagdebuli qviT Seqmnili koncentruli talRebia an calkeul SemTxvevebSimiwisZvrisa, an birTvuli afeTqebis Semdeg agorebuli seismuri talRa, romelic dedamiwisqerqSi, Tu wyalSi vrceldeba.aseTi talRebis (procesebis) wyaroebi dedamiwaze uamravia (principSi nebismierigadawyvetilebis mimRebi organo), magram maTi “simZlavre” ZiriTadad mcirea da maqsimumlokaluri gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia. dResdReobiT faqtiurad arsebobs erTaderTiwyaro, romelsac iseTi procesebis generirebis unari Seswevs, romlebic mTeli dedamiwismasStabiT vrceldeba, da ramdenime ufro mcire wyaro, romlebsac SeuZliaT SesadarisimZlavris procesebis generireba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini ZiriTadi wyaros “sixSireze”muSaoben.talRebi SeiZleba wyarodan yvela mimarTulebiT vrceldebodes, an SedarebiTintensiuri, viwrod mimarTuli iyos. nebismier SemTxvevaSi iseTi procesebi, romlebTacmosdevT cvlilebebi, msoflio masStabiT, faqtiurad ar eqvemdebarebian kontrols.Tumca maT iniciatorebs SeuZliaT maTze gavlenis moxdena naklebad an aragarantirebuliSedegebiT.imis gamo, rom garemo, romelSic es talRebi (procesebi) vrceldeba, friadaraerTgvarovania, isini sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva siCqariT vrceldebian,SesaZloa gaZlierdnen sxva Sesadari tipis procesebTan Sexebis Sedegad (interferencia)an, piriqiT, Caqrnen. maT SeuZliaT sagrZnoblad Seicvalon xasiaTi (sawinaaRmdegomdec ki),gamovlenis forma da aseTi saxiT miubrundnen mis iniciatorebs.dResdReobiT fizikuri sivrcis gadalaxva an fizikuri winaaRmdegobis daZlevaglobaluri procesebis iniciatorebisaTvis problemas faqtiurad aRar warmoadgens.procesebis damaxinjeba, Seneleba, Caqroba xdeba ZiriTadad politikur, ekonomikur,socialur, kulturul sivrceeebSi. amitomac xSirad globaluri procesebis wyarosTanaxlos mdebare teritoriebi SeiZleba an gamoTiSuli iyvnen maTgan an gvian dadamaxinjebulad aRiqvamdnen. da, piriqiT, Sors ganlagebuli, am procesebis srulfasovani,aqtiuri monawileebi xdebodnen.amave dros arsebobs eqspansiis naklebad kontrolirebadi, spontanuri procesi,romelic absoluturi Sedegebis misaRwevad miiRwvis. aseTi tipis eqspansia yovelTvisgamonaklisis saxiT gvxvdeboda da kacobriobis “daRvinebasTan” erTad misi gamovlinebaabsolutur minimumamde daeca. Tumca swored aseTi saxis eqspansiasTanaa dakavSirebuliyvela msxvilmastabiani cvlilebebi jer regionalur, xolo Semdgom globalur doneze,romelic kacobriobas ganucdia. dResdReobiT erTaderTi sazogadoeba, romelsac SeswevsaseTi tipis eqspansiis unari, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, Tumca am SemTxvevaSic esprocesi aSkarad ukve Tavis piks gadacdenilia da sul ufro da ufro atarebs pirvelitipis eqspansiis xasiaTs.situacia, romelic iwvevs aseTi tipis eqspansiis warmoqmnas, rogorc Cans, nebismierieTnosis arsebobis manZilze xdeba erTxel — rodesac is iwyebs sakuTari Tavis, rogorciseTi erTobis aRqmas, romelsac Seswevs unari daupirispirdes gare samyaros. 9 am droseTnosi savsea energiT, mousvenaria, misTvis ar arsebobs gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegobebi, isuaRresad motivirebulia maqsimaluri Sedegis misaRwevad. 10 rac ufro mniSvnelovania, masSeswevs unari moaxdinos ideebis generireba, Seqmnas axali faseulobebi. is aqtiuria,flobs iniciativas, im dros, rodesac yvela danarCeni eTnosebi mxolod reagireben mismoqmedebaze. misi Sinagani energia moiTxovs gamosavals da adre Tu gvian gardauvladxdeba misi “amofrqveva” gare eqspansiis saxiT.etyoba gvxvdeba fsevdo situaciebic, romlebic iwveven spontanuris magvar eqspansias,Tumca aseTi faqtiurad yovelTvis warumateblad mTavrdeba. es xdeba didi istoriuliZvrebis (omebis, revoluciebis) Sedegad, Tu aseTi Zvris obieqtSi jer kidev arsebobssakmarisi Sinagani energia. magram aseTi eTnosi saWiroebs xelovnur ideologiurmotivacias, qarizmatul liders da mkacr (xSirad represiul) organizacias. klasikurimagaliTebi — germanelebi hitleris da rusebi stalinis dros.aseT situaciaSi myofi eTnosi axorcielebs eqspansias ara imitom, rom mas ase unda an ismis uSualo moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs, aramed imitom, rom ase marTebs. saqme gvaqvs6

kvazibunebriv procesTan, romelic faqtobrivad niutonis pirveli kanonis SesabamisadviTardeba — e.i. procesi mimdinareobs iqamde, sanam SeuZlia garemos winaaRmdegobisdaZleva. is TavisTavad sakmaod martivia da sworxazovani.aseTi spontanuri eqspansiis warmatebuli realizaciis yvelaze cnobili magaliTebia:• aleqsandre makedonelis laSqroba;• romis imperiis Seqmna;• muhamedis droindeli arabebis eqspansia;• monRol_TaTarTa dapyrobebi;• espaneTisa da britaneTis koloniuri imperiebis Seqmna;• me-20 saukunis meore naxevris aSS-s globaluri eqspansia.EeTnosTa sidides umetes SemTxvevaSi principuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs — maT SeswevTunari aiyolion da Tavis interesebSi gamoiyenon sxva xalxebi, maTze bevrad ufromravalricxovani, ise, magaliTad, rogorc es moaxerxes monRolebma, romlebsac sakuTarwarmatebebs ZiriTadad TaTrebis xeliT miaRwies.amave dros, Semdegi faqtorebi TamaSoben xSirad gadamwyvet rols spontanurieqspansiebis ganviTarebasa da warmatebaSi:1. eTnosis geografiuli mdebareoba eqspansiis uSualo winamaval periodSi da mis sawyisetapze. es faqtori ganapirobebs, gadaurCeba Tu ara eTnosi konsolidaciis winagardauval kriziss (samoqalaqo dapirispirebas, oms, a.S.); agreTve, Tu ra winaaRmdegobas(bunebrivs, adaminurs) gadaeyreba is eqspansiis procesSi, ra mimarTulebiT wava eqspansia.2. kulturis tipi — romelic ganapirobebs ara marto eTnosis organizaciis formas damis efeqturobas eqspansiis procesSi, aramed (rac ufro mniSvnelovania) ramdenadefeqturad SesZlebs is monapovaris aTvisebasa da SenarCunebas.garda amisa warmatebuli eqspansiisa da misi Sedegebis SesanarCuneblad eTnosisteqnikuri SeiaraRebis done an unda aRematebodes, an minimum toli unda iyos misiZiriTadi mowinaaRmdegeebisa.rogorc zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan sCans, yvela SemTxvevaSi eqspansiis SedegadaTvisebuli sivrce uzarmazari iyo. ukve espaneTis eqspansia Tavisi gamovleniTglobalurs uaxlovdeboda, magram mxolod me-19 saukunis meore naxevris evropulmakoloniurma eqspansiam daudo dasabami globalizacias rogorc aseTs. ram gamoiwvia esgadamwyveti xarisxobrivi cvlileba kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi?1. sabazro urTierTobebis da kerZo sakuTrebis damkvidreba msoflios wamyvanqveynebSi saSualebas iZleoda efeqturad, didi mogebiT gamoeyenebinaT isresursebi, romlebzec es qveynebi amyarebdnen kontrols, eqspansiis Sedegad.espaneTi, sadac misi warmatebis pikze aseTi urTierTobebis natamalic ki ar iyo,faqtiurad “daalpa” amerikaSi daxvavebul uzarmazar simdidres, radganac isganviTarebasa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebaze ver mimarTa;2. samrewvelo revoluciis Sedegad msoflios wamyvanma qveynebma miiResteqnologiebi, romlebmac ara marto uzomod gazardes maTi saSualebebimoepovebinaT, gadaezidaT da efeqturad gadaemuSavebinaT maT gankargulebaSiaRmoCenili resursebi, aramed moepovebinaT informacia potenciul Tu realurmowinaaRmdegeze, miewodebinaT is gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pirebisaTvis, moexdinaTswrafi reagireba msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi Seqmnil situaciebze iq damatebiTiresursebis (jaris, teqnikis) gadasrolis xarjze, ezrunveleyoT gadamwyvetiupiratesoba mowinaaRmdegeze brZolis velze. faqtiurad globalizaciis pirvelietapi dafuZnebuli iyo orTqlis gemze, rkinigzaze, telegrafsa da SaSxanaze(mogvianebiT tyviamfqvevze);3. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis axali sistemis Seqmna, romlis farglebSi nebismiermoqalaqes SeeZlo Segnebulad, daZalebis gareSe mieRo monawileoba misi qveynismier inicirebul procesebSi, daecva misi interesebi da SeeZlo am procesSimoxveWili simdidre legalurad gamoeyenebina sakuTari gamdidrebisaTvis.miuxedavad imisa, rom mas Semdeg globalizaciam ganicada rigi mniSvnelovanicvlilebebisa, mas axasiaTebs ramdenime ucvleli ZiriTadi principi -a/ mniSvneloba ara aqvs romeli qveyana, qveyanaTa jgufi Tu nebismieri sxva subieqtiarian globalizaciis procesebis iniciatorebi. me-19 saukunis meore naxevrisglobalizacia ZiriTadad didi britaneTisa da dasavleTis rigi sxva wamyvanisaxelmwifoebis koloniuri eqspansiis Sedegi iyo. Mmeore msoflio omis Semdgomi7

globalizacia — ori antagonisturi socialuri sistemis (kapitalizmisa da socializmis)konkurenciis Sedegi. iniciatorTa Soris SeiZleba moxvdes faqtiurad nebismierimoTamaSe, romelsac regularulad, sakmao drois manZilze SeuZlia imdenad Zlieriprocesis (procesebis) generireba, rom misi Sedegebi saboloo jamSi aRiqmeba mTeldedamiwaze. 11globalizaciis (globalizaciuri) procesia iseTi, romlis mimdinareobac iwvevsxarisxobriv cvlilebebs sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis sistemebSi globalurimasStabiT an sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis axali trendis formirebas. ar aris aucilebeliaseT process globaluri gamovlena hqondes. aseTi procesebis magaliTebs meocesaukuneSi miekuTvneba, vTqvaT, ruzveltiseuli “axali kursi” 1930-ian wlebSi aSS-Si, meoremsoflio omi, ssrk-is daSla. globaluria nebismieri procesi, romelic planetarulimasStabiT vlindeba. is SesaZloa daemTxves globalizaciis process, Tumca es aucilebeliar aris.b/ ara aqvs mniSvneloba, romel sferoSi (politikurSi, ekonomikurSi, kulturulSi . . . )xdeba am procesebis inicireba.g/ nebismieri qveyana Tu sxva subieqti, romelsac xelewifeba globaluri procesebisinicireba Tavis moqmedebaSi pirvel rigSi sakuTari moTxovnilebebidan da interesebidangamodis. faqtiurad SesaZlebelia vilaparakoT, rom globalizacia aris lokaluriprocesebis globaluri gamovlena. arc erTi procesi, romelsac mosdevs cvlilebebiglobalur doneze, ar aris Tavidanve Cafiqrebuli rogorc aseTi. xSirad “pirveladibiZgi” SeiZleba sakmaod susti iyos, magram ganviTarebis procesSi uzomod gadiddes daglobaluri xasiaTi miiRos, Tu xelsayrel pirobebSi moxvda — e.w. “peplis efeqti”.d/ globalizacia, Zalian farTo gagebiT, qmnis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs, TumcamsoflioSi momqmedi ama Tu im moTamaSis unari gamoiyenos es SesaZleblobebi sakuTarimiznebis misaRwevad, warmoadgens friad gansxvavebul problemas, romelic unda gadawydesara globalur, aramed adgilobriv doneze.garda amisa, globalizaciis Tanamedrove etapi, agreTve, xasiaTdeba rigi kargadgamoxatuli Taviseburebebisa, romlebic sakmarisia, imisaTvis, raTa masze mkafiowarmodgena SeviqmnaT.1. yvela procesi globalizaciis farglebSi Riaa da ormxrivi. arsebobs ukukavSirebiprocesebis iniciatorebsa da maT obieqtebs Soris. e.i. nebismieri iniciativa ama Tuim saxiT gardauvlad ase Tu ise ubrundeba iniciators. es ukureaqcia principSiSeiZleba gautoldes an aRematebodes kidec TviT am iniciativas. nebismieriiniciativa msoflio masStabiT gavrcelebis procesSi gardauvlad icvlis saxes,maxinjdeba; SesaZlebelia saboloo jamSi Tavisi sawinaaRmdego saxec ki miiRos.2. nebismier qveyanas SeuZlia airCios, SeuerTdes Tu ara am procesebs da ra saxiT.Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi es arCevani, rogorc amas uwin sabWoTa kavSirSi uwodebdnen— nebayoflobiT-daZalebiTia. aseTi “SeerTebis” wesebi da pirobebi cnobilia,Tumca naklebad formalizebuli. saboloo jamSi, isini SesaZlebelia dayvanil iqnensabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebamde, konkurentuli bazrebis Seqmnamde, sazRvrebisgaxsnamde saqonlisa da kapitalis Tavisuflad gadasaadgileblad datransnacionaluri korporaciebis SeuzRudav daSvebaze im qveynebis saSinaobazrebze, romlebic globalizaciis procesebis gavlenas ganicdian. es mkveTradzrdis nebismieri calke aRebuli qveynis pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari keTildReobisuzrunvelyofisaTvis. 12 warumateblobis SemTxvevisaTvis damcavi meqanizmebiarsebobs, magram sakmaod arasrulyofili, da maTi gamoyeneba xSirad mevaxSis xelSiCavardnis tolfasia.3. msoflios wamyvani qveynebis upiratesoba sxvebTan SedarebiT imdenad didia, romisini aRar warmoadgenen “daxurul klubs”, rogorc es globalizaciis dasawyisSiiyo. maT ar eSiniaT dedamiwaze meritokratiuli sistemis arsebobisa. piriqiT,globalizaciis procesebis farglebSi nebismier qveyanas uqmnian “SesaZleblobaTasarkmels” (zogs ramdenjerme), romelic nebismiers SeuZlia gamoiyenos imisaTvis,rom wamyvan saxelmwifoTa ricxvs SeuerTdes (rasakvirvelia, Tu amis unari gaaCnia).4. dRevandeli teqnologiebi (marTvis, komunikaciuri, informaciis damuSavebis,samxedro da a.S.) iseTia, rom msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoebs dedamiwis nebismierkuTxeSi SeuZliaT sakuTari interesebis dacva teritoriaze uSualo samxedro Tuadministraciuli kontrolis damyarebis gareSe. Aaqedan gamomdinare:- globalizaciis procesebi SerCeviTia. isini SesaZlebelia wertilovani gavlenis8

doneze xorcieldebodes. yvelaferTan erTad es tovebs globalizaciis CarCoebs gareTara marto calkeul qveynebs, aramed mTel regionebs. Tu aseT adgilebSi globalizaciisgavlena ama Tu im saxiT mainc igrZnoba, mxolod imitom, rom didi procesebiskontrolireba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia da informaciuli Tu materialuri nakadebisraRaca nawili mainc “epareba” ZiriTad kalapots.- msoflios wamyvani qveynebis formaluri da faqtiuri pasuxismgebloba dedamiwazemimdinare (m.S. uSualod maT mier wamowyebuli) procesebis Sedegebze SedarebiT mcirdeba.maT faqtiurad SeuZliaT, umetes SemTxvevaSi zurgi Seaqcion im procesebsa da movlenebs,romlebSic uSualo Careva maT konkretul interesebSi ar Sedis da Semoifarglon carielidemagogiiT. es mkveTrad ganasxvavebs globalizacias Tanamedrove etaps misidasawyisisagan, rodesac koloniuri imperiebi iZulebulebi iyvnen ase Tu ise Careuliyvnenplanetaze mimdinare procesebis umetesobaSi, radganac isini maT mier uSualodkontrolirebadi teritoriebis farglebSi mimdinareobda.is, rom aSS da misi mokavSireebi dResdReobiT gadamwyvet rols TamaSobenglobalizaciuri procesebis warmoCenasa da realizaciaSi, ar niSnavs imas, romglobalizacia am qveynebis SeTqmulebis Sedegia, rogorc es bevrs miaCnia. ubralodsazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze es saxelmwifoebi warmoadgenen amprocesis yvelaze aqtiur agentebs da Sesabamisad yvelaze intensiurad ganicdian miszegavlenas. aseTi “ganviTarebis agentebis” roli kacobriobis istoriaSi uamrav sxvaeTnossa Tu saxelmwifos uTamaSia. gadis dro, ganviTarebis erT etaps axali cvlis da isinigardauvlad uTmoben adgils sxva, ufro aqtiur da mizandasaxul eTnosebs. aseTiaganviTarebis logika. 13erT-erTi mTavari gaugebroba, romelic globalizaciis procesTanaa dakavSirebuliisaa, rom misgan raRaca konkretul Sedegs moelian (dadebiTs, Tu uaryofiTs). asemagaliTad, mravali weli mimdinareobs diskusia imis Sesaxeb, zrdis Tu ara globalizaciaadamianebis keTildReobas. 14 sinamdvileSi globalizacia, rogorc aseTi, rogorcnebismieri bunebrivi (am SemTxvevaSi kvazi-bunebrivi) procesi absoluturad neitraluriamisi gavlenis obieqtebis mimarT. amitom principulad arasworia misi xarisxobriviSefaseba.rogor gavlenas axdens globalizacia ama Tu im saxelmwifosa Tu eTnosze,damokidebulia, pirvel rigSi, imaze, es ukanaskneli ramdenad kargad auRebs mas alRos daSeZlebs mis gamoyenebas sakuTar interesebSi.saerTod, ar Rirs adamianis nebis rolis gadaWarbeba iseTi masStabis movlenaSi,rogoricaa globalizacia. adamianis nebazea damokidebuli Segnebuli gadawyvetilebismiReba, romelsac mosdevs konkretuli qmedeba. gadaizrdeba Tu ara es qmedeba procesSi,xolo, Tavis mxriv, gaxdeba Tu ara es procesi globaluri masStabis, adamianis nebasurvilzenaklebadaa damokidebuli. ase rom ar iyos, maSin realuri gaxdeboda “Deutchlanduber alles” tipis scenarebis realizacia, rac madloba RmerTs — ararealuria.globalizacia ar warmoadgens ama Tu im movlenis dedamiwis farglebSi gavrcelebisprocess — vTqvaT satelefono xazebis an televizorebis, internetis momxmarebelTaraodenobis, saerTaSoriso finansuri transaqciebis intensifikaciis, transnacionalurikorporaciebis gavlenis, erTiani kulturuli faseulobebis, bolos da bolos,makdonaldsebis an amerikuli kinos gavrcelebis da a.S., rogorc es sazogadod (m.S. bevrimecnieris mier) aRiqveba. sinamdvileSi yvelaferi CamoTvlili ara globalizaciaa, aramedmisi meoradi Sedegi (xSirad gauTvaliswinebeli), SeiZleba vixmaroT sityva “simptomic” ki.Gglobalizacis arsi mdgomareobs im Rrma struqturul cvlilebebSi TanamedrovesazogadoebaSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, qmnian pirobebs yvela zemoT CamoTvlili movlenissaarsebod. SeuZlebelia internetis danergva da gavrceleba mTels msoflioSi (Tugindamisi teqnologia arsebobdes) Tu ar arsebobs universalurad aRiarebuli da xSiraddakanonebuli principi informaciis gacvlis Tavisuflebisa. verc erTi korporacia,ragind didi ar unda iyos is, ver gaxdeba transnacionaluri, Tu qveynebi, romelSic ismoqmedebs, ar aRiareben Tavisufali vaWrobisa da kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobisprincips (Tugind daZalebiT, da Tugind mxolod am ucxouri kompaniebis mimarT).globalizaciis ZiriTadi konkretuli Sedegi isaa, rom man aqcia dedamiwa ziarWurWlad, romlis romelime calke aRebuli nawilis izolacia ama Tu im mocemulisazogadoebrivi procesisagan principulad SeuZlebelia. Tumca TviT am procesebisgavrcelebis siCqare friad araerTgvarovania da SeiZleba meryeobdes ramdenime saaTidan9

(informacia), vidre ramdenime aTeul wlamde (cvlilebebi ama Tu im sazogadoebissocialur struqturaSi, faseulobebis sistemaSi, tradiciebSi, cxovrebis wesSi da a.S.).globalizaciis Sedegebis nawili vlindeba globaluri sistemebis SeqmnaSi, romlebicmkafiod gamoxatul qselur xasiaTs atareben. dResdReobiT dedamiwa faqtobrivadgadafarulia sawarmoo, finansuri, savaWro, satransporto, sakomunikacio, sainformacioda a.S. qselebiT. erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli qselebi viTardebian, arseboben sabazroekonomikuri urTierTobebis farglebSi da qmnian globalur ekonomikur sistemas. amsistemaSi horizontaluri kavSirebi aSkarad dominireben vertikalurze, mas ar gaaCniaerTiani samarTavi centri, is didwilad TviTregulirebadia da funqcionirebis procesSinakleb yuradRebas aqcevs msoflioSi arsebul formalur sazRvrebs. 15rasakvirvelia, qselebis sixSire araeTgvarovania — ganviTarebul msoflioSi (aSS-sokeaneebisa da didi tbebis mimdebare arealebi, dasavleTi evropa, iaponia da a.S.) ismaqsimaluria, xolo mesame msoflioSi am qselebSi uzarmazi sicarielebia damcirericxovani ganviTarebis centrebi erTmaneTisagan didi manZilebiTaa daSorebuli(ixileT, magaliTad, ruseTis uralis aRmosavleTiT ganlagebuli regionebi, Tumcaformalurad es magaliTi mesame msoflios ar exeba, anda igive afrika _ ix. danarTi 1.).es qselebi ierTeben maTTvis mniSvnelovan bazrebs, sawarmoebsa Tu pirovnebebs, maSinrodesac danarCenebi maTgan gaTiSulebi rCebian, da es SeiZleba moxdes (da xdeba kidec)nebismieri calke aRebuli qveynis, regionis, dasaxlebuli punqtis da zogjer sawarmosaTu firmis farglebSi.is, rom es qselebi globaluria, imas ar niSnavs, rom maTze modis dedamiwaze arsebuliSesabamisi nakadebisa Tu infrastruqturuli elementebis udidesi nawili. maTiglobaluroba gamoixateba Semdeg maxasiaTeblebSi — a/isini icaven erTsa da imave [maTTvisdamaxasiaTebel] TamaSis wesebs ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra konkretul adgilobrivpirobebSi da dedamiwis romel kuTxeSi uxdebaT arseboba; b/ droisa da manZilis faqtorebsmaTi ganuwyveteli funqcionirebisaTvis naklebi (xSirad minimaluri) mniSvnelobagaaCniaT; g/maT SeuZliaT SeRweva dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi, sadac maTi arsebobisaTvisminimalurad misaRebi pirobebi arsebobs.isevdaisev, ama Tu im qselis warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis araviTari mniSvneloba araaqvs, Tu rogor aRiqveba is ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli moralis normebisa, Tusakanonmdeblo sistemis TvalsazrisiT. dRevandel msoflioSi arsebuli globaluriqselebidan yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli da warmatebuli globaluri danaSaulissistemaa, romelic faqtobrivad globaluri ekonomikuri sistemis erT-erT qvesistemaswarmoadgens.im SemTxvevaSi Tu globalizaciis procesSi ar xdeba axali sistemebis Camoyalibeba, misiSedegebi globaluri problemebis (gamowvevebis) saxiT mogvevlinebian. Tumca ise ar undagavigoT, rom es problemebi erTnairad exeba yvelas dedamiwaze. udides umetesobaSemTxvevebSi saqme gvaqvs etyoba problemebTan, romlebic Tavisi gamovleniT uSualod anmxolod qveynebis jgufebs, regionebs, Tu adamianebis jgufebs exeba, magram maTi meoradiSedegebi aiZulebs miiRon isini mxedvelobaSi imaTac, vinc maTi uSualo gavlenis sferoSinaklebad xvdeba. aseTia, magaliTad, Cvens mier am kursSi ganxiluli mosaxleobis andaterorizmis problemebi.garda amisa, mimdinare sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis prioritetebi da politikurikoniunqtura (ZiriTadad msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi) udides gavlenas axdenen imaze,aRiqmeba Tu ara esa Tu is problema rogorc globaluri, misi gamovlenis konkretulixasiaTisa da masStabebis miuxedavad.ase magaliTad, 2006 wlis erovnuli uSiSroebis strategiis farglebSi aSS-ma aseCamoayaliba globaluri gamowvevebi —• pandemiebis tipis (Sidsi/frinvelis gripi) sazogadoebrivi jandacvisgamowvevebi;• aralegaluri vaWroba, gansakuTrebiT narkotikebiTa da adamianebiT;• bunebrivi garemos ganadgureba, miuxedavad imisa, gamowveulia is adamianisqmedebiTa Tu bunebrivi megakatastrofebiT. 16ruseTma rogorc 2006 wlis didi rvianis xelmZRvanelma qveynam ase Camoayaliba isglobaluri problemuri sferoebi, romlebic unda moxvedriliyvnen am organizaciissaqmianobis prioritetebis ricxvSi — globaluri energetikuli usafrTxoeba, brZolainfeqciur daavadebebTan da ganaTleba. 17 gasagebia, rom igive am organizaciis sxva wevri10

ganmartebas davsjerdeT, anu rogorc dRevandel inglisurSi amboben — “keep it simple, stupid”.arc ise Soreul warsulSi, cnobili maTematikosi puankare daaxloebiT imave azrisa iyo,rodesac ambobda — “rodesac adamians ar esmis problema, is bevr formulas wers, magramrodesac bolos da bolos mixvdeba, raSia saqme — ukeTes SemTxvevaSi ori formula rCeba”.sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi es principi namdvilad muSaobs. rac Seexebasazogadoebriv mecnierebebs, aq situacia Zalian waagavs ZvelTaZvel indur igavsmoxetiale maTxovar brmebze, romlebic gzad spilos gadaeyarnen. erTi, romelmac spilosxorTums waavlo xeli, amtkicebda, rom spilo gvelsa hgavs, meore, rom foTols, radganacyuri SerCa xelSi, mesame boZs — is spilos fexs daejaxa, xolo kidev erTi gaiZaxoda, romspilo Tokia, mas Semdeg, rac kudi moqaCa. yvela Tavisas gaiZaxoda, bolos ver SeTanxmdnenda erTmaneTs daerivnen. spilo didi xania Tavisi gziT wavida, isini ki isev mtverSigoravdnen...qvemoT koncentrirebuli, ganzogadoebuli saxiT ganxilulia ramdenime yvelazegavrcelebuli midgoma rogorc sazogadod globalizaciis procesisadmi, aseve msofliopolitikis ori yvelaze aRiarebuli Teoriuli midgoma (realizmi da liberalizmi). amTavis mizania, SeuqmnaT studentebs warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad SeswevT unarigansxvavebul Teoriul midgomebs swored warmoaCinon is procesebi, romlebicglobalizaciis CarCoebSi viTardeba, anda ramdenad SeswevT maT unari, Tavis mxrivimoqmedon msoflio politikis mimdinareobaze. 201.2. globalizaciis Teoriuli aRqma.1.2.1. hiperglobalistebi warmodgenilebi arian im mecnierebiT, romelTac miaCniaT, romkacobriobis istoriaSi dadga axali xana, rodesac tradiciuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebigadaiqcnen globaluri ekonomikis moZvelebul, ufro metic - usargeblo, zedmetmoTamaSeebad. aseT mosazrebas safuZvlad udevs ekonomikuri logika, romelic win ayenebserTian globalur bazarsa da globalur konkurencias, rogorc sazogadoebriviprogresis mamoZravebel Zalebs. hiperglobalistebi amtkiceben, rom ekonomikurglobalizacias moaqvs ekonomikebis “denacionalizacia” warmoebis, vaWrobisa dafinansebis transnacionaluri qselebis Seqmnis gziT. aseT “usazRvro” ekonomikaSierovnuli saxelmwifoebi TamaSoben globaluri kapitalis ubralo “gadamcemi Rvedebisa”,da saboloo jamSi Suamavlebis rols, romlebic eqcevian adgilobriv, regionul daglobalur marTvis organoebs Soris. am TvalsazrisiT, bevrs sjera, rom ekonomikuriglobalizacia qmnis socialuri organizaciis axal formebs, romlebic ikaveben ansaboloo jamSi daikaveben tradiciuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebis, rogorc globalurisazogadoebis pirveladi ekonomikuri da politikuri erTeulebis adgils.hiperglobalistebs sjeraT, rom globalizacia ZiriTadad ekonomikuri movlenaa, rommzardad integrirebuli globaluri ekonomika ukve arsebos; rom globaluri kapitalismoTxovnebis dawoliT nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis politika “SesaZleblobisxelovnebidan” gadaiqca “efeqturi ekonomikuri marTvis” xelovnebad.garda amisa, arsebobs mosazreba, rom ekonomikuri globalizacia qmnisgamarjvebulebisa da damarcxebulebis ganawilebis axal sqemas. amasTan dakavSirebiT,Zveli “Crdilo-samxreTis” dayofis roli TandaTanobiT mcirdeba da adgils uTmobsekonomikuri Zalauflebis dayofis ufro rTul sistemas. amis gamo, mTavrobebiiZulebulebi arian “marTon” globalizaciis socialuri Sedegebi imasTan dakavSirebiT,rom globaluri finansuri da ekonomikuri konkurencia Zirs uTxris socialuri dacvissocial-demokratiul models da gvauwyebs sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifosmodelis gadaSenebas. globalizacia SesaZlebelia, agreTve ukavSirdebodes globaluriekonomikis gamarjvebulebisa da damarcxebulebis mzard polarizacias. maT, vinc dRes“gariyulia”, samomxmareblo ideologiis globaluri gavrceleba, agreTve, Tavs axvevsaxali tipis “piradobas”, romelic ikavebs tradiciuli kulturisa da cxovrebis wesisadgils. liberaluri demokratiis gavrceleba, agreTve, aZlierebs erTiani globaluricivilizaciis aRmocenebis SegrZnebas, romelic ganisazRvreba politikuri daekonomikuri organizaciis universaluri standartebiT. aseT “globaluri civilizacias”,agreTve emsaxurebian marTvis sakuTari meqanizmebi, iseTebi, magaliTad, rogorcsaerTaSoriso savaluto fondia, xolo saxelmwifoebi da xalxebi sul ufro da ufroeqvemdebarebian axal sazogadoebriv, kerZo globalur Tu regionul xelisuflebebs.Sesabamisad erovnuli saxelmwifoebi sul ufro naklebad axerxeben imis marTvas, racmaT sazRvrebSi xdeba an maTi moqalaqeebis moTxovnilebebis damoukidebladdakmayofilebas. meore mxriv, kavSirgabmulobis globaluri infrastruqtura da mravalisaerTo interesis arsebobis SegrZneba xels uwyobs adamianTa Soris transnacionalur12

TanamSromlobas. faqtiurad SesaZlebelia vilaparakoT “globaluri samoqalaqosazogadoebis” aRmocenebaze. am TvalsazrisiT, faqtiurad xdeba ekonomikuri dapolitikuri Zalauflebis denacionalizacia da “gabneva”, rasac mosdevs erovnulisaxelmwifoebis suverenitetisa da avtonomiis Semdgomi Ziris gamoTxra.1.2.2. skeptikosebi, gansxvavebiT hiperglobalistebisagan, msoflio vaWrobis,kapitaldabandebisa da Sromis nakadebis statistikaze dayrdnobiT amtkiceben, rommoyolebuli mecxramete saukunidan, ubralod SedarebiT izrdeba internacionalizaciisdone, e.i. urTierToba ZiriTadad erovnul meurneobebs Soris. amtkiceben ra, romglobalizacia miTia, skeptikosebi efuZnebian globalizaciis ekonomikur koncefcias daaigiveben mas srulad integrirebul globalur bazarTan. miaCniaT ra, rom dRevandeliekonomikuri integraciis done Camouvardeba am “ideals” da, rom aseTi integracia bevradCamorCeba mecxramete saukunis bolos dones, isini askvnian, rom Tanamedroveglobalizaciis gamovlena friad gazviadebulia.amasTan dakavSirebiT skeptikosebi askvnian, rom hiperglobalistebis mosazrebaZirfesvianad mcdaria da politikurad miamiti imis gamo, rom is saTanadod ver afasebserovnuli mTavrobebis arsebul SesaZleblobebs marTon saerTaSoriso ekonomikurimoRvaweoba. imis nacvlad, rom ukontrolod ganviTardnen, internacionalizaciis ZalebiTviTon eqvemdebarebian erovnuli mTavrobebis maregulirebel Zalauflebas, raTauzrunvelyon mimdinare ekonomikuri liberalizacia.skeptikosebis TvalsazrisiT, yvela arsebuli mtkicebuleba migvaniSnebs, imas romekonomikuri saqmianoba ganicdis mniSvnelovan regionalizacias im dros, rodesacmsoflio ekonomika viTardeba sami ZiriTadi finansuri da savaWro blokis —evropis, aziawynariokeanisa da Crdilo amerikis Seqmnis mimarTulebiT. Sesabamisad klasikuri “oqrosstandartis” epoqasTan SedarebiT msoflio ekonomika bevrad ufro naklebadintegrirebulia, xolo msoflio imperiebis xanasTan SedarebiT is ufro naklebadglobalizebulia geografiuli mocvis TvalsazrisiT.skeptikosebi, agreTve ar Tvlian, rom erovnuli mTavrobebi eqvemdebarebiansaerTaSoriso tendenciebs. piriqiT, isini yuradRebas amaxvileben imaze, rom maTi rolisazRvrebs gaRma ekonomikuri aqtiurobis ganviTarebasa da regulirebaSi sul ufrocentraluri xdeba. mTavrobebi internacionalizaciis pasiuri msxverpli ki ara, piriqiT,misi ZiriTadi arqiteqtorebi arian. ufro metic, zogi ganixilavs internacionalizaciasrogorc ZiriTadad aSS-is mier inicirebuli mravalmxrivi msoflio ekonomikuri weswyobisTamnxleb produqts, romelmac meore msoflio omis Semdeg ubiZga erovnuli ekonomikebisinternacionalizacias. sxvebs saerTod miaCniaT, rom msoflio vaWrobisa dakapitaldabandebebis mimdinare intensifikacia warmoadgens dasavluri imperializmisaxal stadias, romlis farglebSic erovnuli mTavrobebi gamodian monopolisturikapitalis agentebis rolSi.miuxedavad azrTa garkveuli sxvadasxvaobisa, skeptikosebi erTxmad miiCneven, rominternacionalizacias ar mohyva CrdiloeT-samxreTis uTanabrobis Semcireba. piriqiT,xdeba savaWro da sainvesticio nakadebis zrda mdidar CrdiloeTSi, “mesame samyaros”mravali qveynis mzardi marginalizaciis xarjze. isini, agreTve amaxvileben yuradRebas imfaqtze, rom ucxouri investiciebis nakadebis koncentrireba ZiriTadad xdebaganviTarebul kapitalistur saxelmwifoebSi, xolo multinacionaluri korporaciebisumetesoba rCeba ZiriTadad maTi mSobliuri qveynebisa an regionebis qmnilebebad.Sesabamisad skeptikosebi eWvis TvaliT uyureben warmodgenas imaze, rominternacionalizacias Tan sdevs msoflio ekonomikuri urTierTobebis mniSvnelovani,ufro metic — Zirfesvianad gardaqmna. isini aRiareben, rom uTanabroba da ierarqizaciaimdenad Rrmad aris gamjdari msoflio ekonomikaSi, rom, struqturuli TvalsazrisiT,gasuli saukunis manZilze es situacia Zalze umniSvnelod Seicvala.mravali skeptikosis warmodgeniT, aseTi uTanabroba xels uwyobs fundamentalizmisada agresiuli nacionalizmis warmoCenas, imis nacvlad, rom ubiZgos msofliocivilizaciis Seqmnas, rogorc amas hiperglobalistebi varaudoben. piriqiT, xdebamsoflios daqucmaceba civilizaciur blokebad da kulturul Tu eTnikur anklavebad.warmodgena kulturuli erTobisa da globaluri kulturis Sesaxeb, agreTve, miTia.globaluri uTanabrobis gaRrmaveba, saerTaSoriso politikis realobebi, iseve rogorc“civilizaciaTa Sexla”, agreTve, aaSkaravebs “globaluri mTavrobis” ideis usafuZvlobas— msoflios wesis organizacia mecxramete saukunidan moyolebuli umeteswiladdasavleTis mTavrobebis xelSi imyofeba. am TvalsazrisiT, skeptikosebi ganixilavenmsoflio mmarTvelobasa da ekonomikur internacionalizacias rogorc ZiriTadaddasavlur proeqts, romlis mTavari mizania SeinarCunos dasavleTis pirveloba msofliourTierTobebSi.13

zog skeptikoss miaCnia, rom “globalizacia” saerTod warmoadgens moxerxebulpolitikur Teziss, romelic gamoiyeneba arapopularuli orTodoqsuri neoliberaluriekonomikuri strategiebis gasamarTleblad.1.2.3. transformacionalistur Teziss safuZvlad udevs imis rwmena, rom axaliaTaswleulis gariJraJze globalizacia warmoadgens im swrafi socialuri, politikurida ekonomikuri cvlilebebis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalas, romlebic saxes ucvlianTanamedrove sazogadoebebsa da msoflio wesrigs. am warmodgenis mxardamWerTa azriT,globalizaciis Tanamedrove procesebi istoriulad imdenad uprecendentoa, romsazogadoebebi da mTavrobebi mTels msoflioSi iZulebulebi arian Seewyon msoflios,romelSic ukve aRar arsebobs mkafio gansxvaveba saerTaSoriso da Sinagan, sagareo dasaSinao urTierTobebs Soris. am TvalsazrisiT, globalizacia warmoadgens mZlavrgardamqmnel Zalas, romelic pasuxismgebelia im “masiur Seryevaze”, romelsac ganicdiansazogadoebebi, ekonomikebi, marTvis institutebi da msoflio wesrigi.transformacionalistTa warmodgeniT gaugebaria, sad SeiZleba migviyvanos am“Seryevam”, radganac globalizacia warmoadgens SemTxveviT, Znelad gasaTvaliswinebel,winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse istoriul process. skeptikosebisa da hiperglobalistebisagangansxvavebiT, transformacionalistebi ar gansazRvraven globalizaciis samomavloganviTarebis traeqtorias. isini agreTve ar cdiloben gansazRvron globalizacia raRacmartivi, mkafio, idealuri “globalizebuli msoflios” saxiT, iqneba es globaluri bazariTu globaluri civilizacia. isini ufro aRiqvamen mas rogorc grZelvadian istoriulprocess, romelic savsea winaaRmdegobebiT da romelic didwilad yalibdeba iseTifaqtorebis xarjze, romlebic garemoebaTa damTxvevis meSveobiT aRmoCndnen erTad.aseTi frTxili midgoma globalizaciis momavlis mimarT ar gamoricxavs warmodgenasimaze, rom globaluri ekonomikuri, samxedro, teqnologiuri, ekonomikuri, politikurida kulturuli nakadebis gamovlineba istoriulad uprecedentoa. maTTvis msofliosnebismieri qveyana [Tu maTi teritoria da/an sazogadoeba mTlianad ara], ama Tu imTvalsazrisiT, funqcionalurad, warmoadgens ufro didi (globaluri) sistemis nawils.amave dros erTiani globaluri sistemis arseboba ar ganixileba rogorc, vTqvaT, erTianimsoflio sazogadoebis Seqmnis mtkicebuleba. piriqiT, transformacionalistebisaTvisglobalizacia gaigivebulia globalur stratifikaciasTan, romlis farglebSiczogierTi qveyana, sazogadoeba Tu Temi sul ufro ebmeba globalur erTobaSi, maSinrodesac sxvebi sul ufro gariyulebi xdebian. garda amisa, aRar moqmedebs tradiciuliierarqiuli Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawileba, agebuli Crdilo-samxreTis, pirvel-mesamesamyarod danawilebaze. piriqiT, CrdiloeTi da samxreTi, pirveli da mesame samyarogverdigverd arseboben msoflios nebismier did qalaqSi.amas ukavSirdeba, agreTve, ekonomikuri aqtiurobis “deteritorizacia” imasTandakavSirebiT, rom finansuri da samewarmeo saqmianoba sul ufro globaluri datransnacionaluri xasiaTis xdeba. transformacionalistur warmodgenas safuZvladudevs rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove globalizacia axdens erovnuli mTavrobebisZalauflebisa Tu funqciebis reorganizacias. maT eWvi ar eparebaT, rom saxelmwifoebsjer kidev aqvT saboloo legaluri Zaufleba yvelaferze, rac xdeba maT gankargulebaSimyofi teritoriebis farglebSi. amave dros isini, amtkiceben, rom xdeba am Zalauflebis“gadaxlarTva” im mzard ZalauflebasTan, romelsac iZenen saeTaSoriso marTvisinstitutebi, an im SezRudvebTan Tu pasuxismgeblobebTan, romlebic gamomdinareobensaerTaSoriso samarTlidan. rTuli globaluri sistemebi — finansuridan ekologiuramde,gadaxlarTaven iseTi Temebis Bbed-iRbals, romlebic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebSiaganlagebuli.skeptikosebisa da hiperglobalistebisagan gansxvavebiT, transformacionalistebiamtkiceben, rom xdeba axali “suverenuli reJimis” Camoyalibeba, romelic ikavebssaxelmwifoebriobis tradiciuli koncepciis adgils. maTi warmodgeniT dRessuvereniteti naklebadaa teritoriulad gansazRvruli barieri da ufro vaWrobissaSualebaa im politikaSi, romelic ganisazRvreba rTuli transnacionaluri qselebiT.garda amisa, globalizacia ukavSirdeba agreTve, mZlavri, axali arateritoriuliekonomikuri da politikuri organizaciis formebis aRmocenebas globalur sivrceSi,rogorebicaa multinacionaluri korporaciebi, transnacionaluri socialurimoZraobebi, saerTaSoriso maregulirebeli saagentoebi, da a.S.Sesabamisad, imis magivrad, rom moetana “saxelmwifoebis aRsasruli”, globalizaciaubiZgebs mTeli rigi “SeguebiTi” strategiebis aRmocenebas da gansazRvrul wilad, ufroaqtiuri saxelmwifos ganviTarebas. aucilebeli araa, rom erovnuli saxelmwifoebisZalaufleba Semcirdes. piriqiT, xdeba misi gadaxaliseba da restruqturizacia marTvisprocesebis sirTulis zrdasTan erTad urTierTdakavSirebul msoflioSi.14

1.3. msoflio politikis Teoriebi1.3.1. realizmi. realizmi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis gabatonebul Teoriaswarmoadgens, xolo mis sawyisebs jer kidev antikur xanaSi SeiZleba mivakvlioT. arsebobssami ZiriTadi elementi, romelic gaigivebulia realizmTan — statizmi, gadarCena da TviTdaxmareba.statizmi realizmis safuZvels warmoadgens. am Sexedulebis Sesabamisad: a/saxelmwifomsoflio politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani moTamaSea, xolo yvela danarCeni moTamaSeebinaklebi mniSvnelobis matareblebi arian; b/saxelmwifo “suvereniteti” aRniSnavsdamoukidebeli politikuri erTobis arsebobas, romelsac aqvs iuridiuli ZalauflebaTavis teritoriaze.yvela saxelmwifos upirveles mizans gadarCena warmoadgens. esaa upirvelesi erovnuliinteresi, romelic yvela politikurma moRvawem unda daicvas. yvela sxva miznebi, iseTebi,magaliTad, rogoricaa ekonomikuri ganviTareba — meoradia (“mdabio politika”). imisaTvis,rom daicvan saxelmwifos usafrTxoeba, misma liderebma unda aRiaron iseTi eTikurikodeqsi, romelic afasebs ama Tu im moqmedebas misi Sedegis Sesabamisad da ara imissafuZvelze, is marTalia Tu tyuili. politikuri realistebisaTvis raime universalurimoraluri principebis arsebobis konkretizacia SesaZlebelia mxolod calkeulipolitikuri erTobebis farglebSi.TviTdaxmarebis principi aRiarebs, rom ar SeiZleba sxva saxelmwifos ndoba sakuTaridamoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad. saerTaSoriso politikis struqtura dauSvebelsxdis megobrobas, ndobasa da patiosnebas. arsebobs mxolod mudmivi gaurkvevloba,romelic gamomdinareobs globaluri mTavrobis ararsebobidan. TanaarsebobaSesaZlebelia mxolod ZalTa Tanafardobis SenarCunebis gziT. SezRuduli TanamSromlobaSesaZlebelia mxolod iseTi urTierTobebis dros, rodesac realisti saxelmwifo metmogebas naxulobs, vidre sxva saxelmwifoebi.realistebi xSirad imeoreben, rom ukanaskneli ocdaxuTi saukunis manZilze msofliopolitikis xasiaTi ar Secvlila — mis safuZvelSia omebi, romlebic droebiT wydebamomavali omebisaTvis mosamzadeblad. isini agreTve, amtkiceben, rom saerTaSorisourTierTobebisaTvis uwyvetoba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre cvlilebebi.realizmis dRevandeli warmomadgenlebisaTvis anu neo-realistebisaTvis, politikaidentificerulia kapitalizmisa da dasavluri demokratiuli faseulobebisa dainstitutebis gavrcelebis xelis SewyobasTan. saerTaSoriso sistemis struqturaganapirobebs sagareo politikis nebismier arCevans. xolo zogierTi realistiswarmodgeniT, es struqtura, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobebulia saerTaSoriso sistemismaorganizebeli principiT, romelsac anarqia warmoadgens. anarqiis qveS yvelaze xSiradigulisxmeba is, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi xdeba iseT asparezze, sadac ar arsebobsyovlismomcveli, centraluri xelisufleba, romelic calkeuli suverenulisaxelmwifoebis nakrebze maRla dgas. damatebiT, aseT sistemaSi, ufro Zliersaxelmwifoebs, sazogadod meti gavlena aqvT.tradiciuli realistebi aRiareben, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs Zalauflebisgansxvavebuli elementebi (magaliTad, ekonomikuri resursebi anda teqnologia), samxedroZala saxelmwifos Zlierebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani (aSkara) nawilia. miuxedavad imisa, romneorealistebic Tvlian, rom samxedro Zala dResac saxelmwifos marTvis ganuyofelinawilia, maTi azriT, Zalaufleba ufro metia, vidre saxelmwifos mier samxedroresursebis mobilizaciisa da mis mier am Zalis gamoyenebis unari sistemis sxvasaxelmwifoebis dasayolieblad da maTze kontrolis gansaxorcieleblad. isini xedavenZalauflebas rogorc saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebis naerTs. saxelmwifoebigansxvavdebian sistemaSi maTi Zalis da ara maTi funqciebis Sesabamisad. ZalauflebaaniWebs saxelmwifos adgils, anu pozicias, saerTaSoriso sistemis farglebSi da es adgiliganapirobebs mis qcevas.saxelmwifoebi funqcionalurad msgavsi elementebia im gagebiT, rom ganicdian erTi daimave SezRudvebis gavlenas, romelTac anarqia qmnis da cdiloben SeinarCunon TavianTipozicia sistemaSi. gansxvavebebi ori qveynis politikas Soris ganpirobebuliagansxvavebebiT maT Zalebsa da SesaZleblobebSi. tradiciuli realistebis msgavsad bevrineorealisti Tvlis, rom ZalTa Tanafardoba warmoadgens sistemis weswyobilebiscentralur elements.saxelmwifoebi sakuTari interesebis dacvaze arian orientirebulebi, xoloanarqistuli da konkurentuli sistema ubiZgebs maT upiratesoba mianiWosTviTdaxmarebas, TanamSroblobasTan SedarebiT. saxelmwifoebi racionaluri (gonivruli)moTamaSeebi arian, romlebic irCeven strategiebs im TvalsazrisiT, rom Seamcirondanakargebi da maqsimalurad gazardon mogeba. saxelmwifoebi ganixilaven yvela sxva15

saxelmwifoebs rogorc potenciur mtrebs da maTi erovnuli usafrTxoebis safrTxes. esundobloba qmnis usafrTxoebis dilemas, romelic ganapirobebs saxelmwifoTa umetesobispolitikas.neorealistebi ar Tvlian, rom globalizacia cvlis saerTaSoriso politikis TamaSiswesebs. saxelmwifoebi dResac saerTaSoriso politikis mTavari moTamaSeebi arian. isini,agreTve warmoadgenen erTaderT Zalas, romelsac unari Seswevs gaakontrolos an marTosglobalizaciis procesebi. mTavari problema neorealistebisaTvis globalizaciasTandakavSirebiT gamomdinareobs usafrTxoebis im axal gamowvevebidan, romelsac es procesiqmnis. upirveles yovlisa, isini gamowveulia uTanabro ekonomikuri globalizaciiT,agreTve, im mniSvnelovani gavleniT, romelsac globalizacia axdens saxelmwifoTasaSinao politikasa da Zalauflebis struqturebze. es gansakuTrebiT exebatransnacionalur socialur moZraobebsa da maT mier Seqmnil globalur qselebs,romlebic ecilebian saxelmwifos Zalauflebas politikis mTel rig sferoebSi.neorealistebi ewinaaRmdegebian nebismier moZraobas, romelsac surs sajaro msjelobausafrTxoebis kritikul sakiTxebze. mTlianobaSi isini Tvlian, rom globalizaciismiuxedavad, msoflio dResac winaaRmdegobrivi da gamourkvevelia, xolo saerTaSorisosistemis struqtura aqcevs Zalismier qcevas politikas dominantur paradigmad.1.3.2. liberalizmi realizmisagan gansxvavebiT ar warmoadgens erTian Teoriulsistemas da dRevandeli saxiT is ufro mravali gansxvavebuli ideis nakrebia. maSin,rodesac realizmi ganixileba rogorc “samTavrobo” ideologia, liberalizmi ufroopoziciisaken ixreba da misi ZiriTadi daniSnuleba etyoba Zalismieri politikisliderebis “devnaa”. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobda SedarebiT mokle periodebi meocesaukunis manZilze, rodesac liberalizmi axdenda mniSvnelovan gavlenas dasavleTis rigisaxelmwifoebis politikur elitasa da sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaze. eskonkretulad exeboda pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom periods (e.w. “idealizmi”), meoremsoflio omis Semdgom gaeros daarsebiT gamowveul optimizmsa da aseve mokle periodssabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, rodesac rig dasavlel politikur “guruebs” ratomRacegonaT, rom “istoria damTavrda”.zogierTi analitikosis azriT, liberalizmi dafuZnebulia TavSekavebulobaze,zomierebaze, kompromissa da mSvidobaze — e.i. imaze, rac realur saerTaSorisopolitikaSi dResdReobiT praqtikulad ar gvxvdeba. es imas ar niSnavs, rom liberalebieguebian Zalismieri politikis logikas — isini Tvlian, rom aseTi politika garkveuliideebis realizaciis Sedegia, xolo saboloo jamSi, ideebi cvlilebebs eqvemdebareba. aserom, Tu msoflio dRes maincdamainc stumarTmoyvared ar eqceva liberalizms, es imas arniSnavs, rom ar SeiZleba odesme dadges liberaluri ideebis gamarjvebis xana.liberaluri ideologiis centrSi politikaSi progresis SesaZleblobis rwmenaa.liberalizmis ZiriTadi sazrunavi pirovnebis Tavisuflebaa. isini saxelmwifos daarsebasganixilaven rogorc am Tavisuflebis dacvis aucilebel elements sxva pirovnebebisa ansaxelmwifoebisagan. saxelmwifo yovelTvis unda emsaxurebodes koleqtiur nebas, da aramarTavdes mas, xolo demokratiuli institutebi amis garantebad gvevlinebian. liberalizmiZiriTadad warmoadgens iseTi mTavrobis (marTvis) Teorias, romelic cdilobserTmaneTs Seurigos wesrigi (usafrTxoeba) da marTlmsajuleba (Tanasworuflebianoba)mocemuli sazogadoebis farglebSi. saSinao da sagareo institutebs liberalebi afasebenimis Sesabamisad, Tu ramdenadD SeswevT maT unari gaataron pirovnebis Tavisuflebis ideapraqtikaSi.amave dros, bevri miiCnevs, rom reformebis warmatebuli gatareba ama Tu imsazogadoebis “SigniT” SeuZlebelia, Tu Sesabamisi reformebi maT “gareTac” ar gatarda.sanam saxelmwifoebi ganagrZoben erTmaneTTan iseTi saxiT urTierTobas, rogorccalkeuli pirovnebebi velur bunebaSi, mSvidobisa da progresis liberalur ideebsganxorcieleba ar uweriaT.liberalebs miaCniaT, rom saxelmwifoTa Tavisufleba warmoadgens saerTaSorisourTierTobebis problemebis mniSvnelovan nawils da ara am problemebis gadaWrissaSualebas. Sesabamisad saxelmwifoebi unda gaxdnen saerTaSoriso organizaciebisnawilebi da daeqvemdebaron maT wesebsa da normebs. funqciebis is nawili, romelTaSesruleba saxelmwifoebs ar SeuZliaT, unda gadaeces am saerTaSoriso organizaciebs.dRevandeli neoliberalebi mxars uWeren Tavisufal vaWrobas da sabazro anukapitalistur ekonomikas, rogorc mSvidobisa da keTildReobis miRwevis instrumentebs.amave dros, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi ufro miiltvian maTi moqalaqeebis uflebebispativiscemisaken da arsebobs naklebi Sansi imisa, rom isini oms wamoiwyeben Tavisdemokratiul mezoblebTan. garda amisa, urTierTdamokidebulebis procesis ganviTarebamsoflioSi iwvevs imas, rom saxelmwifoebs calmxrivi moqmedeba da mezoblebTan16

TanamSromlobaze uaris Tqma sul ufro Zviri ujdebaT da uZneldebaT.zogi neoliberali Tvlis, rom gza mSvidobis da keTildReobisa isaa, romdamoukidebelma saxelmwifoebma gaaerTianon resursebi da uaric ki Tqvan maTisuverenitetis nawilze, raTa, Seqmnan integrirebuli erToba ekonomikuri zrdisauzrunvelsayofad da regionaluri problemebis mosagvareblad. isini, agreTve, miiCneven,rom msoflio gaxda ufro pluralistuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi CarTulimoTamaSeebis TvalsazrisiT da es moTamaSeebi ufro urTierTdamokidebulebi gaxdnen.neoliberalebi ganixilaven saerTaSoriso institutebs rogorc saerTaSorisosistemaSi TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis Suamavlebsa da saSualebebs. saerTaSorisoreJimebi da institutebi daxmarebas uweven mTavrobebs konkurentuli da anarqistulisaerTaSoriso sistemis marTvaSi. isini aqezeben, zogjer ki moiTxoven mTavrobebisaganmimarTon mravalmxrivi politikis gatarebasa da TanamSromlobas, rogorc erovnuliinteresebis dacvis instrumentebs. amave dros, isini aRiareben, rom TanamSromlobismiRweva ufro Znelia im sferoebSi, sadac maTi liderebi ver pouloben saerTo interesebs.neoliberalebis nawils miaCnia, rom globalizacia dadebiTi Zalaa. saboloo jamSi,yvela saxelmwifo naxavs mogebas im ekonomikuri zrdis Sedegad, romelic globalizaciasmoaqvs. maT sjeraT, rom saxelmwifoebi ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodnen globalizacias anSeecadon gaakontrolon is arasasurveli politikuri Carevis gziT.zogi, agreTve, miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifoebma unda moaxdinon Careva imisaTvis, rom gzagauxsnan kapitalizms “adamianuri saxiT”, iseve rogorc bazrebs, romlebic ufrogulisyuriT moeqcevian yvela adamianis saWiroebebsa da interesebs. unda Seiqmnas axali dagardaiqmnas Zveli institutebi, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli kapitalis araTanabarigadaadgileba, miRweul iqnes mdgradi ekologiuri ganviTareba da daculi iyosmoqalaqeTa uflebebi.konkretuli SemTxveva (Case-Study) 1 – ori sazogadoebrivi sistema — asparezobagrZeldeba?im mravalricxovan debulebebs Soris, romelsac sabWour skolaSi moswavleebsazuTxinebdnen, erT-erTi, romelic exeboda sazogadoebis ganviTarebis stadiebs, etyobayvelas amaxsovrdeboda. am Tezisis Sesabamisad, sazogadoeba viTardeba pirvelyofiliTemuri wyobilebidan, monaTmflobelobisa da feodalizmis gavliT, kapitalizmamde, sanammiaRwevs Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles stadias — komunizms. am Tezisisa ise sjerodaT, romsabWoTa kavSiris komunisturma partiam, nikita xruSCovis piriT, 1960 wels isic ki aRuqvaxalxs, rom 1980 wlisaTvis qveyana komunizmSi icxovrebda. ra gamovida amisagan, yvelamkargad icis, magram es sqema, rasakvirvelia, komunizmis xsenebis gareSe, faqtiuradyvelganaa gavrcelebuli.mis avtorobas k. marqss miawerdnen, Tumca rogorc bolos gamoirkva, am saxiT is 1930-iani wlebis bolos i. stalinis miTiTebiT iyo dakanonebuli. amasTan, rogorc Cans,aRniSnuli sqema maincdamainc zedmiweviT evropis warsul ganviTarebasac ki ver aRwers,romlis safuZvelzec is viTom damuSavda. monaTmflobeloba arsebobda mxolod antikursaberZneTsa da romSi da maTTan erTad gadaSenda. im xalxebma ki, vinc daikaves maTi adgili,saerTod ar gaiares es stadia, da pirdapir feodalizmSi amoyves Tavi, romelic maTisakuTari gamogoneba iyo da ara imperiisagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli. igive indoeTsa daCineTs “klasikuri” monaTmflobelobisa da feodalizmis stadiebi saerTod ar gauvliaTda maTi sazogadoebrivi organizacia, romelic mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda evropulisagan,aTeuli saukuneebis manZilze praqtikulad ucvleli iyo dRevandeli modernizaciisetapis dadgomamde. 21rogorc Cans, Tanamedrove msoflioSi sabolood Camoyalibebuli saxiT mxolod orisazogadoebrivi sistema arsebobs. erT-erTi maTgani kapitalizmia, romelic efuZnebasabazro ekonomikas, kerZo sakuTrebas, demokratiul mmarTvelobas, ZalauflebaTadanawilebas, samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da adamianis uflebebis primats. es sistemazedmiweviT kargad aris aRwerili da misi damatebiTi komentari saWiro namdvilad ar aris.kapitalizmi, istoriuli perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT, Zalian axalgazrdaa — misiCamoyalibeba samrewvelo revolucias emTxveva da daaxloebiT or-naxevar saukunesiTvlis. im saxiT, romliTac mas dRes vicnobT, man daiwyo transformacia aSS-Si “dididepresiis” Sedegebis daZlevis procesSi 1930-ian wlebSi da metnaklebad dasrulebulisaxe (ganviTarebis dRevandeli etapisaTvis) ukve gasuli saukunis bolosaTvis miiRo.miuxedavad Tavisi wamyvani poziciisa, msoflioSi kapitalizmi ZiriTadad maincdasavlur-evropul regionul proeqtad gvevlineba, romelSic sabolood CarTulia17

dedamiwaze arsebul saxelmwifoTa absoluturi umciresoba (daaxloebiT 24-30 — ixileTTavi 3). erTaderTi gamonaklisis, iaponiis garda, yvela es saxelmwifo, farTo gagebiT,SeiZleba evropul civilizacias mivakuTvnoT. plus sadRac axlos am qveynebTan dganansamxreTi korea da taivani aziaSi, iseve rogorc evropis yofili socialisturi qveynebisumetesoba (baltiis qveynebis CaTvliT).laTinuri amerika mTlianad etyoba nacrisfer zonaSia — aq SeerTebuli Statebi ukvesaukuneze metia (dasawyisSi uSualod, meore msoflio omis Semdeg ki saerTaSorisofinansuri organizaciebis daxmarebiT) cdilobs Seqmnas srulfasovani kapitalisturisazogadoebebis Camoyalibebis winapirobebi, Tumca realuri Sedegebi sakmaodmokrZalebulia. raime sxva mimarTulebiT es qveynebi aSkarad ver ganviTardebian —ubralod realuri alternativa ar gaaCniaT. amave dros, verc sicocxlisunariani,warmatebuli sabazro ekonomikuri sistemisa da gansakuTrebiT demokratiuli, samoqalaqosazogadoebis Seqmna maT ver SeZles (Cile etyoba erTaderTi gamonaklisia, Tumca isicsakmaod pirobiTad). maqsimum, rac aq iqna miRweuli (isic ukanaskneli 10-15 wlis manZilze),dabali donis (low-level) politikuri stabilizacia, da Tanac yvelgan ara (haiti, kolumbia,etyoba venesuelac, peruc, boliviac sul sawinaaRmdego magaliTebs gviCveneben).tropikuli afrika ZiriTadad imdenad daulagebelia, rom Tvalmisawvdom momavalSiraime stabiluri situaciis Seqmnaze aq laparaki etyoba zedmetia, miuxedavad imisa, romformalurad aqac yvela kapitalistur sazogadoebas aSenebs. qveyanaTa umetesoba aq jerkidev tradiciuli socialuri da ekonomikuri sistemebis daSlis procesSia. met-naklebaddalagebuli da stabiluri saxelmwifo struqturebi aqvT mxolod imaT, vinc SesZlokoloniuri epoqis memkvidreobis sakuTari miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba. aseTebia magaliTadsamxreTi afrika, kenia, miT umetes, botsvana, sadac Tanamedrove afrikuli administraciaZalian warmatebiT iyenebs im struqturebs (upirvelesad yovlisad demokratiulsaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis aparats da damoukidebel sasamarTlo sistemas), romelic masbritanelebisagan darCa.mTeli danarCeni msoflio, dawyebuli Crdilo afrikis muslimanuri saxelmwifoebidanda belorusia-ruseTidan aRmosavleT evropaSi, mTeli aziis CaTvliT (zeviT xsenebuliqveynebis gamoklebiT) mkveTrad gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobis pirobebSicxovrobs. 22Tanamedrove socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebs am faqtis aRiareba ZalianuWirT, im donemde, rom am sistemas ubralod formaluri saxelic ki ar gaaCnia. amave dros,mis mkveTr gansxvavebas misTvis kargad cnobil antikuri demokratiisagan, yuradRebas jerkidev aristotele aqcevda. maT Soris, vinc moixseniebda am sistemas, iyvnen adam smiTi,volteri, hegeli da rasakvirvelia marqsi, romelmac mas “aziuri warmoebis wesi” uwoda.praqtikulad yvela Tanamedrove istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi moyvanilia centralizebulisazogadoebis “piramidis” gamartivebuli sqema, magram TviT es sazogadoeba gadaSenebulissaxiT moixsenieba. meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi am sistemas komunisturi uwodes, Tumcaigive sabWoTa kavSirSi mas araferi saerTo ar hqonda masebisaTvis am sakmaod mimzidvelideasTan. 23rogorc Cans, aseTi sistema iyo pirveli, romlis farglebSic Camoyalibda dedamiwazestabiluri saxelmwifo struqturebi pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis daSlis procesSiramdenime aTasi wlis win. mas safuZvlad udevs Zalauflebisa da sakuTrebis simbiozi,saxelmwifo warmoebis wesi.is universalurad yalibdeboda yvelgan, sadac ki resursebis centralizacia (pirvelrigSi, SromiTi resursebis) sameurneo amocanebis gadawyvetis procesSi, didsazogadoebriv mogebas iZleoda. aseTi pirobebi arsebobda Tavis droze praqtikuladyvela im didi mdinareebis gaswvriv, sadac masStaburi melioraciuli proeqtebi naklebadganviTarebeli sawarmoo saSualebebis pirobebSic ki sakvebiT stabiluri uzrunvelyofisgarantias iZleoda. 24 amas praqtikulad erTdroulad daemata qveynis Tavdacvis funqcia,gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momxduri sxva civilizaciis warmomadgeneli iyo,gansakuTrebiT momTabare.saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis pirvel etapze misi ZiriTadi funqciebi sazogadoebrivisamuSaoebisa da [totaluri] Tavdacvis organizaciaSi mdgomareobda. aseT principze aigofaqtiurad yvela pirveli civilizacia aziasa da Crdilo afrikaSi (egvipte, SuamdinareTi,indoeTi, CineTi). Tumca im dros maT Soris kavSiri ar arsebobda, ubralod daaxloebiTerTnairma pirobebma msgavsi gadawyvetileba gamoiwvia. igive mimarTulebiT ganviTardasaxelmwifo wyoba centralur da samxreT amerikaSi kolumbis wina epoqaSi. daaxloebiTiseTive principebze aigo yvela islamuri saxelmwifo, da bolos — istoriulad yvelazegvian — [moskovis] ruseTis saxelmwifo.18

danarCeni msofliosagan gansxvavebiT dasavleT evropaSi (romelic faqtiurad erT didnaxevarkunZuls warmoadgens) bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovneba ubiZgebda Sromissazogadoebriv danawilebasa da gacvlas, xolo reliefis danawevreba qmnida bunebrivwinaaRmdegobebsa da mosaxleobis dacvis saSualebas rogorc sakuTari feodalebisagan,aseve gareSe mtrebisagan.es pirobebi, agreTve, xels uwyobda mravalricxovani, SedarebiT mcire zomiskonkurenti saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas da erTdroulad ar iZleoda didi kontinenturiimperiebis Camoyalibebis saSualebas, rogorc es aziaSi xdeboda. Sedegad evropaSisicocxlisunariani gamodgnen damoukidebeli qalaqebi da wvrili mewarmeobis sxvadasxvaformebi — momavali kapitalizmis kerebi. aziaSi am struqturebs centralizebulixelisufleba axSobda.ra principebzea Camoyalibebuli is sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi, romelzec zemoTgvqonda saubari? Zalian sqematurad, SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi:• aseT sistemaSi Semavali saxelmwifo uaRresad centralizebulia da miiswrafisgamavali informaciis, materialuri Tu energetikuli nakadebis totalurikontrolisaken. mas axasiaTebs gansakuTrebiT xisti sazogadoebrivi struqturebi,romlebic praqtikulad moklebulia evoluciis unars. Sedegad, aseTi sazogadoebanaklebad “elastiuria”, cudad egueba garemo pirobebis cvlas. seriozuli gareSedawola angrevs aseT sazogadoebas, magram Tu es dawola ixsneba (an sustdeba) isfaqtiurad iseTive saxiT aRdgeba, rogoric daSlamde iyo. amave dros is Zalianefeqturia didi, totaluri proeqtebis realizaciis dros (magaliTad, omis dros“qudze kacis gamoyvana”, Tu saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi reformebis gatareba,rogorc es dRes CineTSi xdeba);• aseTi sistemis saxelmwifo dafuZnebulia statikur wonasworobaze, gansxvavebiTkapitalisturi saxelmwifoebisa, romlebic awyobilia dinamiur wonasworobaze,romlis safuZvelSic cvlileba, ganviTarebaa. amitom mas ar unda, eSiniacvlilebebisa, romlebic misTvis mavnebelia. aq saubaria ara marto socialur Tuekonomikur cvlilebebze, aramed banalur teqnikur inovaciebzec. igive Cinelebmagamoigones im teqnologiebis didi nawili, romlebic mogvianebiT evropulsamrewvelo revolucias daedo safuZvlad, magram TviTon Cinelebi ar iyenebdnen; 25• sistema efuZneba e.w. uSualo samisamarTo marTvas, rac imas niSnavs, romgadawyvetilebaTa umetesoba miiReba marTvis erT centrSi da, principSi, undauSualod davides saboloo Semsruleblamde. SedarebiT did da rTul sistemebSi essaboloo jamSi iwvevs qaoss da umarTavobas; 26• saxelmwifo aseTi sistemebis farglebSi gansakuTrebiT miiswrafis materialurisakuTrebis rogorc aseTis, warmoebis saSualebebisa da finansuri nakadebis srulikontrolisaken. bazari, kerZo sakuTreba, fuladi mimoqceva da sasaqonlo gacvlamisTvis misaRebia mxolod mis mier dawesebul farglebSi da misi sruli kontrolisqveS. Sedegad, aseTi sistema sakmaod swrafad deficituri xdeba, ver akmayofilebsmosaxleobis umetesobis sabazo moTxovnilebebs, rac mis arsebobas safrTxesuqmnis. Sedegad, aq xdeba saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da ideebis SedarebiT SeuzRudaviwarmoebisa da gacvlis nebis darTva (raRaca donis “protobazris” Seqmnamde), magramkontrolis moduneba iwvevs qveyanaSi dinamiuri procesebis ganviTarebas dasaboloo jamSi stabilurobis Sesustebas. igive CineTma Tavisi istoriis manZilzearaerTgzis “mouSva sadaveebi” da dauSva qveyanaSi sabazro urTierTobebi. SedegadqveyanaSi iwyeboda qonebrivi daSla da xazinis Semosavlebis mkveTri Semcireba,rasac mosdevda moxeleebis zewolis zrda kerZo mesakuTreebze. ukmayofiloebiiyvnen TviT es mesakuTreebic, romlebic sakmaod daculebad grZnobdnen Tavssaxelmwifo warmoebis wesis farglebSi da iCagrebodnen sazogadoebrividestabilizaciis procesSi. ukmayofilo iyo xalxic, romelsac uWirda axal,uCveulo pirobebTan Segueba. amitom aseTi gadaxvevebi seriozuli krizisiTmTavrdeboda da qveyana isev cdilobda arsebobis Cveul wess mibruneboda.faqtiurad, mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze aseTi sazogadoebebi qanqarasaviTmoZraoben — SedarebiT SeuzRudavidan — mkacrad SezRudul modelebs Soris;• aseT sistemaSi aSkarad gamoikveTeba saxelmwifos (romelic gaigivebuliasazogadoebasTan) interesebis prioriteti, pirovnebis prioritetebTan SedarebiT.adamianebs aseT sazogadoebaSi ar gaaCniaT pirovnebis statusi. isini xSiradganixilebian mxolod rogorc im didi meqanizmis advilad cvladi, “erTjeradi19

moxmarebis” detalebi, romelsac saxelmwifo ewodeba. adamianis uflebebi im saxiT,romliTac is miRebulia dRevandel dasavlur sazogadoebaSi, aq saerTod araRiqmeba. raime saubari sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris konstruqciulurTierTobebze aq zedmetia. aseT sistemaSi saerTod ar arsebobs is, rasac ewodebasajaro politika da rac warmoadgens sazogadoebis “qvemoT” formirebulisurvilebisa da miswrafebebis gamoxatulebas. arsebobs politikuri nebiserTaderTi wyaro — xelisufleba, romelic aq erTaderTi aqtiuri sawyisia.mosaxleobas, rogorc aseTs, raime cvlilebis moTxovna an gatareba SeuZliamxolod saxelmwifo struqturebze Zalismieri zewolis gziT.am konteqstSi pretenziebi ruseTis mimarT, rom man xeli aiRo demokratiulreformebze sakmaod usafuZvloa. am qveyanaSi aseTi rame ubralod ar iyo. zedmetia aseTitipis qveyanaSi demokratiaze laparaki. is ara arademokratiuli, aramed ademokratiuliaim gagebiT, rom misi sazogadoebrivi sistema am tipis urTierTobebs ubralod ver aRiqvams.mas SeuZlia formalurad aRiaros demokratiuli sazogadoebis amosavali principebi,xeli moaweros yvela Sesabamis saerTaSoriso dokuments (igive adamianis uflebaTadeklaracias), danergos qveyanaSi demokratiuli institutebi, magram amave droswarmatebiT ugulvebelyos yvelaferi es. bolos da bolos, yvela formaluridemokratiuli atributi stalinis droindel sabWoTa kavSirsac ki gaaCnda.aqedan gamomdinare, advilad gasagebia ruseTis prezidentis v. putinis sityvebi,romelic man 2005 wlis 24 Tebervals bratislavaSi aSS prezident j.buSTan SexvedrisSemdeg gamarTul pres-konferenciaze warmoTqva — Cven ar vapirebT araviTari rusuldemokratiis gamogonebas. Cven erTgulebi viqnebiT yvela demokratiuli principisa,romelic damkvidrebulia mTels civilizebul msoflioSi. rasakvirvelia, demokratiisyvela ZiriTadi principi da instituti ruseTis sazogadoebis dRevandeli ganviTarebis,misi istoriis, tradiciebis adekvaturi unda iyos... demokratiis danergvas Tan ar undasdevdes saxelmwifos daSla da xalxis gaRatakeba. 27• kavSirebi aseT sazogadoebaSi ZiriTadad vertikaluri da erTmimarTulebiania.uflebebi sazogadod nawildeba zevidan-qveviT, xolo movaleobebi qvevidan-zeviT.Sesabamisad muSaobs kanonic. sazogadoebis ufro maRali fenis warmomadgeneliyovelTvis marTalia masze dabal safexurze mdgarTan da, piriqiT. iseTi uZvelesisakanonmdeblo tradiciebis mqone qveyanaSic ki, rogoric CineTia, met-naklebadobieqturad kanonmdebloba xorcieldeboda mxolod erTsa da imavesazogadoebrivi Sris farglebSi. kanonebi sazogadod tardeba SerCeviT,mizanSewonilobis principiT. rogorc Tavis droze ganacxada ruseTis imperatorisnikoloz pirvelis erT-erTma yvelaze daaxlovebulma pirma — grafma berkendorfma— kanonebi iwereba xelqveiTebisaTvis da ara ufrosobisaTvis;• saxelmwifo sazogadod personoficirebulia mis liderSi, romelsac xSirad(formalurad mainc) ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba gaaCnia da araferze pasuxs aragebs. 28 aseT saxelmwifoSi (romelsac xSirad rogorc paternalistursmoixsenieben) urTierToba xelisuflebasa (xelisufals) da sazogadoebas Sorisfaqtiurad mwyemsisa da cxvris faris urTierTobis donezea dayvanili. sazogadod,mwyemsi unda zrunavdes Tavis faraze, rogorc gulmodgine meurne TavissakuTrebaze. magram Tavisi sakuTrebis winaSe is pasuxismgebeli ar aris (es ewerapetre pirvelis TviTmpyrobelis Sesaxeb kanonisE pirvel muxlSi). yvelaze cudi isaris, rom aseT sazogadoebebSi mosaxleobis udidesi umetesoba, saboloo jamSi,eCveva “faris” rols da aRiqvams xelisuflebasa da mis liders rogorc maTiarsebobis pirobebis uzrunvelmyofels. adamianebs sazogadod urCevniaTgadaulocon TavianTi uglebebi saxelmwifos da pasiurad daelodon, Tu rogorgadawyvets maT beds xelisufleba. didi socialuri Zvrebis drosac ki, rodesacadamianebs principSi SeuZliaT airCion TavianTTvis ufro misaRebi ganviTarebisaxali kursi, isini ibrZvian imisaTvis, rom “Tavze daisvan” ufro ukeTesi,mwyalobeli xelisufali;• erT pirovnebaze saxelmwifos aseTi damokidebuleba mas saboloo jamSi uaRresaddaucvels xdis, Tu es ukanaskneli ubralod cudad asrulebs masze dakisrebulmovaleobebs an viRaca axerxebs mis ZaliT gadayenebas. xelmZRvanelma,damokidebuli mis personalur Tvisebebze, SeiZleba aaSenos anda daamxos aseTisazogadoeba (ixileT, magaliTad — wyvilebi: stalini _ xruSCovi sabWoTa kavSirSi;mao Zeduni _ den siaopini CineTSi). aseTi xelmZRvanelebis kontrolis realuri20

meqanizmebi ubralod ar arsebobs;• saxelmwifo imarTeba daniSnuli biurokratebis mier, romlebic pasuxs agebenmxolod maT mimarT, vinc maT Tanamdebobaze niSnavs. CineTSi mravali saukunismanZilze moxeleebs irCevdnen formalurad meritokratiuli rTuli gamocdebissafuZvelze, da isini saxelmwifos erTgulebaze debdnen fics. ruseTSi maT niSnavszemdgomi xelmZRvaneli, dawyebuli qveynis pirveli piridan, piradi erTgulebisprincipidan gamomdinare; Tanamdebobebs es pirebi Tavis sarCenad iReben (sruliadformaluri rusuli termini получить должность в кормление, Tumca dRes is Tavisipirdapiri mniSvnelobiT iSviaTad ixmareba). orive SemTxvevaSi aseT moxeleebs aqvTmosaxleobaze gavlenis faqtiurad ganusazRvreli saSualebebi. maTi SemzRudavimxolod maTi zemdgomia da Sida korporaciuli dauwereli kanonebi. saboloo jamSi,aseTi situacia iwvevs Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas da yovlismomcvelkorufcias. is, agreTve, iwvevs iseTi tipis socialuri fsiqologiis Camoyalibebas,romelic yvelaze kargad aRiwereba isevdaisev rusuli andaziT — ты начальник – ядурак, я начальник – ты дурак. garda amisa, aseT qveynebSi, moxeleebi xSirad hibridulikerZo-saxelmwifo sakuTrebis udidesi mflobelebi xdebian da xelSi igdebenqveynis marTvis kidev erT mZlavr berkets.zemoT aRwerili sistemis farglebSi dRes msoflios mosaxleobis minimum naxevaricxovrobs. rasakvirvelia, masSi Semavali qveynebi erTgvarovan masas namdvilad arwarmoadgenen, Tumca ZiriTad sistemur principebs ase Tu ise mainc iziareben. maTiumetesoba didi xania formalurad mainc aRiarebs sazogadoebis demokratiuliaRmSeneblobis principebs, rac es maT Cveul arss iotisodenadac ar cvlis. SedarebiTrbilia tradiciuli sistemuri maxasiaTeblebis gamovlineba, magaliTad, samxreTaRmosavleTaziaSi; magram xistia yvela danarCen muslimanur qveyanaSi, CineTsa daruseTSi. igive indoeTi, romelic dRemde ufro mravalricxovani didi erebiskonglomeratad gvevlineba, vidre Camoyalibebul erTian saxelmwifod, sakmaoddemokratiulia [iZulebiT] federalur, magram tradiciuli Statebis doneze.aSkaraa, rom Tavisi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT, aseTi tradiciuli aziuri Tupiramiduli sistema diametralurad sawinaaRmdegoa Tanamedrove ganviTarebulisazogadoebebisa. es ar niSnavs, rom es sistemebi aucileblad erTmaneTis antagonisturiunda iyvnen, magram erTmaneTTan naklebad Tavsebadia da konkurentuli. maT SoriswinaaRmdegoba ukve konceptualur doneze arsebobs — orive agebulia mkveTradgansxvavebul faseulobaTa sistemaze, Sefasebis kriteriumebze, qcevis stereotipebze. esar niSnavs imas, rom aziuri sistemis faseulobebi da kriteriumebi dasavleTSi miRebulzeuaresia an amoraluri — bolos da bolos maTze dayrdnobiT msoflios uZvelesmacivilizaciebma mravalsaukunovani ganviTarebis gza gamoiares. isini ubralod sxvaa.amave dros meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi ganaxlebis siCqare ekonomikur, finansur,teqnologiur sferoebSi imdenad maRali gamodga, rom Zirs UuTxris vertikalurkavSirebze agebul, mouqnel piramidul sistemas. Tanamedrove msoflioSi marTvisefeqturi sistemebi damyarebulia paralelur gadawyvetilebebze, rodesac sistemasSeuZlia sakuTari Tavis modificireba optimaluri gadawyvetilebebis ZebnaSi. magramhorizontaluri, naklebad SezRuduli informaciuli nakadebis arseboba SesaZlebeliamxolod ganviTarebul samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi mZlavri saSualo klasiT. swored aseTinakadebi gamodian ekonomikis katalizatorebad, xdian qveyanas konkurentunarians.yvelaze warmatebuli Tanamedrove qveynebi viTardebian adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis,avtonomiebis uflebebis zrdis mimarTulebiT, xasiaTdebian qveynis SigniTdecentralizaciis maRali xarisxiT.magram yvelaferi zemoT CamoTvlili aris is, rasac tlanqi, Znelad adaptirebaditradiciuli sazogadoebrivi sistema ubralod ver egueba. swrafi cvlilebebi,arastabiluroba (Tugind ganviTarebiT gamowveuli), inovaciebi (gansakuTrebiTsocialur-politikur sferoSi) — e.i. yvelaferi, rac asociirebulia globalizaciasTan,misTvis mavnebelia. TviT dinamiuri globalizaciis procesi, romelsac saTaveSi wamyvanidasavluri saxelmwifoebi udganan, Zirs uTxris mas, iwvevs mis destabilizacias.mniSvneloba ara aqvs, rogor damokidebulebaSi aris am sistemis warmomadgeneli esa Tuis konkretuli saxelmwifo ganviTarebul msofliosTan. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,kacobriobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, saboloo jamSi is agebs masTankonkurentul brZolas (ssrk — amis yvelaze tipuri magaliTi).21

ase rom, elementaruli TviTgadarCenis moTxovnilebebidan gamomdinare, aseT qveynebsan adaptacia sWirdebaT ganviTarebis Tanamedrove moTxovnilebebisadmi, an sistemurimimikria mainc, romelic nawilobriv moxsnis maTze gare zewolas. laparakia sworedadaptaciaze e.i. iseT minimalur cvlilebebze, romelTa Sedegad aseTi qveyana SeiZensdasavleTisaTvis misaReb (an mosaTmen) imijs, Caebmeva (ase Tu ise) globalizaciisprocesebSi da gaakeTebs amas tradiciuli sistemis destabilizaciis gareSe. SedarebiTwarmatebiT akeTeben amas, magaliTad, tailandi da malaizia samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi,SesaZloa iordania.“niu-iork Taimsi” werda 2002 wels — rom arsebobdes iseTi saxelmwifo, romelic qmnisterorizmis mfarvel avtokratebs, iparavs milionobiT dolars maSin, rodesac Ratakebadaqcevs sakuTar moqalaqeebs, Zirs uTxris sazogadoebriv ganaTlebasa da jandacvas, uSvebsbavSvebis monobas, awamebs disidentebs da iTmens eTnikuri umciresobebis darbevas, maSinCven yvela davgmobT mas. erTi gamonaklisiT — samxreT aziaSi aseT sistemas demokratiaewodeba. 29 laparaki pakistanzea, romelmac yvela zemoT CamoTvlil sikeTesTan erTaddaarRvia birTvuli iaraRis gavrcelebis SezRudvis yoveli dawerili Tu dauwereliprincipi, plus Talibebis mTavari sponsori iyo. miuxedavad amisa, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembrisSemdeg aSS-ma gamoacxada is Tavis umTavres strategiul mokavSired natos farglebsgareT.pakistani warmoadgens politikuri mimikriis klasikur magaliTs gviCvenebs, Tu rogorSeiZleba dRevandel msoflioSi warmatebiT iarsebos tradiciulma “aziurma” saxelmwifomdemokratiul demagogiaze dayrdnobiT.yuradsaRebia is garemoeba, rom romelime aseTi tipis qveynis Tanamedrovesazogadoebad warmatebuli transformaciis magaliTi namdvilad ar arsebobs. aseTadsazogadod asaxeleben iaponias, rac etyoba principulad arasworia. iaponia, uiSviaTesigamonaklisis saxiT, tipuri zecentralizebuli “aziuri” sazogadoeba namdvilad aryofila. misi izolirebuli, kunZulovani mdgomareoba xsnida ucxouri intervenciissaSiSroebas, xolo arsebuli mwiri bunebrivi resursebis centralizebuli marTva ariZleoda SesamCnev upiratesobas decentralizirebul meurneobis sistemasTanSedarebiT. 30 Tumca mravalricxovani, calkeuli feodaluri klanebi namdvilad“piramidis” principiT iyo agebuli.qveyana Zlier centralizebuli gaxda mxolod mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi,meiZis revoluciis farglebSi mimdinare modernizaciis dros. meore msoflio omSidamarcxebam zecentralizaciis aucileblobac moxsna da qveyanam kidev erTi warmatebulimodernizacia gaiara. Tumca, ramdenad SeZlo man misTvis principSi ucxo, evropidanmosuli sistemisadmi adaptacia, Zneli saTqmelia. 2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis iaponiismsoflioSi sididiT meore ekonomikam ganicada zedized oTxi recesia ukanaskneli aTiwlis manZilze. am dros, mis ekonomikas principSi araferi ar sWirs, is saaTiviTaamomarTuli da dResac dedamiwaze erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturia, rac TavisTavad friadaZnelebs misi “mkurnalobis” efeqturi receptebis SemuSavebas.rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi saqme ufro gvaqvs sazogadoebrivi fsiqologiisproblemebTan, romelic swored adaptaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli. sanam iaponelebiwarmatebiT iTvisebdnen garedan Semosul inovaciebs, maT Soris socialurs, maT mkafiomizani gaaCndaT, romlis miRwevac iyo saWiro. rogorc ki maT am mizans warmatebiTmiaRwies, aRmoCnda, rom Semdgomi winsvlis stimuli ubralod daikarga — is konkretuliqcevis modeli, stereotipebi, stimulebi, romlebic TavisaTvis gamoimuSaves igiveamerikelebma, iaponelebisaTvis mainc ucxoa, sxva civilizaciis farglebSi arisaRmocenebuli. Sedegad krizisi. mis warmatebiT gadasalaxavad iaponelebs etyobasWirdebaT an sakuTari civilizaciuri memkvidreobis did nawilze xelis aReba daevropuli civilizaciisadmi adaptacia, an mZlavri gareSe krizisis warmoqmna, romelicisev darazmavda maT misi daZlevis procesSi. sayuradReboa, rom 2006 wlis TebervalSi“niusviqSi” gamoqveynda statia, romlis avtori amtkicebs, rom iaponelebma ukvepraqtikulad gaiares civilizaciuri adaptaciis periodi da faqtiurad pirvelaraevropel-evropelebad gvevlinebian. 31zemoT moyvanili magaliTi imisTvisaa saWiro, rom uCvenos tradiciuli sazogadoebebisTanamedrove, kapitalistur sistemaSi transformaciis sirTule. aseve Zneladmimdinareobda aseTi transformacia TviT evropis SedarebiT centralizebulsaxelmwifoebSi, magaliTad absolutistur safrangeTSi, romelic amave dros Zalian Sors22

idga zemoT daxasiaTebul “piramidul” sazogadoebebidan. safrangeTs dasWirdaganuwyveteli sisxliani revoluciebis, omebisa da sazogadoebrivi areulobis TiTqmiserTi saukune (moyolebuli 1789 wlis revoluciidan, vidre 1871 wlis parizis komunamde),sanam moxerxda misi saboloo transformacia Tanamedrove kapitalistur, demokratiulsazogadoebad. da mainc miuxedavad amisa, 2006 wlis martSi “niu-iork Taimsi” werda: “is[safrangeTi] imarTeba rogorc didi korporacia, romelsac saTaveSi Zlieri prezidentiudgas. nebismieri cvlileba ZalTa ganawilebaSi iwvevs kriziss. parlamenti, rogorc CansZalian sustia imisaTvis, rom SezRudos es xelisufleba. protestebi faqtiuradmTavrobis yuradRebis miqcevis erTaderT saSualebad gvevlineba.” 32igive absolutisturi espaneTis agonia mimdinareobda meTvramete saukunidan moyolebuli,vidre 1930-iani wlebis samoqalaqo omamde da general frankos TiTqmis ormocwliandiqtaturamde. misi sabolood gaformeba rogorc Tanamedrove, ganviTarebuli qveynisa,moxda 1986 gaerTianebul evropasTan SeerTebis Semdeg, Tumca amaSi briuselSi mjdomibiurokratebis damsaxureba etyoba aranaklebia, vidre TviT espanelebis.SedarebiT warmatebulia transformaciis Sedegebi or iseT aziur saxelmwifoSi,rogoricaa taivani da samxreTi korea. magram isini am regionis Zalian aratipuriwarmomadgenlebi arian. miT umetes, taivani, sadac aSS-m, faqtiurad moaxdinakontinenturi CineTidan devnilebis Tanamedrove sazogadoebad gadaqcevis specialuriproeqtis realizacia. samxreTi koreis socialuri Tu ekonomikuri struqtura mTlianadmoSlili iyo jer xangrZlivi iaponuri okupaciisa da 1950-1953 wlebis omis Semdeg. aqacfaqtiurad moxda axali sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba aSS-s uSualo xelmZRvanelobiTa damonawileobiT. magram am process TiTqmis ormoci weli dasWirda, xolo analogiursituaciaSi myofi Crdilo korea msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze araadamianur sazogadoebadCamoyalibda.friad TvalsaCinoa am TvalsazrisiT ruseTis magaliTi. moyolebuli mecxrametesaukunis 60-iani wlebidan da vidre 1914 wlamde ruseTma Caatara etyoba dReisaTvisyvelaze Sors wasuli modernizacia, namdvil, xist aziur sistemaSi arsebul saxelmwifoebsSoris. es transformacia iyo sakmaod araTanabari, magram namdvilad warmatebuliekonomikur sferoSi (ruseTis ekonomikuri warmatebebi im dros cotaTi TuCamouvardeboda dRevandeli CineTis miRwevebs) da 1905 wlis revoluciis Semdeg —socialurSic.am faqtorebis kombinaciam gamoiwvia tradiciuli sazogadoebis sistemuri safuZvlebismoSla. moxda sistemuri krizisi, romelic pirvel msoflio omSi qveynis warumatebelmonawileobaSi gamovlinda. Sedegi — 1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialeba, romelmacsaboloo jamSi am qveyanaSi bevrad ufro xisti centralizebuli sistema Seqmna, vidre isabsoluturi monarqiis dros iyo. ruseTma (sabWoTa kavSiris saxeliT) gaiara kidev erTimodernizacia — uaRresad warmatebuli centralizebuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis; magramabsoluturad miuRebeli Tanamedrove, ganviTarebul msoflioSi aRiarebuli moralurifaseulobebis TvalsazrisiT.aseTma ruseTma gaimarjva meore msoflio omSi da Caeba civ omSi ganviTarebulmsofliosTan, romelSic damarcxda, im mizeziT, rom sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTasistema, romelzec is iyo dafuZnebuli, absoluturad arakonkurentunariani gamodgaTanamedrove globaluri urTierTobebis sistemaSi. praqtikulad ssrk-s damarcxebamdasavleTTan SejibrebaSi marTla gvauwya istoriis dasasruli im gagebiT, rom damTavrdaepoqa, romelSic tradiciul urTierTobaTa sistemaze awyobil saxelmwifoebs SeeZloTwarmatebiT ganecxadebinaT pretenzia globalur liderobaze da eCvenebinaT ganviTarebissxvisTvis misabaZi magaliTi.sainteresoa, rom zustad aseTive Sedegi gamoiRo iranSi prodasavlurma sakmaod rbilmamodernizaciam Sah mohamad reza fexlevis dros. qveyanaSi 1979 wels moxda revolucia,romelmac is mkveTrad Seabruna sakmaod xisti tradiciuli ganviTarebis modelisaken,romelic amasTanave islamur ideologias efuZneba.sayuradReboa, rom 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ruseTis realurimodernizaciis (e.i. demokratiuli, sabazro ekonomikaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebismSeneblobis) cda praqtikulad ar momxdara. is, rasac 1992-2004 wlebSi am qveyanaSidemokratiuli reformebis saxeliT aris cnobili, iyo ara imdenad Segnebuli qmedeba,ramdenadac sazogadoebis Sokuri reaqcia imperiis daSlaze (sxvaTa Soris meore daSlaze23

73 wlis manZilze), romelic gaaZliera dasavleTis dawolam da adgilobrivi mmarTvelielitebis cvlis procesma. rogorc ki ase Tu ise Camoyalibda axali mmarTveli elita,moxda SedarebiTi ekonomikuri stabilizacia msoflio bazarze navTobis fasebis zrdisSedegad, ruseTi isev miubrunda im ganviTarebis models, romelic mas xelewifeba —damyarebuls Zalauflebisa da sakuTrebis simbiozze, saxelmwifo warmoebis wesze. 33rasakvirvelia, ruseTs am gziT Sors wasvlis naklebi Sansi gaaCnia — amisaTvis mas arcorganizaciuli resursi aqvs, arc mimzidveli ideologia. etyoba sakmaod male aq axaliwonasworoba Seiqmneba, rodesac qveyana imedia moaxerxebs tradiciul sistemasa dakapitalizms Soris simbioturi sistemis Seqmnas, rogorc es moaxerxes igive malaiziam antailandma.ruseTis socialuri sistemis evoluciis magaliTi imiTia mniSvnelovani, rom adre Tugvian mis mdgomareobaSi CineTi aRmoCndeba. im sistemis istoriuli ganviTarebis logika,romlis farglebSic es qveyana arsebobs, amaze araorazrovnad miuTiTebs.CineTi dReisaTvis bevrad ufro globalizebulia, vidre odesme ruseTi iyo. masekonomikis yvelaze grZelvadiani, uwyveti, maRali zrdis tempi aqvs msoflioSi, isganviTarebuli qveynebis gareT ucxouri investiciebis yvelaze didi mimRebia,praqtikulad nebismieri wiaRiseuli nedleulis yvelaze didi momxmarebelia msoflioSi,bolos yoveli mexuTe adamiani dedamiwaze — Cinelia.rasakvirvelia misi mmarTvelobis sistema bevrad ukeTaa organizebuli, vidre ruseTis,mosaxleoba ufro disciplinirebuli da darazmuli qveynis xelmZRvanelobis garSemo,reformebi ukeT dagegmili da organizebuli, magram is Tavis safuZvelSi isevzecentralizebuli, arademokratiuli (zogierTis azriT — avtoritaruli), komunisturideologiaze damyarebuli saxelmwifoa. 34dResdReobiT CineTi sakmaod mokrZalebul rols TamaSobs globalur politikaSi, misixelmZRvaneloba ZiriTadad imiTia dakavebuli, rom ar dauSvas qveynis sistemurisafuZvlebis moSla swrafi ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebSi (dasavleTis azriT, romelicmravali welia mouwodebs CineTs Seanelos is — “aramdgradad” swrafis).amave dros gasagebia, rom adre Tu gvian, aseTi modernizaciis Sedegebi winaaRmdegobaSimova sazogadoebis organizaciis sistemasTan - dRevandeli CineTis mmarTveli elitisa daaxali, mis mierve Seqmnili saSualo klasis interesebi erTmaneTs Seejaxeba. 35 .Tu es SedarebiT adre moxdeba, maSin moxdeba minimum masStaburi ekonomikuri krizisi(etyoba globaluri) da regionuri politikuri destabilizacia. Tu es saSualovadianperspeqtivaSi ar moxda, maSin CineTi garantirebulad daiwyebs sul ufro aqtiuri rolisTamaSs jer regionalur, Semdgom globalur politikaSi. da es politika garantirebuladiqneba ara prodasavluri an demokratiuli, aramed nacionalisturi da antiamerikuli(dResdReobiT CineTis samxedro doqtrina strategiul mowinaaRmdeged swored aSS-sxedavs). faqtiurad CineTis gaZliereba ama Tu im saxiT kvlad daiwyebs im globalursistemur winaaRmdegobas, romelic meore msoflio omis Semdeg arsebobda msoflioSi.aseTma politikam yvelaze naklebad sasiamovno Sedegi iqneba is, rom bevriganviTarebadi qveyana (gansakuTrebiT, afrikaSi da laTinur amerikaSi), romelic dResformalurad “xels awers” kapitalizmsa da demokratias, pirs ibrunebs ganviTarebis ammodelisagan. zemoT Tqmulidan gasagebia, rom sistemuri winaaRmdegoba dRevandelmsoflioSi mainc arsebobs, Tumca SedarebiTD Serbilebuli formiT.Tavi 2. msoflio politikis globalizacia2.1. pirveli globalizacia.nebismieri sazogadoeba, misi struqturuli organizaciis, ganviTarebis donisa da tipisganurCevlad, cdilobs gadaWras Semdegi ori ZiriTadi (Tumca gamoucxadebeli) amocana:a/daamyaros stabiluri balansi, erTi mxriv, sazogadoebis wevrebis moTxovnilebebs Soris(romelic uzrunvelyofilia mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli warmoebis saSualebebiT), dameore mxriv, bunebrivi garemos SesaZleblobebs Soris daakmayofilos esmoTxovnilebebi; 36 b/gaanawilos mopovebuli simdidre sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris ise, romSeinarCunos sazogadoebis stabiluroba. faqtiurad, mocemuli amocanebis warmatebiTgadaWra warmoadgens sazogadoebis funqcionirebis minimalur aucilebel winapirobas.Tumca politika sazogadod ganisazRvreba, rogorc gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesida meTodi adamianTa jgufebisaTvis, mocemul sazogadoebriv konteqstSi is SesaZlebeliaganvixiloT rogorc RonisZiebebis nakrebi, romelic qmnis winapirobas zemoT mocemuli24

amocanebis gadasaWrelad. 37es ar niSnavs rasakvirvelia, rom kavSiri zemoT moyvanil amocanebsa da nebismiermocemul politikas Soris, uSualo da aSkara unda iyos. politika emsaxureba am amocanebisgadaWras saboloo jamSi, xolo maTi SemaerTebeli Wiplari SesaZlebelia grZeli iyos(rTul Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi Zalian grZeli). amis sxva winapirobac rom ararsebobdes, nebismieri sazogadoebis funqcionirebaSi SesaZlebelia gaCndes Seferxebebi,Tu es Wiplari zedmetad daixlarTeba, anda saerTod gawydeba. amis yvelaze gavrcelebulimagaliTebi dakavSirebulia iseT SemTxvevebTan, rodesac sazogadoebis ganviTarebazedmetad damokidebuli xdeba romelime ideologiur doqtrinaze, romelicugulvebelyofs yoveldRiuri cxovrebis obieqtur moTxovnilebebs.es xdeboda vTqvaT sabWoTa kavSirSi, sadac damokidebuleba komunistur ideologiaze,gansakuTrebiT misi arsebobis gviandel etapze, mTlianad winaaRmdegobaSi movidasazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis zemoT ganxilul amocanebTan, rac misi dacemis erT-erTigadamwyveti mizezi gaxda. magaliTad, 1961 wels sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiismaSindelma pirvelma mdivanma, nikita xruSCovma, gamoacxada kursi qveyanaSi komunisturisazogadoebis mSeneblobaze 1980 wlisaTvis. TavisTavad es amocana sruliad ararealurida Seusrulebeli iyo (rac “warmatebiT damtkicda” qveynis Semdgomi ganviTarebisprocesSi). magram im dros, mis gadasaWrelad, sruliad realurad xdeboda didZalifinansuri da sxva resursebis dabandeba, romelic daaklda ekonomikisa da socialurisferos im nawilebs, sadac maTze obieqturi moTxovnileba arsebobda.nebismier mocemul istoriul konteqstSi sazogadoeba SeiZleba CaiTvalosganviTarebulad, Tu mis gankargulebaSi arsebobs efeqturi, muSa instrumentebi, romelicaZlevs mas saSualebas warmatebiT gadaWras ganviTarebis ori ZiriTadi amocana, SedarebiTgrZeli periodis ganmavlobaSi (etyoba minimum saukune da meti), ZiriTadi sazogadoebrivistruqturebis iseTi SedarebiT umniSvnelo cvlilebebis xarjze, romelic maT arss arcvlis. SedarebiT naklebad ganviTarebulia is sazogadoeba, romelsac aseTi meqanizmebi ansaerTod ara aqvs, anda arsebuli gaumarTavia. 38 Sedegad imisaTvis, rom mdgradadganviTardes, SeinarCunos Tavi rogorc erTobam, aseT sazogadoebas struqturuligardaqmna esaWiroeba.rogorc ukve iTqva, gamoiyofa globalizaciis ori stadia, anu ori globalizacia. sworedpirveli globalizaciis dros, me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan moyolebuli, kavSirisazogadoebis ganviTarebis ZiriTad amocanebsa da maSindeli wamyvani globalurimoTamaSeebis politikas Soris, uSualo da aSkara iyo. mzardi ekonomikisa da mosaxleobisgadaudebelma moTxovnilebebma ubiZga rig evropul saxelmwifoebs eqspansiisaken, im mizniT,rom xelSi CaegdoT bunebrivi resursebi, bazrebi da teritoriebi mosaxleobis im nawilisdasasaxleblad, romelsac sakadrisi adgili ar moeZebneboda metropoliis farglebSi.evropuli saxelmwifoebis koloniuri eqspansia saukuneebs moiTvlida iqamde, sanamglobalizaciuri procesis xasiaTs SeiZenda. me-19 saukunis meore naxevramde koloniebSiSeqmnil krizisebze metropoliis reagireba, obieqturi mizezebiT, ZiriTadad imdenaddagvianebuli iyo, rom es krizisebi ase Tu ise ganimuxteboda umaRlesi xelisuflebisuSualo Carevis gareSe. metic, am xelisuflebis dagvianebuli reaqcia ukve ararsebulsituaciaze, zogjer axal krizisebs iwvevda. koloniebis marTva xSirad imdenadaraefeqturi iyo, rom rig SemTxvevebSi metropoliebi nebayoflobiT ambobdnen maTzeuars. magaliTad, mravalwliani uSedego cdebis Semdeg aeTvisebina alaska, ruseTiiZulebuli iyo 1867 wels mieyida is aSS-Tvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom oqros umdidresisabadoebi im droisaTvis iq ukve aRmoCenili iyo. sainteresoa, rom gayidvis iniciatoradTviT ruseTi gamodioda, da imisaTvis, rom daeTanxmebinaT amerikelebi am garigebaze,rusebs aSS-s kongresis lobirebac ki mouwiaT.eqspansia gaxda globalizaciuri, upirvelesad yovlisa, transportisa dakomunikaciebis saSualebebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, ramac misca centralur xelisuflebassaSualeba moexdina efeqturi reagireba koloniebSi momxdar movlenebze yoveldRiuripolitikuri saqmianobis CarCoebSi.es iyo pirveli SemTxveva kacobriobis istoriaSi, rodesac msoflios wamyvanma qveynebmaSesZles SeeqmnaT da SeenarCunebinaT urTierTobaTa iseTi sistema, romlis farglebSi maTSeeZloT gavlenis moxdena sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesebze mTels msoflioSi.Sesabamisad am qveynebis politikamac globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina — e.i. erTi an ramdenimewamyvani moTamaSis politikuri gadawyvetilebebi da aqtiuroba, swrafad iwvevdaglobalur gamoZaxils.25

es sistema sabolood Camoyalibda daaxloebiT im droisaTvis, rodesac ase Tu isedamTavrda britaneTis imperiis formireba — daaxloebiT samxreT afrikaSi, burebisrespublikebis winaaRmdeg omis dasrulebisaTvis (1902 w.). Tumca am dros, es procesirogorc globalizacia ar aRiqmeboda da laparaki msoflio politikis internacionalizaciazeiyo.am sistemam Tavisi dasrulebuli saxiT faqtiurad mxolod aTiode weli gastana:pirveli dartyma mas pirvelma msoflio omma da amis Sedegad am procesidan ruseTisa dagermaniis gamoTiSvam miayena, xolo 1929 wlis msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma msoflioswamyvani saxelmwifoebi sabolood Caketa Tavis binebSi da erTmaneTisagan gaTiSa.mTavari, rac am globalizacias Semdgomi globalizaciuri procesisagan ganasxvavebda,mdgomareobda imaSi, rom msoflios udidesi nawili imyofeboda ramdenime [dasavleT]evropuli saxelmwifos (britaneTis imperia, safrangeTi, germania, holandia, belgia,italia, portugalia), plus ruseTis uSualo politikuri kontrolis qveS. 39 ufroSezRuduli iyo im qveyanaTa jgufi, romelsac xelewifeboda globalur urTierTobaTasistemis formireba — britaneTis imperia, safrangeTi, germania, avstria-ungreTi, aSS,ruseTi. maTTan axlos idga italia da gansakuTrebiT ruseTTan 1906 wels mogebuli omisSemdeg — iaponia (ix. danarTi 2.). 40 damatebiT, urTierToba wamyvan globalur moTamaSeebsSoris (TanamSromloba Tu konkurencia), mimdinareobda erTi [kapitalisturi] socialurekonomikurida politikuri sistemis farglebSi. is faqtic, rom ruseTi am sistemas arekuTvnoda (ixileT, konkretuli SemTxveva 1), situacias ar cvlida — es qveyana daJinebiTatarebda reformebs, romelic am sistemaSi integraciaze iyo mimarTuli. 41 e.i. meoremsoflio omis Semdgomi globalur sistemuri konkurenciis tipis urTierTobas am drosadgili ara hqonia.am dros arsebobda wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis Zalian viwro jgufis mierwamowyebuli globaluri ganviTarebis trendebis translaciis formaluri SesaZlebloba.Sedegad, msoflio politikuri da ekonomikuri integraciis xarisxi aSkarad ufro maRaliiyo, vidre dRes.agreTve, ufro maRali iyo, globalizaciuri procesebis iniciatorebis (pirvel rigSibritaneTis imperiis), uSualo pasuxismgebloba msoflioSi mimdinare procesebze, iseverogorc maTi SesaZleblobebi, gaekontrolebinaT es procesebi. es imasTan iyodakavSirebuli, rom am procesebis udidesi umetesoba mimdinareobda sul ramdenimeerTian politikur-ekonomikur sivrceSi.garda globalizaciis ramdenime damoukidebeli subieqtisa (axali tipis erovnulisaxelmwifosi), dedamiwaze mcxovrebi yvela sxva eTnosis CarTva globalur procesebSixdeboda ZaliT, maTi neba-survilis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. es iwvevda imas, romglobalizaciis procesSi xSirad xvdebodnen iseTi eTnosebi, romelTa iq monawileobaaraefeqturi, anda aSkarad wamgebiani iyo.minimumze iyo dayvanili uku kavSirebi globalizaciis subieqtebsa da maTi gavlenisqveS myofi globalizaciis obieqtebs Soris, rac agreTve amcirebda procesebisefeqturobas. ufro metic, gverdi-gverd mdebare uzarmazari teritoriebi, xSiraderTmaneTTan urTierTobdnen mxolod maTgan aTasobiT kilometriT daSorebulimetropoliebis meSveobiT.mTlianobaSi, maSindeli globaluri urTierTobaTa sistema sakmaod xisti da mouqneliiyo, ar gaaCnda evoluciuri srulyofis saSualeba. zog evropul koloniur saxelmwifosa(did britaneTSi upirvelesad yovlisa) da aSS-Si mainc, im droisaTvis ZiriTadadCamTavrebuli iyo sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis da demokratiuli sazogadoebismSeneblobis procesebi. magram is urTierTobaTa principebi, romelic aucileblad iyoaRiarebuli am qveynebis SigniT, da metwilad am qveynebs Soris urTierTobisas, arvrceldeboda am “elitaruli klubis” gareT darCenil saxelmwifoebsa da xalxebze.globaluri procesebis xasiaTi ar emTxveoda sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis tips,romelic ukve miRweuli iyo maT wamomwyeb qveynebSi da is aSkarad “taqtidan iyoamovardnili”. faqtiurad evropis wamyvani qveynebi Tavis koloniur imperiebs aziuripiramiduli sazogadoebebis yaidaze agebdnen (ixileT, konkretuli SemTxveva 1).ori SeniSvna globalizaciis mimarT:• erTxel dawyebuli globalizaciis Sewyveta principulad SesaZlebelia mxolod imSemTxvevaSi, Tu raime globaluri katastrofis Sedegad, komunikaciebi dedamiwissxvadasxva nawilebs Soris (pirvel rigSi aRmosavleT da dasavleT naxevarsferoebsSoris), daubrundeba kolumbis mogzaurobamdel mdgomareobas. nebismier sxvaSemTxvevaSi, xdeba mxolod globaluri procesebis Sesusteba, maTi intensivobis26

dacema, pirvel rigSi, materialuri da informaciuli nakadebis gacvlis moculobisada siCqaris Semcirebis xarjze. me-20 saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi globalizacia arSemwydara, is ubralod uaRresad dabalintensiuri gaxda.• rarig paradoqsulad ar unda JRerdes, orive msoflio omis dros globalizaciuriprocesebi ar Semwydara. piriqiT, maT Tavisi intensivobisa da gamovlenis masStabebismwvervals miaRwies. swored am omebis dros xdeboda sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisprocesebis maqsimaluri daCqareba da koreqcia (Tumca uaRresad uxeSi).globalizaciis am koloniurma stadiam, sakmaod paradoqsulad, gamoavlina maSindeliwamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis SedarebiTi sisuste. koloniuri saxelmwifoebi xelSiigdebdnen uzarmazar teritoriebs da maTze uSualo kontrols amyarebdnen ZiriTadadimis gamo, rom maT ar hqondaT saimedo informacia am teritoriebis Sesaxeb, romelicmiscemda maT saSualebas SerCeviT emoqmedaT. garda amisa, maT ar hqondaT sxva marTvismeqanizmebi uSualo kontrolis garda, miuxedavad misi araefeqturobisa da arasaimedobis.swored uSualo kontrolis araefeqturobam gamoiwvia, pirvel rigSi, koloniurisistemis daSla meore msoflio omis Semdeg. am droisaTvis is fasi, romelsacmetropoliebi ixdidnen koloniebze uSualo kontrolis SesanarCuneblad, bevradaRemateboda im mogebas, romlis miRebac maT SeeZloT am teritoriebidan. mxolod yvelazenaklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi (portugalia magaliTad), tovebdnen Taviskoloniebs iq mimdinare SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis Sedegad. TiTqmis yvela danarCenSemTxvevaSi, koloniuri saxelmwifoebi tovebdnen koloniebs imis gamo, rom maTi SenaxvaZalze Zviri jdeboda (finansuri, materialuri, organizaciuli, a.S.).erT-erTi uZlieresi dartyma koloniur sistemas, da Sesabamisad pirveli globalizaciisprocesSi Seqmnil urTierTobaTa sistemas, miayena SeerTebulma Statebma. 1941 wlisagvistoSi, meore msoflio omis yvelaze mZime momentSi, aSS-m gaaforma did britaneTTancnobili atlantikuri qartia, romelmac gadamwyveti roli Seasrula omis Semdgomiglobaluri urTierTobebis sistemis CamoyalibebaSi, m.S. gaeros SeqmnaSi. imave wlisseqtemberSi am qartias SeuerTda rigi sxva qveynebisa, m.S. sabWoTa kavSiric, miuxedavad imisa,rom stalins am qartiis rva punqtis ZiriTadi debulebebi maincdamainc ar moswonda.am qartiis mesame punqtis Sesabamisad — “[xelismomweri mxareebi] pativs scemen yvelaxalxebis uflebas airCion mmarTvelobis is forma, romelSic maT unda icxovron; maTagreTve surT dainaxon, rom aRdgenil iqneba yvela im xalxebis suverenuli uflebebi daTviTmmarTveloba, romelTac es uflebebi ZaliT hqondaT warTmeuli.” 42 faqtiurad ampunqtSi laparaki iyo xalxebis TviTgamorkvevis uflebaze.am punqtis Setana qartiaSi ganpirobebuli iyo aSS-Si am droisaTvis gabatonebuli RrmarwmeniT koloniuri mmarTvelobis miuReblobis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, (Tumca es mosazrebarasakvirvelia ar iyo gaxmaurebuli) arsebuli koloniuri mmarTvelobis sistema ubralodxels uSlida aSS-s sakuTari globaluri interesebis realizaciaSi.britaneTis premieri, ser uinston CerCili, sakmaod ukmayofilo iyo qartiis am punqtis,romelic faqtiurad moaswavebda britaneTis imperiis aRsasruls. is SemdgomSireguralurad cdilobda misi mniSvnelobis gabaTilebas da ambobda, rom es punqti mxolodgermanelebis mier okupirebul teritoriebs exeboda. miuxedavad amisa, SemdgomSi yvela,vinc ki ibrZoda TviTgamorkvevisaTvis koloniuri imperiebidan, am punqts eyrdnoboda,rogorc maTi moTxovnebis formalur gamarTlebas.amave dros, xdeboda transnacionaluri organizaciisa da aqtiurobis iseTi axaliformebis aRmoceneba, romelic ZiriTadad efuZneboda Camoyalibebis procesSi myofimultinacionaluri korporaciebis interesebs. es ukanasknelebi, koloniurisaxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT, ibrZodnen imisaTvis, rom moepovebinaT kontrolibazrebze, da ara im teritoriebze, romelic am bazrebs Seicavda. faqtiurad me-20 saukunisdasawyisSi arsebobda erTaderTi saxelmwifo — aSS, sadac kerZo korporaciebi da mTavrobaerTad muSaobdnen erToblivi interesebis realizaciis procesSi. es exeboda upirvelesadyovlisa laTinur amerikas, sadac monros doqtrinaze dayrdnobiT, aSS-s mTavroba daamerikuli korporaciebi, ereodnen formalurad damoukidebeli qveynebis saSinaosaqmeebSi maTze uSualo kontrolis damyarebis gareSe. 43monros doqtrina — doqtrina gamocxadebuli 1823 wels, jeims monros prezidentobis dros.am doqtrinis Sesabamisad evropul saxelmwifoebs erTmeodaT ufleba moexdinaT amerikiskolonizacia, anda Careuliyvnen amerikis kontinentebze arsebuli suverenuli saxelmwifoebis27

saSiano saqmeebSi. samagierod aSS apirebda neitralitetis dacvas omebSi, romelsac adgilieqneboda evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris, anda evropul saxelmwifosa da mis kolonias Soris,garda im SemTxvevebisa, Tu aseT oms adgili eqneboda amerikaSi. am SemTxvevaSi, aSS ganixilavdamas, rogorc mis winaaRmdeg mimarTul mtrul qmedebas. 1904 wels prezidentma teodorruzveltma Seitana mniSvnelovani Sesworeba am doqtrinaSi, romlis Sesabamisad, aSS iZendauflebas, Careuliyo laTinuri amerikis qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi, faqtiurad Tavis TavzeiRebda saerTaSoriso policiur uflebebs. es politika gaxmovanda rogorc “ilaparake Cumad,magram moimarjve didi keti”. am doqtrinam udidesi roli Seasrula globaluri politikuriurTierTobebis sistemis CamoyalibebaSi, radganac faqtiurad gadaaqcia laTinuri amerika aSS-s“ukana ezod”, sadac mas SeeZlo daecva sakuTari interesebi, rogorc adgilobrivi suverenulisaxelmwifoebis, agreTve sxva wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebisgareSe, gansakuTrebiT civi omis periodSi.yvelaze kargad aseTi politikis efeqturoba gamovlinda panamis arxze kontrolisdamyarebasTan dakavSirebul movlenebSi. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi am arxis mSeneblobasudidesi roli eniWeboda globaluri satransporto komunikaciebis sistemis CamoyalibebaSi.is orjer amcirebda manZils atlantikis okeanedan wynar okeaneSi. wamyvani globalurimoTamaSe, romelic moaxerxebda am arxze kontrolis dawesebas, mZlavr damatebiT argumentebsiZenda Tavis konkurentebTan urTierTobaSi. 44 kolumbia, romlis teritoriazec frangebiwarumateblad cdilobdnen arxis mSeneblobas, uars ambobda am mSeneblobis uflebebis aSS-zegadacemaze. Sedegad, 1903 wlis bolos, dRevandeli panamis teritoriaze moxda adgilobrivimsxvili miwaTmflobelebis ajanyeba, romlebmac aSS-s uSualo mxardaWeriT gamoacxadesdamoukidebloba kolumbiisagan. aSS iyo pirveli, vinc aRiara am qveynis damoukidebloba dagaagzavna jari mis dasacavad. samagierod man miiRo panamis teritoriaze arxis mSeneblobisada misi uvado gankargvis ufleba. panamis arxi gaixsna 1914 wels. Tumca 1999 wels aSS-m is damisi mimdebare teritoriebi panamas gadasca, man daitova samxedro intervenciis formaluriufleba, Tu mis erovnul interesebs safrTxe Seeqmneboda.paralelurad, wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis mravalricxovani mravalmxrivi aqtiurobisregulirebisa da kontrolis moTxovnilebam gamoiwvia Sesabamisi maregulirebelireJimebis Seqmna da ganviTareba. es reJimebi efuZneboda mTel rig dasavlur komerciul,finansur Tu mTavrobaTaSoris politikur organizaciebs. formalurad es procesi daiwyo1865 wels saerTaSoriso satelegrafo kavSiris daarsebiT, xolo ukve pirveli msoflioomisaTvis, globalur urTierTobaTa mniSvnelovani seqtorebi eqvemdebarebodnen saerTa-Soriso organizaciebis regulirebas. am procesSi safuZveli eyreboda ekonomikuri, socialurida kulturuli procesebis transnacionalur kontrolsa da marTvas. 1914 wlisa-Tvis ama Tu im saxiT xdeboda am procesebis regulireba 4 did sferoSi (ixileT cxrili 2.1.)cxrili 2.1. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, 1914 wels(pasuxismgeblobis sferoebis mixedviT)regulirebis sferoorganizaciebis raodenobasamrewvelo ganviTareba -infrastruqtura 8samrewvelo standartebi da inteleqtualuri sakuTreba 4vaWroba 3potenciuri socialuri konfliqtebis marTva -SromiTi urTierTobebi 1soflis meurneoba 4saxelmwifoebisa da saxelmwifo sistemis gaZlierebasazogadoebrivi wesrigi da administracia 2saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebis mogvareba 2sazogadoebis gaZliereba -adamianis uflebebi 1socialuri dacva da daxmareba 1jandacva 3ganaTleba da mecniereba 4wyaro: D. Held, A. McGrew, D. Goldblatt, J. Perraton, Global Transformations, Politics, Economics andCulture, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1999, pp. 44-45.rasakvirvelia, xsenebuli organizaciebis arseboba ar niSnavda, rom maTi saqmianoba28

ealurad globaluri iyo. isini, isevdaisev, iqmneboda wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebiselitaluri klubis wevrebis mier (ZiriTadad evropelebis), efuZneboda maT warmodgenebsmsoflioSi arsebul problemebisa da maTi regulirebis meqanizmebis Sesaxeb, emsaxurebodamaT interesebs. miuxedavad amisa, am organizaciebis Camoyalibeba moaswavebda sazogadoebriviganviTarebis principulad axali etapis dadgomas, rodesac suverenulisaxelmwifoebi ama Tu im saxiT gadascemdnen Tavisi uflebebis nawils iseT struqturebs,romlebic maTi uSualo, formaluri iurisdiqciisa da kontrolis gareT imyofebodnen.meore globalizacia xasiaTdeba regionalizaciis procesis mkveTri gaZlierebiT. isdResdReobiT warmodgenilia dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi, da ramdenime arSemdgari, TuCrdilo koreis tipis, msoflioSi mimdinare procesebidan gariyuli, saxelmwifos garda,yvela danarCeni warmodgenilia erT an ramdenime regionalur organizaciaSi. miuxedavadimisa, rom regionalizaciis procesi, ase Tu ise, viTardeba yovlismomcveliglobalizaciis CarCoebSi, is didwilad mis paralelur, ufro rTul movlenaswarmoadgens. globalizaciisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTadad warmoadgens sazogadoebismier naklebad kontrolirebad, spontanuri eqspansiis process, regionalizaciamomdinareobs eqspansiis Segnebuli mcdelobidan iseTi arealis farglebSi, sadacsazogadoebrivi aqtiurobis procesebis kontroli SesaZlebelia. e.i. regionalizaciagegmiuri, regulirebadi wamowyebaa. sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis nebismieri subieqtibunebrivad iRwvis maqsimaluri Sedegis misaRwevad. magram, Tu misi eqspansiis pirveladibiZgi SedarebiT Zlieria, gansazRvruli zRurblis (ZiriTadad sivrciTi) gadalaxvisSemdeg procesebis kontroli friad rTuli, Tu saerTod SesaZlebeli xdeba.regionalizacias adgili aqvs, rodesac xdeba rogorc am pirveli biZgis, aseve misiSedegebis, saguldagulo gaTvla maTze kontrolis SenarCunebis mizniT (ramdenadac esSesaZlebelia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi). garda amisa, regionalizacia SesaZlebeliawarmoadgendes reaqcias (Segnebuls?), globalizaciis ukontrolo procesebze, erTgvardamcvel meqanizms am procesebis winaaRmdeg. dResdReobiT msoflio moiTvlis 36organizacias, romelic formalurad regionalur xasiaTs atarebs. Tumca maTi moqmedebisareali, funqciebi da wevrebis raodenoba, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba damokidebuli maTmiznebze da gansakuTrebiT imaze, Tu rogor da ra donis gavlenas axdens ama Tu imorganizaciaSi gawevrianeba misi monawileebis suverenitetze. am TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze“Sors wasuli” regionaluri organizacia evrokavSiria, Tumca aqac politikuriintegracia jer ver damTavrda erTiani konstituciis miRebiT.2.2. meore globalizacia2.2.1. gansxvavebiT pirvelisagan, meore globalizacia Camoyalibda ori antagonisturisazogadoebrivi wyobis sistemuri konkurenciis procesSi (ixileT, konkretuli SemTxveva1). oTxi aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflio cxovrobda e.w. “civi omis” pirobebSi da oriantagonisturi ideologiis masiur dawolas ganicdida. am periods axasiaTebdaglobaluri ganxeTqileba qveynebis im or bloks Soris, romelTac saTaveSi aSS da sabWoTakavSiri edgnen. TiTqmis yvela im politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba, da maTzedafuZnebuli qmedeba, romelic saboloo jamSi gavlenas axdenda globaluri ganviTarebisyvela elementze, xdeboda am konkurenciis farglebSi, da ganpirobebuli iyo mis mier.aseTi konfrontaciis gareSe, rogorc aSS-is, aseve sabWoTa kavSiris aqtiuroba, etyobadidwilad Semoifargleboda maTi Sesatyvisi SedarebiT viwro geografiuli arealebiT.sabWouri muqara rom ara, aSS SesaZlebelia Segueboda Tavisi interesebis Semofargvlastradiciuli Crdilo-samxreTis RerZiT, romelic orive amerikas moicavda. igives TqmaSeiZleba sabWoeTis globalur aqtiurobazec. realurad arsebuli, Tu moCvenebiTisafrTxeebi, aiZulebdnen am qveynebs ganexilaT mTeli dedamiwa rogorc maTi “garCevebis”potenciuri asparezi, da ama Tu im saxiT, CaeTriaT sakuTar urTierTobebSi praqtikuladnebismieri damoukidebeli politikuri subieqti msoflioSi.am sistemuri konkurenciis wamyvani monawileebi, Tavisi struqturisa da funqcionirebisZiriTadi parametrebiT, da Sesabamisad, globalur procesebSi monawileobismotivaciiT, erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen.meore msoflio omis dasasrulisaTvis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi warmoadgendaaxali tipis axalgazrda sazogadoebas, romelic efuZneboda demokratiul faseulobebsada sabazro ekonomikis principebs. mas gaaCnda zrdis uzarmazari potenciali da udidesiSinagani energia. misi socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri struqturebi uaRresadmoqnili iyo, da SedarebiT advilad reformirebadi. 1929 wlis msoflio ekonomikurikrizisis Semdgom wlebSi, qveyanaSi gatarda ekonomikuri da socialuri reformebis mTeli29

seria, romelic Tavisi gavleniT, rogorc uSualod aSS-s, aseve globalurisazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis tendenciebze, Tanamedroveobis erT-erT yvelazemniSvnelovan movlenas ganekuTvneba.amerikelebic warmodgendnen meoce saukunis did eTnosebs Soris yvelaze axalgazrda,aqtiur da warmatebul eTnoss. am eTnosisaTvis, iseve rogorc qveynisaTvis mTlianad,eqspansia warmoadgenda ara marto moTxovnilebas, aramed aucileblobasac. misi SezRudva,aqtiurobis tradiciuli arealiT, ewinaaRmdegeboda mTlianad sazogadoebis pozitiuriganviTarebis moTxovnilebebs, safrTxes uqmnida maT.aSS-m, absoluturad minimaluri zaralis xarjze, miiRo maqsimalurad SesaZlebelimogeba meore msoflio omSi monawileobidan. is faqtiurad, meore msoflio omSierTaderTi realuri gamarjvebuli iyo. am omis procesSi dagrovebuli uzarmazarisamxedro sawarmoo potenciali agreTve moiTxovda eqspansias omis Semdgomi transformaciisada restruqturizaciis procesis SedarebiT umtkivneulod Casatareblad.am qveynisaTvis “civi” globaluri konfrontacia sakuTari interesebis realizaciisidealur pirobas warmoadgenda, is misTvis momgebiani iyo. mas ukve SemuSavebuli, dawarmatebiT gamocdili hqonda, saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTierTobis meqanizmebi axalibazrebis Seqmnisa Tu arsebul bazrebze SeRwevis, da maTze kontrolis damyarebisprocesSi. am SemTxvevaSi, kavSiri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ZiriTad amocanebsa da aSS-sglobalur eqspansias Soris, uSualo da naTeli iyo. am procesis ideologiuriuzrunvelyofa (igive Pax Americana-s idea magaliTad), realurad mis Sesabamis damxmarerols TamaSobda.am droisaTvis, qveyana potenciurad (gansakuTrebiT ekonomikuri ganviTarebismoTxovnilebebis TvalsazrisiT), mzad iyo globaluri eqspansiisaTvis. amave dros, iqarsebuli izolacionizmis mZlavri tradicia xels uSlida am potencialis praqtikulrealizacias. sabWoTa kavSirTan gardauvali konfrontacia demokratiuli faseulobebisdasacavad, mSvenier sababs warmoadgenda aSS-s gamarTlebuli globaluri ambiciebiscxovrebaSi gasatareblad.amerikelebi arc malavdnen Tavis globalur imperiul ambiciebs. rogorc erTxel aSS-sprezident trumens wamoscda, amerikis pasuxismgebloba msoflios winaSe ufro didi iyo,vidre odesme gadayria “darius pirvelis sparseTi, aleqsandres saberZneTi, adrianes romiTu viqtorias britaneTi”. rogorc trumeni ambobda -“msoflios totalitarizmisagangadarCenis” erTaderTi gza “mdgomareobs msoflios mier amerikuli sistemis aTvisebaSi”,radganac “amerikuli sistemas SeuZlia gadarCena mxolod msoflio sistemad gadaqcevisgziT”. 45amave dros, wamyvani dasavleli politikosebisaTvis (upirvelesad yovlisa ser uinstonCerCilisaTvis), sabWoTa kavSiri sruliad gamarTlebulad warmoadgenda ruseTis imperiisaxal inkarnacias, mxolod ufro xists, daundobelsa da agresiuls, naklebad sandos. xolo(pirvel rigSi inglisis) mcdeloba, ar daeSvaT “rusi barbarosebi civilizebuli xalxebisojaxSi”, wamyvani evropuli qveynebis politikis erT-erT amosaval ideas warmoadgenda.ruseTi daJinebiT cdilobda “gaeWra sarkmeli evropaSi”, xolo evropelebi, Tavis mxriv,cdilobdnen sakuTari sasicocxlo interesebis sferoebidan rac SeiZleba SorsSeeCerebinaT rusuli eqspansia. rusebs iTmendnen, maT iyenebdnen rogorc cocxal Zalasmravalricxovan Sida-evropul samxedro garCevebSi, Tu sadamsjelo operaciebSi(romelTa umetesobaSic ruseTs araviTari realuri sakuTari interesi ar gaaCnda), magramwamyvani msoflio saxelmwifoebis ojaxis sruluflebian wevrad ar iRebdnen. 46am politikis sawinaaRmdegod, meore msoflio omis Sedegad, sabWoTa kavSirma/ruseTmaSeaRwia evropis SuagulSi da kontroli daamyara faqtiurad mTel aRmosavleT evropaze(rasakvirvelia aSS da didi britaneTis formaluri kurTxeviT) 47 . ukve es faqti sakmarisiiyo imisaTvis, rom dasavleTis mkveTri winaaRmdegoba gamoewvia da masTan konfrontaciazewasuliyo. miT umetes, rom ssrk am dros warmoadgenda totalitalur sazogadoebas,romlis farglebSi masobrivi represiebi warmoadgendnen yoveldRiuri cxovrebisganuyofel nawils. aseTi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis eqsportis SesaZleblobac ki,namdvilad uqmnida seriozul safrTxes msoflios potenciur pozitiur, demokratiulganviTarebas. 48am situacias agreTve arTulebda is garemoebac, rom sabWoTa kavSiri, rogorc qveyana,romelmac Tavis zurgze gadaitana faSistur germaniaze gamarjvebis tvirTis udidesinawili, uaRresad popularuli iyo evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTsa da italiaSi,rogorc axali tipis komunisturi sazogadoeba. komunisturi ideologiac, am dros,sakmaod bevr xalxs izidavda, xolo sabWoTa kavSiris pirobebSi realizebuli misikonkretuli modeli, maTTvis mosaTmeni Tu gamarTlebuli iyo, axali sazogadoebis30

mSeneblobis procesSi klasobrivi brZolis aucileblobis poziciebidan. garda amisa,danarCen msoflioSic, koloniur qveynebis nawilsa da laTinur amerikaSi, komunisturidoqtrina warmoadgenda mCagvrelebTan brZolis popularul ideologias.meore mxriv, ssrk-m, meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebis Sedegad, ganicada uzarmazarizarali, romelic am gamarjvebas faqtiurad abaTilebda. mxolod mosaxleobis danakargebiam omSi, sxvadasxva monacemebiT - 27-33 milion adamians aRwevda. misi ekonomika mTlianadsamxedro yaidaze iyo gadawyobili, xolo misi yvelaze ganviTarebuli seqtorebi,dasavleT ruseTsa da ukrainaSi, ubralod “piridan miwisa iyo agvili”. misTvisganviTarebis upirveles amocanas warmoadgenda ekonomikis aRdgena sakuTari Sidaresursebis xarjze. 49imis gamo, rom is klasikur aziur, piramidul sazogadoebriv sistemas warmoadgenda,sabWoTa kavSiri obieqturad Zalze mouqneli, xisti, da naklebad reformirebadi iyo.Tavisi arsiT, is agreTve Caketil sistemas warmoadgenda, romlisTvisac kontroliaRmosavleTi evropis nawilze etyoba, im maqsimums warmoadgenda, romlis “atanac” masSeeZlo.rogorc ruseTis imperiis axal inkarnacias, mas agreTve ar gaaCnda geostrategiuliinteresebi tradiciuli imperiuli gavlenis sferoebis gareT (Sua da axlo aRmosavleTi,gansakuTrebiT sparseTi, da aRmosavleTi azia). mas principSi ar sWirdeboda globalurieqspansia, romelic misTvis uSualo, pozitiuri Sedegis momtani ar iyo. rogorcTviTkmari, centralizebuli ekonomika, is ar, da verc iRwvoda, axali bazrebisa, Turesursebis wyaroebis kontrolisaken —mas amis arc survili, arc realuri meqanizmebi argaaCnda. metic — misTvis nebismieri Ria, sabazro konkurencia wamgebiani iyo.amave dros, aq arsebobda realuri, xiluli winaaRmdegoba mis ekonomikurmoTxovnilebebsa da mis oficialur ideologiur doqtrinas Soris. komunisturiideologia, romelic qadagebda sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis axali tipis realizaciasmTels msoflioSi, Tavisi arsiT eqspansionisturi iyo. is moiTxovda ssrk-Si arsebulisazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis eqsports mis farglebs gareT, miT umetes, rom msofliokoloniuri sistemis daSlis procesSi masze sakmaod didi moTxovnileba arsebobda.realuri problema imaSi mdgomareobda, rom es moTxovnileba modioda pirdapirwinaaRmdegobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris realur ekonomikur potencialTan. rodesac aSSaxorcielebda da axorcielebs sakuTari demokratiuli faseulobebis eqsports msofliosmasStabiT, am eqspansiis ukan dgas, da mas mxars ubams, msoflios yvelaze mZlavriekonomika. sabWoTa kavSirs ki ideologiuri eqspansiis ekonomikuri uzrulvelyofismeqanizmebi ubralod ar gaaCnda, xolo aseTi meqanizmebis gareSe is saboloo jamSi, aramarto araefeqturi, aramed wamgebianic xdeboda.SesaZlebelia gamoiyos “oTxi nabiji”, romelic gadaidga dasavleTSi sabWoTa kavSirTankonfrontaciisa da civi omis dawyebis mimarTulebiT -aSS-ssrk-s konkurenciis formaluri dasawyisi SeiZleba daukavSiroT e.w. “grZeldepeSas”, romelic 1946 wlis 22 Tebervals moskovidan, aSS saxelmwifo departamentsgaugzavna jorj kenanma, sabWoTa kavSirSi aSS-s diplomatiuri misiis xelmZRvanelisimdroindelma moadgilem. 50 es depeSa cnobili gaxda imiT, rom masSi pirvelad Camoyalibdassrk Sekavebis doqtrina. misi yvelaze cnobili Tezisebia — “sabWoTa xelisuflebaSeuvalia saRi azrovnebisa”, magram “uaRresad mgrZnobiarea Zalis mimarT”. 51 aqve iyoCamoyalibebuli ramdenime Tezisi, romelsac Semdgom daefuZna aSS civi omis politika:• sabWoTa kavSiri ganixilavs sakuTar Tavs kapitalizmTan mudmivi omis pirobebSi;• socializmi da socialisturi demokratia ganixilebian mis mier rogorc mtrebi, daara rogorc mokavSireebi;• sabWoTa kavSiri iyenebs mis mier kontrolirebad marqsistebs kapitalistursamyaroSi, rogorc mokavSireebs;• Tavis safuZvelSi, sabWoTa agresia aris dakavSirebuli ara rusi xalxiswarmodgenebTan, Tu ekonomikur realobasTan, aramed istoriulad arsebul rusulqsenofobiasa da paranoiasTan;• sabWoTa xelisuflebis struqtura ar iZleva saSualebas miiRos Sida, Tu garerealobis, obieqturi Tu zusti suraTi.am depeSas mohyva igive 1946 wlis 5 marts, amerikul qalaq fultonSi, didi britaneTis imdros yofili premier-ministris u. CerCilis gamosvla, romelSic man mouwodademokratiul msoflios, eswavla istoriis gakveTilebi. misi TqmiT, nacizmis daSoSminebismcdelobam gamoiwvia germaniis agresiis eskalacia da omi. demokratiul msoflios ar undagaemeorebina sabediswero Secdomebi, unda gaerTianebuliyo im axali totalitaluri31

safrTxis winaSe, romelsac sabWoTa kavSiri ganasaxierebda, romelmac rkinis fardiT gayoevropa Tavis kontrols daqvemdebarebul teritoriebze sakuTari weswyobilebisdasamyareblad. CerCilis sityvam gamoaaSkarava ukve arsebuli damokidebuleba sabWoTakavSiris mimarT, da biZgi misca am damokidebulebaze dafuZnebuli politikis praqtikulrealizacias. CerCili, rogorc cnobili, Tanmimdevruli, msoflio rangis antirusulipolitikosi, sabWoTa kavSirTan konfrontaciis ideis gamJRerebeli idealuri figura iyo.faqtiurad, am gamosvlis Semdeg, ukve SeiZleboda laparaki aSS-s Semobrunebaze sabWoTakavSirTan samokavSiro urTierTobebidan, masTan konfrontaciisaken. Tumca bevrispecialisti miiCnevs, rom formalurad civ oms sawyisi Cauyara e.w. trumenis doqtrinisgamocxadebam, aSS-s am prezidentis mier 1947 wlis martSi. am doqtrinis Sesabamisad, aSSaRuqvamda ekonomikur da samxedro daxmarebas saberZneTsa da TurqeTs im mizniT, romgadaerCina isini sabWoTa gavlenis sferoSi moxvedrisagan. man moaxdina aSS-s sagareopolitikis mimarTulebis Secvla ssrk-s mimarT, am ukanasknelis Sekavebis mimarTulebiT.am doqtrinis farglebSi, sxvadasxva saxis daxmareba miiRes agreTve safrangeTma daitaliam, im mizniT, rom ar daeSvaT komunistebi maT mTavrobebSi.am doqtrinis Semdgomi ganviTarebis procesSi, 1950 wels, trumenma gamoacxada ssrk-sSekavebis pasiuri formidan aqtiurze gadasvla. es cvlileba eyrdnoboda aSS erovnuliuSiSroebis sabWos #68 saidumlo moxsenebas, romlis Sesabamisad, sabWoTa kavSiri gegmavdagamxdariyo erTaderTi gabatonebuli msoflio Zala, da Seecvala saerTaSorisousafrTxoebis sistemis parametrebi Tavis sasargeblod, sabWoTa Zalauflebiskomunisturi eqspansiis safuZvelze. 52grZeli depeSidan, #68 moxsenebamde, ganvlili wlebis manZilze, sabWoTa kavSirisSekavebis koncepciam principuli cvlilebebi ganicada. Tu kenani dasaSvebad miiCnevdakomunizmis gavrcelebas zogierT qveynaSi sabWoTa kavSiris gareT, da mouwodebda maszeekonomikuri zewolisaken, #68 moxseneba amtkicebda, rom nebismieri daTmobakomunizmisadmi miuRebeli iyo, da moiTxovda mis ukugdebas samxedro saSualebebiT.2.2.2. faqtiurad meore globalizaciaSi SesaZlebelia ori pirobiTad paraleluri Srisgamoyofa. pirveli warmoadgenili iyo ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesebiT, romelic(dasawyisSi mainc) ZiriTadad aSS-dan momdinareobda da romelSic sabWoTa kavSiriobieqturad, verc da arc, monawileobda. magram es procesebi, globaluri sistemurikonfrontaciisa da civi omis gareSe, rogorc minimum, naklebad intensiuri dayovlismomcveli iqneboda. am konfrontaciam maT pirveladi biZgi mainc misca.am procesis pirvel, yvelaze xilul da warmatebul Sedegs, aSS-s mier dasavleTievropisa da iaponiis omisSemdgomi ekonomikuri transformacia warmoadgens. sanam civiomi daiwyeboda, aSS, mainc da mainc, Tavs ar iwuxebda am qveynebis ekonomikuri problemebiT(gansakuTrebiT garmaniisa da iaponiis). civma omma es qveynebi sabWoTa muqarasTanbrZolaSi mis umniSvnelovanes mokavSireebad gadaaqcia. amitom, aSS-m daiwyo maTiekonomikuri aRorZinebis procesis intensiuri finansur-organizaciuli uzrunvelyofa.evropaSi rekonstruqcia mimdinareobda e.w. “marSalis gegmis” farglebSi, romelsac essaxeli aSS-s maSindeli saxelmwifo mdivnis jorj marSalis pativsacemad daerqva.oficialurad mas rogorc “evropis aRdgenis programas” moixseniebdnen. misiganxorcieleba oficialurad daiwyo 1947 wlis ivlisSi da ganisazRvra 4 fiskaluri wliT.garda ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa, mis damatebiT mniSvnelovan mizans warmoadgendakomunizmis mogerieba evropis masStabiT.sainteresoa, rom aSS-ssrk-s sistemuri konfrontacia im dros, jer kidev, Sors ar iyowasuli. amitom, sabWoTa kavSirma da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma masSi monawileobisoficialuri miwveva miiRes. amave dros, aSS aSkarad SeSfoTebuli iyo imis SesaZleblobiT,rom ssrk am mowvevas marTla miiRebda. amitom, am ukanasknels, monawileobis ganzraxmiuRebeli pirobebi wauyenes, magaliTad, misi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis damoukidebeligare auditi da a.S.am gegmis farglebSi, 17 evropulma saxelmwifom, romelic gaerTianda ekonomikuriTanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciaSi (OECD), 13 miliardi amerikuli dolarisRirebulebis ekonomikuri da teqnikuri daxmareba miiRes (130 miliardi dolari 2006 wlisfasebSi). m.S. dasavleTma germaniam, meore msoflio omis wamomwyebi qveynis udidesmanawilma, miiRo daxmarebis sididiT mesame paketi (didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis Semdeg)— 1 448 milioni dolari. 53imave wlebSi, imave mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, aSS uwevda daxmarebas iaponiasac,romlis mimarT damokidebuleba aSS-s sazogadoebaSi, sxvaTa Soris, bevrad ufronegatiuri iyo, vidre germaniis mimarT. 1946-1951 wlebSi iaponiam daaxloebiT 1.5 miliardi32

dolaris daxmareba miiRo.sainteresoa, rom am daxmarebis Sedegad, yvelaze met warmatebas miaRwia swored am ormaqveyanam, romelTa ekonomika omis Sedegad faqtiurad mTlianad moSlili iyo. igive didbritaneTs, romelmac germaniaze 2.3-jer meti daxmareba miiRo, misi pozitiuri Sedegebifaqtiurad ar Setyobia.mTlianad, marSalis gegmisa da iaponiis daxmarebis realizacia SesaZlebeli gaxda iseTipolitikuri gadawyvetilebis Sedegad, romelsac safuZvlad edo sabWoTa eqspansiis(realurisa Tu moCvenebiTis) mogeriebis aucilebloba, da romelic aSS-s politikisglobalizaciis umniSvnelovanes sawyis elements warmoadgenda. Sedegi, romelic maTgamoiRes, bevrad ufro mravalmxrivi gamodga, vidre etyoba amas am politikis avtorebielodnen.pirveli — arc marSalis gegma, arc iaponiis daxmareba, ar warmoadgenda izolirebulmovlenas. is iyo im RonisZiebeTa nakrebis ganuyofeli nawili, romelic efuZnebodaevropasa da iaponiaSi amerikuli jaris yofnasa da am qveynebis axal amerikulusafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis sistemebSi CarTvas. saboloo jamSi, samxedrousafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa da ekonomikuri daxmarebis kombinaciam, gamoiwviadasavleTi evropis qveynebsa da iaponiaSi rwmenis atmosferos Camoyalibeba, romelmacTavis mxriv, etyoba, gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa maT aRorZinebaSi.meore — zemoT moyvanili faqtorebis kombinaciam, da misma Tanmxlebma swrafmaekonomikurma aRorZinebam (evropis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempi 1948-52 wlebSiuswrafesi iyo mis istoriaSi), gamoiwvia am qveynebis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis swrafiaRdgena da Semdgomi mniSvnelovani zrda, ekonomikuri da politikuri stabilizacia.rogorc Sedegi, amas mohyva komunistebis gavlenis dacema, politikur cxovrebaSi maTirolis mkveTri Semcireba, demokratiuli faseulobebisa da institutebis danergva iq,sadac isini naklebad iyvnen warmodgenili (igive iaponia Tu germania), da ukve arsebulebisdaxvewa da gaZliereba.mesame — ganviTareba am periodSi emyareboda liberalur ekonomikur politikas,Tavisufali vaWrobis principebs. Sedegad amerikelebma Seqmnes uzarmazari axalidinamiuri bazrebi sakuTari eqsportisaTvis, aseve rogorc, sxvadasxva saxis produqciisada momsaxurebis mowodebis wyaroebi. igive sabWoTa safrTxiT gamowveuli samxedrogadaiaraRebis aucilebloba, warmoadgenda uzarmazar damatebiT stimuls, evropuliqveynebis mrewvelobis Semdgomi aRmavlobisaTvis. damatebiT, rac ufro metadviTardebodnen evropuli qveynebi da iaponia, miT ufro naklebi ujdebodaT amerikelebsiq sakuTari jaris Senaxva.faqtiurad, am SemTxvevaSi mainc, amerikis mier ucxo qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi uSualoCarevam, da maT teritoriebze jaris ganTavsebam, moutana mas uzarmazari ekonomikurimogeba Zalian mokle drois ganmavlobaSi. aSS-s usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofazeorientirebuli politikis gatarebam, saboloo jamSi, gamoiwvia globaluri ekonomikurisistemis safuZvlis Cayra, msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufis Camoyalibeba,globaluri ekonomikis sami ZiriTadi centris Seqmna (aSS, dasavleTi evropa, iaponia),romlebic naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi ganapirobebdnen msoflios ekonomikuriganviTarebis ZiriTad tendenciebs.damatebiT, marSalis gegmis realizaciis procesSi miRebulma gamocdilebam da mismagakveTilebma, didi roli iTamaSes evropis Semdgom ekonomikur da politikurintegraciaSi. man agreTve warmoaCina principuli sxvaoba aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris —analogiur situaciaSi es ukanaskneli ZiriTadad fuls kargavda. igive aRmosavleTevropeli satelitebis ganviTarebis daxmarebis sabWouri programebi minimaluradefeqturi iyo da misTvis naklebad momgebiani — is ubralod ver axerxebda Tavisipolitikuri dominirebis transformacias ekonomikur mogebaSi.2.2.3. meore globalizaciis meore Sre warmodgenili iyo sakuTriv civi omiT, e.i. iseTisaxis konfrontaciiT msoflios wamyvan qveynebs Soris, romlis procesSi isiniyvelanairad Tavs aridebdnen erTmaneTTan uSualo samxedro konfrontacias, magramawarmoebdnen e.w. “omebs mindobilobiT” dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi.omi mindobilobiT, iseTi omia, romlis procesSi faqtiurad meomari mxareebi iyenebensxva, mesame mxareebs, uSualod sabrZolo moqmedebebis sawarmoeblad, im mizniT, romerTmaneTTan uSualo Setakeba maqsimalurad Tavidan aicilon. aseTi omebis yvelazetipuri magaliTebia vietnamis, angolis, koreis, iseve rogorc am periodis sxvamravalricxovani konfliqtebi, gansakuTrebiT afrikis teritoriaze. im SemTxvevaSic ki,rodesac romelime aseTi konfliqtis dros aSS-ssrk-s uSualo Setakeba gardauvali iyo,33

amis oficialuri aRiareba mainc ar xdeboda situaciis Semdgomi garTulebis Tavidanasacileblad. 54faqtiurad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom civma omma pozitiuri roli iTamaSa kacobriobisganviTarebaSi, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom oTxi aTeuli wlis manZilze msoflios orma,samxedro TvalsazrisiT yvelaze Zlierma saxelmwifom, romelTa faseulobaTa sistemebi,ideologia, organizaciuli da marTvis principebi erTmaneTis uTavsebadi iyo, moaxerxakonkurencia eTnmaneTTan pirdapiri samxedro Setakebis gareSe. am procesSi mniSvnelovani,Tumca ara gadamwyveti roli, Seasrula im faqtma, rom orive wamyvan globalur moTamaSesgaaCnda birTvuli iaraRis arsenali, romelic maT garantirebuli urTierT ganadgurebissaSualebas aZlevda.gavixsenoT, rom situaciebSi, rodesac daZabuloba da SeuTavsebloba qveynebs Sorisprincipulad bevrad ufro naklebi iyo, vidre aSS-sa da ssrk-s Soris, wamyvanma evropulmasaxelmwifoebma moaxerxes ori msoflio omis dawyeba. aSS-m da ssrk-m uCvenes imis magaliTi,rom SesaZlebelia ori gansxvavebuli socialuri sistemis SedarebiT mSvidobianiTanaarseboba globaluri konkureciis pirobebSi.civi omi gamoyenebuli iyo orive mxaris mier, rogorc damoukidebeli qveynebis saSinaosaqmeebSi TiTqmis SeuzRudavi Carevis sababi. Tumca aseTi qmedebis racionaluri marcvalisakmaod swrafad TiTqmis mTlianad gaqra. aSS da ssrk axdendnen ama Tu im konkretulqmedebas dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi, ara imitom, rom is maTTvis uSualo dadebiTiSedegis momtani iyo, aramed ZiriTadad imis SiSiT, rom maTTvis mowinaaRmdeges ar daeswro.Sedegad, xSirad adgili hqonda iseT qmedebas, romelic orive mxaris realuriinteresebidan gamomdinare, aSkarad alogikuri iyo. es rasakvirvelia, pirvel rigSi exebaisevdaisev SeerTebul Statebs, romlis globaluri politika uSualod iyo dakavSirebulisazogadoebis ganviTarebis or ZiriTad amocanasTan. amerikelebi iRvwodnen globaluridominirebisaTvis saboloo jamSi, imisaTvis, rom gaemdidrebinaT sakuTari qveyana,SeeqmnaT iq cxovrebis maRali standartebi, da daemyarebinaT socialuri stabiluroba.1956 weli gadamwyveti aRmoCnda globaluri politikuri urTierTobebis sistemisCamoyalibebaSi. am wlis oqtomberSi, did britaneTsa da safrangeTTan saidumlomolaparakebebis safuZvelze, israeli SeiWra egviptes kuTvnil sinas naxevarkunZulzesakuTari samxedro-strategiuli miznebis realizaciis mizniT. amis Semdeg, didmabritaneTma da safrangeTma gadasxes desanti suecis arxis mimdebare teritoriaze meomaremxareebis daSoriSorebis sababiT. am dros, maT realur mizans warmoadgenda kontrolisaRdgena suecis arxze, romlis nacionalizacia egviptem moaxdina am movlenebamderamdenime TviT adre. meore msoflio omis Semdeg es arxi gadaiqca yvelaze mniSvnelovansatransporto arteriad mzardi dasavleT evropuli ekonomikisaTvis. misi gavliTxdeboda navTobis miwodeba sparseTis yuris regionis qveynebidan, xolo navTobiwarmoadgenda ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT gadamwyvet komponents.Sesabamisad, kontroli suecis arxze warmoadgenda evropaze gavlenis erT-erTmniSvnelovan faqtors, aZlevda mis mflobelebs damatebiT upiratesobas uSualokonkurentebTan urTierTobebSi, sakmaod zrdida maT Sansebs hqonodaT sakuTari,damoukidebeli xmis ufleba globalur politikur urTierTobebSi.samxedro TvalsazrisiT britanul-franguli intervencia sakmaod warmatebuli iyo,magram gamoiRo katastrofuli politikuri Sedegi, romelic dRemde axdens gavlenas amqveynebis adgilze globaluri politikuri urTierTobebis sistemaSi:a/am krizisis dros, sabWoTa kavSiri pirvelad, Riad daemuqra did britaneTsa dasafrangeTs, maTi udidesi qalaqebis dabombviT birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT, Tu isiniintervencias ar Sewyvetdnen. amis Semdeg man daiwyo arabebis msxvilmasStabiani, RiamxardaWera, israelis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, rasac is iqamde ZiriTadad Tavs aridebda; 55b/aSS iZulebuli iyo Riad dapirispireboda Tavis uaxloes mikavSireebs, da moexdinamaTze zewola egviptedan jarebis gayvanis mizniT, m.S. britaneTze finansuri berketebisgamoyenebiT. am konfliqtis Semdgom aSS-c, sabWoTa kavSiris msgavsad, gaxda iZulebuliintensiurad Careuliyo axlo aRmosavleTis problemebis gadawyvetaSi israelis mxares,rasac is agreTve iqamde maqsimalurad gaurboda;g/am konfliqtma daabolova is epoqa, rodesac evropas SeeZlo eTamaSa wamyvani roliglobalur politikur urTierTobebSi. didma britaneTma da safrangeTma dakargesglobaluri moTamaSeebis statusi. aSS gadaiqca dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebiserTaderT liderad, romelic dRemde ZiriTadad ganapirobebs am qveynebis moqmedebasglobalur asparezze. am krizisma agreTve miayena saboloo dartyma msoflio kolonialur34

sistemas da gamoiwvia britaneTis imperiis swrafi Semdgomi daSla;d/am konfliqtis monawile mxareebis daSoriSorebis mcdelobis procesSi pirveladgaCnda gaeros samSvidobo samxedro kontingentis Seqmnis idea, da moxda misi praqtikulirealizacia.maTTvis politikis globalizacia, erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mcdelobadedamiwis masStabSi, upirvelesad yovlisa, warmoadgenda winmswreb qmedebas, qmnidawinapirobebs im konkretuli ekonomikuri amocanebis gadasaWrelad, romelTa realizaciasmravalricxovani kerZo kompaniebi axdendnen. amerikelebisaTvis iseTi sakmaod uazroprocesic, rogoric gamalebuli SeiraRebaa, saboloo jamSi momgebiani iyo. saxelmwifosamxedro SekveTebi, am qveyanaSi, yvelaferTan erTad, samoqalaqo seqtoridan gadasaxadebissaxiT amoRebuli Tanxebis didi nawilis kerZo firmebisaTvis dabrunebismeqanizms warmoadgenda.amave dros, sabWoTa kavSiris motivacia globalur sistemur konkurenciaSi umetiswiladsubieqturi iyo. is efuZneboda ZiriTadad komunistur ideologias da amerikis SiSs.faqtiurad, nebismieri sabWouri qmedeba, romelsac aSS-Tan konkurenciis procesSi adgilihqonda misi uaxloesi periferiis farglebs gareT (gansakuTrebiT afrikasa Tu laTinuramerikaSi), aseTi alogikuri qmedebis magaliTs warmoadgenda, da saboloo jamSi misTvismogebis momtani ar iyo.sayuradReboa, rom dResac ki, rusi politologebi am situacias rogorc Cans veraTaviseben, rodesac brals deben SeerTebul Statebs imaSi, rom qveyana “ar SeiZleba iyoserTdroulad globaluri policielic da komersantic”. 56 am dros, dedamiwa ar arissaturniro asparezi, romelzec mamaci raindebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian mSvenierimandilosnebis gulis mosagebad. 57qveyana, romelic globaluri konkurenciis procesSi ver iRebs realur ekonomikurmogebas, saboloo jamSi wagebuli rCeba, rarig did politikur warmatebebs ar undaaRwevdes. politika, miT umetes Zalaze dafuZnebuli, globaluri masStabis erovnuliusafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis politika, “Zviri siamovnebaa”. masze gaweuli danaxarjebi,rogorc minimum, unda anazRaurdes. Tu es ar xdeba, qveynis ekonomika aseT dawolasgrZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ubralod ver uZlebs. amitomac iyo, rom miuxedavad rigipolitikuri miRwevebisa SeerTebul StatebiTan konkurenciis procesSi, sabWoTa kavSiri,saboloo jamSi, damarcxda civ omSi da asparezi datova. amis wamyvani mizezi ki is iyo, romam konkurenciis procesSi misi ekonomika ubralod gakotrda.saWiroa imis gaTvaliswineba, rom sabWoTa kavSiri SeerTebuli Statebis realuriglobaluri konkurenti mxolod masobrivi ganadguris iaraRis paritetis TvalsazrisiTiyo. Tumca am paritetsac qveyanam daaxloebiT 1960-iani wlebis Sua wlebisaTvis miaRwia.pariteti am SemTxvevaSi imas niSnavda, rom rogorc aSS-s, aseve ssrk-s, SeswevdaT unari,birTvuli omis SemTxvevaSi, garantirebulad (Tan ramdenjerme), gaenadgurebinaTmowinaaRmdege. 58 birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebis gareSe, sabWoTa jars Seswevda unari,mieRwia warmatebisaTvis dasavleT evropul, an axlo aRmosavleTis saomar Teatrebze,magram ar Seswevda unari, gadaetana sabrZolo moqmedebebi aSS-s teritoriaze. Eamave dros, ekonomikurad ssrk aSS-ze Seudareblad ufro susti iyo. Tumca zustiSedareba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, misi mTliani Sida produqti, sxvadasxva wlebSi,rogorc Cans, amerikulis erTi mesamedidan naxevramde meryeobda. amitom masamerikelebTan samxedro paritetis SenarCuneba da globaluri konkurencia (samxedroupirvelesad yovlisa), SedarebiT bevrad ufro Zviri ujdeboda, vidre amerikelebs. Aamparitetis Sesaqmnelad da SesanarCuneblad, sabWoTa kavSirma faqtiurad gawirasamoqalaqo warmoeba da mTeli ekonomika samxedro yaidaze gadaawyo. 59plus, 1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, xisti, saxelmwifos mier marTuli ekonomikurisistema aRar eqvemdebareboda reformirebas da gakotrebisaken mieqaneboda. amis erT-erTimTavari mizezi qveynis ganviTarebaze samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsis yovlismomcveligavlena iyo. maSinac ki, rodesac ssrk-m miaRwia amerikasTan masobrivi ganadgurebisiaraRis strategiul paritets, man ver moaxerxa samxedro warmoebis gadayvanaeqstensiuridan intensiur modelze da amiT sabolood mouspo ekonomikis samoqalaqoseqtorebs ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. daaxloebiT imave droidan daiwyo ssrk-sprincipuli CamorCena Tanamedrove teqnologiebis, gansakuTrebiT kompiuteruliteqnologiebisa da informatikis dargSi. saboloo jamSi, aman mkveTrad dasca sabWoTajaris brZolisunarianoba amerikulTan SedarebiT, qveynis konkurentunarianoba35

mTlianad.Sedegad, 1970-iani wlebidan, sabWoTa kavSirisa da dasavleTis urTierTobam, cota ariyos, farsis xasiaTi miiRo. am dros qveyana dasavleTTan uSualo ideologiuri,politikuri, da mesame qveynebis teritoriaze, samxedro konkurenciis pirobebSicxovrobda. amave dros, ekonomikis rigi wamyvani dargebis (samxedro warmoebis CaTvliT)ganviTareba, da mosaxleobis xarisxiani samomxmareblo saqonliTa da sakvebi produqtebiTdakmayofileba, ZiriTadad dasavleTidan importis xarjze xdeboda. xolo saxsrebs amsaqonlis iprortisaTvis, ssrk ZiriTadad imave dasavleTze navTobisa da bunebrivi airismiyidvisa, xolo mogvianebiT, misgan sesxebis miRebis Sedegad Soulobda.am droidan moyolebuli, ssrk, aSS-s konkurentis statusidan, faqtiurad misi sparingpartniorisstatusamde CamoqveiTda. rasakvirvelia, aseTi sparing-partniori jer kidevuaRresad saSiSi iyo, magram saboloo jamSi, is ukve ZiriTadad reagirebas axdenda aSS-sqmedebaze. aSS axdenda axali ideeebis generirebas, procesebis Casaxvas, Tu faseulobebisgavrcelebis xelsSewyobas globaluri masStabiT. misTvis ssrk ukve im obieqtswarmoadgenda, romelzec xdeboda axali politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu samxedroteqnologiebis gamocda; masTan konkurencia warmoadgenda gamarTlebas bevri iseTi Sidada sagareo politikuri RonisZiebis gasatareblad, romelic sxvagvarad naklebad misaRebiiqneboda, rogorc amerikeli amomrCevlebisaTvis, aseve misi mokavSireebisaTvis.Tu am droisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiri jer kidev inarCunebda wamyvani globaluri moTamaSisstatuss, es imitom xdeboda, rom aSS-s interesebSi Sedioda. amerika, acxadebda ra sabWoTakavSirs Tavis ZiriTad globalur konkurentad, faqtiurad “swevda” am ukanasknels amstatusamde, qmnida misi sididis iluzias. 60alogikuri amerikuli qmedebis magaliTs warmoadgenda, upirvelesad yovlisa, vietnamisomi, romelSic aSS-s samxedro Zalebi uSualod, oficialurad CarTulebi iyvnen 1965-1973wlebSi. principiulad, qveynis realuri interesebidan gamomdinare, aSS-s Sida vietnamurkonfliqtTan araferi akavSirebda. 1954 wels, frangi kolonizatorebis qveynidan wasvlisSemdeg, vietnami formalurad or nawilad iyo gayofili — Crdilo da samxreTad. misimTlianobis aRdgena dagegmili iyo sayovelTao arCevnebis gziT. am dros, samxreTivietnamis xelisufleba minimalurad iyo popularuli mosaxleobaSi, da met-naklebadsamarTliani aRCevnebis pirobebSi, waagebda maT Crdilo vietnamis komunisturi reJimissasargeblod. amitom man, xelisuflebis SesanarCuneblad, miaRwia arCevnebis CaSlas imsababiT, rom ar daeSva komunistebis gabatoneba samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi.aSS Caeria am wminda Sida-vietnamur konfliqtSi im motiviT, rom SeeCerebina sabWoTakavSiris eqspansia regionSi, gamoexata amiT Tavisi principuli antikomunisturi pozicia,da rac mTavaria, eswavlebina komunistebisaTvis gakveTili, romlis safuZvelzec masmomavalSi SeeZleboda laparaki sabWoTa kavSirTan lokalur konfliqtSi gamarjvebulispoziciidan. amisken mas agreTve ubiZgebda 1950-53 wlebis koreis omis Sedegebi, romelicprincipSi “yaimiT” damTavrda, miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-s masSi gadamwyveti upiratesobagaaCnda, plus iq is gaeros mandatiT ibrZoda.rogorc cnobilia, aSS am omSi damarcxda, Tavis istoriaSi udidesi damcireba ganicadada sakmao droiT sakuTar ZalebSi rwmena dakarga. am omis Sedegad, vietnamis garda,uzarmazari zarali ganicades mezobelma laosma da kambojam (am ukanasknelma genocidisdoneze). rac mTavaria, sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic am regions minimalur yuradRebasaqcevda iq amerikelebis misvlamde, dafuZnda iq minimum ori aTeuli wliT (ssrk-ssamxedro-sazRvao da sahaero bazebi vietnamSi mxolod ruseTma daxura 1990-ian wlebSi,Tanac ZiriTadad usaxsrobis gamo).miuxedavad yvela naklisa, politikis globalizaciis TvalsazrisiT meoreglobalizacia, pirvelTan SedarebiT, aSkarad win gadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda. amperiodis mTavari upiratesoba winamavalTan imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gansxvavebiT pirveliglobalizaciisagan, rodesac ramdenime saxelmwifo uSualod akontrolebda dedamiwisteritoriisa da mosaxleois udides nawils, meore globalizaciis dros wamyvaniglobaluri moTamaSeebi erTmaneTs ecilebodnen gavlenas mravalricxovan, formaluraddamoukidebel saxelmwifoze. damoukidebeli subieqtebis raodenobam ki gadaaWarba 100-s1960-ian wlebSi da 150-s 1970-ian wlebSi.aseTi situacia, rogorc minimum:a/aZlevda damoukidebel qveyanas arCevanis saSualebas — gamxdariyo pro-sabWouri, proamerikuli,Tu gamoecxadebina Tavi miumxroblad. civi omis meore naxevarSi mainc, amukanasknel jgufs formalurad dedamiwis qveynebisa da mosaxleobis umetesoba36

miekuTvneboda (ix. danarTi 3.1 da 3.2). miumxrobeli iyo magaliTad CineTi, romelic 1960wels sabWoTa kavSirTan urTierTobebis gawyvetis Semdeg, mravali wlis manZilze,faqtiurad nebayoflobiT izolaciaSi arsebobda. aseve miumxrobeli iyo indoeTi,miuxedavad misi efeqturi TanamSromlobisa sabWoTa kavSirTan CineTTan winaaRmdegobissaerTo interesebis safuZvelze. irani, 1979 wlis revoluciis Semdeg, formaluraddaupirispirda rogorc aSS-s, aseve sabWoTa kavSirs (am ukanasknels SedarebiT rbiliformiT) da a.S. imavdroulad, wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis daufaravi dawola dasakuTari poziciis arCevis aucilebloba, aiZulebda damoukidebel qveynebs(gansakuTrebiT iseTebs, vinc axali ganTavisuflebuli iyo koloniuri uRlisagan),aqtiurad CarTuliyvnen msoflioSi mimdinare politikur procesebSi, ar aZlevda maTTviTizolaciis saSualebas.miumxrobeloba, rogorc qveynis faqtiuri politikuri poziciis gamoxatuleba, ar undaaurioT miumxrobelobis moZraobasTan, formalurad arsebul organizaciasTan, romelicCamoyalibda 1950-ian wlebSi rogorc qveynebis bloki, romelic upirispirdeboda msofliohegemonebs. dReisaTvias am organizaciaSi, formalurad 114 qveyanaa gaerTianebuli.realurad am gaerTianebaSi civi omis periodSi Sediodnen rogorc aSS-s, aseve ssrk-s, RiamokavSireebi da klienti qveynebi, rogorebicaa magaliTad, kuba Tu saudis arabeTi, CileTu kolumbia. es rasakvirvelia, eWvis qveS ayenebda organizaciis realur statuss, Tumcamisi calkeuli wevrebi, iseTebi rogorc iugoslavia, Sri lanka, Tu bangladeSi (1971 welspakistanidan gamoyofis Semdeg), namdvilad cdilobdnen distancirebas aSS-ssrk-sglobaluri winaaRmdegobis procesidan.b/ damoukidebel qveynebs gauCndaT politikuri manevrirebis sakmaod didiSesaZlebloba amerikul-sabWoTa winaaRmdegobis eqspluataciis xarjze. sakmaod bevriqveyana, romelsac Zlieri, mizandasaxuli xelmZRvaneloba hyavda, warmatebiT iyenebda amwinaaRmdegobas sakuTari gamorCenis mizniT, iseTi miznebis misaRwevad, romelic wamyvaniglobaluri moTamaSeebis uSualo interesebSi naklebad Sedioda. ase magaliTad, amasakeTebda egvipte gamal abdel naseris prezidentobis dros 1950-ian, 1960-ian wlebSi, siria— 1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, vidre ssrk daSlamde. pakistani — obieqturad erT-erTiyvelaze antidemokratiuli, promusulmanuri da antidasavluri saxelmwifo, aTeulobiTwlebis manZilze iyenebs aSS-Tan axlo urTierTobas regionSi sakuTari politikisgasatareblad. sadam huseiniseuli erayi, minimum ori aTeuli wlis manZilze (faqtiuradkuveiTSi SeWramde 1990 wels), sargeblobda da Tavis interesebisaTvis iyenebda rogorcssrk-s, aseve aSS-s yuradRebas.saboloo jamSi, civi omis droindeli globaluri politika mdgomareobda ara imdenadaSS-sa da ssrk-s uSualo CarevaSi msoflioSi mimdinare sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisprocesebSi, ramdenadac aseTi Carevis potenciur SesaZleblobaSi msoflios nebismieriqveynis mimarT. msoflios damoukidebeli qveynebi sul ufro mzardi masStabebiTurTierTobdnen erTmaneTTan, miuxedavad maTi geografiuli mdebareobis, saxelmwifomowyobis, ganviTarebis tipisa Tu donis, ara imitom, rom ori wamyvani globaluri moTamaSemaT saqmeebSi uSualod ereoda, aramed imis SiSiT, rom aseT Carevas SesaZloa hqonodaadgili.miuxedavad daufaravi mtrobisa, aSS da ssrk Tavis globalur politikaSi daaxloebiTerTi da igive miznis misaRwevad ibrZodnen, romelic mdgomareobda sakuTariusafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi mowinaaRmdegis Sekavebis xarjze dedamiwis nebismierkuTxeSi. Sedegad, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, maTma urTierTobam mtruliTanamSromlobis xasiaTi miiRo. sakuTari interesebisaTvis brZolis procesSi maT SeqmnesorivesaTvis momgebiani urTierTobaTa sistema. faqtiurad, aSS-sa da ssrk-s saxiT,msoflios moevlina ori TviTdaniSnuli globaluri policieli, romlebic sakmaodefeqturad uzrunvelyofdnen SedarebiT stabilur politikur garemos dedamiwazeformalurad damoukidebel qveynebze uSualo kontrolis damyarebis gareSe. erTmaneTTanurTierTobis procesSi, es moTamaSeebi ara marto zRudavdnen mowinaaRmdegis zedmetaqtiurobas, aramed did wilad axSobdnen nebismier maTTvis arasasurvel process,romelic maTi gavlenis uSualo sferoebis gareT SeiZleba ganviTarebuliyo.formalurad, civi omis dros, pirvel globalizaciasTan SedarebiT, msoflioSimimdinare procesebis ganusazRvrelobis done unda sakmaod momatebuliyo, imasTandakavSirebiT, rom orive globalur moTamaSes, Tavisi aqtiurobis procesSi,mravaucnobiani amocanis amoxsna uwevda, romelSic ucnobebis saxiT mravalricxovanidamoukidebeli qveynebi gvevlineboda. sinamdvileSi, maTi globaluri aqtiurobis didi37

nawili Semoifargleboda uSualod strategiuli mowinaaRmdegis Sekavebis amocanisgadaWriT. 61 am dros, maTTvis metnaklebad advili iyo SedarebiT mcire raodenobismowinaaRmdegisa Tu mokavSiris sakmaod kargad cnobili Tvisebebis (dadebiTis TuuaryofiTis) gaTvaliswineba, da maTze dayrdnobiT sakuTari qmedebis dagegmva.aseTi sistemis yvelaze didi nakli imaSi mdgomareobda, rom oTxi aTeuli wlis manZilzemsoflio mieCvia imas, rom dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi warmoqmnili mniSvnelovaniproblemebis mogvareba Tu Caqroba, umetiswilad xdeboda aSS-sa da ssrk-s (cal-calke anerTad) Carevis Sedegad, miuxedavad imisa, gaaCndaT Tu ara am ukanasknelebs aseTi Carevisformaluri mizezi, anda konfliqtSi CaTreuli mxareebis Tanxmoba (magaliTad, es moxdaori, 1967 da 1973 wlebis arabul-israelis konfliqtebis dros). msoflio miCveuli iyoagreTve imas, rom am qveynebis urTierT Semavsebeli konkurencia vrceldeboda yvelgandedamiwaze (ufro swored, SesaZlebeli iyo gavrcelebuliyo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi).faqtiurad, arsebobda imis iluzia, rom es qveynebi akontrolebdnen msoflioSi mimdinarepolitikur procesebs, ufro metad ki imis survili, rom pasuxismgebloba am procesebzemTlianad maTTvis gadaebralebinaT.2.2.4. 1991 wels msoflio politikuri asparezidan sabWoTa kavSiris wasvlam globalurpolitikur urTierTobebSi uzarmazari sicariele datova. aman, yvelaferTan erTad,ufro naTeli gaxada msoflio politikaSi wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis dominirebazedafuZnebuli urTierTobaTa sistemis zemoT ganxiluli nakli.1991 wlis Semdeg ar Camoyalibda globalizaciis axali stadia (mesame globalizacia)iqidan gamomdinare, rom ar gaCnda axali globaluri moTamaSe, xolo erTaderTi darCenili— aSS, agrZelebs moqmedebas im Zvel strategiul azrovnebaze dayrdnobiT, romelicCamouyalibda globaluri konfrontaciis periodSi. man ver moaxerxa iseTi axali ideebis,faseulobebis, politikis Camoyalibeba da cxovrebaSi gatareba, romelic principuladgansxvavdeba civi omis periodSi gamoyenebulisagan; ZiriTadad SeinarCuna da ganavrcocivi omis droindeli samxedro-politikuri instrumentebi (magaliTad, nato). 62aseTi azrovneba moiTxovs mtruli TanamSromlobis arsebobas, pasuxismgeblobisganawilebas Sesadari Zalisa da gavlenis mqone mowinaaRmdegesTan, romelic, rogorcminimum, qmnis fons wamyvani globaluri moTamaSis qmedebis Sedegebis Sesafaseblad,SemdgomSi am Sedegebis adgilobrivi Tu globaluri sazogadoebrivi azrisaTviswarsadgenad.Sesabamisad, mTeli aTwleuli sabWoTa kavSiris gadaSenebis Semdeg, aSS-s globaluriqmedeba saeWvod gamoiyureboda rogorc axali strategiuli mowinaaRmdegis Zebnagardacvlilis sanacvlod. mas Semdeg, rac man ipova (ufro swored ki daniSna) aseTimowinaaRmdege globaluri terorizmis saxiT, amerikis moqmedeba SedarebiT ufrodalagebuli da mizanmimarTuli gaxda.erTdroulad, amas mohyva xiluli cvlilebebi globaluri urTierTobebis sistemaSi,plus gaCnda axali problemebis mTeli rigi, romelTa didi nawili ukavSirdeba aSS-s,rogorc erTaderT darCenil wamyvan globalur moTamaSes:- SeerTebul Statebs, mravalwliani ideologiuri da samxedro konkurentis gaqrobisSemdeg, faqtiurad moexsna SezRudvebi msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi sakuTari interesebisgasatareblad. 1991 wels, kuveiTis ganTavisuflebis mizniT erayis winaaRmdegCatarebulma samxedro kampaniam, kidev ufro gaaZliera misi rwmena imaSi, rom warmatebiTSeeZlo nebismieri konkretuli samxedro-politikuri amocanis gadaWra globalurmasStabSi, Tavis garSemo msoflios sxva wamyvani qveynebis gaerTianeba mis mier dasmuliamocanebis gadasaWrelad.- aSS-s mieca saSualeba ugulvebelyos nebismieri politikuri opozicia, imoqmedosnebismieri sxva qveynis, qveyanaTa jgufis, formaluri saerTaSoriso institutis nebissawinaaRmdegod. e.i. aRar arsebobda is Zala, romelsac Seswevda unari SeezRuda misiaqtiuroba, Seemcirebina misi cduneba Careuliyo nebismier adgilas, Tu nebismierprocesSi msoflioSi, sadac ki misi interesebi SesaZlebelia Selaxuliyo.- 1991 wlamde aSS, sabWoTa kavSirTan erTad, monawileobda politikuri Sromisglobaluri ganawilebis sistemaSi. am sistemis moSlis Semdeg, aSS-ma memkvidreobiT miiRoara marto monopolia iseTi procesebis iniciirebaze, romelic saboloo jamSi globaluripolitikuri sistemis Camoyalibebaze axdens gavlenas. rac etyoba ufro mniSvnelovania -mas SerCa pasuxismgebloba im teritoriebsa da procesebze, romelzec iqamde ssrk-suSualo, anda maTi saerTo gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda, m.S. ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg warmoqmnilproblemebze am qveynis yofili teritoriis farglebSi.- realuri globaluri mowinaaRmdegis ararseboba aZlevs aSS-s saSualebas imoqmedosSerCeviT, ar miaqcios yuradReba im qveynebs, regionebsa Tu procesebs, romlebic misuSualo, mimdinare interesebis sferoSi ar xvdeba. magaliTad, aSS aZlevs Tavs uflebas38

TiTqmis mTlianad ugulvebelyos is procesebi, romelic viTardeba sub-saharis afrikaSi,Tumca es swored is regionia, romelsac msoflios wamyvani qveynis yuradReba yvelazeZalian sWirdeba. aq faqtiurad Seiqmna sakmaod didi zona, sadac mravali wlisganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs destruqciuli procesebi (upirvelesad yovlisa dasavleTiafrika, kongos demokratiuli respublika, sudani, somali da a.S.) romlis SeCerebaadgilobrivi, iseve rogorc gaeros ZalebiT, SeuZlebelia. aSS mizandasaxulad Tavsaridebs kontinentze mimdinare procesebSi uSualo Carevas, gansakuTrebiT somaliSi 1993-1995 wlebSi gaeros samSvidobo operaciaSi warumatebeli monawileobis Semdeg.- msoflio politikur urTierTobebSi Seiqmna aSkara disproporcia imis safuZvelze,rom damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis umetesobas, romlebic jer kidev CamoyalibebisstadiaSi imyofebian, didwilad daekarga arCevanis saSualeba, ganviTarebis alternativa,SeeezRuda politikuri manevrirebis saSualeba. aq laparaki ar aris sabWoTa kavSiris mierSemoTavazebuli ganviTarebis modelis avkargianobaze. misi arseboba, ama Tu imganviTarebad qveyanas, rogorc minimum, aZlevda saSualebas Segnebulad gaekeTebinaarCevani sabazro ekonomikisa da demokratiis sasargeblod. aseTi alternativisararseboba ki qmnis warmodgenas imaze, rom dasavluri sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebismodels danarCen msoflios Tavze axveven.- msoflios qveynebis didi nawili (Tu udidesi ara), ganixilavs aSS-s rogorc erTaderTpasuxismgebels dedamiwaze mimdinare procesebze. 63 aSS-s ara marto mimarTavendaxmarebisaTvis raime problemis gaCenisas, aramed faqtiurad pasuxs sTxoven yvela aseTiproblemis gaCenaze (maT Soris xSirad misi uaxloesi mokavSireebic). faqtiurad xdebanebismieri adgilobrivi Cavardnisa Tu krizisis interpretacia rogorc amerikis CarevisSedegis ama Tu im mocemuli qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi. es ki Tavis mxriv friad uadvilebscxovrebas uamrav diqtatorsa Tu kvazi-diqtators msoflioSi, aZlevs maT saSualebasnawilobriv mainc moixsnan pasuxismgebloba sakuTar qmedebaze. bevri qveynis xelmZRvanelssakuTar xalxTan urTierTobaSi Semohyavs amerikis faqtori, rogorc sakuTariwarumateblobis, Tu arapopularuli zomebis gamarTleba (ixileT magaliTad venesuelisa Tuboliviis xelmZRvaneloba). faqtiurad antiamerikanizmi dRevandel msoflioSi gadaiqcadamoukidebeli qveynebis saSinao problemebis gadawyvetis mniSvnelovan faqtorad.globaluri politikis evoluciis stadiebi:pirveli globalizacia — 7-8 wamyvani globaluri moTamaSe uSualod akontrolebsdedamiwis teritoriisa da mosaxleobis udides nawils. sxva damoukidebeli subieqtebisraodenoba SedarebiT mcirea, maTze wamyvani moTamaSeebis gavlena, xSir SemTxvevebSi,mxolod formalurad ar ganixileba rogorc kontroli. msoflios xalxebisaTvisdamoukidebeli ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba minimaluria. globaluri politikuriganusazRvrelobis done SedarebiT dabalia realurad damoukidebeli subieqtebis mcireraodenobis gamo, erTdroulad SedarebiT maRali, imis gamo, rom globaluri politikiswamyvan subieqtebs Soris uSualo samxedro konfliqtis albaToba, da aseTi Setakebismosalodneli Sedegebi, gaazrebuli da gaTvlili ar aris. ramdenime, Sesadari Zalisa dagavlenis mqone globaluri moTamaSis konkurencia iwvevs or msoflio oms.meore globalizaciis pirveli stadia (1945-1991 wlebi) — ori, daaxloebiT erTnairisamxedro potencialis mqone globaluri moTamaSe, ecileba erTmaneTs gavlenas 150-zemet, formalurad damoukidebel saxelmwifoze. Sesabamisad, politikuriganusazRvrelobis done bevrad ufro maRalia, vidre pirveli globalizaciis dros.damoukidebel qveynebs gaaCniaT ganviTarebis modelis formaluri arCevani dapolitikuri manevrirebis saSualeba. wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi principuladuTavsebadia, maTi winaaRmdegoba sistemur xasiaTs atarebs. maT Soris potenciurisamxedro Setakebis SesaZleblobis done uaRresad maRalia, magram misi SedegebiSesabamisad gaTvlili da gaazrebuli. Sesabamisad, aseT Setakebas adgili ara aqvs, civ omSidamarcxebuli moTamaSe (sabWoTa kavSiri) winaaRmdegobis gareSe tovebs globalurasparezs.meore globalizaciis meore stadia (1992 weli - ) — erTaderTi darCenili wamyvaniglobaluri moTamaSe arsebobs 192 formalurad damoukidebeli saxelmwifos pirispir. 64damoukidebel qveynebis mier ganviTarebis modelis arCevanis SesaZlebloba minimumamdeadasuli. wamyvani globaluri moTamaSe agrZelebs moqmedebas civi omis droindel ideebze,strategiebze da instrumentebze dayrdnobiT. politikuri ganusazRvrelobis doneSedarebiT matulobs, iseve rogorc globaluri politikuri sistemis destabilizaciisSesaZlebloba. Tavs iCens wamyvani globaluri moTamaSis uSualo gavlenis farglebs gareTSeqmnili, da misi interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, spontanuri procesebi, romelsac39

potenciurad SeuZlia globaluri sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis arsebuli trendebisSecvla, an axlebis formireba.- aSS-Tvis ganuzomlad gaizarda marcxis fasi. civi omis dros, sabWoTa kavSirTankonkurenciis procesSi, yovelTvis arsebobda SesaZlebloba nebismieri warumateblobisrogorc mowinaaRmdegis warmatebuli qmedebis Sedegis interpretacia. dResdReobiT,iseTi Zlieri mowinaaRmdege, romelzec SesaZlebelia sakuTari Cavardnis gadabraleba,aSS-s ubralod ar hyavs. 65 sainteresoa, rom aSS-s agreTve ar hyavs imdenad ZlierimokavSire, romelsac unari Seswevs gasaWirSi realurad daexmaros, an saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegoba gauwios.arsebobs sakmaod bevri qveyana, romlebic aSS-s mokavSireebad mogvevlinebian (ufro sworedase warmoaCenen sakuTar Tavs), magram cal-calke maTi realuri gavlena aSS-s miergadawyvetilebis miRebaze sakmaod mcirea (SeiZleba iTqvas minimaluri). es exeba iseT evropelmZimewonosnebsac, rogorebicaa germania, safrangeTi Tu inglisi. aSS-ma SeiZleba gamoiyenosmaTi mxardaWera ama Tu im sakuTari gadawyvetilebis efeqtis gasaZliereblad, rogorcmagaliTad, gamoiyena inglisis aqtiuri pozicia 2003 wels erayis winaaRmdeg omis aucileblobisgasamarTleblad. amave dros, mas advilad SeuZlia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi winaaRmdegobisugulvebelyofa. evrogaerTianebac, romelic potenciurad SesaZlebelia gautoldes aSS-srogorc globaluri moTamaSe, jer ver Camoyalibda rogorc erTiani, damoukidebeli,efeqturi politikuri erToba. aSS-Tan erTobliv saerTaSoriso RonisZiebebSic misi xma ismisiqamde, sanam is amerikis pozicias mainc da mainc ar ewinaaRmdegeba.- is siZneleebic, romlebic warmoiqmneba globaluri urTierTobebis sistemisCamoyalibebis procesSi, agreTve bevrad ufro mravalferovani gaxda. civi omis procesSi,rogorc ssrk, aseve aSS, Tavis moqmedebaSi iTvaliswinebdnen ZiriTadad erTmaneTis da maTiuSualo mokavSireebis moqmedebis faqtors, romlis gaTvla mravalwlian WidilSimiRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze sakmaod advili iyo. is sakmaod SezRudulistereotipebis nakrebze iyo dafuZnebuli.aSS-Tvis advili iyo imis gaTvla, rom ssrk aucileblad Caereoda iseTi qveynis saqmeebSi,sadac romelime adgilobrivi xelmZRvaneli Tavs marqsistad, miT umetes komunistadgamoacxadebda, miuxedavad imisa, es mis realur interesebSi Sedioda, Tu ara, da amissafuZvelze Sesabamisi winmswrebi RonisZiebebis gatareba. ase moiqca is, magaliTad, 1970-iani wlebis bolos avRaneTSi, rodesac faqtiurad moaxerxa iq sabWoTa intervenciisprovocireba, adgilobriv marqsistur mTavrobasTan mebrZoli Zalebis mxardaWerisa dakonsolidaciis gziT.sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ki, aSS-s saqme aqvs uamrav ZalasTan (romelTa udidesiumetesoba an saerTod ar arsebobda civi omis dros, an latentur mdgomareobaSiimyofeboda, an ase Tu ise kontrolirdeboda ssrk-s mier), romelTaganac bevrs dRes argaaCnia formaluri statusi, marTvis centri Tu konkretuli adgilmdebareoba, xasiaTdebakonfliqturi interesebiT, da/an saerTod ar gaaCnia mkafiod gamokveTili interesebi.faqtiurad gaCnda rigi spontanuri procesebisa, romelic wamyvani globalurimoTamaSidan ar momdinareobs, magram gaaCnia globalur procesebamde ganviTarebispotenciali. aseT situaciaSi bevrad ufro rTulia dagegmo da imoqmedo efeqturad,ganusazRvrelobis donec mkveTrad matulobs.teroristuli saSiSroeba iyo gamoyenebuli rogorc 2003 wels eraySi intervenciiserT-erTi mTavari sababi, rac TavisTavad friad sakamaTo qmedeba iyo, romelmac aSS-smsoflioSi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, popularoba namdvilad ar Semata. amave dros, amintervencias, rogorc aseTs, ar SeuZlia raime safrTxe Seuqmnas globaluriurTierTobebis arsebul sistemas. sxva qveynebis suverenitetis darRveva saerTaSorisosazogadoebis Tanxmobis gareSe, warmoadgens wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebisa, TugansakuTrebiT agresiuli lokaluri moTamaSeebis, sakmaod standartul moqmedebis wessmeore msoflio omis momdevno mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi.namdvil problemad is mogvevlina, rom aSS-ma am SemTxvevaSi warmoaCina Tavi rogorcwamyvanma globalurma moTamSem, romelsac ar Seswevs unari Camoayalibos im moqmedebebismkafio Tanmimdevroba, romelic miscems saSualebas mixedos dapyrobil teritoriaswarmatebuli samxedro kampaniis Semdeg. aSS-s xelmZRvanelobas aSkarad naklebiwarmodgena hqonda imis Taobaze, Tu ra unda ekeTebina eraySi uSualod iq SeWris Semdeg, argaaCnda am qveynis grZelvadiani okupaciisa da transformaciis strategia, da rac ufromniSvnelovania — iqidan gasvlis strategia.40

2.2.5. meore globalizaciis dros gagrZelda da gaZlierda me-19 saukunis meorenaxevarSi dawyebuli procesi, romelic mimarTuli iyo globaluri procesebiskontrolisa da marTvis mcdelobaze Sesabamisi maregulirebeli meqanizmebisa da garemosSeqmnis mizniT. am procesSi SemuSavda da msoflios masStabiT amuSavda mravali e.w.saerTaSoriso reJimi. 66 imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom es reJimebi Tavidanve yalibdebodawamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis iniciativiT, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda, isinigamoxataven dasavleTis (farTo gagebiT) interesebs, an rogorc civi omis memkvidreoba,efuZneba aSS-sa da ssrk-s interesebis kompromiss.principulad, ama Tu im procesebis, gansakuTrebiT politikuris, kontroli da miTumetes marTva SedarebiT didi teritoriis farglebSi, SesaZlebelia mxolod Zliericentraluri xelisuflebis arsebobis pirobebSi. kacobriobis istoriis manZilze esxdeboda mxolod met-naklebad xisti struqturis mqone imperiebis pirobebSi. aseTiimperiis Seqmna globalur doneze dResdReobiT principulad SeuZlebelia. erTaderTglobalur moTamaSes, amis arc maincdamainc survili, arc, rogorc es erayis kampaniamgviCvena, realuri Zala gaaCnia.arsebobs meore, axali, evrogaerTianebis farglebSi realizebuli gza, rodesacdamoukidebeli qveynebi nebayoflobiT Tmoben suverenitetis did nawils saerTo miznebismisaRwevad. miuxedavad imisa, rom evrogaerTianebaSi Sedis kompaqturad ganlagebuli,daaxloebiT erTi tipis qveynebi (25 qveyana msoflioSi arsebuli 193-dan), isevdaisevswored politikur sferoSi, maTi integraciis done SedarebiT dabalia. amitom msofliosganviTareba am scenariTac grZelvadian perspeqtivaSic naklebad savaraudoa.Sesabamisad, yvela is formaluri qmedeba, romelsac adgili aqvs mravalricxovanisaerTaSoriso reJimebis farglebSi, paliatiur xasiaTs atarebs, da naklebad SeuZliaefeqturi gavlenis moxdena rogorc globalizaciuri procesebis Casaxvaze, aseve maTganviTarebaze.aseTi reJimebi SesaZlebelia Zalze pirobiTad sam did jgufad daiyos —a/ reJimebi, romlebic ganapirobeben globaluri transportis, komunikaciebisa Tu sxvainfrastruqturuli elementebis kontrolsa da marTvas, magaliTad gaeros sazRvaosamarTlis konvencia (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) da a.S. es reJimebi,Tavisi arsiT, unda iyvnen da arian gansazRvruli zust terminebSi, warmoadgenenmravalricxovani, ZiriTadad arapolitikuri moTamaSeebis yoveldRiuri saqmianobisganuyofel nawils, isini advilad kontrolirebadi da Semowmebadia. am reJimebis darRvevaiwvevs dauyovnebel xilul Sedegs, romlis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia raodenobrivad (m.S.finansuri danakargebis saxiT), xSirad adamianTa sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisdanakargebiT. isini erTnairad moqmedeben nebismier qveyanaSi, maTi ganviTarebis tipisa dadonis miuxedavad. Tumca politikuri elementi aseT reJimebSi SesamCnevia, wmindateqnologiuri da organizaciuli komponentebi mainc gadamwyvet rols TamaSoben. 67b/ZiriTadad ekonomikuri (savaWro, finansuri da a.S.) reJimebi, romlebic TiTqmismTlianad Seqmnili iyo aSS-sa da misi uaxloesi mokavSireebis, msoflios ganviTarebuliqveynebis interesebidan gamomdinare, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sabWoTa kavSirsSedarebiT naklebi interesi gaaCnda am sferoSi, plus is imdenad Zlieri ar iyoekonomikurad, rom sakuTari interesebi warmatebiT warmoeCina da daecva. es reJimebiZiriTadad Seqmnilia iseTi saerTaSoriso institutebis garSemo, rogoricaa msofliobanki, savaluto fondi, msoflio savaWro organizacia. miuxedavad ganviTarebadi qveynebisaqtiuri poziciisa aseTi reJimebis struqturisa da konfiguraciis mimarT, msoflioswamyvani moTamaSeebi maincdamainc ar Cqaroben daTmon am reJimebis farglebSi adremopovebuli upiratesobebi da privilegiebi. amis kargi ilustraciaa 2005 wlis msofliosavaWro organizaciis honkongis Sexvedra, sadac ganviTarebadi msoflios mzardukmayofilebas dasavleTma Seageba mravali sakmaod bundovani dapireba, magram TavisTavze faqtiurad arc erTi konkretuli valdebuleba ar aiRo. amave dros, imasTandakavSirebiT, rom aseTi reJimebis funqcionirebis Sedegebic SedarebiT adviladSemowmebadia da TvalnaTlivi (maTi gamoxatva adviladaa SesaZlebeli konkretulfinansur, materialur da a.S. nakadebSi), isini muSa instrumentebs warmoadgenen.g/ reJimebi, romlebic ganageben globaluri usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs da maTTandakavSirebul aqtiurobis sxva sferoebs, magaliTad adamianis uflebaTa reJimis CaTvliT.es reJimebi ZiriTadad asocirebulia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciasTan, magram arSeizRudebian am saerTaSoriso institutiT. msoflio dRes moiTvlis 300-mdesaerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacias, romelTaganac 23 uSualod gaeros sistemaSi41

Sedis. aq saqme gvaqvs SemTxvevasTan, rodesac TiTqmis yvela arsebuli xelSekruleba Tuorganizacia, romelic ase Tu ise axdens gavlenas globalur politikur urTierTobebze,warmoiqmna antagonisturi sazogadoebrivi sistemebis konfrontaciis procesSi, da amkonfrontaciis Sedegad.arsebobs formaluri da araformaluri standartebisa da wesebis uzarmazari erToba,romelsac eTanxmebian, da romelsac misdeven, globalur sivrceSi warmodgenilipolitikuri moTamaSeebi. es standartebi da wesebi, qveyanaTaSorisi da transnacionaluriaqtiurobis meSveobiT, da mis farglebSi, qmnian maregulirebeli meqanizmebis urTulessistemas. am meqanizmebis didi nawilis efeqturoba sakmaod saeWvoa, radganac isini asaxaveniseTi urTierTobebis Sedegebs, rodesac mowinaaRmdege mxareebi iZulebulebi iyvnenmieRwiaT raRac saxis kompromisisaTvis da am procesSi cdilobdnen “arc mwvadi daewvaT daarc Samfuri”.am wesebs Soris gvxvdeba iseTi “pirobiTi” wesebic, rogoricaa magaliTad“saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis neba”, romelsac gansazRvrul pirobebSi SeuZlia SeiZinos“kanonis statusi” an gaxdes legaluri saerTaSoriso moqmedebis safuZveli. realurcxovrebaSi es “neba” ZiriTadad gamoixateba igive wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebispolitikur midrekilebebsa da saWiroebebSi, xSirad gamoiyeneba formaluraddamoukidebeli qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis sababad, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aseTiCareva ar hpovebs gaeroSi warmodgenili qveynebis umetesobis mxardaWeras (ixileTmagaliTisaTvis serbiis dabombva 1999 wels natos Zalebis mier). damatebiT, aseTistandartebisa da wesebis umetesobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi sakmaod bundovania dasxvadasxva saxis SerCeviTi interpretaciis sagani advilad xdeba.aseTi tipis reJimebi xSirad gamoiyeneba SerCeviT, damokidebuli isevdaisev, wamyvaniglobaluri moTamaSeebis realur midrekilebebsa da saWiroebebze. zogi qveyana sastikadisjeba imisaTvis, rom ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis nebas, xolo sxvebisqmedebas igive “nebam” SesaZlebelia zurgi Seaqcios da maT SerCeT is qmedeba,romlisTvisac sxvebi isjebian. wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi, an qveynebi, romlebicraime mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben am wamyvani moTamaSeebis saqmianobaSi, an qveynebi,romlebic ubralod mdebareoben iseT regionSi, romelic mocemul istoriul momentSi ammoTamaSeebs ar ainteresebT, xSirad axerxeben uamravi formaluri Tu araformaluriwesebisa da standartebis darRvevas, magram amaze araviTar pasuxs ar ageben. amas akeTebenmravali wlebis manZilze islamuri terorizmis iseTi mfarvelebi da sulisCamdgmelebi,rogorebicaa saudis arabeTi da pakistani (ixileT konkretuli SemTxveva 3), magram maT“saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis guliswyromisagan” aSS-Tan “gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebi”icavs. amas akeTebda igive kuba, romelic uSualod monawileobda laTinuri amerikisa Tuafrikis teritoriaze mravalricxovani teroristuli organizaciis Tu partizanulimoZraobis Seqmnasa da marTvaSi, agzavnida samxedro qvedanayofebs afrikis teritoriazemimdinare samoqalaqo omebSi monawileobis misaRebaT — magram mas ssrk mfarvelobda.mravali saerTaSoriso reJimi faqtiurad ar muSaobs, radganac ar iTvaliswinebs misidamrRvevebis mimarT raime iZulebiTi sanqciebis gatarebas. aseTi reJimis yvelaze metismTqmeli magaliTia 1968 wels xelmowerili birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobisxelSekruleba. is SeimuSava civi omis orive wamyvanma moTamaSem, mas Semdeg, rodesacmixvdnen, rom birTvuli iaraRis Semdgomi gavrceleba misi mflobeli viwro jgufis gareT(aSS, ssrk, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, CineTi) mkveTrad gazrdida globaluristrategiuli ganusazRvrelobis dones da safrTxes Seuqmnida orives usafrTxoebas.miuxedavad amisa, maTma winaaRmdegobam ar dauSva iseTi efeqturi meqanizmebis Seqmna,romlebic gaiTvaliswinebdnen legalur Zaldatanebas am xelSekrulebis pirobebisdamrRvevi qveynebis mimarT. Sedegad, pirveli, vinc Seqmna birTvuli iaraRisdamoukidebeli arsenali (SesaZloa msoflioSi sididiT mesame, magram oficialurad amasdRemde ar aRiarebs) da SerCa es qmedeba, iyo israeli. mas mogvianebiT, 1990-ian wlebSi,miyvnen indoeTi da pakistani — tradiciuli Seurigebeli moqiSpeebi da “daisajnen” aSS-sSedarebiT rbili moklevadiani sanqciebiTa da ukmayofilebis gamoxatviT. orive imdenadmniSvnelovani regionaluri moTamaSea, rom maT mimarT ufro sastiki sanqciebis gamoyenebaubralod SeuZlebeli iyo, miT umetes pakistanis mimarT, romelic aSS erT-erTi yvelazemniSvnelovani mokavSirea msoflioSi. Crdilo korea mravali wlis manZilze SantaJs uwevsaRmosavleT azias mis gankargulebaSi viTom arsebuli birTvuli iaraRiT, magram arganicdis araviTar Sesabamis sanqciebs. qveyana aSS-s uSualo interesebis sferos gareTimyofeba, xolo misi mezobeli qveynebi sxvadasxva mizezebiT an ar arian daiteresebulebimimarTon gadamWrel zomebs mis mimarT (samxreTi korea, CineTi), an ar SeuZliaT amis42

gakeTeba (iaponia). meore mxriv, erayis mier 1970-ian wlebSi aSenebuli birTvuli reaqtoriiyo ganadgurebuli israelis sahaero dartymiT, radganac mas potenciurad SeeZlo zaralimieyenebina israelisa da aSS-s interesebisaTvis regionSi, plus aSS-Tan “gansakuTrebuliurTierTobebis” Sedegad israels Seswevs unari daarRvios saerTaSoriso samarTlisnormebi misTvis yovelgvari arasasurveli Sedegis gareSe.mTavari problema saerTaSoriso reJimebTan mimarTebaSi imaSia, rom arsebobs maTirealizaciis universaluri principebi (saerTaSoriso samarTali), magram ar arsebobs amprincipebis cxovrebaSi gamtarebeli efeqturi, momuSave meqanizi.1945 wels Seqmnili gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia aris erTaderTi, romelsacSeuZlia formalurad ganacxados pretenzia globalur masStabSi sayovelTao mSvidobisdacvaze, saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofaze ekonomikuri, socialuri,kulturuli da humanitaruli problemebis gadasaWrelad, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebissayovelTao pativiscemis uzrunvelyofaze.amave dros, misi struqtura asaxavs meore msoflio omis dasasrulis realiebs, danaklebad mosaxerxebelia msoflio politikis globalizaciis procesSi Seqmniliproblemebis gadasaWrelad. uSiSroebis sabWos vetos uflebis mqone xuTi qveynidan sami(aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi) warmoadgens yvelaze tipur demokratiul,kapitalistur sazogadoebas, xolo darCenili ori (ssrk/ruseTi da CineTi) aris maTiprincipulad antagonisturi, yvelaze tipuri aziuri, piramiduli sazogadoebrivisistemis warmomadgeneli. mxolod es faqti gamoricxavda (da gamoricxavs) konstruqciulTanamSromlobasa da konsensusis miRebas principuli, globaluri masStabis politikuriproblemebis Taobaze. amas isic emateba, rom uSiSroebis sabWos oTxi wevris (aSS-s garda)SesaZlebloba gamoiyenos vetos ufleba, maqsimalurad uaxlovebs maT wamyvani globalurimoTamaSis statuss mniSvnelovani msoflio problemebis gadawyvetis procesSi, xSiraduqmnis maT cdunebas mimarTos mas igive aSS-s jibrze.rac Seexeba gaeros generalur asambleas, is xSirad soflis yrilobas waagavs, sadacyvela xmamaRla Tavisas gaiZaxis. aSS-s yofili saxelmwifo mdivani madlen olbraitixumrobda, rom “gaeroSi imdeni firmis prezidentia, ramdeni qveyanac aris warmodgenili,xolo yoveli maTgani gansxvavebul enaze laparakobs, gaaCnia gansakuTrebuliprioritetebi da umuSevari siZe, romelsac xelfasi sWirdeba”.igive madlen olbraitis monacemebiT, 2003 wels gaeros wliuri biujeti oTxi wamyvaniofisis (niu iorkSi, JenevaSi, nairobiSi, venaSi) da xuTi regionaluri komisiis muSaobazeSeadgenda 1.25 miliard amerikul dolars, anu imdens, ramdensac pentagoni xarjavda yovel32 saaTSi. xolo gaeros sistemaSi mTlianad dasaqmebuli iyo 50 aTasze odnav meti adamiani,anu mxolod 2 aTasiT meti, vidre emsaxureboda SvedeTis dedaqalaq stoqholms. gaerosjamuri wliuri xarjebi misi yvela fondebis, programebisa da specializirebulisaagentoebis CaTvliT, Seadgenda niu iorkis saqalaqo biujetis daaxloebiT erTmeoTxeds. 68e.i. nebismieri parametriT, dRevandeli warmodgenebiT, gaero sakmaod patara,mcirebiujetiani organizaciaa, romlis realuri SesaZleblobebi naklebad Seesabameba miswinaSe dayenebuli amocanebis masStabebsa da sirTules.am organizacias gaaCnda (da dResac gaaCnia) moqmedebis Tavisufleba humanitaruli,ganaTlebis, jandacvis, an (SedarebiT naklebad) bunebrivi garemos dacvis sferoebSi,sadac misi miRwevebi friad StambeWdavia (ixileT Tavi 4.1).amave dros, is Zalian SezRudulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi moqmedeba SesaZlebeliawinaaRmdegobaSi movides wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis politikur interesebTan.civi omis procesSi aSS-ma da ssrk-ma faqtobrivad gadaaqcies gaero iseT asparezad,romelsac iyenebdnen erTmaneTze RvarZlis gadmosanTxevad, agrZelebdnen iq Tavisglobalur paeqrobas. Sedegad am wlebis ganmavlobaSi gaeros faqtiuradqmediTunarianoba hqonda dakarguli, rogorc damoukidebel moTamaSes aqtualuriglobaluri problemebis (gansakuTrebiT politikuris) gadawyvetis procesSi.problemebis mogvareba xdeboda aSS-sa da ssrk-s mier, xolo gaeros maTigadawyvetilebebis formaluri gaformebis neba eZleoda (ase moxda, magaliTad, 1967 da1973 arabul-israelis saomari moqmedebebis Sewyvetis procesSi).gaeros arsebobis manZilze iyo mxolod ori SemTxveva, rodesac man SesZlo gadamwyveti,efeqturi zomebis miReba iseTi regionaluri konfliqtebis mogvarebis mizniT, romelicpotenciurad SesaZlebelia globalur muqaris donemde ganviTarebuliyo. pirvelad esmoxda rodesac Crdilo korea SeiWra samxreTSi 1950 wels, da meored, rodesac eraymamoaxdina kuveiTis okupacia 1990 wels. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, uSiSroebis sabWom moaxerxa43

agresoris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gadawyvetilebis miReba imitom, rom am dros sabWoTakavSiri mis muSaobas boikotirebda, xolo 1990 wels ssrk imdenad dasustebuli iyo, romveRar ewinaaRmdegeboda dasavleTis nebas.gaero daufaravad amayobs imiT, rom misi jarebi manawileobdnen da monawileobensamSvidobo operaciebSi msoflios mraval kuTxeSi. amave dros, es xdeba ZiriTadad maSin daiseT adgilebSi, sadac wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi ar arian dainteresebuli aiRonsakuTar Tavze ama Tu im lokaluri problemis mogvareba.gaero damoukideblad friad uZluria moagvaros seriozuli lokaluri konfliqtebi,maSinac ki, rodesac misi jarebi masStaburi genocidis uSualo mowmeebi xdebian. ase moxda,magaliTad, 1990-ian wlebSi ruandisa da bosniis cnobili genocidebis dros, romelicganviTarda gaeros samSvidobo kontingentis Tvalwin. 2006 wlis gazafxulze is veraxerxebda sami wlis manZilze ganviTarebuli genocidis Sewyvetas sudanis dasavleTprovinciaSi — darfurSi.rodesac wamyvan globalur moTamaSeebs gaaCniaT dedamiwaze mimdinare romelimeprocesSi Carevis uSualo interesi, isini advilad akeTebdnen amas miuxedavad imisa, romgaeros wevrebis udidesi nawili SesaZlebelia amis wanaaRmdegi iyos. rogorc aSS, asevesabWoTa kavSiri, regularulad akeTebdnen amas civi omis dros; xolo aSS agrZelebs aseTmoqmedebas dResac. is magaliTad SeiWra eraySi 2003 wels, miuxedavad imisa, rom gaerosmandati aseT qmedebaze ar hqonda. amitom xdeba, rom raime seriozuli lokalurikonfliqtis mogvarebis aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, dainteresebuli mxareebi axdenen aragaeros, aramed globaluri moTamaSeebis lobirebas. igive darfuris problema, rogorcCans, maSin mogvardeba, Tu vinme moaxerxebs am procesSi aSS-s administraciis aqtiurCarevas.saboloo jamSi dRevandel msoflioSi nebismieri saerTaSoriso politikuri reJimi,miuxedavad imisa, dafuZnebulia araformalur, Tu kanonis Zalis mqone wesebsa dastandartebze, muSaobs zustad iqamde, sanam romeliRac damoukidebel politikursubieqts ar gauva misi Ria darRveva. ZiriTadad es xdeba imitom, rom wamyvan globalurmoTamaSes (moTamaSeebs) gaaCnia saSualeba, ganucxados msoflios, rom mxolod is midisswore mimarTulebiT, xolo danarCenebi mas ubralod fexs ver ubamen. xolo misi mibaZviT,amisive gakeTeba, ase Tu ise, SeuZliaT sxva politikur subieqtebsac, romlebic an wamyvaniglobaluri moTamaSeebis mfarvelobiT sargebloben, an maTi qmedeba, igive moTamaSismimdinare interesebis farglebs gareT rCeba.“wesebis damrRvevi” realurad isjeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aseTi sadamsjeloqmedebiT dainteresebulebi arian wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi, anda isevdaisev, TuaseTi dasja maT interesebs ar ewinaaRmdegeba.yvelaze mniSvnelovani am SemTxvevaSi ki is aris, rom globalizaciuri procesebisganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ramdenad legaluria esa Tuis konkretuli qmedeba, ramdenad Seesabameba is saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs, romelisaerTaSoriso organizaciis sanqciiT xorcieldeba, da a.S. aq mTavaria — visganmomdinareobs es qmedeba, ramdenad Zlieria pirveladi biZgi da Sesabamisad globalizaciuriprocesis intensivoba, ra donisa da saxis cvlilebebs iwvevs is misi gavlenisobieqtebSi.igive mosazreba logikurad vrceldeba dedamiwaze arsebul saerTaSoriso organizaciebzec.magaliTad, “didi rviani” (G-8, aSS, gaerTianebuli samefo, safrangeTi, germania,iaponia, kanada, italia, ruseTi) arasodes yofila formalurad dafuZnebuli, ar gaaCnialegaluri statusi, wesdeba, mudmivi struqtura. is faqtiurad warmoadgens misi wevriqveynebis xelmZRvanelebis “interesebis klubs”. amave dros misi mniSvneloba TanamedrovemsofliosTvis minimum ar CamorCeba nebismier sxva, globaluri masStabis formalursaerTaSoriso organizacias, gaeros CaTvliT. xolo yovelwliuri Sexvedrebis dReebSi ismaqsimalurad uaxlovdeba wamyvani globaluri moTamaSis statuss, romlis gadawyvetilebebiaxdens gavlenas procesebis Casaxvasa da ganviTarebaze mTel msoflioSi.mTlianobaSi, politikuri urTierTobebis Tanamedrove globaluri arqiteqturafaqtobrivad ar Secvlila pirveli globalizaciis Semdeg da isev saeWvod waagavsSedarebiT rbil piramidul sistemas. aqac uflebebi nawildeba ZiriTadad “zevidan-qveviT”- ufro Zlierebidan, ufro sustebisaken, xolo movaleobebi piriqiT — “qvevidan-zeviT”.samarTali efeqturad muSaobs mxolod daaxloebiT Tanabari Zalis, ganviTarebis tipisa dadonis mqone politikuri subieqtebis “SreebSi”. arsebobs yvelaze maRla mdgomi subieqti,romlidanac modis iseTi signalebis didi umetesoba, romelsac SeuZlia Seitanoscvlilebebi globalur politikur urTierTobebSi. amave dros, aseT subieqts gaaCniasaSualeba imoqmedos “qvevidan” wamosuli signalebis didi nawilis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe,44

ac saboloo jamSi qmnis sistemis destabilizaciis safrTxes.Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi miRebul terminebSi es situacia ase SeiZlebaaRiweros — demokratiis principebi gabatonebulia wamyvan globalur moTamaSeebsa damaTTan daaxloebul saxelmwifoebSi, magram am qveynebsa da danarCen msoflios SorisurTierToba ZiriTadad arademokratiulia. angariSgebisa da demokratiuli samarTlisprincipebi warmoadgenen Sidasaxelmwifo mSeneblobis amosaval principebs, magramsaxelmwifo sazRvrebis miRma isini Canacvlebulia erovnuli interesebis realizaciisken(da maqsimaluri politikuri upiratesobis miRebisaken) swrafviT. demokratia da adamianisuflebebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi vrceldeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis SedarebiTviwro, “Sida wris” warmomadgenlebze, magram ara maTze, vinc am “wris” sazRvrebs gareTaris darCenili. 69gasagebia, rom aseT sistemas uamravi nakli gaaCnia, rac globalizaciismowinaaRmdegeebis samarTlian guliswyromas iwvevs. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, jerkidev arsebobs globalur procesebze aSS-sa da misi mokavSireebis faqtiuri monopolia.amave dros, aseT sistemaSi Zlieri, wamyvani moTamaSis arseboba, romelsac SeuZliakrizisis dros sakuTar Tavze aiRos pasuxismgebloba, miiRos swrafi, gadamWreli zomebi;imoqmedos Tu saWiroa danarCeni moTamaSeebis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, saboloo jamSi zrdissistemis efeqturobasa da saimedoobas. arsebobs sruliad gamarTlebuli mosazreba, romwamyvani moTamaSis gaqroba msoflio politikuri urTierTobebis sistemidan gamoiwvevsglobalur destabilizaciasa da qaoss.aseTi sistema saukeTesoa, rac SesaZlebelia DdRes planetaruli masStabiT arsebobdes.is rigi parametriT aRemateba pirveli globalizaciis dros Camoyalibebul sistemas, darac mTavaria, evoluciis potenciali gaaCnia. bolos da bolos, masSi potenciuradmonawileobis miReba SeuZlia TiTqmis or aseul formalurad damoukidebel moTamaSes.2.3. globalizaciis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan da xilul Sedegs warmoadgenspolitikuri procesebis organizaciisa da marTvis ideebis, koncepciebis, meqanizmebisa dainstitutebis sakmaod SezRuduli nakrebis gavrceleba mTel msoflioSi. arian ramsoflio politikis globalizaciis Sedegebi, isini erTdroulad mis umniSvnelovanesagentebs warmoadgenen. yvela es idea, koncepcia, meqanizmi Tu instituti Seiqmnakonkretul istoriul momentSi, konkretuli qveynebis mcire jgufis (dasavleTi evropisqveynebi da aSS) konkretuli interesebidan gamomdinare da am qveynebis konkretulipolitikuri amocanebis gadaWras emsaxureboda. maTi danergva danarCen msoflioSi,rogorc es sazogadod xdeba globalizaciis procesSi, nebayoflobiT-iZulebiTi iyo.mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswineba, rom nebismier sazogadoebaSi kultura,tradiciebi, faseulobaTa sistema (rasakvirvelia religiiis CaTvliT) asrulebenerTgvari imunuri sistemis rols. es sistema moqmedebs rogorc filtri, romeliccdilobs ar dauSvas am sazogadoebaSi iseTi idea, koncepcia, meqanizmi Tu instituti,romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios sazogadoebaSi arsebuli status quos darRveva.idealur SemTxvevaSi filtri ar gaatarebs iseT koncepciasa Tu instituts, romlisdanergvac sazogadoebas SeiZleba ar awyobdes. realur cxovrebaSi rasakvirvelia, TviTfiltri SeiZleba iyos susti an cudaT muSaobdes; anda ideebi da institutebi, Tu maTimxardamWeri (matarebeli) gare Zala, SesaZlebelia imdenad Zlieri iyos, rom nebismieriadgilobrivi winaaRmdegoba dajabnos. dRes msoflioSi cota qveyana moiZebneba, romelsacSeuZlia Riad ugulvebelyos dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebidan momdinare politikiskoncepciebi Tu instrumentebi (magaliTad igive CineTi).udides umetesoba SemTxvevaSi, damokidebuli konkretul socialur-ekonomikur,politikur, istoriul konteqstze, sazogadoeba axdens ideis Tu meqanizmis trasformaciasda adaptacias sakuTari prioritetebidan da SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare. e.i.saboloo jamSi inergeba ara maTi esa Tu is ukve arsebuli modeli, aramed konkretuliadgilobrivi varianti. faqtiurad, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, gamodis is, rac gamodis.Sedegad idea, koncepcia, meqanizmi Tu instituti SesaZlebelia sakmaod axlos iyosgaredan SemoTavazebul variantTan, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes misgan, SeinarCunosmasTan mxolod formaluri msgavseba, gadaiqces mis sawinaaRmdego movlenad.im ideebs, koncepciebs, meqanizmebsa da institutebs Soris, romelic gavrceldamsoflioSi politikis globalizaciis Sedegad, ZiriTadia — saxelmwifo suvereniteti,erovnuli saxelmwifo, axali globaluri moTamaSeebi, demokratia da adamianis uflebebi.saxelmwifo suverenitetis problema gaxda aqtualuri globalizaciis dRevandeletapze, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom msoflios qveynebis udidesi umetesobis realuristatusi modis winaaRmdegobaSi suverenitetis tradiciulad aRiarebul da formalizebulcnebasTan. saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi, suvereniteti warmoadgens umaRlesi45

politikuri nebis (e.i. sakanonmdeblos, sasamarTlos, da/an aRmasrulebelis)ganxorcielebis uflebas; xelisuflebis Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas xelSeuxebeli,formalurad aRiarebuli sazRvrebis farglebSi.aseTi koncefcia gaxda sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ZiriTadad me-19 saukunis meorenaxevarSi, rodesac teritoriuli suvereniteti, saxelmwifoTa formaluriTanasworuflebianoba, Caurevloba formalurad aRiarebuli, damoukidebeli qveynebisSinagan saqmeebSi, gaxda saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis moqmedebis amosavali principi. amdros, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, rogorc aseTi, warmodgenili iyo realurad mxolodevropuli qveynebis nawiliT, aSS-T, ruseTiTa da iaponiiT. yvela danarCeni formaluraddamoukidebeli qveynebis suverenitets isini maincdamainc pativs ar scemdnen dayuradRebas ar aqcevdnen.rasakvirvelia, ramdenime, daaxloebiT erTnairi tipisa da ganviTarebis donis qveynismimarT, am principis aRiareba da dacva SedarebiT advili iyo. magram meore globalizaciisdadgomasTan erTad aRmoCnda, rom axali damoukidebeli qveynebis udides umetesobasaseTi tipis suverenitetis ganxorcielebis organizaciuli, materialuri, Tu finansurisaSualeba ar gaaCnda. ufro metic, aTobiT formalurad damoukidebel qveyanas ar SeuZliafunqcionireba uwyveti, grZelvadiani ucxouri “ganviTarebis daxmarebis” gareSe.gasagebia, rom aseTi qveynebisaTvis suvereniteti samarTlebriv fiqcias warmoadgens.msoflios wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi aseve Riad acxadebdnen Tavis uflebasCareuliyvnen nebismieri qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi sakuTari ideeebis cxovrebaSigatarebisa da Tavisi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis sababiT (aSS amas dResac akeTebs —ixileT konkretuli SemTxveva 2).formalurad suverenuli qveynebis Sinagan saqmeebSi gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi(vTqvaT mSvidobisa da wesrigis aRsadgenad) Carevis ufleba gaaCnia gaerosac. sakmaodzRudavs Tavisi wevrebis formalur suverenitets evrogaerTianebac.amas ukanasknel wlebSi isic daemata, rom Tanamedrove globaluri nakadebis udidesinawilis (ZiriTadad eleqtronulis, Tu kriminaluris), efeqturi kontroli arc erTsaxelmwifos principulad ar ZaluZs; xolo sxvadasxva tipis globaluri gacvlebisintensivoba imdenad didia, rom maTi kontrolis mcdeloba saxelmwifo suverenitetistradiciuli cnebidan gamomdinare, ara marto naklebad SesaZlebelia, aramed mavnec ki.yvelaferma aman gamoiwvia saxelmwifo suverenitetis tradiciuli cnebis erozia. dResimazec ki aris saubari, rom msoflioSi arsebobs erTaderTi realurad suverenulisaxelmwifo — SeerTebuli Statebi, romelsac SeuZlia principSi Caerios msofliosnebismieri qveynis Sinagan saqmeebSi, magram SeuZlia ar dauSvas vinmes mier misi politikurisuverenitetis Selaxva.amis Semdeg, suverenitetis donis Semcirebis Sesabamisad, modian CineTi da indoeTi,ubralod im mizeziT, rom isini imdenad didebi arian, aSS-ma rom moindomos kidec maTisuverenitetis Selaxva, principSi gaugebaria, es rogor unda ganaxorcielospraqtikulad. suverenulad iTvleba agreTve ruseTi, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom iserTaderTia dedamiwaze, visac gaaCnia teqnikuri SesaZlebloba miayenos aSS-sgamanadgurebeli dartyma birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT.yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri calke aRebuli qveynis suvereniteti naklebadSeesabameba mis tradiciul cnebas. is warmoadgens sakmaod mravalricxovani, Sida da garefaqtorebis kombinaciis Sedegs, da ganicdis cvlilebas droSi. faqtiurad, dRes SeiZlebaimis Tqma, rom saxelmwifo suvereniteti warmoadgens ara marto, da ara imdenad, umaRlesipolitikuri nebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas xelSeuxebeli sazRvrebis farglebSi,ramdenadac qveynis xelmZRvanelobis SesaZleblobas, ganaxorcielos sakuTaripolitikuri nebis formireba da realizacia garedan Carevis gareSe (ufro swored, isdamokidebulia am Carevis wyaroebis raodenobaze, Carevis intensiurobasa daxangrZlivobaze). qveyana sazogadod miT ufro suverenulia, rac meti SesaZleblobagaaCnia gaaneitralos sakuTar funqcionirebaze gareSe Zalebis (sxva qveynebis,saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Tu, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, multinacionaluri kompaniebis)gavlena.amasTan dakavSirebiT yuradsarebia Semdegi garemoebac — saxelmwifo suverenitetiTanamedrove msoflioSi ar iZleva imis garantias, rom qveyana SesZlebs gadarCesZalismieri konfrontaciis procesSi, Tumca is warmoadgens saxelmwifo xelisuflebisCamoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan meqanizms.erovnuli saxelmwifos krizisi xSirad ganixileba rogorc globalizaciisTanamedrove etapis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli. aseTi tipissaxelmwifo sazogadod ganisazRvreba rogorc politikuri erTeuli, romelic ZiriTadaddasaxlebulia xalxiT, romelsac gaaCnia saerTo kultura, istoria da ena. 70 faqtiurad46

laparakia imaze, rom romelime calke aRebul eTnoss SeuZlia Semoikribos Tavis garSemosaxelmwifo, romlis farglebSi mas konkurenti eTnosi ar eyoleba, anda es ukanaskneliimdenad susti da mcirericxovani iqneba, rom ver gauwevs SesamCnev konkurencias ZiriTadeTnoss.aseTi gziT Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoebi dRes msoflioSi sul ramdenimea. mis yvelazetipur warmomadgenlebad moixsenieben islandiasa da iaponias, e.i. kunZulovan qveynebs,romlebic saukuneebis manZilze viTardebodnen faqtiur izolaciaSi. umetes SemTxvevaSisaxelmwifo xdeboda erovnulebi Camoyalibebis procesSi, rodesac xelisuflebamizandasaxulad axdenda iq arsebuli yvela eTnosis gadakeTebas erT-erTi, misTviswamyvani eTnosis yaidaze, xSirad Zalismierad, urCebis gandevnisa da genocidis gziT. amistipuri magaliTia igive safrangeTi. 1789 wlis revoluciis momentisaTvis am qveynismosaxleobis mxolod daaxloebiT naxevari laparakobda ase Tu ise frangulad, m.S.daaxloebiT erTi meaTedisaTvis is mSobliurs warmoadgenda. daaxloebiT erTi saukunisSemdeg, xelisuflebis Zalisxmevis Sedegad, safrangeTi TiTqmis monoeTnikuri gaxda,xolo franguli mSobliuri enaa yvela iq mcxovrebisaTvis (gamonaklisi mxolod kunZulikorsikaa).erovnuli saxelmwifos idea Zalze popularuli gaxda mecxramete saukunis evropaSi,ris safuZvelSic sakmaod primitiuli, pragmatuli mosazrebebi unda veZioT.polieTnikurTan SedarebiT, monoeTnikur saxelmwifoSi SedarebiT mcirdeba Sidakonfliqtebis SesaZlebloba; garedan Carevis Sansi iq mcxovrebi umciresobebisinteresebis dacvis sababiT; qveynis marTva ufro martivi, prognozirebadi, da iafi xdeba.faqtiurad msoflios yvela ganviTarebuli saxelmwifo dReisaTvis erovnulobisprincipebze aris awyobili.amave dros, advilad gasagebi mizezebis gamo, aseTi tipis saxelmwifo mowyobas dRessafrTxe emuqreba. nebismier erovnul saxelmwifos miRweuli status quo-s SesanarCunebladrogorc minumum esaWiroeba:a/ qveyanaSi imigraciis maqsimaluri SesaZlebeli SezRudva;b/ migrantebis mimarT mkacri, ZaldatanebiTi asimilaciuri politikis gatareba.gasagebia, rom msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoebs, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda, aseTipolitikis gatareba praqtikulad ar SeuZliaT. 71 mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis mkveTrizrdisa da daberebis gamo maT sWirdebaT migrantebi imisaTvis, rom Seavson muSaxelisSeqmnili deficiti, plus Seavson is samuSao vakansiebi, sadac adgilobrivi mosaxleobamuSaobas aRar kadrulobs. am procesSi maT obieqturad ar SeuZliad asimilaciis iZuleba,radganac es uSualo winaaRmdegobaSi modis demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebisprincipebTan. globalizacia am process amwvavebs, ZiriTadad imis xarjze, rom uaRresadintensiurs xdis globalur migraciul procesebs, zrdis ganviTarebuli qveynebis,rogorc migraciis daniSnulebis adgilebis, mimzidvelobas.rac yvelaze mTavaria, migrantTa udidesi umetesoba (gansakuTrebiT dasavleTevropaSi), warmodgenilia iseTi religiis, kulturuli faseulobebisa, Tu qcevisstereotipebis matarebeli adamianebiT, romlebic xSirad negatiurad arian ganwyobilimaTi mimRebi qveynebisa, Tu mTlianad dasavleTis mimarT, ewinaaRmdegebian asimilaciisnebismier mcdelobas, m.S. ZaliTac. Sedegad, dasavleTi evropa mainc, SesaZlebelia sakmaodmale dadges sakmaod mZime arCevanis winaSe — eTnikuri, religiuri, kulturuliTviTmyofadoba, Tu demokratia da adamianis uflebebi.rogorc ar unda ganviTardnen movlenebi SemdgomSi, gasagebia, rom erovnulisaxelmwifos idea Seesabameboda SedarebiT mokle etaps kacobriobis istoriaSi dadRevandeli globalizebuli msoflios realobas naklebad asaxavs. amave dros, sworederovnuli saxelmwifos ideis praqtikul realizaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli improblemebisa da konfliqtebis udidesi nawili, romelsac ganicdis dRes ganviTarebadimsoflios sakmaod didi nawili (gansakuTrebiT afrika), da romlebic jamSi, globaluriproblemis saxiT mogvevlineba.rodesac evropelebi koloniebidan midiodnen, maT memkvidreobiT dautoves axal,damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs erovnuli mowyobis forma, faqtiurad: eri da saxelmwifoerTia, yovel eTnoss aqvs ufleba Seqmnas sakuTari saxelmwifo, nebismieri eTnosiswarmomadgenlebi erTi, erovnuli saxelmwifos farglebSi unda cxovrobdnen daviTardebodnen. 72amave dros, maT miuCines am axal saxelmwifoebs teritoria da sazRvrebi ise, rogorcgamouvidaT, im teritoriuli dayofis farglebSi, romelic Camoyalibda koloniebisaTviskonkurenciis procesSi, ZiriTadad me-19 saukuneSi. Sedegad erTi saxelmwifos farglebSiaRmoCnda erTmaneTis mimarT uaRresad mtrulad ganwyobili ori an meti eTnosi. es moxda,47

magaliTad, ruandaSi, sadac britaneTma gaaerTiana erTmaneTis samkvdro-sasicocxlomtrebi — tutsi da hutu. amas saboloo jamSi mohyva 1994 wlis cnobili genocidi amqveyanaSi. erTdroulad maT dayves erTi da igive eTnosebi or an met damoukidebelqveynebs Soris. Sedegad ganviTarebadi msoflios udides nawilSi aTwleulebis manZilzemidis eTnosebis Zalismieri daSoriSorebisa Tu gaerTianebis procesi, romelic realuradwarmoadgens safrTxes pozitiuri globaluri ganviTarebisaTvis, da romelic TavisimniSvnelobiT Tanamedrove msofliosaTvis aRemateba igive terorizmis muqaras.demokratiis principebzea dRes formalurad awyobili msoflios damoukidebeliqveynebis umetesoba. Riad gamoacxados Tavi arademokratiulad, dRes SeuZlia mxolodnavTobisa da bunebrivi gazis Zalian didi maragis mflobel, sakmaod mcirericxovanqveynebs (magaliTad, saudis arabeTs, kuveiTs, bruneis, TurqmeneTs da a.S.), anda iseTgariyul qveynebs, rogorebicaa Crdilo korea an birma. Tumca, me-20 saukunis nebismiercalke aRebul periodSi, dedamiwis mosaxleobis saSualod mxolod 31% cxovrobdanamdvil demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi. 73cnobili amerikeli mecnieri samuel hantingtoni gamoyofs dedamiwaze demokratiisgavrcelebis sam “grZel talRas”. pirveli talRa daiwyo me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi,rodesac aSS-s mamakacTa didma nawilma miiRi xmis ufleba, da gagrZelda me-20 saukunis1920-ian wlebamde. am drois ganmavlobaSi Seiqmna 29 demokratiuli saxelmwifo. Semdeg estrendi Sebrunda, moyolebuli 1922 wlidan, rodesac italiis saTaveSi musolini movida,da gagrZelda 1942 wlamde, rodesac demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis raodenoba 12-mdeSemcirda. meore talRa daiwyo meore msoflio omis Semdeg da Tavis mwvervals miaRwia 1962wels, rodesac 36 qveyana iyo demokratiuli. aqedan moyolebuli, vidre 1970-iani wlebisSua wlebamde, es raodenoba eqvsiT Semcirda. 1974 wlidan moyolebuli, mesame talRisdros, msoflios daemata daaxloebiT 30 axali demokratiuli saxelmwifo, ramac namdvilidemokratiuli saxelmwifoebis ricxvi gaaormaga. 74Tumca 2006 wels gamoqveynebuli arasamTavrobo organizacia World Audit-is monacemebiT,“namdvilad demokratiuli” msoflioSi mxolod 40 qveyanaa. 75 es is qveynebia, romlebicSeiZleba “udavod” Tavisuflebad CaiTvalos. maT ricxvSi Sedis msoflios yvelaganviTarebuli qveyana, plus evrogaerTianebis is axali wevrebi, romlebic jerformalurad ganviTarebulebad ar arian aRiarebuli, plus Cile, urugvai, kosta-rika,panama laTinur amerikaSi, samxreTi afrika da gana afrikaSi (ix. danarTi 4.). 76demokratia dRevandel msoflioSi sazogadod aRiqmeba rogorc liberaluridemokratia, e.i. warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis forma, romlis farglebSi “arCeuliwarmomadgenlebisa da umravlesobis neba, ganaxorcielon gadawyvetilebis miRebisuflebis realizacia, xdeba kanonis farglebSi, da sazogadod gazomierdebakonstituciiT, romelic xazs usvams pirovnebebisa da umciresobebis Tavisuflebisa dauflebebis dacvas”. 77arsebobs ramdenime mizezi, ratom gaxda demokratia msoflioSi saxelmwifo mowyobisZiriTadi forma meore globalizaciis periodSi:1. rogorc u. CerCili ambobda - “demokratia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis yvelaze cudiformaa, yvela im danarCenis garda, romelic adre ukve iyo nacadi”; 782. ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobas mmarTvelobis aseTi sistema “memkvidreobiTdarCa” yofili metropoliebisagan;3. demokratiis gavrceleba msoflio masStabiT warmoadgens aSS-s, iseve rogorc misiuaxloesi mokavSireebis (magaliTad, evrogaerTainebis) globaluri politikis erTerTamosaval princips 79 ;4. demokratiuli institutebi, maTSi Sesabamisi legaluri koreqtivebis SetanisSedegad, ama Tu im qveynis SedarebiT Zlieri, uprincipo xelmZRvanelobis xelSi,iqceva masebis manipulirebisa da eqspluataciis ufro efeqtur iaraRad, vidre Riaavtoritaruli mmarTveloba.ase rom, qveynebi formalurad demokratiuli xdebian an imitom, rom es maT rig, xilulupiratesobas aniWebs wamyvan globalur moTamaSeebTan urTierTobaSi (politikurs,ekonomikurs, finansurs da a.S.), anda sistemuri mimikriis procesSi (ixileT konkretuliSemTxveva 1) — e.i. orive SemTxvevaSi es globalizaciuri procesebis moqmedebis Sedegia.am dros, es situacia Riad tovebs sakiTxs — ramdenad arian mzad demokratiuli ideebisaRsaqmelad da cxovrebaSi gasatareblad is qveynebi, romlebic Tavs demokratiuladacxadeben? cxadia, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi dRevandel msoflioSi, demokratiuli48

mmarTvelobis principebis adaptacia ama Tu im qveynis konkretuli pirobebisadmi, xdebaZiriTadad ara am qveynis ganviTarebis logikidan gamomdinare, aramed gareSe faqtorebismoqmedebis Sedegad da/an adgilobrivi mmarTveli elitis kerZo interesebidangamomdinare.Tavisi klasikuri gagebiT, demokratia agvirgvinebs uzrunvelyofil, stabilur,istoriulad Camoyalibebul saxelmwifoebriobas, magram ar Cndeba revoluciis momdevnodilas. is faqti, rom eraySi ucxouri okupaciis pirobebSi 2005 wels arCevnebi gaimarTa, arniSnavs imas, rom am qveyanaSi demokratiam gaimarjva. f.zaqarias mohyavs bosniis magaliTi,sadac miuxedavad evropelebis mravalwliani mizandasaxuli (Zvirad Rirebuli)mcdelobisa, realurma demokratiam mainc da mainc mtkiced ver moikida fexi. xolo bosniaevropis SuagulSi mdebareobs da faqtiurad pirdapiri ucxouri mmarTvelobis pirobebSiviTardeba. 80garda amisa, Tavisufali da demokratiuli, saboloo jamSi, mxolod maZRari daSeZlebuli adamiani xdeba. amis Taobaze arsebobs sakmaod saintereso monacemebi — gasulisaukunis bolosaTvis, im qveynebSi, sadac erT mosaxleze wliuri Semosavali 1500 amerikuldolarze naklebi iyo, demokratia saSualod 8 wels Zlebda, 1500-3000 dolari — 18 wels.SedarebiT mdgradi xdeboda demokratia mxolod maSin, rodesac es Semosavali 6000dolars aRemateboda. amave dros, 69 qveynidan demokratiuli reJimebiT, sadac erTmosaxleze Semosavali 6000-9000 dolari iyo, diqtaturas miubrunda 39. Tu qveyanam esbarieri gadalaxa — demokratia garantirebulia. aseTi demokratiuli qveyana dedamiwaze32 iyo. amave dros Semosavlis sidide TavisTavad demokratiisa da Tavisuflebis garantiasar iZleva — msoflioSi 51 qveyanas gaaCnda 9000 dolarze maRali Semosavali, magram maTSoris kuveiTicaa, saudis arabeTic, gaerTianebuli arabTa emiratebic.aqedan SeiZleba daskvnis gamotana, rom demokratiis danergva ama Tu im qveyanaSi Tanunda sdevdes iq ekonomikur ganviTarebas, an es procesebi minimum paralelurad undamidiodes. demokratiuli ganviTareba Tanmxlebi, Tu winmswrebi warmatebuli ekonomikuritransformaciis gareSe ganviTarebul msoflioSi, saboloo jamSi ganwiruliawarumateblobisaTvis.igive hantingtoni ambobs — “warsulis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, arsebobs origadamwyveti faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens demokratiis momaval konsolidaciasa dagavrcelebaze — ekonomikuri ganviTareba da politikuri xelmZRvaneloba. . . ekonomikuriganviTareba xdis demokratias SesaZleblad, politikuri xelmZRvaneloba aqcevs masrealobad”. 81ase rom, msoflio masStabiT Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis swrafi, saboloogavrcelebis perspeqtivebi sakmaod frTxil midgomas moiTxovs. es ar aris moklevadianimasStaburi kampaniis sagani, aramed mizandasaxul, frTxil mravalwlian Sromas moiTxovs.iseTi saxiT, rogorc dRes maTi propaganda xdeba wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis mier,aman SesaZloa gamoiwvios Careva damoukidebeli qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSiaragarantirebuli SedegebiT.daaxloebiT aseTive mdgomareobaa adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebiT. adamianisuflebebi da demokratia erTmaneTisagan ganuyofeli ori cnebaa, faqtiurad medlis orimxare. SeuZlebelia iyos demokratiuli iseTi saxelmwifo, sadac ar xdeba adamianisuflebebis dacva, da piriqiT, arademokratiul saxelmwifoSi adamianis uflebebis dacvazelaparaki zedmetia. formalurad adamianis uflebebi Camoyalibebulia “adamianisuflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciaSi”, romelic gaerom miiRo 1948 wels.amave dros, adamianis uflebebis maqsimaluri realizacia SesaZlebelia mxolod,isevdaisev, mdidari, stabiluri sazogadoebis pirobebSi. am uflebebis aRiareba dapraqtikuli realizacia warmoadgens sakmaod mZime, grZelvadiani procesis Sedegs. umetesSemTxvevaSi, msoflios yvelaze ganviTarebul qveynebSic ki, Tavisi dRevandeli saxiTadamianis uflebebis Camoyalibeba moxda ukve civi omis bolo etapze. igive amerikisSeerTebul StatebSi, jer kidev gasuli saukunis 1960-iani wlebis bolos, sruliadlegalurad moqmedebda rasobrivi diskriminaciisa da segregaciis principebi.afroamerikelebis Tanasworuflebianobis praqtikuli realizacia moxerxda mxolod 1980-ian wlebSi, didi da mZime brZolis Semdeg.Sesabamisad, dRevandel msoflioSi, yvelaze demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi, yvelazeganviTarebuli adamianis uflebebis faqtiuri sistemiT, arian igive skandinaviis qveynebi,rogorc yvelaze stabilurebi, mdidari da efeqturad marTulebi. am situacias aq friadaadvilebs is garemoebac, rom isini ZiriTadad monoeTnikurebi arian.sazogadod, nebismieri arastabiluroba qveyanaSi, aris es ekonomikuri krizisi,socialuri daZabuloba, Tu gansakuTrebiT eTnikuri uTanxmoeba, friad negatiuradmoqmedebs rogorc demokratiis, aseve gansakuTrebiT adamianis uflebebis principebis49

ealizaciaze. magaliTad aSS-ma (me-14 adgili msoflios demokratiul saxelmwifoebsSoris), msoflio terorizmTan brZolis procesSi (da am brZolis sababiT), ukve dauSvaadamianis uflebebis mTeli rigi darRvevebi. aSS-s xelmZRvanelobas, magaliTad,adanaSauleben (m.S. evropelebic da gaeroc) sakuTari moqalaqeebis satelefono saubrebismasobriv, arasamarTlebriv monitoringSi, guantanamos (kuba) samxedro bazaze mravaliadamianis arasamarTlebriv, uvado patimrobaSi, rig evropis qveynebSi saidumlo cixeebisdaarsebaSi da iq patimrebis wamebaSi, rigi patimrebis, igive wamebis mizniT, iseTarademokratiul qveynebze gadacemaSi, rogoric siriaa, misi mokavSire qveynebisteritoriidan (italia) adamianebis gatacebaSi. es xdeba im pirobebSi, rodesacterorizmTan omi aSS-s teritoriaze ar mimdinareobs, da saerTod sakmaod dabaliintensivobisaa.globalizaciisadmi miZRvnil literaturaSi, globalizaciis axal moTamaSeebadZiriTadad ganixilebian (sakmaod paradoqsulad) — saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,regionaluri organizaciebi, transnacionaluri korporaciebi, instituciuriinvestorebi (sapensio da sainvesticio fondebi, sadazRvevo kompaniebi), qalaqebi,gamoCenili pirovnebebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi.am dros, aseTi CamonaTvali, rogorc minimum arakoreqtulia. ganvixiloT aseTi axalimoTamaSeebis ori tipuri magaliTi.damoukidebeli evropuli qalaqebi warmoadgendnen [dasavleT] evropuli eqspansiisZiriTad agentebs jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac ganuviTarebuli, sustisaxelmwifoebi, am funqcias efeqturad ver asrulebdnen. rogorc am misiisSemsruleblebma, qalaqebma (gansakuTrebiT didma qalaqebma), raRac istoriuli periodismanZilze ukana planze gadaiwies, magram isev daiwyes aqtiuri TamaSi meore globalizaciisTanamedrove etapze, globaluri procesebis intensifikaciasTan dakavSirebiT. Tumcadamoukidebel moTamaSeebaT isini naklebad mogvevlinebian, radganac moqmedeben ama Tu imsaxelmwifos formalur samarTlebriv sivrceSi.igives Tqma SeiZleba msxvil korporaciebzec. didi britaneTis globaluri koloniurieqspansiis mniSvnelovani nawili xorcieldeboda ara saxelmwifos, aramed swored kerZokompaniebis mier. indoeTze pirveladi kontroli daamyara britanulma “aRmosavleTindoeTis kompaniam”, romelic saxelmwifom Caanacvla mxolod mas Semdeg, rac is amuzarmazari koloniis marTvas ubralod ver moeria. amave dros, korporaciebis realuriroli Tanamedrove msoflioSi friad sainteresod Seicvala. rogorc Cans, dawyebuligasuli saukunis 1950-iani wlebidan, moxda wamyvani Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebistransformacia, romelsac Sedegad mohyva raRaca saxis simbioturi urTierTobebisCamoyalibeba saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa da did bizness Soris. aseTi saxis urTierTobayvelaze adre, da yvelaze naTlad, iaponiaSi gamovlinda.es imas ar niSnavs, rom monopoliebi aiZuleben mTavrobas, miiRos maTTvis saWirogadawyvetilebebi, da uSualod imoqmedos maT interesebSi; aramed imas, rom xelisuflebada didi biznesi qmnian axali tipis erTobas, romelic iRwvis erToblivi miznebismisaRwevad. am tandemSi xelisufleba TamaSobs “Subis wveris” rols — is gakvalavs gzebs,uZrunvelyofs korporaciebis moqmedebis xelsayrel pirobebsa da usafrTxoebas.korporaciebi, Tavis mxriv, iReben aqtiur (zogjer gadamwyvet) monawileobas saxelmwifopolitikis SemuSavebaSi da a.S., magram sapasuxod uxdian xelisuflebas ara marto didZalTanxebs, aramed, rac ufro mniSvnelovania — sTavazoben loialobas da mzadyofnasimoqmedon Tavisi qveynis interesebSi, iyvnen am interesebis gamtareblebi msoflioSi.magram, amis Sedegad, isini damoukidebeli globaluri moTamaSeebi naklebad arian. 82axali, Tanamedrove globaluri moTamaSeebis saxiT dRes faqtiurad gvevlinebianmxolod arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. isini warmoadgenen formaluri politikuristruqturebis gareT moqmed organizaciebs, romlebic ZiriTadad arakomerciulisaqmianobiT arian dakavebulebi. aseTi organizaciebis raodenoba msoflioSi Zalze didia.mxolod aSS-sa da indoeTSi, cal-calke, maTi raodenoba 2-2 milions udris. saerTaSorisoasparezze moqmedi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis raodenoba aTeul aTasobiTganisazRvreba.Tavisi arsiT, es organizaciebi [dasavleT] evropuli tradiciidan momdinareobs. iqdResac arseboben absoluturad damoukidebeli, mravalricxovani moqalaqeTanebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebi, romlebic ZiriTadad emsaxurebian adgilobrivi TemebisSesaZleblobebis gaZlierebas, asruleben iseT funqciebs (socialurs, humanitaruls,kulturuls, garemosdacviTs), romelsac formaluri xelisufleba cudad asrulebs.ase rom, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, miuxedavad imisa, sad arian Camoyalibebulebi,Tu ra masStabis, ra saxis saqmianobaSi arian CarTulebi, mainc, farTo gagebiT, evropulisazogadoebis idealebis, urTierTobaTa kulturis, organizaciuli formebis50

matareblebi arian. ukve es faqti aqcevs maT ZiriTadad dasavleTidan momdinareglobalizaciuri procesebis efeqtur instrumentebad.arasamTavrobo organizaciebis kulturisa da tradiciis danergva (ZiriTadad, garedan)qveyanebis umetesobaSi SedarebiT advilia, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom maTze ZiriTadad arvrceldeba is idiosinkrazia, romelic ganviTarebad qveynebSi arsebobs dasavlurisaxelisuflebo, Tu biznes-organizaciebis mimarT.globalizaciis Tanamedrove etapze mravalricxovani saerTaSoriso arasamTavroboorganizaciebi, agreTve xSirad anacvleben ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebs ganviTarebadmsoflioSi humanitaruli, ganviTarebis daxmarebisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyobismisiis SesrulebaSi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom praqtikulad yvela aseTi organizaciamsoflios wamyvan ganviTarebul qveynebs warmoadgens, iq aris dafuZnebuli da didwiladmainc am qveynebisa mTavrobebisa da wamyvani korporaciebis mier aris dafinansebuli, isini,nebiT Tu uneblied, mainc am qveynebis globaluri agentebis rols asruleben. maSinac ki,rodesac es organizaciebi maqsimalurad cdiloben distancirebas dasavleTis globaluripolitikisagan, isini mainc arseboben dasavluri [evropuli] civilizaciis faseulobebisCarCoebSi da saboloo jamSi mis interesebSi moqmedeben.arsebobs agreTve saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebis friad sayuradRebojgufi, romelic Tavis Tavze iRebs msoflios mTavrobebis mier demokratiisa da adamianisuflebebis principebis praqtikuli realizaciis monitoringis funqcias. aseTebiamagaliTad Transparency International, Human Rights Watch, Freedom House, Amnesty International damravali sxva. isini faqtiurad axorcieleben msoflios mTavrobebis qcevis monitorings,raRac gagebiT “niSnebs usvamen” maT maTi konkretuli qcevis Sesabamisad. maTi avtoritetiTanamedrove msoflioSi imdenad didia, rom wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebisa, TusaerTaSoriso organizaciebis damokidebuleba ama Tu im qveynis mimarT, didwiladaadamokidebuli maT Sefasebaze.amave dros, isevdaisev, isini atareben Tavis monitoringsa da Sefasebas iseTkriteriumebze dayrdnobiT, romelic Camoyalibebulia dasavleTis samecniero,politikuri, socialuri sistemebisa da tradiciebis farglebSi, da saboloo jamSi,wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis interesebSi moqmedeben, dasavluri globalizaciismZlavr agentebs warmoadgenen. rasakvirvelia, isini asruleben imave funqcias, rodesacakritikeben msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebs, miuTiTeben maT daSvebulSecdomebsa da moqmedebis xarvezebs.konkretuli SemTxveva (Case-Study) 2 – amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi — “uxaliso imperia”imperia — warmoadgens regionebis nakrebs, romlebTac adgilze imperatoris saxeliTmarTaven gubernatorebi, vicemefeebi an kleinti mefeebi. es termini SeiZleba gavrceldesnebismier did, mravalerovan saxelmwifoze, romelic erTi centridan imarTeba. sxvasaxelmwifoebis msgavsad imperia sakuTar politikur struqturas nawilobriv maincdaZalebis saSualebiT inarCunebs. saxmeleTo imperiebi (iseTebi rogorc ruseTi ansabWoTa kavSiri) miiswrafian mimdebare teritoriebze gavrcelebisaken; sazRvao imperiebi(magaliTad, britaneTis) xasiaTdebian naklebad xisti struqturiTa da gabneuliteritoriebiT.istoriulad, imperiaTa umetesoba warmoiSveboda Zlieri saxelmwifos mier sxvasaxelmwifoebis dapyrobisa da ufro did politikur erTobaSi maTi gaerTianebis xarjze. 83imperializmi — ucxo teritoriul erTeulebze kontrolisa an Zalauflebisgavrcelebis politika, maTi miTvisebisa da/an imperiis SenarCunebis mizniT. xdeba ucxoqveynebis politikasa da ekonomikaze rogorc uSualo teritoriuli, aseve arapirdapirikontrolis damyarebis gziT. zogjer ixmareba ama Tu im qveynis mier koloniebisdapyrobisa da daSorebul teritoriebze dominirebis politikis gansasazRvrad,miuxedavad imisa, aRiarebs Tu ara aseTi qveyana sakuTar Tavs imperiad Tu ara. 84jorj buS umcrosis sainauguracio sityva, warmoTqmuli mis xelmeoredgaprezidentebasTan dakavSirebiT 2005 wlis ianvarSi, sayovelTao aRiarebiT erT-erTiyvelaze Zlieria aSS-s istoriaSi. “niu-iork Taimsi”, romelic, rbilad rom vTqvad, amprezidents simpatiiT ar epyroba, is saerTod meore sainauguracio sityvebis pirvelxuTeulSi Seyavs. masze win is aSkarad mxolod a. linkolnis gamosvlas ayenebs. 85buSis am gamosvlaSi faqtiurad Camoyalibda aSS sagareo politikis axali doqtrina,romelsac minimum ramdenime wlis manZilze Seswevda unari seriozul gavlena moexdinarogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis globalur sistemaze, aseve globalizaciis51

procesebze mTlianad. 86am doqtrinis centraluri gzavnilia — “Tavisuflebis gadarCena Cvens miwa-wyalzemzardadaa damokidebuli Tavisuflebis warmatebaze sxva qveynebSi” da kidev — “yvelazedidi imedi imisa, rom mSvidoba damyardeba CvenTan, mdgomareobs TavisuflebisgavrcelebaSi mTels msoflioSi”. 87 imaze, Tu ramdenad Zlieria aqcenti Tavisuflebasa daadamianebis uflebaTa universalur faseulobebze metyvelebs is faqti, rom sityvebiTavisufleba (freedom and liberty) da demokratia moxsenebaSi 49-jer iyo naxsenebi.faqtiurad aSS-s prezidenti atarebda ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom mSvidoba da samSvidoboprocesi aRar warmoadgenen qveynis sagareo politikis centralur prioritetebs. misiwarmodgeniT, Tavisuflebas aqvs aSkara prioriteti mSvidobasTan SedarebiT, ismsoflioSi mSvidobis winapirobad gvevlineba, xolo [aSS-s politikis] “saboloo mizaniamsoflioSi tiraniisaTvis bolos moReba”, Tumca aSS-s mier reformebis waxaliseba“ZiriTadad iaraRis gamoyenebiT ar unda xorcieldebodes”. 88amerikis senatis gavleniani wevrebi umalve Seecadnen am principebis sarealizaciosakanonmdeblo safuZveli CamoeyalibebinaT. kerZod, 2005 wlis martis dasawyisSirespublikelma senatorma jon makeinma da demokratma jo libermanma Seitanes senatSierTobrivi kanonproeqti “ demokratiis gavrcelebis (promotion) Sesaxeb”, romeliciTvaliswinebda aSS mTavrobisaTvis farTo uflebebis miniWebas demokratiuliprincipebisa da faseulobebis gasavrceleblad qveynis farglebs gareT.rogorc senatorma makeinma ganacxada Tavis moxsenebaSi -“demokratiisa daTavisuflebis gavrceleba sazRvargareT ubralod ganuyofelia SeerTebuli Statebiserovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebisagan. Tu niu-iorkis, vaSingtonisa an kaliforniisusafrTxoeba damokidebulia Tavisuflebis doneze er-riadSi, baRdaTsa Tu kairoSi, Cvenunda gavavrceloT demokratiis, kanonis uzenaesobisa da socialuri modernizaciisideebi iseve, rogorc vaxdenT Cveni iaraRis srulyofasa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebismodernizacias”.senator libermanis TqmiT, moyolebuli ukve meoce saukunis dasawyisidan “amerikisprezidentebs esmodaT, rom amerikis sasicocxlo interesebi yvelaze ukeT maSinaauzrunvelyofili, rodesac Cven sxvebs vexmarebiT Tavisuflebis xmis mopovebaSi”. gardaamisa, amerikas gaaCnia demokratiis ideeebis gavrcelebis “moraluri mandati”.senatorebis TqmiT: “ukanasknelma movlenebma saqarTveloSi, avRaneTSi, eraysa dapalestinaSi gviCvenes, rom adamianTa survili icxovron Tavisuflad, universaluria”. 89Tu ra Sedegs moitanen j. buSis mier Camoyalibebuli principebi, didaTaa damokidebuliimaze, Tu ra saxiT da ramdenad efeqturad SesZlebs aSS maT praqtikul realizacias.rogorc prezident j.karteris mrCeveli erovnuli uSiSroebis dargSi zbignev bzeJinski2004 wels gamoqveynebul wignSi “arCevani” (The Choice) werda — “amerikul Zalasa daamerikul socialur dinamikas, Tu erTad imoqmedeben, SeuZliaT gamoiwvion saerTointeresebze dafuZnebuli globaluri erTobis TandaTanobiTi Camoyalibeba. imSemTxvevaSi, Tu isini araswored iqnebian gamoyenebuli da erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSimovlen, isini ubiZgeben msoflios qaosisaken, xolo amerikas alyaSemortymulcixesimagred gadaaqceven”. 90 faqtiurad, igive bzeJinskis sityvebiT, saqme gvaqvsarCevanTan — aSS iRwvis globaluri dominirebisa Tu globaluri liderobisaTvis? ufromartivad — qveyana Seecdeba uCvenos danarCen msoflios umetesobasaTvis misaRebiganviTarebis alternativa, Tu aiZulebs sxvebs iaron im gziT, romelic mas awyobs.madlen olbraiTi, prezident klintonis saxelmwifo mdivani- swored SeiZlebaCaiTvalos iseTi politika, romelic saSualebas aZlevs amerikis SeerTebul Statebsgauwios mxardaWera demokratiasa da Tavisuflebas. Cven gansakuTrebuli qveyana varT.demokratia sayovelTao faseulobaa, magram dRes mas amerikuli iersaxe dahkravs...SeuZlebelia misi Tavze moxveva. Cven is unda davicvaT da mxari dauWiroT. kiTxva undadavusvaT sakuTar Tavs, rogor SeiZleba moubrundes aSS-s daZalebuli demokratia. 91saboloo jamSi, problema dadis kiTxvamde - aris Tu ara aSS imperia da atarebs Tu ara isimperialistur politikas?sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom imperiuli idea dRevandel msoflioSi (gansakuTrebiTsamxreTSi), popularobiT namdvilad ar sargeblobs. amaSi damsaxureba ara martomemarcxene sazogadoebriv moRvaweebs miuZRviT, v. leninis meTaurobiT. igive memarjvenedasavleli moRvaweebic am termins uxvad iyenebdnen antisabWour propagandaSi civi omisdros. gavixsenoT Tugind r. reiganis cnobili “borotebis imperia”. sinamdvileSi imperia52

warmoadgens nebismieri warmatebuli eqspansiis Sedegebis organizaciisa da marTvismeqanizms. etyoba imperiad gadaqcevis Sansi aqvs nebismier did warmatebul saxelmwifos,misi mmarTvelobis formis miuxedavad. dRes imazec ki laparakoben, rom adre Tu gvianimperiuli Tvisebebi SesaZloa evrogaerTianebamac ki SeiZinos. 92imavdroulad ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze dasavleTSi aSkarad SeimCneva imperiulinostalgiis niSnebi. es gansakuTrebiT gamoixateba britaneTis imperiis moRvaweobisSedegebis dadebiT gadafasebaSi, rogorc amas akeTebs cnobili britaneli mecnierin.Ffergiusoni, romelic wers — “is, rac britaneTis imperiam daamtkica, iyo rom imperiawarmoadgens saerTaSoriso mTavrobis nairsaxeobas, romelsac muSaobis unari Seswevs, daara marto mmarTveli Zalis interesebSi”. da Semdgom — “britaneTis imperia, Tumca isunaklo ar iyo, SesaZlebelia warmoadgenda misi qveSevrdomebisaTvis yvelaze naklebsisxilian gzas Tanamedroveobisaken”. 93Sesabamisad gaismis xmebi, romlebic mxars uWers amerikuli imperiis ideas, gansakuTrebiTiq, sadac saWiroa arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis xalxebis gadarCena im ukiduresad mZimesituaciidan, romelSic isini imyofebian; anda saerTaSoriso terorizmTan brZola. gasagebia,rom mobruneba amerikuli imperiis ideisaken gamowveulia ZiriTadad imiT, rom arsebulisaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis maregulirebeli formaluri struqturebi sakmaodaraefeqturia. es gansakuTrebiT exeba iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac misaRebia swrafi,gadamWreli, magram arapopularuli gadawyvetilebebi (magaliTad, dafuZnebulidamoukidebeli qveynebis Sinagan saqmeebSi uSualo samxedro Carevaze).igive n. fergiusoni wers — “imis nacvlad, rom uzarmazari lokokinasaviT amoefaroseleqtronul javSans, SeerTebulma Statebma Tavisi uzarmazari resursebis sul ufro didinawili unda mimarTon imisaken, rom gadaaqcion msoflio usafrTxo adgilad kapitalizmisa dademokratiisaTvis. “istoriis dasasrulis” ideis miamiti triumfalizmis sawinaaRmdegod, esTavisTavad ki ar xdeba, aramed moiTxovs kanonisa da wesrigis mZlav instituciur dasayrdens.imperiuli aSS-s namdvili roli isaa, rom daafuZnos es institutebi iq, sadac isini ararseboben, Tu saWiroa. samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiTac. aseTi politikis sawinaaRmdegoaraviTari ekonomikuri argumenti ar arsebobs, radganac is autanelad Zviri ar dajdeba.Ddemokratiis danergva msoflios yvela gariyul saxelmwifoSi (rogue states) ar gazrdis aSSTavdacvis biujets qveynis mSp-s 5%-ze bevrad zeviT. amasTanave arsebobs ekonomikuriargumenti am ideis mxardasaWerad, radganac aseT qveynebSi kanonis uzenaesobis Setanamoitans grZelvadian dividentebs maTi vaWrobis aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebis Sedegad.” 94amerikuli imperiis idea jer kidev sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia imisaTvis, rom aSSadministraciam is ama Tu im saxiT aRiaros. prezidenti j. buSi ambobda, magaliTad — “Cvenar viRwviT imperiisaken. Cveni eri erTgulia sakuTari da sxvebis Tavisuflebisa”. 95 amavedros, aSS yvela Sesadari parametrebiT aSkarad Sors scildeba kacobriobis istoriaSiyvelaze cnobil (da warmatebul) britaneTis imperias.obieqturad, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, is dedamiwaze darCenili erTaderTizesaxelmwifoa. igive ekonomikuri parametrebiT is Sors, ukan itovebs nebismier realurTu potenciur konkurents. 2003 wels masze modioda msoflio Sida produqtis 29.5% — 10948.5 miliardi dolari (21.4% dolaris msyidvelobiTi unaris gaTvaliswinebiT), rac metiavidre momdevno oTxi yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynis (iaponia, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi,germania) mSp erTad aRebuli (10256.6 miliardi dolari). CineTic ki, romelic momavalSimisi realuri ekonomikuri konkurenti SeiZleba gaxdes (savaraudod 2018 wlisaTvis), misimSp-s mxolod 12.9%-s awarmoebs (59.0%-s msyidvelobiTi unaris gaTvaliswinebiT). 96 esmonacemebi orjer da metad aRemateba britaneTis imperiis analogiur monacemebs, rodesaces ukanaskneli Tavisi siZlieris pikze imyofeboda.garda amisa, amerikas gaaCnia uSualo ekonomikuri gavlenis iseTi mZlavri meqanizmebi,rogoricaa transnacionaluri (multinacionaluri) korporaciebi. britaneTis imperiisglobaluri dominirebis dros aseTebi praqtikulad saerTod ar arsebobda (formaluradiTvleba, rom pirveli aseTi korporacia mxolod 1932 wels Seiqmna, rodesac Lever BrothersgaerTianda Margarine Unie-Tan da Seqmna Unilever). dResdReobiT (2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis)aseTi msoflioSi aTasobiTaa, xolo maT Soris amerikuli minimum naxevaria. msoflios 20yvelaze did kompanias Soris 10 amerikulia, xolo maT Soris ori yvelaze didis - Wall Martsada Exxon Mobil-s Semosavalebi 2003 wels cal-calke aRemateboda msoflios yvela qveynismSp-s, 15 yvelaze mdidris garda. maTi Semosavlebi, magaliTad sWarbobda iseTi qveynebismSp-sac rogoricaa norvegia, SvedeTi, fineTi, avstria Tu dania. 97 igive Exxon Mobildedamiwis 200 qveyanasa Tu teritoriaze moqmedebs.aSS imperiuli dominirebis erT-erTi friad Taviseburi gamoxatuleba isaa, rom maspraqtikulad msoflios yvela wamyvani saxelmwifosi didZali Tanxebi marTebs. rwmena amerikis53

saimedobaSi aTeulobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi imdenad didi iyo, rom nebismieri qveyana, romelsaczedmeti fuli uCndeboda, mas aSS-s fasian qaRaldebSi abandebda. dResac ki, rodesac am rwmenamSeryeva daiwyo, es praqtika mainc grZeldeba. igive ruseTi, romelic didZal damatebiT TanxebsiRebs msoflio navTobis fasebis mkveTri zrdis Sedegad, am fuls sakuTari qveynis ganviTarebaSiki ar abandebs, aramed aSS-s fasian qaRaldebSi. aseTi gziT mTeli msoflio aTwleulebis manZilzefaqtiurad afinansebs dedamiwis yvelaze mdidari qveynis ganviTarebas.amerikis xazinis monacemebiT 2005 wlis 31 dekembris mdgomareobiT aSS-s sagareo valissaerTo moculoba Seadgenda 9,560,623 milion dolars. 98 aseT situaciaSi ara aSS-a imdenaddamokidebuli Tavis kreditorebze, ramdenadac es Uukanasknelebi arian maszedamokidebuli. RmerTma daifaros, aSS-i defolti moxdes (amis saSiSroeba, magaliTad,arsebobda 2006 wlis martSi) da msoflios bevri wamyvani ekonomika (igive Cinuri) ubralodCaiSleba. zogi eqsperti saerTod miiCnevs, rom aSS-m sakuTari valutis gaufasureba Tudefolti (finansur valdebulebebze uaris Tqma) SeuZlia gamoiyenos rogorc sagareopolitikis iaraRi. rasakvirvelia, TviT Statebsac es bevr sikeTes ar moutans, magram miskonkurentebs ubralod musrs gaavlebs.aSS-s SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, agreTve, Sors itoveben nebismier konkurentsa Tukonkurentebis jgufs. qveyanam kargad Seiswavla warumatebeli vietnamis omisgamocdileba da Seqmna principulad axali tipis armia, romelsac Seswevs unari realurdroSi moaxdinos reagireba nebismier safrTxeze globalur masStabSi. sabWoTa kavSirsacki, misi siZlieris maqsimumze, ar gaaCnda araferi Sesadari da is konkurencias SeerTebulStatebs mxolod masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis xarjze uwevda.faqtiurad aSS-s SeiaraRebuli Zalebi warmoadgens qveynis politikuri interesebisrealizaciis garants msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi. isini uSualod warmodgenilia dedamiwisqveynebis 2/3-Si. am Zalebis xuTi regionaluri samxedro marTvis centrebis pasuxismgeblobisarealebi mTel dedamiwas faraven. zRvaze aSS-s interesebs icavs cxra “super aviamzidi”sabrZolo jgufi, romelTaganac TiToeuli calke aRebuli aSkarad sWarbobs yvelafers, racnebismier sxva qveyanas SeiZleba gaaCndes. haerSi mas gaaCnia sami sxvadasxva tipis “stelsis”radarebisTvis SeumCneveli TviTmfrinavi, romelTac analogi ar gaaCniaT msoflioSi. igiveCineTi, romelic mizandasaxulad iRwvis aSS-gan CamorCenis dasaZlevad samxedro sferoSi,ZiriTad sabrZolo komponentebSi mas minimum 10-15 da meti wliT CamorCeba.qveyanaze modis msoflios Tavdacvis xarjebis TiTqmis naxevari. es xarjebi metia, vidre20 momdevno qveynis gaerTianebuli samxedro biujetebi. isini, magaliTad, eqvsjeraRemateba ruseTis samxedro biujets. amave dros aSS axerxebs amis gakeTebas mSp-sTanSedarebiT sakmaod mcire danaxarjebiT — 2003 wels Tavdacvis biujeti mis daaxloebiT3.5%-s Seadgenda.aSS-s principulad marto SeuZlia nebismieri ramdenime sabrZolo amocanis gadaWra,nebismieri mowinaaRmdegis winaaRmdeg, dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi. isevdaisev britaneTisimperias aseTi samxedro upiratesoba arasodes gaaCnda. Tu zRvaze is ase Tu ise sjobnidaTavis ZiriTad konkurentebs, misi saxmeleTo jarebi sazogadod CamorCeboda nebismierisaxmeleTo imperiis jarebs rogorc raodenobiT, aseve momzadebis xarisxiT, racTvalnaTliv gamoikveTa orive msoflio omSi.faqtiurad britaneTis imperia iyo pirveli tolebs Soris, maSin rodesac aSS ubralod —pirvelia. yvela zeviT moyvanili faqtis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom aSS-s Seswevsunari Seqmnas pirveli realuri globaluri imperia, sakiTxia, ramdenad aris qveyanaamisaTvis mzad da sWirdeba mas es saerTod?faqtia, rom aSS-s damfuZnebeli mamebi Tavidanve moizarebdnen mas rogorc imperias,Tumca “Tavisuflebis imperias” (empire of liberty), Tomas jefersonis sityvebiT. misiideologia efuZneboda, da efuZneba e.w. “cxadi mowodebis” (manifest destiny) ideas, romelicganisazRvreba rogorc “aSkara da gardauvali bedi”. am ideis Sesabamisad amerikas evalebademokratiis gavrceleba, rogorc mmarTvelobis erTaderTi Rirseuli formis, saRvTomisia. faqtiurad es idea emTxveva britanelebis “TeTri adamianis tvirTs”, Tu frangebis“macivilizebel misias”, xolo dRevandeli laparaki Tavisuflebisa da demokratiisgavrcelebaze misi uaxlesi interpretaciaa.etyoba, raRaca saxiT, aSS Tavidanve rogorc imperia yalibdeboda, rodesac mecxrametesaukuneSi pretenzia ganacxada Crdilo amerikis kontinentis did nawilze. teritoriis raRacnawili man SeiZina. magaliTad, alaska ruseTisagan, Tu luiziana da misisipisa da kldovanmTebs (Rockies) Soris mdebare teritoria — safrangeTisagan. Tumca orive SemTxvevaSi, rogorcwinaT sabWoTa kavSirSi ambobdnen, garigeba gamyidvlebisaTvis “nebayoflobiT-iZulebiTi”iyo. qveynis samxreTi teritoriebis udidesi nawili ki mis xelSi tradiciuli imperialisturidapyrobebis Sedegad gadavida. esenia — kalifornia, nevada, iuta, niu meqsiko da arizona;54

koloradosa da vaiomingis nawilebi. es miwebi aSS-m xelSi Caigdo 1846-48 wlebis omis Semdeg,romelSic meqsika prezidentma jeims polkma CaiTria.is, rasac zogierTi mkvlevari “meore imperiuli fazis” saxeliT moixseniebs, 1898 wlisamerikul-espanuri omis Semdeg daiwyo. am omis Sedegad aSS-s xelSi gadavida puerto riko,guami da filipinebi. igive politika gaagrZela prezidentma Teodor ruzveltma,romelmac monros doqtrinis safuZvelze gamoacxada aSS-s ufleba Careuliyo laTinuriamerikis nebismieri qveynis Sinagan saqmeebSi imisaTvis, rom ar daeSva iq evropelebisCareva. manve moaxdina havaebis aneqsia im sababiT, rom am teritoriidan vinmes SeeZlodamuqreboda aSS dasavleT sanapiros (e.w. winmswrebi moqmedeba). 99cxrili 1. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier ucxo teritoriebis okupaciis yvelazemniSvnelovani magaliTebiteritoriadaipyres datoves xangrZlivobastatusi(weli)havai 1893 ara 112 aSS Statipuerto riko 1898 ara 107 Tanamegobroba aSS-sTanguami 1898 ara 107 aSS-s sakuTrebafilipinebi 1898 1946 48 damoukidebeliamerikuli samoa 1899 ara 106 aSS-s sakuTrebapanama (arxis zona) 1903 1979 76 damoukidebelivirginiis kunZulebi 1916 ara 89 aSS-s sakuTrebadominikis respublika 1916 1924 8 damoukidebelihaiti 1915 1934 19 damoukidebelidasavleTi germania 1945 1955 10 damoukidebeliiaponia 1945 1952 7 damoukidebeliCrdilo marianis kunZulebi 1947 ara 58 Tanamegobroba aSS-sTanpalau 1947 1994 47 Tavisuflad asocirebuliAaSS-sTanmikronezia 1947 1986 39 Tavisuflad asocirebuliAaSS-sTanmarSalis kunZulebi 1947 1986 39 Tavisuflad asocirebuliAaSS-sTansamxreTi korea 1950 ara 55 damoukidebelisamxreTi vietnami 1965 1972 7 aneqsirebulia Crdilovietnamis mier 100avRaneTi 2002 ? 2 damoukidebeli?erayi 2003 ? 2 damoukidebeli?wyaro: Nial Ferguson, Colossus, The Rise and Fall of American Empire, Allen Lane an imprint of PenguinBooks, 2004, Statistical Appendix.dRidan daarsebisa aSS gaurboda kavSirebis Seqmnas ucxo qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT,evropulTan, imis SiSiT, rom qveyana gaebmeboda “Zveli samyaros” intrigebSi da SebRalavdaTavis gansakuTrebuli qveynis statuss. damoukideblad moqmedeba ki SesaZleblobasmiscemda qveyanas ukeT daecva Tavisi erovnuli interesebi. es tradicia odnav Serbildacivi omis dros, rodesac qveyanas sWirdeboda mokavSireebi komunistur sistemasTansabrZolvelad, Tumca mas arasodes uTqvams uari calmxriv moqmedebaze. garda amisa,SeerTebuli Statebi yovelTvis aniWebdnen upiratesobas winmswreb qmedebas realuradarsebuli Tu warmodgeniTi safrTxis SemTxvevaSi. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT gaZlierdassrk-s daSlis Semdeg da xSirad gamoixateba aSS-s mier saerTaSoriso normebisa daxelSekrulebebis ugulvebelyofaSi. qveynis politikas safuZvlad ucvlelad samiprincipi udevs — Tavisufleba, TviTgamorkveva da Tavisufali vaWroba.amiT praqtikulad CamTavrda aSS-is teritoriis formireba da qveyanam faqtiurad ukandaxevac ki daiwyo (ix. cxrili 1). man, magaliTad 1946 wels daubruna damoukideblobafilipinebs, romelsac is 48 weli flobda. manve gadasca panamas arxis zona 1979 wels,Tumca TviT es qveyana, rogorc aseTi, Tavis droze aSS-s Seqmnili iyo misi interesebisuzrunvelsayofad.is teritoriebi, romlebic man ama Tu im saxiT SemoierTa, ZiriTadad moicavs wynari55

okeanis mcire kunZulebis jgufebs. maTi teritoria da mosaxleoba imdenad mcirea, romqveynis gafarToebaze maT xarjze laparakic ki zedmetia.amave dros, meore msoflio omis Semdeg dRemde SeerTebuli Statebi minimum oTxmocjerCaerivnen sxva qveynebis saqmeebSi Zalis gamoyenebiT (Ria Tu farulis). xSirad am Carevasokupacia mosdevda. am SemTxvevebidan ori — germaniisa da iaponiis okupacia da aRmSeneblobaEmeoremsoflio omis Semdeg warmoadgens ucxouri Carevis erT-erT yvelaze warmatebul,gamarTlebul da dadebiT magaliTebs, iseve rogorc marSalis gegmis ganxorcieleba.garda zemoT moyvanilisa, im oTxmocidan, mxolod or SemTxvevaSi aSS moqmedebda gaerosrezoluciebis safuZvelze da realuri didi saerTaSoriso koaliciebis CarCoebSi. esmoxda 1950-53 wlebis koreis omis da 1991 wlis sparseTis yuris omis dros (amas SeiZlebadaematos, agreTve, 1991-2003 wlis gaeros sanqciebi erayis winaaRmdeg). yvela danarCenSemTxvevaSi, igive vietnamSi 1965-72 wlebSi, Tu eraySi 2003 wlidan, aSS moqmedebdayovelgvari saerTaSoriso sanqciebis gareSe, maqsimum natos mokavSireebTan erTad(serbiis dabombva 1999 wels).xSirad, gansakuTrebiT laTinur amerikaSi, aSS uwevda daxmarebas Zalebs, romlebicrbilad rom iTqvas, arademokratiulebi iyvnen — Tugind igive nikaraguasa da salvadorSi1990-ian wlebSi. aseTi Carevebi aSkara imperialistur xasiaTs atarebs da maTi margiqmedebis koeficienti sazogadod Zalian dabalia. igive haitiSi gasuli saukunis meorenaxevridan moyolebuli aSS imdenjer Caeria adgilobrivi reJimebis gamosacvlelad, romsituacia SesaZlebelia anekdoturad gamoiyurebodes, mas adgilobrivi mosaxleobisrealuri tanjva-wameba rom ar mosdevdes.principSi, saqme gvaqvs sakmaod paradoqsul situaciasTan — msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifofaqtiurad qmnis globaluri ganviTarebis axal trendebs dedamiwis yvela kuTxeSiTavisuflebis, demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikis ideebis gavrcelebis (xSirad Zalismieris)xarjze. amave dros, es qveyana ar qmnis imperiuli xasiaTis ierarqiul struqturas ucxoteritoriebis miTvisebisa da marTvis xarjze. piriqiT, is jiutad Tavs aridebs raime saxisgrZelvadiani proeqtebis ganxorcielebas, romelTac SeiZleba moyves swored im principebiswarmatebuli realizacia, romlebic zemoT iyo CamoTvlili. faqtiurad aSS-s surs Zireulipolitikuri, socialuri Tu ekonomikuri transformaciebis moxdena ama Tu im qveyanaSi,magram aRar surs maTze pasuxismgebloba sawyisi etapis Semdeg.rogorc istoriuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, transformacia dakavSirebuli ucxourCarevasTan, dafuZnebulia grZelvadiani proeqtebis realizaciaze. inglisuriekonomistic ki, romelic Zalze frTxil da konservatul Jurnalad iTvleba, aRiarebs,rom ubralod sadme demokratiis danergvas erTi Taoba da meti sWirdeba. 101 amave dros,maSinac ki, rodesac aSS Tavis Tavze iRebs udides pasuxismgeblobas did damoukidebelqveyanaSi intervenciis dros (vietnami, erayi), laparaki iqidan wamosvlaze iwyeba lamisaria ufro adre, vidre realuri samxedro operaciebi iwyeba. Tumca, faqtiuraderTaderTi realurad warmatebuli Sedegi aSS Carevisa sxva qveynis transformaciaSi —samxreTi korea, warmoadgens swored grZelvadiani imperiuli proeqtis klasikurmagaliTs. romelime qveyanaSi mdgradi mSvidobis, kanonis uzenaesobis, demokratiuliinstitutebis dafuZneba ar xdeba mokle warmatebuli omisa, Tu demokratiulirevoluciis Sedegad — es moiTxovs did dros, finansebs, Sromasa da moTminebas. amisuaxlesi magaliTebia bosnia, kosovo da sxvaTa Soris, Crdilo irlandiac.saWiroa imis swori warmodgena, rom imperia, rogorc aseTi, warmoadgens metropoliaSiarsebuli Siga sistemuri winaaRmdegobebis warmatebuli gadaWris Sedegs. eswinaaRmdegobebi gamomdinareobs ZiriTadad mosaxleobis mzardi moTxovnolebebisa damaTi dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobebis SeuTavseblobidan. zedapirze es winaaRmdegobebimogvevlinebian Warbi mosaxleobis, resursebis (m.S. teritoriis) naklebobis, adgilobrivibazrebis SezRudulobis da a.S. saxiT. 102 am winaaRmdegobebis daZleva meoce saukunis meorenaxevramde moiTxovda mosaxleobis moTxovnilebesa da resursebs Soris axali balansisSeqmnas damatebiTi teritoriebis (rogorc resursebis wyaros) SemoerTebisa daeqspluataciis xarjze. 103warmatebuli imperiuli mSenebloba tradiciulad moiTxovda rogorc minimum, Semdegiaucilebili komponentebis arsebobas:a/mosaxleobis iseTi aqtiuri Sris arsebobas, romelic ver akmayofilebs Tavisambiciebs metropoliis farglebSi da Tavs gariyulad grZnobs. es xalxi mzad unda iyosdatovos samSoblo da Caebas grZelvadiani proeqtebis realizaciaSi ucxo garemoSi;56

xSirad faqtiurad kulturuli misionerebis saxiT (Tugind cecxliTa da maxviliT);b/metropoliis mier mzadyofnasa da Segnebas, rom is ereva sadme imisaTvis, rom iqsamudamod darCes. rogorc adam smiti ambobda, “yoveli imperia iRwvis ukvdavebisaken”;g/metropoliis mzadyofnas ganaxorcielos dapyrobili teritoriebis transformacia,rac ganuyofelia erovnul, saxelmwifos mSeneblobisagan (nation, state building). es kifaqtiurad imperiis ZiriTadi funqciaa;d/imperiis, rogorc ierarqiuli sistemis Camoyalibebas, sadac mTeli ZalauflebacentrSia Tavmoyrili da es faqti nebismier koloniebs, klient-saxelmwifoebsa da a.S.kargad unda hqondeT gaTavisebuli.yvela es komponenti warmodgenili iyo nebismier warmatebul imperiaSi, magram aSkarawinaaRmdegobaSia aSS-s realobasTan.pirveli - aq namdvilad ar arsebobs winaaRmdegoba mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebsa damaTi dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobebs Soris.aSS-s teritoria, sanapiroebis garda, SedarebiT naklebad aTvisebulia da iseTi diditeritoriis Statebi rogoricaa magaliTad, montana Tu oregoni, faqtiurad carielia.aSS-s geografiuli mdebareoba axlosaa idealurTan, xolo misi sazRvrebis arc erTikilometri (Zalian hipoTezurad beringis srutis garda) ar aris saSiSi.meore - ar arsebobs resursebis deficiti, erTi gamonaklisis garda — es navTobia,romlis daaxloebiT naxevari garedan SemoaqvT. magram am deficitis udidesi nawilixelovnuradaa Seqmnili saavtomobilo da navTobis kompaniebis mier da federaluriadministraciis mxridan Sesabamisi politikis gatarebis Sedegad advilad SeiZlebaminimumze davides. 104mesame — adgilobriv mosaxleobas namdvilad ara gaaCnia aucilebloba gaiumjobesossasicocxlo pirobebi emigraciis xarjze. mxolod misi Zalian mcire nawili tovebs qveyanasdiplomatiur misiebSi, samxedro nawilebsa Tu amerikuli firmebis sazRvargareTisfilialebSi droebiT dasasaqmeblad. piriqiT, aSS yvelaze mimzidveli daniSnulebisadgilia mTeli msoflios migrantebisaTvis. is erTaderTi qveyanaa, sadac migrantebisamuSao Zalis erT meaTedze mets Seadgenen.meoTxe — qveyana isea morgebuli oTxwlian saarCevno ciklze, rom mTeligadawyvetilebis mimRebi meqanizmebi am drois intervalSi funqcionireben da nebismieriadministracia Tavs aridebs grZelvadian proeqtebze pasuxismgeblobis aRebas, Tu isiniqveynis gareT unda ganxorcieldes.mexuTe — aSS imdenad Zlieria da efeqturia, rom axerxebs tradiciuli imperiebis winaSemdgomi yvela strategiuli amocanis warmatebiT gadaWras e.w. rbili Zalis (soft power)gamoyenebiT — politikuri, ekonomikuri berketebi, Zalis gamoyenebis muqara da a.S.yvelaze mTavari winaaRmdegoba ki isaa, rom imperializmi da demokratia principuladSeuTavsebeli kategoriebia. pirveli gulisxmobs ierarqiasa da damorCilebas, meore -Tanasworobasa da arCevanis Tavisuflebas. Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis gavrcelebaimperiis mSeneblobis xarjze cota ar iyos ucnaurad JRers. naklebad moiZebneba xalxi,vinc dRevandel msoflioSi aseTi TamaSis wesebs winaaRmdegobis gareSe daTanxmdeba.bolos, klasikuri imperiuli da Tanamedrove amerikuli sazogadoebis organizaciismodelebi sistemurad SeuTavsebelia. amerikelebisaTvis imperiis SesaZleblobis aRiarebaniSnavs im fuZemdebel principze uaris Tqmas, romelic maT faqtiurad aqcevsamerikelebad — Tavisuflebis konstituciur rwmenaze. bolos da bolos amerikelebipirveli Segnebuli antiimperialistebi iyvnen da am antiimperialisturma rwmenamaaSenebina maT britanuli imperiisagan damoukidebeli qveyana.yvelaferi CamoTvlili imis maCvenebelia, rom aSS-s ama Tu im saxiT transformaciatradiciul imperiad principulad ararealuria. mas SesaZlebelia gauCndes imperiissistemuri maxasiaTeblebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is Tavis amosaval principebze xelsaiRebs. amave dros es ar gamoricxavs mis mier aqtiuri imperialisturi politikisgatarebas. faqtiurad, aSS-s unikaluroba, romelic mkveTrad ganasxvavebs mas msofliossxva warmatebuli qveynebisagan isaa, rom mas SeuZlia gaataros imperialisturi politikaimperiad gadaqcevis gareSe.rogorc Cans, aSS-ma Tavisi ganviTarebis procesSi ukve gauswro tradiciuli imperiulisistemuri organizaciis models. rarig paradoqsulad ar unda JRerdes — koloniuriimperiebis Seqmna, gansakuTrebis “okeanes gadaRma” (overseas) teritoriebis didi masivebisdapyroba metyvelebs metropoliebis sisusteze da ara maT siZliereze. es xdeba, pirvel57

igSi, imitom, rom dampyrobels, jer es erTi, ar gaaCnia saSualeba moipovos saimedoinformacia misTvis saWiro resursebis Sesaxeb, meore - ar gaaCnia marTvis instrumentebiam resursebis asaTviseblad ucxo teritoriaze uSualo samxedro-politikuri kontrolisdamyarebis gareSe, mesame — ar gaaCnia instrumentebi formalurad damoukidebelsaxelmwifoebze efeqturi gavlenis mosaxdenaT sakuTari interesebis miRwevis mizniT.rogorc zeviT iyo naCvenebi, aSS-s dResdReobiT es problemebi ar gaaCnia. is aRwevspraqtikulad nebismier dasaxul mizans qveynis gareT sakuTari interesebis gatarebisprocesSi, ZiriTadad rbil Zalaze (soft power) dayrdnobiT. aqedan gamomdinare, savaraudoa,rom ama Tu im qveyanaSi Tavisufali, demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSeneblobis iniciirebaam procesisaTvis mdgradi, grZelvadiani saxis micemis gareSe is maqsimumia, romelzecqveyana Tanaxmaa wavides sakuTari interebidan gamomdinare. aseTi midgoma, rogorc Cans,akmayofilebs amerikeli amomrCevlebis interess qveynis xelmZRvanelobis mier msoflioSiTavisuflebisa da demokratiis gavrcelebis mimarT. es SedarebiT iafia, moiTxovsrealuri adamianuri Tu materialuri resursebis minimalur danaxarjebs, iZleva xilulSedegebs mokle droSi. garda amisa, is mkveTrad amcirebs uSualo aSS-is pasuxismgeblobasmaT mierve iniciirebul procesebze. 105grZelvadian tradiciul imperiul proeqtebSi Cabma aSS-sTvis ara marto ukangadadgmuli nabiji iqneba, aramed misi dasustebis maCvenebelic. rasakvirvelia, arsebobsgamonaklisi SemTxvevebic, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis gardaqmnada modernizacia, rodesac grZelvadiani transformaciuli proeqtebis realizaciaubralod gardauvalia da aucilebeli (magaliTad, avRaneTi). magram aseTi proeqtebisrealizacia unda etyoba farTo saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas efuZnebodes. mcdelobaimisa, rom es ZiriTadad aSS-s xeliT moxdes, ufro waagavs imas, rom es qveyana sxvis gamocecxlSi Cavardes, rac mis interesebs aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba.imavdroulad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da maTTan erTad msoflio dRes dilemiswinaSe dgas.erTi mxriv, aSS-s swored aqvs gaazrebuli Tavisi istoriuli misia da gaaCnia saSualebamisi realizaciisa globalur masStabiT. dRevandel msoflioSi saWiroa realurimaorganizebeli Zala, romelsac SeuZlia Tavis Tavze aiRos iseTi procesebis organizaciada marTva, romlebic saboloo jamSi sikeTis momtania mTeli msofliosaTvis (masobrivimospobis iaraRis gavrcelebasTan brZola, gariyuli reJimebis alagmva, saerTaSorisovaWroba da a.S.). erTaderTi Zala, romelsac amis gakeTeba SeuZlia dRes — SeerTebuliStatebia. 106 faqtiurad, aSS Tavis Tavze iRebs “msoflio policielis” rols, romelsacmsoflios wamyvani qveynebis umetesoba mas siamovnebiT uTmobs. miuxedavad amis aSkarasaWiroebisa, es amerikas popularobas msoflioSi namdvilad ar matebs. antiamerikulitendenciebi, romelic yovelTvis ase Tu ise arsebobda (didebi da warmatebulebisazogadod naklebad popularulebi arian), ukanasknel wlebSi aSS-s uaxloes mokavSireebsada megobrebzec ki gavrcelda. 107meore mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg aRar arsebobs Zala, romelsac Seswevsunari saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi TviT aSS-s ambiciebi SezRudos. evropa, romelsac principSiSeuZlia amis gakeTeba, politikurad imdenad dayofilia, rom verc srulfasovanpartniorad, verc oponentad aSS-s ver gamoadgeba. CineTi, romelic perspeqtivaSiSesaZlebelia gaxdes amerikis konkurenti saerTaSoriso asparezze, dResdReobiT amrolisaTvis aSkarad mzad ar aris.Sedegad, aSS xSirad zogjer moqmedebs ara imitom, rom amis obieqturi, gamarTlebulimoTxovnileba arsebobs, aramed imitom, rom mas amis gakeTeba SeuZlia. aseTi moqmedebisklasikuri magaliTia 2003 wlis erayis intervencia.gasagebia, rom sadam huseini iyo Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi yvelaze sisxliani tirani,romlis arseboba damoukidebeli qveynis saTaveSi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisaTvisnaklebad mosaTmeni iyo. amave dros is iyo erT-erTi im sakmaod mravalricxovan tiranebsSoris, romlebic dRevandel msoflioSi arseboben. uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda (didibritaneTi), msoflios yvela wamyvani saxelmwifo, aSS-s uaxloesi mokavSireebis CaTvliT,agreTve, gaero, rogorc aseTi, winaaRmdegi iyo am nabijisa.amerika mainc SeiWra eraySi yvela aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebisa da normisgverdis avliT. sababi, romelic man gamoiyena amis gasamarTleblad — eraySi masobriviganadgurebis iaraRis arseboba da misi kavSiri alqaedasTan, yvelasaTvis naklebadsarwmuno da misaRebi iyo. amasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis siyalbe 2005 wlis58

dasawyisSi oficialurad TviT aSS-ma aRiara.Aerayis intervenciis realuri mizezi — kontroli msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze didnavTobis sabadoebze, kargad axsna Tomas fridmanma jer kidev 2003 wlis dasawyisSi “niuiorkTaimsSi” gamoqveynebul statiaSi. 108 Eerayis okupaciis istoria am Sexedulebas sulufro sarwmunos xdis. yvelafers Tavi rom davaneboT, arsebobs erTi naklebadgaxmaurebuli faqti — erayis formalurad arCeuli axali xelisuflebis kontrolinavTobis seqtorze ar vrceldeba.2006 wlis gazafxulze, erayis omis sami wlis Tavze jer kidev naklebad gasagebi iyo, Turealurad risi miRweva surdaT SeerTebul Statebs am qveyanaSi. gasagebia, rom namdvilidemokratiuli sazogadoebis mSenebloba am qveyanaSi, miT umetes, moklevadian perspeqtivaSi,ararealuria. maqsimum, risi gakeTebac SesaZlebelia aq dRevandel etapze — Tavidan iqnesaridebuli qveynis ganviTareba iranis scenariT da Seiqmnas mdgradi, SedarebiT adamianurisaxelmwifo sistema, romelic formalurad mainc aRiarebs demokratiis principebs da aSS-smokavSireobas gauwevs. e.i. qveyanam unda gaiaros is gza, romelic arabuli qveynebis didmaumetesobam ukve gaiara minimaluri pozitiuri SedegebiT.es ki Tavis mxriv badebs kiTxvas — saWiro ki iyo amisaTvis srulmasStabiani samxedrointervencia da grZelvadiani okupacia Tanmxlebi negatiuri SedegebiT (rogorcerayisaTvis, aseve TviT SeerTebuli StatebisTvisac)? ufro metic — aSS-ma ar gamoiyenamisTvis ufro Cveuli da warmatebuli “rbili Zala” erayis SemTxvevaSi imitom, rom es Zalaam konkretuli situaciis mogvarebas ver gaswvda, Tu es prezident j.buSis administraciammizandasaxulad ar gaakeTa?rogoric ar unda iyos amis mizezi, aSS aRmoCnda situaciaSi, romelic TviT amerikelebmazedmiweviT swored aRweres cnobili gamoTqmiT — violence is the last refuge of incompetent(Zaladoba uunaros ukanaskneli TavSesafaria).iTvleba, rom erayis kampaniis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi pozitiuri Sedegi isaa, rom manuSualod aSS-s Camoacila saerTaSoriso teroristebis yuradReba. am xalxs urCevniaTuSualod eraySi ebrZolon “dasavlel agresorebs”, rasac maTTvis meti prestiJi dapopularoba moaqvs. amave dros, aq maT gaaCniaT unikaluri saSualeba realur sabrZolopirobebSi gawvrTnan didi raodenobiT axali mebrZoli, romelTa instruqtorebad amerikelisamxedroebi gamodian. saboloo jamSi, yvela es teroristi isev aSS-sa da mis mokavSireebsSeebrZoleba, mxolod ufro efeqturad da intensiurad, vidre es aqamde xdeboda.Cinuri gazeTi “Caina niusi” werda 2005 wlis dasawyisSi — “is, rom SeerTebuli StatebierTaderTi qveyanaa dedamiwaze, romelsac unari Seswevs moaxdinos gavlena movlenaTaganviTarebaze Tavisi samxedro Zalis meSveobiT, rasakvirvelia sinamdviles Seesabameba. . .sxva didi saxelmwifoebi ar ewinaaRmdegebian imas, rom aSS-ma uazrod Rvaron sisxli dagaflangon Tavisi erovnuli simdidre axlo aRmosavleTSi iseTi erTobis Sesaqmnelad,romelic waagavs britaneTis gavlenis sferos, romelic pirveli msoflio omis SemdegCamoyalibda. bedis ironiiT, aSS-ma, gaimarjva ra civ omSi, SeiaraRebaze aiRo is strategia,romelmac sabWoTa kavSiri am omSi damarcxebamde miiyvana. aSS - sabWoTa kavSiris msgavsad,imeds imaze amyarebda, rom uxeSi samxedro Zala sakmarisi iqneba, raTa daaSinos msoflioasparezze arsebuli sxva didi moTamaSeebi, romelTac aSinebT vaSingtonisagresiuloba”. 10959

Tavi 3. ekonomikuri ganviTareba da msoflio politikisglobalizacia3.1. globalizaciis meore etapis problematika ZiriTadad daiyvaneba Semdeg kiTxvamde —vin marTavs msoflio ekonomikas da vis interesebSi? is, rom politika da ZalauflebadRevandel msoflioSi didwilad ekonomikazea damokidebuli, sakmaod martiv axsnaspovebs — gavlenis ekonomikuri instrumentebis gamoyeneba wamyvani globalurimoTamaSeebisaTvis saboloo jamSi ufro efeqturia da momgebiani, vidre nebismieri sxvis.garda amisa, am qveynebs gareT arsebuli resursebis eqspluataciac ekonomikurimeqanizmebis gamoyenebiT, ufro momgebiania, vidre teritoriis uSualo okupaciazedafuZnebuli. aseTi midgoma, agreTve, saSualebas aZlevs msoflios wamyvan mTavrobebsdistancireba moaxdinon bevri usiamovno procesebisgan, romlebic danarCen msoflioSimimdinareobs. 110koloniur sistemaze agebuli resursebis eqspluatacia (da es meoce saukuniskoloniuri sistemebis istoriam gviCvena) adre Tu gvian qmnis situacias, rodesac masTandakavSirebuli negatiuri faqtorebis fasi (m.S. am teritoriebis usafrTxoebis,ekonomikuri, socialuri, marTvis sistemebis organizacia da uzrunvelyofa, adgilobrivimosaxleobis winaaRmdegobis daZleva da a.S.) ufro maRali xdeba, vidre am teritoriebidanmiRebuli uSualo mogeba.amave dros, globalizaciis am etapze msoflio aRmoCnda gayofili or friadgansxvavebul nawilad, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT — ZiriTadad yofiliwamyvani koloniuri saxelmwifoebi, maTi uSualo gamonayofebi da mezoblebi, romlebicganixilebian rogorc ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi da mTeli danarCeni msoflio.ganviTarebulad aRiarebulia is saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac (istoriulad anganviTarebis dRevandel etapze), miaRwies industrializaciis maRal dones, gaaCniaTmosaxleobis cxovrebis imdenad maRali standarti, ramdenis miRwevac SesaZlebeliaarsebuli simdidrisa da teqnologiebis pirobebSi. arsebobs Zlieri korelacia amstatussa da am qveynebSi arsebul myar, ganviTarebul demokratiul institutebs Soris.amis sinonimebia — industriuli saxelmwifoebi, ekonomikurad ufro ganviTarebulisaxelmwifoebi. dRes, agreTve ixmareba terminebi, romlebic dafuZnebulia msofliosdayofaze am qveynebTan mimarTebaSi — pirveli msoflio/ mesame msoflio,CrdiloeTi/samxreTi.sxvadasxva organizaciebi sxvadasxva qveynebs miakuTvneben ganviTarebulebs, amitommaTi raodenoba icvleba, damokidebulad imaze, Tu vis informacias viyenebT. magramarsebobs 24 qveyana, romlebic nebismier klasifikaciaSi xvdeba. esenia — avstria, belgia,dania, fineTi, safrangeTi, germania, saberZneTi, islandia, irlandia, italia, luqsemburgi,niderlandebi, norvegia, portugalia, espaneTi, Sveicaria, gaerTianebuli samefo, aSS,kanada, avstralia, axali zelandia, iaponia, israeli. igive saerTaSoriso savaluto fondimaT umatebs singapurs, taivans, honkongs da samxreT koreas.es 24 qveyana faqtiurad warmoadgens msoflios maRalSemosavlian qveynebs, minusisraeli, plus samxreTi korea. saerTo jamSi aseTi qveynebis raodenoba SeiZleba 34-saRwevdes. 111ganviTarebuli qveynebis upiratesoba danarCen msofliosTan mimarT, isaa, rom isiniviTardebian momuSave, efeqturi, sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis farglebSi. es sistemasakuTar xarvezebs Seicavs, magram Tavisi aSkara efeqturoba daamtkica e.w. socialisturekonomikur sistemasTan WidilSi. globalizaciis erT-erTi wamyvani aspeqti isaa, Turamdenad warmatebiT SeZlebs danarCeni msoflio SeuerTdes sabazro ekonomikur sistemas— Tavisi neba-survilisa da/an ganviTarebuli qveynebis waqezebiT (zogjer daZalebiT).faqtiurad, 1950-iani wlebis meore naxevridan (e.i. msoflio koloniuri sistemis daSlisyvelaze aqtiuri stadiidan moyolebuli) mdidari qveynebi mantrasaviT umeorebenRaribebs - “akeTe rogorc Cven, akeTe CvenTan erTad, akeTe Cvenze ukeT”.zogadad sakiTxi Semdegnairad dgas — ginda SeuerTde globalur ekonomikas, gindamdidari da stabiluri gaxde? - gaatare sabazro reformebi im modeliTa da pirobebiT,romlebTac Cven gTavazobT.faqtiurad am Tezisis sawinaaRmdegod meore msoflio omis Semdgomi globaluriekonomikuri integraciis sakmaod intensiur process mohyva msoflios yvelaze mdidar dayvelaze Rarib qveynebis Semosavlebis mkveTri rRveva — Tu 1960 wels msoflios60

mosaxleobis 20%, romelic yvelaze mdidar qveynebSi cxovrobda iRebda 30-jer metSemosavals, vidre yvelaze Rarib qveynebSi mcxovrebi igive 20%, 1990 wlisaTvis es sxvaoba60-mde, xolo 1997 wlisaTvis 74-mde (sic!) gaizarda. 112sxva monacemebi am rRvevas ufro TvalSi sacems xdis. magaliTad, 2002 wels msofliomosaxleobis yvelaze mdidari 5%-s Semosavali aRemateboda yvelaze Raribi 5%-sSemosavals 114-jer. yvelaze mdidari 1% iRebda imden Semosavals, ramdensac iRebdauRaribesi 57%. xolo 2 milioni yvelaze mdidari amerikelebis Semosavali udridamsoflios 2 miliardi yvelaze Raribi mosaxlis Semosavals. metic — magaliTad, 1920 welsdasavleTi evropis erTi mosaxlis saSualo Semosavali aRemateboda afrikelisas 2.9-jer,xolo 1992 wels ki 13.2-jer. 113e.i. koloniuri UuRlisagan gaTavisuflebam, ganviTarebis sabazro modelze gadasvlam,mravalgzis optimisturma reformirebam sagrZnobi dadebiTi Sedegi jerjerobiTqveynebis mxolod SedarebiT SezRuduli jgufisaTvis gamoiRo.meoce saukuneSi, mxolod oTxi saxelmwifo — iaponia, kanada, avstralia da axalizelandia sabolood iqnen aRiarebuli rogorc ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi. Tan arcerTi am saxelmwifos ganviTareba am statusamde ar momxdara meore msoflio omis Semdegmimdinare globaluri ekonomikuri sistemis Camoyalibebis farglebSi. kidev ori qveyana,samxreTi korea da taivani, axlos arian am zRurblis gadasalaxavad, magram formaluradmainc amas ver axerxeben. 114msoflios asi qveyana dRes formaluri ekonomikuri monacemebiT uaresad cxovrobs,vidre kolonializmis dros. bevri maTganis cxovrebis done 30 da meti procentiT daeca.dResac yvelaze mdidar saxelmwifoebis wilze msoflios mTliani Sida produqtis 80%-zemeti modis.bevris mier es ganixileba rogorc globalizaciis procesis Cavardna. maTiwarmodgeniT, globalizacia, gagebuli rogorc msoflio bazarSi integraciis procesi,minimum arademokratiulia, emsaxureba viwro korporatiul interesebs, sjis Raribqveynebs, da sazogadod, Rarib mosaxleobas. ufro pragmatulebi piriqiT Tvlian, romsaboloo jamSi sabazro reformebi gadafaraven im usiamovnebas, romelic maT sawyisetapze RaribebisaTvis moaqvT, magram maTi meqanizmebis potenciali dResdReobiTnaklebadaa aTvisebuli.mTlianobaSi, globalur sabazro sistemaSi msoflio yvela qveynis integraciispozitiur Sedegebze dafuZnebuli molodini gadaWarbebuli iyo, rogorc am procesisiniciatori CrdiloeTis, agreTve samxreTis qveynebis mxridan. arsebobs sakmaod martivibunebrivi sistemebis araTanabari ganviTarebis kanoni, romelic ambobs, rom ierarqiiserTi da imave donis sistemebi sazogadod sinqronulad ar viTardebian: im dros rodesacmaTi nawili aRwevs ganviTarebis ufro maRal dones, sxvebi ganviTarebis ufro dabaldoneze rCebian. absoluturi “erTferovneba” ubralod SeuZlebelia. am kanonis sruliadgamarTlebulad miyeneba SeiZleba socialur sistemebTanac.maqsimum, risi miRwevac SeiZleba ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesSi, arisSemosavlebis saSualo donis zrda rogorc globalur doneze, agreTve calke aRebulnebismier qveyanaSi, rac, saboloo jamSi, moitans socialur da ekonomikur stabilurobas,minimumamde daswevs siRaribes.e.i. faqtiurad, laparakia daaxloebiT iseTsave tipis procesze, rac moxda jerSeerTebul StatebSi ruzveltis reformebis Sedegad, xolo Semdeg dasavleT evropasa daiaponiaSi. unda Seiqmnas qveynebis mZlavri “saSualo fena”, romelic maT umetesobasmoicavs, xolo darCenili SedarebiT Raribebi jer es erTi umniSvnelo umciresobas undawarmoadgendnen, meoredac, maTi saSualo cxovrebis done unda sagrZnoblad aRematebodesdRevandels. 1153.2. is, rom zemoT aRwerili midgoma ekonomikuri globalizaciis mimarT dResmaincdamainc ar muSaobs, rigi faqtorebiTaa gamowveuli, romelTaganac wamyvaniisevdaisev politikuria. arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli gaugebroba imis Sesaxeb, romganviTarebuli qveynebi valdebulebi arian moaxdinon sakuTari ganviTarebis gadatana(transferi) ganviTarebad msoflioSi, daxmareba gauwion iq mimdinare reformebs dapasuxic ki agon am reformebis warmatebaze. bevrisaTvis es moraluri imperativis donezeaayvanili (cnobili “TeTri adamianis tvirTis” idea). nebismieri ganviTarebuli qveynisMmTavroba moyolilia sakuTari samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebis(gansakuTrebiT arasamTavrobo seqtoris) wnexis qveS, romlebic Tvlian, romganviTarebuli qveynebi pasuxs ageben ganviTarebulebis winaSe, maTi siRatakisa daCamorCenis Taobaze.rasakvirvelia zemoT moyvanili mosazrebebi gansazRvrul gamoxmaurebas pouloben61

oficialur politikur dokumentebsa da daxmarebis programebSi. sinamdvileSi kinebismieri ganviTarebuli qveyana moqmedebs ganviTarebad msoflioSi ZiriTadad sakuTariegoisturi interesebidan gamomdinare, romlebic moiTxoven misgan — a/SeuqmnasxelSemwyobi garemo sakuTar bizness ukve arsebuli bazrebis farglebSi warmatebulisaqmianobisaTvis, daexmaros mas axali bazrebis Seqmnasa da maTSi SesaRwevad da b/uzrunvelyos politikuri da ekonomikuri stabiluroba im qveynebSi/regionebSi,romlebic mniSvnelovania a/ amocanis gadasaWrelad.globaluri ekonomikuri integraciis procesis dasawyisSi mainc, rogorc“kapitalisturi”, aseve “socialisturi” blokis qveynebi ubralod cdilobdnenerTmaneTisaTvis daeswroT yofili koloniebisaTvis ekonomikuri daxmarebis gaweva imisSiSiT, rom es mowinaaRmdeges ar gaekeTebina. aseTi daxmarebis mimRebi qveynebis realuriinteresebi, maTi SesaZleblobebi gaetarebinaT SeTavazebuli reformebi, bolos sakuTrivekonomikuri ganviTarebis konkretuli modelebis avkargianoba ubralod gansjis sagani ariyo. orive bloki iRvwoda sakuTari interesebis dasacavad, xolo ganviTarebadi qveynebi am“TamaSSi” damxmare rolebs asrulebdnen.sawyis etapze aseTi modgomac ki sakmaod efeqturi gamodga. iqamde, sanam dadgebodarealuri struqturuli reformebisa da instituciuri cvlilebebis etapi, wmindateqnikuri RonisZiebebic ki xilul dadebiT Sedegebs iZleoda (magaliTad, igive “mwvanerevolucia” soflis meurneobaSi). 1970-iani wlebis meore naxevramde samrewvelowarmoebis zrdis tempi mTlianad ganviTarebad qveynebSi ufro maRali iyo, vidre mTlianadkapitalistur qveynebSi. amasTanave bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi izrdeboda SemosavalierT mosaxlezec.1970-ian wlebSi, 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, erTmaneTs daemTxva rigi faqtorebisa,romlebmac, saboloo jamSi es tendencia Seabrunes da ganviTarebad qveynebSi mTlianaderT mosaxleze mSp-s 10%-iani vardna gamoiwvies.pirveli faqtori, romelsac sazogadod nakleb yuradRebas aqceven, isaa, rom sabWoTakavSirs am droisaTvis aRar Seswevda unari ekonomikuri konkurencia gaewiadasavleTisaTvis ganviTarebad qveynebSi. Sedegad am ukanasknelebs ubralod moespoTganviTarebis alternativa da isini, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda, dasavlurineoliberaluri ekonomikuri politikis gavlenis sferoSi aRmoCndnen.meore, navTobis fasebis ori (1973 da 1979 wlebis) msoflio krizisis Sedegebis daZlevaganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis SeuZlebeli gaxda Zirfesviani reformebis gareSe, romlebice.w. struqturuli gardaqmnebis politikis farglebSi ganviTarda. es politika ZiriTadadmoiTxovda ganviTarebadi qveynebidan gaetarebinaT bazarze orientirebuli strategiebi,romelic efuZneboda ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis mkveTr SezRudvas da maT gaxsnasdasavluri investiciebisadmi. ekonomika efuZneboda eqsports, am qveynebSi dagrovebulivalebis gasastumreblad saWiro Tanxebis mosazidad. garda amisa, aseTi gardaqmnebimoiTxovdnen saxelmwifo finansebis mkacr ekonomias, rac SemTxvevaTa umetesobaSi isedacsust adgilobriv socialur programebs ubralod Zirs uTxrida.amas daemata “mcuravi” (floating) sabanko procentebi, ramac mkveTrad gazarda am qveynebisvalebi, gamoiwvia nedleulze fasebis mkveTri dacema, vaWrobis pirobebis gauareseba,rodesac ganviTarebuli qveynebi mimarTavdnen proteqcionistur politikas, magramkategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebodnen ganviTarebadi qveynebis mcdelobas maTTvis miebaZaT.ramdenime saintereso faqti.ganviTarebadi qveynebis eqsporti ganviTarebul qveynebSi, ZiriTadad “pikur tarifs”(15% da meti) eqvemdebareba. magaliTad, bangladeSi yovelwliurad awvdis aSS-s 2.4miliardi dolaris produqcias da ixdis 14% tarifs, xolo safrangeTi awvdis 30miliardze met produqcias da ixdis 1% tarifs.evrokavSiris wliuri subsidia erT Zroxaze rZis warmoebaSi 913 dolaria, im drosrodesac sub-saharis afrikaSi erT mosaxleze wliuri Semosavali 490 dolaria, xolo igiveevrokavSiris daxmareba erTi afrikelisaTvis 8 dolaria. iaponiis SemTxvevaSi erT Zroxazesubsidia 2 700 dolaria (!), xolo erT afrikelze daxmareba 1.5 dolari. 116msoflio bankis prezidentis pol vulfovicis 2005 wlis dekembris monacemebiT,mdidari qveynebi TavianT fermerebs subsidiebis saxiT yovelwliurad uxdian 280 miliardamerikul dolars. aqedan evrogaerTianebaze modis TiTqmis naxevari — 133 miliardi, xoloiaponiasa da aSS-ze 49 da 47 miliardi, Sesabamisad. vulfovicis azriT, es niSnavs, rom aSSda evrogaerTianeba yovel erT dolar daxmarebaze xarjaven 3 dolars sakuTarifermerebis subsidiebze, iaponia — 5 dolars. 117laparaki da formaluri molaparakebebi msoflioSi savaWro-ekonomikuri gacvlebis62

sruli liberalizaciis Sesaxeb faqtiurad meore msoflio omis Semdgomi aTwleulebimimdinareobs. maT SedarebiT naklebi iseTi xiluli Sedegi mohyva, romelic saSualebasmiscemda ganviTarebad qveynebs ganviTarebulebTan gaTanabrebuli pirobebiT emoqmedaTglobalur bazrebze. msoflio savaWro organizaciis 2003 wlis kankunis (meqsika) Sexvedraam sakiTxebze ubralod CaiSala. 2005 wlis honkongis 149 qveynis ministrebis SexvedrismTavari Sedegi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom is CaSlas gadaurCa. misi ufro konkretuliSedegebi ki, isaa, rom msoflios uRaribes qveynebs dapirdnen maTi produqciis 97%-skvoTebisa da sabaJo gadasaxadebis gareSe daSvebas msoflio bazarze 2008 wlisaTvis,Tumca raime konkretuli sabuTi (xelSekruleba) amis Taobaze gaformebuli ar yofila.ganviTarebad qveynebs, agreTve dahpirdnen ganviTarebuli qveynebis sasoflo-sameurneosubsidiebis TandaTanobiT gauqmebas. magram am SemTxvevaSic raime konkretuli sabuTi,romelic am dapirebas legalur sarCuls daudeba, ar gaformebula. e.i. moklevadianperspeqtivaSi mainc ganviTarebadi qveynebi formaluradac ki ver gaxdebianganviTarebuli qveynebis tolfasi konkurentebi globalur bazrebze (Tavi davaneboT imas,rom isini, upirvelesad yovlisa, faqtiuradac eseTebi ar arian).Sedegad ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobam aseT dawolas ver gauZlo da 1990-ian wlebsbevrad uares mdgomareobaSi Sexvda, vidre igive 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi iyo.mesame — im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ganviTarebadi qveynebi uerTdebian msoflio bazarzemimdinare procesebs, maTze avtomaturad iwyebs moqmedebas am bazrisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli igive cikluri ekonomikuri krizisebi da maTi Tanmxlebi recesiebi dafinansuri “Sokebi”. aseT SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, raoden warmatebul da sworsabazro politikas atarebdnen esa Tu is qveynebi — isini awydebian bazris “Cavardnis”klasikur gamovlinebas, romelsac am SemTxvevaSi asimetruli xasiaTi aqvs. 118 ganviTarebadsabazro meurneobebs ubralod naklebi saSualeba aqvT gadaitanon esa Tu is globalurifinansuri krizisi, vidre mdidar qveynebs (ixileT, aRmosavleTi aziis 1997 wlis krizisi).aq aseTi krizisis gamowveva ubralod kerZo kompaniebisa Tu calkeuli pirebisspekulaciuri moqmedebiTaa SesaZlebeli. aseT SemTxvevaSi am qveynebs naklebiSesaZlebloba aqvT saSinao valebis aRebisa, radganac maTi sakuTari finansuri bazrebisakmaod SezRudulia. isini metad arian damokidebuli ucxour valutaSi aRebul valebze,rac bazarze iwvevs eWvs maT SesaZleblobebSi gaistumron isini. Sedegad, iZulebulebiarian mimarTon mkacr fiskalur da monetarul politikas im mizniT, rom bazris es “rwmena”aRadginon, maSin rodesac recesiasTan mimarTebaSi maT wesiT unda moaxdinon ekonomikismastimulirebeli makroekonomikuri RonosZiebebi. aseTi qmedeba, romelic iwvevs minimumsabanko sesxebis procentebisa da umuSevrobis donis zrdas, socialuri programebisSemcirebas, diametralurad sawinaaRmdegoa imisa, rasac aseT SemTxvevebSi mdidariqveynebi mimarTaven. aseT SemTxvevebSi krizisis Sedegebi ufro metad SedarebiT Raribqveynebs atydeba, xolo am qveynebis SigniT ufro Rarib mosaxleobas. garkveuli gagebiT,aseTi krizisis gastumrebis fasis nawili mainc ganviTarebul qveynebs ganviTarebadqveynebsa da am qveynebis Rarib mosaxleobaze gadaaqvT.meoTxe — im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac bazari gamarTulad muSobs, SedarebiT sustebi danaklebad ganviTarebulebi mainc isjebian. bazari TavisTavad ganviTarebis TanabarSesaZleblobebs ar qmnis. is aSkara upiratesobas aniWebs imaT, visac ukve gaaCniaTproduqtiuli kapitali — finansebi, miwa, sxva fizikuri kapitali, da rac yvelaze mTavariadRevandel, teqnologiaze dafuZnebul globalur ekonomikaSi — adamianuri kapitali. imqveynebs, romlebic ukve uswreben sxvebs — romelTac gaaCniaT stabiluri politikurisistemebi, kerZo sakuTrebis garantirebuli uflebebi, saimedo sabanko sistemebi,ganviTarebuli socialuri momsaxurebis sistemebi — bevrad meti Sansi aqvT Tavissasargeblod gamoiyenon is SesaZleblobebi, romelTac maT erTiani globaluri bazarisTavazobs. qveynebi, romelTac aseTi instituciuri kapitali ar gaaCniaT, eqcevian e.w.“instituciur siRaribis xafangSi” — magram aseTebis ricxvs ganviTarebuli qveynebis (m.S.yofili sabWoTa respublikebis) udidesi umetesoba miekuTvneba. aseTi “xafangis”arsebobis erT-erTi tipuri maCvenebelia is, rom globaluri kapitali sinamdvileSimiemarTeba iq, sadac is ukve uxvadaa warmodgenili da ara iq, sadac is naklebia. pirvelSemTxvevaSi, meti mogeba garantirebulia. aseTi qveynebis ricxvs ki isini miekuTvnebian,sadac mmarTveloba da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva institutebi SedarebiT efeqturia daCadebul kapitalze misaRebi mogebis garantias iZleva. aseT SemTxvevaSi arc mmarTvelobisformas, arc mis konkretul gamovlinebas (demokratia Tu diqtatura), arc amasTandakavSirebul damatebiT faqtorebs (samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba, adamianisuflebebis dacva, presis Tavisufleba da a.S.) mniSvneloba ara aqvs — mTavaria kapitalis63

warmatebuli brunva stabiluri ekonomikuri da socialuri garemos pirobebSi.mexuTe — miuxedavad ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesis naklebi efeqturobisa, dResyvelaze uazro diqtatoruli reJimebis gamoklebiT (Crdilo korea, birma, kuba),praqtikulad yvela ganviTarebadi qveyana viTardeba globaluri bazris gavleniT, xoloyvelaze warmatebuli ganviTarebadi qveynebi (CineTi) sul ufro did gavlenas axdensglobalur ekonomikur procesebze. xolo, rogorc globalizaciis Tanamedrove kvlevebigviCvenebs, rac ufro metad arian CarTuli esa Tu is qveynebi globalizaciis procesebSi(metad globalizebulni arian), miT ufro aqtiurad misdeven isini iseT politikas,romelsac mosdevs ekonomikis ufro swrafi zrda, inflaciis ufro dabali done, ufromaRali Semosavlebis done da ufro didi ekonomikuri Tavisufleba. aseTi qveynebiinarCuneben Tavisufali vaWrobisa da kapitalis moZraobis SemzRudavi barierebisminimums, maTi kanonmdebloba sazogadod ufro mowesrigebulia, samewarmeo gadasaxadebinaklebi. politika teqnologiebis dargSi xels uwyobs inovaciebs. aseTi qveynebi aseveufro mizandasaxulad icaven kanonis uzenaesobisa da sakuTrebis dacvis principebs, maTipolitikuri stabilurobis done, agreTve sxvebze bevrad ufro maRalia. meore mxriv,naklebad globalizebuli qveynebi iCenen midrekilebas iseTi politikis mimarT, romelicdafuZnebulia bazrebis funqcionirebaSi uSualo Carevaze da iwvevs inflacias,stagnacias da mkveTrad amcirebs maT konkurentunarianobas. 119msoflios im 60 qveyanas Soris, romelTaTvisac 2004 wels gamoTvlili iyo globaluriintegraciis xarisxi, 20 yvelaze globalizebulebs Soris iyo mxolod 2 ganviTarebadiqveyana — singapuri (pirveli! yvelaze globalizebuli qveyana msoflioSi) da malaizia(mecxramete). ocdameoTxe adgili ekava sakmaod moulodnelad panamas. yvela danarCeniwamyvani ganviTarebadi qveynebi naklebad globalizebulTa ricxvs ekuTvnodnen, magramaseTebs Soris ar iyo arc erTi ganviTarebuli qveyana. 120sazogadod qveynis globalizebulobis xarisxi sakmaod TvalnaTliv emTxveva aqpolitikuri Tavisuflebis dones. korufciis donec miT ufro dabalia, rac ufro maRaliaama Tu im qveynis monawileobis done globalur procesebSi. zogadi Tezisis saxiTSesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom qveynis integracia globalur procesebSi exmareba iqpolitikuri uflebebisa da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis gavrcelebas. aseTi integracia,agreTve iwvevs qveyanaSi gamWirvalobis ufro maRali saerTaSoriso standartebisdamkvidrebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs korufciasTan brZolas da zrdis saxelmwifomarTvis efeqturobas. Tumca rogorc yovelTvis, aseTi mtkiceba absoluturi ar SeiZlebaiyos. igive yvelaze globalizebuli singapuri gamoirCeva [rbilad rom vTqvaT] mkacrisaxelmwifo kontroliT presaze da SezRuduli pirovnuli TavisuflebebiT. meore mxriv,samxreTi afrika, romelic gamoirCeva politikuri Tavisuflebis sakmaod maRali doniT(gansakuTrebiT danarCeni afrikis fonze), erT-erTi yvelaze naklebad globalizebulia.isevdaisev, globalizacia ar iZleva ganviTarebis garantiebs, is mxolod qmnisSesaZleblobebs, xolo am SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba yovel konkretul qveyanazeadamokidebuli.3.3. dReisaTvis iTvleba, rom yvelaze saimedo garantia qveynis warmatebiTganviTarebisa e.w. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebia, e.i. iseTi investiciebi, romlebicqveyanaSi Semosvlisas gamoiyeneba sakuTrebis SesaZenad misi marTvis mizniT. es ki imisgarantias iZleva, rom investori didi xniT aris mosuli qveyanaSi da igive “portfolio”investiciebisagan gansxvavebiT raRaca spekulaciuri Worebis gaCenisTanave ar aikravsGgudanabads da ar gaiqceva. magram aseTi investiciebisaTvis gadamwyvetia, rom mimRebmaqveyanam uzrunvelyos kapitalis cirkulacia stabilur ekonomikur da socialurgaremoSi.globaluri kapitali maqsimalurad Tavs aridebs riskebs. erTaderTi sfero, sadac isdRes mzad aris Cados fuli nebismier pirobebze — Txevadi da gazisebri saTbobismopovebaa — es ki erT muWa qveynebs exeba. yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi kapitalis mimRebmaqveyanam unda faqtiurad daamtkicos, rom is Rirsia wamyvani globaluri ekonomikurimoTamaSeebis yuradRebis, moipovos am yuradRebis ufleba sxva qveynebTan mZafrkonkurentul brZolaSi. aseTi tipis kapitalis moZraoba sruliad obieqturi procesia daxorcieldeba e.w. Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawilebis (dResdReobiT etyoba uprianiavilaparakoT Sromis globalur ganawilebaze) principis Sesabamisad.erTaderTi, rac globalur kapitals ainteresebs, esaa warmoebis optimizacia damogebis maqsimizacia. es xdeba im upiratesobebis gamoyenebis safuZvelaze, romlebsacqmnian dedamiwis sxvadasxva qveynebsa da regionebs Soris obieqturad arsebuli64

gansxvavebebi, ganpirobebuli maTi ekonomikuri, socialuri, bunebrivi, nacionaluristoriuliTaviseburebebiT, geografiuli mdebareobiT.es procesi maqsimalurad apolitikuria da erTsa da imave Tanabar pirobebSi arasxvavebs ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs, ar aqcevs yuradRebas kapitaldabandebisadgilSi arsebul ekonomikur Tu politikur sistemebs, Tu sxva damatebiT faqtorebs.dRes sakmaod xSiria imaze laparaki, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis warmoebaSiganviTarebuli qveynebis pirdapiri investiciebi am ukanasknelebs sakmao zarals ayenebenZiriTadad didi raodenobiT samuSao adgilebis gadinebis xarjze (outsourcing).es situacia imdenad seriozulia, rom evrogerTianeba iZulebuli gaxda Seeqmnaspecialuri fondi, romlis erTaderTi daniSnulebaa gaaneitralos is zarali, romelsacevropis Sromis bazari ganicdis samuSao adgilebis ganviTarebadi qveynebis sasargebloddakargvis Sedegad. ganviTarebuli qveynebis (gansakuTrebiT evropis) SromiTi resursebi,agreTve zaraldeba imis xarjze, rom mzardi konkurencia ganviTarebadi qveynebis iafimuSaxelis mxridan Zirs uTxris maTi socialuri dacvis garantiebs. bevri eqspertisaerTod imasac ki Tvlis, rom aseTi procesis Sedegad xdeba ganviTarebuli qveynebisdeindustrializacia, faqtiurad es qveynebi arseboben ara postindustriul ganviTarebisstadiaze, aramed deindustriul.dRes globaluri kapitali moiTxovs nebismieri ganviTarebadi qveynisagan, romelsacsurs misi yuradRebis mopyroba, iaf, Sromismoyvare, disciplinirebul, magram uuflebomuSaxels. rogorc erT-erTma rusulma internet-gverdma dawera rusul biznesTanmimarTebaSi — daqiravebul muSaks unda uyvardes Tavisi damqiravebeli ukve imisaTvis, romman mas samuSao misca, miT umetes, imisaTvis, rom am samuSaoSi saerTod gasamrjelos uxdis.aseTi midgoma rogorc Cans universaluria da ufro metadaa gamoxatuli sxva ganviTarebadqveynebSi, vidre ruseTSi, sadac socialuri dacvis raRac meqanizmebi jer kidevSemorCenilia.ama Tu im qveynis mimzidvelobis mZlavri faqtoria, agreTve misi mzadyofna ganaTavsosTavis Teritoriaze e.w. WuWyiani warmoebebi (Savi da feradi metalurgia, qimia da a.S.),romelTa ganlagebac ganviTarebul qveynebSi naklebad misaRebia am qveynebismosaxleobisaTvis.nebismierma ganviTarebadma qveyanam, agreTve, unda uzrunvelyos globaluri biznesisfunqcionirebisaTvis saWiro minimaluri teqnikuri infrastruqtura.Tu aseTi pirobebis Sesrulebis Semdeg ama Tu im qveyanaSi moxda pirdapiri ucxouriinvesticiebi, es ar niSnavs kapitaldabandebas qveynis ganviTarebaSi. kapitali faqtiuradqmnis ama Tu im qveyanaSi globaluri qselebis dasayrden punqtebs, romelTac SeuZliaTwarmatebuli funqcionireba mimRebi qveynisagan faqtiur izolaciaSic (magaliTad,Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis farglebSi), rogorc am qselebis integralur nawilebs.gadaiqcevian Tu ara globalur kapitalze dafuZnebuli sawarmoebi im ConCxad, romlicgarSemoc moxdeba ama Tu im qveynis ganviTareba, am kapitals naklebad ainteresebs. es ukvekapitalis mimRebi qveynebis pasuxismgebloba da problemaa.rogorc qvemoT moyvanili cxrili 3.1-dan Cans, im ganviTarebadi qveynebis raodenoba,romlebiTac globaluri kapitali realurad iyo dainteresebuli, sakmaod SezRudulia.2003 wels gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis konferenciis monacemebiT mTlianadmsoflioSi Semovida daaxloebiT 650 miliardi dolaris investiciebi, m.S. ganviTarebulqveynebSi moxvda maTi daaxloebiT 2/3. ganviTarebad qveynebSi investiciebis 26% SevidauSualod CineTSi, xolo damatebiT 15% - honkongSi e.i. 160-ze meti qveynidan erTma miiRomTeli investiciebis 2/5, xolo darCenili qveynebidan 6-Si kapitaldabandebebi aSkaradgaxorcielda ZiriTadad maT saTbobis mompovebel seqtorSi.65

cxrili 3.1 pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis ganawileba rCeuli qveynebismixedviT, milion aSS dolarebSi, 2004 w.msoflio1985-1995 (saSualo wliuri) 2001 2002 2003 2004182438825925 716128 632599 648146ganviTarebadi qveynebi, m.S. 49868 217845 155528 166337 2332271. CineTi 11715 46878 52743 53505 606302. honkongi 4093 23777 9682 13627 340353. singapuri 4529 14122 5822 9331 160604. taivani 1009 4109 1445 453 18985. samxreTi korea 697 3692 2975 3785 76876. malaizia 2 994 554 3 203 2 473 4 6247. tailandi 1 428 886 947 1 952 1 0648. indonezia 1 364 -2 978 145 -597 1 0239. indoeTi 452 3 403 3 449 4 269 5 33510. azerbaijani 176 227 1 392 3 285 4 76911. ruseTi 207 792 693 1 424 1 71512. yazaxeTi 749 2 835 2 590 2 088 4 26913. saudis arabeTi -201 504 453 778 1 86814. siria 350 947 1 030 1 084 1 20615. TurqeTi 522 3 266 1 063 1 753 2 73316. angola 208 2 146 1 672 3 505 2 04817. nigeria 1 004 1 277 2 040 2 171 2 12718. meqsika 4 532 27 635 15 129 11 373 16 60219. venesuela 617 3 683 782 2 659 1 51820. peru 611 1 144 2 156 1 335 1 81621. brazilia 1 757 22 457 16 590 10 144 18 16622. argentina 2 196 2 166 2 149 1 887 4 25723. Cile 1 081 4 200 2 550 4 385 7 603wyaro: UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENTDivision on Investment, Technology and Enterprise DevelopmentWorld Investment Report 2005http://www.unctad.org/wirhttp://www.unctad.org/fdistatisticses cxrili agreTve migvaniSnebs erT friad sayuradRebo faqts. igive 1970-ian wlebSiori socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis mZlavri konkurenciis pirobebSi wamyvani globalurikompaniebi iZulebulebi iyvnen ebrZolaT ganviTarebadi qveynebis bazrebisaTvis amqveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi uSualo Zalismieri Carevis doneze. ase magaliTad, 1973 welsCileSi saxelmwifo gadatrialebis ukan aSkarad idga udidesi amerikuli satelefonokompania AT&T, romlis interesebsac prezident salvador aliendes memarcxenexelisufleba emuqreboda. dRes moTxovnileba ganviTarebadi qveynebis mxridan pirdapirucxour investiciebze aSkarad sWarbobs maT SemoTavazebas. amitom globalur kompaniebsaqvs saSualeba airCion maTTvis maqsimalurad momgebiani pirobebi da moaxdinoninvesticiebis gadanawileba sxva mimarTulebiT, rogorc ki am pirobebis gauaresebisodnavi miniSneba xdeba. igive CineTSi jer kidev 2004 wels daiwyo laparaki imis Taobaze,rom adgilobrivi muSaxeli zedmetad momTxovni da Zvirad Rirebuli gaxda, da saWiroarigi warmoebebis gadatana vietnamSi. Sesabamisad, SedarebiT Semcirda ganviTarebadiqveynebis SesaZleblobebi daicvan Tavisi interesebi globalur kapitalTan66

urTierTobaSi.3.4. zemoT aRwerili procesis paralelurad xdeba ganviTarebadi qveynebis globalurekonomikaSi integraciis procesis marTvis mcdeloba, e.w. globaluri ganviTarebispolitikis farglebSi. rasakvirvelia, Znelia warmovidginoT romeliRaca qveynismTavrobis analogi globalur dozene, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli maregulirebeli dasagadasaxado ZalauflebiT. magram globaluri ekonomikuri kontroli raRaca saxiTmaincaa saWiro, Tugind imisaTvis, rom Seamciros msoflio bazris “Cavardnis” riskebi daRaribebisaTvis mainc Seqmnas moqmedebis ufro Tanabari pirobebi, vidre maT dRes gaaCniaT.gansxvavebiT pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebisagan, romelTac kerZo kapitaliaxorcielebs, es procesi mTlianad wamyvani ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebis uSualoTu gasaSualebuli kontrolis qveS mimdinareobs da msoflio politikis globalizaciisprocesis ganuyofel (SesaZlebelia wamyvan) nawils warmoadgens.dRes aseTi maregulirebeli meqanizmebis rols TamaSobs msoflios ori wamyvanifinansuri instituti — saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da rekonstruqciisa daganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki, ufro cnobili rogorc msoflio banki. maTzemniSvnelovan wiladaa damokidebuli ganviTarebad qveynebSi mimdinare globaluriintegraciisa da sabazro reformebis umetesoba.orive es dawesebuleba Seiqmna meore msoflio omis Semdeg rogorc urTierTdaxmarebismeqanizmebi, romelTa gamoyenebac SeeZlo nebismier wevr qveyanas omis Semdgomirekonstruqciis procesSi. dResdReobiT isini emsaxurebian mxolod ganviTarebad dagardamavali ekonomikis (yofil socialistur) qveynebs, magram rac dro gadis, maTiqmedebis kanonierebisa da efeqturobis sakiTxi sul ufro met kiTxvas badebs.mTavari braldeba, romelsac am organizaciebs uyeneben, isaa, rom isini zedmetaderevian msesxebeli qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi da zedmet Zalauflebas floben,gansakuTrebiT SedarebiT patara qveynebTan mimarTebaSi. 121 upirvelesad es exeba impirobebis raodenobasa da moculobas, romelsac es organizaciebi uyeneben ama Tu imqveyanas sesxebis gacemis dros.Tu 1980-ian wlebSi aseTi pirobebis raodenoba daaxloebiT 6-dan 10-mde meryeobda, 1990-iani wlebidan moyolebuli is 25-mde gaizarda. Sesabamisaad gaizarda saxelmwifo marTvisim sferoebis raodenobac, romelTa gardaqmnas, gaZlirebas Tu ganaxlebas moiTxoven esorganizaciebi. Sedegad Zalian xSirad xdeba ama Tu im qveynisaTvis iseTi reformebis Tavzemoxveva, romlebic politikurad naklebad “mdgradia” da Sesabamisad araefeqturi.orive organizacia Tavis qmedebiT mTlianad damokidebulia anglosaqsonurneoliberalur ekonomikur ideebze da aZalebs ganviTarebad qveynebs gaataron Sesabamisiekonomikuri politika, miuxedavad imisa, imuSavebs Tu ara is micemuli qveynis konteqstSi.es situacia, agreTve, ukavSirdeba im faqts, rom arsebobs friad SezRuduli nakrebi imekonomikuri ganviTarebis modelebisa, romlebic maT SeuZliaT sesxebis mimReb qveynebsSesTavazon. msoflio bankma Tavis droze aseTi modelebis raodenoba saerTod xuTamdedaiyvana, im dros, rodesac naklebad gasagebia, romelma strategiam Tu politikamSesaZloa principulad uzRunvelyos ama Tu im qveynis warmatebuli ganviTareba. gardaamisa, miukerZoebel damkvirvebels xSirad rCeba warmodgena, rom es organizaciebi Tavzeaxveven maTi daxmarebis mimReb qveynebs ganviTarebis variantebsa Tu konkretulmeqanizmebs, romlebic cudad muSaoben TviT maTi SemuSavebis adgilebSi ganviTarebulqveynebSi, anda es qveynebi maT realizaciaze saerTod uars amboben.arc erTi es organizacia ar aris neitraluri, miukerZoebeli, miT umetes, apolitikuri.saboloo jamSi orive emsaxureba im qveynebis interesebs, romlebic ZiriTadad afinansebenmaT saqmianobas e.i. SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleTi evropis. yvelafers Tavi romdavaneboT, msoflio bankis xelmZRvaneli mxolod aSS-s moqalaqe SeiZleba iyos, xolosavaluto fondis — evropeli. Tavis droze msoflio bankis xelmZRvanelad avstralielijeims vulfersoni rom daeniSnaT, saWiro gaxda misTvis saswrafod aSS-s moqalaqeobisminiWeba.“erT mSvenier dRes marsis mcxovreblebi rom estumron dedamiwas, isini, albaT mivlenim daskvnamde, rom Cven giJebi varT. Cven vxarjavT 900 miliard amerikul dolarsTavdacvaze da 268 miliards sxvadasxva saxis sasoflo-sameurneo subsidiebze. amave dros,ganviTarebis daxmareba mxolod 68 miliards aRwevs. Cven gvWirdeba daaxloebiT 30 dolarierT bavSvze wliurad imisaTvis, rom mivceT ganaTleba yvela im bavSvs, romlebic dResskolaSi ar dadian. magram fuli ar aris. amis nacvlad Cven yovelwliurad gamovyofT 150dolars erT adamianze Tavdacvis xarjebis saxiT”.msoflio bankis prezidenti jeims vulfersoni. 28 oqtomberi, 2004 weli. 12267

Sedegad, arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli warmodgena imis Taobaze, rom orive esorganizacia, daxmarebis nacvlad, realurad msesxebel qveynebs zians ayenebs, magaliTadiseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac aZalebs privatizaciis programebis gatarebas, romlebicsaboloo jamSi amdidreben erT muWa yaCaRebs, anda atarebinebs kapitalebis bazrisliberalizacias iqamde, sanam maTi finansuri seqtori daiwyebdes efeqturadfunqcionirebas. 123aseTi zianis momtani politikis tipur magaliTad SesaZlebelia moviyvanoT igivebolivia, sadac aSS da saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebis dawolis Sedegad 1990-ianwlebSi gatarda yovlismomcveli neoliberaluri reformebi. qveyanaSi privatizebuli iqnapraqtikulad yvela met-naklebad faseuli aqtivi, m.S. mTlianad gazisa da navTobis, samTomompovebeli,energetikuli, satransporo da sakomunikacio seqtorebi. Sedegi —mosaxleobis masobrivi gaRatakeba, qveynidan kapitalis masobrivi gadineba. qveynissaSualo klasi misi mosaxleobis 27%-dan 7%-mde daeca. bolivia gadaiqca samxreTiamerikis uRaribes qveyanad da es maSin, rodesac mas ekuTvnis kontinentis gazis sididiTmeore maragi, kalis pirveli, xolo cinkis — mesame. 2003 wlis TebervalSi qveyanaSi daiwyois, rasac iq “muSur-glexur revolucias” uwodeben. am moZraobis yvelaze cnobilipunqtebi iyo — gazis mrewvelobis nacionalizacia imisaTvis, rom misi Semosavlebigadanawildes mosaxleobis Raribi da saSualo fenebis sasargeblod da aSS-s mieriniciirebuli programis — “bananebi kokis magivrad” daxurva. kokis, narkotikurinivTierebis kokainis nedleulis, moyvana uzrunvelyofs adgilobrivi glexurimeurneobis minimalur Semosavals mainc, maSin rodesac xilisa da bostneulis warmoebauzrunvelyofs saarsebo minimumis mxolod 10-20%-s. pirveli 1200 glexuri ojaxi,romelmac miiRo monawileoba am programaSi, ubralod gadaSenda da yvela danarCens auwya,Tu ra elodebodaT tradiciul kulturaze xelis aRebis SemTxvevaSi.ori wlis areulobis Semdeg, 2005 wlis dekemberSi, sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegadqveyanis saTaveSi movida memarcxene prezidenti, romelmac Riad gamoacxada kursiekonomikis nacionalizaciasa da kokis warmoebis legalizaciaze. amasTan dakavSirebiTyuradsaRebia is garemoeba, rom 21-e saukunis dasawyisidan laTinuri amerika sagrZnobladmemarcxene gaxda. boliviamde memarcxene reJimebi movidnen saTaveSi venesuelaSi,braziliaSi, argentinaSi, urugvaiSi. boliviis analogiurma masobrivma moZraobam daamxoneoliberaluri reJimi ekvadorSi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobisimedgacrueba saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebis mier marTuli neoliberaluriekonomikuri reformebiT gamarcxenebis procesis erT-erTi wamyvani, Tu ara gadamwyvetifaqtori iyo.amave dros, orive organizacia saocar ususurobas iCens im qveynebTan mimarTebaSi,romlebic ver arsuleben sesxis pirobebs. aseTi SemTxvebi uamravia da yovelTvis xdebaxelSekrulebis pirobebis gadaxedva da Tanxebis Caricxvis gagrZeleba. es gansakuTrebiTexeba uRaribes qveynebs, romelTac didZali vali aqvT dagrovebuli — maT ubralodisevdaisev aZleven sesxs, miuxedavad imisa, rogor asruleben isini xelSekrulebispirobebs.2006 wlis martSi msoflio banki principulad daTanxmda Camoewera 37 miliardi aSSdolaris odenobis vali romelic misTvis msoflios 17 uRaribes qveyanas mmarTebda. esqveynebia — benini, bolivia, burkina faso, eTiopia, gana, gaiana, hondurasi, madagaskari,mozambiki, nikaragua, nigeri, mali, ruanda, senegali, tanzania, uganda da zambia. 124rasakvirvelia, ama Tu im qveyanam SeiZleba ver Seasrulos xelSekruleba imis gamo, rommisi funqcionirebis pirobebi Seicvala anda imitom, rom mTavrobaSi sxvadasxva fraqciebiawarmodgenili da “reformatorebi” SesaZloa marTvas CamoaSoron. magram, rogorc sCans,ZiriTadad adgili aqvs Tavisebur “TamaSs” msesxebel mTavrobasa da donorebs Soris,rodesac orive mxarem Tavidanve icis, rom daTqmuli pirobebi ar Sesruldeba, magramixtibars ar itexen da Tavi ise moaqvT, viTom yvelaferi Tavisi gziT midis.faqtiurad, bevri qveynis korumpirebul mTavrobebs awyobT am institutebTan aseTitipis urTierToba — rac metia da Seusrulebelia sesxis is pirobebi, romlebzec isiniTanxmdebian, miT metia maTi SesaZlebloba am sababiT, ise gadaanawilos resursebi, rom maTigamoyenebis efeqturoba Semcirdes sazogadoebisaTvis, magram gaizardos mTavrobiswevrebis piradi gamorCenis TvalsazrisiT.68

evri qveynisaTvis zemoT aRwerili tipis urTierTobas friad negatiuri, damatebiTiSedegi moaqvs. laparakia procesze, romelic principSi analogiuria cnobili holandiurisenisa. es “seni” warmoadgens ekonomikur fenomens, dakavSirebuls romelime qveyanaSi didiraodenobiT iseTi bunebrivi resursis aRmoCenasTan, romelic Zalian fasobs msofliobazarze (dRes es gansakuTrebiT navTobi da bunebrivi airia). es ubralod ukargavs aseTqveyanas ganviTarebis stimuls da msoflios wamyvan ekonomikebSic kideindustrializacias iwvevs. aseTi ram daemarTa holandis 1960-ian wlebSi, rodesac iqdidi raodenobiT bunebrivi airi aRmoaCines, iseTive procesi mimdinareobs Cvens TvalwinruseTSi.Zalian bevri ganviTarebadi, gansakuTrebiT uRaribesi qveynebisaTvis, miT umetes, TumaT susti, korumpirebuli mTavrobebi hyavT, ucxouri sesxebi Tu grantebi faqtiuradigive rols asruleben, rogorc bunebrivi resursebi. ra saWiroa am fulis realuradCadeba sabazro ekonomikur gardaqmnebsa da demokratizaciaSi, Tu daxmareba maincgagrZeldeba, miuxedavad yvelafrisa. rasakvirvelia, es fuli imaTTan, visTvisac es wesiTda rigiT gamoiyofa — Rarib mosaxleobasTan, TiTqmis ar midis, samagierod korumpirebulelitas amdidrebs.aseTi situacia advilad asaxsnelia orive dawesebulebis funqcionirebis politikurimotivirebulobis TvalsazrisiT. rasakvirvelia, rogorc msoflio bankisa da savalutofondis, aseve wamyvani ganviTarebuli qveynebis xelmZRvanelobas mSvenivrad esmis, romiseTi rTuli procesis marTva, rogorc dedamiwis saxelmwifoTa daaxloebiT 5/6-smierTebaa im ekonomikur sivrcesTan, romelic darCenilma 1/6-ma Tavisi interesebidangamomdinare Seqmna, praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.maT aseve mSvenivrad esmiT, rom Zalian bevri ganviTarebadi (gansakuTrebiT afrikuli)saxelmwifoebisaTvis realuri sabazro reformebis gatareba principulad gadauWreliamocanaa. aq es daaxloebiT iseTive procesis Tanafardia, romelsac cxonebul sabWoTakavSirSi uwodebdnen “строительство социализма минуя стадию капиталистического развития”.formalurad ganviTarebadi ekonomikebis dafinansebis erT-erT mTavar wyaroswarmoadgens e.w. oficialuri ganviTarebis daxmareba. mas gaiRebs msoflios 22 yvelazemdidari qveyana, romlebic ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciisganviTarebis daxmarebis komitetSi arian gaerTianebulebi. 125Tavis maqsimums am daxmarebam etyoba Soreul 1960-65 wlebSi miaRwia, rodesac is donoriqveynebis mTliani Sida Semosavlis (mSS) 0.48%-s aRwevda. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev1970 wels am qveynebma ikisres valdebuleba aseTi daxmarebis saxiT gamoeyoT maTi mSSaranaklebi 0.7%-sa, is ganuwyvetliv mcirdeboda. 1990 wels is Seadgenda 0.34%. amis Semdeg,savaraudod sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT gamowveuli eiforiis fonze, es daxmareba mkveTraddaeca 0.22%-mde 2001 wels. montereiSi Semdgar ganviTarebis dafinasebisadmi miZRvnilgaeros konfrenciaze 2002 wels CaiTvala, rom es moculoba arasakmarisia ganviTarebadiqveynebisadmi efeqturi daxmarebis gasawevad. amitom komitetis wevrebma aiResvaldebuleba 2006 wlisaTvis daxmarebaze mimarTuli mSS-s wili 0.29%-mde gaezardaT.2005 wels aseTi daxmarebis saxiT gaica 106.5 miliardi dolari, rac Tavisi absoluturimoculobiT yvelaze didi daxmarebaa, odesme gacemuli. magram am daxmarebis sakmaod didinawili movida erayisa da nigeriis — potenciurad msoflios erT-erTi umdidresi qveynebis(navTobis xarjze) valebis Camoweraze (erays Camoewera 14 miliardi, xolo nigerias 5miliardi dolari). amave dros, msoflios 17 uRaribes qveyanas mxolod upirebdnen 37miliardis Camoweras, Tanac mravalwliani molaparakebis Semdeg. garda amisa damatebiTi2.2 miliardi dolari gamoiyo 2004 wlis dekembris indoeTis okeanes cunamiTdazaralebuli qveynebis dasaxmareblad, rac wesiT da rigiT rogorc ganviTarebisdaxmareba saerTod ar unda aRricxuliyo. 126imis gamo, rom es daxmareba politikurad Zlieraa motivirebuli, yvelaze didiraodenobiT is miemarTa eraySi — 2.3 miliardi dolari, pakistanSi — 2-dan 3 miliardamde daavRaneTSi — 1.5 miliardi. Zalian didi raodenobiT miemarTeba es daxmareba, agreTve subsaharisafrikis qveynebSi, romlebzec 2003 wels misi saerTo moculobis TiTqmis mesamedimodioda. fulis es raodenoba am regionisaTvis udris misi mTliani kapitalis formirebis32%-s, maSin rodesac mTlianad ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis is mxolod 4.4%-ia, anda mSp-sTiTqmis mexuTeds udris. uzarmazari daxmareba miemarTeboda, agreTve, palestinisavtonomiaSi, romelsac rogorc sCans aseTi daxmarebis gareSe funqcionireba saerTod arSeuZlia.69

evri qveyanis mSp-Si oficialuri ucxouri daxmarebis wili imdenad didia, rom raRacekonomikur (Tu humanitarul) simaxinjes ufro waagavs. 2003 wels kongos demokratiulirespublikis mSp-s 95%! formirdeboda daxmarebis xarjze — gasagebia qveyana jer kidevfaqtiurad mravalwliani omis pirobebSi arsebobda, magram mainc.imave wels msoflios kidev 33 qveyanaSi daxmarebis wili mSp-s 10%-s aRemateboda, m.S.monRoleTSi, nikaraguaSi, eTiopiaSi, mavritaniasa da ruandaSi daaxloebiT mexuTeds,palestinis avtonomiaSi 29%-s, aRmosavleT timorSi, eriTreaSi, burundiSi, siera leoneSidaaxloebiT 2/5.2005 wels iseTma avtoritetulma globalurma arasamTavrobo organizaciebma,rogorebicaa Action Aid da Oxfam gamoaqveynes specialuri moxseneba, romelSicmouwodebdnen politikurad saxelgatexili saerTaSoriso daxmarebis sistemisreformisaken. 127 isini amtkicebdnen, rom saerTaSoriso daxmarebis 40% miemarTebodadonori qveynebis zedmetad Zvirad Rirebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad. aSS daitalia mainc yvelaze xSirad mimarTavdnen fondebis e.w. ukusvlas (round-tripping) daxarjavdnen gamoyofili Tanxebis aranakleb 70%-sa sakuTar kompaniebsa dakonsultantebze. Sedegad mTlianad msoflioSi Tanxebis mxolod 1/5 aRwevda imadamianebamde, romelTaTvisac is formalurad iyo gamoyofili. Action Aid-s damoukidebeliSefasebis Tanaxmad aSS-sa da safrangeTis SemTxvevaSi daxmarebis 90% “moCvenebiTia”.mTlianad ki mdidari qveynebi aseTi “moCvenebiTi daxmarebis” formalurad gaRebuliTanxidan daqviTvis Semdeg ganviTarebadi qveynebis daxmarebaze xarjavdnen maTi mSS-smxolod 0.1%, xolo G-7-s qveynebi mxolod 0.07%-s nacvlad deklarirebuli 0.25%-sa. 128am daxmarebis procedurebi da pirobebi iseTia, rom isini xSirad Zirs uTxrian im mwiradgilobriv SesaZleblobebsac ki, romlebic daxmarebis mimReb qveynebSi arsebobs andasaerTaSoriso donorebi Tavis saqmianobaSi saerTod gverds uvlian am qveynebSi arsebulganawilebis qselebsa Tu sawarmoo simZlavreebs. aSkaraa, rom donorebs ufro adardebTsakuTari warmateba da Tavis warmoCena, vidre daxmarebis mimRebi qveynebis realuriganviTarebis problemebi.agreTve, yuraTsaRebia saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis daxmarebis sistemaSi korufciisproblemac. mis seriozulobaze metyvelebs Tugind is faqti, rom 2005 wels aSS-s senatmamiiRo specialuri sakanonmdeblo aqti, romelic mimarTulia saerTaSoriso donororganizaciebSi korufciis monitoringze. igive azrs iziarebda 2004 wlis bolosevrogaerTainebis antikorufciuli organizacia OLAF-i, romelic Tavis wliur angariSSiwerda, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis daxmareba gaxda “kompleqsuri da kargad organizebuliTaRliTobis msxverpli”, rodesac daxmarebisaTvis gamoyofili fondebis didi (calkeulSemTxvevebSi udidesi) nawili miemarTeba kerZo anda danaSaulebrivi gamorCenisaTvis. 129magaliTisaTvis moyvanilia evrogaerTianebis mier dafinansebuli 50 adgilobrivi wylismomaragebis sistemis gaumjobesebis proeqti paragvaiSi, sadac fondebis 90% iyomimarTuli fondSi, romelsac am proeqtTan araferi saerTo ar gaaCnda.Sedegad raime mkafiod gamoxatuli urTierTdamokidebuleba ganviTarebis daxmarebissaxeobasa da moculobas, erTi mxriv, da ama Tu im konkretuli qveynis ganviTarebisprocesis warmatebas Soris Zneli SesamCnevia. bevri specialisti miiCnevs, rom aseTidamokidebuleba saerTod ar arsebobs. ase rom ar iyos, igive nikaragua Tu palestinisavtonomia, romlebic erT-erT yvelaze did daxmarebas iReben (rogorc sesxebis, asevegrantebis saxiT) msoflioSi, yvelaze warmatebul ganviTarebis transferis magaliTebsunda gviCvenebdnen, im dros rodesac realuri situacia sruliad sawinaaRmdegoa.palestinis avtonomia saerTod uaRresad korumpirebuli, araqmediTunarianiwarmonaqmnia, romlic saxelmwifo meqanizmis funqcionireba mTlianad ucxourdaxmarebazea damokidebuli, xolo nikaragua im 17 uRaribesi qveynis ricxvSia, romlisvalebis Camowerasac msoflio finansuri organizaciebi apireben.gansakuTrebiT SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis, ganviTarebadi qveynebis daxmareba, ama Tu imsaxiT (uSualod Tu saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebis meSveobiT), ZiriTadad sagareopolitikis gagrZelebaa, mxolod sxva meTodebiT. ramdenad moitans maT mier gacemulifuli realur ekonomikur cvlilebas ama Tu im qveyanaSi, principuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs.mTavaria aseTi qveynebis mmarTveli reJimebi loialurebi iyvnen aSS-s mimarT. esgansakuTrebiT exeba iseT “sust” qveynebs, romlebic potenciurad SesaZlebelia aSS-serovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvis saSiSroebas warmoadgendnen, Tugind imitom, rom maTiteritoria da resursebi sxvadasxva juris teroristebma SesaZlebelia TavianTimiznebisaTvis gamoiyenon. 13070

aSS saerTaSoriso daxmarebis naxevarze meti miemarTeba strategiuli mokavSireebisekonomikur Tu samxedro daxmarebaze. daaxloebiT 30 qveyana, romlebic gansakuTrebiTaqtiurad uWeren mxars aSS-s brZolas teroris winaaRmdeg, iReben daxmarebas, ZiriTadadimisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyon maTi mTavrobebis mier aSS-s politikis mxardaWera. 131uSualod ganviTarebaze mimarTul daxmarebaze modis Tanxebis mxolod 30%, romlisudidesi nawili, Tavis mxriv, miemarTeba iseT proeqtebze, romlebic dakavSirebuliaekonomikuri reformebis mxardaWeraze, demokratiis ganviTarebasa da efeqturi marTvissistemebis danergvaze, e.i. iseTebze, romelTa realuri efeqtis gazomva arc ise advilia,miuxedavad maTi udidesi mniSvnelobisa.aseTi midgomis klasikuri magaliTia avRaneTi, sadac imasTan erTad, rom qveyanaSiuSualod abandeben didZali raodenobiT fulad Tanxebs, amerikelebma adgilze datovesprovinciebis praqtikulad yvela mmarTveli, romelTa umetesobac ubralod samxedrodamnaSavea, romelTa adgili obieqturad romelime saerTaSoriso tribunalisbraldebulTa skamzea. aseTia Tugind avRaneTis uzbekuri CrdiloeTis mmarTveligenerali dusTumi. garda amisa, aSS iZulebulia Tvali daxuWos am qveyanaSi narkotikebismasobriv warmoebaze, romelmac 2005 wels absolutur rekords miaRwia da qveyananarkotikebis yvelaze did mwarmoeblad aqcia msoflioSi.aqedan gamomdinare, is, rac globaluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daxmarebis (TuganviTarebis transferis) sistemas warmoadgens, namdvilad ar SeiZleba ganvixiloTrogorc warumatebeli. ganviTarebis transferi mxolod misi gamocxadebuli mizania, maSinrodesac mis arss warmoadgens wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis politikuri miznebisrealizacia ekonomikuri instrumentebis gamoyenebiT. rasakvirvelia, dRevandeliglobaluri politikuri realiebidan gamomdinare, am sistemis margi qmedebis koeficientisakmaod dabalia. amasTan erTad is etyoba sruliad misaRebia am moTamaSeebisaTvis.plus amas, amdeni aTeuli wlis manZilze, rogorc mTlianad globaluri ekonomikuriintegracia, aseve kerZo ekonomikuri daxmarebis procesebi imdenad “gajda” saerTaSorisourTierTobebis globalur sistemaSi, rom maTi restruqturizaciis cda efeqturobisgazrdis mizniT, Zalian mtkivneuli iqneba rogorc daxmarebis mimRebebisaTvis, asevedonorebisTvisac.3.4. globaluri ekonomikuri transferis mTlianad SedarebiT naklebad warmatebuliprocesis fonze, arsebobs rigi qveynebisa, romlebmac moaxerxes ganviTarebul msofliozeekonomikuri damokidebulebis daZleva da aSkarad umizneben msoflios wamyvani qveynebisrigebs. es exeba pirvel rigSi, e.w. aziur vefxvebs (samxreTi korea, singapuri, taivani,honkongi), gansakuTrebiT 1990-iani wlebidan moyolebili — CineTs, da agreTve malaizias.faqtiurad, rogorc vxedavT, laparakia msoflios Zalian SezRudul regionze, xolo aqCamoTvlili 6 qveynidan 3 ase Tu ise CineTia, singapuris mosaxleobis udidesi umetesobaCinelebi arian, xolo malaiziisa - yvelaze ganviTarebuli umciresoba.yvelgan am qveynebSi (igive koreisa da musulmanuri malaiziis CaTvliT) mosaxleobazeudides gavlenas axdens konfuciuri tradiciebi, romlebic moiTxovs yvelasaganSromismoyvareobas, disciplinas, swavlis pativiscemasa da xelisuflebisadmi upirobodamorCilebas.garda amisa, am qveynebis umetesoba mizandasaxulad atarebda da atarebs sakuTarekonomikur politikas, romelic Zalian naklebad emTxveva msoflio bankisa da savalutofondis rekomendaciebs, Tumca maTgan sesxebs didi siamovnebiT iRebs. miuxedavad imisa,rom dasavleli ekonomistebis nawili naTlavs maT mier gatarebul reformebs rogorcliberalurs, realurad saqme gvaqvs saxelmwifos mier marTuli kapitalizmis sxvadasxvavariaciebTan.igive honkongis ekonomikuri aRorZineba praqtikulad britanuli koloniuriadministraciis “specialuri proeqtis” warmatebuli realizaciis Sedegia; samxreTikoreis realuri ekonomikuri ganviTareba moxda im wlebSi, rodesac erTmaneTs cvlidnenmeoce saukunis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ulmobeli diqtatoruli reJimebi; taivanze1940-ian wlebSi jer kidev kontinentur CineTSi arCeuli parlamenti mxolod 1990-ianiwlebis dasawyisSi gadairCies, Tanac imitom, rom misi wevrebis umetesoba ubralod siberiTgardaicvala.rogorc Cans, globalizaciis dRevandel etapze ganviTarebis transferis yvelazewarmatebul magaliTs mainc samxreTi korea gviCvenebs. aseve warmatebuli iaponiistransformacia ZiriTadad pirvel msoflio omamde ganxorcielda, xolo taivanisa da71

honkongis ganviTareba mainc specialuri proeqtebis realizaciis Sedegs warmoadgenda(iseve rogorc igive israelis) da sxvebisaTvis misabaZ magaliTad ver gamodgeba.qveynis aRorZineba faqtiurad daiwyo 1962 wlis samxedro gadatrialebis Semdeg. ismimdinareobda umkacresi politikuri represiebis pirobebSi, sanam diqtatura ar Seicvalasamoqalaqo demokratiuli mmarTvelobiT 1988 wels. magram am droisaTvis qveynisekonomikuri transformacia ukve faqtobrivad damTavrebuli iyo. swored amtransformaciis warmatebam, ekonomikis mZlavrma zrdam, misma Sesabamisma mosaxleobiscxovrebis donis mkveTrma matebam da damoukidebeli interesebis matarebeli mosaxleobissaSualo fenis Camoyalibebam, gamoiwvia demokratiuli transformacia qveyanaSi.koreuli ganviTarebis modeli dafuZnebuli iyo zemodan-qvemoT midgomaze (top-downapproach), saxelmwifos uSualo Carevaze ekonomikur procesebSi da maT mkacr kontrolze.ganviTarebis procesi efuZneboda xuTwlian saxelmwifo gegmebs da upirvelesad yovlisamoiTxovda yuradRebis gadatanas ucxouri daxmarebidan sagareo vaWrobaze. mniSvnelovaniroli qveynis aRorZinebaSi iTamaSa, agreTve, urTierTobebis normalizaciam iaponiasTan1965 wels da ucxouri investiciebis momdevno mkveTrma zrdam. amas mohyva jer msubuqi,Semdeg ki mZime mrewvelobis swrafi aRmavloba 1960-70-ian wlebSi. am dros qveynisekonomikis saSualo wliuri zrdis done 8.6%-s Seadgenda.ekonomikis aRorZineba samxreT koreaSi udides wilad efuZneboda e.w. Caibolebs, bizneskonglomeratebs. maTi nawili warmoadgens did erTian korporaciebs, xolo sxvebi dayofilebiarian erTmaneTTan SedarebiT sustad dakavSirebul calkeul kompaniebad, romlebsac saerTosaxelwodeba aqvT. orive SemTxvevaSi, TiTqmis yovelTvis aseTi Caibolebi ekuTvnis ama Tu imsaojaxo klanebs, romlebic maT akontroleben da/an marTaven. koreis ekonomikatradiciulad SedarebiT mcire mrewvelobaze da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebazedafuZnebuli iyo. 1962 wlidan moyolebuli misma mmarTvelma samxedro reJimebma aiRes kursimsxvil warmoebaze dafuZnebul industrializaciaze. mTavroba gansazRvravda axalikapitaldabandebebis mimarTulebas, xolo Caibolebi mogvevlinebodnen samTavrobopolitikis realizaciis mTavar instrumentebad, risTvisac maT garantirebuli hqondaTsabanko kreditebi. amgvarad Caibolebma iTamaSes wamyvani roli axali warmoebebis, bazrebis dasaeqsporto produqciis SeqmnaSi, qveynis gadaqcevaSi erT-erT aziur vefxvad. 2005 welsamerikuli Jurnalis Fortune-s mier Sedgenil tradiciul msoflios 500 wamyvani kompaniis siaSi11 samxreTkoreuli Caiboli Sedioda, m.S. ori Samsung Electronics da Hyundai Motors pirvelaseulSi ganlagdnen, Sesabamisad 39-e da 92-e adgilebze. 132amave dros samxreTi koreis ekonomikas sakuTari susti mxareebic gaaCnda, racgamovlinda 1997 wlis aziis finansuri krizisis dros. aRmoCnda, rom qveynis ekonomikadaucveli iyo sagareo bazrebis krizisebisagan, ZiriTadad imis gamo, rom mTlianadCaibolebze iyo dafuZnebuli. es konglomeratebi ki nakleb yuradRebas aqcevdnen saSinaobazars, gaumarTleblad calmxrivad iyvnen orientirebulebi saeqsporto warmoebaze,erTmaneTTan konkurenciis procesSi maT bevrad meti sawarmoo simZlavreebi Seqmnes, vidremovla SeeZloT. eqspansiis procesSi maTma didma nawilma uzarmazari valebi daagrova,romelTa momsaxureba Tu restruqturizacia finansuri krizisis pirobebSi SeuZlebeligaxda, ramac rigi gaxmaurebuli gakotreba gamoiwvia. magaliTad 1999 wels, Daewoo-skolapsis dros, am ukanasknels 80 miliardi dolari vali hqonda dagrovebuli. amave dros,CaibolebSi gamovlinda farTod gavrcelebuli korufcia, gansakuTrebiT sabuRaltroangariSgebis gayalbeba da meqrTameoba.finansuri krizisisa da mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli finansuri da sawarmoorestruqturizaciis ori raundis Sedegad, udidesi Caibolebis raodenoba TiTqmisganaxevrda 2003 wlisaTvis 30-dan 1995 wels. mTavroba Seecada aeZulebina eskonglomeratebi Tavidan moeSorebinaT ZiriTad biznesTan naklebad dakavSirebulisawarmoebi, moexdinaT marTvis decentralizacia da daeqiravebinaT profesionalimenejerebi. sainteresoa, rogor gamovlinda qveynis xelmZRvanelobis roli am procesebSi.xSirad qveynis prezidenti ubralod ibarebda Caibolebis mepatroneebs da pirdapirkarnaxobda maT, rogor unda moexdinaT kompaniebis restuqturizacia, magaliTad, romelCaibols, romeli sawarmo gadaeca Tavisi konkurentisaTvis da ra mieRo sanacvlod.mTavrobis am mcdelobam calsaxad samxreTi koreis ekonomikuri struqtura verSecvala — is isev Caibolebzea dafuZnebuli. magram mTlianobaSi qveynis ganviTarebisaseTi modeli — dafuZnebuli mTavrobis uSualo monawileobaze ekonomikis marTvaSi dasaWiroebis SemTxvevaSi formalurad kerZo korporaciebis saqmianobaSi aqtiur Carevaze,erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli gamodga Tanamedrove istoriaSi. 2003 wlis monacemebiTsamxreTi koreis ekonomika me-11 yvelaze didi iyo dedamiwaze, erT sul mosaxlezeSemosavlebi Tumca jer kidev sagrZnoblad CamorCeba yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynebisas,72

aSkarad sWarbobs evrogerTianebis nebismieri axali wevrisas (sloveniis garda). qveyanamsoflios teqnologiuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi lideria. is mecnierebaze mSp-s iseTivewils xarjavs, rogorc, magaliTad, germania, milion mosaxleze samecniero-kvleviTsaqmianobaSi dakavebulTa raodenobiT mas me-16 adgili ukavia dedamiwaze, eqsportSimaRalteqnologiuri produqciis wiliT — me-5, xolo 100 mosaxleze internetismomxmarebelTa raodenobiT mesame.amave dros, Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad gamodgeba am qveynis ganviTarebis friadspecifikuri modeli sxvebisaTvis. etyoba nebismieri qveynis ganviTareba unikaluria.gasaziareblad aq mxolod Secdomebi gamodgeba, xolo warmatebis miRwevis gzebinebismierma qveyanam sakuTari unda eZebos.rogorc Cans, qveynis warmatebuli ekonomikuri ganviTareba da globalur ekonomikursivrceSi integracia, aRmosavleTi aziis regionSi mainc, naklebadaa damokidebuli imaze,Tu ramdenad demokratiulia is. mTavaria, arsebobdes efeqturi mTavroba, romelsacswored esmis Tavisi qveynis interesebi, SeuZlia am codnis safuZvelze konkretulimoqmedebis gegmis SemuSaveba da mosaxleobis mobilizeba am gegmebis sarealizaciod.ramdenad misabaZia es magaliTi am friad specifikuri regionis farglebs gareT, ZnelisaTqmelia. erTaderTi magaliTi, rodesac qveynis ekonomikuri aRorZineba moxdadiqtaturis pirobebSi, Cilea pinoCetis mmarTvelobis periodSi. magram aq saxelmwifoTiTqmis mTlianad iyo gamoTiSuli ekonomikuri procesebidan da gardaqmnebi klasikurineoliberaluri modeliT midioda. garda amisa, Cilem gaatara mTeli rigi ekonomikurireformis RonisZiebebisa, romelTa didi nawilic saerTod arsad msoflioSi argamoyenebula, m.S. TviT SeerTebul StatebSic. amasTan erTad, Ciles ekonomikuriwarmateba didwiladaa damokidebuli mis rogorc msoflioSi spilenZis erT-erTi wamyvanimwarmoeblis rolze. ramdenad madgradi SeiZleba iyos misi ekonomika am nedleulzemsoflio bazris fasebis mkveTri dacemis SemTxvevaSi Zneli saTqmelia (aziur vefxvebs,gansxvavebiT Cilesagan, sasargeblo wiaRiseuli saerTod ar gaaCniaT. maTi ZiriTadikapitali socialuria).yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi, ekonomikuri reformebis mcdeloba diqtaturisa, da amprocesis saxelmwifos mier uSualod marTvis pirobebSi, adre Tu gvian katastrofiTmTavrdeba, risi magaliTis gamonaxvac SesaZlebelia igive samxreTi amerikis nebismieriqveynis meoce saukunis meore naxevris istoriaSi.mTlianobaSi warmatebuli sabazro reformebis magaliTebi gviCveneben, rom farTodgavrcelebuli cbieri dasavluri mevaxSeebis SiSi, romlebic sisxls swoven ubedurganviTarebad qveynebs, rbilad rom vTqvad, sakmaod gazviadebulia. praqtikulad nebismierganviTarebad qveyanas, romelsac gaaCnia efeqturi, Zlieri, motivirebuli mTavroba,SeuZlia miuCinos saerTaSoriso donor organizaciebs is adgili, romelic maT wesiTa darigiT unda ekavoT — fulis gamsesxeblisa da damxmaris, da ara ganviTarebis mokarnaxis.efeqturi mTavroba ar niSnavs maincdamainc, rom is gamWirvale da arakorumpirebuliunda iyos — msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom es Tvisebebi naklebadaa dakavSirebulisaxelmwifo marTvis efeqturobasTan. uaRresad sufTa da gamWirvale mTavrobaSesaZlebelia sakmaod araefeqturi gamodges, da, piriqiT — aragamWirvale dakorumpirebuli — efeqturi.ganviTarebis transferi sazogadod ormxrivi moZraobis quCis saxiT gvevlineba. arcerT ganviTarebul qveyanas da/an donor organizacias ar ZaluZs Tavze moaxvios nebismierganviTarebad qveyanas raRaca saxis pozitiuri gardaqmnebi, Tu es ukanaskneli mzad ar arisgaiTavisos isini anda, Tu (da es ufro mniSvnelovania) adgilobrivi mmarTveli elitaaseTebSi an realurad dainteresebuli ar aris, an imdenad sustia, rom maTi marTva arSeuZlia.wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi aweseben ganviTarebis transferis wesebsa da pirobebsgamomdinare sakuTari ganviTarebis prioritetebidan da arsebuli problemebis xedvidan.bunebrivia maT surT, rom danarCenma msofliomac daafuZnos sakuTari ganviTareba amwesebsa da pirobebze. meore mxriv, ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebis uSualopasuxismgeblobaa miiRon saRi gadawyvetilebebi maTi qveynebisaTvis SesaferisiganviTarebis modelebis Taobaze, ganixilon, Seafason, gadaaxalison da danergonarsebuli ganviTarebis modelebi, anda SeimuSavon sakuTari, originaluri modelebi.arc erT globalur moTamaSes ar Seswevs unari miiRos gadawyvetilebebi am mTavrobebisnacvlad, miT umetes, mas ar Seswevs unari gaakeTos es regionalur anda globalur doneze.pirdapir ucxour kapitaldabandebasa Tu ganviTarebis daxmarebas SeuZlia, ukeTesSemTxvevaSi, ganviTarebis winapirobebis Seqmna, mas ar SeuZlia, ganviTarebis procesis,73

ogorc aseTis, uzrunvelyofa. Tu ama Tu im qveyanas TviTon ar Seswevs unari danergos daganaxorcielos ganviTarebis politika, nebismieri gareSe daxmareba wyalSi Caiyreba.rasakvirvelia, Tu ganviTarebul msoflios aucileblad esaWiroeba ama Tu imganviTarebadi qveyanis warmatebuli ekonomikuri transformacia rogorc gamonaklisi, masprincipSi SeuZlia amis gakeTeba. magram praqtikulad es niSnavs aseT qveyanaSi uSualokoloniuri mmarTvelobis SemoRebas amasTan dakavSirebuli yvela naklebad saxarbieloSedegiT. Tanac es procesi nebismier SemTxvevaSi moiTxovs am qveynis mosaxleobisaganTanamSromlobis minimalur dones mainc (is am transformaciis process aqtiurwinaaRmdegobas mainc ar unda uwevdes) da sakmaod grZelvadiania. rogorc samxreTi koreismagaliTi gviCvenebs, idealurTan miaxloebul pirobebSic ki mas aranaklebi saukunismeoTxedisa esaWiroeba.konkretuli SemTxveva (Case Study) 3 — terorizmi — msoflio politikis axali ZiriTadimoTamaSe?miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs terorizmis sazogadod aRiarebuli ganmarteba, isSeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc Zaladobrivi qmedeba, romelic mimarTulia sazogadoebisnawilis, mTlianad sazogadoebisa Tu xelisuflebis dasaSineblad. 133 Sesabamisadteroristuli qmedeba isea gaTvlili droSi da iseTi saxiT igegmeba, rom gamoiwviosmaqsimaluri SiSi da aRSfoTeba sazogadoebaSi. misi mizani SeiZleba isicaa, rom gamoiwviosxelisuflebis Seusabamo, gazviadebuli reaqcia. Sesabamisad terorizmis Zala(gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi) isaa, rom is yuradReba, romelsac mas uTmobenSeSinebuli moqalaqeebi, xolo maTi dawoliT mTavrobebic, Seusabamoa im muqarisa,romelsac is warmoadgens arsebuli politikuri da socialuri wes-wyobilebisadmi.Zalze Znelia “namdvili” terorizmisa da magaliTad ucxouri saokupacio Zalisadmilegaluri SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis garCeva. am ori saxis qmedeba xSirad erTmaneTissinonimebad gvevlineba, zogjer aseTi Canacvleba mizanmimarTulia. etyoba umjobesiiqneboda gagvesazRvra rogorc teroristuli mxolod is qmedeba, romelic mSvidobianimosaxleobis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli da gverdze gadavdoT jarisa Tu policiiswinaaRmdeg mimarTuli nebismieri qmedeba, romelic SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros rogorcSearaRebuli winaaRmdegoba Tu ajanyeba. Sesabamisad 2004 wels beslanSi (ruseTi) skolaSiCeCeni boevikebis mier mZevlebis ayvana rasakvirvelia ganisazRvreba rogorc terorizmi,xolo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis nawilis SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma samarTaldamcavorganoebze nalCikSi 2005 terorizmis kvalifikaciaSi ukve aRar jdeba.farTodaa gavrcelebuli warmodgena imis Taobaze, rom terorizmi aris tradiciulisaSualeba, romelsac iyeneben sustebi, damcirebulebi da gariyulebi (an isini, vinc Tavis TavsaseTebad Tvlian) Tavisi damcirebisadmi sajaro yuradRebis mipyrobis mizniT. maTTvis, vincebrZvis Tavisze Seudareblad ufro Zlier mowinaaRmdeges, terorizmi warmoadgensZaladobis iaraRs, romelsac SeuZlia ase Tu ise gaawonasworos mxareTa saSualebebi.meore mxriv, ukmayofilebisa da marginalizaciis gansazRvruli pirobebi SeiZlebaarsebobdes nebismier sazogadoebaSi, rogori ganviTarebuli da stabiluric ar unda iyosis. aqedan gamomdinare, terorizmi SeiZleba aRmocendes faqtiurad nebismier adgilas,gansakuTrebiT, Tu arsebobs raime saxis ideologia (religiuri Tu saero) romlisinterpretaciac principlad SesaZlebelia ise, rom gaamarTlos terorizmi.rogorc 1960-70-iani wlebis dasavleT evropuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs,ganviTarebuli demokratiuli sazogadoebis arseboba, sadac nebismier moqalaqes SeuZliaTavisuflad gamoxatos misi protesti demokratiuli proceduris CarCoebSi, ar xdis aseTsazogadoebas Seuvals terorizmisaTvis. nebismier sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba arsebobdnenmarginaluri pirovnebebi, an maTi jgufebi, romlebic legaluri saprotesto procedurisfarglebSi mainc ver gaxdebian sakmarisad cnobilebi, rom miipyroben sazogadoebis imdeniyuradReba, romelic maT ambiciebs daakmayofilebs. amitom maT SeuZliaT mimarTonterorizms sakuTari ideebis propagandis mizniT.terorizmi farTod gamoiyeneba politikur brZolaSi uZvelesi droidan, Tumca sakmaodmZlavr da efeqtur politikur iaraRad is me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan gadaiqca. esgamowveuli iyo ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtoris damTxveviT.pirveli — Tanamedrove komunikaciebis saSualebebisa da mas mediis gaCenam uaRresadgaaZliera terorizmis gavlena sazogadoebaze. erTi mxriv — teroristuli aqtebismimdinareobis Tu maTi Sedegebis operatiuli da TvalnaTlivi miwodebis xarjze, meoremxriv -teroristebis ideebis (xSirad uneblie) propagandiT da teroristebisadmisazogadoebis yuradRebis mipyrobiT, e.i. teroristebis miznebis faqtiuri realizaciiT. 13474

meore — Tanamedrove sabrZolo saSualebebi, romlebsac teroristuli aqtebisgansaxorcieleblad iyeneben, Zalian efeqturia da sakmaod mZlavri imisaTvis, romSeedaron Tanamedrove jaris SeiaraRebas. garda amisa, Tanamedrove samrewvelo Tuinfrastruqturul obieqtebs (gansakuTrebiT qimiur qarxnebs, atomur eleqtrosadgurebsda a.S.) “ubralo” avariis SemTxvevaSic ki SeuZliaT auracxeli ziani mioayenonadamianebsa Tu bunebriv garemos. Sesabamisad, isini ganixileba rogorc mimzidvelisamizneebi teroristebisaTvis, rac, agreTve, frid azviadebs terorizmis potenciulsafrTxes. rogorc 2001 11 seqtembris cnobilma movlenebma gviCvena, Tanamedrove sahaerosatransporto saSualebebic SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli rogorc uaRresad damangreveliteroristuli iaraRi.samagaliToa is Sedegi, romelic gamoiRo 2004 wlis martSi espaneTSi, madridis oTxrkinigzis sadgurSi aTi bombis afeTqebam. Aam teraqtis Sedegad, romelzec pasuxismgeblobaikisra alqaedas teroristulma dajgufebam, daiRupa 191 da daSavda aranaklebi 1400adamianisa. Mteraqtis mizezad dasaxelebuli iyo espaneTis mier aSS-s erayis okupaciismxardaWera da misi sajariso kontingentis monawileoba saomar moqmedebebSi am qveynisteritoriaze. amas mohyva espanelebis masobrivi protestebi, aSS mxardamWeri premierministrxose maria asnaris memarjvene-centristuli koaliciis damarcxeba sayovelTaoarCevnebze da 1300-kaciani espanuri sajariso kontingentis erayidan gayvana. garda amisa,espaneTisa da aSS urTierToba “gacivda” im donemde, rom aSS prezidentma j. buSma sakmaoddemonstraciulad ver gamoZebna dro mieRo satelefono milocvebi espaneTis axalipremier-ministr xose luis rodrige sapaterosagan meore saprezidento vadiT arCevasTandakavSirebiT, Tumca misi moucleloba ar gavrcelda yofil premierze. am SemTxvevaSiteroristebma miaRwies strategiul mizans, Tumca es absoluturi gamonaklisia da maTiaqtiurobis Sedegebi sazogadod bevrad ufro mokrZalebulia.mesame - terorizmi iafia, am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, tradiciulkontrteroristul RonisZiebebTan SedarebiT (sabrZolo saSualebebi, jaris/policiismomzadeba, samxedro da policiuri operaciebis warmarTva da a.S.). teroristebis miergamoyenebuli teqnologiebi SedarebiT martivia. vTqvaT asafeTqebeli nivTierebebisdasamzadeblad saWiro masalis SeZena SeiZleba nebismier sasoflo maRaziaSi (sasuqebi),saaTis meqanizmian bombSi gamoiyeneba Zveli sarecxis manqanebis taimerebi, distanciurimarTvis meqanizmebad — mobiluri telefonebis nawilebi. yvelaferi amis damzadebisa Tugamoyenebis instruqciebi internetSia ganTavsebuli. teroristuli aqtebis SemsruleblebisaWiroeben minimalur momzadebas, an SesaZloa araviTari specialuri momzadebasaerTod ar gaaCndeT. ubralod Seudarebelia is adamianuri resursebi, romelic ixarjebateroristuli aqtebis momzadebasa da realizaciaze, erTi mxriv, da terorizmTanbrZolaze, meore mxriv.2004 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi ruseTSi ganxorcielda teraqtebis seria, romelTaSedegad afeTqebuli iqna ori samgzavro TviTmfrinavi, moxda ori afeTqeba q.MmoskovSi dabolos Crdilo oseTis q.Bbeslanis skolaSi mZevlebis (ZiriTadad bavSvebis) ayvana. amukanaskneli teraqtis Sedegad daiRupa 338 adamiani, maT Soris 171 bavSvi, 600-ze metidaSavebuli miyvanili iyo saavadmyofoebSi, uSualod teraqtis Semdeg. cnobili CeCeniteroristis Samil basaevis gancxadebiT, romelmac Tavis Tavze aiRo am teraqtebis seriisorganizacia — “TviTmfrinavebis afeTqeba damijda oTxi aTasi dolari, kaSirskaiaze dametrosTan — Svidi aTasi dolari, xolo operacia “nord-vesti” (beslani — avtori) — rvaaTasi evro. 135damatebiTi Sedareba (es uSualod terorizms ar exeba, magram axlos dgas masTan) —cnobili indoeli damnaSavis — vierrapanis winaaRmdeg Tamilnadus Statis mTavroba aTiwlis manZilze atarebda specoperacias, romelSic regularuli policiuri danayofebisgarda monawileobda 500-kaciani specdaniSnulebis razmi, romelsac mxolod maszenadiroba evaleboda da Tavidanve amisaTvis iyo Camoyalibebuli. misi likvidaciismomentisaTvis 2004 wlis oqtomberSi am operaciaze pirdapirma danaxarjebma 10 miliondolars miaRwia. 136terorizmi ryvnis. TviT aseTi moZraobis logika, romelic dafuZnebulia udanaSauloadamianebis ganadgurebasa da daSinebaze, ewinaaRmdegeba nebismier sazogadoebaSimiRebuli moralis yvelaze elementarul normebs. is yovelTvis negatiuri moraluri79

muxtis matarebelia. teroristul moZraobebs saTaveSi dasawyisSi xSirad udgananidealistebi, romlebic an ganicdian “demoralizacias” (ubralod kargaven adamianurTvisebebs) an/da nadgurdebian ufro pragmatuli konkurentebis mier, romlebic saerTodarafrad agdeben sazogadoebriv morals. saboloo jamSi, nebismieri teroristulimoZraoba xdeba marginalebisa da damnaSaveebis TavSesafari, romelTac marTavenamoraluri politikuri manipulatorebi. Aamave dros, aseTi mdgomareobis Seqmnaze xSiradaranakleb pasuxismgeblebi arian isini, vinc aiZulebs politikur mowinaaRmdegeebsbrZolis aseT ukidures meTods mimarTon. 137 nebismieri teroristuli organizaciaagreTve iyenebs kriminalur meTodebs rogorc moqmedebisaTvis saWiro finansebisa daiaraRis mosapoveblad, ise mxardamWerebis mosazidad (SantaJi). amitom zRvari nebismierteroristul organizaciasa da kriminalur samyaros Soris adre Tu gvian iSleba.imis gamo, rom terorizmis mTavari mizania gamoiwvios maqsimaluri SiSi da aRSfoTebasazogadoebaSi, is xSirad misi samizne xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebis mier ganixilebarogorc naklebad azriani, iracionaluri. moTxovnebi, romelsac teroristebi ayeneben,xSirad principulad Seusrulebadia, maSinac ki, rodesac xelisufleba mzad aris isinidaakmayofilos. Sesabamisad konfliqtebis mogvarebis tradiciuli, racionaluri gzebi,romelsac mimarTavs Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoeba, naklebad Wris terorizmTanmimarTebaSi.terorizmTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi mTavari problema isaa, rom is sazogadodganixileba rogorc damoukidebeli movlena da Sesabamisad xdeba masTan brZolisorganizacia. sinamdvileSi terorizmi warmoadgens bevrad ufro farTo da rTulisocialuri, ekonomikuri, ideologiuri Tu politikuri problemebis nakrebis gamovlenas,SeiZleba iTqvas - warmoadgens am problemebis gadaWris eqstremalur saSualebas.Tumca teroristebi iSviaTad aRweven Tavis gamocxadebul miznebs, maTi calkeuliqmedebebis ganuzraxveli Sedegebic ki zogjer iwveven mniSvnelovan cvlilebebskacobriobis ganviTarebaSi. ase magaliTad, movlenaTa jaWvma, romelic mohyva Wleqianiserbi studentis gavrila principis mier 1914 wlis zafxulSi q. saraevoSi (bosnia) avstriaungreTisercgercogis mkvlelobas, saboloo jamSi, pirveli msoflio omi gamoiwvia.teroristebi TviTon sakmaod iSviaTad modian xelisuflebaSi, magram xSirad xelsuwyoben xelisuflebaSi iseTi pirovnebebisa Tu organizaciebis mosvlas, romlebicsaboloo jamSi maTze met eqstremistebad gvevlinebian. 138 ase magaliTad, teroristulmaorganizaciam, romelic socialist-revolucionerebis (eserebis) saxeliT iyo cnobili,gadamwyveti roli Seasrula 1917 wlis oqtomberSi ruseTSi xelisuflebaSi bolSevikebismosvlaSi, yvela Tanmxlebi SedegiT, romelic kacobriobam Tavis Tavze ganicada me-20saukunis Svid aTeul welze metis ganmavlobaSi. 139zemoT aRweril orive SemTxvevaSi teroristul aqtiurobas mohyva globaluricvlilebebi, romlebic Tavisi masStabebiT aSkarad Seusabamo iyo konkretuli qmedebisuSualo Sedegebisa. es upirveles yovlisa gviCvenebs terorizmis saSiSroebas imSemTxvevaSi, Tu sazogadoeba mTlianad, da, upirveles yovlisa, marTvis organoebi,adekvaturad ar aRiqvamen terorizmis saSiSroebas, ar gaaCniaT masTan brZolis efeqturimeqanizmebi da rac yvelaze uaresia — cdiloben moklevadiani politikuri mogebismisaRwevad gamoiyenon konkretuli teroristuli aqtebis Sedegebi (avstria-ungreTi 1914wels).Tanamedrove terorizmi SesaZlebelia daiyos or friad gansxvavebul nawilad. pirvelialokaluri terorizmi, romelic umetes SemTxvevaSi gamomdinareobs sxvadasxva saxiserovnul ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobebidan da warmoadgens am moZraobebis aralegalur(da amoralur) nawils, Tumca es moZraobebi rogorc aseTi xSirad legalizebuliaSesabamisi saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT. meore nawilia terorizmis is nairsaxeoba,romelic dRes moixsenieba rogorc saerTaSoriso (zogjer globaluri) terorizmi dasazogadod globaluri safrTxis matarebelad aRiqeba.adgilobrivi terorizmi ama Tu im saxiT warmodgenilia praqtikulad yvelgandedamiwaze. is sakmaod farTod iyo gavrcelebuli dasavleT evropaSi 1960-1970-ianwlebSi, ZiriTadad rogorc marqsistuli eqstremizmi (italiaSi, germaniasa dasaberZneTSi) da dResac latentur fazaSia warmodgenili espaneTsa da did britaneTSi(Crdilo irlandia), sadac adgilobrivi erovnuli umciresobebis (Sesabamisad baskebisa dairlandielebis) eqstremisti warmomadgenlebi aseTi gziT ibrZvian maTTvis misaRebiTviTgamorkvevis modelis gansaxorcieleblad.saerTod lokaluri terorizmis (Tugind Zalian aqtiuri) CaxSoba Tu ara, nawilobrivganeitraleba mainc Tanamedrove msoflioSi ver xerxdeba ZiriTadad imitom, rom imaT,visac am sakiTxis mogvareba exeba (ZiriTadad Sesabamisi qveynebis mTavrobebi) an ar80

SeuZliaT, an ar awyobT efeqturi RonisZiebebis gatareba. es, magaliTad, Seexebaterorizms qaSmirSi (indoeTi) an Sri-lankaze, alJirSi, TurqeTSi, ruseTSi - CrdilokankasiaSi. 140iq, sadac xelisuflebas undoda da unari Seswevda terorizmTan ebrZola, magaliTad,evropaSi, man upasuxa teroristul gamowvevebs Zalismieri policiuri meTodebis,antiteroristuli propagandis, molaparakebisa da mosyidvis kombinaciiT. Sedegadmarqsistuli terori evropaSi saerTod aRmoifxvra, xolo baskuri da Crdiloirlandiuli teroristebi Cayenebulebi arian iseT mdgomareobaSi, rodesac isiniformalurad mainc uars amboben brZolis Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebaze.miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi aseTi konfliqti aTwleulebs moiTvlis, maTi uSualogavlena iSviaTad scildeba im qveynebsa Tu regionebs, sadac isini viTardeba. Tu aseTebizogjer ganixileba rogorc globaluri teroris nawili, es imitom xdeba, rom zogierTmTavrobebs, maTi viwro interesebidan gamomdinare, awyobT maTi am saxiT warmodgena. esmosazreba SesaZlebelia gavrceldes iseT gZleladian da gaxmaurebul konfliqtze,rogoricaa palestina-israelis.es konfliqti Tavisi arsiT Zalian tipuria da Tanamedrove msoflioSi erT-erT yvelazegavrcelebul konfliqtTa ricxvs miekuTvneba. 141 am dros is adgili, romelic mas ukaviamsoflio politikuri urTierTobebis sistemaSi, aSkarad ar Seesabameba mis realursirTulesa da gamovlinebis intensiurobas.daaxloebiT sami aTeuli wlis manZilze mas erT-erTi centraluri adgili ekavaSeerTebuli Statebisa da sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobaTa sistemaSi, romlebic mxarsuWerdnen konfliqtis mowinaaRmdege mxareebs — Sesabamisad israelsa da palestinelarabebs (rogorc dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan Cans, ZiriTadad erTmaneTis jibriT).dResac, ssrk-s wasvlis Semdeg msoflio asparezidan, am konfliqts daaxloebiT iseTiveadgili ukavia aSS-sa da mTlianad musulmanuri samyaros urTierTobebSi. es konfliqti,agreTve, warmoadgens saerTaSoriso teroristuli moZraobis erT-erT mTavar winapirobasda misi arsebobisa da ganviTarebis sababs.Tanamedrove biznes-terminologiiT rom visargebloT, xdeba am konfliqtis reitingissakmaod xelovnuri gazrda lokalur/regionaluridan, vidre subglobaluramde, xolomisi gamwvavebis periodebSi globalur donemdec.Sesabamisad izrdeba mis mogvarebaSi monawileobis miRebis msurvel subieqtTa ricxvic,romelTaganac yoveli piradi, egoisturi interesebidan gamomdinare moqmedebs. aseTidaitereseba bunebrivia mkveTrad amcirebs konfliqtis mogvarebis Sansebs.magaliTisaTvis, bevr arab xelisufals principSi awyobs am konfliqtis arseboba, Tugindimitom, rom is uqmnis SesaZleblobas, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gadaitanos sakuTari “quCis”yuradReba mougvarebeli saSinao problemebidan.ebraul-palestinulma konfliqtma ramdenime friad sayuradRebo Sedegi gamoiRo —1. kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli (uneblied) erovnulimSeneblobis proeqtis realizacia — palestinuri eris Camoyalibeba erTmaneTTan xSiradnaklebad dakavSirebul arabTa jgufebidan, romlebic ZiriTadad SromiTi migrantebiTYiyvnenwarmoadgenilebi. israelis saxelmwifos Casaxvis momentisaTvis maT izidavda amregionSi SesaZleblobebi, romelTac qmnida palestinaSi ebraeli mosaxleebis mieriniciirebuli ekonomikuri ganviTareba. 1947 wels arabuli palestina, palestineliarabebi, mxolod gaeros vai-strategebis warmodgenaSi Tu arsebobdnen.2. Semoiyvana adgilobriv politikaSi damatebiTi moTamaSe, romelic istoriulad aq ariyo warmodgenili da saerTo araferi hqonda arc regionTan da arc mimdinarekonfliqtTan. esaa irani, romlis interesebsac aq radikaluri SiiTuri moZraoba hizballawarmoadgens. es moZraoba yvelaferTan erTad faqtiurad gansazRvravs formaluraddamoukidebeli libanis bed_iRbals (gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac aSS-m 2005 welsaiZula sirielebi es qveyana daetovebinaT) da etyoba potenciurad meti destabilizaciisSetana SeuZlia am regionSi, vidre nebismier radikalur palestinul moZraobas.3. Semoitana palestinur winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi islamuri faqtori, romelicgasuli saukunis 1980-iani wlebis Sua wlebamde aq saerTod ar iyo warmodgenili.Ppalestinuri organizaciebi an nacionalisturi, an memarcxene mimarTulebis iyvnen.islamuri winaaRmdegobis moZraoba hamasi — dResdReobiT yvelaze gavleniani aseTidajgufeba — mxolod 1987 wels daarsda (rogorc Cans israelis uSiSroebis samsaxurebismonawileobiT, romlebic islamistebSi nakleb saSiSroebas xedavdnen, vidre sabWoTakavSiris mfarvelobis qveS myof faThis moZraobaSi, romelsac iasir arafati edgasaTaveSi). daaxloebiT amave dros Seiqmna aseve Seurigebeli islamuri jihadic. amas,81

agreTve mohyva, Tavis droze sakmaod mravalricxovani da gavleniani adgilobriviqristiani arabebis marginalizacia da maTi SesamCnevi nawilis palestinidan gandevna.es konfliqti imiTicaa friad gamwvavebuli, rom israelma airCia 1967 wlis eqvsdRianiomis Sedegad dapyrobili palestinuri teritoriebis marTvis misTvis aSkarad yvelazewamgebiani scenari. man aq naxevrad koloniuri, okupaciuri mmarTvelobis reJimi daawesa,romelic ukve TiTqmis oTxi aTeuli welia xorcieldeba mdinare iordanis dasavleTsanapirosa da e.w. Razas seqtorSi.1970-iani wlebidan mimdinareobs am teritoriebis saukeTeso nawilebis miTviseba da iqebrauli dasaxlebebis mSenebloba. ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze amas daemataarabebisa da ebraelebis gamyofi 6 metris simaRlis kedlis mSenebloba. is formaluradaRiarebul 1967 wlis israelis sazRvars ar emTxveva da sakmaod dasabuTebuladpalestinuri teritoriis nawilis aneqsiis mcdelobad aRiqmeba (m.S. gaerosa da haagissaerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier).2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis daaxloebiT 250 aTasi ebraeli cxovrobda md. iordanisdasavleT sanapiroze mdebare 125 oficialurad aRiarebul dasaxlebaSi (arsebobs agreTveuamravi araoficialuri dasaxleba). damatebiT 180 aTasi cxovrobda aRmosavleTi ierusalimisaneqsirebul ubnebSi da daaxloebiT 16 aTasi holanis simaRleebze. 142formalurad am teritoriebze arsebobs e.w. palestinuri avtonomia (1994 wlidan) -ganuviTarebeli ekonomikiT, susti socialuri infrastruqturiT, mZime demografiulisituaciiT, mosaxleobis masobrivi siRaribiT da rac mTavaria, uaRresad araefeqturi dakorumpirebuli mmarTvelobiT, romlis funqcionireba mTlianad ucxour daxmarebazeadamokidebuli. faqtiurad palestinuri saxelmwifo Canacvlebulia ramdenime mowinaaRmdege,farulad an Riad teroristuli organizaciebis uxaliso gaerTianebiT, romelTacerTmaneTTan Ria omisagan mxolod erTiani mtris arseboba akavebs.aseT warmonaqms principulad ar SeuZlia uzrunvelyos raime saxis socialuri dauSiSroebis garantiebi mosaxleobisaTvis, romelic yvelaferTan erTad ganicdis (rogorcminimum) yoveldRiuR abuCad agdebasa da damcirebas, rac nebismieri okupaciuri reJimisTanmxlebi movlenaa. Sesabamisad, aq socialuri (da eTnikuri) daZabulobis done ZalzemaRalia — e.i. arsebobs is garemo, romelic masobrivad ubiZgebs adamianebs (gansakuTrebiTaxalgazrdebs) terorizmisaken.ZalTa obieqturi uTanabroba israelsa da palestinas Soris imdenad didia, rom teroripalestinelebis erTaderTi politikuri argumentia, romelzec israelis mxare reagirebasaxdens. faqtobrivad, “rasac sionisti eqstremistebi akeTebdnen Tavis drozebritanelebis palestinidan gansadevnad, palestineli eqstremistebi Cadian ebraelebismimarT”. 143imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom israelis jari da uSiSroebis samsaxurebi dResdReobiTyvelaze efeqturia dedamiwaze, teraqtebi israels minimalur UuSualo zians ayeneben.magram xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi teroristuli aqtiurobis mizanmimarTuli,sistematuri gamoyeneba mkveTrad zrdis mis efeqturobas.rac dro gadis, palestinuli terorizmi, okupirebuli teritoriebis Zalismierikontroli da amasTan dakavSirebuli msxverpli da socialuri daZabuloba israelisaTbissul ufro naklebad misaRebi da mosaTmeni xdeba.Sedegad, daaxloebiT 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, Tavi iCina movlenam, romelsacSeiZleba “kolonializmis sindromi” davarqvaT.palestinuri teritoriebis okupaciisa, da gansakuTrebiT iq arsebuli ebraulidasaxlebebis uSiSroebisa da sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebis uzrunvelsayofad gaweulixarjebi (pirvel rigSi socialuri), aRar baTildeba am teritoriebis kontrolidan miRebulimogebiT, romlis gamarTlebac Tugind sionizmis poziciebidan iqneboda SesaZlebeli.faqtiurad israeli daRala am okupaciam, romelic ZiriTadad emsaxureba misimosaxleobis yvelaze eqstremistuli umciresobis miswrafebebs, romelic moiTxovs amteritoriebis de iure Tu de faqto aneqsias. 144israels saswrafod sWirdeba arabebTan daSoriSoreba, agreTve, elementaruli demografiulifaqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. okupirebuli teritoriebis mosaxleobis zrdistempi 1.5-jer aRemateba israelisas, m.S. palestineli qalebis fertilurobis maCvenebeliorjer ufro maRalia, vidre israelSi mcxovrebebis (sadac maRali fertilurobiT isevadgilobrivi arabebi gamoirCevian). israelis ebrauli mosaxleoba ZiriTadad garedanCamosaxlebuli migrantebis xarjze izrdeboda, magram aseTi migrantebis ukanasknelimniSvnelovani wyaro yofili sabWoTa respublikebis saxiT jer kidev 1990-ian wlebSi82

amoiwura.cnobili ebraeli moRvawe, “niu-iork Taimsis” mimomxilveli Tomas fridmani jer kidev2002 wels werda — “daSoriSorebis gareSe 2010 wlisaTvis israelsa da okupirebulteritoriebze icxovrebs meti arabi, vidre ebraeli. aseT pirobebSi israels eqneba samiarCevani: israelelebi gaakontroleben mTel am teritorias afarTeidis saSualebiT, angaakontroleben mas palestinelebis gandevniT, an mianiWeben palestinelebs xmis uflebas,ris Semdegac ebrauli saxelmwifo aRar iarsebebs. rogorc ar unda ganviTardes movlenebi,es niSnavs israelis, rogorc ebrauli demokratiis aRsasruls”. 145aqedan gamomdinare, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi am konfliqtis gagrZeleba awyobTpalestinel arabebs. etyoba amitom maTi xelmZRvaneloba mravali wlis manZilze axerxebsisraelTan realur dialogze uaris Tqmas. mas mSvenivrad esmis, rom dro palestinelebzemuSaobs.rogorc Cans, palestinis xelmZRvanelebisaTvis misaRebia is msxverpli, romelsacganicdis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba teraqtebis sapasuxod israelis mier Catarebulisadamsjelo operaciebis Sedegad (yvelaze warmatebuli teroristuli aqtiurobisperiodis drosac ki erT daRupul ebraelze daaxloebiT sami arabi modis). samagierod esmsxverpli uzomod zrdis arabebis siZulvils israelis mimarT da axdens maTkonsolidacias sxvadasxva juris adgilobrivi teroristuli organizaciebis garSemo.saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba, romelic dRes aq aSS-s, evrogaerTianebis, ruseTisa dagaeros saxiTaa warmodgenili, am konfliqtis mogvarebaSi veraviTar konstruqciul rolsver TamaSobs. mis Carevas ar mohyva konfliqtis mogvarebis raime realisturi gegma,romelic SesaZlebelia israels awyobdes, man ver/an ar moaxdina raime efeqturi dawolamowinaaRmdege mxareebze im mizniT, rom moegvarebinaT konfliqti im pirobebiT, romelicSesaZlebelia am sazogadoebas awyobdes. 146amave dros, realurad, mxolod israels SeuZlia (da saswrafod sWirdeba), TugindZalismieri gziT, am konfliqtis sabolood mogvareba Tu ara, sxva, “ufro mosaTmen”xarisxSi misi gadayvana (miT umetes Tu mas mxars aSS aubams). Tumca ukanasknel dromde, arcpalestinelebTan daSoriSorebis realuri gegma, arc mainc da mainc amis survili, arcaseTi nabijis aucileblobis Segneba TviT israels gaaCnda.mxolod 2005 wels israelis maSindelma premier-ministrma ariel Saronma, miuxedavadudidesi winaaRmdegobisa, moaxdina ebraelTa dasaxlebebis Zalismieri evakuacia Razisseqtoridan, sadac 1 300 aTasi arabiT garSemortymuli, cxovrobda 8.5 aTasi ebraeli, damd. iordanis dasavleTi napiris nawilidan. 2006 wlis dasawyisSi premier-ministrma equdolmertma, agreTve, dagegma aseTi dasaxlebebis umetesi nawilis gayvana iudeidan dasamariidan. Tumca Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad Sors wava israeli am mimarTulebiT.2005 wels, 2006 wlis dasawyisSi, israelisa da palestinelebis urTierTobaSi strategiuligardatexa moxda. rogorc ar unda ganviTardes movlenebi SemdgomSi, israeliiZulebuli gaxda calmxriv daTmobebze wasuliyo, gamoecxadebina palestinelebTanuSualo Sexebis zonis mkveTri Semcirebis, misTvis perspeqtivaSi ufro usafrTxoteritoriuli konfiguraciis Ziebis survili.israeli am nabijis gadadgmaze aiZula faqtorebis mTelma kompleqsma, romelTa nawiliczemoT iyo aRwerili. am faqtorebSi terorizms erT-erTi, Tumca mniSvnelovani adgiliukavia. amave dros palestinelebis gadmosaxedidan swored terorizmia is argumenti,romelsac maTTvis warmateba moaqvs israelTan urTierTobaSi. aman maT (da ara marto maT)SeiZleba Seuqmnas iluzia, rom terorizmis gamoyeneba politikur urTierTobebSi(lokalur doneze mainc) gamarTlebulia misi efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT. miT umetes, romkonkretul SemTxveva 1-Si aRwerili piramiduli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis modelidangamomdinare, es winaaRmdegobaSi ar modis am urTierTobebis organizaciis moTxovnilebebTan.saerTaSoriso terorizmi. sazogadod, e.w. saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamoCenas ukav-Sireben 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris cnobil movlenebs, rodesac arabi (ZiriTadad saudisarabeli) fanqris saTleli gamosawev piriani danebiT SeiaraRebulma teroristebis mcirejgufma moaxerxa sami samgzavro TviTmfrinavis motaceba da maTi mimarTva niu-iorkisyvelaze maRal, msoflio savaWro centris “tyup” caTambjenebsa da pentagonis SenobazevaSingtonSi. 147 am dros mxolod niu-iorkSi 3173 adamiani daiRupa.am teraqtis uSualo gavlena saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaze mTlianad, da amerikulzepirvel rigSi, imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom xSirad laparakoben msoflioze 9/11-mde da mis83

Semdeg. sinamdvileSi es ar iyo arc pirveli teroristuli aqti, ganxorcielebuli aSS-steritoriaze islamistebis mier, arc pirveli mizanmimarTuli aqti uSualod amerikuliinteresebis winaaRmdeg msoflioSi.amerikelebma sakmaod bevri gaakeTes imisaTvis, rom gamoewviaT eqstremistiislamistebis siZulvili. mxolod is, rom aSS aTwleulebis manZilze faqtiurad gamodisisraelis usafrTxoebisa da arsebobis garantad, iyo iranis Sahis reJimis yvelaze aqtiurimokavSire, daafuZna samxedro bazebi arabuli qveynebis teritoriaze, sakmaris sababsiZleoda imisaTvis, rom eqstremistebs maT winaaRmdeg emoqmedaT.n. fergusonis azriT, teroristebis Semobruneba amerikis, rogorc maTi aqtiurobisobieqtisaken, moxda 1983 wlis aprilSi, rodesac ganxorcielda Tavdasxma aSS-is saelCozebeiruTSi (libani) — msxverpli 63 adamiani. 148 am teroristul aqts mohyva amerikelisazRvao fexosnebis yazarmebis afeTqeba imave wels iqve beiruTSi (241 daRupuli). amisSemdgomi mxolod msxvili teroristuli aqtebi amerikelebis winaaRmdeg moiTvlis — igivemsoflio savaWro centris afeTqebas 1993 wels, yazarmebis afeTqebas saudis arabeTSi 1996wels, aSS-is saelCoebze Tavdasxmebs keniasa da tanzaniaSi 1998 wels da bolos — Tavdasxmassaeskadro naRmosan “koulze” adenSi (iemeni) 2000 wels.sakvirveli am situaciaSi aris ara is, rom 9/11-s saerTod moxda, aramed is, rom aSSadministracia faqtiurad ar reagirebda maTi interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul yvelazemoT CamoTvlil teroristul aqtze. isic ki, rom teroristebs advilad SeeZloTsamgzavro TviTmfrinavis iaraRad gamoyeneba, mravali wlis win mxatvrul literaturaSiiyo aRwerili. 149 sakvirvelia, agreTve, rom amerikis specsamsaxurebs saerTod gamorCaT amteroristuli aqtis momzadeba, Tumca axalgazrda saudelebi, romlebic SeerTebulStatebSi safren skolebSi reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavis mxolod uSualod frenis drosmarTvas swavlobdnen, magram ara mis daSvebas, aSkarad maTi TvalTaxedvis areSi undamoxvedriliyvnen.garda amisa, amerikelebi, da maTi mibaZviT mTeli msoflio, saerTaSoriso terorizmisorganizaciasa da ganxorcielebas abraleben e.w. alqaedas teroristul dajgufebas,romelsac xelmZRvanelobs usama bin ladeni Tavisi samalavidan avRaneT-pakistanissazRvarze. Sesabamisad isini am tipis terorizmTan brZolas udgebian standartuli,mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi nacadi meTodebiT. 150sinamdvileSi saxeli alqaeda moigona aSS-s gamoZiebis federalurma biurom 1998 welsaRmosavleT afrikaSi amerikis saelCoebis afeTqebis mokvlevis procesSi. man is Searqvateroristebis sakmaod sustad organizebul jgufs, romlebic usama bin ladenis garSemoikribebodnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom raRaca saxiT es organizacia mainc Sedga, is arasodesar yofila saerTaSoriso teroristuli qseli, rogorc es sazogadod aris miCneuli.principSi, is ufro Soulobda dafinansebas mravalricxovani ukve arsebuli,damoukidebeli teroristuli organizaciebisaTvis, amyarebda kontaqtebs maT Soris,uwevda konsultaciebs da a.S. 151aSS-s mier avRaneTSi Catarebulma kontrteroristulma operaciebma principSi ZirigamouTxara alqaedas iqaur struqturebs, magram saerTaSoriso islamuri teroristulimoZraoba mas Semdeg ara mxolod ar Cacxra, piriqiT, bevrad ufro aqtiuri gaxda. aqfaqtiurad saqme gvaqvs radikalur saerTaSoriso ideologiasTan, romelsac iziarebenmravalricxovani organizaciebi da pirovnebebi islamur samyaroSi (gansakuTrebiT arabulqveynebSi). isini naklebad arian dakavSirebuli bin ladenTan, magram iziareben mis ideebsada brZolis meTodebs. israelis dazverva maT amitom “saerTaSoriso jihads” uwodebsalqaedas nacvlad. 152yvelaze problemuri am teroristul moZraobasTan mimarTebaSi isaa, rom misi arsebobismizezebi sakmaod arasworadaa gaazrebuli, rogorc samTavrobo, ise eqspertebis doneze.iTleba, rom islamistebi ZiriTadad cdiloben moigerion dasavleTis is agresia, romelicdaiwyo jer kidev jvarosnuli laSqrobebisa da kolonializmis dros da romelicmimarTulia islamis danawevrebisa da damcirebisken.aseTi midgoma sakmaod amartivebs situacias da damajereblad ver xsnis imas, ratomswiravs aTasobiT adamiani Tavs yoveldRiur daundobel brZolaSi. sionistebis, amerikeliimperialistebisa Tu mTlianad antiislamuri dasavleTisadmi siZulvili ar warmoadgenssakmaris motivacias im winaaRmdegobisa, romelsac ganviTarebuli msoflio islamursamyaroSi gadaeyara.sinamdvile bevrad ufro rTulia. saqme gvaqvs islamis, rogorc religiuri sistemis, da84

masze agebuli civilizaciis sistemur krizisTan, romlis erT-erTi, Tanac ara mTavarigamoxatuleba, terorizmia. sayuradReboa, rom islami, igive qristianobisagangansxvavebiT, ufro guldasmiT akontrolebs misi mimdevrebis socialur cxovrebasdawyebuli ojaxidan, damTavrebuli mTlianad sazogadoebiT. Tavis droze amanmniSvnelovani da dadebiTi roli iTamaSa Tanamedrove islamuri civilizaciisCamoyalibebaSi.islamis sistemuri krizisi daemTxva musulmanur qveynebSi demografiul afeTqebas,tradiciuli agraruli sazogadoebis moSlas, mosaxleobis masobriv migracias qalaqad, ammasebis mier moqmedebis tradiciuli orientirebis dakargvas, mis marginalizaciasa dalumpenizacias. tradiciuli islami im uamrav problemas, romelsac es xalxi gadaeyara,damajerebel pasuxs ver scems. amitom mis adgils ikavebs fundamentalizmi rogorc imadamianebis guldaujeroblobis gamoxatva, romlebmac religiis dakargva daiwyes. 153fundamentalizmi erTaderTi ideologiaa, romlis aRqmac am lumpenebs SeuZliaT,radganac is iZleva advilad aRsaqmel pasuxebs rTul kiTxvebze. 154 ras eubneba islamurifundamentalizmi Tavis mimdevrebs? — gavyaroT urjuloebi, CamovagdoT dasavleTislaqia xelisuflebi, CavacvaT qalebs hijabi, davsvaT saxlSi — aCinon bavSvebi, gaviyoTnavTobis fuli; Cven, namdvilma musulmanebma, vmarToT Cveni qveynebi da yvelaferi kargadiqneba. amas tradiciulad emateba konteqstidan amoglejili ramdenime gamoTqmayuranidan. esaa da es. magram dabneuli, marginalizirebuli, xSirad gaunaTlebeliadamianisaTvis es sakmarisia. igive bolSevikebma Tavisi mimdevrebi (ZiriTadad aseTivelumpenebi) aseTive donis demagogiiT aiyolies.problema isaa, rom meSvide saukunis Semdeg, rodesac islami daarsda, misi reformirebaar momxdara. amis Sedegad mravalricxovani qveynebi, sadac islami oficialuri religiaa,da misi aseul milionobiT mimdevari, xSirad cdiloben yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sityvasityviTmibaZon imas, rac yuranSi Caiwera 14 saukunis win. yuranis im mcnebaTa didiumetesoba, romlebic aregulirebs musulmanis yoveldRiur cxovrebas, e.w. ganviTarebulmsoflios mainc barbarosulad miaCnia. magaliTad, xelis mtevnis mokveTa qurdobisaTvisan sajarod qvebiT Caqolva ojaxuri RalatisaTvis, an sajarod Tavis mokveTa da Aa.S. bolosda bolos, islami arTmevs adamianis statuss da gamoTiSavs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidanmosaxleobis naxevars — qalebs. 155dRevandel globalizebul msoflioSi meSvide saukunis adaTebiT cxovrebis mcdelobaubralod ar aZlevs islamur qveynebs modernizaciis saSualebas — gansakuTrebiTsocialur da kulturul sferoebSi, Tavi rom davaneboT ekonomikas. faqtiurad arsebobsorad-ori gamonaklisi SedarebiT warmatebuli modernizaciisa islamur samyaroSi —TurqeTi da malaizia. TiTqmis yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi islamuri saxelmwifoebi sakmaodSors CamorCebian Tavis mezoblebs globalur konkurenciaSi.dRes islami dgas gardauvali reformebis winaSe, raTa warmatebiT Seagebos Tavisimrevli globalizaciis epoqis gamowvevebs. TavisTavad amaSi araferi arnaxuli anmiuRwevadi ar aris. igive procesi gaiara qristianobam reformaciis procesSi. gansxvavebaisaa, rom qristianuli (am SemTxvevaSi protestantul-qristianuli) reforma gamowveuliiyo maSindeli sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Sinagani logikiT. islamis SemTxvevaSi, manunda ganicados reforma, raTa Seewyos TamaSis wesebs, romlebic misma konkurentmareligiebma — qristianobam da iudaizmma daaweses, an dajabnos isini, Tu SesZlebs. amasTanerTad qristianobas SeeZlo daeTmo reformisaTvis imdeni dro, ramdenic sWirdeboda,islams es dro ubralod ar gaaCnia.zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, saqme gvaqvs srulfasovan civilizaciaTa konfliqtTan,romelSic islamuri mxare iZulebiT aqtiuri moTamaSis rolSi gamodis. es ki ukveTavisTavad globaluri masStabis da potenciurad SesaZlebelia globalizaciurimovlenaa.is, rom islamuri samyaros reaqcia am gardauval cvlilebebze, pirvel rigSi, masobrivifanatizmisa da terorizmis saxiT gamoixateba, gasakviri ar aris. es sistemis TavdacviTimeqanizmis amoqmedebis konkretuli gamovlinebaa. bolos da bolos kaTolikur evropaSireformis wina krizisi masobriv religiur isteriebsa da saRvTo inkviziciis SeqmnaSigamoixata.damatebiTi problema isaa, rom qristianuli reformacia uaRresad sisxliani iyo.danakargi, romelic ganicada evropam religiuri omebis dros, procentulad bevradaRemateba imas, rac man msoflio omebis dros ganicada. Tu islamuri reformacia (isgardauvalia da faqtiurad ukve midis) daaxloebiT igive scenariT ganviTarda, islamuri85

terorizmi iqneba msoflios politikuri peizaJis ganuyofeli nawili TvalsawiermomavalSi.islamis, rogorc religiis, da masze dafuZnebuli civilizaciis gardaqmna, warmoadgenserT-erT uiSviaTes gamonakliss, rodesac SeiZleba damajereblad iTqvas, rom is uSualodgamowveulia globalizaciuri procesebiT. Tumca saqme gvaqvs e.w. globalizaciisgauTvaliswinebel SedegebTan. Tu is yvelaze arasasurveli, sisxliani scenariTganviTarda, arsebobs Sansi imisa, rom man globalizaciis procesebi ukan Seabrunos;faqtiurad iTamaSos igive roli, rac pirvelma msoflio omma iTamaSa pirveliglobalizaciis mimarT.es procesi spontanuria da naklebad aris damokidebuli im adamianebis neba-survilze,romlebic masSi uSualod arian CaTreulebi, an visac es uSualod exeba islamuri samyarosgareT. misi gamovlena avtomaturad xdeba nebismier adgilas, sadac ki arsebobs islamurida nebismieri sxva faseulobebis sistemebs Soris winaaRmdegobis winapirobebi (realuriTu moCvenebiTi).aucilebeli ar aris es faseulobaTa sistemebi qristianuli iyos — friad daZabuli dakonfliqturia urTierToba musulmanebsa da induistebs Soris igive indoeTSi.konfliqturia urTierToba ,radikaluri islamis mimdevrebsa da umetesoba musulmanuriqveynebis saero mTavrobebs Soris, islamis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebis mimdevrebs Soris.is, rac dRes warmodgenilia rogorc [islamuri] saerTaSoriso terorizmi (ZiriTadadganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebisa da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis mier),mxolod SedarebiT mcire, Tumca friad gaxmaurebuli nawilia im ganuwyveteliwinaaRmdegobis, rac xdeba TviT musulmanur samyaroSi am religiis sxvadasxvamimarTulebis mimdevrebs, fundamentalistebsa da zomier musulmanebs Soris.sruliad ar aris aucilebeli islamur terorizms saorganizacio centri, Tu centrebigaaCndes. is aRmocendeba yvelgan, sadac ki arseboben daCagrulebi musulmanebi (an iseTebi,vinc Tavis Tavs daCagrulebad miiCneven), miT umetes, Tu aqve arseboben politikosebi,visac maTi marTva SeuZliaT sakuTari merkantiluri miznebis misaRwevad. amitomacaa, romzogierTi specialisti islamur terorizmTan brZolas amebis mokvlis mcdelobas adarebs.am arsebas Tavi saerTod ar gaaCnia da ramden nawiladac ar unda daWra is, yovelicalkeuli nawili sakuTari cxovrebiT iwyebs cxovrebas.londonSi 2005 wlis ivnisSi moxda teroristuli aqtebi, romlebSic 52 adamiani daiRupa.iq oTxma axalgazrda ingliselma musulmanma eqstremistuli islamisturi propagandisgavleniT CaTvales Tavi valdebulad SebrZolebodnen urjuloebs. romelime islamurdajgufebasTan yovelgvari kavSiris gareSe, internetidan mopovebuli informaciissafuZvelze maT gaakeTes asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebi, dagegmes da moawyes teraqti.yvelaferi es sul 500 girvanqa sterlingi dajda. saiteresoa, rom daaxloebiT imave drosaseTive teroristuli aqtebis mowyobas apirebda axalgazrdebis meore jgufic,romlebmac Tavis mizans ver miaRwies rogorc Cans imis gamo, rom maT mier igive internetSimopovebuli informacia asafeTwebeli mowyobilobebis damzadebis Taobaze naklebadsando gamodga.pirveli zari, romelic islamTan dakavSirebuli [globaluri] krizisis dawyebasmoaswavebda, gaisma 1979 wels iranSi. maSin aravin mixvda, Tu ram gamoiwvia radikaluriislamuri revolucia, Tumca misi forma, intensivoba da Sinaarsi aSkarad ar Seesabamebodaim obieqturad arsebul daZabulobas, romelic Seqmna am qveyanaSi Sahis reJimma. mohamedreza fexlevi, nebismieri TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod rbili mmarTveli iyo, xolo qveynismodernizaciis miseuli mcdeloba — sakmaod mokrZalebuli.es faqti Tavis droze Sesabamisad Sefasebuli ar iyo da iranis gakveTilebidan sworidaskvnebi ar iyo gakeTebuli. amas win uswrebda, Tu daemTxva, minimum sami sxvadasxvamasStabis procesi, romlebmac saboloo jamSi moitanes saerTaSoriso terorizmis iseTisaxiT Camoyalibeba, romliTac is dRes arsebobs:1. saudis arabeTi, romelsac gaaCnia msoflioSi udidesi navTobis rezervebi, amave drosxasiaTdeba dedamiwaze erT-erTi yvelaze arqauli, arademokratiuli da represiulimmarTveli reJimiT. im mizniT, rom ucvlelad SeenarCunebina qveyanaSi arsebulimmaTvelobis da, upirvelesad yovlisa, navTobis Semosavlebis ganawilebis sistema,gadaetana sakuTari mosaxleobis yuradReba amasTan dakavSirebul problemebidan, es86

eJimi mravali wlis manZilze xels uwyobda qveyanaSi fundamentalisturi,antidasavluri islamuri Sexedulebebis propagandas (m.S. formalurisaganmanaTleblo sistemis farglebSi). is agreTve didZal Tanxebs abandebda aseTiideebis propagandaSi qveynis gareT. faqtiurad saudelebi mizandasaxulad axdendneneqstremistuli islamuri Sexedulebebisa da teroristuli azrovnebis inkubaciasmsoflios sakmaod did nawilSi, m.S. wamyvan dasavlur qveynebSi.2. avRaneTSi 1979 wlis sabWoTa agresiis Semdeg aSS-ma didZali finansebi daabandaadgilobriv winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi, gauwia mas msxvilmasStabiani teqnikuridaxmareba. am daxmarebis sakmaod didi nawili xvdeboda adgilobrivi musulmanieqstremistebis xelSi, romelTac aSS aranakleb sZuldaT, vidre ssrk. aSS-smaSindelma umaRlesma politikurma xelmZRvanelobam (piradad prezidentma reiganma)amaze Tvali daxuWa moklevadiani pilitikuri interesebidan gamomdinare. Sedegadamas mohyva igive alqaedas Seqmna e.w. “avRaneli arabebis” saZmos safuZvelze. amprocesSi udidesi roli iTamaSa, agreTve, saudis arabeTis sagareo dazvervam princTurqi alfaisalis xelmZRvanelobiT da pakistanis uwyebaTaSoriso dazvervam,romelsac generali hamid guli meTaurobda. maSinve am pakistanulma uwyebam Seqmna damogvianebiT avRaneTis saTaveSi moiyvana Talibanis moZraoba.3. dasavleT evropis qveynebis mTavrobebma ar moindomes an ver moaxerxes daaxloebiT1960-iani wlebidan regionSi Casaxlebuli milionobiT musulmanis asimilacia,Sesabamisi qveynebis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ZiriTad nakadSi maTi CarTva. 156 maTiudidesi umetesoba gariyuli aRmoCnda, xolo ukve evropaSi dabadebuliaxalgazrdebis sakmaod did nawils damcirebulebis, Seuracxyofilebis mdgradisindromi gauCnda. aseTi adamianebi advilad xvdebian fundamentalisturi islamuripropagandis gavlenis qveS, xdebian radikaluri ideebis matareblebi da aqtiuripropagandistebi, teroristuli jgufebis organizatorebi da boevikebi. isiniarseboben fundamentalisturi propagandis sivrceSi. maTze mudmiv gavlenas axdenenmravalricxovan meCeTebSi moRvawe mqadageblebi, romelTa nawili imdenadradikaluria, rom musulmanur qveynebSic ki devnilebi arian. islamisturipropagandis meore — eleqtronuli nakadi (interneti, Tanamgzavruli televizia)sayovelTao aRiarebiT, agreTve, imdenad efeqturia, rom igiveE aSS-s kontrpropagandaaSkarad dajabnilia maT mier. Sesabamisad dasavleT evropaSi obieqturad Seqmniliaradikaluri islamis matareblebis sakmaod mZlavri fena, romlebic iq adre Tu gviansaerTaSoriso teroris mexuTe kolonis rols Seasruleben.amave dros, TavisTavad saerTaSoriso [islamur] terorizms ar SeuZlia globaluripolitikuri urTierTobebis ganpirobeba. Tumca, rasakvirvelia, is SeiZleba uqmnideszogierTi qveynis saxelmwifo uSiSroebas taqtikur, xolo potenciurad, momavalSi,strategiul safrTxesac.terorizmis realuri gavlena globalizaciis procesebze didwiladaa damokidebuli imkonkretuli globaluri Tu regionaluri moTamaSeebis (ZiriTadad saxelmwifoebis)qmedebaze, romelTac SeswevT unari moaxdinon am procesis gamoyeneba (zogjer marTva)sakuTar interesebSi, moklevadiani politikuri mogebis misaRwevad.es kvlavindeburad amerikis SeerTebul Statebs exeba, radganac 9/11-s movlenebisSemdeg “terorTan globaluri omi” gaxda maTi globaluri politikuri aqtiurobis erTerTiZiriTadi amosavali principi. am omis farglebSi aSS-ma gadadga mTeli riginabijebisa, romelTa mokle, da gansakuTrebiT, saSualo da grZelvadianma SedegebmaSesaZlebelia globaluri masStabis cvlilebebi gamoiwvios (rogorc minimum es erayisokupaciis Sedegebs exeba).amave dros, terorizmis globalur moTamaSed gadaqcevis TvalsazrisiT, principuladnaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, ra konkretuli nabijebi gadadga aSS-m maTTan brZolis sababiT,anda ra konkretuli Sedegebi moitanes am nabijebma. is, rom wamyvanma globalurmamoTamaSem saerTaSoriso terorizmi mis mTavar globalur mowinaaRmdeged gamoacxada,avtomaturad aamaRla terorizmis statusi globaluri moTamaSis donemde.aqedan gamomdinare, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtis organizatorebma strategiulmizans miaRwies — islamuri fundamentalisturi moZraoba gadaiqca globaluri masStabismovlenad, xolo misi Tanmxlebi terorizmi — globalur moTamaSed.teroristebma agreTve, (Tugind uneblied) gadaWres fundamentalistebisaTvis friadmniSvnelovani damatebiTi strategiuli amocana — Caabes gareSe Zalebi (minimum aSS da misiis mokavSireebi, romlebic erayis okupaciaSi monawileoben) Sida-islamur sistemurkrizisSi, gadaaqcies isini am krizisis Tanmxlebi procesebis aqtiur monawileebad(SesaZlebelia mZevlebadac).es sruliad sawinaaRmdegoa imisa, rasac es Zalebi aseT situaciaSi unda akeTebdnen.87

wesiT da rigiT, nebismierma gareSe Zalam unda moaxdinos maqsimaluri distancireba iseTimasStabisa da sirTulis spontanuri procesidan, rogoricaa msoflio religiis sistemurikrizisi. aseTi tipis krizisis gamoyeneba sakuTar interesebSi, miT umetes misi marTva,nebismier qveynisa Tu qveyanaTa jgufisaTvis, rarig Zlierebic ar unda iyvnen isini,principulad SeuZlebelia.maqsimumi, risi gakeTebac SeuZlia ganviTarebul msoflios aseT krizisTan mimarTebaSi,Seecados frTxilad Seabrunos procesebi orive mxarisaTvis (musulmanebisa da danarCenimsofliosaTvis) momgebiani mimarTulebiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi (da es ukve xdeba) isiZens gantevebis vacis rols, romelsac braldeba aseTi krizisis obieqturad Tanmxlebiyvela negatiuri procesebi.Tavi 4. zogierTi globaluri problema. demografiuli daekologiuri problemebi.4.1. globaluri mosaxleobis problema.4.1.1. es problema faqtiurad erT-erT uiSviaTes gamonakliss warmoadgens, rodesackavSiri globalizaciasa da TviT problemis warmoqmnas Soris uSualo da aSkaraa. misiyvelaze TvalnaTlivi Sedegia msoflio mosaxleobis arnaxuli tempebiT zrda meoremsoflio omis Semdeg (ix. cxrili 4.1.1). es procesi imdenad intensiurad warimarTa, rom“demografiuli afeTqebis” saxeliT gaxda cnobili.cxrili 4.1.1 dedamiwis mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdawelimosaxleobis raodenoba(milioni adamiani)saSualo wliurizrdis tempi (%)mosaxleobis saSualowliurimateba(milioni adamiani)1800 952 - 1.61 11900 1656 - 7.041950 2 519 - 17.261960 3 021 1.82 1 50.201970 3 692 2.10 74.301980 4 435 1.82 92.901990 5 264 1.71 82.902000 6 071 1.43 70.702010 6 830 1.18 75.902050 8 912 0.67 52.051exeba wina periodswyaro: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat,World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001Revision, http://esa.un.org/unpp, 27 January 2005;Максаковский В.П. Географическая картина мира. Ч.1. Общая характеристика мира. Ярославль: Верх.-Волж. кн. изд-во, 1996.mosaxleobis zrdis udidesi nawili am periodSi movida ganviTarebad qveynebze, risSedegadac maTi wili msoflio mosaxleobaSi gaizarda 67.7%-dan 1950 w. 80.7%-mde 2000 w.mTlianad am qveynebSi mosaxleoba 2.9-jer gaizarda, kerZod, pakistansa da nigeriaSi 3.9-jer, meqsikaSi 3.6-jer da a.S.8 yvelaze did ganviTarebad qveynebSi (CineTi, indoeTi, indonezia, brazilia,bangladeSi, pakistani, nigeria, meqsika) msoflios mosaxleobis 52% cxovrobs (47% 1950 w.),m.S. or yvelaze didSi — CineTsa da indoeTSi — 38%.TavisTavad mosaxleobis raodenobis aseTi zrda arafer aratipurs ar warmoadgens —daaxloebiT aseTive etapi gaiares dRevandelma ganviTarebulma qveynebma samrewvelorevoluciis dawyebis Semdeg. maSin es procesi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisobieqturi faqtorebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, Tan sdevda maT, dedamiwis mosaxleobis88

mxolod SedarebiT mcire nawils Seexo (dRevandeli ganviTarebuli qveynebi — e.w. “oqrosmiliardi”). mTlianobaSi man dadebiTi roli Seasrula globalur ganviTarebaSi.es procesi demografiuli modernizaciis saxeliTaa cnobili da sazogadod gulisxmobsuaxlesi ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyenebas adamianis dasacavadbunebrivi da socialuri garemos uaryofiTi gavlenisagan. es miRwevebi xdian SesaZlebelsadamianis ufro komfortul sacxovrebel Tu sanitarul-higienuri pirobebs, ufrosrulfasovan kvebas, naklebad damqancvel fizikur Sromas, efeqtur samedicinoprofilaqtikas, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi — gadaudebel samedicino daxmarebas da a.S.ganviTarebad qveynebSic mosaxleobis “afeTqeba” gamowveuli iyo sikvdilianobismkveTri SemcirebiT Sobadobis tradiciulad maRal fonze. problema isaa, romganviTarebul qveynebSi sikvdilianobis Semcireba mohyva cxovrebis donisa da cxovrebispirobebis TandaTanobiT gaumjobesebas, rac erTdroulad Sobadobazec moqmedebda,Tumca SedarebiT ufro CamorCeniT (ramdenime aTeuli wliT).ganviTarebad qveynebSi (romelTa umetesobac am etapis dasawyisSi jer kidev koloniebiiyvnen) sikvdilianobis Semcireba moxda praqtikulad Tvalis daxamxamebaSi — ramdenimeweliwadSi. mizezi — garedan Semosuli (zogjer mizandasaxulad, zogjer SemTxveviT)minimaluri inovaciebi — axali wamlebi (aspirini, penicilini), mavne mwerebis sawinaaRmdegoqimiuri saSualebebi (DDT da sxva), elementaruli warmodgenebi pirad higienaze. daiwyo(met-naklebad) vaqcinacia da epidemiebTan brZola, gaumjobesda mosaxleobis sakvebiproduqtebiT momarageba.yvelaferi es imitom gaxda SesaZlebeli, rom qveynebi da teritoriebi, romlebTacdemografiuli afeTqeba Seexo, ukve iyvnen CarTuli globaluri urTierTobebis sistemaSi,romelmac gaxada SesaZlebeli am inovaciebis SedarebiT Seuferxebeli gadacema.faqtiurad maT miiRes ganviTarebuli qveynebidan pirveli ganviTarebis tranSi orivemonawile mxaris minimaluri Zalisxmevis xarjze. meore mxriv, meore tranSi, romelSicunda Sesuliyo am qveynebis modernizacia, struqturuli transformacia da a.S., romelsacsaboloo jamSi unda mohyoloda maTi ekonomikuri ganviTareba misi Tanmxlebimosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da xarisxis zrdiT, iseve rogorc misi kvlavwarmoebistrendebis SecvliT, Zlieri dagvianebiT iyo miwodebuli, xolo misi Sedegebi friadaraeTgvaroveni gamodga.ganviTarebad qveynebSi sikvdilianoba imdenad ar dacemula, rom ganviTarebuliqveynebis dones miaxloveboda, magram 1950-1980 wlebSi is 2.3-jer Semcirda, m.S. 1960-80wlebSi — orjer. es sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom gamoewvia demografiuli afeTqeba.1950-55 wlebSi ganviTarebad qveynebSi fertilur asakSi myof erT qalze saSualod 6.2bavSvi modioda.es yvelaferi Seexo qveynebs, romelTa saxelmwifoebrioba umeteswilad jer kidevCamoyalibebis stadiaSi imyofeboda, xolo ganviTarebis doniT yofil metropoliebs isinixSirad ramdenime aseuli wliT CamorCebodnen. maT es procesi ar sWirdebodaT, isini mas argegmavdnen da ver akontrolebdnen. faqtiurad aq demografiuli modernizaciis procesi(ufro swored misi zogierTi elementi) warmoadgenda ara am qveynebisa Tu regionebisganviTarebis logikur Sedegs, aramed msoflios ufro ganviTarebuli nawilisyoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesis garkveuli elementebis danergvas, romelTa transferi(mizandasaxuli Tu uneblie) globalizaciuri procesebis farglebSi advili iyo.imis gamo, rom demografiuli afeTqebis procesi ZiriTadad (dasawyisSi mainc)faqtiurad “meqanikuri” iyo, is naklebad iyo damokidebuli konkretuli qveyniscivilizaciis tipze, mosaxleobis kulturaze, sarwmunoebaze da a.S. mmarTvelobisefeqturobac ki am SemTxvevaSi Zalian nakleb rols TamaSobda — SedarebiT kargad dacudad marTuli qveynebi am dros “erT navSi” aRmoCndnen. 157demografiulma dawolam am qveynebis umetesobas ar misca saSualeba fexze damdgariyo,am problemam ZiriTadi roli iTamaSa maTi mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis mkveTradSeamcirebaSi (zogjer 30 da meti procentiT) koloniur periodTan SedarebiT(gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi) da miliardi adamiani mSier Ratakad aqcia 158 .4.1.2. demografiuli afeTqebis tendencia msoflioSi faqtiurad jer kidev gasulisaukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi Sesustda, xolo ukve am saukunis dasawyisSi sabolood gatyda.dRes mTlianobaSi ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis aRwarmoeba xdeba daaxloebiT89

imave principiT, rac mdidar qveynebSi — e.i. adamianebi ufro gvian qorwildebian da naklebibavSvi hyavT. saSualod ganviTarebad qveynebSi erT qalze fertilur asakSi dRes 2.9 bavSvimodis, xolo oc qveyanaSi Sobadoba veRar faravs sikvdilianobas.imis gamo, rom am procesis inercia Zalze didia (erT qalze mosuli bavSvebis raodenobanaklebia, vidre wina TaobaSi, magram TviT dedebis raodenoba bevrad metia) — dedamiwismosaxleobis yovelwliuri mateba jer kidev Zalian maRalia da gaeros gaTvlebiT 1950-ianiwlebis dones zustad 100 wlis Tavze, 2050-iani wlebisaTvis daubrundeba. dedamiwismosaxleobis stabilizacia moxdeba etyoba daaxloebiT 10 miliardi adamianis doneze amsaukunis meore naxevarSi.gaeros rwmeniT, gardatexa mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis procesSi mohyva mis mier mravaliwlis manZilze ojaxis dagegmvis RonisZiebaTa propagandas (da RonisZiebebs am sferoSi).192 qveynis mTavrobebis 72% uSualod monawileobs aseTi programebis realizaciaSi, xolokidev 17% arasamTavrobo organizaciebis SuamavlobiT. 159sinamdvileSi, rogorc Cans, ganviTarebad qveynebSi Sobadobis kleba moitana ara ojaxisdagegmvam rogorc aseTma, iseve rogorc cxovrebis donis zrdam (is umetesad ZalianmokrZalebuli iyo, Tu saerTod hqonda adgili), aramed qalTa emansipaciam. es emansipaciaar unda gavigoT ise, rogorc fenomeni, romelsac adgili hqonda dasavleTisganviTarebul qveynebsa da sabWoTa kavSirSi gasul saukuneSi. laparakia xSirad ZalianmokrZalebul procesze, romelic ZiriTadad qalTa ganaTlebas exeba.sakmarisia etyoba, musulmanur qveynebSic ki, qalma miiRos sul ramdenime wlianidawyebiTi saskolo ganaTleba, raTa misi ara marto demografiuli, aramed saerTodsocialuri qceva sagrZnobad Seicvalos. aseTi tendencia sakmaod kargad gamoxatulia,magaliTad, iranSi. aq islamur wesebze awyobili saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemismiuxedavad, erT qalze mosuli bavSvebis raodenoba Semcirda 2.8-jer daaxloebiT 1970-ianiwlebis dasawyisidan 21-e saukunis dasawyisisaTvis — 2.3-mde. es ufro dabalia, vidrelaTinuri amerikis qveynebis umetesobaSi. 160 1990-ian wlebSi qalebis naxevarze meti amqveyanaSi iyenebda Tanamedrove kontracepciis meTodebs. 161 mozrdil qalTa wera-kiTxviscodnis done 2002 wels aq mamakacebis donis 84%-s udrida, xolo dawyebiT skolaSi vaJebisada qalebis daswrebis done faqtiurad erTmaneTs gautolda. 162uamravi qveyana msoflioSi dRes moxvedrilia e.w. “siRatakis maxeSi” — maSinac ki, Tu maTgaaCniaT SedarebiT efeqturi, naklebad korumpirebuli xelmZRvaneloba, isini ver erevianmaT winaSe mdgom problemebs imis gamo, rom ubralod Zalian Raribebi arian. maSinac ki,rodesac mTavrobebs Ggulwrfelad surT maT winaSe mdgomi problemebis mogvareba, maTakliaT sagadasaxado Semosavali infrastruqturaSi, socialur seqtorSi, garemosdacvaSi, TviT sajaro administraciaSi dasabandebladac ki. praqtikulad nebismieri aseTiqveyana, agreTve, yovelwliurad istumrebs uzarmazar Tanxebs sagareo valebismomsaxurebaSi. xolo sabazo infrastruqturis, socialuri kapitalis, da marTvis sistemisgareSe SeuZlebelia kerZo investiciebis mozidva da ekonomikuri ganviTareba. gzebis,sasuqebis, eleqtroenergiis, iafi, efeqturi sawvavis, skolebis, saavadmyofoebis,xelmisawvdomi sacxovreblis, wyalmomaragebis gareSe adamianebi qronikulad mSivrebi daavadmyofebi rCebian.Zalian xSirad (SeiZleba iTqvas ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobaSi) am situaciasuaRresad amwvavebs araefeqturi marTva, korufcia, ekonomikuri politikis arasworiarCevani.ufro metic — aseT qveynebSi faqtiurad SeuZlebelia adamianis uflebebis dacva. didiaimis Sansi, rom rogorc sxvadasxva moqiSpe politikur Tu eTnikur dajgufebebs SoriserTi qveynis SigniT, aseve or an met aseTi tipis qveyanas Sorisac, moxdes konfliqti imisTaobaze, Tu vin gaakontrolebs iseT bunebriv resursebs, romelTa eqspluataciasacswrafi mogebis motana SeuZlia. aseTi qveynebis mTavrobebi xSirad ara marto verakontroleben iseT kriminals, romelsac saerTaSoriso gavlena gaaCnia, TviTonvemfarveloben mas.garda amisa, gaeros SefasebebiT, arsebobs aSkara mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri siRaribesada Semosavlebis mkveTr “Sokur” dacemas Soris, erTi mxriv, da SeiaraRebul konfliqtebsSoris, meore mxriv. siRaribe maT biZgs aZlevs da dasayrdens uqmnis. saSualodSemosavlebis 5%-iani Sokuri dacema zrdis konfliqtis albaTobas 50%-T. 163ruandis cnobili genocidis dros, 1994 wels, ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi daiRupa aranakleb 800 aTasi adamiani. 1998-2000 wlis oms kongoSi, romelSic eqvsi afrikulisaxelmwifo monawileobda, gadahyva TiTqmis 4 milioni adamiani, ZiriTadad SimSiliTa da90

daavadebebiT. am konfliqtSi monawile mxareebi, ZiriTadad uganda da ruanda,aiaraRebdnen adgilobriv tomebs da iyenebdnen maT mineralebiT mdidar teritoriebzekontrolis dasamyareblad. saboloo jamSi konfliqtis yvela es monawile erTmaneTsdaeria.4.1.3. formalurad ganviTarebadi msoflios mosaxleobis dRevandeli mdgomareobasagrZnoblad gaumjobesda 1990 welTan SedarebiT. 1990-2002 wlebSi saSualo Semosavlebiaq 22%-T gaizarda, ukiduresad Raribi adamianebis ricxvi daaxloebiT 130 milioniTSemcirda, cxovrebis saSualo mosalodneli xangrZlivoba 2 wliT gaizarda da a.S.faqtiurad ki situaciis es gaumjobeseba msoflios SedarebiT viwro arealismosaxleobis mcire nawils Seexo. aSkarad gaumjobesda mdgomareoba aziaSi, gansakuTrebiTaRmosavleT aziaSi. ukiduresad Raribi adamianebis klebam aq 201 milioni Seadgina, xolo amkategoriis adamianebis wili mTlian mosaxleobaSi orjer daeca (30%-dan 1990 w. 15%-mde2001 w.). magram es progresi faqtiurad mTlianad erTi qveynis _ CineTis xarjzea miRweuli.Sesabamisad, mTel danarCen msoflioSi uRaribesi adamianebis ricxvi 71 milioniTgaizarda. krizisis epicentri tropikul afrikaSia, sadac ukiduresad Raribi, mSieri daSidsiT daavadebul adamianTa yvelaze didi koncentraciaa msoflioSi. daaxloebiT igivesituaciaa samxreT aziaSi, ZiriTadad indoeTis sasoflo raionebSi da qalaqis“jurRmulebSi”. marTalia Sidsi aq ise ar aris gavrcelebuli, rogorc afrikaSi, magramukve farTomasStabiani epidemiis xasiaTi miiRo. yvela danarCen ganviTarebad regionSiaSkarad gamokveTili tendenciebi ar SeimCneva, garda yofili sabWoTa kavSirisrespublikebis didi umetesobisa, sadac siRaribis donis mkveTri naxtomis Semdeg is an armcirdeba, an agrZelebs zrdas. 164globaluri gaWirvebis zogierTi indikatorisiRaribe, 2001- 1 090 milioni adamiani kmayofildeba 1.08 amerikul dolarze naklebiT dReSi, e.i.msoflios mosaxleobis 18%. m.S. 313 milioni tropikul afrikaSi (regionis mosaxleobis46%), 271 milioni aRmosavleT aziaSi (15%), 431 milioni samxreT aziaSi (41%). 2 736 milioniadamiani kmayofildeboda dReSi 2.15 dolarze naklebiT, m.S. tropikuli afrikismosaxleobis 77%, aRmosavleTi aziis 47%, samxreTi aziis 77%. 165kvebis nakleboba, 2000- 831 milioni adamiani, anu msoflios mosaxleobis 14% ar ikvebeboda minimalurifiziologiuri moTxovnilebis doneze, m.S. 185 milioni tropikul afrikaSi, 212 milioniaRmosavleT aziaSi, 312 milioni samxreT aziaSi. es aris ganviTarebadi qveynebismosaxleobis 18%, naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis 38%, samxreTi aziis — 24%, tropikuliafrikis — 33%. 1980-1995 wlebSi tropikul afrikaSi sakvebi produqtebis warmoebaSemcirda 8%-T.janmrTeloba, 2001-2002- SidsiT daavadebulTa raodenoba gaizarda 15 milionidan 1990 wels 38 milonamde.aqedan ganviTarebad qveynebSi 18 milioni qali da 2.9 milioni bavSvia. am adamianebisdaaxloebiT 70% tropikul afrikaSi cxovrobs. 13 milion bavSvs SidsiT daeRupa deda anorive mSobeli. 22 milioni adamiani ukve gardaicvala am daavadebiT, m.S. 3.1 milioni marto2002 wels. svazilendSi 25-29 wlis asakis orsuli qalebis 56% SidisTaa daavadebuli. 166- yovelwliurad 500 000 qali iRupeba orsulobisa da mSobiarobis dros — TiTo qaliwuTSi.- mSobiarobis wili, romelsac eswreboda kvalificirebuli samedicino personali -ganviTarebad qveynebSi — 56%-ia, naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki — 31 %.- sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba, 2000-2005 ww. - saSualod dedamiwaze 67 weli,mdidar qveynebSi — 79 weli, ganviTarebad qveynebSi — 64.9 weli, naklebad ganviTarebulqveynebSi — 52.0 weli. 167 sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba botsvanaSi 1970 wlis Semdegdaeca 20 wliT 36 wlamde. zambiaSi mcxovreb adamians naklebi Sansi gaaCnia miaRwios 30 wlisasaks, vidre inglisels 1840 wels.ganaTleba, 2001- ganviTarebad qveynebSi wera-kiTxvis ucodinarTa wili TxuTmet welze zemoT asakismosaxleobis 25.5%-s, anu 836 milioni adamians Seadgens. wera-kiTxvis ucodinari qalebiswili 32.9%-ia, m.S. naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi — 56.2%.bavSvebi, 2002- yovel dRe 30 000 bavSvi iRupeba SimSiliT, daavadebiT, gauwyloebiT, e.i. iseTimizezebiT, romelTa Tavidan arideba SeiZleboda.- yoveli meoTxe bavSvi msoflioSi moixmars dReSi 1.08 dolarze naklebs.91

- yoveli meoTxe bavSvi ar aicreba.- yoveli mesame ver miiRebs sakmaris kvebas sicocxlis pirveli 5 wlis manZilze.- yoveli meoTxe ver miaRwevs skolis meoTxe klass. yoveli meeqvse saerTod ver wavaskolaSi.- 300 000 bavSvi monawileobs saomar moqmedebebSi rogorc jariskaci.wyalmomarageba da sanitaruli pirobebi, 2004 w.- yovel 14 wamSi erTxel iRupeba bavSvi diareiT gamowveuli gauwylulobis gamo; 6000bavSvi iRupeba yoveldRiurad cudi wylisa da sanitaruli pirobebis mizeziT.- msoflios saavodmyofoebis sawolebis naxevari ukaviaT wyalTan dakavSirebulisneulebebiT daavadebul adamianebs.- yovel mexuTe adamians msoflioSi ar miuwvdeba xeli sufTa wyalze, xolo 40%-s argaaCnia minimaluri sanitaruli pirobebi. 168dRes mxolod im adamianebis raodenoba, romlebic kmayofildebian dReSi 1.08 dolariT,faqtiurad emTxveva msoflios yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobis raodenobas,an rva yvelaze didi ganviTarebadi qveynis 1950 wlis mosaxleobis raodenobas, erTadaRebuls. 169 es ki is adamianebi arian, romlebic yovel dRe fizikuri gadarCenisaTvisibrZvian.garda amisa, aseTi situacia araproporciulad sjis qalebs, bavSvebs, moxucebsa daxeibrebs, mTlianad soflisa da qalaqis “jurRmulebis” mosaxleobas. am xalxs “xafangSi”moxvedris Zalian didi Sansi aqvT.dRes msoflioSi siRaribisa da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva uaryofiTi procesebisganviTareba sakmaod primitiuli sqemiT mimdinareobs —procesis sawyis etapze - demografiuli dawola + ekonomikuri CamorCena ganviTarebulqveynebTan SedarebiT + araswori ganviTarebis modelis arCeva = procesis dRevandeletapze — masiuri siRaribe + SimSili + gaunaTlebloba + kulturuli CamorCena +ekonomikuri CamorCena rRvevaSi gadadis + [xSirad, gansakuTebiT afrikaSi, Sida da garekonfliqtebi, saxelmwifo meqanizmebis sruli moSla].es procesi faqtiurad cikluria, radganac yvela zemoT moyvanili faqtori erTmaneTs“kvebavs” da azviadebs. aseT wreSi moxvedrili qveynebisaTvis misi garRveva uaRresadmZimea da saboloo jamSi mxolod sakuTari Zalisxmevisa da Sida resursebis mobilizaciisxarjze SeiZleba moxdes. ucxouri daxmareba am situaciaSi mxolod damatebiT rolsSeiZleba TamaSobdes.amis ilustracia kargad SeiZleba igive Sidsis problemis magaliTze afrikaSi. gasagebia,rom dasavleTis TvalTaxedviT ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier am daavadebis mkurnalobazegamoyofili Tanxebi sakmarisi ar aris, magram afrikis romelime CamorCenili qveynebisgadmosaxedidan es situacia sxvanairad gamoiyureba. isini garedan mosuli Tanxebis mcirenawilsac ki ver iTviseben. amisaTvis maT ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi kvalificirebulisamedicino personali, mTlianad jandacvis, sakomunikacio, satransportoinfrastruqtura. amasTan erTad bevr afrikul qveyanaSi Sidsma ubralod musri gaavlojandacvis, ganaTlebisa da sxva socialuri samsaxurebis muSakebs, romlebic gadamwyvetrols TamaSoben misive Tavidan acilebaSi.xSirad Sidsis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi konfliqtSi modis adgilobrivtradiciebTan da kulturul unar-CvevebTan. bolos da bolos — Sidsi aq ZiriTadadRaribebis (umeteswilad Raribi qalebis) daavadebaa. Raribi adamianisaTvis inficirebisSansi 20-jer ufro maRalia, vidre SeZlebulis. qalebi da gogonebi imdenadaraproporciulad daucvelebi arian Sidsisagan, rom gaero saerTod fiqrobs maTdasacavad specialuri fondis Seqmnas.mkurnaloba ver gaamdidrebs am xalxs da, miT umetes, ver Secvlis qalis statussadgilobriv sazogadoebaSi. axalgazrda qalebi da gogonebi isev iZulebulebi iqnebianimeZavon, radganac sxvanairad maTi ojaxebi ver gadarCebian, xolo SidsiT daavadebuliSeZlebuli moxucebi isev iyidian axalgazrda colebs. ganurCevlad sqesisa da asakisaSidsiT daavadebulebi sazogadoebidan gariyulebi arian, xolo maT gardacvalebiscnobebSi umeteswilad weria — “mizezi ucnobia”.Sidsis mkurnalobis masobrivi kampania, plus misi profilaqtikis propagandaSesaZlebelia gaaumjobesebs dReisaTvis usaSvelo situacias, magram ver SeaCerebsepidemias rogorc aseTs. amisaTvis saWiroa mTlianad im socialur-ekonomikuri garemosSecvla, romelSic es adamianebi cxovroben — e.i. is, rasac ver miaRwia afrikam minimumukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze. wre Seikra.4.1.4. demografiuli problemis gadaWris mcdeloba msoflio masStabiT ukve faqtiurad92

naxevar saukunes moiTvlis. principSi is ori mimarTulebiT viTardeba. pirveli —globaluri masStabis “ganviTarebis” politikis farglebSi (meti ganviTareba, ufromaRali cxovrebis done, naklebi Sobadoba, siRaribe da a.S.), meore — uSualod siRaribisdaZlevasa da mosaxleobis zrdis kontrolze mimarTuli saerTaSoriso programebisfarglebSi. gaero am procesSi formalurad CarTulia 1960 wlidan, rodesac daiwyoprogramebis realizacia e.w. “ganviTarebis aTwleulebis” farglebSi. am dros gaerogansakuTrebiT yuradRebas aqcevda iseTi miznebis miRwevas, romlebic ukavSirdeba werakiTxvisucodinarobis daZlevas, saskolo sistemis ganviTarebas, jandacvas (m.S. ojaxisdagegmvas), sayofacxovrebo infrastruqturis ganviTarebas (wyalmomarageba, kanalizacia)da a.S.sainteresoa, rom gaeros es RonisZiebebi namdvilad erTiani globaluri politikisfarglebSi ewereba. isini im gagebis Sedegia, romelsac aRweven rogorc yvelaganviTarebuli, aseve ganviTarebadi qveynebi. gaerosa (agreTve, masTan dakavSirebulisaagentoebisa da wamyvani saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebis —Oxfam, Care, Savethe Children da a.S.) aqtiuroba zemoT aRweril sferoebSi imitom aris mniSvnelovani, romisini faqtiurad warmoadgenen msoflio politikis globalizaciis erT-erT iSviaTwarmatebul magaliTs, romelic globalur konsensuszea agebuli da romlis moqmedebisareali da Sedegebi globaluri masStabisaa. 170maTi miznebi ZiriTadad advilad aRsaqmelia, TvalnaTlivi da konkretul Sedegebzeaorientirebuli. isini politikurad maqsimalurad neitraluria da (ukanasknel dromdemainc) faqtiurad ar uyeneben im qveynebis mTavrobebs, sadac isini xorcieldeba, araviTarwinaswar pirobebs, msgavsad imisa, rogorc amas akeTebs msoflio banki an savaluto fondi.umeteswilad es programebi adgilze rogorc humanitaruli xasiaTis matareblebiaRiqveba. faqtiurad, uaRresad antagonisturad ganwyobili diqtatorebis garda, maTaravin ganixilavs rogorc romelime qveynis Sinagan saqmeebSi Carevas. 171rasakvirvelia, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, ra masStabisa da sirTulisaa am programebiswinaSe mdgari amocanebi, maTi umetesobis sruli realizacia ver xerxdeba, Tumca bevriSedegi namdvilad STambeWdavia, ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis keTildReobazegavlenis TvalsazrisiT (xSirad ganviTarebulebisac).gaeros programebis farglebSi:- mTlianad aRmoifxvra (1997 wlisaTvis) iseTi daavadeba, rogoricaa yvavili;- 1990-ian wlebSi ganaxevrda diareiT gamowveuli bavSvTa sikvdilianoba;- yvelgan, 12 qveynis garda, 2000 wlisaTvis axalSobilTa sikvdilianobis done daeca 120-ze qvemoT yovel 1 000 cocxal mSobiarobaze;- msoflios 175 qveyanaSi aRar gvxvdeba poliomieliti, romelic 1950-1960-ian wlebisdasawyisSi epidemiuri xasiaTisa iyo msoflios wamyvan qveynebSic ki;- kanqveSa WiiT (riStaTi) daavadebebis raodenoba Semcirda 97%-T 2000 wlisaTvis, isgvxvdeba mxolod 14 qveyanaSi;- Tavidan iqna acilebuli 1 milioni bavSvis gardacvaleba vitamin A-s ukmarisobis gamo;- 90 milioni axalSobili daculi iqna iodis deficitiT gamowveuli swavlis unarisdakargvisagan.bevri programis Sedegi ar SeiZleba iqnes Sefasebuli rogorc saboloo warmateba,Tumca isini mainc mniSvnelovania.- 1990-ian wlebSi bavSvTa sikvdilianobis done Semcirda daaxloebiT 1/3-T 63 qveyanaSi,xolo 20%-T 100-Si;- 1990 wlisaTvis moxerxda erT wlamde asakis bavSvebis 80%-iani imunizaciis donismiRweva (Tumca tropikul afrikasa da samxreT aziaSi es miRweva SenarCunebuli ar iqna);- 2000 wlisaTvis sicocxlis saSualo mosalodnelma xangrZlivobam miaRwia dagadaaWarba 60 wels 124 qveyanaSi 173-dan, sadac is am zRvarze dabali iyo;- Tumca gaerom ver miaRwia yvela adamianis uzrunvelyofas usafrTxo sasmeli wyliTjer 1990, Semdeg 2000 wlisaTvis, im adamianebis raodenoba, romlebTac dRes amis saSualebagaaCniaT, daaxloebiT oci wlis manZilze 4.1 miliardiT gaizarda da 5 miliards miaRwia.4.2 globaluri ekologiuri problemebi.nebismier cocxal arsebas SeuZlia arseboba da ganviTareba mxolod im SezRudvebisfarglebSi, romelsac mas misi saarsebo bunebrivi garemo uwesebs. Sesabamisad evoluciisprocesSi cocxali organizmebi cdiloben maqsimalurad moergon garemo pirobebs.adamiani sxva cocxali arsebebisagan ZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom cdilobs moargosgaremos pirobebi sakuTar moTxovnilebebs.93

amave dros, warmoadgens ra biosferos Semadgenel nawils, adamiani Zlieraadamokidebuli garemo pirobebze. Aase magaliTad, uhaerod adamians SeuZlia iarsebosmxolod 3 wuTi, uwylod — 3 dRe, uWmelad — 30 dRe. arsebobs wylis, haerisa da sakvebisdasaSvebi pirobebis friad SezRuduli diapazoni. igive SeiZleba iTqvas garemosparametrebze: temperaturaze, wnevaze, sinotiveze, dasxivebaze da sxvadasxva fizikurivelebis mniSvnelobebze.sazogadoebis ganviTareba uSualod dafuZnebulia misTvis xelmisawvdom bunebrivresursebze. nebismieri ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod im konkretuli “ekologiuri” daresursuli SezRudvebis farglebSi, romelTac buneba uwesebs sazogadoebas. faqtiuradsazogadoebis ganviTarebis etapebi emTxveva axali bunebrivi resursebis aTvisebisa dagaremoze zegavlenis ekonomikuri da teqnikuri meqanizmebis SemuSavebisa da danergvisetapebs.4.2.1. 2005 wlis 25 ianvars msoflio havis cvlilebebis samuSao jgufma gamoaqveynamoxseneba/rekomendacia “havis cvlilebis gamowvevis miReba”. 172 am mokle moxsenebis arsi,romelic Seadgina msoflios wamyvani politikosebis, biznesmenebisa da mecnierebisjgufma, SemdegSia: 10 weliwadSi, SeiZleba ufro nakleb droSi, kacobrioba miaRwevs imzRurbls, romlis Semdegac globaluri daTbobis procesebi Seuqcevadi gaxdeba.globaluri daTbobis arsi mdgomareobs dedamiwis atmosferosa da okeaneebis saSualotemperaturebis zrdis tendenciaSi, romelic aRiniSneba ukanaskneli aTwleulebisganmavlobaSi. iTvleba, rom saSualo globaluri temperatura mecxramete saukunisbolodan gaizarda 0.6 + 0.2 0 C. iTvleba agreTve, rom 2005 wlis winamdebare 50 wlisganmavlobaSi am daTbobis udidesi nawili iyo ganpirobebuli adamianis saqmianobiT.naxSirorJangisa da sxva saTburi gazebis mzardi raodenoba wiaRiseuli sawvavis wvisSedegad, iseve rogorc soflis meurneoba, miwis zedapiris gaSiSvleba da adamianis sxvaqmedeba ganixileba rogorc daTbobis ZiriTadi komponentebi.samuSao jgufi uaRresad TavSekavebulia Tavis daskvnebSi. am daskvnebis Sesabamisad —“am saSiSroebis winaSe mobilizaciis SeuZleblobis fasi SesaZlebelia uaRresad maRaliiyos. mxolod ekonomikuri zarali Zalze didi iqneba — rac ufro da ufro damangreveli daxSiri gaxdeba amindis iseTi eqstremaluri movlenebi rogorebicaa wyaldidoba, gvalva —mTeli Temebi, qalaqebi, kunZulovani saxelmwifoebi dazaraldebian an daitborebian zRvisdonis awevasTan erTad; sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba Seferxdeba. [am procesis] socialurida adamianuri Rirebuleba etyoba ufro maRali iqneba da moicavs masobrivsikvdilianobas, daavadebebis gavrcelebasa da uaRresad gaZlierebas, mosaxleobisiZulebiT gadaadgilebas da cxovrebis xarisxis mkafiod gamoxatul dacemas. gavlenaekosistemebsa da biomravalferovnebaze, agreTve, gamanadgurebeli iqneba”. 173 moxsenebisavtorebi aseve dasZenen, rom havis saSiSi cvlilebis Tavidan acileba unda ganixilebodessazogadoebis keTildReobis iseTsave wanamZRvrad, rogorc erovnuli usafrTxoebaa.rasakvirvelia adamianis sazogadoebisa da bunebrivi garemos urTierToba arasodes aryofila maincdamainc mowesrigebuli. kacobriobis istoriis manZilze mis moSlasgamouwvevia mravali civilizaciis daRupva da dResac es faqtori gadaSenebis safrTxiswinaSe ayenebs, magaliTad, sub-saharis regionis zogierT qveyanas.amave dros es pirveli SemTxvevaa, rodesac am urTierTobis mougvarebloba ganixilebarogorc kacobriobis keTildReobisa da TviT arsebobis uSualo safrTxe. faqtiuradlaparaki imazea, rom adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis mougvarebloba gadaiqcaglobalur ekologiur problemad, romlis gavlena civilizaciiis stabilurganviTarebaze daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc birTvuli omis saSiSroeba. e.i. gamoCndakidev erTi faqtori, romelic aerTianebs kacobriobas gadaSenebis SiSis safuZvelze.ekologiuri problema — nebismieri movlenebi, romelic ukavSirdeba adamianis SesamCnevgavlenas bunebriv garemoze da bunebis ukureaqcias am qmedebaze, sazogadoebisaTvissasicocxlo mniSvnelobis Sesabamisi SedegebiT, romelic ganpirobebulia bunebrivifaqtorebiT (stiqiuri ubedureba, havis anomaliebi, cocxali organizmebis masobriviararegulirebuli migraciebi, infeqciuri daavadebebis pandemiebi da a.S.).birTvuli omis saSiSroebam, miuxedavad misi realobisa, ver moaxerxa gadamwyvetikoreqtivebis Setana globaluri politikuri urTierTobis sistemaSi. dRes is iseveaqtualuria, rogorc civi omis dros, Tumca rogorc aseTi, naklebad aRiqmeba. amave dros,am problemis arseboba da gadaWra, aseTuise adamianis neba-survilzea damokidebuli da mis94

kontrols eqvemdebareba.rac Seexeba globalur ekologiur problemas, aq sazogadoebis kontrolseqvemdebareba mxolod procesebis is nawili, romelic uSualod mis farglebSi iqnainicirebuli. mas Semdeg, rodesac isini xvdebian bunebriv garemoSi, maTze uSualokontroli faqtiurad SeuZlebelia.ufro farTo gagebiT, bunebasTan urTierToba ar qmnis axal problemebs, is ubralodaaSkaravebs (Tumca friad damaxinjebuli formiT) im problemebs, romlebic ukve arsebobenadamianis sazogadoebis SigniT. problema SeiZleba “Cacxres” sakmao drois manZilze,mogvianebiT aRmocendes saxecvlili, gazviadebuli, Tavisi Casaxvis adgilidan sakmaodmoSorebiT, raTa Tavze daatydes imaT, visac is ar Seuqmnia.magaliTisaTvis, msoflioSi arsebuli erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani problemaaatmosferos ozonis SreebSi xvrelebis arseboba dedamiwis Crdilo da samxreTi polusebisTavze. mavne nivTierebebi (freoni, winaT masobrivad gamoiyeneboda samacivrodanadgarebsa da aerozolebSi), romlebic 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi moqmedeben am xvrelebisganviTarebaze, warmoiqmnen adamianis cxovelqmedebis Sedegad gasuli saukunis 60-ianwlebSi ZiriTadad ganviTarebad msoflioSi. e.i. laparakia rRvevaze problemis realurCasaxvasa da mis warmoCenas Soris, romelic moiTvlis ramdenime aTeul weliwadsa daaTasobiT (samxreTi polusis SemTxvevaSi aTiaTasobiT) kilometrs.mxolod SedarebiT mcire, lokaluri procesebis Sedegebi uSualod moqmedebs maTze,visac maT SeqmnaSi brali miuZRviT (magaliTad, glexi, romelic sakuTari saxlis Tavzeferdobze xeebs Wris, imisTvisac unda iyos mzad, rom adre Tu gvian es ferdobi am saxlzeCamowveba). isini ki, vinc did, xSirad regionaluri masStabis procesebis warmoqmnazeageben pasuxs, sazogadod did mogebas Souloben (magaliTad, im kompaniebis aqciebismflobelebi, romlebic tropikuli tyeebis eqspluatacias ewevian).amitom, im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis krizisebi erTi SexedviTSesaZloa bunebrivi faqtorebiT iyos ganpirobebuli, maTi realuri mamoZravebeli Zalasocialur-ekonomikuria. Sesabamisad adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis TvalsazrisiTyvelaze mniSvnelovania ara sazogadoebis bunebaze zegavlenis moklevadiani xiluliSedegebi, aramed bunebrivi garemos saSualo da grZelvadiani reaqcia adamianis qmedebaze.globaluri ekologiuri problemis mizezebi sakmaod kargadaa cnobili (Tu gaazrebuliara) — sazogadod aRiarebuli (da dReisaTvis yvelaze warmatebuli) sazogadoebriviganviTarebis modeli dafuZnebulia rogorc mTliani, aseve erT mosaxleze materialurimoxmarebis uwyvet zrdaze. es is modelia, romelmac warmateba moutana dRevandel wamyvanglobalur moTamaSeebs. dRes is moiazreba rogorc globalizaciis winapiroba da xdebamisi SeTavazeba (Tu Tavze moxveva) ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis.naTelia, rom aseTi tipis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemxvevaSi, Tu isdafuZnebulia bunebrivi resursebis (cocxali bunebis resursebis CaTvliT) moxmarebisSesabamis zrdaze. dRemde es procesi SeizRudeboda mxolod adamianis gankargulebaSiarsebuli am resursebis mopovebis teqnikuri saSualebebis SesaZleblobebiT.amave dros, adamianis sazogadoebis resursuli margi qmedebis koeficienti uaRresaddabalia — mopovebuli bunebrivi resursebis 95-97% ikargeba iqamde, sanam aRwevs saboloomomxmarebels. es danakargi, romelic xvdeba bunebriv garemoSi, iwvevs materialuri,energetikuli, informaciuli nakadebis daTrgunvas globaluri ekosistemis farglebSi,iwvevs mis degradacias. saboloo jamSi, kacobrioba awydeba sasrul fizikur sivrceSi(planeta dedamiwa) arsebul sasrul resursul bazaze dafuZnebuli ganuwyvetelimaterialuri zrdis logikurad gadauWrel amocanas.ukve dResdReobiT kacobriobis aramdgradi ganviTarebis moTxovnilebebi aRematebaglobaluri ekosistemis potencials. ukanaskneli saukune naxevris manZilze mosaxleobisraodenoba dedamiwaze gaizarda daaxloebiT oTxjer, xolo dawola bunebriv garemoze100-jer.adamianis qmedeba amcirebs bunebrivi garemos asimilaciur da regeneraciul unars imdonemde, rodesac es ukanaskneli kargavs adamianis sazogadoebis sasicocxlomoTxovnilebebis uzrunvelmyofelis Tvisebebs.ufro martivad — adamianis sazogadoebis funqcionirebis Sedegad bunebriv garemoSiimdeni narCeni xvdeba, rom iq TviT adamianis adgili aRar rCeba.sxvaTa Soris, zemod moyvanili argumenti imaze metyvelebs, rom sazogadod aRiarebuliprincipuli mizani — saboloo jamSi yvelam dedamiwaze icxovros daaxloebiT ise, rogorcganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleoba cxovrobs dRes, principulad miuRwevelia. dedamiwisbiosferos “wyalwyva” — anu misi unari gauwios winaaRmdegoba gare dawolas gadagvarebisgareSe, gadailaxeba iqamde, vidre es procesi ramdenadme Sors wava. 17495

globaluri ekologiuri krizisi SesaZlebelia gavigoT rogorc globaluriekologiuri sistemis degradacia im donemde, rodesac mas aRar Seswevs unariuzrunvelyos mTlianad adamianis sazogadoebis, rogorc aseTis, ganviTareba da TviTarsebobac ki.es krizisi namdvilad unda ganvixiloT rogorc globalizaciis gauTvaliswinebeliSedegi. is ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia imiT, rom Tanamedrove adamianis sazogadoebaSinaklebadaa gaazrebuli bunebrivi ekosistemebis (globaluris CaTvliT) funqcionirebiskanonebi, saTanadod verSefasebulia maTi roli sazogadoebis ganviTarebasa daarsebobaSi, arsebobs Seusabamoba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis moTxovnilebebs Soris,romelic uzrunvelyofilia mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli teqnologiebiT da bunebriviekosistemebis SesaZleblobebs Soris daakmayofilos es moTxovnilebebi (gansakuTrebiTsazogadoebis cxovelqmedebis narCenebis asimilaciis TvalsazrisiT).4.2.2. dResdReobiT adamianis sazogadoebis bunebasTan urTierTobis globalurisistema Semdeg faqtorebzea awyobili:• sabazro ekonomika ubralod “ver aRiqvams” adamianisa da bunebrivi garemosurTierTobis problemebs da Sesabamisad ver gamoimuSavebs maTi gadaWris efeqturmeqanizmebs. bazari uaRresad moqnili meqanizmia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme aqvs saqonelTan,romlis Rirebulebis dadgena principulad SeiZleba, xolo Rirebuleba im Sromisraodenobis funqciaa, romelic ixarjeba mis warmoebaze.es principi ukve sakmaod cudad muSaobs wiaRiseul resursebTan mimarTebaSi, romelTaganfaseba iwyeba mxolod ama Tu im resursis mopovebis momentidan. is iTvaliswinebs mismopovebaze, gadamuSavebaze da transportirebaze daxarjul Sromas, magram ver afasebs,Tu ra Rirs, magaliTad, igive navTobi, rogorc aseTi. wiaRiseulis fasze Zlier moqmedebsiseTi subieqturi faqtorebi, rogoricaa sabados geografiuli mdebareoba, mopovebispirobebi, politikuri koniunqtura, sabazro spekulacia da a.S. Sedegad ori sxvadasxvasabadodan mopovebuli wiaRiseuli, romelTa fasic SeiZleba zogjer erTmaneTisaganorjer da metjer gansxvavdebodes, momgebianad iyideba bazarze, xolo maTi fasis ryevadrois Zalian mcire monakveTis manZilze SeiZleba sawyisidan aTeulobiT procentsaRwevdes (magaliTad, msoflio navTobis fasebis zrda 2004 wlis Semdeg).is, rac uSualod adamianis Sromis Sedegs ar warmoadgens, sazogadod aRiqveba rogorcraRac “RvTisagan naboZebi”, romlis moxmarebac SeiZleba iqamde, sanam is mogebis momtania(yvelaze xSirad mis gamolevamde) da romelsac mainc da mainc ar ufrTxildebian. aseeqcevian wiaRiseul simdidres yvelaze maRalganviTarebuli qveynebic ki (ix. wina TavSiganxiluli “holandiuri seni”), magram aseTi midgoma faqtiurad absurdamde midis cocxalbunebasTan mimarTebaSi.ra Rirs sufTa haeri, sufTa wyali, gadaugvarebeli tye, Tevzis sarewi okeaneSi?ekonomikurad Sefasebad ra zarals ganicdis landSafti, romelSic mavne sawarmoonarCenebi xvdeba? am kiTxvebze pasuxi arsebuli ekonomikuri sistemis pirobebSi ararsebobs. am situacias kidev ufro arTulebs is garemoeba, rom aseTi resursebi aravis arekuTvnis (isini kerZo sakuTrebis obieqtebs ar warmoadgenen) da rogorc aseTi saerTodbazris moqmedebis sferoSia ar xvdeba. bazari cocxal garemosTan dakavSirebul yvelaproblemas aRiqvams faqtiurad rogorc fors maJors, raRacas stiqiuri ubedurebismagvars.es, Tavis mxriv, imas niSnavs, rom sazogadod ekonomikuri saqmianobis gavlena cocxalgaremoze ver miiReba mxedvelobaSi misi ganfasebis procesSi — es movlena “gareSe”faqtoris saxeliTaa cnobili (externality). misi yvelaze cnobili magaliTia e.w. “Temistragedia”, romelsac adgili aqvs sazogadoebriv sakuTrebasTan mimarTebaSi.aseTis magaliTia, vTqvaT, Tevzis sarewi okeaneSi, romelsac formaluri patroni arahyavs. amitom xSirad ramdenime qveyana mas moixmars iqamde, sanam Tevzis maragi argamoileva. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac erTi an ramdenime qveyana gadawyvets Sewyvitosrewva da SeinarCunos maragi, moiZebneba erTi qveyana mainc, romelic aseT situacias TavisimogebisaTvis gamoiyenebs da damatebiT gamdidrdeba sxvis xarjze.globalizaciis pirobebSi aseTi ram xdeba, magaliTad, maSin, rodesac bazris erT-erTmoTamaSes aqvs saSualeba ar miiRos mxedvelobaSi biomravalferovnebis gadagvarebasTandakavSirebuli problemebi. Sedegad mas Seswevs unari ufro iafad gayidos Tavisi saqonelian momsaxureba, vidre imas, visac aseTi problemebi awuxebs, Ziri gamouTxaros arsebulmaregulirebel meqanizmebsa da konservaciis mcdelobas. faqtiurad biznesis urTierTobagaremosTan erTi ganuwyveteli “bazris Cavardnis” (market failure) magaliTia.96

• faqtiurad nebismieri gadawyvetileba, romelic miiReba cocxal garemosTanmimarTebaSi (dabinZurebis kvotebis, dasaSvebi normebis, sameurneo saqmianobisSezRudvebis, ekologiuri zaralis Sefasebis da a.S.) Taobaze, sakanonmdeblo aqtebisCaTvliT, warmoadgens ZiriTadad politikuri kompromisis Sedegs da Tavidanve naklebadqmediTunariania.am kompromisis aqtiuri mxareebia — biznesi, romelsac surs maqsimaluri mogeba miiRosbunebis eqspluataciidan, mis dacvaze minimaluri danaxarjebiT, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba(adgilobrivi, Tu aseTi saerTod arsebobs, da/an saerTaSoriso), romelsac surs ardauSvas ama Tu im konkretuli resursis degradacia, xelisufleba, romelsac sursSeinarCunos socialuri stabiluroba, moigos orive mxaris guli da gaixangrZlivosmandati. dResdReobiT, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi, am procesSi aqtiuraderevian sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. 175formalurad, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani moTamaSe am procesSi mecnier-eqspertia,romelmac unda Seafasos mTeli procesis avkargianoba. problema isaa, rom swored aseTisamecniero daskvnebi yvelaze naklebad saimedoa, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu saqmemsxvilmasStabian, grZelvadian procesebs exeba. Cveni codna am procesebis Sesaxebubralod arasakmarisia, rom mis safuZvelze SeiZlebodes mmarTveli organosa, Tucalkeuli gadawyvetilebis mimRebi piris mier koreqtuli samarTavi gadawyvetilebismiReba.ase, magaliTad, 2001 wels iseTma gavleniama organizaciam, rogoricaa gaerosglobaluri daTbobis mTavrobaTaSorisi komisia, SeimuSava da msoflios mTavrobebswarudgina 2100 wlamde globaluri daTbobis ganviTarebis 20 scenari(!). gasagebia, romamdeni scenariT xelmZRvaneloba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi ubralodararealuria. 176 es ki imas niSnavs, rom maTze an ubralod xels Caiqneven (SemTxvevaTaumetesobaSi) anda amoirCeven formalurad saxelmZRvanelod iseT scenars, romelic amaTu im qveynis xelisuflebas mimdinare politikuri koniunqturis gaTvaliswinebiT awyobs.mecnierebs, agreTve, xSirad adanaSauleben imaSi, rom isini specialurad azviadebensituacias Tavisi merkantiluri interesebidan gamomdinare, rac zogjer mainc etyobaSors ar dgas sinamdvilisagan. arsebobs naxevradanekdoturi ambavi imis Taobaze, Turogor mosTxoves amerikelma biologebma mTavrobas mravalmilioniani granti amazoniaSi(brazilia) unikaluri adgilobrivi mwerebis saxeobebis gadasarCenad. “keTili — iyopasuxi, oRond mogvawodeT am saxeobebis sia”. “ar SegviZlia — miuges mecnierebma — Cvenisini jer ar aRmogviCenia”.• pasuxismgeblobas adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis globaluri masStabiTcvlilebebze Tavis Tavze ZiriTadad iReben mxolod ganviTarebuli qveynebi (Tan zogjeryvela ara), romlebic sakmarisad mdidrebi arian imisaTvis, rom am RonisZiebebiTgamowveuli SezRudvebi advilad aitanon, plus gaaCniaT efeqturi marTvis meqanizmebi amsferoSi miRebuli xelSekrulebebis cxovrebaSi efeqturad gasatareblad. yvelaze didwarmatebas sakuTari resursebisa da garemos dacvaSi dRes dasavleTma evropam da iaponiammiaRwia, magram maTi warmatebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi, garda maTi simdidris,efeqturi marTvis, Zlieri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobisa isaa, rom maT gaaCniaTsaSualeba daicvan sakuTari garemo sxva (ZiriTadad ganviTarebadi) qveynebis garemoseqspluataciis xarjze.saerTod globalur doneze garemosa da resursebTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi mTavariproblema isaa, rom mdidrebs (qveynebsa da individumebs) uzomod meti saSualeba aqvTTavisi gamorCenisaTvis gamoiyenon ukeTesi xarisxisa da mdidari bunebrivi resursebi,vidre Raribebs. saerTod, kargad movlili da marTuli ekosistemebi warmoadgenenriskebisa da adamianebis daucvelobis Semcirebis garantias igive bunebrivikatastrofebis SemTxvevaSi.Rarib mosaxleobas (gansakuTrebiT soflad) ubralod ar gaaCnia teqnikuri, finansuri,menejeruli, inteleqtualuri resursebi maT gankargulebaSi myofi resursebisefeqturad marTvisa da gamoyenebisaTvis. isini xSirad fizikurad “gariyulebi” ariannaklebad produqtiul da advilad degradirebad teritoriebze. gansakuTrebiT iq, sadacdemografiuli dawola didia, aseTi xalxi ubralod “Wams” im ekosistemebs, romlebzecdamokidebulia. Sedegad aseTi ekosistemebi ufro advilad eqvemdebareba degradaciasSimSilis, gvalvisa an wyaldidobis Sedegad. es, Tavis mxriv, ufro zrdis adgilobrivimosaxleobis daucvelobas.aseTi situaciis klasikuri magaliTia isevdaisev afrika saharis samxreTiT(gansakuTrebiT iseTi qveynebi, rogorebicaa centraluri afrikis respublika, Cadi, mali,nigeri). rodesac saharasTan uSualod mosazRvre teritoriebze moxda demografiuli97

afeTqeba, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba bunebrivad agrZelebda ekosistemebis eqspluataciastradiciuli, uaRresad araefeqturi meTodebiT, ubralod erTi adamianis adgils minimumsami_oTxi ikavebda. Sedegad, ukve gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebisaTvis gaudaburebam amteritoriebze iseT masStabebs miaRwia, rom sahara samxreTisaken zogjer weliwadSiaTeulobiT kilometriT izrdeboda.ganviTarebadi qveynebi (iseTi warmatebulebic ki, rogoricaa CineTi) globalurimasStabiT adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis mowesrigebaze mimarTul sabuTebs anformalurad aweren xels, an saerTod uars amboben globalur RonisZiebeSimonawileobaze im sababiT, rom bunebis dacvaze mimarTuli RonisZiebebi maTi ganviTarebisinteresebs ewinaaRmdegeba.garda amisa, ZiriTadad Raribi qveynebis mTavrobebi mzad arian intensiurad, nebismierpirobebze aiTvison adgilobrivi resursebi moklevadiani socialur-ekonomikuristabilurobis misaRwevad. maT ar da ver ainteresebT rogorc sakuTari xalxis momavaliTaobebis interesebi, iseve rogorc SesaZlo globaluri katastrofa, maSin rodesac isiniyoveldRe “TvalSi ucqeren” masobriv SimSilsa Tu samoqalaqo dapirispirebas.isev klasikuri magaliTi braziliaa, sadac aTeulobiT wlebis manZilze erTmaneTisSemcvlel mTavrobebs gahyavdaT gzebi amazoniis junglebSi da ufasod urigebdnen iq miwisnakveTebs umiwawylo glexebs, oRond ki Tavidan aeridebinaT socialuri daZabuloba daSeenarCunebinaT msxvil latifundiebze dafuZnebuli tradiciuli soflis meurneobissistema. is faqti, rom am teritoriebze niadagi Zalian aranayofieri da adviladdegradirebadia, ris Sedegadac ramdenime wlis Semdeg es glexebi miagdeben xolmeerodirebul nakveTs, aravis adardebda. miT umetes, ar adardebda braziliisxelmZRvanelobas is faqti, rom amazoniis tyeebzea damokidebuli didwilad atmosferulicirkulacia planetaze. 177• damatebiT arTulebs situacias sazogadoebisa da bunebrivi garemos funqcionirebisdroiTi CarCoebis SeuTavsebloba. rac ufro ganviTarebulia da formalizebuliasazogadoeba, miT ufro naklebad emTxveva misi funqcionirebis dro bunebrivisistemebisas. 178 globaluri cvlilebebi bunebriv garemoSi, iseve rogorc adamianismoqmedebis dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi Sedegebi, gamosavlenad moiTxovs dros, romelicadamianis aqtiurobasTan SedarebiT grZelvadiania. laparakia minimum aTeulobiT wlebze,rodesac adamianis realuri aqtiuroba sazogadod erTi wlis farglebSi mimdinareobs,xolo SedarebiT efeqturad igegmeba maqsimum xuTi wlis farglebSi. igive sabazrokoniunqtura imdenad swrafad icvleba, rom raime grZelvadiani, winmswrebi RonisZiebebisdagegmva da gatareba sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi Znelad warmosadgenia.aq “movlenaTa jaWvebi” isea daxlarTuli, rom maTi wyaros mikvleva TiTqmisSeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad aSkaraa adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis problemebis aRqmis,maTi gadawyvetis efeqturi saSualebebis gamoZebinsa da maTi uaryofiTi moqmedebisSerbilebis sirTuleebi. amas emateba sirTuleebi problemebis gadaWris dagegmvasa dagatarebaSi, rac sazogadod iwvevs winmswrebi RonisZiebebis ararsebobas; moqmedeba xdebafaqtis moxdenis Semdeg da Seefardeba xilul Sedegebs bunebriv garemoSi, nacvladproblemis mizezebisa adamianis sazogadoebaSi (rac sazogadod minimalur dadebiT SedegsiZleva). xSirad maSinac ki, rodesac aseTi mizezebi cnobilia, maTze gavlena SeuZlebeliagamomdinare arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri Tu politikuri realobidan. Sesabamisad,miRebuli zomebi paliatiur xasiaTs atareben, mimarTulia ZiriTadad problemis efeqturimogvarebis gadadebaze an kritikis dasawynareblad.ase, magaliTad, afrikaSi cocxali bunebrivi garemos ganadgureba, gansakuTrebiT misicxoveluri komponentis (spiloebi, martorqebi da a.S), gamowveulia am kontinentissazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis problemebis mougvareblobiT. uamravi Warbi sasoflomosaxle Tavis gadasarCenad misdevs bunebrivi garemos zedmet (da ZiriTadad uazro)eqspluatacias, romlis procesSic nebismieri cocxali arsebis (sakuTari Tavis CaTvliT)saarsebo garemos ubralod anadgurebs.gasagebia, rom afrikis problemebis mogvareba Tvalsawier momavalSi principuladSeuZlebelia. amave dros, dasavleTis mTavrobebze (sruliad gamarTlebulad) zewolasawarmoebs sakuTari samoqalaqo sazogadoeba afrikis bunebrivi garemos gadarCenismoTxovniT. Sedegad aTeulobiT wlebis manZilze gamoiyofa uzarmazari Tanxebi afrikaSinakrZalebis Seqmnaze da sxva Tanmxlebi RonisZiebebis gatarebaze minimaluri SedegiT.nebismieri nakrZali (ukeTes SemTxvevaSi) moqmedebs iqamde, sanam morigi omi, genocidi Tustiqiuri ubedureba (gvalva magaliTad) ar ayris adgilidan adamianebs da ar aiZulebs maTeZebon TavSesafari da ukeTesi miwebi nakrZalis teritoriaze. ase moxda, magaliTadruandaSi 1994 wlis genocidis Semdeg.98

4.2.3. globalur doneze aseTi tipis kompromisebis Sedegia is saerTaSoriso reJimi,romelic dRes garemosTan da resursebTan urTierTobis sferoSi arsebobs. am reJimisSeqmnis pirveli etapi jer kidev mecxramete saukunis bolos daiwyo, magram realuradglobaluri 1972 wlidan gaxda, rodesac Sedga gaeros konferencia “adamianis garemoze”stokholmSi. am konferenciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi etyoba isaa, rom mas mohyvaglobaluri da regionuli garemos monitoringis qselebis Seqmna, gaeros garemosprogramis daarseba (UNEP), agreTve, farTo politikuri da instituciuri cvlilebebilokalur doneze, romelsac mohyva bevri mTavrobis mier garemos dacvis saministroebisada erovnuli garemosdacviTi da maregulirebeli saagentoebis Seqmna. man, agreTve, miscabiZgi garemosdacviTi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis globaluri qselis Seqmnas.momdevno wlebSi saerTaSoriso interesi garemos problemebisadmi sul ufroizrdeboda. Sedegad, am saukunis dasawyisisaTvis arsebobda 130-ze meti mravalmxrivi daaseulobiT ormxrivi saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba. samwuxarod, realuri pozitiuriSedegebi, xmamaRali ritorikis miuxedavad, am xelSekrulebebis mxolod Zalian mcirenawilma gamoiRo.amis mizezi ZiriTadad isevdaisev isaa, rom Tanamedrove mecniereba, romelicdakavebulia adamianisa da bunebrivi garemos urTierTobebis kvleviT, ver iZleva amprocesebis analizis saboloo, damajerebel daskvnebs, romlebic aseTi urTierTobebisrealur Sedegebs, SesaZlebel safrTxeebs Tu problemebis mogvarebis efeqturRonisZiebebs exeba. Sedegad, nebismieri globaluri movlena SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorcdadebiTi, uaryofiTi Tu ararsebuli, monacemTa erTi da igive nakrebis safuZvelze. aserom, nebismieri politikuri gadawyvetileba dafuZnebulia ara imdenad damajerebelmtkicebebze, ramdenad dainteresebuli mxareebis konkretul kerZo interesebze,romelTac ZiriTadad konkretul problemasTan naklebi kavSiri aqvT. aseTi situacia,agreTve, iwvevs an Zalze zogadi da aradamajerebeli sabuTebis Seqmnas, an iseTebis,romlebic zedmetad detaluria, rTuli da Sesasruleblad Zneli, zogjer ubralodSeusrulebeli.ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesoba agreTve ubralod ver aZlevs Tavs fufunebasdaicvas bunebrivi garemo da resursebi. situacia daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc adamianisuflebebisa an demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSeneblobis saqmeSi. sazogadoeba sakmarisadSeZlebuli unda iyos imisaTvis, rom daicvas sakuTari bunebrivi resursebi da garemo, argadaaqcios isini umowyalo eqspluataciis sagnad.bunebriv garemosTan mimarTebaSi erTaderTi realurad momqmedi meqanizmi, romelickacobriobas dReisaTvis aqvs, e.w. “kiotos oqmia”, romelic faqtiurad, CarCo dokumentiaim RonisZiebebisaTvis, romlebic mimarTulia atmosferoSi adamianis moqmedebis Sedegadmoxvedrili naxSirorJangis moculobis stabilizaciaze da Semcirebaze. am xelSekrulebisfarglebSi yvelaze didi valdebulebebi Tavis Tavze aiRo evrogaerTianebam — Seamcirose.w. “saTburis gazis” emisia 2008-12 wlebisaTvis 8%-T 1990 wlis donesTan SedarebiT, aSS-m7, xolo iaponiam 6%-T. ruseTma, ukrainam da axalma zelandiam ikisra valdebulebebimoaxdinos Tavisi emisiebis stabilizacia 1990 wlis doneze. saboloo jamSi, am oqmisrealizaciis Sedegad naxSirorJangis emisia sul 5%-T unda Semcirdes.ganviTarebad qveynebs es valdebulebebi saerTod ar exebaT, m.S. CineTs, romelic aSS-sSemdeg naxSirorJangis yvelaze did “mwarmoebelia” dedamiwaze da indoeTs, romelic masdidad ar CamorCeba. saboloo jamSi, es ori qveyana etyoba mravaljer gadaWarbebsnaxSirorJangis emisiis im Semcirebas, romelsac ganviTarebuli qveynebi didi jafisSedegad miaRweven.mTavari, rac am oqmis realizacias mohyveba, aris yoveli saxelmwifosaTvis emisiebiskvotebis SemoReba, romliTac maT vaWroba SeuZliaT. Tu, magaliTad, viRacam moaxdinaaxali teqnologiebis danergva da Tavis kvotaze nakleb emisias awarmoebs, mas SeuZlia isiseT qveyanas miyidos, romelic sakuTar kvotaSi ver eteva. faqtiurad laparakia sabazrourTierTobebis Setanaze globaluri ekologiuri problemis gadawyvetaSi, Tumca rogorckvotebis moculobebi, iseve maTi faswarmoqmnis konkretuli meqanizmebi friadspekulatiur xasiaTs atarebs.am oqms Tavidanve uamravi mowinaaRmdege hyavda. magaliTad, misi pirobebis dacvazekategoriuli uari ganacxada aSS-is prezident j.u. buSis administraciam. ruseTic didxansewinaaRmdegeboda mis ratifikacias im sababiT, rom, jer es erTi, emisiis 5%-iani SemcirebaveraviTar sagrZnob gavlenas ver moaxdens globaluri daTbobis procesis dinamikaze (daamaSi is etyoba savsebiT marTlia) da, meorec, misi SezRudvebi realur negatiur gavlenasmoaxdens mis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze (igives amboben amerikelebic).saboloo jamSi, ruseTma moaxdina am oqmis ratifikacia 2004 wlis dekemberSi99

(ukanasknelma 150 qveyanas Soris) evrogaerTianebis daufaravi zewolis Sedegad, romelicwinaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis gawevrianebas msoflio savaWroorganizaciaSi. kiotos oqmi didwilad etyoba gadaiqca evrogaerTianebis Sida politikurproeqtad, romelic rogorc warmoebis teqnikuri gadaiaraRebis, aseve marTvismeqanizmebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT, globalurdaTbobasTan brZolis aseTi tipis meqanizmis danergvasTan mimarTebaSi, bevrad uswrebsmTel danarCen msoflios. Tumca 2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis aqac 15 “Zveli” wevridanmxolod 5 axerxebda ase Tu ise am oqmis moTxovnilebebis Sesrulebas.e.i. kiotos oqmi iseTi tipisaa, rogorc zemoT iyo aRwerili — aradamajerebeli daSesasrulebelad rTuli. amave dros, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, man SeiZleba SeasrulosmniSvnelovani roli Tugind im TvalsazrisiT, rom mis realizaciaze gamoCndeba, Turamdenad aris mzad msoflio mis winaSe mdgari realuri globaluri problemisgadasaWrelad (bolos da bolos raime sxva alternatiuli meqanizmi ubralod ar arsebobs).4.2.4. samwuxarod globaluri ekologiuri krizisis mogvarebis ideebis aSkara naklebobaSeimCneva. faqtiurad erTaderTia gaeros garemosa da ganviTarebis msoflio komisiis mier(bruntlandis komisia), 1987 wels gamoaqveynebul moxsenebaSi wamoyenebuli e.w. mdgradiganviTarebis idea. dResdReobiT is formalurad aRiarebulia rogorc saerTaSorisoorganizaciebis, aseve erovnuli mTavrobebis mier, rogorc zogadi samoqmedo orientiri.mokled rom vTqvaT, mdgradia iseTi ganviTareba, romelic saSualebas iZlevadakmayofildes sazogadoebis dRevandeli moTxovnilebebi ise, rom A momaval Taobebs armoespoT saSualeba daikmayofilon TavianTi sakuTari moTxovnilebebi. momdevno wlebismanZilze es termini (Tu ara ideis arsi, rogorc aseTi) gaxda nebismieri iseTi politikuridokumentis ganuyofeli nawili, romelic ganviTarebas eZRvneba. farTo gagebiT, eskoncefcia, aRiqveba rogorc saSualeba iseTi strategiebis SemuSavebisa da danergvis,romlebic daexmarebian kacobriobas miaRwios ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebasbunebrivi garemos degradaciis, resursebis zedmeti eqspluataciisa da dabinZurebisgareSe. im faqts, rom kacobriobis dRevandeli ganviTarebis etapze, es ori midgomaubralod erTmaneTis gamomricxavia, koncefciis avtorebma delikaturad gverdi auares.sazogadod mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis praqtikuli realizacia niSnavssazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis axali etapis dadgomas. magram adamianis sazogadoeba, maTSoris misi dReisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani qvesistema — bazari, principuladaxorcielebs Zirfesvian gardaqmnebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sistemur krizissgadaeyreba. amis magaliTia, 1929 wlis msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi, romlis Sedegadmoxda sabazro urTierTobebis sistemis safuZvliani gadasinjva.aseTi krizisis SesaZlo mizezebi cnobilia — globaluri ekosistemis asimilaciuri dareproduqciis unaris Semcireba. aseve cnobilia misi gadaWris saSualebebic — globalurekosistemaze adamianis datvirTvis Semcireba iqamde, sanam es datvirTva ar moeqcevaekosistemis aRwarmoebis SesaZleblobis farglebSi.praqtikulad es niSnavs, materialuri moxmarebis (mTlianis da erT mosaxleze)radikalur Semcirebas, misi Tanmxlebi warmoebisa da ganawilebis efeqturobis zrdiT, darac mTavaria — Tanamedrove sazogadoebis faseulobaTa sistemis sruli gadasinjviT,romelic gadamwyvet upiratesobas aniWebs materialuri moxmarebis ganuwyvetliv zrdasganviTarebis sxva prioritebTan SedarebiT.problema isaa, rom sistemuri krizisi ar xdeba cvlilebebis aucileblobis Segnebis,ganaTlebisa da propagandis safuZvelze. is xdeba, rodesac xdeba, da misi dadgoma ar arisdamokidebuli adamianis neba-survilze.garda amisa, globaluri sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis tendenciebs ganapirobebenwamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi, romlebic cal-calke Tu erTad, namdvilad ar ganicdianaraviTar sistemur kriziss, romelic SesaZlebelia bunebrivi garemos degradaciiT iyosgamowveuli. es imas ar niSnavs, rom aseTi krizisi ar xdeba — ubralod es qveynebi axerxebenmaTi problemebis mniSvneloveni nawilis gatanas sakuTari teritoriebis farglebs gareT(igive WuWyiani warmoebebi).es moTamaSeebi, agreTve, swored ver afaseben maTi Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi sistemebismdgomareobas. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi warmatebisa Tu Cavardnis Sefasebis mTavarikriteriumi bazris mdgomareobaa. xolo bazari, misi aSkara Rirsebebis miuxedavad, sakmaodprimitiuli meqanizmia. is afasebs nebismier processa Tu situacias diax/ara — TeTri/Savi— mogeba/wagebis logikis safuZvelze. am TvalsazrisiT, dRes msoflioSi ar arsebobsbunebrivi garemos degradaciiT gamowveuli araviTari krizisi, romelic moiTxovssabazro urTierTobebis sistemis Zirfesvian gadasinjvas, an bazari ubralod ver cnobsmis niSnebs.am dros ekologiuri krizisi imiT gansxvavdeba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis sxva100

krizisebisagan, rom rodesac bazari amoicnobs aseTi globaluri sistemuri krizisisniSnebs, mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli meqanizmebi da resursebi ar iqneba sakmarisi mismosagvareblad.yovelwliurad organuli sawvavis dawvis Sedegad atmosferoSi xvdeba 5.8 miliarditona naxSirbadi, rac 20 miliard tona naxSirorJangs Seesabameba. aseTi raodenobisnaxSirbadis dasagroveblad fotosinTezis procesSi misi atmosferodan STanTqvis drosbunebas sWirdeba TiTqmis milioni weli. weliwadSi msoflioSi moipoveba 120 miliarditona madani, sawvavi wiaRiseuli da saSeni masala, gamoidnoba 800 milioni tona sxvadasxvametali.metalurgiuli warmoeba iZleva daWuWyianebis 34%-mde, Tboeleqtrosadgurebi-27%,navTobis mrewveloba-12%, qimiuri-9%-s, gazis-7%. kacobriobis istoriis manZilzegadagvarebuli niadagebis farTobi Seadgens 20 milion kvadratul kilometrs, rac imazemetia, dRes msoflioSi rom gamoiyeneba. kacobrioba, romelic Tavisi biomasiT Seadgensdedamiwis cocxali nivTierebis procentis meaTasedebs, qmnis aTasjer met narCenebs,vidre mTeli biosfero. maTi raodenoba yovel TxuTmet weliwadSi erTxel ormagdeba.dedamiwis hidrosferoSi yovelwliurad Caedineba 600 miliard tonamde samrewveloCamdinare wylebi, romlebic Seicavs 300 milon tonamde rkinas, 2.3 milion tona tyvias, 7000tona vercxliswyals, 6000 tona fosfors da sxva mavne nivTierebebs, rac mniSvnelovnadabinZurebs msoflio okeanes, amcirebs mis biomravalferovnebas, saxes ucvlis adamianissakveb resursebs da amcirebs kidec maT.sawarmoo narCeni airebi (m.S. avtomanqanebis gamonabolqvi) iwveven atmosferoSigogirdisa da azotis Jangebis moxvedras. isini ubrundebian dedamiwas mJave wvimebis saxiT,romlebic amJaveben da gadaagvareben niadags, wyalsacavebs, mcenareul safars. xdebaniadagebis degradacia.gaudabnoebis procesiT moculia teritoria, romelic farTobiT aRemateba Crdilo dasamxreT amerikas, erTad aRebuls. mxolod adamianis mier daSrobili aralis zRvisSemogarenidan qars yovelwliurad miaqvs 150 milion tonaze meti miwa. planetaze tyeebisgaCexvis siCqare weliwadSi maTi saerTo farTobis daaxloebiT 0.2%-s udris. avstraliam,magaliTad, ukve dakarga Tavisi tyeebis 3/4, amerikam 2/5, afrikam — 1/5. es procesigansakuTrebiT Seexo tropikul tyeebs (amazonia, kongo, samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia),romlebic atmosferoSi naleqis cirkulaciis regulatorebis rols TamaSobs.Tavi 5. zogierTi globaluri problema.globaluri teqnologiebi, kultura msoflio urTierTobebSi.5.1. globaluri teqnologiebis transferi5.1.1. globalizaciis erT-erTi mTavari Sedegi isaa, rom dedamiwa ubralod Zalianpatara gaxda. isevdaisev, principulad aRar arsebobs manZilis daZlevis problema, xolonebismieri informaciis miReba, gadamuSaveba, gavrceleba anda urTierToba calkeulindividebs Soris SesaZlebelia realur droSi.gasagebia, rom amis SesaZlebloba mxolod imaT gaaCniaT, vinc sakmarisad SeZlebuliaamisaTvis. magram, mas Semdeg, rac reiganisa da tetCeris administraciebma aSS-sa da didbritaneTSi miaRwies komunikaciebis bazrebis deregulirebasa da demonopolizacias 1980-ian wlebSi, komunikaciisa da informaciis gavrcelebis eleqtronuli saSualebebi(televizia, interneti, eleqtronuli fosta, mobiluri telefoni) xelmisawvdomi gaxdanebismieri ganviTarebadi qveynis nebismieri moqalaqisaTvis, vinc siRaribis zRvarsgadacdenilia, Tu romeliRaca adgilobrivi diqtatori xist izolacionalisturpolitikas ar eweva (magaliTad, Crdilo korea). 179globaluri komunikaciebis saSualebebis ganviTareba amave dros mxolod SedarebiT mcirenawilia im uzarmazari gavlenisa, romelsac Tanamedrove mecnirebis miRwevebi, teqnika dateqnologia axdenen globalizaciis procesebze. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic, damokidebulebasworxazovani ar aris. teqnologia globaluri procesebis mZlavri matarebelia; imave dros,teqnologiebis umetesobis danergva da farTo gavrceleba SesaZlebelia mxolod imxelsayreli pirobebis farglebSi, romelTac maT globalizacia uqmnis.imis Sesabamisad, Tu teqnologiis Seqmnisa da aTvisebis ra unari gaaCniaT sxvadasxva101

qveynebs, dRes isini sazogadod sam did kategoriad iyofian: teqnologiuri inovatorebi,teqnologiis amTviseblebi da teqnologiurad “gaTiSulebi”. pirvel kategorias ekuTvnianaSS da is qveynebi, romelTa yovel milion mosaxleze weliwadSi aSS-Si daculi aTi patentimainc modis. rogorc cxrili 5.1-dan Cans, am kategoriaSi Sedian mxolod dasavleTievropisa da misi gamonayofi qveynebi, plus aRmosavleTi aziis 5 qveyana. meore kategoriasekuTvnis yvela is danarCeni qveyana, romelTa eqsportSic maRalteqnologiuriproduqciis wili minimum 2%-ia (yvela danarCeni ganviTarebuli qveyana daganviTarebulebis yvelaze mowinave nawili — brazilia, argentina, malaizia, indonezia, daa.S.), xolo mTeli danarCeni msoflio, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris CaTvliT, “gaTiSulebis”ricxvSi xvdeba e.i. es is qveynebia, romelTac warmatebuli ganviTarebis naklebi Sansi aqvT.cxrili 5.1 aSS patentebis saerTo raodenoba da erT milion mosaxleze, 2001qveyana patentebi patentebi/milion mosaxleze1 taivani 6 545 2992 iaponia 34 891 2753 SvedeTi 1 935 2174 Sveicaria 1 557 2165 israeli 1 031 1616 fineTi 769 1487 germania 11 895 1458 kanada 4 063 1319 luqsemburgi 48 12010 dania 556 10311 niderlandebi 1 494 9312 honkongi 620 9313 samxreTi korea 3 763 8015 avstria 632 7816 belgia 796 7717 safrangeTi 4 456 7518 singapuri 304 7419 gaerTianebuli 4 356 74samefo20 islandia 21 7021 norvegia 283 6322 avstralia 1 031 5323 irlandia 166 4424 axali zelandia 160 4225 italia 1 978 34wyaro: aSS-is sapatento ofisi, 2002rasakvirvelia, aseTi dayofa xarvezebs ar aris moklebuli, magram principul suraTs ismainc iZleva. misi ZiriTadi nakli isaa, rom is dafuZnebulia teqnologiur inovaciebze dasaerTod ar iTvaliswinebs fundamentaluri mecnierebis miRwevebs. amave dros,daaxloebiT mecxramete saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, teqnologiis ganviTarebamTlianad fundamentaluri mecnieris winmswreb miRwevebzea damokidebuli. xolofundamentaluri mecniereba, Tavis mxriv, Zalian naklebadaa dakavSirebuli dRevandeliganviTarebis mTavar mamoZravebel ZalasTan — bazarTan.fundamentul mecnierebas aviTarebes ZiriTadad is qveynebi, romlebsac amis finansurida teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi, Sesabamisi ganaTlebis infrastruqtura aqvs; romlebic(da es etyoba yvelaze mniSvnelovania) Tavs msoflio an minimum regionaluri liderebisrolSi xedavs. 180 aseTi samecniero sistemis awyoba ZiriTadad mTavrobis iniciativebze,dafinansebasa da organizaciazea damokidebuli. 181meore msoflio omis Semdeg 1990-ian wlebamde msoflioSi arsebobda faqtiuradoradori qveyana, romelTac saSualeba gaaCndaT ganeviTarebinaT fundamentarulimecnierebebis TiTqmis mTeli speqtri — aSS da sabWoTa kavSiri.102

sabWoTa kavSirma gamomdinare nawilobriv ideologiuri mosazrebebidan, umetiswiladki qveynis breJnevisdroindeli xelmZRvanelobis umecrobis gamo, SeaCera informaciuliteqnologiebis ganviTareba. amas Sedegad mohyva qveynis mTliani teqnologiuri CamorCena,romelmac erT-erTi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa mis saboloo daSlaSi.yvela danarCen maRalganviTarebul qveynebs, igive safrangeTis, didi britaneTis,germaniis, iaponiis CaTvliT, SeeZloT fundamentaluri mecnierebebis speqtris mxolodgarkveuli nawilebis ganviTareba, xolo sxvagan is mxolod kerovan xasiaTs atarebda (daatarebs). dRes ruseTs sabWoTa fundamentaluri samecniero memkvidreobis mxolod nawiliSerCa, magram mis adgils sul ufro aqtiurad ikavebs CineTi (gansakuTriT maTemaTikasa dafizikaSi) da indoeTi.globalizaciis TvalsazrisiT zemoT moyvanili analizis arsi isaa, rom ragind ar undaiyos ganviTarebuli esa Tu is qveyana teqnologiurad, misi miRwevebi yovelTvis iqnebadamokidebuli imaze, vinc misi teqnologiuri ganviTarebis Teoriul, fundamentarulsafuZvels uzrunvelyofs. faqtiurad dRevandel msoflioSi samecniero-teqnologiuriierarqiis ara sam, aramed oTx iarusiani sistema arsebobs — mis mwvervalze yovelTvis isqveynebi iqneba, romelTac Seswevs unari teqnologiis ganviTarebis Teoriuli safuZvlebiSeqmnan.5.1.2. rac Seexeba teqnologiebis transfers ganviTarebad qveynebSi, rac principuladmsoflio ganviTarebis procesis erT-erT mTavar dasayrdens warmoadgens, is or nawiladunda daiyos:pirveli exeba ZiriTadad iseTi saxis teqnologiebs, romelzec damokidebulia amqveynebSi sawarmoo Zalebisa da, saboloo jamSi, mTlianad ekonomikis ganviTareba. yvela esteqnologia bazarzea gamotanili da yvela msurvelisTvisaa xelmisawvdomi. 182 yvelazeCamorCenil qveyanasac ki SeuZlia sawarmoo teqnologiebis Semoatana pirdapiri ucxouridaxmarebisa Tu kreditebis farglebSi. am fulis ZiriTadi nawili, bolos da bolos, aseTitipis programebisaTvis gamoiyofa.problemebi am teqnologiebis danergvis etapze iwyeba. upirveles yovlisa, is moiTxovsqveynaSi teqnologiuri gadaiaraRebis aucileblobisa da misi prioritetebis zust, sworegansazRvras; realistur, miRwevad miznebze dafuZnebuli programis arsebobas; qveyanaSiarsebuli resursebis swore Sefasebas, pirvel rigSi, socialuri kapitalis (SromiTiresursebis, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli kvalifikaciiT, SromisunarianobiT da a.S.);teqnologiebis danergvis instituciuri da saorganizacio garemos Seqmnas.aseTi tipis gadaiaraRebis procesSi mTavrobis roli gadamwyvetia. pirvel etapze mainc,rodesac bazars ubralod ar SeuZlia strategiuli amocanebis dasaxva da maTi efeqturadmarTva, mTavroba unda uSualod xelmZRvanelobdes teqnologiis transferis process.amitom swored mTavrobis efeqturoba ganapirobebs ZiriTadad mis warmatebas.damatebiT, zogjer gadamwyvet siZneles, warmoadgens qveyanaSi arsebuli samuSao Zalisxarisxi, m.S. Sromismoyvareoba, disciplina, warmatebisadmi ltolva, fizikuriSromisunarianoba. e.i. mTeli rigi wminda kulturuli faqtorebisa, romelTa Sorisudides rols TamaSobs tradiciaSi arsebuli pativiscema ganaTlebisadmi da ganaTlebismiRebisadmi ltolva. 183ase rom, teqnologiuri transferi ganviTarebis mizniT isevdaisev (ixileT, Tavi 3)damokidebulia ara imdenad teqnologiebze, rogorc aseTze, aramed imaze, Tu ramdenadarian mzad amisaTvis mimRebi qveyana.rogorc cnobilia, yvelaze warmatebiT teqnologiuri gadaiaraReba gaiaresaRmosavleTi aziis qveynebma. yvela am qveynebSi es procesi saxelmwifos mier imarTeboda,xolo adgilobrivi muSaxelis msoflios nebismier qveyanas SeiZleba SeSurdes.meore SemTxvevaSi laparakia “farTo moxmarebis teqnologiebze”, romlebic principSixelmisawvdomia nebismieri moqalaqisaTvis, romelsac maTi SeZenis finansuri saSualebaaqvs. aseT teqnologiebSi, pirvel rigSi, igulisxmeba adamianis sicocxlisunarianobisuzrunvelyofis, transportisa da komunikaciebis teqnologiebi — gansakuTrebiT radio,televizia, telefoni, msubuqi avtomanqana, kompiuteri, sayofacxovrebo teqnika da a.S.maTi umetesobis moxmareba minimalurad ganaTlebul, xSirad ubralod gaunaTlebeladamiansac ki SeuZlia. Tumca ZiriTadad ganviTarebad qveyanaSi maTi koncentracia xdebaganviTarebis centrebSi, romelTac gare samyarosTan intensiuri kontaqtebi gaaCniaT.aseTi teqnologiebis transferi mTlianad bazarzea damokidebuli, xolo misiavkargianoba ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba ara adamianis realuri moTxovnilebiT masze,aramed warmatebuli marketingiT. misi transferis ZiriTadi Sedegi, ara imdenad misimomxmareblis cxovrebis xarisxis zrdaa, ramdenadac kulturis difuziaa.103

5.2. kulturuli difuzia.5.2.1. kulturebis urTierTgavlena (da konkurencia) spontanuri procesia, romelicavtomaturad xdeba nebismieri ori gansxvavebuli eTnosis Sexebis arealSi. faqtiuradnebismieri eTnosis sicocxlisunarianoba da warmateba, rigorc aseTi, SeiZlebaganisazRvros imis Sesabamisad, ramdenad SeuZlia mas ucxo kulturis elementebisasimilacia da amis xarjze sakuTari kulturis gamdidreba. meoce saukunis meorenaxevridan es procesi uaRresad intensiuri gaxda imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom kulturulmafaseulobebma (m.S. yofiTi kulturis) - a/uaRresad swrafi, maRalefeqturi materialuri“gadamtani” SeiZines teqnologiebis saxiT. ufro metic, teqnologia ara marto kulturulifaseulobebis gadamtani, aramed maTi damoukidebeli matarebeli gaxda, TviTongadaiqca kulturis elementad;Dda b/kultura (pirvel rigSi misi is nawili, romelicmaskulturis saxeliTaa cnobili) saqonlad gadaiqca da misi udidesi nawilis formirebada gavrceleba sabazro urTierTobis kanonebiT regulirdeba.kulturis universaluri, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ganmarteba bunebrivia ar arsebobs,Tumca aseTTan yvelaze axlos dgas etyoba gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturisorganizaciis (iunesko) Semdegi formulireba — [kultura] warmoadgens sazogadoebisa Tusocialuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebel gamokveTil sulier, materialur, inteleqtualurda emociul Taviseburebebs, romelic xelovnebasa da literaturasTan erTadmoicavs cxovrebis wesebs, Tanacxovrebis saSualebebs, faseulobaTa sistemebs,tradiciebsa da rwmenas. 184yvelaze did STabeWdilebas, am TvalsazrisiT, tovebs procesi, romelic daiwyo gasulisaukunis 1930-ian wlebSi dasawyisSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. am dros msoflios erTerTmayvelaze didma da warmatebulma kompaniam, jeneral motorsma (General Motors) -navTobis, metalurgiuli da avtosaburavebis warmoebis dargebis sxva wamyvanmoTamaSeebTan erTad, xelSi Caigdo asze meti tramvais qseli aSS-s 45 wamyvan qalaqSi damoSala isini. 1950-iani bolosaTvis tramvais sistemis daaxloebiT 9/10 da Sida saqalaqosazogadoebrivi transportis sxva saxeebis didi nawili gauqmda. imave dros saxelmwifomdaabanda saavtomobilo gzebis mSeneblobaSi iqamde arnaxuli Tanxebi (ZiriTadad, rogorcCans imisaTvis, rom didi raodenobiT im droisaTvis dausaqmebeli muSaxeli Caebasaxelmwifo dasaqmebis programebSi). jamSi, amas mohyva qveyanaSi miwiszeda sazogadoebrivitransportis (rkinigzis CaTvliT) Canacvleba avtomanqaniT.yvelaferTan erTad, aman gamoiwvia, sruliad axali cxovrebis wesis formireba,romelic faqtiurad gulisxmobs, rom mxolod avtomanqanis mflobelia sazogadoebissrulfasovani wevri. aSS-Si, sadac es cxovrebis wesi Camoyalibda, saqme iqamdea misuli,rom adamiani, romelsac manqana ara hyavs, calsaxad rogorc warumatebeli ganixileba, racam qveyanaSi miutevebeli codvaa. faqtiurad avtomanqana ara imdenad samomxmarebloRirebulebis matareblis, Tu satransporto saSualebis funqcias asrulebs, ramdenadackulturul stasus simbolod (status-symbol) gadaiqca.ormocdaaTiani wlebisaTvis piradi msubuqi avtomanqana iyo dasavluri kulturisyvelaze xiluli, da amave dros, yvelaze momxibvleli nawili (grZel, did frTebianamerikul manqanaze mTeli msoflios mamakacebs abodebda). dReisaTvis aseTi midgomaavtomanqanisadmi globalizebulia. avtomanqana universaluri status simboloa nebismiersazogadoebaSi, miuxedavad misi ganviTarebis donisa Tu kulturis tipisa.faqtiurad, 1950-1960-ian wlebSi msoflioSi adgili hqonda teqnologiis transferisada Sesabamisi kulturuli difuziis praqtikulad spontanur process, romelsac Tavisigamovlenis masStabebiTa da dedamiwaze warmatebis universaluri kriteriumebisCamoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT, dReisaTvis badali ara hyavs.am process meore, aranakleb mniSvnelovani mxarec aqvs. saavtomobilo transportidedamiwaze navTobisa da foladis yvelaze did momxmarebelia, Sesabamisad, haeris yvelazedidi damabinZurebelia, m.S. naxSirorJangidac. 185 avtomanqanebis dizaini, warmoeba,realizacia, teqnikuri momsaxureba, iseve rogorc misi sawvaviT uzrunvelyofa (navTobismopoveba, transportireba, gadamuSaveba, realizacia), gzebis mSenebloba da momsaxureba,moZraobis marTva, dazRveva, plus amasTan dakavSirebuli finansuri nakadebi — erTadetyoba warmoadgenen yvelaze did, unificirebul, warmatebul globalur sistemas(miuxedavad imisa, romel qveyanaSi, gzis romel mxares, dadian avtomanqanebi).garda amisa, swored avtomanqanebis sawvaviT uzrunvelyofis aucilebloba gaxdaglobaluri politikuri procesebisa da praqtikulad nebismieri qveynis erovnuli104

usafrTxoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi.sainteresoa, rom es erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli da msxvilmasStabiani globaluriprocesi ganviTarda faqtiurad mTlianad kerZo biznesis iniciativiT, saxelmwifosminimaluri mxardaWeriT. is, agreTve, aris imis klasikuri magaliTi, rom globaluriprocesebi winaswar ar igegmeba da lokaluri movlenebis globaluri gamovlinebaa. 186Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi yvelaze gamoCenili filosofosi, poloneli stanislavlemi werda 2006 wlis martSi gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre micemul interviuSi: is, racdaemarTa Cems futurologiur azrTwyobas sinamdvilesTan Sexebisas, cotaTi mogvagonebssaavtomobilo katastrofas. is, rac Cven dRes gvaqvs, araa is, razec odesRac vocnebobdi.ganxorcielda mxolod is, rac momgebiani gamodga, risi kargad gayidvac moxerxda. Cvenmomavlidan aviReT ara yvelaze lamazi, yvelaze amaRlebuli, ara is, rac yovel CvenTagansukeTess gagvxdida, aramed is, rac, komerciuli TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze perspeqtuiligamodga, rasTanac dakavSirebuli iyo didi sareklamo saagentoebis axalgazrdaspecialistebis saukeTeso merketinguli gegmebi. 1875.2.2. individualuri saavtomobilo transportis globaluri gavrceleba amave dros araRiqveba rogorc dasavluri (pirvel rigSi amerikuli) eqspansia, gansxvavebiT e.w.masobrivi kulturis gavrcelebisa, romelic Zalian xSirad “kulturuli kolonializmis(imperializmis)” saxeliT moixsenieba.am process ZiriTadad ukavSireben masobrivi kulturis iseTi elementebis warmoebasada gavrcelebas, rogoricaa kinofilmebi, satelevizio gadacemebi, musika, kompiuteruliTamaSebi - e.i. yvelaferi is, risi “moxmareba” mnaxvelisa Tu msmenelis kulturuli Tuinteleqtualuri ganviTarebis dones absoluturad minimalur moTxovnilebebs uyenebs. 188igive WrilSi ganixileba yofiTi kulturis unifikaciac msoflio masStabiT (magaliTad,masobrivi kvebis stereotipebis danergva — fast-food).am procesis Sefaseba rogorc kolonializmis (Tu imperializmis), upirvelesad yovlisa,metyvelebs mis uaRres efeqturobasa da gavlenaze msoflio mosaxleobis kulturuli daqceviTi stereotipebis Camoyalibebaze. gansakuTrebiT internetis, satelituriteleviziis, informaciis kompaqturi matareblebis (CD) epoqaSi, praqtikulad aRararsebobs adgili dedamiwaze, romelsac is ar faravdes — e.i. es procesi mainc teqnologiistransferzea damokidebuli da mis gareSe SeuZlebelia. dRes Zalian Znelia imis Tqma,romelia aq “kvercxi” da romelia “qaTami” — axali teqnologiebis gamogoneba iwvevskulturuli difuziis procesis intensifikacias, Tu kulturis difuziis intensifikaciismoTxovnebi iwvevs Sesabamisi teqnologiebis damuSavebas.am procesis aSkara xiluli Sedegia misi gavlenis qveS moxvedrili praqtikuladnebismieri kulturis transformacia. faqtiurad adgili aqvs msoflio kulturebisunificirebis tendencias garedan mosuli kulturuli stereotipebis gavleniT. 189principulad es procesi arafer axals ar warmoadgens — isev da isev nebismieri orikulturis Sexebis arealSi xdeba maT urTierTgavlena. am dros xdeba arsebulitradiciebis, faseulobaTa sistemebis, qcevis stereotipebis, yoveldRiuri cxovrebiswesis transformacia, an saerTod axliT Canacvleba, TaobaTa Soris urTierTobisgamwvaveba. gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia aseTi transformaciebi spontanuri, “revoluciuri”procesebis Sedegad, romlebic axali ideologiebis danergvas mosdevs (mniSvnelobaara aqvs, is religiuria Tu saero). vTqvaT qristianobisa Tu islamis gavrceleba,komunisturi ideologiis danergva yofil ruseTis imperiaSi, anda misi ngreviTgamowveuli “kulturuli vakuumi”.dRevandeli [masobrivi] kulturuli difuziis globaluri procesi saukuneebismanZilze mimdinare procesisagan rigi mniSvnelovani parametrebiT gansxvavdeba:• gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebidan moyolebuli is faqtobrivad erTicentridan momdinareobs (aSS) da mis stereotipebzea damyarebuli. faqtiurad saqmegvaqvs erTgvar kulturul monopoliasTan;• misi intensivoba da “masa” (igive kinofilmebis, musikaluri klipebis da a.S.) imdenaddidia, rom msoflio masStabiT Trgunavs nebismier konkurencias (85% imkinofilmebisa, romlebsac uCveneben dedamiwaze — amerikulia);• warmatebuli konkurencia (Tanac adgilobriv Tu regionul doneze, zogierT seqto-105

ebSi), am ZiriTad “kulturul dinebasTan” , SeuZliaT mxolod maT, vinc sakuTarproduqcias aSS-dan nasesxeb stereotipebis efeqturad “miusadagebs” (ixileT,magaliTad, “bolivudis” — induri kinos fenomeni, romlis gavlenis qveS aziis didinawili imyofeba, laTinur amerikuli satelevizio serialebi, iaponuri multiplikacia,evropuli popularuli musika, Haute Couture da a.S.). aseTi konkurenciisyvelaze warmatebuli magaliTi etyoba arabuli satelevizio arxi aljaziraa,romelic musulmanur samyaroSi igive rols TamaSobs, rogorsac CNN dasavleTSi.miuxedavad amisa, am procesis, rogorc “kulturuli imperializmis” ganxilva arasworiiqneboda. situacia aq erTdroulad ufro martivicaa da grZelvadian perspeqtivaSietyoba ufro didi gardaqmnebis gamomwvevi, vidre “klasikuri” imperialisturi eqspansiisprocesSi.nebismieri aqtiuri kulturuli difuziis procesis ukan dgas raRac idea, rwmena imisa,rom faseulobaTa sistema Tu qcevis stereotipi, romelsac erTi sazogadoeba meoressTavazobs (an Tavze axvevs) sxvaze ukeTesia da arsebobis meti ufleba aqvs.amisgan gansxvavebiT, dRevamdeli globaluri kulturuli difuziis procesimaqsimalurad depersonificirebuli da deideologizirebulia. is xorcieldebabiznesmenTa SedarebiT mcire jgufis interesebSi, romelTaTvisac is normaluri “biznesproeqtia”warmoadgens — e.i. maT mier imarTeba da maT mogebaze muSaobs.aq “kulturis” cneba saerTod ar aris dakavSirebuli araviTar ideasTan — is ubralodsaqonelia, romelic bazarze unda gaiyidos, msgavsad sxva nebismieris, pampersisa TuTviTmfrinavis. amitomac misi Seqmna da realizacia xdeba normaluri marketinguliteqnologiebis safuZvelze.xdeba potenciuri bazris Seswavla, momxmareblis “damuSaveba” intensiuri reklamissaSualebiT — Semdgom saqonlis realizacia. imas, rom es saqoneli wesiT da rigiT, raimekulturuli faseulobis matarebeli unda iyos, araviTari principuli mniSvneloba araaqvs. aseTi faseuloba SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas rogorc sawarmoo procesis Tanmxlebiproduqti, magram es aucilebeli ar aris.is swored imitom aris iseTi efeqturi, rom, saboloo jamSi usaxoa da indiferentuliproduqtis momxmareblis mimarT, miT umetes am produqtis SigTavsis — mTavaria, momxmarebelmamasSi fuli gadaixados. Zalian uxeSad is mogvagonebs Zvel anekdots daqiravebul mkvleleze,romelic bodiSs uxdis Tavis msxverpls, sanam TavSi tyvias daaxlides — “mapatie Zmao, piradadSeni winaaRmdegi me araferi ara maqvs, ubralod saqmes vakeTeb”. 190ukanaskneli drois aseTi midgomis tipuri magaliTia, jurnali “pleibois” indoneziurivariantis gamoSveba. msoflios udidesi musulmanuri qveynis mosaxleobis yvelazefundametalisturi nawils reaqcia mainc aseT qmedebaze sakmaod advili gasaTvleli iyo.magram am proeqtis avtorebi imdenad miCveulebi arian mxolod sabazro koniunqturisa damogebis kategoriebiT azrovnebas, rom gulwrfelad gaukvirdaT, rodesac Jurnalispirveli nomris gamosvlis meore dRes misi ofisi daarbies.nebismier sazogadoebaSi aseTi eqspansia iwvevs adgilobrivi kulturis transformacias,zogjer stagnaciasa da degeneracias, “nabuSari”, erTdRiura kulturulihibridebis Seqmnas. uamravi adamiani, gansakuTrebiT mozardebi da axalgazrdebi, amisSedegad aRiqvamen msoflios friad damaxinjebuli saxiT, maTTvis realuri situacia(gansakuTrebiT, im nawilSi, romelic aSS-s exeba) Canacvlebulia iluzoluriT, romelsacmarketingis specialistebi qmnian.globalur doneze kulturebis difuziis procesebma gamoiwvia adaminebis friadgamorCeuli jgufis Seqmna.am jgufs miekuTvnian isini, vinc marTaven da uSualod emsaxurebian globalur qselebs -ZiriTadad transnacionaluri korporaciebis menejerebi da kvalificirebuli specialistebi.imis gamo, rom maTzea ZiriTadad damokidebuli am qselebis muSaobis organizacia damarTva, maTi UuSualo gavlena msoflioSi mimdinare procesebze uaRresad didia. miuxedavadmaTi formaluri warmoSobisa da erovnebis, isini azrovneben da moqmedeben erTiani, universalurikorporaciuli kulturis farglebSi, romelsac aqvs aSkarad gamokveTili qcevisstereotipebi, Sefasebis kriteriumebi, faseulobebi, tradiciebi. faqtiurad SesaZlebelialaparaki specifikuri globaluri korporaciuli [sub]kulturis Camoyalibebaze, Tumcaamerikuli sawyisebi am sistemaSi jer kidev SeimCneva.es adamianebi arafrad agdeben dedamiwaze arsebul qveynebsa da regionebs Sorisarsebul sxvaobebs (cxovrebis wesis CaTvliT), ubralod zogjer ar ician, rom samxreTikorea da honkongi ori gansxvavebuli qveyanaa (es mouvidaT, magaliTad, ukve am saukuneSi106

Microsoft-is top-menejerebs). sadac ki ar unda moRvaweobdnen es adamianebi, isini moiTxoven,rom adgilze maT Seuqmnan saqmianobisa da yofacxovrebis iseTi pirobebi, romlebic maTiwarmodgeniT optimaluria. maTi realuri “wona” imdenad didia, rom nebismieri qveyana,romelsac surs maTTan urTierToba, iZulebulia maTi wesebiT iTamaSos. faqtiurad amadamianebis saxiT saqme gvaqvs globaluri moqalaqeebis pirvel jgufTan. 191rasakvirvelia, zedmetad kategoriuli iqneboda am globaluri procesis didi nawiliscalsaxad uaryofiTad Sefaseba, Tumca bevri dadebiTis moZebnac masSi Znelia. imisaRiarebacaa saWiro, rom is obieqturad gardauvalia. am tipis procesebTan gamklavebafriad rTulia (im SemTxvevaSic, Tu amis aucilebloba saerTod igrZnoba) — is faqtiuradyvelgan aRwevs, iseT izolirebul sazogadoebebSic ki, rogoric winaT sabWoTa kavSiriiyo, plus mosaxleobis udidesi umetesoba mas rogorc uaryofiTs araviTar SemTxvevaSi araRiqvams — piriqiT, is masisaTvis uaRresad mimzidvelia.rac Seexeba imas, rom am procesis warmoqmna da ganviTareba ZiriTadad aSS-s ukavSirdeba darogorc misi mizandasaxuli eqspansia ganixileba. es isevdaisev kerZo biznesis iniciativaa,romelSic aSS-s mTavroba minimalurad ereva, xolo biznesi ki sapasuxod maqsimaluradpolitikurad koreqtulia da cdilobs xelmZRvanelobaSi arsebuli tendenciebi droze dasworad Seityos (klasikuri magaliTi, rodesac 1980-ian wlebSi amerikuli kinoxelovnebamasobrivad uSvebda kinofilmebs, sadac aucileblad ori mTavari gmiri iyo — TeTri daafroamerikeli, romlebic erTad ebrZodnen saerTo mters). 192is, rom swored amerikelebi arian yvelaze aqtiurebi masobrivi kulturis warmoebaSi dayvelaze warmatebulebi, pirvel rigSi, imiTia ganpirobebuli, rom xelovnebis saqonladgadaqcevis biznes-modeli maT mieraa gamogonebuli da maT dResac gaaCniaT didi“SedarebiTi upiratesoba” (comparative advantage) konkurentebis mimarT. es ZiriTadad imisxarjze xdeba, rom gadamwyveti upiratesoba aseTi tipis konkureciis procesSi aqvTfirmebs, romelTac gaaCniaT marketingisa da gavrcelebis meti resursebi -e.i.amerikulebs. imas, rom, magaliTad, amerikuli kinostudiebis nawilis patronebi 1980-ianiwlebidan iaponelebi arian, naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs.garda amisa, uyvarT amerika Tu ara, is msoflios masobrivi momxmareblisaTvis maincyvelaze mimzidveli qveyanaa da mis realiebze agebuli miTologiac Sesabamisad yvelazegavleniania. igive italieli, miT umetes, indoeli an brazilieli ver gamodgeba “idealurgmirad” — amisaTvis maTi qveynebi da cxovrebis wesi sakmarisad mimzidveli ar aris(ramdenic ar unda Rvaron diasaxlisebma cremli indur kinofilmebsa Tu braziliurserialebze).daaxloebiT aseve problematurad aRiqveba bevris mier inglisuri enis (misi amerikulivariantis) gavrceleba msoflioSi, rogorc kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciis ZiriTadisaSualebis. inglisuris gavlena msoflios ganviTarebaze aseve xasiaTdeba rogorc “lingvistikuriimperializmi”. amave dros, inglisuri enis gavrceleba imdenad intensiuria,rom British Council-s SefasebiT 2015 wlisaTvis msoflios mosaxleobis naxevari ilaparakebsinglisurad, xolo or miliardamde adamiani daiwyebs am enis Seswavlas momavali aTi wlisganmavlobaSi. 193inglisuris aseTi gavrceleba isevdaisev ar unda iyos aRqmuli rogorc mizandasaxulieqspansia, es msoflios ganviTarebis sasicocxlo moTxovnilebaa. globalizebul dedamiwazeaucileblad saWiroa urTierTobis erTiani ena. Tavis droze, meoce saukunispirvel naxevarSi, yvelasaTvis misaRebi xelovnuri enebis Seqmnis cdebic ki iyo, romelTaSoris erT-erTi - “esperanto”, sakmaod cnobili iyo evropel inteleqtualebs Soris mainc.is, rom, saboloo jamSi, inglisurma daikava msoflio sakomunikacio saSualebis adgili,sruliad logikuria da gamomdinareobs im rolidan, romelsac obieqturad TamaSobsSeerTebuli Statebi (plus sxva inglisurenovani qveynebi) dRevandeli msofliosganviTarebaSi.aRmoCnda, rom dReisaTvis inglisuris roli imdenad didia, rom qveyana, romlismosaxleoba laparakobs inglisurad, bevrad ufro “Riaa” gare samyarosTan urTierTobisaTvis,meti Sansi aqvs moizidos ucxouri investiciebi, da saerTod ganviTardes imTavis mezoblebTan SedarebiT, romlebic inglisurad ar laparakoben. 194 magaliTad,irlandiis arnaxuli progresi gasuli saukunis ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze, risTvisacman kelturi vefxvis zedmeti saxelic ki daimsaxura, mniSvnelovan wilad imazec iyodamokidebuli, rom misi samuSao Zala inglisurenovania.amave dros, kulturuli difuziis globalurma procesma ara marto ar gamoiwviadedamiwaze mcxovrebi xalxebis daaxloeba, aramed isini ZiriTadad kulturulad ufro107

gamijna. Zalian xSirad, masobrivi kulturis gavrcelebas adamianebi ganixilaven rogorcmaTi kulturuli Rirsebis xelyofas da Sesabamisad reagireben, Tumca reaqciis formebiSesaZlebelia friad gansxvavdebodes.magaliTad, safrangeTi ganTqmulia garedan Semosuli maskulturis organizebuliwinaaRmdegobiT. aq mTavroba uSualod ereva procesebSi, kvotebisa da subsidiebisgamoyenebiT. 195 amisaTvis mas emuqrebian evrogaerTianebis biurokratebi, romlebic apirebenim daxmarebis limitirebas, romelic SeuZlia gauwios ama Tu im qveyanam mis farglebSiwarmoebul produqcias. 196 sxvagan es Sinagani protesti ufro radikalur, spontanur xasiaTsiZens. bevrs miaCnia, rom dRevandeli, farTod gavrcelebuli, religiuri fanatizmi,nacionalizmi, traibalizmi, Seuwynarebloba, didwilad warmoadgens reaqcias globalurikulturuli unifikaciis mcdelobaze. Tumca isevdaisev, es mcdeloba mizandasaxul, gegmiurprocess ar warmoadgens. is warmatebuli lokaluri proeqtis globaluri Sedegia, romelzecglobalur doneze reaqcia uaRresad Zneli gasaTvleli iyo (Tu saerTod SesaZlebeli) da misiiniciatorebis pasuxismgeblobis sferoSi ar moiazreba. samagierod, is dRes gadadisglobaluri politikis pasuxismgeblobis arealSi.Daxali teqnologiebisa da kulturuli faseulobebis simbiozis klasikur magaliTs,romelic muSaobs erTiani globaluri sub-kulturis Camoyalibebaze warmoadgensinterneti da mobiluri telefoni. am orive komunikaciis saSualebis “SeRweva” msofliomosaxleobaSi uaRresad didia, gansakuTrebiT mobiluri telefonis.es telefoni jer kidev 1983 wels Semovida xmarebaSi, magram uaRresad popularuligaxda 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, rodesac misma teqnikurma daxvewam da mkveTrmagaiafebam xelmisawvdomi gaxada is ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobisaTvisac. 2004 wlisbolosaTvis msoflioSi 1.76 miliardi mobiluri telefonis xelmomweri iricxeboda, anumTeli mosaxleobis meoTxedze meti. mobiluri telefonebis raodenobam ukve SesamCnevadgauswro fiqsirebuli satelefono xazebis raodenobas (1.21 miliardi). evropis xuTqveyanaSi yovel 100 mosaxleze 100 meti mobiluri telefoni modis, xolo luqsemburgSi esraodenoba 138-s udris, rac absoluturi msoflio rekordia. evropis rig qveynebSi,agreTve, daiwyo fiqsirebuli satelefono xazebis raodenobis absoluturi Semcireba. 197principSi, mobiluri telefonebi ufro ganviTarebad qveynebs “moergo”. aq maTi qselebisteqnikurad ganviTareba ufro advilia, amitom momxmarebelTa raodenobac metia, miuxedavadimisa, rom isini “tradiciul” telefonze ufro Zviria. aq 2004 wels maT momxmarebelTa 56%iricxeboda, xolo 2000 wlidan moyolebuli maTze movida msoflio bazris zrdis TiTqmis 4/5.igive SedarebiT Rarib CineTSi mobiluri aqvs daaxloebiT yovel meoTxe mosaxles, magram es335 milioni adamiania. ruseTSi momxmarebelTa raodenoba gaizarda 60%-T 2004 wlis cxraTveSi. iq axla mobiluri mosaxleobis 51%-ze mets aqvs. honkongSi yovel 100 mosaxleze 119mobiluri telefoni modis. amave dros, SeerTebuli StatebSi mobiluri telefonebi hqondamTeli mosaxleobis 62.1%-s, rac, magaliTad, naklebia, vidre karibis kunZulebis umetesobaze.am qveyanaSi momxmareblebi yvela saxis kompaniebs Soris yvelaze naklebaT arian kmayofilitradiciuli telefonis kompaniebis momsaxurebiT, xolo maT Semdeg yvelaze metad mobiluritelefonebis kompaniebi ezizRebaT. 198gansxvavebiT mobiluri telefonebisagan, interneti mainc ZiriTadad ganviTarebuliqveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mivlenad rCeba. msoflioSi mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 13%CarTulia internetSi, Tumca yvelaze ganviTarebul qveynebSi aseTebis wili mTelimosaxleobis naxevarze metia. internetis momxmarebelTa yvelaze maRali wili msoflioSiislandiasa, SvedeTsa da maltazea — Sesabamisad 77 da 75-75%.aq, rasakvirvelia, ZiriTad rols TamaSobs misi teqnikuri aRWurvilobis Rirebuleba(kompiuteri da fiqsirebuli xazebi), magram aranakleb mniSvnelovania isic, rom internetiufro did moTxovnebs uyenebs misi momxmareblis ganaTlebis dones. plus bevri qveyanadiqtatoruli an naxevrad-diqtatoruli reJimebiT, Tu pirdapir ar krZalavs informaciisTavisufali gacvlis am ubadlo saSualebas, cdilobs is maqsimalurad SezRudos.faqtiurad ganviTarebadi qveynebis doneze arsebobs pirdapiri korelacia qveynis“gaxsnilobas” Soris, erTi mxriv, da internetisa da mobiluri telefonebis gavrcelebasSoris, meore mxriv. igive CineTSi akrZaluri internet-gverdebis raodenoba aTasebsmoiTvlis da akrZalvis kontroli Zalian mkacria. aq zogierTi SefasebiT 30 aTasadamianamde monawileobs internetis cenzuris procesSi da ebrZvis legalur saitebzexelisuflebisaTvis iseTi “gamaRizianebeli” sityvaTa SeTanxmebebis gamoCenas,rogorebicaa “adamianis uflebebi” Tu “sityvis Tavisufleba”. ufro metic, rogorc sCans,iseTi wamyvani internetis momsaxurebis mimwodeblebi, rogoric, magaliTad, Yahoo!atyobineben xelisuflebas im pirovnebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic iZieben misTvis arasaimedo108

veb-gverdebs; xolo Google-m 2006 wels gaSvebuli Cinurenovani versiidan ubralod amoiRois veb-gverdebi, romlebic adgilobriv xelisuflebas ar moswons.2004 wlis bolosaTvis internetis momxmareblebi msoflioSi Semdegnairad iyvnenganawilebulebi:internetis momxmarebelTa wili %regionis mosaxleobaSi msoflio momxmareblebSiafrika 1.4 1.6azia 7.4 32.6evropa 31.6 28.3axlo aRmosavleTi 6.7 2.1Crdilo amerika 66.5 26.7laTinuri amerika/karibebi 10.1 6.8avstralia/okeania 47.4 1.9wyaro: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htmdaskvna — globaluri politika erayis Semdegnebismieri msxvilmasStabiani movlena, bunebrivia is Tu sazogadoebrivi, gamoirCevadidi inerciiT. procesebi, situaciebi, urTierTobebi SenarCundeba didi xnis manZilzemaTi gamomwvevi mizezebis gaqrobis Semdeg. aseTi inerciis yvelaze naTeli magaliTiafrikaa. problemebi, romlebic dRes awuxebs am kontinents, warmoiSva pirveliglobalizaciis dros, rodesac maSindelma wamyvanma globalurma moTamaSeebma daiyves iserTmaneTSi. daiyves ise, rogorc gamouvidaT, adgilobrivi interesebis yovelgvarigaTvaliswinebis gareSe. e.w. dekolonizaciis procesma meore globalizaciis drosubralod moaxdina am TviTneburi dayofis Sedegebis formalizacia da legalizacia; Tavzemoaxvia is xalxebs, romlebsac upirveles yovlisa Tavisi nebiT arasodes miuRiaT masSimonawileoba. Sedegad, Crdilo afrikis garda, mTeli danarCeni kontinenti ZiriTadadwarmodgenilia naklebad sicocxlisunariani saxelmwifoebiT, romlebic agrZelebenarsebobas maTi formaluri sazRvrebis CarCoebSi isevdaisev imitom, rom msoflioswamyvani Zalebi [daJinebiT] moiTxoven arsebuli situaciis SenarCunebas.aseTive poziciebidan SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT meore globalizaciac. urTierTobaTais nakrebi, romelic ganapirobebs dRes msoflio sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesebs,Camoyalibda da ganviTarda qveynebis ori blokis sistemuri winaaRmdegobis procesSi,romelTac saTaveSi edgnen aSS da ssrk. es procesi xasiaTdeboda Semdegi mniSvnelovaniTaviseburebebiT:• miuxedavad aSkara sistemuri uTavsebadobisa da daufaravi mtrobisa, grZelvadianperspeqtivaSi urTierToba am blokebs Soris (gansakuTrebiT uSualod aSS-sa da ssrksSoris) SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes rogorc mtruli TanamSromloba. sakuTariinteresebisaTvis brZolis procesSi maT Seqmnes orivesTvis momgebianiurTierTobaTa sistema. aseTma sistemam, miuxedavad imisa, rom uamrav nakls Seicavda,iTamaSa gadamwyveti roli imaSi, rom minimum oTxi aTeuli wlis manZilze dedamiwazeinteresebis SedarebiT stabiluri balansi iyo daculi.• mxare, romelsac aSS edga saTaveSi (ufro swori iqneboda vTqvaT — TviT aSS) amurTierTobebSi aqtiur rols TamaSobda. is axdenda iseTi ideeebis generirebas,procesebis Casaxvasa Tu faseulobebis gavrcelebis xelisSewyobas, romlebicisevdaisev grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ufro mimzidveli aRmoCndnen msofliosaTvis,vidre iseTebi, romelTa ukan ssrk idga. sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic araviTarSemTxvevaSi am procesis pasiuri damkvirvebeli ar iyo, mainc maTze reagirebismomxdenis rolSi ufro gamodioda, im gagebiT, rom is ZiriTadad cdilobdamowinaaRmdegis gamowvevis mogeriebas. gansakuTrebiT am winaaRmdegobis bolo etapzemas ubralod meorexarisxovani rolis Semsruleblis adgili hqonda miCenili. 199• am Sejibrma mowinaaRmdege mxareebs diametralurad sawinaaRmdego Sedegebi moutana.SeerTebul Statebs (da maT mokavSireebs) brZolam sakuTari interesebis dasacavadmsoflioSi yvelaferTan erTad moutana axali bazrebis gaxsna da/an Seqmna SesabamisidamatebiTi mogebebiTa da ekonomikuri zrdiT. sabWoTa kavSirma, romelic109

efuZneboda saxelmwifo warmoebis wess, ver moaxerxa Sesabamisi mogebis miReba imkontrolidan romelsac is amyarebda (ama Tu im gziT) qveynebsa da teritoriebzemsoflios garSemo. piriqiT, praqtikulad nebismieri aseTi mokavSire mZime tvirTadawveboda sabWoTa ekonomikas.sabWoTa kavSirma Seasrula Tavisi istoriuli misia da datova msoflio asparezi 1991wels, Tumca amis Semdeg globalur urTierTobebSi uzarmazari sicariele Seiqmna.globalizaciis dRevandeli etapis umTavresi problema SemdegSia - SesaZlebelia Tu araSenarCundes iseTi urTierTobaTa sistema, romelic moiTxovs ori antagonisturadganwyobili metoqis arsebobas gamarTulad muSaobisaTvis, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erT-erTiaseTi moTamaSe ubralod gaqra? Tu saWiroa urTierTobaTa raime axali sistemis Seqmna,romelic miscems msoflios saSualebas SeinarCunos SedarebiTi stabiluroba daganviTarebis pozitiuri trendebi?meore mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg globalur urTierTobaTa sistemamganicada rigi xiluli cvlilebebisa. amas agreTve mohyva mTeli rigi axali problemebisgamoCena, romelTa didi nawilic ukavSirdeba aSS-s rogorc erTaderT darCenil wamyvanglobalur moTamaSes.cxadia, SeerTebuli Statebi maTi mrisxane mowinaaRmdegis gaqrobis Semdeg, bevradufro Tavisuflad grZnoben Tavs imisaTvis, rom gaataron sakuTari interesebi msoflioSiise, rogorc es maT awyobT. maT unari SeswevT ugulvebelyon nebismieri opozicia, gaerosmagvari formaluri saerTaSoriso institutebis CaTvliT, iseve rogorc maTi uaxloesievropeli mokavSireebis megobruli winaaRmdegoba. sxva SedegebTan erTad es aZlevs aSS-ssaSualebas imoqmedos SerCeviT, ar miaqcios yuradReba im qveynebs, regionebsa Tuprocesebs, romlebic maTi uSualo, mimdinare interesebis sferoSi ar xvdebian. magaliTadaSS aZlevs Tavs uflebas TiTqmis mTlianad ugulvebelyos is procesebi, romlebicviTardeba sub-saharis afrikaSi, Tumca es swored is regionia, romelsac msoflioswamyvani qveynis yuradReba yvelaze Zalian sWirdeba. amave dros, es uCens mas cdunebasCaerios ufro xSirad da ufro met adgilas msoflioSi, iq sadac mis interesebsSesaZlebelia safrTxe emuqrebodeT.marcxis fasic (rogorc saSinao, aseve sagareo) am qveynisaTvis agreTve ganuzomladizrdeba, iqidan gamomdinare, rom aRar arsebobs imdenad Zlieri mowinaaRmdege, romelzecSesaZlebeli iqneboda mcdari gadawyvetilebebis Sedegebis gadabraleba. ufro meti, aSS,rogorc erTaderTi darCenili msoflio super saxelmwifo faqtiurad proJeqtorebisSuqSia moqceuli, ramac is kritikis iol samizned gadaaqcia. bevrisaTvis (aSS-smokavSireebis CaTvliT) lamis aris Cvevad gadaiqca SeerTebul Statebze yvela improblemis gadabraleba, romelTac adgili aqvs msoflioSi, nebismieri adgilobriviCavardnisa Tu krizisis interpretacia rogorc amerikis Carevis Sedegis ama Tu immocemuli qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi.is siZneleebic, romelic warmoiqmneba globaluri urTierTobebis sistemisCamoyalibebis procesSi, agreTve bevrad ufro mravalferovani gaxda. SedarebiT adviliamsoflios wamyvani qveynisaTvis yurad iRos SedarebiT mcire raodenobis mowinaaRmdegisaTu mokavSiris sakmaod kargad cnobili Tvisebebi (dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi) da maTzedayrdnobiT dadegmos sakuTari qmedeba. bevrad ufro rTulia dagegmo da imoqmedoefeqturad, rodesac imave qveyanas saqme aqvs uamrav mowinaaRmdegesTan (romelTaganacbevrs dRes ar gaaCnia formaluri statusi, marTvis centri Tu konkretuliadgilmdebareoba), konfliqturi interesebiT da/an mkafiod gamokveTili interesebisgareSe. am situaciaSi ganusazRvrelobis done mkveTrad matulobs.es mdgomareoba aseve gazviadebulia imiT, rom is qveynebi, romlebic aSS mokavSireebadmogvevlinebian (ufro swored ase warmoaCenen sakuTar Tavs) cal-calke imdenad Zlierebi ararian, rom gasaWirSi realurad daexmaron, an saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegoba gauwion.es gansakuTrebiT exeba aSS evropel mokavSireebs, radgan evrogaerTianeba jer verCamoyalibda rogorc erTiani, damoukidebeli, efeqturi politikuri erToba, xolo calcalkeiseT mZimewonosnebsac, rogorebicaa germania, safrangeTi Tu inglisi ver SeaqvTsakadrisi wvlili globaluri urTierTobebis Tanamedrove sistemis CamoyalibebaSi.rogorc dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan Cans, Gglobalizaciis Tanamedrove etapis ZiriTadisiZnele isaa, rom aSS agrZelebs moqmedebas im Zvel strategiul azrovnebaze dayrdnobiT,romelic Camouyalibda globaluri konfrontaciis periodSi. man ver moaxerxa iseTi axaliideebis, faseulobebis, politikis Camoyalibeba da cxovrebaSi gatareba, romlebicprincipulad gansxvavdeba civi omis periodSi gamoiyenebulisagan. ufro metic, mTeliaTwleuli sabWoTa kavSiris gadaSenebis Semdeg aSS-s globaluri qmedeba saeWvodgamoiyureboda rogorc axali strategiuli mowinaaRmdegis Zebna gardacvlilis sanacvlod.mas Semdeg rac man ipova (ufro swored ki daniSna) aseTi mowinaaRmdege globaluri teroris110

saxiT, amerikis moqmedeba SedarebiT ufro dalagebuli da mizanmimarTuli gaxda.teroristuli saSiSroeba iyo gamoyenebuli rogorc 2003 wels eraySi intervenciiserT-erTi mTavari sababi, rac TavisTavad friad sakamaTo qmedeba iyo, romelmac aSS-smsoflioSi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, popularoba namdvilad ar Semata. amave dros, amintervencias, rogorc aseTs, ar SeuZlia raime safrTxe Seuqmnas globaluriurTierTobebis arsebul sistemas. sxva qveynebis suverenitetis darRveva saerTaSorisosazogadoebriobis Tanxmobis gareSe warmoadgenda wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebisa, TugansakuTrebiT agresiuli lokaluri moTamaSeebis, sakmaod standartuli moqmedebis wessmeore msoflio omis momdevno mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi.namdvil problemad is mogvevlina, rom aSS-ma am SemTxvevaSi warmoaCina Tavi rogorcwamyvanma globalurma moTamaSem, romelsac ar Seswevs unari Camoayalibos im moqmedebebismkafio Tanmimdevroba, romelic miscems saSualebas mixedos dapyrobil teritoriebswarmatebuli samxedro kampaniis Semdeg. aSS-s xelmZRvanelobas aSkarad naklebiwarmodgena hqonda imis Taobaze, ra ekeTebina eraySi uSualod iq SeWris Semdeg, ar gaaCndaam qveynis grZelvadiani okupaciisa da transformaciis strategia, da rac ufromniSvnelovania — iqidan gasvlis strategia.bevri adarebs erayisa da vietnamis kampaniebs, Tumca zogierTi zedapiruli msgavsebismiuxedavad isini principulad gansxvavebulia. es gansxvaveba imaSia, rom vietnami, rogorcqveyana, iyo da rCeba — marto. iqidan wamosvla (Tugind am dros ukanaskneli personaliiqidan amerikuli saelCos saxuravidan vertmfrenebiT gamohyavdaT) namdviladdaSoriSorebas niSnavda momavali konfrontaciis yovelgvari perspeqtivis gareSe, Tu amasaSS ar moisurvebda. meore mxriv, erayi warmoadgens didi da ukanasknel dros sakmaodagresiuli musulmanuri samyaros ganuyofel nawils. erayidan wamosvlis nebismierimcdeloba, Tu iq im droisTvis ar Seiqmna erTiani, stabiluri, kargad awyobili qveyana,aucileblad ganixileba rogorc eqstremistuli, antidasavluri Zalebis gamarjveba. amSemTxvevaSi terori daedevneba ukan daxeul jars. 200garda amisa, erayis kampaniis nebismieri daboloeba, garda gadamwyveti, saboloogamarjvebisa, gamoiwvevs aSS-s saxis dakargvas (loosing the face), rac Tanamedrove globalurikonteqstidan gamomdinare Zlier (Tu sabolood ara) Zirs gamouTxris aSS-s, rogorcudavo globaluri lideris poziciebs. amerikas SeeZlo ufleba mieca TavisaTvis daekargasaxe vietnamis Semdeg (Tumca es uaRresad mZime aRmoCnda), radgan mas yovelTvis SeeZloTiTi gaeSvira sabWoTa kavSirisa da CineTisaken (rasac is akeTebda kidec). erayisSemTxvevaSi ubralod ar arsebobs iseTi Zalebi, romlebic SeiZleba iyvnen gamoyenebulirogorc amerikis SesaZlo damarcxebis damajerebeli gamarTleba. isic ki, rasacglobaluri teroris saxeliT moixsenieben, ufro ideis saxiT mogvevlineba, vidrerealuri qselisa Tu organizaciis, romelTac SeuZliaT Rirseulad Sexvdnen amerikisgamowvevas. miT ufro mkafio xdeba aSS-s globaluri politikis araTanmimdevruloba, romgamomdinare moklevadiani, viwro politikuri mosazrebebidan, aSS-s administaciam miscasaSualeba am Zalebs CaeTriaT is Sida-islamur sistemur “garCevaSi”, sadac grZelvadianiglobaluri strategiuli gamarjvebis miRweva qveyanas principulad ar SeuZlia.es yvelaferi xdeba im dros, rodesac msoflio asparezze moCans aSS axali namdvilistrategiuli mowinaaRmdege — CineTi. 201 aSS-CineTis SesaZlo strategiulma winaaRmdegobamSeiZleba Semdegi gavlena moaxdinos globaluri urTierTobebis arsebul sistemaze —pirveli — uamravi zedapiruli msgavsebis miuxedavad is ar warimarTeba aSS-ssrk-smtruli TanamSromlobis msgavsad. CineTi bevrad ukeT marTuli, organizebuli damizanmimarTuli qveyanaa, vidre sabWoTa kavSiri odesme iyo. mas imperiuli hegemoniismSeneblobisa da cxovrebaSi gatarebis aTobiT saukunis gamocdileba gaaCnia. misTvismomavali konfrontacia mxolod kidev erTi epizodia mis istoriaSi, romelicaTaswleulebs moiTvlis — raRac ocdameore dinastiis gafurCqvnisa da dacemis msgavsi.meore — sabWoTa kavSiri Caeba civ omSi germaniasTan mopovebuli gamarjvebis Semdeg,romlis Semdegac is sabolood gonze verc movida. misTvis aSS-Tan winaaRmdegoba saboloodamarcxebis mniSvnelovani, magram ara gadamwyveti faqtori iyo. meore mxriv, CineTiuaxlovdeba am konfrontacias rogorc Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erTi yvelazewarmatebuli saxelmwifo, romelic jer kidev ikrebs Zalebs, jer kidev Sorsaa Tavisiekonomikuri warmatebis mwvervalidan. garda amisa, rogorc qveyana, romelmac miaRwiaarnaxul warmatebas aSS-s interesebis daufaravi ugulvebelyofis procesSi, CineTiwarmoadgens gansakuTrebiT misabaZ samoqmedo magaliTs bevri qveynisaTvis (gansakuTrebiTlaTinur amerikasa da afrikaSi, romlebTac ar gaaCniaT imperiul CineTTan urTierTobisuSualo istoriuli gamocdileba). Sesabamisad mas sakmaod advilad SeuZlia gamoiwvioscvlilebebi globaluri urTierTobebis arsebul sistemaSi iseTi qveynebis koaliciis111

mSeneblobis xarjze, romlebic aRiqvamen sakuTar Tavs amerikis hegemoniis (namdvil TumoCvenebiT) msxverplad.mesame — sabWoTa kavSiri faqtiurad TviTkmari iyo ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT daglobalur ekonomikur procesebSi SeumCnevel rols TamaSobda. rogorc minimum is ar uqmnidakonkurencias dasavleTs globaluri bazrebis, gansakuTrebiT energiis wyaroebis Taobaze.aSS — ssrk-s konfrontacia TiTqmis mTlianad mimdinareobda ideologiur, politikur,samxedro sferoebSi. CineTi, meores mxriv, wamyvani msoflio ekonomikuri moTamaSea, romelicvaraudiT ukve 2015 w. SeiZleba daewios aSS-s mTliani Sida produqtis moculobiT. isuSualod uwevs konkurencias dasavleTs gansakuTrebiT nedleulis Taobaze (pirvel rigSiTxevadi sawvavis wyaroebis gamo). energiis wyaroebTan usafrTxo SeRwevis aucileblobaganapirobebs mis moqmedebas Tvalsawier momavalSi. es ki niSnavs, rom is uSualod Caereva (daukve ereva) iseT teritoriebsa da procesebSi, romlebic dasavleTis (ZiriTadad amerikis)strategiuli interesebis gansakuTrebul sferos warmoadgenda.garda amisa, globalur bazarSi CineTis ekonomikis integraciis done ukve uaRresadmaRalia, iseve rogorc aSS-sa da CineTis ekonomikebis urTierTdamokidebuleba. bevrieqsperti imasac ki ambobs, rom “amerikis mrewveloba CineTSia”, im gagebiT, rom iafimuSaxelisa da mogebis ZiebaSi amerikuli kompaniebi metad aqtiurebi xdebian CineTSi,vidre SeerTebul StatebSi. amas isic emateba, rom CineTs, rogorc aSS-s fasianiqaRaldebis erT-erT udides mflobels, SeuZlia ufro didi gavlena moaxdinos (da ukveaxdens) aSS-s ekonomikaze (gansakuTrebiT dolarze), vidre piriqiT. Sesabamisad amerika-CineTis nebismieri winaaRmdegoba bevrad met gamoxmaurebas hpovebs globalurekonomikaSi, vidre aSS-ssrk-s winaaRmdegobas SesaZloa odesme hqonoda (Tu birTvul omsar CavTvliT, romelic madloba RmerTs, ar Sedga).miuxedavad yvela im cvlilebisa, romelic msoflios globalizaciam moutana, mansaboloo jamSi ver moaxerxa yvelaze mniSvnelovani amocanis gadaWra — msofliosgaerTianeba iseT donemde, rodesac sistemuri winaaRmdegoba aRar iqneboda globaluriurTierTobebis Camoyalibebis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala. globalizacia SeiZlebaganvmartoT rogorc sazRvrebs gadaRma gacvlebze saxelmwifoebis mier iZulebiTdawesebuli SezRudvebis Semcireba an gauqmeba da Sedegad mzardad integrirebuli darTuli warmoebisa da gacvlis globaluri sistemis aRmoceneba. 202 miuxedavad imisa, rom esprocesi mzardi intensivobiT midis, man ver gaauqma saxelmwifoebs Soris sistemuriwinaaRmdegobis aucilebloba.mixedavad bevri laparakisa miumxrobeli globaluri moTamaSeebis gaCenis Taobaze,romelTac xelewifebaT saboloo jamSi gansazRvron kacobriobis momavali —arasamTavrobo organizaciebi magaliTad; jer jerobiT maTi es gavlena Sors CamorCebawamyvani saxelmwifoebis gavlenas. metic, zogi arasamTavrobo organizacia mainc saboloojamSi maTi Sesabamisi qveynebis mTavrobebis agentebis rolSi gamodis. problema ZiriTadadimaSia, rom globalizaciis ori stadia iniciirebuli iyo (Sesabamis saxelmwifoebSigansaxierebul) axalgazrda eTnosebis mier, romlebic miuZRodnen mas, romlebTacSeswevdaT unari da undodaT iseTi axali ideebis Tu faseulobebis generireba dacxovrebaSi gatareba, romlebmac saboloo jamSi Secvales msoflios iersaxe.dResdReobiT globaluri urTierTobebi SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros ori iseTimoTamaSis mier, romelTaganac erT-erTi ukve ukve gauZRva msoflios erTiglobalizaciuli ciklis [mimdinare] manZilze da dReisaTvis aSkarad ganicdis axaliideebis naklebobas, xolo meore warmoadgens msoflios uZveles teritoriul imperias,romelmac ideebis generirebis stadia daaxloebiT ori aTasi wlis winaT CaamTavra.Sesabamisad ismis sakiTxi — gagrZeldeba Tu ara momavalSi meore globalizacia, TuurTierTobaTa raRac axali sistema Seqmnis globalizaciis axal etaps? orive SemTxvevaSirCeba ori kiTxva, romlebzec dResdReobiT damajerebeli pasuxi ar arsebobs —• Tu gagrZelda globalizaciis mimdinare etapi, sakmarisi iqneba TuU ara is ideeebi dapraqtikuli qmedeba, romlebmac is Camoayalibes, imisaTvis, rom man ucvlelad iarsebos?• Tu adgili eqneba globalizaciis axal stadias, vin gamova axali ideebisa dafaseulobebis generatoris rolSi, mogvevlineba axal wamyvan globalur moTamaSed?zemoT moyvanili daskvnebi, iseve rogorc mTlianad leqciebis am kursSi moyveniliargumentacia dafuZnebulia msoflioSi mimdinare sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisprocesebis tradiciul xedvaze. es xedva operirebs procesebis iseTi monawileebiskategoriebiT, romlebTac gaaCniaT raRac saxis organizacia, procesebis xedva damoqmedebis miznebis arseboba. principuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, Tu ra konkretulisaxiT xdeba am monawileebis warmoCena — saxelmwifoebis, sxvadasxva rangisa da afiliaciis112

organizaciebis da a.S.amave dros, rogorc Cans, msoflio SesaZlebelia viTardebodes iseTi mimarTulebiT,rodesac sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zalis saxiTmogvevlinabian adamianebis uzarmazari masebi, romlebTac erTmaneTTan mxolodukmayofilebis grZnoba akavSirebT.warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom amasTan dakavSirebuli problema namdvilad arsebobs, jerkidev Camoyalibebis stadiaSia, amitom mas formaluri saxelic ki ar gaaCnia. amave dros,masze saubroben erTmaneTTan iseTi naklebad Tavsebadi moRvaweebi, rogorebicaamagaliTad rusi mwerali, nobelis premiis laureati aleqsandre solJenicini da aSS-sprezident karteris yofili mrCeveli erovnuli uSiSroebis dargSi zbignev bzeJinski.solJenicinis azriT — “msoflio konfliqti SeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdegnairad:mesame msoflio oqros miliardis winaaRmdeg. es aris siRaribis saerTo sakacobrio,saerTo istoriuli aRSfoTeba da moTxovna simdidris mimarT. civilizaciebis konfliqtisTeoria am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba arsis SesaniRbad, romelic dedamiwis mosaxleobiskeTildReobaSi arsebul urRmes rRvevaSi mdgomareobs”. 203bzeJinski — ”SeerTebulma Statebma TvalSi unda Sexedon axal da uaRresad mniSvnelovanrealobas: msoflioSi adgili aqvs Tavisi masStabiTa da intensiurobiT politikuriaqtiurobis uprecedento zrdas, rasac populistur qmedebasTan Sejaxebis Sedegadmoyveba Zalismieri strategiis cvlileba. ama Tu im saxiT amaze reagirebis saWiroebaayenebs sxvebisagan gansxvavebul suverenul amerikas istoriuli arCevanis winaSe:gansazRvros sakuTari globaluri roli. 204am movlenis safuZvelSi rasakvirvelia is udidesi gansxvavebaa Semosavlebsa dakeTildReobis doneSi, romelic arsebobs ganviTarebul qveynebsa da danarCen msofliosSoris. sxvaoba, romelic SesamCnevad gaizarda meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi,globalizaciis procesebis intensifikaciis procesSi.misi gamovlena demografiulia, SeiZleba iTqvas — eTno-politikuric. dRevandeliganviTarebadi msoflios mosaxleobis umetesoba axalgazrdebiT aris warmodgenili. esaxalgazrdebi SedarebiT ukeTesi ganaTlebisa da gansakuTrebiT globalizaciiT motaniliinformaciis gavrcelebis Tanamedrove saSualebebis meSveobiT sakmaod ariangaTviTcnobierebuli dasavlur cxovrebaSi. is, rom isini dasavlur keTildReobas, uxeSadrom vTqvaT, satelevizio serialebze dayrdnobiT sakmaod damaxinjebulad,gazviadebulad aRiqvamen, situacias ufro amwvavebs.Sedegad umZafresi socialuri Suris grZnoba — ar miyvars isini, vinc Cemze ukeTcxovrobs, mec minda ise vicxovro, rogorc amas igive serialebis gmirebi akeTeben da a.S.is, rom es axalgazrdoba ganviTarebadi qveynebis Taobaze SedarebiT ukeT arisganaTlebuli, ar niSnavs, rom maT iseTi codna gaaCniaT, rom SeeZloT swored SeafasonmsoflioSi mimdinare procesebi da gaiTavison sakuTari adgili am procesebSi. piriqiT, esmasa ZiriTadad dezorganizebuli, gamwarebuli da ukulturo rCeba. magram is aseveuaRresad politizirebulia, da aseT situacias xSirad mizandasaxulad qmnian da TavisinteresebSi iyeneben sxvadasxva juris politikosebi (m.S. adgilobrivi elitiswarmomadgenlebic), ZiriTadad imisaTvis, rom gaimtkicon sakuTari Zalaufleba amenergiis dasavleTis winaaRmdeg mimarTvis xarjze. faqtiurad teroristebi amsaprotesto moZraobis mewinave razms warmoadgenen, romlebic emterebian dasavleTsimisaTvis, rom man isini Tavis mdidrul sufraze ar miuSva. 205globalizaciam, gamoiwvia ra msoflios istoriaSi arnaxuli migraciuli nakadebi, aseTu ise Seexo faqtiurad yvela qveynis eTno-socialur struqturas. magram yvelazemZafrad da moulodnelad es gamovlinda swored im qveynebSi, romlebic ganapirobebdnenglobalizaciis procesebis formirebasa da mimdinareobas meore globalizaciis dros.SeerTebul StatebSi, evropaSi, ruseTSi adgili aqvs umZafres demografiul Zvras. aqyvelgan is erebi, romlebzec dafuZnebulia tradiciuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebi, umZimesdemografiul kriziss ganicdian.yvelaze mZime mdgomareoba am mimarTebiT ruseTSia, sadac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisSemdeg mosaxleoba yovelwliurad TiTqmis erTi milioni adamianiT mcirdeba. es xdeba amqveynis yofili koloniebidan migrantebis didi nakadis Semosvlis miuxedavad.evropaSi situacia SedarebiT stabiluria, magram mxolod garedan Semosuli migrantebisa daam migrantebis bunebrivi matebis xarjze. aSS-Si situacia SedarebiT ukeTesia, magram trendiyvelgan principSi erTnairia — adgilobrivi mosaxleoba TandaTanobiT adgils UuTmobs garedanSemosulebs, ris Sedegadac aq yvelgan tradiciuli TeTri qristianuli mosaxleobaSesaZlebelia umciresobaSi aRmoCndes. dasavluri civilizacia (da ruseTi) icvlis Tavis eTnokulturulsafuZvels. da es procesi, rogorc Cans, Seuqcevadia.igive evropelebma ver Caanacvles erovnuli saxelmwifoebi erTiani zeerovnuli113

evropuli erTianobiT evrogaerTianebis farglebSi — piriqiT, aq xdeba rTuli dauaRresad araerTgvarovani evro-aziuri (nawilobriv afrikuli) konglomeratisformireba. aSS-Si laTinoamerikelebi (gansakuTrebiT meqsikelebi) faqtiurad Setevasaxorcieleben TeTr mosaxleobaze.problema damatebiT gamZafrebulia ori faqtoriT —1. rogorc evropelebma, aseve amerikelma TeTrma-anglo-saqsma-protestantebma etyobadidwilad dakarges is kulturuli kodi, romelsac isini warmatebiT axvevdnen Tavsyvela maTTan misul gansxvavebuli kodis matarebels da axdendnen maT asimilacias.igive mZlavri kaTolikuri identurobis laTinoamerikelebis didi masa aSkaradsjabnis maT kulturuli TviTgamorkvevisaTvis brZolaSi. dasavleT-evropelebi kiaSkarad dajabnes musulmanebma, gansakuTrebiT arabebma.2. migrantebi, romlebic aqtiurad axveven sakuTar Tavs gansakuTrebiT dasavleTevropasa da aSS-s, garda imisa, rom mkveTrad gansxvavebuli socialur-kulturulifaseulobebis matareblebi arian, ZiriTadad warmoadgenen im gamwarebuli masebisyvelaze aqtiur nawils, romelzec zemoT gvqonda laparaki. isini, rac dro gadis, sulufro negatiurad arian ganwyobilebi im qveynebis mimarT, sadac ukeTesi cxovrebisZebnaSi mieSurebian (didi finansuri danaxarjebis, tanjva-wamebis, damcirebisa dabevri sicocxlis fasadac ki). adaptaciisa da adgilobriv cxovrebaSi saboloointegraciis nacvlad am migrantebis meore Taoba xSirad ufro mtrulad daSeurigeblad epyroba Tavis axal samSobloebs. es gansakuTrebiT kargad gamovlindasafrangeTSi 2005 wlis Semodgomis movlenebis dros, rodesac aseul aTasobiTmusulmanma (ZiriTadad arabma) axalgazrdam cecxlSi gaaxvia qveynis didi nawili.am procesis mizezebi dReisaTvis kargad ar aris gaTviTcnobierebuli. aq SeiZleba Tavisrols TamaSobs adgilobrivi eTnosebis daberebis obieqturi procesi, rodesac isiniubralod aRwarmoebis unarsa da survils TandaTan kargaven — Sedegad iqmneba mosaxleobisvakumi, romelsac rasakvirvelia viRaca garedan mosuli Seavsebs (ase xdeboda kacobriobismTeli istoriis manZilze, globalizaciam es Canacvleba ubralod ufro gaamZafra). amasemateba agreTve absurdamde miyvanili eTno-religiuri tolerantulobisa daumciresobebis interesebis upiratesi dacvis principebi. gansakuTrebiT dasavleTevropaSi es xSirad elementaruli TviTSenaxvis instinqtis dakargvis doneze adis.evropelebi verc da arc axdenen maTTan misuli migrantebis adaptacias, miT ufro verakontroleben maT nakadebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom obieqturad maT isini ar sWirdebaT, arciafi muSa Zalis saWiroebis, arc humanitaruli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare. 206zogierTi mkvlevari aq Seqmnil situacias saerTod romis imperiis daSlis magvaradnaTlavs. SesaZlebelia es warmodgena sakmaod gazviadebulia, magram saerTo trendisaxezea da rac dro gadis, sul ufro naTeli xdeba. saqme gvaqvs obieqturad axalsituaciasTan, romelic principulad gansxvavdeba yvelafrisagan, rasac wamyvaniglobaluri moTamaSeebi Sexvedrian TavianTi istoriis manZilze. faqtiurad laparakiaimaze, rom maT mier iniciirebuli globaluri procesebi maT ukan, Tan cudad miubrundaT.ase rom, im sakiTxebs, romlebic zemoT ukve dauyeneT globalizaciis Tanamedroveetaps, emateba Semdegi —• saSualodan — grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi rogor moaxerxeben wamyvani globalurimoTamaSeebi mimdinare procesebisadmi adaptacias — gamoiyeneben maT sakuTarinteresebSi, Tu ayvebian maT, sakuTari identurobis SesamCnev dakargvamde? 207 rogorSecvlis am adaptaciis Sedegebi maT moqmedebas globalur asparezze?• igive moTamaSeebi moklevadian perspeqtivaSi — gaiazreben Tu ara am process rogorcglobalur sistemur movlenas da moaxerxeben masze Sesabamis reagirebas, Tu maTipolitikuri analizisa da gadawyvetilebis mimRebi institutebi ar Seesabamebianamocanis sirTules da isini kvalindebulad gagrZeleben am procesis konteqstidanamoglejil izolirebul movlenebze reagirebas (rogorc amas akeTeben igiveterorTan mimarTebaSi)?• rogor Secvlian es saprotesto tendenciebi TviT ganviTarebadi qveynebis(gansakuTrebiT musulmanuris da laTinur amerikulis) politikur konfiguracias,rogor gavlenas moaxdens es globalizaciis procesebis mimdinareobaze?1 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, “A World Together”, August 1999.http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/2000/culture/global/main.html114

2 termini globaluri mainc uamravi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, romelTa umetesobac aRniSnavsraRacas Zalian dids, uzomos da Sors dgas misi pirvandeli mniSvnelobisagan, romelic gansazRvravsraimes, rac mTlianad dedamiwas moicavs. tipuria am TvalsazrisiT, friad sayuradRebo rusuligamoTqma “глобальный облом”.3 “For example, the verb “to be” in English has twenty-one distinct meanings, every single one of which is false-to-fact.”Robert A. Heinlein “Elsewhen”, Assignment in Eternity, The New American Library, USA, copyright 1941.4 The Guardian, October 31, 20025 yvela aq moyvanili magaliTi SemTxveviTaa SerCeuli. To "make worldwide in scope or application" (Webster)6 "Process enabling financial and investment markets to operate internationally, largely as a result of deregulation andimproved communications" (Collins)7 “The process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, can foster astandardization of cultural expression around the world”. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online)8rasakvirvelia, ama Tu im, dasawyisSi Zalze sust procesebs SeuZlia, saboloo jamSi, gamoiwviosglobaluri cvlilebebi — e.w. “peplis efeqti”, Tumca aseTi movlenis albaToba friad dabalia.9 Cven Segnebulad ar vxmarobT termin “saxelmwifos” am situaciasTan mimarTebaSi, radganac eTnosisorganizaciis tips am SemTxvevaSi araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs.10 rom SeviqmnaT warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras warmoadgens aseTi eTnosi an, miT umetes, misi calkeuliwevrebi, unda wavikiTxoT nebismieri nawarmoebi samoqalaqo omis Semdgom SeerTebul Statebze,umjobesia evropelis mier dawerili. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa Jiul vernis rig nawarmoebebSiSeqmnili iankis tipebi.11 globaluri cvlilebebi SesaZloa mohyves romelime subieqtis erTjerad, SedarebiT moklevadianqmedebasac. ase, magaliTad, 1970-iani wlebis navTobis krizisebma, romlebic gamoiwvia jer arabuliqveynebis, xolo Semdgom revoluciuri iranis qmedebis Sedegad misi fasebis mkveTrma zrdam,globaluri masStabis cvlilebebi gamoiwvies, kerZod, didi (Tu ara gadamwyveti) roli iTamaSesganviTarebadi qveynebis udidesi umetesobis ekonomikuri aRmavlobis stadiis SewyvetaSi. amave dros, amaqciebma ver gadaaqcia embargos iniciatorebi wamyvan globalur moTamaSeebad.12 Zalian bevri qveynisaTvis aseTi tvirTi aSkarad Znelad asawevia, da rogorc Cans, igive britaneTisyofili afrikulikoloniebi siamovnebiT daubrundebodnen Tavis siuzerens.13 principSi ukve arsebobs imis miniSnebebi, rom aseTi Canacvleba SesaZlebelia Tvalsawier momavalSimoxdes, igive CineTisa Tu, rac ufro mosalodnelia, indoeTis mier.14sainteresoa, rom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli informaciis mopovebis, damuSavebis da analizisarsebuli meTodika imdenad arasrulfasovania, rom mis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia rogorc imismtkiceba, rom dedamiwis mosaxleobis keTildReoba izrdeba, aseve toli warmatebiT imis damtkiceba,rom is ecema.15 am sistemis Sesabamisi globaluri politikuri sistema ar arsebobs.16 The National Security Strategy, March 2006 X. Engage the Opportunities and Confront the Challenges of Globalizationhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2006/17 Статья президента России, опубликованная 1 марта в ведущих мировых СМИ, РИА Новости, 01/03/2006 12:00.18 ase, magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflios 150 qveyana SeuerTda e.w. kiotos oqms globaluridaTbobis negatiur SedegebTan brZolis Taobaze, aSS principulad uars ambobs am oqmiTgaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis realizaciaze im sababiT, rom isini araefeqturia da misi ekonomikuriganviTarebis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba, xolo CineTi saerTod ar xvdeba misi moqmedebis sferoSi imsababiT, rom is ganviTarebadi qveyanaa. amave dros, am or qveyabaze modis e.w. saTburi gazebis warmoebisminimum iseTive wili, rogorc mTeli danarCeni msofliosi.19aq isevdaisev upriania moviyvanoT 1970-iani wlebis navTobis krizisebis magaliTi, rodesacganviTarebadi qveynebis udidesi umetesoba faqtiurad aRmoCnda embargos iniciatiorebisa dadasavleTis qveynebis mougvarebeli urTierTobis mZevalis rolSi.20 gasagebia, rom yvela aq ganxiluli ideebi moyvanilia konspeqtis saxiT da maTi mTavari mizania SeuqmnaTstudentebs miaxloebiTi warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu rasTan eqnebaT saqme am Temaze ZiriTadiliteraturis kiTxvis dros.21 feodalizmi, rogorc Cans, ar warmoadgens damoukidebel ganviTarebis etaps da iqmneba nebismieradgilas da dros dedamiwaze rogorc reaqcia tradiciuli sameurneo da socialuri struqturebisdaSlaze.22 saqarTvelo, somxeTi, ukraina laTinuri amerikis msgavsad etyoba nacrisfer zonaSi arian.23 amitomac etyoba ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg bevrs dasavleTSi egona, rom «istoria damTavrda”, Tumcagaugebaria, ratom ar aqcevs aravin yuradRebas CineTs, romelic dResac oficialurad “komunisturi”saxelmwifoa.24im SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac qveyanas SimSili mainc emuqreboda, resursebis centralizebuligadanawilebis sistema iZleoda situaciis mniSvnelovani Serbilebis saSualebas. movigonoT bibliuriiosebis sizmari 7 msuqan da 7 gamxdar Zroxaze.25 meTxuTmete saukuneSi am qveynis sazRvao floti aSkarad ufro didi iyo, vidre yvela evropulisaxelmwifos floti erTad, magram erT mSvenier dRes is dawves imperatoris brZanebiT, romelsacSeeSinda, rom intensiuri sagareo kontaqtebi qveynis stabilurobas Zirs gamouTxrida.26 klasikuri magaliTi “gviani” sabWoTa kavSiri, sadac, magaliTad, vladivostokSi mdebare romelimedawesebulebis damlageblis Stats moskovSi amtkicebdnen27 РИА "Новости", 24.02.2005115

28 dRevandel istoriul periodSic ki, imas es pirovneba ZaliT modis xelisuflebaSi, iniSneba, Tu masirCeven, mniSvneloba ara aqvs.29 What Is Democracy Anyway? By NICHOLAS D. KRISTOF, The New York Times, May 3, 200230 istoriulad, meore msoflio omis damasrulebel etapamde, iaponia mxolod erTxel idga ucxouriintervenciis realuri safrTxis win, rodesac monRolebma me-13 saukuneSi aq orjer gadmosxessaeqspedicio korpusebi. orivejer iaponia stiqiam ixsna.31 Turning Up-Japanese, By Christian Caryl, Newsweek International, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11182591/site/newsweek/32 Student protests in France lack the spirit of '68 By Elaine Sciolino The New York Times, FRIDAY, MARCH 17, 200633 ixileT - РОССИЯ – ГОД 2005: ЛОГИКА ОТКАТА Основные тенденции развития власти, экономики,социальной и внешней политики, Лилия Шевцова, Независимая газета от 21.01.2005; АВТОРИТАРИЗМ ВРОССИИ ОГРАНИЧЕН БЕССИЛИЕМ ВЛАСТИ, Питер Лавель, Известия, 03.02.05; Россия умирает: триразрушительных процесса, Роберт Нигматулин, Известия, 14.02.05.34 Tumca rac dro gadis, amas sul ufro nacionalizmi cvlis.35 laparakia swored saSualo fenaze — msxvili kapitalis warmomadgenlebi (uiSviaTesi gamonaklisisgarda) yovelTvis poulobdnen saerTo enas nebismier mmarTvel reJimTan, Tu es ukanaskneli mainc damainc maTi principuli mowinaaRmdege ar iyo — rogorc stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri an maos CineTi. igivesamxreT koreaSi diqtatorul reJims swored saSualo fenis warmomadgenlebma mouRes bolo.36 am konkretul SemTxvevaSi “bunebrivi garemo” mineralur resursul bazasac moicavs.37 inglisurad es ase JRers — the set of measures that create a framework for implementation of the above tasks.38 gasagebia, rom am SemTxvevaSi termini naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoeba iseTive evfemizmia, rogorcvTqvaT — ganviTarebadi qveyana. sinamdvileSi unda vixmaroT termini ganuviTarebeli (sazogadoeba,qveyana), magram politikuri koreqtulobis proncipi amis saSualebas ar iZleva.39 espaneTma aSS-Tan 1898 wels wagebuli omis Semdeg koloniuri saxelmwifos statusi faqtiurad dakarga.40 rogorc vxedavT, msoflios wamyvani moTamaSeebis nakrebi im droidan moyolebuli faqtiurad ucvlelirCeba (ixileT G-8).41 miT ufro mizandasaxulad da warmatebiT amas akeTebda iaponia.42 Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wishto see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them.http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/53.htm43 Tu rogor xdeboda es praqtikulad yvelaze kargadaa etyoba aRwerili amerikeli mwerlis o’henris(O’Henry) moTxrobebis ciklSi — “mefeebi da kombostoebi” (Cabbages and Kings).44 analogiuri mniSvneloba hqonda suecis arxze kontrolis dawesebasac, rac ramdenime aTeuli wliT adremoaxerxes britanelebma, Tumca friad gansxvavebuli meTodebiT.45 N. Ferguson, Colossus, The Rise and Fall of The American Empire, ALLEN LANE an imprint of PENGUIN BOOKS,2004, p. 80.46rogorc ki ruseTis pretenziebi evropelebs gadaWarbebulad eCvenebodaT, gamoiZebneboda misTvissakadrisi adgilis misaCeni meqanizmebi. ase moxda magaliTad 1853-56 wlebis yirimis omis dros, rodesacdidma britaneTma da safrangeTma sakmaod uxeSad agrZnobines rusebs maTi realuri statusi.47 es uSualo kontroli vrceldeboda bulgareTze, rumineTze, ungreTze, Cexoslovakiaze, aRmosavleTgermanisa da poloneTze, romlebic ssrk-s satelitebad ganixilebodnen.48 laparakia swored potenciur ganviTarebaze, radganac danarCeni msoflios mxolod Zalian mcirenawili iyo im droisaTvis demokratiuli.49ssrk ekonomikis aRdgena nawilobriv ganxorcielda ungreTidan, rumineTidan, fineTidan dagansakuTrebiT aRmosavleTi germaniidan miRebuli reparaciebis xarjze. magram am reparaciebismoculoba da xarisxi ver edreboda marSalis gegmis parametrebs. amasTan erTad, fineTis garda yvela amqveynebis aRdgena saboloo jamSi isev sabWoTa kavSiris pasuxismgeblobas warmoadgenda.50 http://www.ntanet.net/KENNAN.html51 Soviet power was "impervious to the logic of reason," it was "highly sensitive to the logic of force."52 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine53 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_plan54ase xdeboda magaliTad 1950-53 wlebis koreis omis dros, rodesac sakmaod didi sabWouri samxedrokontingenti Crdilo koreaSi (gansakuTrebiT mfrinavebi) oficialurad ar fiqsirdeboda. asevearaoficialuri rCeboda aSS-s uSualo roli 1979-89 wlebis avRaneTSi sabWoTa intervenciiswinaaRmdegobis organizaciasa da warmarTvaSi.55 sakmaod moulodneli gavlena moaxdina am omma saqarTveloze. im dros egviptes jari masobrivadiyenebda saxedrebs tvirTebis gadasazidad. amitom sabWoTa kavSirSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, moxda amcxovelebis masobrivi konfiskacia da maTi egvipteSi gagzavna. sainteresoa, rom saxedrebis populaciasaqarTveloSi mas Semdeg faqtiurad aRar aRdga.56М. Делягин, Модернизация России создаст системные проблемы в отношениях с Западом,http://www.forum.msk.ru/material/economic/10957.html57 sainteresoa, rom evropaSic ki rainduli turnirebi saboloo jamSi gadaiqcnen sportis nairsaxeobad,romlis farglebSi profesionali turniris raindebi ibrZodnen sruliad realuri gasamrjelosmisaRebaT.58 dResac ki, aSS-sa da ruseTs erTad rogorc minimum 27 000 birTvuli Wurvi gaaCniaT.59 aq makaronsac ki im qarxnebSi da im dazgebze awarmoebdnen, romlebsac omis SemTxvevaSi vaznebi undagamoeSva.60 igives akeTebs is terorizmis mimarT — ixileT konkretuli SemTxveva 3.116

61 ssrk-s SemTxvevaSi etyoba misi globaluri politika mTlianad aSS-s Sekavebas efuZneboda, aSS-sSemTxvevaSi naklebad, Tumca ZiriTadad.62 ixileT konkretuli SemTxveva 2.63 es pasuxismgebloba sazogadod vrceldeba mTel ganviTarebul msoflioze, Tumca ufro SerbilebulisaxiT.64 imis miuxedavad, rom aseTi Sedareba sakmaod arakoreqtulia, mainc sainteresoa imis gamoTvla, rom 2006wels aSS-ze modioda saSualod 2.5-jer meti damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, vidre modioda saSualod maszeda sabWoTa kavSirze cal-calke, civi omis bolo periodSi (daaxloebiT 1970-iani wlebis bolodan).65 potenciurad es adgili SeiZleba CineTma Seavsos, magram es momavlis saqmea.66 saerTaSoriso reJimi SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros rogorc “cxadi da aracxadi principebi, normebi,wesebi da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedurebi, romelTa garSemo xdeba moTamaSeTa molodinis SeyrasaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sakiTxebis mocemul sferoSi”. International regime – “implicit and explicitprinciples, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures aroud which actor expectations converge in a given issuearea of international relations”. S. Krasner. International Regimes. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1983, p.2. aqisevdaisev, ar aris laparaki iseT reJimebze, romlebic qveynebs Soris ormxriv, anda regionalururTierTobebs aregulireben. laparaki globaluri urTierTobebis mowesrigebis mcdelobazea.67meores mxriv, aSS uSualod akontrolebs, iseT umniSvnelovanes globalur sistemas, rogoricinternetia, da uars ambobs am kontrolis daTmobaze gaerosaTvis.68Think Again: The United Nations, by Madeleine K. Albright , Foreign Policy, September/October 2003,http://www.foreignpolicy.com69 D. Held & A. McGrew, D. Goldblatt & J. Perraton, Global Transformations, Politics, Economics and Culture, StanfordUniversity Press, 1999, p. 49.70 The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton MifflinCompany. Updated in 2003. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.71 gamonakliss iaponia da israeli warmoadgenen, magram am qveynebSi demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebispraqtikuli realizacia, rbilad rom vTqvaT, sakmaod specifikur xasiaTs atarebs.72es ar exeba erovnul disaporebs, romlebic ZiriTadi eTnikuri teritoriidan didi moSorebiTviTardebian (magaliTad, igive irlandielebi, Tu somxebi aSS-Si da a.S.).73 http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/govt2000.htm74 http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/whatsdem/whatdm13.htm75http://www.worldaudit.org/publisher.htm. qveynis demokratiulobis statusi ganisazRvreboda SemdegikriteriumebiT: sayovelTao samarTali, sityvis Tavisufleba, adamianis uflebebi, korupcia. Tumca,rasakvirvelia, rogorc nebismieri aseTi klasifikacia, zog SemTxvevaSi mainc, esec sakmaod pirobiTia.76danarTi 4 asaxavs arasamTavrobo organizacia Freedom House-s 2006 wlis kvlevis “TavisuflebamsoflioSi” Sedegebs. aq Tavisufalia iseTi qveyana, romlis mTavroba acxadebs Tavs demokratiulad dauSvebs opoziciuri politikuri partiebis arsebobas (Tumca rig SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba adgili hqondesam partiebis devnas); nawilobriv Tavisufalia qveyana, sadac mTavroba acxadebs Tavs demokratiulad,magram krZalavs opiziciur politikur partiebs; araTavisufalia qveyana, romlis mTavroba ar acxadebspretenzias demokratiulobaze.77 World Book Encyclopedia, World Book Inc., 2006.78 http://www.quotedb.com/quotes/245279 msoflioSi demokratiis gavrcelebis, adamianis uflebebis dacvis, humanitaruli da ganviTarebisdaxmarebis organizaciis procesSi evrogaerTianeba zog SemTxvevaSi uaxlovdeba wamyvani globalurimoTamaSis statuss.80 F.Zakaria. The Future of Freedom. W.W. Norton, London-New-York, 2004, p. 259.81 http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/whatsdem/whatdm13.htm82 sruliad koreqtulia, igive argumentacia vixmaroT instituciuri investorebis mimarTac.83 imperia mkveTrad gansxvavdeba federaciisagan, romlis SemadgenlobaSic xSirad eTnikurad mkveTradgansxvavebuli nawilebi erTiandebian urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze (ix. magaliTad Sveicaria).84 http://www.free-definition.com/Empire.html85 WILLIAM SAFIRE, Bush's 'Freedom Speech', The New York Times, January 21, 200586 am gamosvlaSi moyvanili mosazrebebi j. buSma ganavrco da gaaZliera, agreTve, Tavis yovelwliurmimarTvaSi kongresisadmi (State of the Union Address) da moxsenabaSi, romelic man gaakeTa briuselSi, 2005wlis TebervalSi evropuli turnes dros.87 "The survival of liberty in our land increasingly depends on the success of liberty in other lands." "The best hope for peace in ourworld is the expansion of freedom in all the world."88 "is not primarily the task of arms."89 palestinis xsenebam am konteqstSi sakmaod ironiuli xasiaTi miiRo mas Semdeg, rac 2006 wlis dasawyisSiaq saTaveSi sayovelTao aRiarebiT Tavisufali, samarTliani aRCevnebis Sedegad teroristuliorganiazia hamasi movida.90 Z. Brzezinski, The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadersip. Basic Books, New York, 2004, p. VII91 madlen olbraiti: “Cven mxari unda dauWiroT arabul qveynebs, ki ar uxelmZRvaneloT” naTan gardelzi,Corriere Della Sera, 3 marti, 2005 weli http://www.inopressa.ru/corriere/2005/03/03/13:33:51/olbrait92 Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi is aSkarad msoflioSi pirveli biurokratiuli imperia gaxdeba.93 Manifest destiny warmed up? The Economist, August 14, 2003.94 N. Ferguson, Colossus, The Rise and Fall of the American Empire. Allen Lane an imprint of Penguin Books, 2004, p. 300.95 op.cit. Economist.117

96 Human Development Report 2004, UNDP, pp. 184-187.97 op.cit., pp. 184-187, http://www.free-definition.com/Transnational-corporation.html98 http://www.treas.gov/tic/debtad05.html99 Pre-emptive action.100 am mosazrebas Cven ar veTanxmebiT — 1975 wels moxda vietnamis teritoriuli erTianobis aRdgena.101 Cultivating new friends helps old ones flourish, too. Apr 7th 2005, The Economist102magaliTad, espaneTis koloniuri eqspansia gamowveuli iyo Turqebis mier konstantinopolisdapyrobiTa da im gzebis gadaketviT, romlebiTac aRmosavleTidan saneleblebi SemohqondaT. ruseTisimperia Seiqmna ZiriTadad Caketili qveynisaTvis okeaneSi gasasvleli gzebisaTvis brZolis procesSi.E103moqmedebis alternatiuli variantis farglebSi SesaZlebelia wonasworobis aRdgena mosaxleobismoTxovnilebis SemcirebiT, misi cxovrebis donis xelovnuri SezRudvisa an uSualod mosaxleobisraodenobis Semcirebis Sedegad - masobrivi represiebis, xelovnuri SimSilis, omis xarjze, rogorc essabWoTa kavSirSi moxda.104 es deficiti saerTod ar iarsebebda, reiganis administracias, isevdaisev msxvili monopoliebisinteresebidan gamomdinare, rom ar gaeuqmebina is energoefeqturi saxelmwifo programebi daRonisZiebebi, romlebic qveyanaSi xorcieldeboda 1970-iani wlebis navTobis krizisebis Semdeg.105 is faqti, rom es Sedegebi ZiriTadad aramdgradia, etyoba naklebad mniSvnelovania.106 klasikuri magaliTi, Tu rogor moqmedebs aSS-s politika gariyul reWimebze — libiis lideris muamarkadafis SeSinebuli aqtiuroba mas Semdeg, rac amerikam terors omi gamoucxada.107 ganvixiloT Tugind antiiamerikuli sentimentebis Camoyalibeba avstraliaSi, romelic tradiciuladmisi erT-erTi yvelaze daaxloebuli mokavSire iyo — New Best Friends, The Economist April 2 nd , 2005.108 THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN A War for Oil? The New York Times, January 5, 2003.109 http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article 08.02.2005110 is, rac dRes eraySi xdeba, aSkara “amovardnaa” da naklebad gasagebia, saboloo jamSi, ras moutans aSS-sinteresebs.111 am sias xSirad ematebian evropis “mini-saxelmwifoebi”. baltiis respublikebi da evrogaerTianebis sxvaaxali wevrebic etyoba am kategoriaSi gadavlen. amave dros hon-kongi saxelmwifo ar aris, xolopolitikuri mosazrebiT xSirad gverds uvlian am siaSi taivanis Seyvanas. wyaro: http://www.freedefinition.com/Developed-countries.html112 informacia mopovebulia gaeros ganviTarebis programis rig wyaroebze daydnobiT. sainteresoa, romavtoris mondomebis miuxedavad, 1997 wlis Semdgomi monacemebi man veRar moipova.113 Human Development Report 2003. UNDP, New York-Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.39.114 israeli da singapuri imdenad specifikuri saxelmwifoebia, rom maTi am konteqstSi ganxilva etyobaara Rirs.115 e.i. gansxvaveba daaxloebiT iseTi unda iyos, rogoric dRes amerikel da afrikel Raribs Sorisaa.116 UNDP Human Development Report 2003, pp. 155-156.117 Global Development Briefing -- Diplomatic Assurances, December 08, 2005118 saerTod iTvleba, rom minimaluri fasi, romelsac ixdis warmatebuli ganviTarebadi qveynebi msofliokapitalistur ekonomikaSi integraciisaTvis, saSualod yovel aT weliwadSi erTxel seriozulifinansuri krizisia.119The good in globalization, Richard W. Fisher and W. Michael Cox The New York Times,MONDAY, APRIL 10, 2006.120 Measuring Global, Foreign Policy, March-April 2004.121 faqtiurad, xSir SemTxvevebSi aseTi Careva imdenad Zlieria da yovlismomcveli, rom is ekonomikuridaxmarebis sferodan faqtiurad “erovnuli mSeneblobis” (nation building) sferoSi gadadis.122 Global Development Briefing -- Take Me to Your Leader, October 28, 2004123 yvela aseT problemaze ixileT — Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents. Penguin Books, 2002.124 World Bank Writes Off $37B In Debts For Poor Countries (The Associated Press) World Bank approves $37 billiondebt write-off (Reuters) http://www.developmentex.com/index.jsp?action=getnews&id=39508&view=T125 ixileT — Final ODA Data for 2003. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/19/52/34352584.pdf126 Global Development Briefing - Never, Again, April0 6, 2006.127 Most International Aid Wasted, Say Agencies, Reuters, Mon Feb 28, 2005 08:49 AM ET , By Jeremy Lovell128 Scandal of 'phantom' aid money, Larry Elliott, economics editor, Friday May 27, 2005, Guardian129 Global Development Briefing - Contraband , December 02, 2004130 Stuart E. Eizenstat, John Edward Porter, and Jeremy M. Weinstein, Rebuilding Weak States, Foreign Affairs, January/February2005.131 Wrong fix for foreign aid, The New York Times , Monday, February 6, 2006132 FORTUNE's annual ranking of the world's largest corporations. Fortune Global 500, 2005, From the July 25, 2005 issue133 pirovnebisa an organizebuli jgufis mier Zalis ukanono gamoyeneba an Zalis gamoyenebis muqarasazogadoebis an mTavrobis daSinebis an iZulebis mizniT, xSirad ideologiuri an politikuri sababiT.The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2000 by Houghton MifflinCompany. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Zaladobis winaswar ganzraxuli gamoyeneba (an muqara)mSvidobiani mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg iseTi miznebis misaRwevad, romlebic Tavisi arsiT politikuri,religuri an ideologiuria; es xdeba daSinebiT an iZulebiT SiSis danergvis gziT. WordNet ® 2.0, © 2003Princeton University134 sayuradReboa, rom yvela im teroristuli saSinelebis miuxedavad, romelic dRes msoflios rigganviTarebul qveynebs Tavs atydeba, adamianebis sicocxlis danakargi teroristuli aqtebis Sedegad118

30-jer naklebia, vidre saavtomobilo avariebis Sedegad. amave dros, is yuradReba, romelsacsazogadoeba Tu xelisufleba uTmoben saavtomobilo avariebis, mravalgzis Camouvardeba imyuradRebas, romelsac terorizms uTmoben, etyoba imitom, rom avariebis mravalricxovani msxverpliganixileba rogorc erTgvari Sesawiri, romelic unda gaiRos sazogadoebam Tanamedrove cxovrebiskomfortisa da simdidrisaTvis.135 ” Басаев взял на себя ответственность за все последние теракты”, www.grani.ru 17.09.2004136 УБИТ "ИНДИЙСКИЙ РОБИН ГУД" - САМЫЙ НЕУЛОВИМЫЙ ПРЕСТУПНИК СТРАНЫ,http://www.izvestia.ru/world/article549586, 20.10.04137 zemoT aRwerili situaciebi tipuria, Tumca bevria gamonaklisebic, gansakuTrebiT TanamedroveevropaSi — magaliTad, aq memarcxene marqsisti teroristebi ar ekuTvnodnen arc Raribebs, miT umetesdaCagrulebsa da gariyulebs da gaaCndaT Tavisi ideebis gamoxatvis demokratiul sazogadoebaSiarsebuli yvela legaluri saSualeba.138 israeli, sadac teroristebi premier-ministrebi xdebodnen, magaliTad, menahem begini, erT-erTuiSviaTesi gamonaklisia teroristebis saxelmwifos saTaveSi mosvlisa.139 sainterosaa, rom maSindeli ruseTis sazogadoebis sakmaod didi nawili (gansakuTrebiT liberaluriinteligencia) ara marto ar uaryofda terorizms, rogorc sazogadoebisadmi miuRebel protestissaSualebas, aramed Riad gamoTqvamda aRtacebas teroristebiT. rusuli terorizmis erT-erTi yvelazeTvalsaCino moRvawe boris savinkovi ki saerTod qveynis wamyvan inteleqtualTa ricxvs ganekuTvneboda.140 gamonaklisis saxiT SeiZleba movixsenioT islamisti teroristebi filipinebze, sadac maTi yvelazeaqtiuri da warmatebuli organizacia “abu-saiafi” etyoba ZiriTadad mainc kriminalur dajgufebaswarmoadgens, romelic iyenebs politikur demagogias merkantiluri miznebis misaRwevad. amave drosigive populisturi demagogia uzrunvelyofs mis mxardaWeras adgilobrivi musulmanebis mxridan, racfriad arTulebs masTan brZolas.141 israel-palestinul konfliqtis istoriaze, mizezebze da ganviTarebis Taviseburebebze Zalian bevriadawerili, amitom aq mxolod misi CvenTvis saintereso aspeqtebi ganixileba.142 A Bitter Prize, By Tom Segev, From Foreign Affairs, May/June 2006143 Ferguson, Nial Colossus, The Rise and Fall of the American Empire, Allen Lane an Imprint of Penguin Books,London, 2004, p.112.144 aRmosavleTi ierusalimi da siriis kuTvnili holanis simaRleebi israelma de faqto ukve miiTvisa.145 Thomas L. Friedman, The New Math. New York Times, January 15, 2003146 Tumca am kvartetis Semadgenlobidan gamomdinare gaugebaria, TviT mas ra SeiZleba realuradawyobdes.147 meoTxe TviTmfrinavi, romelic teroristebma Caigdes xelSi, rogorc Cans maTi da mgzavrebis Setakebisdros daiRupa.148 Ferguson, Nial. Colossus, The Rise and Fall of the American Empire, Allen Lane an Imprint of Penguin Books,London, 2004, p.124.149 igive tom klensim, cnobilma amerikelma romanistma, scenari, romelSic samgzavro TviTmfrinavigamoyenebuli iqna aSS kongresis Senobaze ieriSis misatanad, aRwera Tavis nawarmoebSi Debt of Honour jerkidev 1994 wels. am dros tom klensi faqtiurad aSS-s mTavrobis karis mweralia da, rogorc sCans,arafers wers amerikul specsamsaxurebTan konsultaciebis gareSe. ix. Clancy, Tom. Debt of Honour.HarperCollinsPublishers, London, 1995, 900 p.150 Gregory M. Scott, Louis Furmanski, Randall J. Jones - editors. 21 Debated Issues in World Politics. Prentice Hall,New Jersey, 2000. Issue 7, Terrorism, p. 110-128.151 Jason Burke, Think Again: Al Qaeda. http://www.foreignpolicy.com, May-June, 2004.152 op.cit. Jason Burke153 Капитализм для всех, Павел Быков, Татьяна Гурова, Эксперт» №15(509), 17 апреля 2006154 termini fundamentalizmi Tanamedrove religiur azrovnebasa da praqtikaSi ramdenime mniSvnelobismatarebelia, m.S. saRvTo teqstebis, magaliTad, yuranis sityvasityviT ganmartebis an zogjerantimodernistuli religiuri moZraobis. dasavleTSi termini islamuri fundamentalizmi xSiradgamoiyeneba iseTi pirovnebebisa Tu jgufebis mimarT, romlebic qadageben islamizms — politikurideologias, romelic moiTxovs saero saxelmwifo marTvis sistemis Canacvlebas islamur samarTalzedafuZnebuli sistemiT. yvelaze radikaluri islamistebi, agreTve, qadageben saero xelisuflebisZaladobrivi gziT damxobas, terorizms. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalism#Islamic_views155 sxvaTa Soris, bevri iseTi ram, rac dRes barbarosobad SeiZleba aRviqvaT, bibliaSic weria, magram amas“alegorias” vuwodebT.156am xalxis sakmaod didi nawili SemouSves humanitaruli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, rogorc romelimemusulmanuri, ZiriTadad arabuli reJimis mier devnili. am dros aravin iTvaliswinebda im garemoebas,rom 5 aseTi devnilidan minimum oTxi eqstremistuli islamisturi Sexedulebebis matarebeli iyo,radganac swored isini warmoadgendnen (da warmoadgenen) musulmanuri samyaros saero mTavrobebisZiriTad mowinaaRmdegeebs.157 “meqanikuRi” imitom, rom is xdeboda ZiriTadad sikvdilianobis Semcirebis xarjze, romelic ar iyodamokidebuli mosaxleobis socialur qcevaze. mis universalurobaze da “meqanikurobaze” migviTiTebsis faqtic, rom is absoluturad igive scenariT ganviTarda ssrk-s Sua aziis respublikebSi, romlebic imdros danarCeni msofliodan izolirebulebi iyvnen.158 cxovrebis donis aseTi Semcireba 100 qveyanaSia dafiqsirebuli.159 UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) "World Fertility Report 2003,"http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldfertility/World_Fertility_Report.htm160imisaTvis, rom mosaxleoba ar izrdebodes da xdebodes ubralo Canacvleba gardacvlilebisa119

axalSobilebiT, yovel qalze fertilur asakSi (15-45 weli), unda modiodes aranaklebi 2.10-2.15 bavSvisa.161 "World Fertility Report 2003", op.cit.162 UNDP HDR, 2004163 : Millenium Project. Report to the UN Secretary-General. Investing in Development. A Practical Plan to Achieve theMillenium Development Goals. Overview. 2005., p.8.164 yvela es procesebi dawvrilebiT aRwerilia ukve naxseneb Millenium Project. Report to the UN Secretary-General-Si. is faqti, rom CineTSi uaRresad Raribi adamianebis raodenoba Semcirda imas ki ar niSnavs, romam milionebma uecrad kargad cxovreba daiwyes. ubralod maT Tavze gadaSenebis safrTxe aRartrialebs.165 monacemebi moyvanilia 1993 wlis dolarebSi msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis gaTvaliswinebiT. es arismsoflio bankis mier SemuSavebuli siRatakis universaluri qveda zRvari. iTvleba, rom amaze naklebiSemosavliT adamians arseboba aRar SeuZlia. dRevandeli saqarTvelos pirobebSi es daaxloebiTSeadgens (1 dolari — 1.8 lari, pariteti 1/3) 65 TeTrs dReSi, anu 19 lars TveSi. wyaro: Millenium Project.Report to the UN Secretary-General. Investing in Development. A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millenium Development Goals.Overview. 2005. yvela danarCeni monacemi moyvanilia UNDP Human Development Report, 2003 and 2004, New York-Oxford,Oxford University Press, “Aids turns back the clock for world's young” Victoria Brittain, Saturday May 4, 2002 The Guardian.166 The Global Development Briefing, © 2006 The Development Executive Group, www.DevelopmentEx.com167 HDR 2005, UNDP, 2005, p. 253.168 Pipe Dreams, Tearfund, http://www.tearfund.org/169 es daaxloebiT 254 saqarTveloa.170 gasagebia, rom gaero ar aris idealuri organizacia da bevri xarvezebis gamo saswrafo reformirebasmoiTxovs (ix. Tavi 2), magram am SemTxvevaSi misi muSaobis konkretuli Sedegebi detaluri ganxilvisRirsia.171 aseT SemTxvevaSic gamosavali moiZebneba xolme. magaliTad, gaeros ganviTarebis programam 2006-2010wlebis samoqmedo programis SemuSavebis dros, TurqmeneTTan samuSaod airCia mxolod adgilobrivilandSaftebis gadarCena da saerTod gverdi auara TurqmenbaSisTan urTierTobas socialursakiTxebze.172 MEETING THE CLIMATE CHALLENGE, RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATECHANGE TASKFORCE, JANUARY 2005 by The Institute for Public Policy Research (UK), The Center for AmericanProgress, The Australia Institute. http://www.americanprogress.org/site/pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=306503173 iTvleba, rom rogorc minimum es procesi, Tu ar moxda misi stabilizacis, gamoiwvevs 2050 wlisaTvismsoflio okeanis donis 2 metriT zrdas, Sesabamisad im dablobi teritoriebis datborvas, sadacdedamiwis mosaxleobis 1/3 cxovrobs. “yvelaze cudi scenaris” pirobebSi ki msoflio okeanis dinebebissistemis moSlas, m.S. golfstrimis dinebis aridebas evropidan, ramac iq SesaZloa gamyinvarebagamoiwvios.174 rogorc globaluri daTbobis problema gviCvenebs, es zRvari etyoba ukve gadailaxa.175 es idealur situacias exeba. realobaSi, ganviTarebad qveynebSi mainc mTavrobebi ZiriTadad cdiloben“moxsnan” maqsimaluri Tanxebi Tavisi wevrebis piradi interesebidan gamomdinare.176 esec im SemTxvevaSi, Tu CavTvliT, rom 2100 wlamde kacobriobis ganviTarebis scenaris SemuSavebassaerTod raime azri gaaCnia.177 tradiciulad, amazoniis degradacias did amerikul monopoliebs abraleben, Tumca maTi roli aSkaradZalian gadaWarbebulia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis qmedebasTan SedarebiT.178 ganviTarebuli sazogadoebis ori mTavari moTamaSis xelisuflebisa da biznesis Uaqtiurobis drouTavsebadia bunebrivi garemos aqtiurobasTan. pirveli dafuZnebulia saarCevno ciklze (2-4 an 6 weli),meore — fiskalur welze.179 aSS-ma am dros, magaliTad, daSales msoflioSi yvelaze didi sakomunikacio kompania, AT&T, romelicsxvaTa Soris “ukan edga” 1973 wlis gadatrialebas CileSi.180 rodesac vlaparagobT ganaTlebaze, igulisxmeba, pirvel rigSi klasikuri tipis farTo saskologanaTleba, mosaxleobis elitaluri nawilisaTvis mainc, plus niWieri bavSvebis gamovlenis efeqturisistema. ganviTarebadi qveyana, romelsac Tavisi skola ZiriTadad bavSvebSi unarCvevebisgamomuSavebaze gadahyavs, winaswar ambobs uars realuri ganviTarebis pretenziaze.181 am dros mTavrobebis ZiriTadi motivacia samxedro upiratesobis miRwevaSia. ufro metic, faqtiuradyvela didi gamogoneba, dafuZnebuli fundamentur mecnierebebze, dawyebuli birTvuli energiidan,kosmosuri frenidan, kompiuteridan, internetidan, moxvda “moqalaqeTa” xelSi mas Semdeg, rac is TavisintesebSi jer samxedroebma daafinanses da aiTvises.182 arsebobs gamonaklisebi, rodesac wamyvani qveynebi krZalaven ama Tu im teqnologiebis eqsportgansazRvrul qveynebSi strategiuli usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, magram esgamonaklisebia.183am tipis gadairaRebisaTvis ukve ara muSaxelis ganaTleba, aramed viwro, magram intensiuriprofesiuli momzadebaa saWiro.184 UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, 2002,http://www.unesco.org/education/imld_2002 /unversal_decla.shtml185 msoflio avtomobilizacias aseTi, masobriv individualur momxmarebelze orientirebuli xasiaTi romar mieRo, etyoba dRes globalur daTbobaze naklebs vilaparakebdiT.186 aranakleb sainteresoa is, rom saavtomobilo transporti, rogorc aseTi, uaRresad araefeqturia.igive misi moZraobis organizaciis problemebi principulad mougvarebelia (ixileT magaliTad veres“samkuTxedi” TbilisSi). magram es, agreTve, imis maCvenebelia, rom efeqturi marketingis Sedegad120

SesaZlebelia faqtiurad nebismieri saqonlis realizacia, Tu is lamazadaa gaformebuli.187 http://www.izvestia.ru/person/article3091504/index.html Человек с Земли, Наталья Кочеткова188sainteresoa, rom beWdviTi produqcia, mxatvruli literaturaa es, Tu periodika, am WrilSipraqtikulad ar moixsenieba, etyoba imitom, rom mkiTxvelisagan momzadebisa da inteleqtisgansazRvrul dones moiTxovs, bolos da bolos is SedarebiT Zviria.189 am procesis ufro dawvrilebiT gansaxilvelad ixileT UNDP Numan Development Report 2004. CulturalLiberty in Today’s Diverse World. http://hdr.undp.org190 inglisurad es ukeT JRers — “just a business - nothing personal”.191 daaxloebiT aseTive jgufs qmnian mravalricxovani saerTaSoriso organizaciebis moxeleebic, Tumcaam SemTxvevaSi maTi globalurobis xarisxi SedarebiT naklebia.192 sityva zangis an Savis xmareba amerikaSi uaRresad arapolitkoreqtulia.193 English to be spoken by half of the world's population within 10 years, By James Burleigh, Independent, 09 December2004194 Closed borders and open palms. Sep 7th 2000, From The Economist print edition195 safrangeTSi, magaliTad, mkacrad reglamentirebulia franguli enis wili radiogadacemebSi (minimum40%) da kvotis darRvevisaTvis radiosadgurs saerTod mauwyeblobis licenzia SeiZleba CamoerTvas;amerikuli filmebis Cvenebidan miRebuli Semosavlis 70% miemarTeba franguli kinos ganviTarebaze daa.S. safrangeTis prezidenti Jak Siraki sxvaTa Soris imiTicaa cnobili, rom demonstraciulad tovebssaerTo evropul RonisZiebebs im dros, rodesac frangi momxseneblebi inglisurad iwyeben gamosvlas.196 HDR 2004, p.99.197 ICT indicators: data and statistics on the ICT/telecommunication sector,http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/informationsharing/index.html198 http://www.itfacts.biz/index.php199 inglisurSi arsebobs termini sidekick, romliTac axasiaTeben msaxiobs, romlis ZiriTadi funqciaamudam idges mTavari gmiris gverdiT da Tavisi gazviadebulad uazro qmedebiT warmoaCinos misiRirsebebi. swored amas akeTebda sabWoTa kavSiri aSS-s mimarT Tavisi arsebobis ukanasknel wlebSi.200 is faqti, rom es ubedureba ZiriTadad evropelebs daatydeba Tavze, romlebic ufro adviladxelmisawvdomebi arian, vidre aSS, iotisodena ar cvlis kampaniis strategiul Sedegs.201momavalSi mas SeiZleba indoeTic daematos, magram saTuoa, rom es mokle Tu saSualovadianperspeqtivaSi moxdes.202 ixileT T. palmeris leqcia saitze — http://www.polit.ru/lectures/2005/12/09/palmer.html203 Александр Солженицын: "Сбережение народа - высшая изо всех наших государственных задач",http://www.globalaffairs.ru/articles/5504.html, 28 Апреля 2006204 Збигнев Бжезинский: Последний суверен на распутье, http://www.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/18/5294.html, 10Марта 2006205 faqtiurad islamis sistemuri krizisi am didi krizisis mxolod erT-erTi, Tumca yvelaze aqtiuriSemadgeneli nawilia.206 amerikis soflis meurneobasa da momsaxurebis sferos jer kidev sWirdebaT meqsikeli migrantebi,magram rac dro gadis, maTi mozidviT gamowveuli socialuri danakargebi sul ufro sWarbobs uSualoekonomikur mogebas.207es gansakuTrebiT dasavleT evropas da ruseTs exeba. bevri miiCnevs, rom evropa im donemdeadakninebuli, rom Tu uaxloes momavalSi iqauri musulmanuri umciresoba moiTxovs yvela qalisaTvishijabis tarebas, amas faqtiurad uprotestod danebdebian. ixileT Tugind - Thwarting 'Eurabia', By MichaelBarone, Published September 27, 2005, The Washington Times, www.washingtontimes.com121

V. MelikidzeGLOBALIZATION OF WORLD POLITICSIntroduction – What is Globalization?It is generally presumed that starting approximately the second half of the last century socialdevelopment on the planet takes place within confines of the single, complex process, which is knownas globalization. It is also presumed that the vast majority of people living on the Earth are affected bythis process sooner or later, one or the other way. Accordingly any person with the most basiceducation is acquainted with the term globalization, as well as with the other one closely related to it –global. These words have already become integral parts of colloquial language, at least in the relativelydeveloped countries. Thus at least at the personal level plenty of people have some general idea andown position (either positive or negative) regarding this process. 1As to formal definition of the term, situation is pretty different. There are so many definitions ofglobalization that in the end it is close to impossible for someone to reach any definite conclusion.Today there is a curios mixture of approaches and emphases that are often in tension with each other.Besides almost invariably they deal with symptoms and visible effects of globalization, rather than withcauses of this complex phenomenon. Based on these definitions one may surmise that globalization isvery good, that it’s very bad or either that it does not exist at all.This strongly reminds whatever Robert Heinlein wrote many decades ago – “for example, the verb“to be” in English has twenty-one distinct meanings, every single one which is false-to-fact” 2 . This maymean that we either do not understand the problem or rather prefer to restrain from defining it properly.Roots of such situation may be found in over politization of problems of the modern societaldevelopment, as well as in culture of political correctness, which does not allow giving proper definitionseven to the most harmless things 3 .Still considering the circumstances, plenty of things that are normally rather easy to understandbecome hard to explain. As a result we deal with situation rather accurately described in The Guardianback in 2002 – “In one clip, economics editor Evan Davies referred to "globalisation - whatever thatmeans". A panelist replied: "Well if he doesn't what it means, how the hell are we supposed to?" 4Ironically enough such situation prompted us to develop one more definition of globalization, whichmight be used as a starting point in comprehensive analysis of this phenomenon. The main criteriaapplied to this definition were – it should address underlying causes, not visible effects of globalization;should be politically neutral, should not attempt to evaluate globalization as such, be easy tocomprehend.Here is the definition -Globalization is a system of relations that enables the leading world power(s) to initiate andto some extent influence processes (directly or through their agents), which in the end definesocietal development trends throughout the world.Hence globalization is not the process of diffusion of various phenomena (physical or other)worldwide, as it’s commonly perceived. Growth of number of internet users or mobile phone ownersworldwide, intensification of global financial transactions, global sprawl of transnational corporations,emergence of common cultural values, expansion of McDonalds or Hollywood culture after all – allthese are not globalization, but rather its secondary consequences (often unforeseen), one may evenuse term – “symptom”.Globalization, as it is, lie in the deep structural changes that occur in the modern society, which inturn create enabling environment for all phenomena mentioned above. It’s impossible to develop andspread Internet worldwide (even if all necessary technologies are at hand) if there is no universallyacknowledged and often legalized principle of freedom of exchange of information. No corporation,1 Although in the majority of cases this happens as in quotation from National Geographic given below- A group ofAmerican tourists arrived in Italy not long ago. “Amazing!” one said to their tour guide, a friend of mine: “You havepizza here too.”A group of Japanese Boy Scouts landed in Chicago. “Amazing!” they told their troop leader. “They have McDonald’s heretoo.”NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, August 1999, http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/2000/culture/global/main.html2 Robert A. Heinlein “Elsewhen”, Assignment in Eternity, The New American Library, USA, copyright 1941.3 It is also justified from the point of view of pluralism of scientific opinion, to say nothing about the “publish or die”principle.4 Simon Jeffery, What is Globalization?, Thursday October 31, 2002,The Guardian122

however powerful, can become transnational, if countries where it wants to operate do not acknowledgeuniversal principles of freedom of trade and inviolability of a private property (even if under pressureand as regards this very company). Only such approach may move globalization from the realm ofinexplicable (as it often happens today), into the realm of opportunities. Whether and how variousactors operating worldwide are able to use these opportunities for their personal ends, is quite anotherproblem, which should be addressed on local, rather than the global level.As to the leading world power(s), they may be represented by any subject that is directly involved indecision making processes or is able to affect decision making by the others. I.e. such may be anyperson (private or public) or organization (also private or public; national or supranational, governmentor non-government), able to generate an initiative, which in the end might lead to world-wide systemicalterations. Naturally in the vast majority of cases these are sovereign states and international bodies,which possess enough power to generate such changes. 5 Besides today to be effective these changesshould be codified, formalized and legalized, whether on the international and/or the national levels,which again points out states and international organizations as the major perpetrators of globalization.Globalization is based on such quite primitive and well known process as expansion. Expansion is astandard tool for solving intra-systemic problems by moving them outside the system. Today this termbears mainly negative connotations being often associated with the Cold War era propaganda(communist, imperialist expansions) or debacles by the weak, dictatorial regimes (Argentina invadingFalklands in 1982 or Iraq occupying Kuwait in 1990). In reality expansion is more often the result ofadjustment of positive development trends and at least in case of the leading world countries is subjectto standard planning procedures (take EU expansion for instance). What particular forms may acquireany given expansion process or what concrete mechanisms are applied to keep it moving does notmatter, as long as it is not the military one. 6Factually globalization may also be characterized as expansion, which reached its logical limit [withinthe limited Earth space]. On the other hand planned expansion is from the very beginning aimed at theconcrete, finite result and takes place in the controlled environment. Already mentioned EU expansionis the classic case of such. Despite its utmost importance it will never acquire the global character(something like the Global EU), since Europeans do not have enough motivation to aim at such targetand moreover are not able to generate enough impulse to implement such plan, even if the necessityarises.If one uses analogy from the modern physics, globalization may have a dual nature, like light, whichis both waves and discrete particles. It may simultaneously be situation and process. Globalizationprocesses may succeed only within the framework of the given system of relations, while the veryexistence of this system is prompted by the necessity to develop these processes.In principle processes causing globalization may be compared to waves that spread in variousdirections from their source. The closest analogy in this case may be concentric waves created bystone dropped into the water. Such waves may spread in all directions, or may be relatively narrow andintensive. In any case, processes that may cause changes worldwide can not be subjected to anyeffective control, although initiators may try to influence them with no or less guaranteed results.Since globalization processes spread through the highly inhomogeneous medium, they move withdifferent speed into the various directions, may be amplified coming into contact with the other similarprocesses, or be cancelled out. They may be considerably altered (sometimes all the way to theopposite), manifest themselves in a form very much different from the original and thus return to theirinitiators.Today overcoming physical space or constraints [within the Earth] causes no problems for those,who are able to initiate global processes. Thus these processes are basically altered, slowed down,accelerated or extinguished in economic, social, cultural spaces. As a result quite often territorieslocated near the source of globalization processes may be excluded from them, or be subjected to themlater than the others, or in a pretty distorted form. 7 On the other hand, territories located far from it maybecome the active, full-fledged actors of globalization.Simultaneously there exists another kind of expansion – less amenable to control and spontaneousthat craves for absolute results. This type of expansion was always found as an exception and with5 Of course some initially very weak push may in the end lead to global alterations – so called “butterfly effect”, althoughprobability of such occurrence seems to be very low.6 It may be political, economic, cultural, etc.7 We intentionally use term “territory” instead of “country” or “state” since globalization obviously do not manifest itselfwithin boundaries codified by men (often rather arbitrarily).123

“maturing” of the humanity manifests itself less often. Still it caused all large scale changes first atvarious regional and quite recently on the global levels. Today the only society that is able to pursuesuch one, is the US, although even in this case the process has obviously passed its peak and moreand more acquires properties of an expansion of the first type.It looks like that conditions leading to emergence to this type of [spontaneous] expansion may befound only once during the life span of any ethnos existing on the planet. It happens when such ethnosstarts to perceive itself as independent entity able to oppose the outside world, to challenge it. This timethe ethnos is full of energy, restless, it can surmount any obstacles, is motivated to reach maximumgoals. More importantly, it’s able to generate ideas, promote values, it’s proactive, while all others arejust able to react to its activities, are reactive. Its internal energy is looking for outlet and sooner or laterit erupts in form of expansion. Ethnos in such state expands not because it wants it, or either that anexpansion meets its needs, but rather because it has to. As it is, such spontaneous expansion is ratherprimitive and straightforward process. It continues as long as the ethnos is able to overcome resistanceof environmental factors (both natural and man made).The actual size of ethnos involved in such expansion does not matter much- they are able to infectwith their energy and drive other people, much more numerous than themselves and use them to theirown ends.Still the following factors often play the decisive role in emergence and success of spontaneousexpansions – 1/ Geographical situation of ethnos immediately before the expansion and at its earlystages. This factor defines whether ethnos is able to survive unavoidable pre-consolidation crisis(manifesting itself in various forms of civil strife). It also defines what kind of obstacles ethnos will runinto during the expansion as well as a direction of expansion. 2/ Type of culture. This defines form oforganization of the ethnos and how efficiently is it able to conduct the expansion. More importantly itdefines how efficiently is the ethnos able to keep in possession and exploit resources acquired as aresult of the conquest.Besides for successful expansion and preservation of its results ethnos should possess at least asdeveloped technology as its main rivals, or exceed it.In many cases throughout the human history spontaneous expansions brought under control vastterritories, Spanish expansion have already reached kind of the pre-global span. Still it was the secondhalf of 19-th century when European colonial expansion, led by Britons, acquired the truly globaldimension. This manifested decisive qualitative changes in development of the humankind. Followingmajor factors contributed to this –1. Final establishment of market economy and primate of private property in the leading countriesof the world. This made possible to make exploitation of resources that fell under their control asa result of expansion highly efficient and profitable. Spain, for instance, where there was not atrace of such relations at the peak of its expansion success virtually rot atop the pile of richeshoarded in America, being unable to direct it to development and improvement of a well-beingof population.2. Industrial revolution, which contributed to development of technologies in the leading worldpowers that in turn led to enormous increase in efficiency of exploitation, transportation andprocessing of resources at their disposal as well as gathering and processing information onactual or potential adversaries, its delivery to decision-making persons, speedy reaction toevents developing in any part of the world by transferring there additional resources (peopleand military equipment), securing decisive advantage over the enemy on the battle-field.Factually global events during this period were based on steamships, railway, telegraph andrifle (later a machine gun).3. Development of a new system of social relations within which people became citizens, whocould consciously, without coercion, participate in processes initiated by their countries, defendtheir interests and use profits acquired in this process for their personal enrichment.Although since then globalization has undergone number of important changes (see Chapter 1),some basic principles still remain. These are –1. Does not matter which country, group of countries or any other subject initiate global processes.These may be represented by anyone who is able to generate strong enough processes forlong enough time that in the end may be felt throughout the world. Globalization of the late 19-thcentury was mostly result of colonial expansion of the British empire and number of otherEuropean powers. Post WW II globalization resulted from competition of two antagonistic socialsystems.124

2. Does not matter in what sphere of activity (political, economic, cultural, etc.), when and whereare globalization processes initiated as long as they work.3. Anyone (this being country, organization or person) able to initiate global processes is acting inits (his, her) own interests. Factually globalization may also be described as the globalmanifestation of local processes.Virtually no process that in the end leads to changes on theglobal level is deliberately designed and implemented as such (this being hardly possible).Besides the current stage of globalization also led to emergence of some typical features, such as –a/ All processes within the globalization framework are open and two-way. There is a feedback betweeninitiators of globalization and its objects. I.e. any initiative inevitably comes back to its initiator one or theother way. This reverse motion may on principle be as strong or even exceed the initial action. Anyinitiative being spread throughout the world is inevitably being altered, distorted. In the end it may evenbecome the opposite of what it was initially. b/ Any country in the world may make the decision aboutjoining globalization processes. Although on practice quite often this choice is voluntary-coercive as thiswas brilliantly coined back in the USSR. Terms and conditions of such joining are quite well known,although not properly formalized as such. In the end these terms and conditions boil down todevelopment of market economy, creation of competitive markets, opening borders for free flow ofgoods and capitals and unrestricted access of transnational corporations into domestic markets of theaffected countries. b/ Windows of opportunities to join globalization processes are being created forvirtually any country of the world (for some - more than once) that any can use to join ranks of theleading world powers (although so far only very few actually succeeded). The competitive advantage ofthese leading powers over the rest of the world is so huge that so far they did not shy the emergence ofnew competing powers. c/ Globalization processes are selective. They may possibly affect only someselect, infinitesimal (although important) spots of Earth and simultaneously leave outside their spheresof influence not only parts of countries, whole countries, but whole regions as well. If globalizationaffects such places at all this happens because it’s hardly possible to control large processes and partof information or material flows inevitably “escapes” the main stream. d/ Both formal and factualresponsibility of the leading world powers over processes that take place on the planet (including theprocesses they initiate themselves) is relatively low. They are factually able to turn their backs to suchprocesses and events that do not directly fall into their spheres of interests. Even if such processes arevery important locally (leading for instance to wars, civil strife, genocide and like) these powers are stillable to restrict themselves to much ado and imitation of mitigating activities.Fact that the US and its closest allies play today the decisive role in establishment of global relationsand initiation of global processes does not mean that globalization is result of some plot by thesecountries, as many imply. Simply at the modern development stage these countries represent the mostactive agents of globalization and in turn are the most intensively influenced by it. Plenty of other ethnosor countries played the similar role of such development agents throughout the human history. As timepasses one stage of development is replaced by the other and they inevitably yield their positions toothers, more active and purposeful players.Besides globalization, as it is, as any natural (in this case – quasi-natural) process is absolutelyneutral towards objects of its influence. What kind of impact it actually makes on any given ethnos orcountry depends in the end on their ability to learn to apprehend this phenomenon and use it for theirown end. Also one should not overestimate the role of conscious human will in inception anddevelopment of processes on the global scale. Concise human will may lead to decision, which in turnleads to some concrete action. Whether this action will lead to changes on the global scale hardlydepends on a will of its inceptors. Has not that being so, one might watch development of processaccording to the “Deutchland Uber Alles” scenario, which Thanks God is impossible.Today there is just one global factor that unites all people disregarding their level of development ortype of civilization. This factor is – fear. The only thing that can today bring all the mankind within thesingle global system is existence of weapons of mass destruction that are potentially able to destroy thelife on the planet. As such this system has developed sometimes between August of 1945 and October1957 – i.e. when the US used nuclear bombs against Japan and when the USSR by launching firstearth satellite proved that there was not any place on the planet left outside the reach of nuclear arms.Case-Study 1 – Two Social Systems – is Competition Still Going On?It looks like that the modern Western social science recognizes just one social system known as125

capitalism. 8 It’s usually understood as system based on a market economy, democratic governance,primate of private property, rule of law, human rights, division of powers, civil society, etc. From thehistorical standpoint it’s still very young and as it is today it was formed sometimes after the worldeconomic crisis of 1929. It leads development on the planet at least since 19-th century. Still for all itsobvious merits and success it largely remains the European regional project, which involves 24-30 fullydeveloped capitalist societies. All these states except Japan may be attributed to the Europeancivilization. Close to these countries stand South Korea, Taiwan in Asia, as well as countries of theformer Soviet block in Europe (including Baltic countries).As to the other parts of the world – Latin America thanks to long-standing (although lessappreciated) persistent efforts of the US is firmly following the route of transformation into full fledgedcapitalist societies although rather hesitantly at times and with various success. Sub-Saharan Africa isstill in process of sorting out numerous problems which emerged after withdrawing colonial powerscreated plenty of hardly viable states. It may still take decades to reach some kind of stability here inorder to speak definitely about the course of development these countries may actually follow. 9The rest of the world, starting from the Muslim states of Northern Africa and Byelorussia-Russia inthe Eastern Europe, plus whole Asia (except countries mentioned above) lives inside the social systemsharply different from the capitalist society. 10 Representatives of the modern social sciences arehesitant to recognize its existence to the extent that this system mostly goes unnamed, if is mentionedat all. Still it was well known and recognized back in the Ancient Europe and led the world developmentbefore emergence of capitalist society in Europe. The same Marx for instance mentioned it as “theAsian mode of production”. In the second half of 20-th century it for quite vague reasons (probablyideological) became known as communist, although has nothing to do with this highly fictitious system.It looks like that such system was the initial one within the framework of which first stable statesystems evolved in the process of disintegration of primitive communal systems. It’s based on thesymbiosis of power and property, the state mode of production. 11 It invariably evolved everywherewhere centralization of resources (human resources first of all) in a course of implementation of largescaleeconomic or political projects led to huge social gains. This task was supplemented by defensefunction, especially when pastoral civilizations were endangered by nomads. At least at the initial stageof development the prime function of such state was [physical] survival of society in face natural andmilitary threats. Unlike the capitalism, such social system was universal and evolved independentlyacross civilizations throughout the world, in regions isolated form each-other (including for instance pre-Columbus Central and South America), but where roughly similar conditions led to the same solutions.The latest additions to the system were Islamic states and much later – Russian [Muscovite] state. 12The fully developed, mature systems of this kind (China or Russia for instance) share the followingsimilar characteristics –• The state based on this system is extremely centralized and strives for total control of material,information and energy flows existing inside it. Its social structures are rigid to the maximum andare virtually unable to evolve. As a result such society is hardly resilient and has difficulties ofadapting to changing environmental conditions. Hard external pressure usually leads to demise ofthis society, but as soon as this pressure is removed or weakens it rebuilds itself virtually to thesame state, as it was before.• State evolving inside such system is based on the static equilibrium, whereas capitalist societymaintains a dynamic equilibrium, based on a change, development. Thus pyramidal society shieschanges, which are harmful for it. Such changes include not only large scale social or economictransformations, but the most commonplace technological innovations too.• The system is based on the direct, address management meaning that majority of decisions aremade in the single centre. Thus on the country level the chains of command are usually very long.In relatively large and complex systems this usually leads to mismanagement and chaos.• The system eventually starts to experience shortage of goods and services and can not satisfythe most basic needs of population. As a result it has to allow some kind of relatively freeproduction and exchange of goods and services (all the way up to development of some kind of aproto-market). When sooner or later this process starts to undermine the centralized governance8 Although this term is more often used in its more restricted meaning of economic system as sub-system of a largersocial system.9 There are of course exceptions, but such are few.10 It looks like that Ukraine, Georgia; Armenia under the proper guidance may be successfully transformed into capitalistsocieties. Turkey also largely remains outside the main Asian context.11 It is also sometimes referred to as pyramidal society, after its organizational structure.12 Western Europe being factually the rather isolated peninsula did not possess conditions (both natural and political) thatfavoured centralization.126

system, which leads to restoration of the total control. As a result, through the history such statesare moving like pendulum – between the less restricted and more rigid systems.• Obviously the state craves for total control of property in general, means of production andfinancial flows. Market, private property, money circulation and exchange of goods are acceptablefor it only within the strict limits, which it establishes and under its total control. Again, weakeningof such control leads to development of dynamic processes that in the end lead to destabilizationof such state.• Such system is notorious for primacy of interest of the state (which is identified with society) overinterests of individuals. People in such societies do not enjoy status of person, but are ratherregarded as easily substitutable, disposable units of a huge state mechanism. Human rights intheir modern Western meaning have no place in such societies. No constructive relationsbetween the state and the people can exist here on principle. Nothing even remotely reminding apublic policy can evolve here. There is just one source of political will – the government, which isregarded as the only initiator of processes in the country. There is very little back feed frompopulation to the state. Thus population per se is left the only option to request or carry outchanges – through direct pressure on the government institutions (often forcible).• Contacts in such society are generally vertical. Rights are usually delegated from top to bottom,while responsibilities are organized in the opposite direction. Law is applied in accordance tothese principles too. More or less fairly law is applied only within the same social stratum. Legalacts are usually applied selectively, based on expediency principle (expediency itself beingdetermined by the government).• The state is usually personified in its leader, who often (at least formally) enjoys unlimited powersand can not be held responsible for anything. In such state (which is sometimes dubbed aspaternalistic) relations between the authorities (ruler) and its subjects remind relations betweenthe shepherd and his flock. The real problem is that the vast majority of people here reconcilethemselves to state of affairs, willingly delegate their rights to the state and wait passively how itwill decide their fate. Authorities in general and the ruler in particular are perceived as providers oflivelihoods for the subjects. Thus even during the large-scale social shocks, when people are onprinciple able to follow the more acceptable course of development, they fight to bring uponthemselves the better ruler.• Such states, often being dependent on personal properties of a single person are extremelyvulnerable for this same reason. Good ruler is able to lead such state to prosperity, whileincompetent one may destroy it. There are no actual control mechanisms of such leaders. Stillmore often than not the real power in such states belongs to appointed bureaucrats, who areresponsible only to such persons who appoint them. Usually government bureaucrats enjoyalmost unlimited powers over population. Their activities can only be limited by their superiors andunwritten corporative laws. In the end all these leads to abuse of power and omnipresentcorruption. This also leads to development of rather peculiar social psychology of type – you arethe chief I am the fool; I am the chief you are the fool. Besides government administrators(especially today) often become the largest owners of hybrid private-state property thus gettinghold of one more powerful lever of control.At least half of world’s population lives today within the system described above. Obviouslycountries belonging to it are not homogeneous, although they share the basic systemic characteristics.Some are follow relatively soft model of the state, others are extremely rigid. Such Asiatic or Pyramidalsystem is diametrically opposed to the modern Western society. This does not mean that they shouldbecome antagonistic, but still they are poorly compatible and competitive. Opposition between themstarts on conceptual level – both are based on sharply different value systems, evaluation criteria, andbehavioural stereotypes. That does not mean that values and criteria of Asiatic system are inferior tothese of the Western society – they are simply different.Still speed of changes in spheres of economics, finances, technology is so high that it underminesthe rigid pyramidal society, based on vertical ties. In the modern world the successful society should beable to modify itself in search of the optimum decision-making models. But this is that less adaptabletraditional societal systems are hardly able to do. Fast changes, instability (even if created by positivedevelopment), innovations (especially social or economic) – i.e. everything that is associated withglobalization are hardly acceptable for them. The globalization process proper, led by the Westernpowers undermines and destabilizes them. The state of relations of any such state with the developedworld does not matter today – sooner or later it loses the competition (the USSR being the most typicalexample).Thus based on the most primitive survival principle such countries are either to adopt themselves torequests of the modern development or at least turn to the systemic mimicry in order to escape the127

mounting external pressure. This actually means such minimal systemic alterations that may lead toacquisition of image acceptable to (or tolerable by) the developed world, engagement of such countryinto globalization processes and doing it without destabilization of the traditional societal system. 13It is important to mention that there is no example of successful transformation of such society intofully developed modern capitalist one. Japan is the bad example since like Western European countriesit has never evolved into pyramidal society. South Korea is more appropriate one, but this is the countrywhere all societal sub-systems were devastated as a result first of the Japanese occupation, followedby one of the bloodiest wars of the last century. The US factually dealt with its post-war reconstructionas with the nation-building project and it still took almost exactly 40 years to transform it. Although so farthis transformation is not formally acknowledged as complete and this country is not usually includedinto formal classifications of the developed states. 14Given such circumstances virtually any country can be in the end transformed into something closeto the idea of the modern capitalist society. Problem is that such experience was truly unique and canhardly be duplicated. In all other cases genuine attempts to modernize such societies in the long runlead to their destabilization and sometimes even disintegration, with subsequent re-establishment ofvery rigid societal systems. The most typical examples of such failed modernizations are Russia at thebeginning of 20-th century and the modern Iran. 15 Today world factually witnesses the second failure ofsystemic transformation in Russia after disintegration of the Soviet empire in 1991.The real problem is that the same Russia sets the example of how China will inevitably end itsongoing progressive development. Still so far it is turning into the real rival of the modern Westernsociety, this inevitable antagonism determined by the systemic factors described above. Thus themodern world after ending of one phase of the global systemic opposition between the USA and theUSSR is at the verge of entering into the new one – where Asian social system will be backed by itsmost typical representative. 16Chapter 1.The Globalization of PoliticsIrrespective of its structural organization, type and level of development any given human societyimplements the following main tasks (if not formally acknowledged): a/ to set up stable balance betweenneeds of members of this society secured by means of production at its disposal and ability of naturalenvironment to satisfy these needs; 17 b/ to distribute obtained wealth among members of society in away that keeps society stable. Factually these tasks set up the minimum necessary conditions forfunctioning of a human society.Although generally politics is described as the process and method of decision-making for groups ofhuman beings, within the given societal context it may be considered as the set of measures that createa framework for implementation of the above tasks.That does not mean that ties between the above mentioned tasks and any given set of politics isdirect and obvious. Politics serves these tasks in the end, while umbilical cord connecting them may belong (obviously very long in the complex modern societies). Disregarding any other reasons any societymay malfunction if this umbilical cord becomes entangled or is severed. Most typically this takes placewhen societal development becomes too dependent on some ideological doctrine, which disregardsobjective needs of everyday life. Take for instance the USSR, where dependence on Communismideology, especially in the later period of its existence, came totally at odds with the above tasks ofsocietal development, creating one of the main reasons of its downfall.Within any given historical context society may be considered as developed if it has at its disposalthe efficient, working tools, which enable it to implement successfully the above tasks for a relativelylong period of time with relatively minor adjustments, which do not alter the basic societal structures.The less developed society is the one that either does not possess such mechanisms, or the existingones are malfunctioning. Thus in order to function in a sustainable mode, to preserve itself as an entity,it needs to undergo structural transformations.13 The relatively successful examples of such adaptation are for instance Jordan, Malaysia or Thailand.14 Taiwan, one more country which looks like example of successful systemic transformation, is not such in reality, sinceit was created from the group of displaced persons who had lost all contacts with traditional society from which theywere forcibly removed.15 Frankly systemic transformation represented long and pretty hard process even for absolutist European states(France, Spain), which nevertheless had never stood close to the traditional pyramidal systems.16 And this happens alongside the ongoing antagonism with the Moslem world which is on principle caused by the samesystemic differences.17 Obviously “natural environment” in this case includes mineral resources too.128

On the other hand, in the late 19 th century, during the first globalization, this connection betweenmain tasks and politics of then leading global players was all too obvious. Urgent needs of growingeconomy and population pressed some Western European countries to expand in order to get hold ofnew natural resource bases, markets as well as territories to settling of population, which could not findappropriate place in home countries. This was the first time in the world history, when the leading globalplayers were able to establish and sustain set of relations, which enabled them to influencedevelopment processes throughout the planet.As such this system was fully developed approximately by the end of Boer war in South Africa,which marked the final formation of the British Empire. In a fully developed form it existed for a veryshort period of time –WW I marked the beginning of the end of this system, while the world economiccrisis of 1929 delivered it a final blow.The main feature that differentiated that period from the ongoing globalization stage manifesteditself in a fact that the major part of the world was directly, often formally controlled by a few Europeanpowers, plus Russia and the USA. As a result level of global political and economic integration wasobviously much higher, than it is today. Direct responsibility of leading global players (the British Empirein the first place) for processes going worldwide as well as their ability to influence them was muchhigher too. This was caused by situation when vast majority of processes on the planet took placewithin limited number of integral political and economic spaces (mostly territorial empires). Apart fromfew independent globalization subjects (mainly the modern nation-states) all other ethnos on the planetwere drawn into globalization processes by force, without taking into consideration their needs andpreferences.As a whole the system of relations established that time was rather rigid and clumsy, it lackedabilities to evolve. For instance feedback from objects of globalization to its subjects was reduced tominimum, often huge territories bordering each other were able to set up relations only through centresof respective colonial powers situated at distances of thousands kilometres from them. Besides at leastwithin the leading European colonial powers (the British Empire in the first place) and the US transitionto a market economy and democratic governance system was in its final stages. Still such system ofrelations, which was generally acknowledged within leading global players, as well as system ofrelations among these players, was not applied to countries and ethnos left outside this “elite club”.This colonial stage of globalization also quite paradoxically manifested the relative weakness ofleading global players. Vast territories were grabbed and put under direct control simply becausecolonial powers did not possess reliable information about them to select whatever they really neededand besides they did not possess any other control mechanisms, besides regimes of personal orderand direct control, despite their haphazardness and uncertainties. Such new forms of transnationalorganization and activity, as based mainly on the interests of evolving multinational corporations lookingfor markets, rather than for territories that contained such markets, were just evolving. Factually at theturn of 20 th century the US was the only country where monopolies and the state worked hand in handto promote their mutual interests in Latin America in the first place, without establishment of directcontrol over territories and states, which came within its sphere of interests.Inefficiency of direct control over colonies had finally led to dismantling of colonial system after WWII. By this time cost of responsibilities by colonial powers over territories they controlled by far exceededbenefits they were able to receive from those very territories. Only the least developed colonial powers(Portugal for instance) gave up their colonies due to a local armed resistance. Almost in all other casesthe ruling states abandoned their colonies because their maintenance became too expensive.To the contrary of the most popular notions of global politics, which assume that politics acquiredglobal features only rather recently, it was global already during the first globalization, since servedinterests and relations that had influenced development trends worldwide. Today global politics simplymanifests itself in more diverse and intensive forms. At the same time need to regulate and orderdiverse domains of activities of the leading global powers led to establishment and development ofappropriate regulatory regimes, based on a plethora of Western commerce, finance andintergovernmental political organizations. Already by the WW I significant sectors of global affairs weresubject to regulation by world organizations, thus creating a new infrastructure for the transnationalmanagement and control of economic, social and cultural processes. Still all these regulations andorganizations were incepted within [Western] Europe and served interests of leading global players, allothers being brought within their confines by hook or by crook, without any regard to their actualinterests.Another important feature, which was inherited by the world as a result of the first globalization, wasadoption of European nation-state as the principal type of political rule across the globe. There isnumber of features, which distinguish this type of state from others, namely territoriality, monopolisticcontrol of the means of violence, an impersonal structure of power and a distinctive claim to legitimacy.129

The main variant of its particular political form evolved as liberal or representative democracy. Todaythe vast majority of states of the world are organized in accordance with principles of democracy,although more often than not these are adopted rather formally and hold of liberal democracy onpolitical communities are tentative and capable of reversal. In quite many places (in the post-Sovietspace for instance) this model of state-building is being adopted mainly because it makes easier accessto resources and privileges offered to such countries by the leading global players.Second globalization is mainly different from the first one by two distinctive, albeit contradictoryfeatures. At one hand there are much more formally independent political actors, which share globalarena with whole array of intergovernmental organizations as well as non-state actors such asmultinational corporations, transnational pressure groups, social movements and so on. On the otherhand, in the end, set of relations shaping global development is determined by a very small group ofleading global states. Of course, they are under the ever-growing pressure by all other actorsmentioned above, but still the final decision remains with them. Even the leading multinationalcorporations, despite all their visible global reach and influence, can succeed if their activities do notcontradict general political preferences of governments of countries where they are based. Of course,they are free and able to influence formation of these political preferences, but otherwise activities thatcontradict their states or collective governmental bodies (the EU for instance) may be fatal for them. 18Starting from the famous 1946 Fulton speech by Winston Churchill till the fall of Berlin wall in 1989,global politics was shaped within the confines of the cold war system. It was marked by the global riftbetween groups of powers led by the US and the USSR, systemic competition of two antagonisticsocietal systems. Political decisions and actions that in the end affected the whole spectrum of globaldevelopment took place almost exclusively within the framework of this competition and weredetermined by it. Moreover, without such confrontation, activities of both the US and the USSR couldhave remained within the confines of the respective geographical areas. The US especially could quiteeasily restrict its activities along the traditional north-south axis embracing Americas, if not the Sovietthreat. The same consideration might be applied to the global activities of the USSR too. The actual orimaginative threats made these countries to chase each other around the globe, involving into theirconfrontation virtually any independent political entity on the planet.Of these two systemic leaders the US was proactive, representing the young, active ethnos,generating new values, ideas, relations et cetera. On the other side, the USSR – the Bolshevikreincarnation of the Russian empire, was not able to present something viable, competitive withAmerican interests in the long run. From the very beginning this country was relegated the role of thesparring-partner (albeit rather dangerous), fighting which the US developed and perfected whole arrayof political, military and other instruments. Besides the cold war competition provided both countriesdifferent opportunities, depending on their systemic features.Cold war was used by the sides as pretext to meddle almost indiscriminately into internal affairs ofmajority of formally independent countries of the world. Still such opportunity was pretty profitable forthe US since it used it for developing new markets for it ever-growing economy, to open-up the existingmarkets previously inaccessible for them. Even the rush of armaments was pretty profitable for hugesectors of American economy. On the other hand the USSR was typical representative of pyramidalsociety, its interest on the global arena was purely ideological and political. Its economy was almosttotally self-sufficient. It did not understand market logic, did not need new markets outside its borders.Instead of making profits it was loosing huge sums by investing them into political regimes of satellitestates, possessing no working mechanisms of retrieving this money. Besides militarization of economywas negative sum game for this country, which in the end contributed significantly to its downfall.Still the system of relations, which continues to determine development trends on the planet, wasmainly created as a result of compromise of conflicting interests of leaders of these two opposingblocks. Huge amount of international regimes operating worldwide were developed (during the cold warperiod) precisely as result of such compromises. 19 They may be divided into three main parts – a/regimes dealing predominantly with control and management of various elements of global transport,communication and other infrastructures - for instance the global regime for international air transportetc. They should be and are defined in precise terms, are indispensable parts of day-by-day activities ofmainly non-political actors and are easily controlled and verified. Although political element is easily18 The same consideration may be applied to NGOs too. Their major part (if not the majority) simply acts as agents ofvarious governments and not necessarily the governments of countries where they are formally based.19 International regime may be defined as “implicit and explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making proceduresaround which actor expectations converge in a given issue area of international relations” Krasner, S. (1983)International Regimes, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, p.2.130

traceable here, technological components prevail 20 ; b/ predominantly economic (commercial, financial,etc) regimes, which were developed almost exclusively in the interests of the US and its allies, since theSoviet Union had little interests in this area, or was not economically powerful enough to pursue themsuccessfully. They are predominantly construed around such institutions as the WB, IMF and latelyWTO. Despite active position of the developing world as regards structure and configuration of theseregimes, the leading global powers are slow to give up such advantages and preferences, as theyacquired earlier. The WTO Hong Kong meeting of 2005 can serve as a good illustration of this case,with plenty of rather vague promises by the developed West versus growing dissatisfaction of thedeveloping world; c/ regimes dealing predominantly with global security and related spheres ofactivities, including for instance the human rights regime. It is mainly associated with the UnitedNations, although not restricted to it. Here is the case when almost all existing treaties andorganizations, influencing global political affairs one or another way, emerged as a result or because ofdirect confrontation between the opposing societal systems. As a result there is the huge array offormal and informal standards and rules agreed or adhered to, which through and insideintergovernmental and transnational activities creates intricate framework of regulatory mechanisms.Many of these are hardly efficient since reflect situations when conflicting sides had to reach some kindof compromise and in the process obviously tried both to have a cake and to eat it.Among these rules one may find such arbitrary ones as “will of international community”, which canassume the “status of law” or become basis for legal international activities under certain conditions. Onpractice this “will” is mainly manifested by political preferences and needs of the same leading globalplayers and more often than not is used as pretext to intervene into domestic affairs of formallysovereign states in cases when such intervention is not supported by the majority of countriesrepresented in the same UN (see for instance bombing of Serbia in 1999).As a result these regimes are also applied arbitrarily, depending again on the actual preferencesand needs of the leading global players. Some countries may be severely punished for activities, whichgo against the will of international community, while others may get away with the same ”will” turning itblind eye on them. Countries, which play some necessary role in activities of these leading players, orare simply situated in regions which do not interest these players are often able to violate a plenty offormal or informal rules and regulations and get away with it. Many important regimes do not work onpractice simply because they do not possess the coercive power. The most telling example of such isTreaty of the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. It was devised by the both conflicting sides of thecold war, when they started to understand that farther spread of nuclear arms might endanger their ownsecurity. Still their rivalry did not allow for efficient mechanisms that might lead to forceful restraining ofcountries which violated its provisions. As a result Israel was the first who dare acquire its own nucleararsenal (allegedly the third largest in the world) without any consequences. It was later on followed byIndia and Pakistan – the traditional bitter rivals, who maximum suffered few years of moderatesanctions and formal displeasure by the US. Both are too important regional players to suffer moredrastic consequences. North Korea is blackmailing East Asia with its alleged nuclear weapons for manyyears, but by the end of 2005 it was still getting away with it, since it is well outside the direct interestsof the US, while other neighbouring countries for various reasons are either not interested to actdecisively (South Korea, China) or can not (Japan). On the other hand the nuclear reactor constructedby Iraq was erased from the earth by the Israeli air strike, since it might potentially endanger both Israeliand American interests in the region and besides Israel was capable to violate international law andsuffer no consequences.The UN is another most telling example of the cold war rudiment. Although its founding fathersobviously never intended it as such, with the beginning of the cold war it turned into the organization,which both the US and the USSR used to vent out their anger caused by the “unlawful activities” of theother side. As a result during that time it was mainly immobilized as an autonomous actor on majority ofpressing issues (especially political). It had (and still has) a leeway as regards humanitarian,educational, health-care or (to lesser extent) environmental activities, but is very restricted when itsactivities may contradict political interests of the leading global players.There are only two known cases when the UN acted decisively and efficiently being involved inforcing problems of regional security. First was when North Korea invaded the South in 1949 and thesecond when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990. Still in the first case the Soviet Union boycotted the SecurityCouncil, and in the second it counted it last days and was simply unable to go against will of the West.The same peacekeeping operations, the “pride of the UN” mostly take place when the leadingglobal players are not interested to be directly responsible in participating of solution of some local20 On the other hand the US is controlling such vital global system as Internet and refuses to give up this control in favourof the UN sponsored one.131

problems. When they are directly interested to intervene some place they are easily doing this evenagainst the most expressed disagreement of the vast majority of the UN member states. Both the USand the USSR were doing this on a regular base during the cold war, and the US continues to do thistoday, intervening for instance in Iraq without any formal consent by the UN, although this againcontradicted all formally accepted international treaties and was done on a false pretext.On the other hand developing countries are increasingly interested in UN as mechanism, whichallows them to at least present their pressing problems for global consideration and to makethemselves heard out. These attempts force the UN to act more independently in many cases, wherepreviously it would simply follow the same US or USSR. As a result both developing countries and theUS call for reform of the organization, the first because they render it too weak to promote efficientlyneeds of the majority of the global community, while the US, charging it with corruption, obviously aimsto weed out such small sprouts of activities independent of the expressed will of America as exist today.All in all demise of the Soviet Union did not to a large extent alter the cold war era system of theglobal political relations. Even if one of the leading global players disappeared, the remaining onecontinues to act predominantly unilaterally or gives just a lip service to collective political actions. In themost broad terms the globalization of the world politics led to emergence of some striking features:democracy in the current leading global players and their affiliated states and non-democratic relationsbetween these states and the rest of the world; pursuit of accountability and democratic legitimacyinside state borders and the pursuit of national interest (and maximum political advantage) outside suchborders; democracy and human rights for those regarded as “insiders” and habitual negation of theserights for those beyond their borders.Also today finding solutions and undertaking mitigating measures as regards global politicalprocesses lies predominantly within the sphere of responsibility of the US. Not that other countries donot want to play roles independent of the US, to carry out policies contradicting the American interests.Simply individually and even collectively (even EU) are not strong enough so far to devise andimplement sets of relations leading to alterations on the global level. On the other hand such situationmay endow strongly to erosion of the existing system of global politics. Despite all ensuing dangerdecades long US-USSR rivalry in many cases led to some kind of division of labour and sharedresponsibility for resolution of many complex global issues. Today the US virtually stands alone andtries to make decisions not just for its own people, but for the majority of others as well. Thus the majorglobal problem is – in the current extremely complex and diverse world, is power and authority of onesuperpower (even if sometimes supported by other important players) enough to tackle successfullywith the whole array of global issues? And besides in cases when it obviously acts unilaterally againstthe expressed will of the rest of the world, can it be hold accountable and to whom and on what basis?Case Study 2 – Terrorism – the New Global Player?Although no generally acknowledged definition of terrorism exists, it is usually understood as anattempt to provoke fear and intimidation in the main target audience, which may be a government, awhole society, or a group within a society. Terrorist acts are therefore designed and may be deliberatelytimed to attract wide publicity and cause public shock, outrage, and fear. The intention may be toprovoke disproportionate reactions from governments. It’s very difficult to distinguish the “genuine”terrorist activities and for instance legitimate armed resistance to some occupying power. These twokinds of actions are often used as synonyms, sometimes deliberately. It may be better to define asterrorist only actions that are directed against the civilians, setting aside all attacks on armed forces orpolice. Thus such actions that led to hostage taking for instance in Beslan school (Russia) in 2004should be definitely defined as terrorist, while attacks on the local security forces in Nazran in 2004 orelsewhere should be classified differently.As the main task of terrorism is to provoke fear and intimidation, it’s often perceived as irrational bygovernments and population subjected to it. Demands laid down by terrorist are more often than notunrealizable on principle, even if targeted governments and societies are ready to meet them. Thus thetraditional, rational means of dealing with conflicts, adopted by the modern Western society, hardlywork with terrorism.One of the main problems associated with terrorism is that it is usually perceived and dealt with asan independent phenomenon. In reality though almost exclusively it’s a manifestation, symptom of amuch wider and complex set of social, economic, political or ideological problems; one may even say –the extreme problem-solving tool. Although terrorists rarely meet their declared goals, even theunintended consequences of isolated terrorist actions lead sometimes to the major alterations of historyof humankind. For instance a chain of events started by the consumptive Serb student in 1914, whenhe murdered the Austrian archduke and his wife led to WW I. Also terrorists themselves rarely come topower, but often help to come to power people and organizations that in the end turn to be the more132

extremist than terrorists themselves. For instance, terrorist organization, known as Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries was instrumental in bringing to power in Russia in 1917 Bolsheviks (who were notaverse to terrorism themselves) with all the pending consequences that the world felt throughout themost part of 20-th century.Both cases, described here, show the real danger of terrorist activities, since even some isolatedaction may lead to changes (sometimes global) that by their scale by far surpass its direct results. Thisis especially dangerous if some politicians and/or countries try to use any terrorist act as pretext topursue their private ends (WW I being the most typical case).It’s widely assumed that terrorism is the traditional way for weak, outcasts and oppressed (or whoconsider themselves as such) to attract public attention to their grievances. On the other hand pocketsof dissatisfaction and marginalization may exist in any society, however developed and stable, meaningthat terrorism may emerge virtually everywhere especially if there is some kind of ideology (religious orsecular) that may be in principle interpreted in a way, which suits terrorist goals. As the Europeanexperience of 1960-s and 1970-s shows, existence of developed democratic society where everyone isable to express his/her protest openly, within the framework of democratic procedures, does not rendersuch society immune to terrorism. In any society may exist marginal individuals, or groups of marginals,who can not become popular enough to attract attention of the local public by the legal means and turnto violence to peddle their ideas.Number of factors has turned terrorism into rather powerful and efficient political tool since the endof 19-th century. First – the modern means of communication and mass media often transmittingscenes of terrorist actions in real time create the exaggerated image of terrorism dangers to existingpolitical and social structures, frighten people and make them to extend the disproportionate pressureon governments. Besides mass media, even if involuntarily, act as means of attracting attention toterrorists, which is what they actually need. 21 Second – modern terrorist warfare is very efficient andpowerful enough to be compared with standard armaments used by modern armies. Besides modernindustrial and infrastructural facilities (especially chemical factories, nuclear power plants, etc.) even incase of “common” accidents may inflict terrible damage on the people and environment and arepresenting tempting targets for terrorist attacks multiplying their negative effects. Third – terrorism ischeap, in the direct meaning of this term, especially as compared with the cost of antiterroristic activities(warfare and equipment, training of military/police personnel, planning and implementation of specialmilitary and police operations, etc.). Technologies used by terrorists are relatively simple, material forexplosives for instance can be purchased easily since it’s used for the most common peaceful purposes(agricultural fertilizers for instance), instructions for making them may be easily obtained on the web.Besides number of people directly involved in terrorist activities and those who fight them is simplyincompatible, the later exceeding the former by the orders of magnitude. Terrorists are also marginallytrained or have no special training at all, which also makes them easily expendable and replaceable.Terrorism corrupts. The very logic of such activity, which is directed to intimidation and destructionof the innocent people, is contradicting the most elementary norms of moral accepted by any society. Italways carries the negative moral charge. Whatever “noble” goals may pursue any terrorist organizationor movement, in the end it inevitably turns into the shelter for various marginals and criminals, who arecontrolled by the shrewd political manipulators. Besides any terrorist organization sooner or later startsto use criminal methods to obtain financing or arms, to recruit supporters (blackmail), so the divisionline between terrorist and criminal organization is usually rather blurred.The modern terrorism may be divided into two rather distinctive parts. First is the local terrorism,which more often than not is stemming from various forms of national liberation fighting and representsillegal (and amoral) part of activities sometimes endorsed even by legal international documents. Thesecond is the kind of terrorism, which is considered today as the international terrorism presenting theglobal peril.Local terrorism is virtually represented everywhere throughout the world, including for instance Spainand until very recently the UK as well. Despite the fact that many of such conflicts are going on forgenerations, their influence rarely exceeds countries or regions where they take place. If they aresometimes perceived as part of global terror this happens mainly because governments pursue theirnarrow interests presenting them this way. This is basically true even as regards such long-standingand widely publicised conflicts as Palestinian-Israeli and Chechen in Russia.The first one for many years defined to some extent mode of relations of the two world superpowers,since the US and USSR supported the opposite sides of the conflict (as it looks from the current21 Still despite all the horror of the recent terrorist actions in the leading countries of the world the direct loss of humanlives resulting from them is about 30 times less than as a result of car accidents, which nevertheless are consideredas kind of sacrifice to be paid by people for comfort and affluence of the modern life.133

perspective, mainly to spite each-other, rather than from pragmatic political considerations), althoughit’s not so today. As it often happens, in case of both these conflicts the respective governments do notpossess any efficient working plans as well the appropriate policies, to deal with situations that causeterrorism. In short, both Israel and Russia want to have the cake and to eat it. For both of them theterritories they currently control (Israel absolutely illegally), are too “hot” to handle, still they can notdecide how to get rid of them without excessive damage to national security while saving their facesand not look like losers.The generation long occupation of Palestinian territories by Israel has resulted so far in one of themost successful nation-building projects in the recent history – creating Palestinian nation from oftenunrelated groups of Arabs, who at the time of inception of Israeli state were mostly represented by therecent job migrants, attracted by opportunities presented by the developing economy initiated by theJewish settlers in Palestine. This occupation also marginalized and to a large extent exiled the localChristian Arabs, brought the Islamic factor into the Palestinian resistance (allegedly to some extent withcovert support of Israeli security agencies, who initially supported for instance Hamas tocounterbalance the secular Fatah movement). It also introduced as a long-standing factor of regionalpolicy, forces that are unrelated to both to the region and the conflict at hand, in form of Iran supportedHizbollah movement, which to a large extent defines well-being of formally independent Lebanon aswell.Involvement of the international community as the peace-brokers of this conflict has brought nopositive results so far, since it could not produce any peace plan, which may suit Israel and/or can notextend the real pressure on both sides of the conflict to end it on the terms, which may suit thiscommunity. Besides the excessive, mostly uncontrolled financial and other kinds of support of thePalestinian administration by this same community became one of the major factors of corruption withinthis administration, which together with other factors, turns people from the secular civil governmentprototype towards religious, terrorist organizations. One of additional factors, further aggravating theexisting situation is that the anti-Israeli forces interpret any concession made by Israel (even if madefrom the position of power, as withdrawal from the Gaza strip in 2005) as their victory. Thus there is thedanger that some kind of large-scale withdrawal from the Western Bank by Israel will spur terroristactivities instead of bringing peace into the region. 22As to conflict that is known as the Russian-Chechen, since 2005 it will be more appropriate to saythat virtually all parts of North Caucasus with predominantly non-Russian population are on the wedgeof the popular uprising. 23 The main reason of such situation is pretty clear – Russia as a state does notneed these territories. They came under its control as a “part of the package” when the country waslooking for the strategic access to South Caucasus. Today many Russians are strictly differentiatinglocal peoples from themselves – labelling them as Caucasians (together with Georgians and Azeri forinstance), as someone different from the rest of Russians.For more than two centuries of possession Russia (the USSR as well) did very little to change thisregion – to modernize it to some extent, especially to undermine the traditional clan structure of socialrelations. Today these areas are the least developed in Russia, save may be the regions settled by theaboriginal semi-nomadic peoples in the Northern polar areas. Unlike the rest of the countrydemographic pressure here is extremely high, which together with underdeveloped economy (which isin shambles after demise of the Soviet Union) leads to truly horrendous level of unemployment, whichby some estimates varies between 70-90% of economically active population, mass poverty. Model ofmanagement, which the USSR applied to this region (and Russia continues to apply), is quasi-feudal.Federal administration appoints (even in case of formal elections) some local strongman as the leaderof national autonomy, supplies him with money and other resources from the federal reserves (share ofsuch subsidies in local budgets reaches 80-90%), gives him free-hand in exchange for loyalty andstability.Obviously corruption here was ripe and social situation in general close to explosive. Still the systemworked pretty well for quite a long time since was based on rather efficient military and police powerbase. As soon as the Soviet Union disappeared all its defects surfaced. Corruption reached the stagewhen positions in local administrations, which promise some share in the federal money, are soldthrough informal, although rather open auctions. The local specific manifests itself in a fact that losersare often taking up arms in order to settle their grievances with winners and/or the auctioneers. Socalled law enforcement agencies are either directly participating in this redistibution of federal funds, orare protecting local strongmen turned government administrators. Level of oppression of the localpopulation, which does not participate in this distribution (i.e. the majority), is extremely high, violation of22 Of course in this case Israel will have be left free to retaliate in full, but this will lead to a new round of hostilities, etc.23 Except North Ossetia.134

human rights is routine. 24The situation should have exploded, and it exploded. That Chechens were first to revolt was to alarge extent determined by presence of oil deposits in this republic – a rather strong bargaining chipwith Moscow. Some experts even estimate that federal government will not be able to suppressChechen resistance as long as high oil-prices last. Even at the earlier stages Chechen resistance wasat a large extent based on terrorism and was characterised by the extreme brutality. 25 Still it’s worth tomention that apart from a rather small (albeit the most active) part of the local clans these people arenot looking for the total independence from Russia. Some of Chechen clans were at least neutraltowards Russians throughout all resistance, others turned to Russian side at some later stage of theconflict. Maximum that majority there wanted to achieve - was to stay formally inside Russia in order tohave access to the federal funds and other resources (including using Russia as arena for semicriminaland openly criminal clan activities) while to be independent enough to stay clear of efficientfederal control (including the taxation in the first place). It should be said in all fairness that this isexactly what Chechen republic has today in fact, if not formally.If terrorist activities here are still going on and threaten to turn into popular uprising in the other partsof North Caucasus, unrelated, even hostile to Chechen resistance, is determined by the number offactors –• Unlike Israeli, Russian government structures, including federal law enforcement forces as well asarmy are not strong and organized enough to cope efficiently with direct military and terroristthreats. Maximum they are able to achieve is intimidation of the local peaceful populationincluding kidnapping people, tortures and allegedly executions. Besides they are very corrupt andare using the ongoing conflict as a source of income.• Such smouldering conflict suits many in Russian leadership, since it provides very convenientpretext for pressing forward plenty of unpopular political decisions on the federal level, like forinstance abolishing the system of popular elections of governors of large federal administrativeunits. Besides participation of some Arab terrorists in Chechen terror activities (as well asfinancing these activities) allow the Russian leadership to dub this purely internal conflict as partof ongoing international Islamic terrorist threat and position itself alongside the leaders of theother major world powers both as victims and fighters against it.• Again local clans, which are based on mutual guarantees for its members and provide maximumprotection for anyone who violates formal laws, which clans do not recognize, turned to be readymade,close to perfect structures for terrorism, if any of them decide to undertake suchoperations.Interestingly local population has never been especially faithful Moslems. Chechens were evenknown as “bad Moslems”. Fact that they start to turm for Islam en mass bespeaks mainly the absenceof any other viable ideology that may provide easy to understand explanations of processes that takeplace in the modern globalized world and provide local population some consolation and hope in face ofquite real hardships and dangers they face daily.International terrorism. In general September 11, 2001 is considered as the date of emergence ofthe new wave of global terrorist Islamic movement. In reality though this was neither the first terror actby the foreigners inside the US, nor the first such act carried out against the US interests worldwide.Such active terrorist attracts against the US interests started at least 18 years before the 9/11, althoughthe US administration never considered them as the real danger to the national interests and fightingthem as a top policy priority. Still the 9/11 became the turning point in the formal acknowledgement ofdangers of the Islamic terrorism and launching active “war against terror” worldwide.Still such war, however justified, is based on miscomprehension that an organization known as Al-Qaeda and led by Osama Bin-Laden is basically responsible for organization and carrying out ofterrorist acts on the international arena. Accordingly all governments threatened by the Islamic terrorare mainly fighting it using standard methods of dealing with organized terror movements. In reailty thename Al-Qaeda was invented by the FBI in 1998 during investigation of terror acts against Americanembassies in Eastern Africa. It dubbed this way a pretty loose group of terrorists who gathered aroundOsama Bin-Laden. Despite the fact that it possessed some kind of organizational structure, it had neverbeen the international terrorist network, as it is generally perceived. It was to a large extent engaged infinding financing for already existing, independent terror organizations, established contacts amongthem, provided consultancy, etc. Counter terrorist operations carried by Americans in Afghanistan as24 It’s very important to underline that outside Chechnya (and nowadays even in Checnya proper) this opression isdelivered by the local “law-enforcers”.25 Chechens were practicing mass torture and decapitating of captives long before the other extremists started to do it inIraq – back in 1992-1993 in Abkhazia.135

well as by Pakistani government to a large extent undermined the ability of the terror cells based inthese two countries to plan and coordinate activities elsewhere. Still afterwards the Islamic terrormovement did not recede, but became more active. Here the world actually deals with the radicalideology shared by numerous persons and organizations throughout the Moslem world (especially in itsArab part). These persons and organizations are hardly connected with Bin-laden although they sharehis ideas and methods of fighting. Israeli intelligence more appropriately calls such movement“International Jihad” instead of Al-Qaeda.One of the main problems associated with such kind of terrorism (as it usually happened throughoutthe history of humankind) is that governments threatened by it started to use this absolutely real threatas a pretext to pursue their own short-term political and economic goals. It’s especially true about theUS administration, which alongside the anti-terrorist operation in Afghanistan launched war in Iraq,justified (at least in part) by the terrorist threat the ruling regime of this country presented to the civilizedworld. Such threat have never been substantiated and after more than two years of occupation of Iraq,in 2005 the US president had to akwnowledge that the enemy his country is facing in Iraq is acombination of Sunni rejectionists (the biggest group), Saddamists (the next biggest group), and finally“terrorists affiliated with or inspired by Al Qaeda.” This last group, even being the smallest is the mostdangerous of the all, since nonwithstanding the outcome of Iraq quagmire (as the former US presidentClinton described it) this conflict provides such terrorists the unique opportunity to train numertousrecruits from around the Arab world under the actual battle conditions in order to use them at someother time against various targets throughout the world.The most difficult problem, associated with this kind of terrorism is that both governments andexperts are mistakenly defining it mostly as the reaction on Western activities inside the Moslem world,which are perceived as directed at humiliation and breaking up of Islam. Such approach is grosslyunderestimating the situation. Although, frankly (especially the US) has done enough to provide quiteviable pretext to interpret its actions this way, it still is not enough to provide convincing explanation whythousands of people are ready to sacrifice their lives in daily ruthless straggle. Hatred of Zionists,American imperialists or the anti-Islamic West as a whole does not provide enough motivation for therelentless resistance the West is running into inside the Moslem world.The reality is much more complex. Today the world is dealing with crisis of Islam as religious systemas well as with systemic crisis of civilization based on its norms and postulates. Terrorism is just one ofmanifestations of such crisis, but not the most important. Problem is that Islam has not changed muchsince its beginning more than 13 hundred years ago. Attempts to live in today’s globalised world byliterally following commandments originating in 7-th century does not allow Moslem countries tomodernize successfully – especially in cultural and social spheres, to say nothing about the economy.In reality there are just two relatively successful examples of modernization in the Islamic world –Turkey and Malaysia. Factually all other Moslem countries are lagging far behind their non-Moslemneighbours in global competition. 26Today Islam is facing inevitable reforms in order to prepare its flock to deal successfully withchallenges of globalization era. In itself such task is nothing new and insolvable. Christianity underwentthe pretty similar process during the Reformation. The difference is that Christian reformation (in thiscase Protestant Reformation) was caused by the inherent logic of development of [Western] Europeansociety. In case of Islam it has to reform in order to adapt to rules of the global game offered by thecompetitive religions – Christianity and Judaism or either to propose new, more successful rules of thegame of its own. Besides Christianity could give this process as much time as it was necessary. Islamis on the contrary is very short of time.One may even interpret the ongoing process as clash of civilizations, where the active role played byMoslem side is forced on it by the circumstances beyond its control. Fact that its reaction manifestsitself in the first place as mass fanaticism and terrorism should not come as a surprise. This is a specificmanifestation of protective mechanisms of the system. Reformation process is spontaneous anddepends rather little on will of people directly engaged in it, or these outside the Moslem world whocome in contact with it. Maximum the developed world is able to do under the circumstances – to try todirect the processes in the direction, which may be the least damaging for both sides. Engagement inthe direct straggle against the terror worldwide in this case may in the end prove less efficient, thanreduction to the minimum attempts to inflict on the Moslem world changes that it can not and does notwant to accept.26 This is of course with exception of some rather small Persian gulf states.136

Transformation of Islam, as the religion as well as of civilization based on this religious system,represents one of the very rare exceptions when there is direct causative relation between it andglobalization. Although here we deal with so called unforeseen consequences of globalization. If thistransformation develops in accordance with the least acceptable, bloody scaenario, there is a prettygood chance that it may turn back globalization. In fact it may play the same role as WW I played inrelation to the first globalization.Chapter 3. Consequences of Globalization. Economic Development and GlobalizationProblems of the current stage of globalization are usually reduced to the following question – whomanages the global economy and in whose interests? Fact that politics and power in the modern worldto a large extent depend on economics is rather easy to explain – use of economic instruments by theleading global players in the end is more efficient and profitable than of any other.Exploitation of resources situated outside these countries based on economic mechanisms is muchmore profitable than the model based on the direct control of territories at hand. Such approach alsoenables global players to distant themselves from many unsavory processes that take place elsewhereon the planet. Still today the planet is divided into two rather different parts based on the success ofeconomic development – the former colonial powers, their direct descendants and neighbours,belonging to the developed countries and the rest of the world. These developed countries enjoy theadvantage over all others because they develop inside the working, efficient system of marketeconomy. Naturally this system is not without its drawbacks, but it proved its superiority during thedirect competition with so called socialist economic system. Thus one of the most important aspects ofglobalization is how successfully the rest of the world is able to adopt the market economy – either byits own good will and/or encouragement (sometimes coercion) by the developed countries. Factuallystarting from 1950-s (i.e. since the most active stage of de-colonization) wealthy countries address thepoor ones like mantra – “do as we do, do together with as, do better than we do”. In general for anydeveloping country the problem boils down to the following – “Do you want to join the global economy,become rich and stable? Then carry-out market reforms by the model and under the conditions we (therich) are offering you”. As a result of such encouragement/ coercion by the end of the last century theworld faced the income gap between the richest and the poorest countries as huge as it has never beenin the history (app. 74 to 1 as of 1997 when the last data was available).This means that liberation from the colonial rule, transition to the market development model;numerous optimistic reforms brought visible positive results only to the rather limited number ofcountries. Throughout the whole 20-th century only four countries formally and finally joined ranks of thedeveloped countries – Japan, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Still two more (South Korea andTaiwan) are close to it, but have not so far formally acquired this status. Furthermore 100 countriesaccording to their formal economic indicators are worse off than they used to be during the colonial rule.The UN officially counts 50 countries as the least developed, factually meaning that any of these mayfail any day.Many consider this as failure of globalization. For them the globalization understood as process ofintegration into the world market is at least un-democratic, serves the narrow corporative interests, andpunishes poor countries and poor population in general. More pragmatic consider that market potentialis simply not adopted by the developing countries in full and in the end advantages of the marketeconomy will triumph over all the troubles which they bring at the initial stage of reforms.One of the most difficult problems facing the current stage of globalization is based on the widespreadmiscomprehension that the more developed countries should transfer their development into thedeveloping world, assist it in reforms and even be responsible for success of such. In reality thoughdeveloped countries act in the developing world based on their purely egoistic self-interests in order to -a/ create enabling environments for their business to act successfully in the existing markets as well asto assist them to create and enter new markets; b/ to ensure political and economic stability in regionsimportant for solution of the problem a/.In general expectations about successful integration of all countries of the world into the marketeconomy system were exaggerated. It’s true for both developed as well as developing parts of theplanet. There is a rather simple law of uneven development of natural systems, which states that ingeneral systems of the same hierarchical level do not develop synchronously. While some of themreach the higher level of development, others remain on the lower development level. Absoluteuniformity is simply impossible. Obviously this law may be quite justifiably applied to development of137

social systems too.Maximum what can be done in the process of economic globalization is to achieve increase ofaverage income level, both worldwide as well as inside any individual country. In the end this will leadto social and economic stability, minimize poverty.Factually this means development of the large, powerful layer of the middle income countries, whilethe poorest will constitute the small minority with the average level of life considerably higher, thantoday. 27Fact that development transfer does not work very well in case of majority of the developingcountries, may be ascribed to the following two factors –1. Developing world is doing just enough to fulfill the tasks mentioned above, which is obviouslynot enough to ensure serious, successful economic transformation in developing countries.2. The model of development transfer adopted today as it is can not ensure success of theprocess – either the model itself is faulty, or developing countries for various reasons are notable to adopt it to their local settings.At least at the initial stage of the global economic transformation indices of economic growth for themajority of developing countries looked rather impressive. Both rival political blocks were engaged inpumping up economies of their client countries through huge amounts of financial, material,technological and logistical support and such approach worked for a while disregarding which model ofdevelopment (market or centrally controlled economy) these countries formally adopted. Trouble,precipitated by oil crises of 1970-s started when developing countries in general exhausted potential forextensive growth and faced need for deep structural reforms and institutional transformations.By this time the Soviet Union was to a large extent out of the race since its economy neededreforms itself, which ailing socialist system was not able to carry out. Thus almost unilaterallydeveloping countries found themselves within the confines of the Western type neo-liberal economicdevelopment model. Policy of structural adjustment suggested by this model called for carrying outmarket oriented strategies based on sharp reduction of the state involvement into economy andopening up for the Western investments. Economic policies had to be export oriented in order to payaccumulated debts. Besides it requested strict economy of government finances, which in majority ofcases led to folding of already weak social programs. These measures were augmented by floatingbank interest rates, which caused a dramatic increase of foreign debts of these countries, sharp drop ofprices of raw materials (leading export commodities for developing countries), and deteriorating tradeconditions when developed countries were applying protectionist trade barriers but denied thedeveloping ones the right to follow their example. Economies of majority of developing countries couldnot withstand such pressure and entered 1990-s with much worse performance indicators, than at thebeginning of 1970-s for instance.Besides even when any given country carries out structural adjustment by the book and to the endthis does not guarantee its eventual success. Such country simply starts to play by rules accepted bythe more developing countries with all the pending consequences, like for instance cyclic economiccrises with accompanying recessions and financial shocks. Whether such country is carrying outsuccessful and correct market policy does not matter much – it runs into the classic case of “marketfailure”, which manifests itself in a rather asymmetric way. Developing countries are relatively weaknewcomers in a highly competitive global market and suffer much more in case of crises than the moretraditional and more powerful players. In case of crisis they can not even apply problem solving toolsused by the more developed economies and for instance have to address strict fiscal and monetarypolicies in order to restore “market trust” instead of stimulating macroeconomic measures.Even when developing markets are functioning properly, the less developed and weaker are stillpunished. As it is the market does not create the equal opportunities. It obviously favours countrieswhich already possess productive capital – finances, land, other physical assets and the most importantin the current technology based economy – the human capital. Countries, which are already well aheadof the others possessing stable political systems, guaranteed private property rights, reliable bankingsystems, developed social services – are also enjoying much higher chances to employ theopportunities provided by the single global market. Countries, which do not have such capital oftenfound themselves inside so called “institutional poverty trap”, although these are the vast majority ofdeveloping countries (including many of the former Soviet republics). One of evidences of existence ofsuch “trap” is that the global capital is usually attracted to places where it is already abundant i.e. to27 I.e. the difference between the current and future poor should be approximately as it is today between the Americansand Africans formally living in poverty.138

countries, where the government and associated institutions are relatively efficient and the return on theinvested capital is guaranteed.Interestingly that in such cases neither form of government (democracy or dictatorship), norassociated additional factors (i.e. existence of civil society, observation of human rights, freedom ofpress, etc.) play any noticeable role – the most important is guaranteed capital circulation within thestable economic and social environment. That’s why about 2/3 of foreign direct investments in the worldare going into developed countries, while 2/5 of the remainder goes to China and Hong Kong.Even if in general development transfer process is not as effective as one might have expected,virtually all developing countries are engaged in it one or another way, while the most successful(China, for instance) are playing the increasing role in economic globalization. Obviously this mainlyhappens because the developing world has no viable development alternative. Still some kind of controlover the global economic processes is necessary even if to reduce risks of global market failures andprovide the poorest countries better development opportunities than they enjoy today.Today there are two major mechanisms of such regulation – the World bank and the InternationalMonetary Fund. Both were created after WW II for purposes pretty different form these they pursuittoday, but later they almost exclusively shifted their priorities towards servicing global integration andeconomic reform processes in the developing world. Still as time passes their credibility and efficiency(especially as regards corruption) raise more and more questions.They are mainly charged with excessive intervention into the internal affairs of debtor countries andabuse of power, especially as regards the smaller developing countries. First of all this concerns thenumber and nature of conditions they apply to financial support rendered to developing countries. Ifback in 1980-s the number of such conditions varied between 6 and 10, since 1990-s it increased to 25(there are known cases than they exceeded 100!). Number of spheres of government administrationthat needed improvement, strengthening or renewal as demanded by these organizations grewcorrespondingly. As a result, quite often the developing countries are enforced to subscribe to reformsthat are neither politically sustainable, nor efficient in the least.Activities of both organizations are entirely based on Anglo-Saxon neoclassic economic ideas andthey press the developing countries to adopt the appropriate economic policies disregarding the factwhether they are going to work within the particular context of any given country. In part such approachis determined by the rather limited number of development models both the WB and the IMF are able topropose countries that apply for their support, while it’s still an open question what kind of developmentoption may be successfully applied to one or another particular country. 28 Besides quite often one maybe left with impression that these countries are offered development options and concrete mechanismsthat are not working properly even in places of their inception in the most developed countries, or wererejected there altogether.As a result there is a widespread opinion that instead of supporting the development theseorganizations are actually harming developing countries, for instance by forcing them to adoptprivatization programmes that in the end lead to enrichment of a small group of local corrupt officials. Atthe same time both bodies look extremely helpless dealing with governments of countries that can notmeet conditions set by loan agreements. Such cases are abundant and universally these conditions arerevised and payments rescheduled. This is especially true as regards the poorest countries. Theiroutsdanding debts are pardoned and more loans are scheduled. Of course there may be plenty ofobjective reasons why poor developing country can not meet loan terms, still it looks like that some kindof strange game is going on when both lenders and borrowers know that these terms can not be met,but still pretend that everything is going as it should be.As a matter of fact such type of relations with donor organizations suits corrupt elites of manydeveloping countries – presence of large number of various conditions in loan agreements that thesecountries can not satisfy actually means that they may use this as a pretext to reallocate providedresources in a way that minimizes their efficient allocation for population while increasing personalprofits of the said elites. Relations of such type also lead to development of some queer kind ofdependency, akin to the Dutch disease. For many developing countries, especially the poorest ones,with weak, corrupt governments foreign loans and grants play the same role as natural resources playin case of the typical Dutch disease. Why invest received funds into the real market reforms anddemocratization if such support will still go on disregarding the fact how they are actually used (or rathermisused)? Besides the overall efficiency of programmes implemented by the same WB in developingworld is generally rather low because of the high transaction costs – the major part of loans never leavethe donor countries being used by the local firms and individual consultants. This part of problem isserious to the extent that it prompted the US Senate in 2005 to approve a special legal act calling for28 Just at the begging of the century the WB was quite officially operating with just 5 such models.139

corruption monitoring in the international donor organizations.Situation as such may be quite easily interpreted in terms of general political motivation of thewhole system of global development transfer. Naturally leaders of the both WB and IMF as well asleaders of the leading donor countries are quite well aware of fact that successful integration of 5/6 ofglobal population into the economic space which the remaining 1/6 created proceeding from its owninterests is hardly possible. They are also well aware of the fact that for many developing countries(especially African) carrying out the real market reforms is impossible on principle. In this case all thesestrongly remind the process that in the late USSR was dubbed as “building the socialism bypassing thecapitalist development stage”.Especially for the US all this basically (directly or through international financial institutions)presents continuation of the foreign policy, albeith using different methods. Whether the money theylend is going to bring upon some real economic progress in any given country is of a relatively littleimportance. The main objective is to keep the ruling regimes in such countries loyal to the US. It’sespecially true as regards such weak countries that on principle may pose the threat to the US nationalinterest by falling into hands of various kinds of terrorists for instance. 29Besides any donor country is subjected to a strong pressure of its own civil society (especiallyNGOs), which consider that developed countries are answerable for developing world, for its povertyand underdevelopment. In addition the given model of global economic integration in general as well asdevelopment transfer in particular are so deeply ingrained into the system of global internationalrelations that their restructuring in order to increase their efficiency may turn very painful both for thedonors as well as for “consumers” of their support.Still against the rather gloomy picture of the global development transfer there are number of arather successful countries that managed to overcome dependency on the developed world and areobviously aiming at the leading positions in the modern global affairs. First of all these are so calledAsian Tigers and lately China and Malaysia. Factually the problem is that the most successfuldevelopment transfer is restricted to a rather small region of the world, while 3 of the mentionedcountries are China one or the other way (Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong-Kong), while population ofSingapore is also predominantly represented by ethnic Chinese as well as the most active ethnicminority in Malaysia.The main positive feature shared by all these countries is the social capital of the highest qualitybased on the highly motivated, diligent, disciplined labour force. Still they owe their success mainly tothe presence of extremely efficient, motivated governments. These governments purposefullyimplemented and continue to implement their own economic policies which in general have rather littleto do with recommendations and development models of the international donors, although they borrowhuge amounts of money from them. Although some Western economic experts characterize theireconomic policies as neo-liberal in reality we deal with various models of the state managed capitalism.On the whole these examples of successful market development show that fears of the evil Westernmoney-lenders that exploit the poor developing countries are to a large extent exaggerated. Almost anycountry with the efficient, strong, motivated government is able to put international donor organizationsinto position they should properly occupy – money lenders and assistants, not the developmentdictators. 30Thus it’s very important to understand that development transfer is primarily a two-way street – nodeveloped country and/or donor organization is able to impose any kind of positive transformations onany developed country if it is not ready to adopt them or (and this is more important) if the local rulingelites are not interested in such.The leading global players set terms and conditions of development transfer based on their ownpriorities and understanding of problems at hand. They are naturally eager to make the rest of the worldto adopt these terms and conditions as operating basis for their own development. On the other handthis is the direct responsibility of governments of developing countries to make sound decisions asregards models of development suitable for their countries; to review, revise and adopt the existingones or propose their own, original models. No leading global player is able to make decisions for thesegovernments; to make any country develop successfully, moreover can not do this on regional or globallevels. If country is not able to adopt and implement development policies, any outside assistance willgo for naught.29 Stuart E. Eizenstat, John Edward Porter, and Jeremy M. Weinstein, Rebuilding Weak States, Foreign Affairs,January/February 2005.30 Efficient government does not mean that it’s for instance incorrupt or transparent – as the world practice shows suchfeatures have little to do with the government efficiency. Very clean and transparent government may be quiteinefficient and vice versa.140

Of course if the developed world may be in dire need of successful economic transformation ofsome developed country as an isolated case, it may on principle do this, but on practice that meansimposing the direct colonial management model with all the pending consequences.Chapter 4. Consequences of Globalization. Population and Environment.4.1. Global Population Problem. This is one of the few exceptions when causative relationshipbetween globalization and its emergence is direct and obvious. The most plainly visible effect of thisproblem manifested itself in unprecedented growth of the world population in the post WW II period,known as “population explosion”. If in the period between 1900 to 1950 world population grew by about17 million people per year, this number almost tripled to 50 million during years 1950-1960. As a resultthe total world population reached 6 billion in 2000, or 2.4 times more than in 1950. Although populationgrowth rate is stearily declining since 1970, its amount is still expected to reach almost 9 billion by 2050and may stabilize afterwards.The lion’s share of population growth fell on developing countries. Today about 4/5 of the worldpopulation lives in these countries, while about 2/5 lives in the two largest – China and India. By itselfsuch population growth is nothing unprecedented. The most developed countries in the world hadpassed through the same stage of population development after beginning of industrial revolution. Stillthat time this process was caused by objective development factors, affected relatively small part of theglobal population (so called “golden billion”) and as a whole played positive role in global development.Here population explosion was caused by a sharp drop in population mortality rates against thetraditionally high birth rates. It was caused by gradual improvement of quality of life and general growthof population well-being. The same processes affected birth-rate as well but with the lag of decades atleast.In developing countries (majority of which at the beginning of explosive population growth were stillcolonies) mortality rates dropped virtually overnight – in a course of few years. It was caused byintroduction (sometimes purposeful, sometimes accidental) of the minimal innovations from thedeveloped countries – new medicaments (aspirin, penicillin), insecticides (DDT and like), elementaryunderstanding about personal hygiene. Anti-epidemic measures and vaccination was introduced tosome extent, population nutrition improved in some places too. All this was possible since all affectedcountries and territories had already been included into the system of global relations that makepossible relatively smooth and unimpeded transition of innovations. Factually they received the firstdevelopment package from the more developed world, which required the absolute minimum of effortsfrom the both sides involved in the process. On the other hand the next package involvingmodernization, structural transformation, etc., leading in the end to economic development withassociated growth of level and quality of live as well as changing population reproduction patterns(reducing fertility) was delivered much later and with various success.Population explosion affected countries which had just started their independent life, laggedcenturies behind their former parent states by levels of development. Actually one may dub this processpopulation shock instead of explosion. Population growth did not result from their socio-economicdevelopment,as it happened in the more developed world, they did not need, did not plan and could notcontrol it. Since at least at the initial stage this process was factually mechanical its dependence on thetype of civilization of any given country, culture of population, religion, etc. was minimal. 31 Evenefficiency and type of governance played very little role in this case – relatively well and poorlymanaged countries had found themselves in the same boat.Demographic pressure did not allow the majority of affected countries to stand on their own feet,contributed significantly to drop in the population level of life as compared with the colonial period (suchdrop often up to 20% was registered in 100 countries), pushed billions into poverty and starvation.Today population growth process in developing countries has been reversed and is generallyfollowing trends of the more developed world – i.e. people are marrying later and have fewer children.Average fertility rate here is about 2.8 (versus 6.2 in 1960-s), while in 20 countries births do not exceedmortality. UN claim that this reversal resulted from decades’ long family planning policies it pursued in31 This process was dubbed minimal because it happened primarily at the expense of a sharp drop of mortality rates,which did not depent upon a social behaviour of population. This may be justified for instance by the fact thatabsolutely the same “development scenario” was implemented in the isolated Soviet Central Asia as in the rest of theworld.141

developing world. Although neither this nor improved quality of life (which was usually modest, if tookplace of all) played significant role in this process. Its actual causes might be found in emancipation ofwomen, even if the actual process is relatively modest compared to the similar one that took place inthe last century in the more developed world. It looks like that in the vast majority of developingcountries just a few years of formal schooling are enough to alter significantly demographic behaviourof women. This trend is for instance quite visible in Iran, which by no means can be considered amongthe countries that favour female rights. Fertility here dropped almost 3 times during last 30 years and isless than in the majority of Latin American countries.As a result of unsustainable levels of population growth plenty of countries have found themselvesinside so called poverty trap. Even when such countries are governed by relatively efficient and lesscorrupt governments, they are not able to cope with the problems they face, being simply too poor.Even when the governments here are truly committed to positive development they lack funds(especially collected through taxation) to invest into social sector, infrastructure, environmentalprotection, into public administration itself. Besides virtually all these countries spend huge sums toservice foreign debts. Still in the absence of basic infrastructure, social capital and efficient governanceit’s impossible to attract private investments and pursue economic development; while without roads,fertilizers, electric energy, cheap, efficient fuel, schools, hospitals, affordable housing, and water supplypeople remain chronically hungry and sick. Besides in the majority of developing countries this situationis further exacerbated by inefficient governance, corruptions, mistaken economic policies.Furthermore – it’s virtually impossible to maintain human rights in such countries. Probability ofclashes among rival political or ethnic groups inside the single country, as well as among somecountries of such type in order to control mineral resources that may bring quick profit are extremelyhigh. Governments of such countries either can not restrict such criminal activities, or are directlyinvolved with them. Besides there is a direct causal relationship between poverty and sharp “shock”drop of population incomes on one hand and armed conflicts on the other. Poverty initiates andsustains them. Average 5% shock income drop increases probability of conflicts by 50%. 32From the formal standpoint current state of population of the developing world has significantlyimproved as compared with 1990-s. For instance during 1990-2002 average incomes here increased by22%, number of people living in extreme poverty reduced by 139 million, average life expectancyincreased by 2 years, etc. On the other hand this process mostly affected very restricted geographicalarea of Eastern Asia, where all the progress was in turn achieved on the expense of the single country– China.From the formal standpoint current state of population of the developing world has significantlyimproved as compared with 1990-s. For instance during 1990-2002 average incomes here increased by22%, number of people living in extreme poverty reduced by 139 million, average life expectancyincreased by 2 years, etc. On the other hand this process mostly affected very restricted geographicalarea of Eastern Asia, where all the progress was in turn achieved on the expense of the single country– China.Correspondingly number of extremely poor people in the rest of the world grew by 71 million.Epicenter of this crisis is situated in sub-Saharan Africa where there is the highest concentration ofextremely poor, starving people and AIDS patients in the world. Approximately the same situation isobserved in Southern Asia, especially in Indian countryside and urban slams. Today the number ofpeople who survives at $1.08 per day factually coincides with population of the most developedcountries of the world. Besides such situation disproportionably punishes women, children, elderly anddisabled; population of countryside and urban slams in general. These people have high chances offinding themselves inside the poverty trap.Attempts to solve demographic problems worldwide take place for almost half a century. Part ofthese efforts is directed at poverty eradication and population growth control within the framework ofnumerous specialized programs. These programs are mainly executed by the UN and the WB. The UNis actively involved in process since 1960 when such programs started to be implemented within theframework of so called “development decades”. During this period the UN paid special attention to suchgoals as eradication of illiteracy, development of school system, health care (including family planning),infrastructural development (water supply, sewerage), etc.Interestingly that all such UN programs truly come within the confines of the single global policy.They result from understanding among all developed as well as developing countries. UN activities32 Millenium Project. Report to the UN Secretary-General. Investing in Development. A Practical Plan to Achieve theMillenium Development Goals. Overview. 2005., p.8.142

(including affiliated agencies and the leading international NGOs like Oxfam, Care, Save the Children,etc.) in the above areas are all the more important since they represent one of the very rare successfulexamples of globalization of world politics based on consensus while their reach as well their results aretruly global. Aims of such programs are basically easy to comprehend, transparent and specific. Theyare politically neutral and generally hardly loaded with conditionality as for instance the WB or the IMFprograms. They are usually perceived by the targeted population as humanitarian.Of course, taking into account the scale and complexity of problems facing such programmes itcomes as no surprise that their majority have never been implemented in full, although their influenceon the well being of population of developing countries is truly impressive.Development of poverty and the other associated negative processes in the modern world follows aquite primitive scheme – at the initial stage – demographic pressure + lagging behind the developedcountries economically + adoption of defective economic policies = current stage – mass poverty +starvation + illiteracy + cultural underdevelopment + economic underdevelopment transforms intodevelopment gap + [often especially in Africa, domestic and external conflicts, total dysfunction ofgovernment]. Such process is factually cyclic, since all factors mentioned above “feed” and exacerbateeach other. For countries which find themselves inside such circle is extremely difficult to break it and inthe end this is possible only by mobilization of domestic resources and their own efforts. Foreignassistance in this case may play only support role.4.2. Global Environmental Problem. At the beginning of 21-th century global human-naturerelations have manifestly reached a stage when group of leading scientists, politicians andbusinessmen felt confident to say that some time by 2015 the mankind would reach the point of noreturn as regards global warming. 33 Obviously these relations have never been pretty harmonious andtheir disruptions had led to perishing of many ancient civilisations and even today are putting to thebrink of collapse a number of sub-Saharan countries. On the other hand this is the first time when theyare perceived as directly endangering well-being and the very existence of the human civilisation.Factually one may come to conclusion that distorted human-nature relations has led to theemergence of global environmental problem, which as many think may potentially affect our civilisationas threat of global nuclear war affected and continues to affect it. I.e. we witness emergence of onemore factor that may unite the mankind based on fear.On the other hand, nuclear threat, despite being quite real, did not lead to appropriate corrections inglobal political relations. Today it’s as actual (may be even more so) as it was during the cold war, evenis not generally regarded as such. Still the emergence and solution of this problem depends on humansociety and can be controlled by it. As to the global environmental problem, the human society is ableto control only that part of human-nature interaction processes, which take place within the societyproper. As soon as these processes emerge into the natural environment they factually evade anydirect control. This means that global environmental problem may in the end prove to be even moredifficult to tackle than any other properly societal problems.Still from the practical standpoint, human-nature relations do not create new problems, they justmake evident (although in a pretty distorted form) problems already existing in human society. In thevast majority of cases, the chain of events starts within human society, triggered by problems of societaldevelopment (economic, social, etc.). These problems may then be imposed on nature, eitheraccidentally or deliberately, causing changes there. Afterwards, this chain of events causes feedbackeffects on society, presenting what resembles an absolutely new set of problems that are perceived asenvironmental ones. Any such problem may fade from sight for a time being, to emerge later rathershape shifted, exaggerated, far from the place of inception, to fall on heads of people who did notcreate it in the first place. Only results of relatively small scale local processes usually offset well-beingof people who initiated them (for instance, farmer felling trees on the steep slope directly above hishouse), while initiators of large-scale processes (for instance shareholders of companies loggingtropical forests) usually turn-up with nice profits.Even in case of unavoidable disastrous natural phenomena, perceived as acts of God, like earthquakesor hurricanes, tornadoes, etc. part of the chain of events still begins within the human society.These are social-economic factors that determine why people are located in harm’s way in the firstplace, what they know about a potential hazard and how well they are prepared to deal with it. Althoughthe actual share of societal factors in problems caused by the adverse natural phenomena naturallyvaries to a great degree. It was for instance almost overwhelming in case of hurricane Katrina in 2005,while much less in case of catastrophic tsunami in Southern Asia in 2004.33 MEETING THE CLIMATE CHALLENGE, RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATECHANGE TASKFORCE, JANUARY 2005 by The Institute for Public Policy Research (UK), The Center for AmericanProgress, The Australia Institute. http://www.americanprogress.org/site/pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=306503143

Thus, even in cases when societal crises appear to be caused by environmental factors, their realdriving-forces may be socio-economic. Accordingly short-term visible effects of human interventionsinto the nature (however drastic they might be) are not even marginally as important as medium and/orshort term reaction of natural environment on such interventions.Causes of the global environmental problem are pretty well known – generally accepted (and themost successful so far) model of societal development is based on constant growth of both total andper-capita material consumption. This is the model that led to success of the leading global players.Today it serves as basis for globalization and is being recommended for adoption for (or is imposedupon) developing countries.Such kind of development is obviously possible only based on appropriate growth of consumption ofnatural resources (including the environmental ones), this so far being restricted only by availability oftechnical means of their extraction. On the other hand efficiency of human society is extremely low –95-97% of natural resources are lost to the environment even before they reach the final consumer.This ran-off suppresses informational, material, information flows within the global ecosystem, causesits degradation. In the end the mankind is facing the logically insolvable problem of constant materialgrowth within the finite physical space (planet Earth) based on the finite resource base.Even today unsustainable development of the mankind is exceeding carrying capacity of globalecosystem. Human activities are reducing assimilative and reproductive capacities of naturalenvironment to the extent when it is gradually loosing its properties as life-support system for man.Thus the global environmental crisis may be perceived as degradation of the global ecosystem to theextent when it ceases to support the development and very existence of the human society.This crisis obviously belongs to unforeseen consequences of globalization and is basically createdby lack of proper understanding of functioning of natural ecosystems (including the global one),underestimating their role in the development and very existence of the human society, discrepancybetween the needs of societal development safeguarded by the technology at its disposal and abilitiesof natural ecosystems to support these needs (especially at the assimilative end).Attempts to solve environmental problems inside and on the expense of nature (except for a veryfew and specific cases, which only prove the general rule) are not usually very efficient and resemblesymptomatic treatment applied by medics, when they are unable to trace cause of ailment. Obviouslyhuman-nature interactions are complex, causes and effects of particular problems are often sointermingled that tracing them to their source is near-to impossible task. Associated difficulties inplanning and implementation of problem solving usually leads to absence of preventive initiatives,mitigating measures are applied after a fact and to visible effects, rather than to causes of the problem.But even when origins of problem inside the human society are too well known influencing them directlymay not be feasible and/or possible in the current socio-economic and political setting. Henceapplication of palliative measures, aimed primarily at postponement of actual problem-solving as well ascalming-down criticism. The one more additional difficulty is caused by the fact that modern science ishardly able to provide reliable analysis as regards the ongoing human-nature relations, especially aboutthe large-scale, long term processes. As a result such findings are often useless for the actual decisionmaking.As a whole today global system of human-nature relations is based on the following –• Market - the most efficient problem-solving mechanism available to the modern society workspretty badly as regards valuation of mineral resources and almost totally fails as regards state ofnatural environment, especially while attempting to valuate biosphere resources, water, and air.Environmental damage is also mostly non-quantifiable and remains outside system of valuesoperated by the market economy (especially at producers end). This means that effects ofeconomic activities on the natural environment can not be taken into proper consideration duringtheir valuation – the phenomenon known as externality. The best known example of such is thetragedy of common, dealing with the public property.• The situation is farther exacerbated by the fact that within the current system of global relationssome players are able to avoid taking into consideration problems associated with environmentaldegradation. As a result they can offer their produce or services at lower prices than others whotake care of these problems, undermine existing regulatory mechanisms and conservationattempts. Factually the whole system of business-nature relations may be considered as exampleof market failure.• Factually any decision (including the global one) as regards natural environment (for instanceabout emission quotas, pollution levels, restrictions of environmentally damaging activities, etc.),144

including legal acts, represents results of political compromise. Such compromise usuallydepends on the multitude of mainly subjective factors and usually leads to the decision whichdoes suit no side involved in the decision-making process and works pretty bad from the verybeginning. This is true both for local as well as global decision-making, including internationaltreaties.At the global level such compromises led to creation of international regime dealing with problemsof natural resources and environment. The first stage of its development took place as early as the endof 19-th century, although it became the global in reality since 1972 when the UN conference on“Human Environment” took place in Stockholm. The most important result of this conference seemscreation global and local environmental monitoring networks, establishment of United Nations’Environmental Programme, as well as large scale political and institutional changes on the local level,which led to establishment of environmental protection ministries or national environmental protectionand regulatory agencies by many governments. This also led to emergence of global network ofenvironmental non-governmental organizations.Interest towards these problems continued to increase in the following years. As a result at thebeginning of 21-th century there were more than 130 multilateral and hundreds of bilateral treaties. Onemay even speak about emergence of the global environmental politics, at least as this is reflected inagenda of the leading formal and informal groups of the major global players including G8.Unfortunately, despite the much ado, only very small part of these political efforts led to the real positiveresults. The reason of such situation is again quite simple – fundamentals of the modern sciencesdealing with human-nature interactions do not allow presenting the conclusive, reliable results ofanalysis dealing with the actual consequences of such interactions, possible threats as well as efficientmitigating measures. As a result any global scale phenomenon may be considered as positive, negativeor even non-existent based on the same set of data. Thus any political decisions are reached based notso much on the conclusive evidence, but rather on preferences of involved parties based on their owninterests. Besides the same situation leads to development of documents that are all too vague andinconclusive, or extremely detailed, complicated and difficult to execute.The most telling example of such approach is the famous Kyoto protocol which became the apple ofdiscord for the leading world powers. This protocol deals with problems of the global warming based onthe assumption that this process can be reversed through some conclusive human efforts. It is formallysupported by 150 countries, with the notorious absence of the US and China which produce themajority of CO 2 – the greenhouse gas. Factually only EU countries are implementing it since thestructure of their respective economics makes possible to reduce the overall amount of these gaseswithout undermining the economic growth. On the other hand the US is sabotaging this process sinceits economic can not stand the restrictions imposed by the protocol and is looking for supporters forimplementation of some alternative scheme.• Generally only the most developed countries assume the responsibility for mitigating negativeresults of human-nature interactions on the global level. 34 This happens because they are richenough to relatively easily accept restrictions imposed on them by such mitigating measures, plusthey possess efficient management mechanisms to successfully implement them. 35 In generalwell tended and managed ecosystems act as additional guaranties to reduce risks and humanvulnerability in case of some adverse natural phenomenon. One of the basic elements of successof developed countries, besides their wealth, efficient governance and developed civil society isthat they are able to protect the natural environment inside their national boundaries at theexpense of exploitation of environment in other countries (mainly developing). One of the basicglobal problem in regard of natural resources and environment is also that the wealthy (bothcountries and individuals) have potential to use the best quality and richest resources exceedingby far the potential of the poor, less developed countries and individuals.• Developing countries (even such successful ones as China) generally either take the formalattitude towards such mitigating measures or avoid participating in collective actions citingnegative effects of these measures on their economic development. 36 Such attitude is basically34 This is not true about all of them. Some, especially the US under the Bush administration try to avoid it.35 Although such recent events as dealing with hurricane Katrina in the US as well as with excessive flooding of recentyears in Europe cast a shadow on the extent of the true capabilities of these countries.36 This situation is further exacerbated by the fact that the US too started to shun some environmental treaties citing thesame concerns.145

caused by the fact that majority of developing countries simply can not allow themselves theluxury of protecting the natural environment and resources. Society should be rich enough to startprotecting its natural resources and environment, not to subject them to ruthless exploitation.Besides these are basically governments of the poorer countries that are ready to develop localnatural resources extensively, under any conditions in order to reach short-term socio-economicstability. They do not want or can not be interested in the well-being of future generations of theirown people, as well as in possible global environmental catastrophe, while facing daily massfamine or a civil strife. Also poor population (especially in countryside) simply does not possessappropriate technology, financial, material, intellectual resources to manage and use efficientlynatural resource base at their disposal. Often this people are forced into the least productive andeasily degraded territories. Especially in places where demographic pressure is high, such peoplesimply eat the ecosystems on which they depend. As a result such ecosystems are easilysubjected to degradation as a result of famine, drought or flooding. This in turn farther increasesvulnerability of the local population.• There is also problem of time-frame of natural and man-made systems’ activities. The moredeveloped and formalized becomes the society to the less extent its functioning coincides withthis of a nature. Two decisive formal players of developed countries – governments and markets– act inside fixed time-frames which are at odds with the natural ones – former is based onelectoral circle, the former – on a fiscal year. On the other hand it often takes decades for somesocietal action to cause appropriate effect in natural environment and even more so to create afeed back into the human society. For instance, gases that affect the ozone layer at the beginningof the current century were emitted back in 1960-s. Hence again the obvious difficulties in not onlyperceiving problems of human-nature interactions, but in long-term perspective planning and lackof preventive initiatives as well.Unfortunately there is the definite shortage of ideas as how to tackle with the ongoing globalenvironmental crisis. The only such one, formally accepted by both the international community as wellas the national governments – sustainable development, is basically about such kind of developmentthat makes possible to satisfy the current societal needs without sacrificing needs of the futuregenerations and was first formulated back in 1987. In the following years this idea becameindispensable part of any political document dealing with development. In general terms this concept isperceived as means to develop and implement such strategies that enable the mankind to achieveeconomic and social development without degradation and pollution of natural environment, depletionof resources. 37Remedies for the global environmental crisis within the framework of sustainable development arequite well understood – reduction of human load on the global ecosystem until this will be within limits ofreproductive capacities of such ecosystem. This means drastic reduction of material consumption (totaland per capita) within the global society, with corresponding growth of production and distributionefficiency and the most important – total revision of system of values of the modern society, whichvalues non-stop growth of material consumption above all.What factors counteract the introduction of sustainable development principles on the global scale?These are: first – sustainability is obviously a new societal development stage. Reaching this stage cannot be brought upon by understanding the inevitability of change, education and propaganda. It needssystemic crisis, something akin to the world economic crisis of 1929, which happens when it happensand does not depend on the will of people; second - real problem is that development trends worldwideare determined by the leading global players that today (separately or collectively) obviously are notexperiencing any kind of systemic crisis caused by depletion of natural environment. That does notmean that crisis does not exist – they are simply able to shift part of their problems into territoriesoutside their one; third – these players can not properly evaluate the actual state of their respectivesocietal systems. In modern societies the main criterion of success or failure is the state of market,which for all its obvious merits is rather primitive mechanism. It evaluates any process or situationthrough yes/no – black/white – profit/loss logic. From its point of view today there is no crisis caused bydeterioration of natural environment that requires fundamental changes in the system or it simply cannot read the signals.Additional sustainable development problems may caused the by obvious fact that societaldevelopment as such is not the uniform process. While some (usually minor) part of global societyreaches definite stage of development, others lag behind, more often than not – by far. As historicexperience shows no one can skip the stages of development – any country has to retrace stages37 Promoters of this concept carefully avoid mentioning of the fact that in the current political, economic and institutionalsetting such goals are mutually exclusive.146

passed by its more successful predecessors. Thus reaching the stage of sustainable development bythe most successful minority will not mean overcoming the global environmental crisis – the majority ofworld population at this time will be at the peak of their unsustainable activities. 384.3. Global Technology Transfer and Cultural Diffusion. One of the important consequences ofglobalization is that Earth has simply become too small. From the practical standpoint there is noproblem of reaching any place on the planet, while gathering, processing; dissemination of informationas well as contacts among various individuals separated by significant distances is possible in a realtime. Obviously only individuals who are wealthy enough may enjoy such opportunities, but sinceReagan administration in the US and Thatcher’s administration in UK managed to deregulate and to demonopolizecommunication markets back in 1980-s, electronic media (television, internet, electronicmail, mobile phone) became available to any citizen of any developing countries who live above thepoverty line, provided that some local dictator does not pursuit strict isolationist policy (like NorthKorean leader for instance).Still development of communication technologies constitutes only relatively small part of theimmense influence that modern science and technological innovations have on globalization. Althoughthere is no direct causative relationship between these two processes. Technology is a powerful carrierof global processes, while in turn introduction and diffusion of technology is possible only within theenabling environment created for it by globalization.It is generally accepted today that depending on their ability to create and adopt new technologiescountries of the world fall into three broad categories - technological innovators (the smallest group,accounting for some 15% of global population, but providing nearly all world’s technologicalinnovations), technological adopters (about half of the world’s population who are able to makeproductive use of innovations devised by others) and technologically excluded (the rest of the world,technologically disconnected, neither developing, nor adopting new technologies). 39 These lastcountries are the obvious losers in the modern globalization process.For all its obvious virtues such classification omits one extremely important factor – sinceapproximately the end of 19-th century technological innovation passed the experimental stage andbecame totally dependent on fundamental science. At the same time development of fundamentalsciences stays mostly outside the influence of market mechanism and falls within the sphere ofgovernment responsibility. Only countries that possess appropriate financial and technological potential,educational and research infrastructure, and (this factor is may be the most important) aspire forregional or global leadership can undertake responsibility for development of fundamental sciences.Build-up of system of fundamental sciences depends predominantly on state initiative, financing andmanagement.Since the end of WW II up to 1990-s only two countries of the world could support almost the wholespectrum of fundamental sciences – USA and USSR. The rest of the most developed countries,including the UK, France, Japan and Germany could support only some restricted sectors offundamental research, while in the rest of the world they were represented with some isolated researchcentres. Today Russia manages to retain only relatively small part of its research potential, while beinggradually replaced by China (especially in mathematics and physics) and India. From the globalizationstandpoint this indicates very important trend – however technologically developed may be somecountry, it will always be dependent on the others who provide theoretical, fundamental foundation forits technological innovations. This means that there is factually four tier system of technologydevelopment in the modern world – its highest level will always be occupied by countries that are ableto lay down theoretical foundation of the modern technologies.As to technology transfer from the more developed to less developed parts of the world, whichplays one of the decisive role in the modern global development, it may be divided into two parts –First – deals primarily with technologies one which depend formation of productive potential ofdeveloping countries and which in the end define their economic development. These technologies aresold on the market and are available to anyone who can afford them. 40 Even the most backwardcountries are able to obtain modern productive technologies using foreign credits or assistance. After allat least some part of this money is earmarked precisely for such purpose. Problems usually start at theadoption stage. First of all adoption of technology needs correct understanding of technological38 The very best example – petroleum crisis of 2004-2005, which could easily be predicted some ten years before itstarted and proper mitigating measures undertaken, if markets were capable of such feats.39 Obviously these excluded regions do not always coincide with national borders.40 There are of course exceptions when some technologies are not available for regimes that may use them against thedeveloped world.147

innovation necessity and its priorities, development of innovation programmes based on realistic,achievable goals; correct estimate of resources existing in the country for this purpose (especially thesocial capital), creation of enabling environment for (institutional and managerial) for this process.In ventures of this kind state plays the decisive role. Especially at the initial stage when weak,underdeveloped local business can not set strategic development goals, organize appropriate activitiesand efficiently manage and control them, governments should be directly responsible for technologytransfer. Thus success of technology adoption processes of the first type basically depends on theefficiency of governments. One more, often decisive hurdle on the way to successful adoption newtechnologies is represented by the quality of local labour force – its drive, diligence, discipline, as wellas its physical working capacities, i.e. the whole set of cultural factors, including first of all respect foreducation and drive to receive one, represented in local traditions. Thus successful transfer oftechnologies for means of development (see Chapter 3) depend not so much on technologies proper,as much on the readiness of receiving countries to adopt them.Second – deals mostly with consumer technologies, which on principle are available for anyonewho is able to afford them. These include primarily life support, transportation and communicationtechnologies, especially radio, TV, phone (including mobile), passenger cars, PCs, householdappliances and like. Such appliances are intended for use by people with a minimum education, oreven with no education at all. Although in majority of developed countries they are mainly concentratedin few development hubs, with intensive contacts with the outside world.Transfer of such technologies completely depends on the market, while successful transfer isdefined not so much by the actual consumer demand, as on the successful marketing. The main resultof transfer of such technologies is basically not the actual growth of quality of life of consumers, butrather cultural diffusion.Mutual influence (as well as competition) of cultures is a spontaneous process, which takes place inthe contact area of any two different ethnos. Factually vital capacity and success of any ethnos may bedefined in accordance with its ability to adopt elements of other cultures and to use them to enrich itsown culture. Starting the second half of 20-th century processes of cultural diffusion processesworldwide became extremely intensive thanks to the following factors – a/ they obtained such extremelyfast, highly efficient material transmitter as modern technologies. Moreover, technology from transmitterof cultural values turned into their independent carrier, itself became the element of culture, and b /culture (especially art) turned into market commodity, while its development and dissemination isdefined by market.The ongoing process of cultural diffusion is mainly associated with production and dissemination ofsuch elements of mass culture, as films, TV programmes, pop-music, and computer games, i.e.everything that makes minimum demands of intellectual or educational level of their consumers. Thesame consideration is applied to unification of domestic cultural stereotypes (unification of cuisine forinstance and global spread of a junk-food).Fact that this process is quite often dubbed as cultural colonialism (imperialism) bespeaks primarilyits high efficiency and influence on formation of cultural stereotypes and behavioural patterns of globalpopulation. Especially in the age of internet, satellite TV, and other information media there is no placeon the Earth that remains outside this process, which is still carried out by means of technology,depends on it and can not successfully develop without it. Today it’s extremely hard to define whetherdevelopment of new technologies intensifies process of cultural diffusion, or vice versa – demands ofintensifying cultural diffusion drive development of appropriate technologies.The most obvious, visible result of this process is transformation of virtually any culture that findsitself within its confines. Factually world is facing the unification of global cultures under influence ofimported stereotypes. At the same time there is nothing especially new in this process. Large scale,spontaneous, overwhelming, very painful cultural transformations often took place throughout thehuman history, especially through introduction of new ideologies (either religious or secular). Thishappened for instance with introduction of Christianity, or Islam or either Communist ideology in theformer Russian Empire. Still the ongoing process of cultural diffusion can not be discerned as kind ofcultural imperialism. Situation here is simultaneously less complex when in case of “classic imperialism”while still may lead to more wide spread and intensive transformations in the long term perspective.Any active process of cultural diffusion is based on some idea, belief that system of values orstereotypes that some society offers others (or force on them) is better than any other and haspreferential rights to exist. Contrary to that, the modern global cultural diffusion process is depersonalizedand de-ideologized to maximum. It’s carried out in interests of relatively small group ofbusinessmen, who treat it as a standard business-project – i.e. it’s managed by this people and worksfor profit. Here term “culture” bears no ideological connotations. Culture is simply a market commodity,which should be sold like any other merchandize, like cars or pampers. Fact that such commodity on148

principle should possess some cultural value is of no importance. Such value may be created as byproductof technological process, but producers are by no means obliged to pursue this goal. Processof cultural diffusion based on such commodity is extremely efficient precisely because in the end it’sfaceless and indifferent towards consumer of such produce, moreover towards the product content –the most important is to make consumer pay for it. In general this situation strongly reminds the oldadage about the hired gun, telling his victim seconds before pulling the trigger – “Sorry pal, there isnothing personal, just a business”.Culture of any society influenced by such expansion, undergoes transformation, sometimes to thebrink of stagnation and degeneration, emergence of hybrid “bastard” sub-cultures. As a result plenty ofpeople, especially young, perceive the world in a pretty distorted form, for them the actual situation(especially as regards the US) is being replaced by some illusion created by marketing experts.Naturally it would be an exaggeration to simply assess this global process as negative, although it’shard to find many positive aspects of it too. Although the objective inevitability of it should be accepted.It’s pretty hard to resist this kind of process (if necessary at all) – it’s able to penetrate everywhere,even into such isolated societies as the USSR used to be. Plus it does not look negative for the vastmajority of population – on the contrary the modern [popular] culture diffusion is pretty attractive formany. Besides where such resistance takes place (for instance in France, which is notable forprotecting its own culture from the foreign encroachment) it’s mostly based on the direct governmentintervention in form of subsidies or quotas, i.e. mainly non-market mechanisms that the majority ofdeveloping countries can not apply efficiently or rather would not dare (mostly under the pressure ofinternational donors).As to connecting this process directly to the US and branding it as American cultural aggression –this is almost exclusively the private business venture and the US as a state has very little to do with it.Situation when Americans play the most active role in the modern cultural expansion is mostly definedby fact that they initiated treatment of cultural values as market commodities and even today still enjoycomparative advantage over their competitors. Besides in this type of competition companies thatpossess more marketing and distribution resources usually conquer markets – such companies againbeing mostly American. Fact that many important American movie studios are owned by Japanesenowadays plays little role in development of this process.Whether the US is loved or hated in the modern world, for the global mass consumer of culture itstill remains the most attractive country (or rather its image created for mass culture) and consecutivelythe mythology based on the US realities is the most influential. Neither for instance Italians, more overso Indians or Brazilians can be used as role-models – the respective countries and their way of life arenot attractive enough so far.Approximately the same considerations may be applied to a process of spread of English language(rather its American version) throughout the world – the process plenty again dub as “linguisticimperialism”. This again should not be perceived as deliberate expansion, but rather as a vitalnecessity. Globalized planet simply needs a language of communication. There even were numerousfailed attempts to create such language artificially. Fact that in the end English emerged as language ofglobal communication is absolutely logical and simply reflects the existing realities – the place that isoccupied by the US (as well other English speaking countries) in the modern global development.Moreover, the country where population speaks English, is more open to outside world, has muchbetter chances to attract foreign investments and as a whole enjoys considerable comparativeadvantage over its neighbours who do not speak English.Conclusion. The Globalization of World Politics Beyond Iraq.Any large-scale phenomena, being that natural or societal are characterized by the huge inertia.Processes, situations, relations persist long after causes that led to their emergence had disappeared.The most telling example of such inertia is Africa. Problems that plague this continent today werecreated during the first globalization when then leading world powers divided the continent as theycould, totally disregarding the local interests. So called decolonization process during the secondglobalization simply formalized, legalized these arbitrary divisions and forced them upon peoples whohad never willingly participated in their creation in the first place. As a result apart from the North Africa,the rest of the continent is mostly represented by hardly viable states, which exist within their formalboundaries again because the leading world powers insist on preservation of the current state of affairs.The same consideration may be applied to the second globalization too. The set of relations thataffects development processes worldwide today was established and developed in the process ofsystemic opposition between blocks of countries led by the USA and the USSR. This process wascharacterized by the following important features –149

• despite the obvious systemic incompatibility and open antagonism, in the long run relationsbetween these two blocks (especially the US and the USSR proper) might be characterized ashostile partnership. Pursuing their own interests both superpowers established mutuallycomplimentary set of relations, which despite the numerous drawbacks helped to preserverelatively stable balance of interests worldwide for at least four decades.• the side led by the US (or to be more correct – the US proper) played the active role in theserelations - generating ideas, promoting values, initiating processes that again in the long runproved to be more attractive to the major part of the world and viable, as opposed to thoseproposed by the USSR. The Soviet Union although by no means the passive participant of thiscompetition, played nevertheless the reactive role in the sense that it mainly attempted to ward offthe opponent’s challenges. Especially in the end of confrontation it was relegated the role ofsidekick.• this competition led to the directly opposing consequences for participating sides. For the US (andits allies) pursuing their interests worldwide led among other things to opening and /or creation ofnew markets with associated profits and boost to a general economic development. The USSR,based on the state mode of production was unable to profit properly from control it established(one or the other way) over countries and territories throughout the world. Quite on the contrary –almost any such ally presented heavy burden for the Soviet economy.The USSR played its historic role and left the global arena in 1991, although left a huge void inglobal relations after itself. The main problem facing globalization today is whether the set of relationswhich calls for two competitive, hostile partners to function properly can be preserved after one of majorplayers simply disappeared, or some new set of relations should be brought into play in order topreserve the relative stability and positive development trends worldwide.On the other hand, set of global relations after the demise of the USSR has undergone a number ofvisible alterations, while number of new problems has surfaced too, major part of which are related tothe US as the only remaining leading global player.Obviously the United States, in the absence of their formidable opponent are much freer to pursuittheir own interest worldwide as they see fit, disregarding any opposition, including this by the formalinternational institutions like the UN, as well as friendly opposition by their closest European allies.Among other things this allows it to act selectively, to disregard countries, regions and processes, whichdo not come under its direct, current interests. For instance the US allows itself to disregard almosttotally processes developing in sub-Saharan Africa, although this is the region, which needs closeattention of the leading world power most. Simultaneously this leads to temptation to intervene moreoften and in more places in the world, where the US interests may seem endangered with associatedoverstretch of available resources.The price of failures (both domestic and international) for this country also increased dramatically,since there is no opponent strong enough to write off consequences of flawed decisions as enemyintrigues. More other, the position of the US as the only remaining world superpower has literally put itinto the spotlight, has made it the easy target for criticism. For many (including America’s closest allies)it has become virtually habitual to blame the US for any problems that occur globally, to interpret anylocal failures and crises as results of American meddling into the domestic affairs of any given country.The difficulties of development of set of relations that in the end lead to major alterations ofdevelopment trends worldwide have become manifold too. It’s relatively easy for a leading world powerto take into account rather well known properties (both positive and negative) of a relatively smallnumber of both allies and adversaries and plan from here. It’s much more difficult to plan and to actefficiently, when the same power is dealing with a host of adversaries (many of which nowadays haveno formal status, managing center and precise location) with conflicting interests and/or no preciselydefined interests – the level of uncertainty is simply rising sharply. This situation is further exacerbatedby fact that countries, which are considered the US allies (or rather position themselves as such) arenot separately powerful enough to provide any real support in case of need, or oppose it if suchnecessity arises. This is especially true about the European allies of the US, since the EU has so farhas not become the single, independent, efficient political unity, while separately even such localheavy-weights Germany, France, the UK are not able to endow efficiently to formation of the current setof global relations.The main problem of the current stage of globalization as it seems today, is that the US is still actingbased on the old strategic thinking, inherited from the period of the global confrontation and hassummarily failed to produce and promote new values, ideas or policies, different from those used duringthe cold war. Moreover the whole decade after the demise of the USSR global activities of the USlooked suspiciously like search for a new strategic antagonist to take place of the late one. After finding(or rather appointing) one in the guise of the global terrorism American activities became at least more150

coherent and purposeful than before. Terrorism threat was used as the main pretext to invade Iraq in2003 – a controversial step, which did not add to American popularity throughout the world to say theleast of it. Still the invasion per se can not pose any threat to the existing system of global relations –violating sovereignty of other countries without consent of international community used to be a ratherstandard mode of behaviour for the leading global as well as the more aggressive local playersthroughout the whole period since the end of WW II. The real trouble is that the US exposed itself as amajor power unable to produce a coherent set of procedures to take care of the occupied territory afterthe successful military campaign. The US administration was obviously at the sea about what to do inIraq immediately after invasion, had no long-term occupation and transformation strategy and the moreimportant – no exit strategy.Although many compare Iraq and Vietnam campaigns, despite the superficial similarities they aredifferent on principle. The real difference is that Vietnam, as country was (and is still) standing alone.Departing from it (even through evacuating the last personnel by helicopters from the roof of Americanembassy) truly meant disengagement with no prospect of future confrontation unless the US preferredso. Iraq, on the other hand, is an integral part of large and lately rather aggressive Moslem world. Anykind of retreat save for leaving behind stable, united, well functioning country is going to be treated asvictory of the extremist, anti-Western forces, meaning that terror will follow the outgoing army. 41 Besidesany outcome of Iraq campaign but the ultimate victory will lead to loosing the face by the US, whichunder the current circumstances will strongly (if not ultimately) undermine its position as theuncontested global leader. The US could allow itself to loose the face after Vietnam (although it wasextremely difficult), since it could (and did) always point out the USSR and China as forces standingbehind it. In case of Iraq, there are no forces strong enough to use as justification in case of Americanfailure there. Even whatever is called the global terrorism, is more the idea, than the actual network ororganization, able to match the US might.On the other hand, Iraq happened at time, when the new real strategic antagonist to the US – China,is already looming on the horizon. The probable US-China strategic confrontation may affect theexisting set of global relations in the following way -First – despite a plenty of superficial similarities this competition is not going to be like the US-USSRhostile partnership. China is much better managed, organized and more purposeful country, than theSoviet Union used to be, with tens of centuries of experience of building and promotion its imperialhegemony. For it the coming confrontation is one more episode in its millenniums long history – somekind of rise and fall of the twenty second dynasty.Second – the USSR entered the cold war after its Pyrrhic victory over Germany, from which it hadnever actually recovered, confrontation with the US being the major, but not the main factor of itsultimate failure. China, on the other hand is approaching this confrontation as one of the mostsuccessful countries of the modern world, still gaining power, still obviously far from the peak of itseconomic success. Besides as country, which achieved the outstanding success through obviouslydefying the US, China makes extremely attractive role-model for many countries (especially in LatinAmerica and Africa, which do not have the first-hand historical experience of dealing with imperialChina). Thus it may easily change the current setting of relations defining the globalization by buildingcoalition of countries, considering themselves objects of the American hegemony (actual orimaginative).Third – the USSR was virtually self-sufficient economically and took almost negligent part in globaleconomic processes. At least it did not compete with the West about global markets and especially overenergy sources. The US-USSR confrontation took place almost exclusively in ideological, political,military spheres. China, on the other hand is a major global economic player and is directly competingwith the West especially over raw materials (access to energy sources first of all). Need for safe accessto energy sources will configure its behaviour in the foreseeable future, meaning that it’s directlyinterfering into territories and spheres of activities, which for many years were considered the exclusivesphere of the Western (mainly American) strategic interests. Besides, the level of integration of Chineseeconomy into the global market is already extremely high, as well as interdependence of the US andChinese economies. As the major holder of the US bonds China may more easily influence (and isinfluencing) the US economy (especially the USD), than the US may influence Chinese economy.Among other things this means that any US-Chinese rivalry will have much stronger repercussions inthe global economy than the US-USSR confrontation might ever have (save for the global nuclear war,which never took place).Still despite all visible changes brought upon the world by globalization, it ultimately failed to perform41 Fact that this wrath will mainly fall on the heads of Europeans who are still more easily accessible than the US proper,does not change the general strategic outcome an iota.151

the most important task – to unify the world to the extent, when the systemic confrontation would nomore be the main driving force behind formation of global relations. Globalization may referto the diminution or elimination of state-enforced restrictions on exchanges across borders andthe increasingly integrated and complex global system of production and exchange that has emergedas a result. 42 But this diminution did not eliminate need for confrontation of states on the systemic level.Despite much ado about emergence of new unattached global players, which may ultimately shapethe future of the world, like NGOs for instance, so far their influence falls short of this by the leadingstates and besides at least some of them often ultimately act as agents of their respective countries.The real problem is that two previous stages of globalization were initiated and led by the young ethnos(personified in the respective states), which were able and eager to generate and promote new ideas,values that ultimately reshaped the world. Besides when Britain was loosing its status as the leadingglobal power the younger US was ready to take its place. Today global relations are obviously set to beshaped by the power that has already led the world through one globalization cycle (which is still goingon) and is obviously rather short of new ideas on one side, and world’s oldest remaining territorialempire, which passed the stage of generation of new ideas approximately two millenniums ago. Theproblem is, whether in the coming years, the world will face extension of the second globalization orsome different set of relations will shape the new globalization. In both cases there are two mainquestions, to which there are no definite answers so far –• if the current stage of globalization will go on, will such ideas and practices, which shaped it, beviable enough, to sustain it?• if there should emerge new stage of globalization, who is going to become generator of new ideasand values, will emerge as new leading global player?42 See lecture by T. Palmer at http://www.polit.ru/lectures/2005/12/09/palmer.html152