Tanamedrove sazogadoeba - Center for Social Sciences
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Tanamedrove sazogadoeba - Center for Social Sciences

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socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />

kulturis<br />

sociologia<br />

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris<br />

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze<br />

saleqcio kursi<br />

socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis<br />

marika asaTiani<br />

Tbilisi<br />

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili<br />

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava<br />

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi<br />

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006<br />

© <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>, 2006<br />

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10<br />

el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge<br />

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge<br />

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa<br />

centris” (<strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,<br />

budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT<br />

The book has been published by the <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>,<br />

sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education<br />

Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.<br />

ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 7 - 4

s a r C e v i<br />

kultura ................................................................................................................................................................... 5<br />

kultura, rogorc jgufebisa da sazogadoebebis maxasiaTebeli elementi.................. 5<br />

kultura, rogorc adamianuri gamoxatulebis gancalkevebuli samyaro ........................ 6<br />

kultura, rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvra ..................................................................................... 7<br />

kulturis sociologia, rogorc samuSao midgoma.......................................................................... 9<br />

kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomiis Sesaxeb......................................................................................... 9<br />

Tavdapirveli dixotomia .............................................................................................................................. 9<br />

klasikuri perspeqtivebi............................................................................................................................. 10<br />

parsonsi .................................................................................................................................................................. 11<br />

antonio gramSi ................................................................................................................................................... 12<br />

semiotika — ferdinand sosuri ................................................................................................................. 13<br />

funqcionalizmi ................................................................................................................................................ 15<br />

semiotika — roland barti ........................................................................................................................... 15<br />

dramaturgiuli midgoma............................................................................................................................... 17<br />

veberianizmi ........................................................................................................................................................ 18<br />

durkhemi.................................................................................................................................................................. 19<br />

marqsizmi da kultura.................................................................................................................................... 21<br />

postruqturalizmi da kultura — fuko, pier burdie ................................................................ 23<br />

daskvnis saxiT..................................................................................................................................................... 24<br />

ena da reprezentacia ..................................................................................................................................... 25<br />

mniSvnelobebis warmoqmna........................................................................................................................... 26<br />

kulturisa da enis saSualebiT mniSvnelobis warmoeba da cirkulacia ....................... 27<br />

reprezentacia da mniSvneloba ................................................................................................................ 28<br />

Zalauflebis axali koncefciebi............................................................................................................ 35<br />

televizualuri mesijebis warmoeba da gavrceleba .................................................................. 37<br />

reprezentaciebi da media - fiqcia ....................................................................................................... 38<br />

qalebis kultura da kacebis kultura................................................................................................. 38<br />

qalebisa da "namdvili qalebis" gamosaxulebebi ......................................................................... 39<br />

maskulinobis xatis warmoqmna.................................................................................................................. 42<br />

fsiqoanalizi da subieqti .......................................................................................................................... 46<br />

mayureblad yofnis fenomeni..................................................................................................................... 47<br />

roland barti: miTebi da niSnebi ............................................................................................................ 48<br />

ideologia ............................................................................................................................................................. 49<br />

subkultura/stili........................................................................................................................................... 52<br />

3

stili, rogorc mizanmimarTuli komunikacia................................................................................. 54<br />

stili, rogorc brikolaJi ........................................................................................................................... 55<br />

stili, rogorc ajanyebis gamomsaxveli: pankebi .......................................................................... 56<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>: istoriuli konteqsti...................................................................... 58<br />

ra iyo ganmanaTlebloba? ............................................................................................................................ 58<br />

manqana ...................................................................................................................................................................... 60<br />

qalaqi ....................................................................................................................................................................... 60<br />

erovnuli saxelmwifo .................................................................................................................................... 61<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> rogorc moraluri Zala? ............................................................................................... 62<br />

postmodernistuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>: postmodernuli xana: postmodernizmi .................. 63<br />

istoriuli konteqsti: postindustrializmi................................................................................. 64<br />

istoriuli konteqsti : momxmarebloba (konzumerizmi) .......................................................... 65<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> da individi............................................................................................................................. 66<br />

gviandeli <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> an meore/Semdgomi <strong>Tanamedrove</strong>oba ................ 67<br />

generaciuli politika .................................................................................................................................. 69<br />

dro, sivrce da arqiteqtura ..................................................................................................................... 71<br />

xelovneba da urbanuli sivrceebi - dena l. hovsi......................................................................... 71<br />

monumentebi .......................................................................................................................................................... 72<br />

arqiteqturuli diskursebi ...................................................................................................................... 75<br />

arqiteqtura da kulturuli cvlilebebi .......................................................................................... 77<br />

SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE...................................................................................................................................... 79<br />

4

kulturis sociologia Seexeba adamianis qcevasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobis<br />

warmoebas. kulturis sociologebi ikvleven, Tu rogor xdeba mniSvnelobis<br />

warmoeba, ratom gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan is mniSvnelobebi rac ama<br />

Tu im qmedebis ukan igulisxmeba da ra gavlenas axdenen isini adamianebis qcevaze.<br />

sociologiis mocemuli sfero, aseve ganixilavs, Tu ra rols TamaSobs<br />

kulturuli simboloebi socialuri erTobis, dominaciisa da dapirispirebis<br />

procesebSi.<br />

masala, romelic aq aris Tavmoyrili bevr sxvadasxva Temas moicavs; aq<br />

ganxiluli iqneba kulturasa da Zalauflebas Soris damokidebuleba, kulturis<br />

funqcionireba mikro konteqstSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, efuZneba farTod aRiarebul<br />

kulturul faseulobebs.<br />

aseve ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xdeba kulturis sferoebis (mag. kino, musika,<br />

literatura, xelovneba, moda) konkretuli kulturuli industriis an institutis<br />

mier organizireba; rogor icvlebian kulturis es sferoebi droTa<br />

ganmavlobaSi ufro did socialur ZalebTan Tu erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebis<br />

Sedegad — yovelive es xels gviwyobs gavarkvioT, ratom da rogor warmoiqmneba<br />

da mimdinareobs mniSvneladi, simboluri procesebi.<br />

moyvanili masala, agreTve, asaxavs <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> kulturis sociologiaSi<br />

mniSvnelovan perspeqtivebsa da Ziridad Temebs.<br />

kultura<br />

rodesac vsaubrobT an vfiqrobT adamianTa jgufebze, rogorc wesi, cneba<br />

kultura xSirad figurirebs da am cnebis gareSe operireba SeuZleblad migvaCnia.<br />

magram ras warmoadgens konkretulad kultura? Cveulebrivi gamoyenebis<br />

dros, am cnebas xSirad bundovani da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs. imdenad,<br />

ramdenadac kulturis cneba Zalian farTo da mravalplastiania, socialuri da<br />

humanitaruli mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebi kulturas Tavisi gamokvlevebis<br />

sagnad iyeneben sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT. Tumca, kulturis cnebis<br />

sifarTovisa da gaurkvevlobis mizeziT, zogierTma mecnierma kulturis cnebis,<br />

rogorc samuSao midgomis, gamoyenebaze saerTod uari ganacxada.<br />

kulturis sociologebma gadawyvites zemoT xsenebuli problemuri sakiTxebi<br />

garkveulwilad mainc gadaelaxaT. aq CamovTvliT im aspeqtebs, rac<br />

sazogadod igulisxmeba, rodesac kulturaze vsaubrobT da SevecdebiT avxsnaT,<br />

Tu ratom arsebobs bundovaneba da winaaRmdegobebi kulturis cnebis<br />

gansazRvrebis dros.<br />

imisaTvis, rom gadaeWraT kulturasTan dakavSirebuli sawyisi gaugebroba,<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebis mkvlevrebi SeTanxmdnen,<br />

rom kultura ganixilon rogorc mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebi.<br />

kulturis sociologia iTvaliswinebs interdisciplinarul midgomebisa da<br />

sociologiuri safuZvlebis sinTezs da, aqedan gamomdinare ikvlevs mniSvnelobis<br />

ganmsazRvrel procesebs sami mimarTulebiT:<br />

mniSvnelobis gansazRvra yoveldRiur qmedebaSi, mniSvnelobis institucionaluri<br />

warmoeba da saerTo mentaluri CarCoebi, romelTa saSualebiTac<br />

iqmneba mniSvneloba.<br />

kultura, rogorc jgufebisa da<br />

sazogadoebebis maxasiaTebeli elementi<br />

kultura xSirad moiazreba rogorc iseTi ram, rac gvakavSirebs Cveni jgufis<br />

sxva wevrebTan da am gansxvavebis safuZvelze Cven vemijnebiT sxva jgufis<br />

wevrebs. Tu Cven viziarebT garkveuli adamianebis msoflmxedvelobas,<br />

damokidebulebas ama Tu im sakiTxisadmi, cxovrebis wess, qcevas, Cven Tavs<br />

mivakuTvnebT imave kulturasa Tu subkulturas.<br />

aseve SegviZlia visaubroT ”kulturul sxvaobaze”, rodesac axal situaciaSi<br />

CavvardebiT an axal jgufTan gviwevs urTerToba da vxedavT, rom CvenTvis<br />

5

miRebuli samyaros Semecnebis gzebi da qmedeba gansxvavdeba maTgan. am kuTxiT<br />

danaxuli kultura SeiZleba warmoadgendes mTel jgufs an <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s da<br />

amrigad Cven ganvasxvavebT erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva xalxis kulturebs.<br />

kulturis aseTi gageba gamoikveTa me-19 saukunis evropaSi. am periodSi<br />

evropelebis mier wamowyebulma kvleviTma mogzaurobebma Tu dapyrobebma<br />

ganapiroba evropelebis dafiqreba kulturuli gansxvavebulobebis Sesaxeb,<br />

ramac Tavis mxriv xeli Seuwyo SedarebiTi azris ganviTarebas gansxvavebul<br />

sazogadoebebTan mimarTebaSi.<br />

SemdgomSi es tendencia <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> epoqaSi damkvidrda da gadamwyveti<br />

roli iTamaSa anTropologiis, rogorc disciplinis CamoyalibebaSi. kulturis<br />

anTropologiuri gagebiT, adamianebis cxovrebis wesi ganisazRvreba da<br />

gamoixateba maTi kulturiT. kultura vlindeba yvelaferSi, dawyebuli samuSao<br />

iaraRebidan, damTavrebuli religiiT.<br />

me —19 saukunis evropaSi kulturebi ganixileboda socialuri progresis<br />

Sesaxeb evropuli warmodgenebidan gamomdinare da Sesabamisad evropuli<br />

kulturebi msoflio ierarqiis yvelaze maRal safexurze Tavsdeboda. me-20<br />

saukuneSi evropuli kulturis upiratesobis Sesaxeb gancxadebebi gaiSviaTda. es<br />

ki ganapiroba kolonialurma da postkolonialurma socialurma urTierTobebma,<br />

dominantur da maT daqvemdebarebul jfufebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebam.<br />

kulturuli ierarqiis cnebis uaryofiT, kultura gagebul<br />

iqna rogorc pluraluri da SedarebiTi fenomeni, gansxvavebul ”kulturebs”<br />

mieniWaT Tanabari mniSvneloba/faseuloba.<br />

kultura, rogorc adamianuri<br />

gamoxatulebis gancalkevebuli samyaro<br />

arsebobs kulturis gansxvavebuli gagebac. am SemTxvevaSi Cven kulturuls<br />

vuwodebT garkveul RonisZiebebs an materialur nivTebs. mag. opera, Teatri,<br />

xalxuri simRerebi, novelebi, xelovneba Tu Senobebis stili. kulturis cnebis<br />

aseTi gamoyenebis dros ”kulturisa”da socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebi<br />

erTmaneTs emijneba, miuxedavad imisa, Cven vadarebT Tu ara erTmaneTs<br />

gansxvavebul sazogadoebebs.<br />

gansakuTrebuli kulturuli praqtikisa da sagnebis saSualebiT garkveuli<br />

in<strong>for</strong>macia gadaecemaT sxva adamianebs Cvens Sesaxeb, anu Tu ra warmoadgens<br />

CvenTvis Rirebuls da gamoxatavs Cveni, rogorc jgufis identobas.<br />

kulturis anTropoligiuri gageba ukavSirdeba danarCen msoflioSi evropul<br />

eqspansias, kulturis meore mniSvneloba ki Seexeba mniSvnelovan socialur<br />

cvlilebebs. kulturas uwodebdnen kulturuli institutebis mier warmoebuli<br />

produqtebis garkveul sferos inglisSi, industriuli revoluciis dros.<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> socialur organizaciaze gadasvlam socialuri diferenciacia<br />

da dapirispirebebi gamoiwvia. movlenebis ganviTarebam mkveTrad gamijna<br />

erTmaneTisgan yoveldRiuri, pragmatuli, konfliqtebiT aRsavse ekonimikisa da<br />

politikis (kapitalizmis axali samyaro, industria, demokratia da revolucia)<br />

da xelovnebisa da moralis idealisturi wminda sferoebi. xelovnebisa da<br />

moralis sferoebi gamoxatavdnen ufro maRal adamianur SesaZleblobebsa da<br />

Rirebulebebs gansxvavebiT imisagan, rasac <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> ekonomikuri da<br />

politikuri cxovreba sTavazobda adamianebs.<br />

zogisTvis, kulturis es calke sferoebi <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> sazogadoebis kritikis<br />

safuZvelia; isini sazogadoebisTvis destruqciuli da zedapiruli aspeqtebis<br />

gverdidan danaxvis da kritikis saSualebas iZleodnen. sxvebisTvis kultura<br />

warmoadgenda epifenomens da politikisa da ekonomikis materialurad xel-<br />

Sesaxebi sferoebisgan gansxvavebiT hqonda ufro feminuri xasiaTi. amgvarad,<br />

kulturis pirveli gageba asocirdeboda anTropologiasTan, xolo meore gageba,<br />

exeboda humanitaruli mecnierebebebis ramdenime sferos — literaturas,<br />

xelovnebasa da musikas.<br />

rodesac saubari xelovnebas, popularul kulturas, xalxur kulturas, an<br />

Tundac maskulturas exeba, Cven saqme gvaqvs kulturis Sesaxeb im<br />

6

warmodgenasTan, romelic gamoikveTa masiuri socialuri cvelilebebis asaxvis<br />

mizniT. aRniSnuli cvlilebebi evropul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> ekonomikuri<br />

da politikuri institutebis dabadebis procesSi moxda (maSin rodesac<br />

sxva, ufro naklebad diferencirebul sazogadoebebSi kultura ar ganixileboda<br />

rogorc cxovrebis calkeuli sfero).<br />

magaliTad, xSirad msjeloben garkveul kulturul praqtikasa da sagnebze<br />

(opera, qandakeba) — rogorc “maRali kulturaze”. aseTi msjeloba exmaureba me-<br />

19 saukuneSi Camoyalibebul warmodgenebs, romlebic gamoyofda praqtikisa da<br />

kulturuli sagnebis garkveul sferos da mas mijnavda yoveldRiuri<br />

ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebisgan.<br />

rodesac akritikeben maskulturas, maskulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

komerciulobidan gamomdinare, amiT xazi esmeva kulturis, rogorc cxovrebis<br />

gancalkevebul da wminda sferos. aseve, SeiZleba es arapirdapir mianiSnebdes<br />

imisken, rom ”maRali” kultura warmoadgens mxolod SeniRbul pretenzias maRal<br />

socialur statusze da amiT xazs usvams imas, rom popularuli an xalxuri<br />

kulturis nimuSebs ufro mdabio statusi gaaCniaT.<br />

kultura, rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvra<br />

kulturis farTod gavrcelebuli mniSvneloba kargad asaxavs am cnebis<br />

istorias. erTi mxriv, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi termini SeiZleba exebodes<br />

adamianebis saqmianobis im sferosa da specialur nimuSebs, romlebic<br />

gansxvavdeba praqtikuli socialuri cxovrebis yoveldRiuri samyarosgan an<br />

kidev exebodes jgufis, an mTeli xalxis cxovrebis wess. kulturis es arsebuli<br />

gansazRvrebebi am cnebas mTeli misi istoriis manZilze bundovanebas sZenda.<br />

rogorc sxva disciplinebi, kulturis sociologia Camoyalibda am tipis<br />

gansxvavebulobebis fonze da xeli Seuwyo kulturis cnebis gansazRvras.<br />

mecnierebi xazs usvamen kulturis gansxvavebul aspeqtebs, rogoric aris<br />

mniSvneloba, faseuloba, nimuSebi, ricxvebi, Cveulebebi, ritualebi, simboloebi,<br />

kodebi, ideebi, diskursi, msoflmxedveloba, ideologia Tu principebi; es<br />

CamonaTvali ar aris amomwuravi. kulturuli “sagnebis” nebismieri CamonaTvali<br />

yovelTvis iqneba arasruli, imdenad ramdenadac mniSvneloba da interpretacia<br />

aris aqtiuri da cvalebadi procesi. ufro metic, aseTi CamonaTvali Tavis TavSi<br />

moicavs mniSvnelovan Teoriul dapirispirebebs im mkvlevrebs Soris, romlebic<br />

xazs usvamen diskursebisa da kulturuli praqtikis mniSvnelobas, kognitur<br />

kategoriebs, faseulobebs, vinc aanalizebs konkretul produqtebs da Rma<br />

teqstualur nimuSebs, rom ar CavTvaloT amaTi SesaZlo kombinaciebi.<br />

magram bevri es winaaRmdegoba da kamaTi moixsneba, Tu Cven kulturas<br />

SevxedavT rogorc mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis erTobliobas,<br />

romlebic sxvadasxva tipis socialur garemoSi mimdinareobs (specialur<br />

sferoebSi, Tu ufro zogadad) da asaxvas povebs gansxvavebul socialur<br />

praqtikasa, Tu socialur produqtebSi. dRes kulturis mkvlevarebis ZiriTad<br />

mizans warmoadgens mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis gageba, sxvadasxva<br />

mniSvnelobebisa da maTi socialur cxovrebaze gavlenis Seswavla.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, kulturis sociologebma SeiZleba gamoikvlion kultura,<br />

rogorc sazogadoebis calke sfero an kidev kultura, rogorc cxovrebis<br />

wesi - qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi exeba orive aspeqts — isini cdiloben<br />

mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis gagebas.<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> kulturis sociologia xSirad eyrdnoba anTropologias,<br />

istorias, feministur, media, kulturulogiur kvlevebs, literatur kritikas,<br />

politikur mecnierebas da socialur fsiqologias. kulturis sociologiaSi<br />

muSaoba gulisxmobsinterdisciplinaruli midgomebis gamoyenebas, rac<br />

saSualebas gvaZlevs SemoqmedebiTad movekidoT Cveni Seswavlis sagans.<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> kulturis sociologiaSi gamoikveTa sami mimarTuleba.<br />

TiToeuli maTganis Seswavlis sagania mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebi<br />

sxvadasxva analitikur doneze.<br />

Cven SevexebiT rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvras ”safuZvelSi”, aseve<br />

7

ganvixilavT, Tu rogori urTierTobebi gansazRvravs da Seadgens mniSvnelobebs<br />

da Semdeg individebi rogor operireben am mniSvnelobebiT. esa Tu is mniSvneloba<br />

SeiZleba ar iyos gaziarebuli an logikuri mocemuli jgufis Tu mTlianad<br />

sazogadoebis yvela wevrisTvis. saerTo normebi, Rirebulebebi, kognituri<br />

CarCoebi da moqmedebis aRiarebuli gzebi ar SeiZleba iyos yvelasTvis<br />

gamWvirvale da sworxazovani. aramed, gamomdinare konteqstidan individebi da<br />

socialuri jgufebi eyrdnobian mocemuli mniSvnelobebis simbolur repertuarebs.<br />

Tumca, erTi da igive adamiani sxvadasxva dros SeiZleba gansxavebul<br />

qmedebebs irCevdes an kidev sxvadasxva xalxi erTsa da imave konteqstSi ar<br />

daeyrdnos analogiur simboloebs.<br />

meore xazi Seiswavlis mniSvnelobis gansazRvris procesebs, romlebic<br />

gvxvdeba instituciur sferoebSi an kulturuli prodiuserebis qselebSi. es<br />

midgoma kulturas ganixilavs rogorc socialur produqts da xazs usvams<br />

specifikur konteqstebs, sadac vxvdebiT kulturul warmoebasa da inovacias. aq<br />

ganixileba, Tu rogor iqmneba konkretul organizaciul konteqstSi xelovneba<br />

an kidev, Tu rogor xdeba musikis garkveuli stilis gavrceleba, an mecnierebis<br />

praqtikaSi danergva. yovelive es mniSvnelovan zegavlenas SeiZleba axdens<br />

kulturuli produqtis Seqmnaze. magaliTad, mogvianebiT saubari gveqneba<br />

postmodernistuli arqiteqturis ganviTarebaze, warmoadgens Tu ara is<br />

konkretuli profesiuli garemos produqts, Tu ufro farTo masStabis<br />

msoflio istoriuli cvlilebebiT aris ganpirobebuli. musikis sferos rac<br />

Seexeba, petersonis mixedviT, rok musikis warmoSoba miewereba industriaSi<br />

momxdar cvlilebebs da ara demografiul afeTqebas.<br />

mesame midgoma kulturis sociologiaSi gamoiZiebs mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvrel<br />

procesebs ”teqstSi”, eyrdnoba teqstualur analizs, rac ufro axloa<br />

humanitaruli mecnierebebTan, vidre kulturis sociologiasTan. kulturuli<br />

repertuarebi, obieqtebi da teqstebi analitikurad emijneba socialur konteqsts<br />

da ganixileba rogorc Seswavlis damoukidebeli obieqti. Tu kulturas<br />

enas SevadarebT, maSin masac aqvs Tavisi Sinagani struqtura; rac Seexeba<br />

mniSvnelobebis warmoqmnas am Sinagan struqturas Tanamimdevruli xasiaTi aqvs.<br />

kulturis sociologiebi mimarTaven sxva disciplinebis analitikur<br />

saSualebebs, raTa ukeT da siRrmiseulad iqnes gagebuli kulturis esa Tu is<br />

struqtura; magaliTad, cnebebi, romlebic farTod gamoiyeneba Semdegia:<br />

simboluri kodebi, niSnebis sistemebi, Janrebi, narativebi. diskursiuli<br />

analizisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTadad teqstualur niSan-Tvisebebs<br />

ikvlevs, sociologebi, romlebic analogiur meTodebs mimarTaven, paralelebs<br />

avleben mocemul teqstualur niSan-Tvisebebsa da im gzebs Soris romelTa<br />

saSualebiTac individebi gavlenas axdenen am niSan-Tvisebebze da, piriqiT,<br />

eqcevian maTi gavlenis qveS.<br />

mniSvnelobis Seqmnis procesis Seswavla "safuZvelSi", "institucionalur<br />

sferoSi" , da "teqstSi" ar gamoricxavs erTmaneTs da analizi SeiZleba gakeTdes<br />

samive meTodis gamoyenebiT. Tuki mniSvnelobis warmoebas ganvixilavT rogorc<br />

samive doneze erTdroulad mimdinare process, maSin aseTi midgoma dagvexmareba<br />

gadavlaxoT kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, kultura Tanxmobas emyareba, Tu kulturaideologia<br />

asaxavs Zalauflebis urTierTobebs.<br />

pirvel rigSi, "safuZvlis" meTodis gamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />

ganvixiloT repertuarebis ganxorcieleba, rogorc socialur jgufebSi da<br />

jgufebs Soris arsebuli sxvaoba da konfliqti. Tumca, aseTi tipis analizi<br />

ewinaaRmdegeba im Sexedulebebs kulturis Sesaxeb, romlebic miiCneven, rom<br />

kultura aris ideologia — radganac kulturuli repertuarebi, individi,<br />

istoriuli cvalebadoba miuTiTebs imaze, rom kulturuli Zalaufleba ar aris<br />

adamianebis manipulireba maTi interesebis Seqmnis gziT. (anu marqsis mixedviT<br />

cru cnobierebis Seqmna). meore mniSvnelobis Seqmna “instituciur sferoSi da<br />

teqstSi” gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT variaciebisa da gaurkvevlobis wyaroebi, rac<br />

Tavidan agvacilebs Semdeg visaubroT kulturis konsensusisa da ideologiuri<br />

dominaciis Sesaxeb.<br />

8

kulturis sociologia, rogorc samuSao midgoma<br />

kulturis sociologiaSi empiriuli kvlevebis Catarebis dros Tu Teoriuli<br />

ganazrebebisas, gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi aspeqtebi:<br />

1. miuxedavad imisa, xdeba Tu ara konkretuli kulturuli diskursis<br />

miReba/gaziareba (mag, rogoric aris "kulturuli omebi", "individualizmi"),<br />

aseTi diskursebis farTo aRiareba da gavrceleba Tavad qmnis mniSvnelovan<br />

socialur faqtebs;<br />

2. gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes, farTo masStabiani kulturuli inovaciisa<br />

da socialuri cvlilebebis Teoriebi;<br />

3. gaerTiandes ori potenciurad urTierTsawinaaRmdego kvlevis xazi<br />

kulturis sociologiaSi, romelic saTaves socialur fsiqologiaSi iRebs;<br />

pirveli kognicias exeba, meore ki emociebs;<br />

4. gafarTovdes mizez-Sedegobriobis cneba, romelic mniSvnelobis<br />

ganmsazRvrel procesebs ganixilavs, rogorc mizez-Sedegobriv meqanizms.<br />

5. gaTvaliswinebul iqnes kvlevebis Sedegebi kulturis politikis<br />

gatarebis dros<br />

zemoT CamoTvlils monaxazis xasiaTi aqvs. yvela es sakiTxi — diskursis<br />

socialuri Sedegebi, kulturuli difuzia socialur cvlilebaSi, kognicia da<br />

emocia mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvrel procesebSi, kauzaluri meqanizmebi, interpretaciuli<br />

kvlevebis Sefaseba da mniSvnelobis-Seqmna sociologiur praqtikaSi<br />

— xels Seuwyobs zogadi sociologiuri gagebis ganviTarebas da mianiSnebs im<br />

aspeqtebze, romlebic ufro Rrma empiriul da Teoriul Seswavlas moiTxovs.<br />

kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomiis Sesaxeb<br />

am TavSi visaubrebT kulturis mimarT arsebuli ZiriTadi midgomebis Sesaxeb.<br />

erTi mxriv, es iqneba SedarebiTi mimoxilva, meore mxriv ki, mas gaaCnia sistemuri<br />

mxare, romelic moicavs warmoSobili argumentebis erTobliobas.<br />

Tavdapirveli dixotomia<br />

mas Semdeg, rac safuZveli Caeyara sazogadoebebis mecnierul ganxilvas, ori<br />

Teoriuli ukiduresoba dominirebda moqmedebisa da wesrigis cnebebis analizis<br />

dros. moqmedebis meqanisturi xedva adamianis qcevas manqanas amsgavsebda,<br />

romelic prognozirebadia da reagirebs garemos mier SemoTavazebul stimulebze<br />

avtomaturad da obieqturad. wesrigi, romelic ukavSirdeba meqanikur<br />

qmedebas, Sesabamisad aris iZulebiTi da gavlenas axdens adamianis qcevaze misi<br />

zemoqmedebis Zalidan gamomdinare.<br />

zemoT xsenebuli xedvis sapirispirod Camoyalibda moqmedebisa da wesrigis<br />

subieqturi gageba. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, moqmedeba motivirebulia im<br />

raRaciT rac adamianSive Tavidanve arsebobs, magaliTad, grZnobiT, aRqmiT,<br />

gancdebiT. wesrigi, romelic aseT qmedebas emyareba ideuri xasiaTis aris, anu is<br />

warmoadgens iseT rames, rac adamianebis TavSia mocemuli. aq saqme gvaqvs<br />

subieqtur wesrigTan da ara mxolod subieqtur moqmedebasTan, ramdenadac<br />

subieturoba ganixileba rogorc sazRvrebi da ara ganzraxva, idea romelic<br />

zogadia da ara individualuri survilis Sesabamisi.<br />

mocemuli sazRvrebi ki ganixileba rogorc mravali interpretaciuli aqtis<br />

mizezi an Sedegi. gamocdilebasa da gamocdilebis mniSvnelobas gadamwyveti<br />

xasiaTi aqvs am midgomisTvis.<br />

9

kulturis cneba aq Semodis imdenad, ramdenadac mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba<br />

rogorc garkveuli gziT mowesrigebuli fenomeni. kultura warmoadgens<br />

"wesrigs", romelic Seesabameba mniSvnelad qmedebas. subieqturi, antimeqanisturi<br />

wesrigi moiazreba, rogorc nebayoflobiTi mizezebis safuZvelze<br />

arsebuli da ara aucileblobis ZaliT Camoyalibebuli, rasac meqanisturi,<br />

obieqturi xedva aviTarebda.<br />

marqssa da hegels Soris dapirispireba gvTavazobs meqanistursa da<br />

kulturul <strong>for</strong>mebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebulobis pirvel <strong>for</strong>mas,<br />

romelsac xSirad eyrdnobian socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebi am<br />

Temebis irgvliv diskusiis dros. gonis fenomenologiaSi hegeli saubrobs<br />

istoriul ganviTarebaze, romelic ganpirobebulia im frustraciebiT,<br />

romlebic SeiniSneboda konkretul istoriul periodSi arsebuli SezRudvebis<br />

gamo. TiToeuli periodi xasiaTdeboda garkveuli sazRvrebiT romelTa<br />

farglebSic xdeboda mniSvnelobis moazreba. hegeli am yovlismomcvel<br />

sazRvrebs uwodebs gaists, anu saukunis gons, cneba romelic germanuli<br />

idealizmis konteqstSi kulturis <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> gagebis ekvivalenturia.<br />

imdenad, ramdenadac marqsi pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba hegelis Teorias, misi<br />

Sexedulebebi saSualebas iZleva gansxvavebul WrilSi davinaxoT meqanisturi<br />

midgoma. istoriul materialisturi ganviTarebis Teoria, romelic marqsma<br />

SeimuSava Tavis gviandel naSromebSi aRiarebs hegelis Teorias, rom istoriis<br />

wina etapebi Seicavda istoriis Semdgom etapebs. Tumca marqsi ganviTarebis<br />

wyarod miiCnevs ara subieqtur frustraciebs, aramed racionaluri interesis<br />

obieqtur uaryofas. igi saubrobs ekonomikur da politikur wesrigze,<br />

romlebic, marqsis azriT, ar aris subieqturi. marqsi radikalurad gamijnavs<br />

erTmaneTisgan "superstruqturasa" da "baziss" cnobierebasa da socialur<br />

arsebas. kulturuli fenomenebi — samarTlebrivi kodebi, religiuri ritualebi,<br />

xelovneba da inteleqtualuri ideebi miewereba superstruqturas da ganixileba<br />

rogorc bazisis mier determinirebuli. imisaTvis, rom moxdes kulturuli<br />

fenomenis axsna, saWiroa ara maTi Sinagani struqturisa da mniSvnelobis<br />

Seswavla, aramed im materialuri elementebis dakvirveba, romlebsac isini<br />

asaxaven. ramdenadac kultura ganpirobebulia mis gareT arsebuli Zalebis mier,<br />

kulturas kauzaluri gagebiT ar aqvs avtonomia.<br />

marqsis meqanisturi Sexedulebebi ganavrco sxvadasxva socialur mecnierulma<br />

skolam rogorc meTodologiuri, aseve ideologiuri Sexedulebebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT. meTodologiurad cdilobdnen moeZiaT socialuri fenomenebis<br />

winaswar gansazRvris gzebi, gamoeaSkaravebinaT gazomvis "namdvili<br />

obieqtebi"; ideologiurad ki re<strong>for</strong>mis mxardamWeri radikaluri da liberaluri<br />

suliskveTeba gulisxmobda adamianuri tanjvis "realobis" mtkicebas<br />

meqanisturi perspeqtividan gamomdinare.<br />

meqanisturi moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba ganixileboda rogorc<br />

mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli, xolo kulturas ganmsazRvreli Zala eniWeboda.<br />

marqsma safuZveli Cauyara kulturis avtonomiis Sesaxeb kamaTs, miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom ver gansazRvra am kamaTis rezultati. sazogadoebis meqanisturi<br />

xedvis oponentebi subieqtur midgomas icaven da Tvlian, rom kulturas ufro<br />

SefardebiTi "avtonomia" gaaCnia materialisturi <strong>for</strong>mebis fonze.<br />

klasikuri perspeqtivebi<br />

dilTaim hegelis religiuri Teoria naturalisturi goniT Caanacvla.<br />

dilTai xazs usvams adamianuri gamocdilebis centralurobas mniSvnelobis<br />

wyaros dadgenaSi, rogorc monawilesTvis, aseve mkvlevrisTvisac. dilTais<br />

azriT, urTierTgagebis saWiroebas mivyavarT individualuri gamocdilebis<br />

farglebs gareT saerTo ideebisken da sabolood kulturuli sistemebis<br />

mastruqturirebel ZalasTan.<br />

dilTai xazs usvams struqturuli sistemis Sinagan da subieqtur<br />

mdebareobas. es gansakuTrebuli mdebareoba specialur "hermenevtikul" meTods<br />

moiTxovs.<br />

10

hermenevtika warmoadgens interpretaciul midgomas, romelic gamoavlens<br />

Sinagani da subieqturi struqturebis bunebasa da maT mniSvnelobas. mniSvneloba<br />

mkvlevrebisTvis gasagebi xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini kulturuli struqturebis<br />

interpretacias moaxdenen da ar Seecdebian, magaliTad, sxva Zalebis<br />

Sedegebis axsnas, rac warmoadgens meqanisturi midgomis meTodologiur<br />

impulss. interpretacia gamomdinareobs gagebidan da ara mxolod dakvirvebidan.<br />

dilTai bunebrivi mecnierebebis mier gamoyenebul meTodebs, dakvirvebas<br />

upirispirebs hermenevtikul meTods. is gvTavazobs kulturuli kvlevebis<br />

pirvel da erT-erT yvelaze filosofiur gamarTlebas, magram amas akeTebs<br />

dualisturi gziT, romelic asaxavs germanuli idealizmis calmxriv<br />

problematikas. dilTais miaCnia, rom socialuri fenomenis Seswavla unda moxdes<br />

mxolod da mxolod kulturuli perspeqtividan gamomdinare. is maTematikur,<br />

fizikur da biologiur mecnierebebs aniWebs gare meqanisturi wesrigis<br />

dakvirvebebis prerogativas. amgvarad, dilTai xazs usvams kulturis<br />

avtonomias, romelic ganxilulia idealisturi kuTxiT.<br />

Tu ramdenad mWidrod unda iyos dakavSirebuli hermenevtikuli midgoma<br />

kulturis cnebasTan dRemde warmoadgens kamaTis sagans.<br />

parsonsi<br />

me-20 saukunis socialuri Teoriis istoriaSi, talkont parsonsma<br />

SemogvTavaza socialuri meqanizmis Sesaswavli yvelaze daxvewili <strong>for</strong>maluri<br />

midgoma, romelic orTodoqsuli hermenevtikuli tradiciis farglebs scildeboda.<br />

sazogadoebis mimarT Tavis “funqcionalistur” midgomaSi, parsonsma<br />

konceptualurad moiazra kulturasa da materialur Zalas Soris urTierToba,<br />

rogorc analitikuri safexurebi erTian empiriul samyaroSi da ara rogorc<br />

Sinagani gamocdileba garegani determinaciis sapirispirod.<br />

parsonsis mixedviT, monawileebi iTaviseben mniSvnelad wesrigs (kulturuli<br />

sistema) romelic ufro zogadia, vidre socialur urTierTobaTa kompleqsi<br />

(socialuri sistema) da romelTa nawils isini aseve warmoadgenen. es analitikuri<br />

argumenti, erTi mxriv, niSnavs, rom yoveli socialuri aqti akonkretebs ufro<br />

farTo kulturul mocemulobas. socialuri qmedeba ar unda ganixilebodes<br />

meqanisturad, radganac misi kulturuli aspeqti yovelTvis aqtualuria. meore<br />

mxriv, moqmedeba aseve socialuria da ara mxolod kulturuli sistemis nawili;<br />

aq idealisturi perspeqtiva uariyofa. imdenad, ramdenadac parsonsi aseve<br />

aRiarebs mesame analitikuri sistemis arsebobas, romelsac warmoadgens<br />

pirovneba, is ambobs, rom verc kulturuli kodebi da verc socialuri<br />

determinizmi akninebs fsiqologiuri imperativebis mniSvnelobas.<br />

qmedeba aris simboluri, socialuri da motivaciuri erTsa da imave dros.<br />

sruli empiriuli analizis Casatareblad, mkvlevarma unda Seiswavlos samive<br />

analitikur sistemas Soris konkretuli urTierTmimarTeba. miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom kulturis es analitikuri avtonomia mniSvnelovania nebismier empiriul<br />

“konkretul” momentSi, is mainc aris instituciuri faqtorebis gavlenis qveS.<br />

parsonsis xedva kulturuli, socialuri da fsiqologiuri sistemebis<br />

analitikuri avtonomiis Sesaxeb gvTavazobs erTgvar gamosavals meqanistursubieqtivisturi<br />

dixotomiidan. aq kulturas SedarebiT avtonomiuri sfero<br />

eniWeba, magram ara sruli avtonomia.<br />

Tumca problemebi male gamoikveTeba, rodesac aris am sxvadasxva doneebis<br />

erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis mcdeloba ara analitikur doneze, aramed realobaSi.<br />

arian Tu ara socialuri fenomenebi organizebuli meqanikurad da eqvemdebarebian<br />

aucileblobis kanonebs Tu mniSvnelobis wesebs? rogor unda moxdes<br />

realurad kulturuli da socialuri doneebis interpretacia?<br />

am dilemis pasuxad parsonsma uaRresad Tanamimdevruli rekomendacia<br />

SemogvTavaza. funqcionaluri analizi unda exebodes kulturis “institucionalizacias”,<br />

Tu rogor xdeba kultura socialuri sistemebis realuri<br />

struqturebis nawili. institucionalizaciaze es fokusi, parsonsis mixedviT,<br />

sagrZnoblad daaviwroebs sociologebis kulturul interess. isini Tavisi<br />

11

Seswavlis sagnad gaixdian Rirebulebebs da ara simbolur sistemebs. Rirebulebebi<br />

dagvexmareba simbolur-abstraqtuli <strong>for</strong>miT vimsjeloT centraluri<br />

institucionaluri problemebis Sesaxeb. isini Seexebian iseT sakiTxebs rogorc<br />

aris Tanasworba - uTanasworoba, spontanuroba — disciplina, avtoritetisadmi<br />

morCileba — kritikuli qmedeba, sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba - kerZo sakuTreba.<br />

parsonsis mixedviT, normatiuli warmodgenebi yalibdeba swored aseTi<br />

konkretuli sakiTxebis irgvliv. monawileebma arCevani unda gaakeTon realur<br />

alternativebs Soris. arCevanis gakeTebis Semdgom normatiuli an RirebulebiTi<br />

standartebi ikveTeba. institucionalizacia niSnavs, rom erTi an meore<br />

standarti gadaiqceva monawilis rolis damaxasiaTebel niSnad. individisTvis,<br />

jgufisTvis am institucionalizebuli Rirebulebidan gadaxveva sanqciiT<br />

regulirdeba/isjeba; xolo Rirebulebisadmi damorCilebas moyveba jildo.<br />

RirebulebiTi analizis perspeqtividan institutebis ganxilva bevris<br />

momcemia, Tumca ar unda moxdes kulturuli analizis Canacvleba am midgomiT.<br />

RirebulebiTi analizis dros, interpretacia Semoifargleba mxolod im<br />

mniSvnelobebiT romelTa institucionalizaciac aris SesaZlebeli. Sedegad, is<br />

cnebebi romlebsac RirebulebiTi analizi iyenebs, mniSvnelobis analizis dros<br />

eyrdnoba meqanistur, wmindad socialuri analizisTvis SemuSavebul leqsikas.<br />

antonio gramSi<br />

analogiuri problemebi da miRwevebi gaaCnia marqsizmsac, romelic aseve<br />

warmoadgens idealisturad gagebuli kulturis kritikas. gramSis naSromebis<br />

mixedviT revoluciuri da klasebze orientirebul Teoriis Sesaxeb msjeloba<br />

SeiZleba moxdes marqsis gviandeli naSromebis mecnieruli meTodologiis<br />

farglebs gareTac. gramSi marqsizms uwodebs "praqsisis Teorias". gramSim Tavisi<br />

kritikuli Teoria aago italiel hegelianel kroCestan dialogis procesSi. man<br />

hermenevtikuli tradiciis gavleniT apriori miiCnia, rom yvela moTama-<br />

Se/monawile aris inteleqtuali, da rom mniSvnelobiT daintereseba warmoadgens<br />

rogorc yoveli adamianuri qmedebis ganuyofel ganzomilebas, aseve socialuri<br />

wesrigis yovel istoriuli <strong>for</strong>mas.<br />

rogorc parsonsi, aseve gramSi emijneba idealizms da kulturas ganixilavs<br />

rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuls meqanistur institutebTan da ara rogorc maT<br />

Semcvlels. socialuri sistemis Zalebis analizi gancalkevebuli unda iyos maTi<br />

mniSvnelobis analizisgan. gramSisTvis, iseve rogorc parsonsisTvis, socialuri<br />

sistema kulturis mTavar sayrdens Seadgens. sazogadoebis “namdvili Zalebi”<br />

ewinaaRmdegebian an avseben kulturis mniSvnelad Zalas.<br />

gramSis kulturuli marqsizmi gansxvavdeba funqcionalizmisgan imiT, rom<br />

mas socialuri sistema da Sesabamisad kulturis adgili am sistemaSi<br />

gansxvavebulad aqvs moazrebuli. kulturuli procesebi, gramSis mixedviT,<br />

TvalsaCinoa mkacrad dayofil <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, klasobrivi batonobis ierarqiaSi,<br />

romlis safuZvelsac politikuri Zala warmoadgens. kultura xdeba klasobrivi<br />

Zalauflebis procesis Semadgeneli nawili.<br />

gramSi Tvlis, rom maRali donis inteleqtualebic ki Tavisi Teoriebis<br />

amosaval wertilad warmoebis dominant models iReben da gamomdinare Tavisi<br />

susti institucionaluri poziciidan, iZulebulebi xdebian Seurigdnen arsebul<br />

Zalebs. maRali donis inteleqtualuri ideebi, romlebic gansazRvraven<br />

TiToeuli epoqis TviTcnobierebas vrceldeba masebamde ufro dabali donis<br />

kvaziinteleqtualebis mier, magaliTad, maswavleblebisa da Jurnalistebis mier,<br />

im moTamaSeebis mier, romlebic ufro “organulad” arian dakavSirebuli<br />

kapitalisturi sazogadoebis institutebTan. gramSis aq mohyavs analogia<br />

kaTolikur eklesiasTan; Teologebi ayalibeben abstraqtul kanonebs, maSin,<br />

rodesac mRvdlebi da moZRvrebi axdenen im doqtrinebis <strong>for</strong>mulirebas,<br />

romelic mimarTulia ubralo adamianebze da maT uxsnis tanjvis fenomens.<br />

inteleqtualebis ideologiur Zalauflebas gramSi "kulturul hegemonias"<br />

uwodebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> Zalian ierarqiulia, gabatonebul<br />

klass ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis SenarCuneba mxolod Zalis saSualebiT.<br />

12

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ar aris mxolod ekonomikuri an politikuri wesrigi, aramed<br />

“moralur — politikuri bloki”, romelic Sekrulia gabatonebuli ideebisadmi<br />

nebayoflobiTi morCilebis Sedegad. gramSis saxiT gveZleva kulturis<br />

institucionalizebuli Teoria marqsistuli <strong>for</strong>miT. Tumca, es dominanturi<br />

kultura sabolood kritikis qveS eqceva. revoluciuri kulturuli<br />

ganviTarebis miseuli mosazreba aris iseTive damokidebuli “arsebul, namdvil<br />

realobaze”, rogorc misi gabatonebuli ideebis Teoria.<br />

imdenad, ramdenadac muSaTa klasi arsebobs eqspluatirebul obieqtur da<br />

konkretul viTarebaSi, gramSi Tvlis, rom maTi praqtikuli cnobierebis<br />

Camoyalibeba gardauvalia, da upirispirdeba burJuaziisa da aristokratiis<br />

idealizirebul cnobierebas. Tumca, gramSi acnobierebs rom es latenturi<br />

cnobiereba ver gamovlindeba, Tuki ar iqneba Camoyalibebuli da gamoTqmuli<br />

inteleqtualuri <strong>for</strong>miT. ubralod, praqtikuli cnobiereba uZluria<br />

gabatonebuli ideebis inteleqtualuri Zalis winaSe. alternatiuli ideologia<br />

jer unda Camoyalibdes, amocana, romelic Sesrulda marqsisa da sxva maRali<br />

socialurad moazrovne inteleqtualebis mier. "organuli" inteleqtualebis<br />

revoluciuri kadrebis <strong>for</strong>maciis Sedegad — politikuri partiis liderebi da<br />

mimdevrebi — romlebic ufro praqtikulebi arian da naklebad<br />

inteleqtualurebi - es ideebi xdeba ufro SesamCnevi da xelmisawvdomi.<br />

kulturuli marqsizmi scildeba funqcionalur analizs Tavisi normatiuli<br />

datvirTviT. is dainteresebulia ara mxolod kulturis axsniTa Tu<br />

interpretaciiT, aramed “kargi mniSvnelobis” da “cudi mniSvnelobis” SefasebadapirispirebiT.<br />

gramSi upirispirebs “racionalur cnobierebas” yoveldRiur<br />

cnobierebasa da religias. igi ar kmayofildeba kontrhegemonuri kulturis<br />

ganviTarebis axsniT, aramed aseve dainteresebulia, Tu rogor SeiZleba am<br />

kulturam migviyvanos ufro Tavisufal da damoukidebel cxovrebamde.<br />

kulturuli marqsizmi funqcionalur analizTan SedarebiT, ufro metad<br />

aRiarebs kulturis gavlenas socialur cvlilebaze. aseve xazs usvams<br />

kulturasa da Zalauflebas Soris kavSiris mniSvnelobas. Tumca kulturis<br />

Sesaxeb rogorc Zalauflebis msaxurze saubari, akninebs kulturuli Rirebulebebis<br />

rols Zalauflebis garkveuli kontrolis da regulaciis funqciis<br />

Sesrulebis procesSi.<br />

funqcionalistur TeoriaSi kulturisa da sazogadoebis gamijvnam pirvel<br />

adgilze Rirebulebebi daayena da ara simboloebi. kulturul marqsizmSi<br />

“klasobrivi cnobierebis” cneba iseTive rols TamaSobs rogorc Rirebulebebi.<br />

Tumca is ganisazRvreba kulturuli mniSvnelobis farglebSi da Tavad<br />

socialuri sistemis nawilia.<br />

cnobierebis marqsistuli analizis, iseve rogorc Rirebulebebis funqcionalisturi<br />

analizis dros xSirad xdeba socialuris upiratesobisken<br />

gadaxra da kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomiis nivelireba. es naTeli magaliTia,<br />

imisa Tu ra rTulia kulturisa da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebuli<br />

kavSiris moazreba.<br />

semiotika — ferdinand sosuri<br />

semiotika <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> kulturuli analizis erT-erT mniSvnelovani<br />

midgomaa. ferdinand sosuri ambobs, rom socialuri struqturis an qmedebis<br />

gageba SeuZlebelia kulturuli elementebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. rogorc<br />

lingvistvisTvis, misTvis enaa amosavali wertili. igi acnobierebs, rom laparaki<br />

TavisTavad socialuri qmedebaa, romelic fsiqologiurad aris motivirebuli<br />

da konkretul situaciur SezRudvebs eqvemdebareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

individebi SeiZleba CaiTvalon rogorc pasuxismgebelni TavianT salaparako<br />

aqtebze, maT realurad aranairi kontroli ar gaaCniaT im enaze, riTac isini<br />

axorcieleben mocemul salaparako aqtebs. molaparake individebs ar SeuZliaT<br />

im niSnebis gansazRvra, romlebsac isini mimarTaven laparakis dros. es niSnebi<br />

fiqsirebulia sazogadoebis mier mkacrad Camoyalibebuli CarCoebis farglebSi.<br />

rodesac sosuri saubrobs enis socialur determinaciaze, is ar miuTiTebs<br />

13

socialuri institutebis SedarebiT Zalaze. ena rogorc simboluri sistema,<br />

romelic uricxvi socialuri aqtis Tavmoyraa, warmoadgens damoukidebel Zalas.<br />

ena abstraqtuli kodia, romlis struqturac determinirebulia kanonebis mier,<br />

romlebic Sinagania TavisTavad da ara socialuri sistemis zewolis Sedegad<br />

mocemuli.<br />

sityvebi warmoadgenen niSnebs, romlebic iSleba aRmniSvnelad da aRsaniSnad.<br />

sosuri mkveTrad mijnavs aRmniSvnels, bgerasa Tu sityvis materialuri<br />

komponents aRniSnulisgan, cneba romelzec materialuri bgera aris mibmuli. is<br />

Tvlis, rom aRmniSvnelsa da aRniSnuls, materialursa da idealur komponentebs<br />

Soris damokidebuleba aris “TviTneburi”. ar arsebobs obiqturad aucilebeli an<br />

“namdvili” mizezi imisa, Tu ratom aRiniSneba esa Tu is cneba raRac garkveul<br />

bgeraTa SeTanxmebiT; maTi erTmaneTze mibma xdeba Cveulebis gamo.<br />

sosuri ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom sityvis gageba rTulia, rodesac<br />

is namdvil socialur obieqts exeba da masTan xdeba dawyvileba enis saSualebiT.<br />

es urTierTobac aris TviTneburad ganpirobebuli Cveulebis mier. mniSvneloba<br />

gamomdinareobs urTierTobebidan — gansxvavebebi da msgavsebebi — romlebic<br />

yalibdeba sityvebs Soris, enobrivi sistemis niSnebs Soris. cvlilebebi am<br />

urTierTobebSi ar aris im socialur obieqtebSi momxdari cvlilebebis amsaxveli,<br />

romlebsac isini exebian. niSanTa sistema axlo momavalSi aris ucvleli. is<br />

viTardeba Sinagani kanonebis Sesabamisad. misi Semadgeneli nawilebis axlandeli<br />

ganlagebis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod adreuli tradiciebis ganxilvis<br />

saSualebiT, romelTa wiaRSic isini Camoyalibdnen.<br />

Tu es nebayoflobiTi urTierToba arsebobs sityvebsa da sagnebs Soris enaSi,<br />

sosuris mixedviT, ratom ar unda arsebobdes igive yvela socialur institutSi<br />

da aqtivobaSi? misi azriT, lingvistika aris semiotikis qveganayofi, niSnebis<br />

ufro zogadi mecniereba. TiToeuli socialuri aqtivoba aris areuli niSanTa<br />

sistemasTan, romelic enis analogiurad muSaobs. arc istoriuli ganviTareba da<br />

arc socialuri urTierToba ar gansazRvravs niSanTa sistemis am struqturas.<br />

misi mniSvnelobis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod institucionaluri kulturis<br />

Sinagani kodebis rekonstruqciis safuZvelze.<br />

semiotikur analizs miuxedavad mcdelobebisa, mainc calmxrivi xasiaTi aqvs.<br />

is exeba niSanTa sistemebs da ara sazogadoebebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom enaTa<br />

sistemebi socialuri institutebis msgavsia, semiotika gvTavazobs CavataroT<br />

“struqturuli analizi” da Tavi davaneboT interaqcionistuli da situaciuri<br />

SezRudvebis Seswavlas. semiotika amdenad gvabrunebs kulturis Zlieri<br />

avtonomiis gagebasTan, romelsac hermenevtika gvTavazobda. dilTais mixedviT,<br />

socialuri qmedeba mxolod Signidan unda Seswavliliyo. Tumca misTvis<br />

“Signidan” niSnavs subieqturi gmocdilebis mocemulobebisken dabrunebas.<br />

sosurisTvis ki sityvebis Sinagani urTierTobebis Seswavlas.<br />

semiotika <strong>for</strong>malurad udgeba niSanTa sistemebis struqturebis Seswavlas.<br />

struqtura Sedgeba analogebis da kontrastebis rTuli mocemulobebisgan,<br />

romlebic mkvlevarma unda gamoavlinos monawile individebis subieqturi<br />

gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. es mosazreba rom gagveziarebina, maSin<br />

mniSvnelobis kvlevisTvis Tavi unda dagvenebebina, razec aris dafuZnebuli<br />

kulturuli analizi.<br />

yvela arsebuli <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> midgoma kulturis mimarT interesdeba<br />

mniSvneladi moqmedebiT da ara instrumentuliT, aseve aRiarebs simboluri<br />

sistemebis avtonomias da mijnavs mas arakulturuli saxis determinaciebisgan.<br />

Tumca kvlav sakamaToa, Tu ras moicavs simboluri sistemebis avtonomia,<br />

ramdenad damoukidebelia kultura, rogor unda damyardes maTi damokidebuleba<br />

kulturasTan. aseve uTanxmoeba sufevs kulturis Sinagani<br />

Semadgeneli elementebis irgvliv. romelia kulturis ZiriTadi komponentebi da<br />

rogor arian isini erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.<br />

14

funqcionalizmi<br />

funqcionalisturi midgomis mcdelobaa daukavSiros kulturuli gavlena<br />

socialuri qmedebis analizs.<br />

funqcionaluri Rirebulebebis analizis sisuste SemdegSi mdgomareobs:<br />

Rirebulebebi xSirad daiyvaneba socialur struqturebze, TiTqos maTi<br />

analitikuri avtonomia maTi regulirebis SesaZlebobas iZleodes.<br />

mertonma warmatebulad gansazRvra kulturuli elementebis mniSvnelovani<br />

kompleqsi da socialurma mecnierebma, romlebsac mertonis gavlena hqondaT<br />

detalurad daafiqsires am normatiuli struqturis zemoqmedeba mecnierul<br />

organizaciasa da moqmedebaze. problema isaa, rom, mertonis mixedviT, es<br />

Rirebulebebi SeiZleba warmoiSvan nebismier sferoSi da ara mxolod mecnieruli<br />

praqtikis wiaRSi. Rirebulebebisa da normebis kompleqsze saubris dros,<br />

mertoni mecnierul praqtikas ganixilavs ise TiTqos mecniereba SeiZleba<br />

moviazroT kulturisgan izolirebuli fenomeni da ara rogorc kulturuli<br />

aqtivoba. mertoni mecnierebas miakuTvnebs socialur da ara kulturul<br />

sistemas. is mecnierul Rirebulebebs moiazrebs rogorc realuri qcevisgan<br />

ganzogadebebs da ara rogorc mniSvneladi procesebis warmonaqmns, romlebic<br />

ganapiroben am qcevas.<br />

lifsetis kulturisa da politikis funqcionaluri analizis dros<br />

gamoikveTeba analogiuri Zlieri mxareebi da sisusteebi. parsonma dawera, rom<br />

socialuri Rirebulebis nimuSebi xuT ZiriTad dilemas emyareboda, an kidev<br />

socialuri mocemulobis cvladebs. lifsetma ki gamoiyena parsonsis mosazreba<br />

da aCvena, Tu rogor aris es sxvadasxva tipis instituciuri qceva erTmaneTTan<br />

dakavSirebuli. lifseti am cvladebs ufro zustad da argumentirebulad<br />

ayalibebs.<br />

universalizmsa da partikularizms Soris kompromisi, gvexmareba gavigoT,<br />

Tu ratom cdiloben garkveuli elitebi qveda safexurze mdgomi jgufebis<br />

gawevrianebas, sxvani ki piriqiT, mokveTas. ramdenadac frangi damqiraveblebi<br />

iyvnen partikularistebi, lifsetis mixedviT, isini profesiuli kavSirebis<br />

warmomadgenlebis moTxovnebs miiCnevdnen moralurad Seuracxmyoflad.<br />

rodesac lifseti safrangeTsa da germaniaSi ekonomikur da politikur<br />

Rirebulebebs Soris arsebuli daZabulobis SedarebiT daxasiaTebas axdens, is<br />

aCvenebs, rom Rirebulebis analizma SeiZleba gaaSuqos Sida kompleqsuroba da<br />

winaaRmdegoba.<br />

Tumca lifsetic frTxilad udgeba Rirebulebebis gamovlenas socialur<br />

struqturaSi. Rirebulebebis kompleqts is gamoyofs jgufebis realuri<br />

qmedebidan da ar ganixilavs maT rogorc kulturuli ganviTarebis Sida<br />

dinamikis interpretaciis Sedegs. aqedan gamomdinare, universalizmi danaxuli<br />

iyo iseve, rogorc mas 1789 wlis burJuaziuli revolucia warmogvidgenda da misi<br />

SezRudva gamomdinareobda im faqtidan, rom “revoluciis Zalebi ar iyvnen<br />

sakmarisad Zlieri”. germaniaSi, universalizmis ganviTarebas biZgi misca<br />

“ekonomikuri cvlilebebis mier motanilma zewolam da axali socialuri<br />

dajgufebebis momZlavrebam”, Tumca reaqciulma feodaluri dajfufebebma xeli<br />

SeuSales aseTi Rirebulebebis gavrcelebas.<br />

semiotika — roland barti<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdeg periodSi struqturalizmi da semiotika<br />

warmoadgenda funqcionalizmis alternativebs mniSvnelobis SeswavlasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi. struqturalistebisa da semiotikosebis Seswavlis sagani gaxda<br />

kulturuli sistema, rogorc aseTi.<br />

sosuris gavleniT, romlisTvisac ena iyo amosavali wertili da ara laparaki,<br />

semiotikosebi saubrobdnen simboluri organizaciis Sinagan integrirebulobaze<br />

da ambobdnen rom es organizacia unda iswavlebodes garegan procesebTan<br />

mimarTebis gareSe. amgvari midgoma moiTxovda abstraqciebs nebismieri konkretuli<br />

SezRudvisgan, iqneboda es individualuri cvalebadoba, Tu jgufuri<br />

15

interesi.<br />

aseTi abstraqcia SesaZlebobas aZlevda mkvlevars moexdina kodis simboluri<br />

struqturis ageba analitikurad damoukidebeli gziT. mxolod aseTi rekonstruqciis<br />

Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli drouli procesebis gamovlena, romelic<br />

SeiniSneba mniSvnelobis winaswar dadgenili <strong>for</strong>mebis CarCoebSi.<br />

magaliTad, roland bartis esse WidaobasTan dakavSirebiT ar niSnavs imas,<br />

rom semiotika aqtualuria mxolod egzotikis Sesaswavlad, romelic scildeba<br />

Cveulebrivi socialuri cxovrebis farglebs. barts surs, rom am analizs<br />

socialuri semiotikis paradigmuli saxe mieniWos. bartisTvis “Widaoba ar aris<br />

sporti, aramed sanaxaoba”. is ambobs, rom qmedeba aq kulturis struqturiT aris<br />

ganpirobebuli, Widaobis yureba ar gvainteresebs rogorc mimdinare cvalebadi<br />

konstruqti. rogorc enas aniWeben upiratesobas da ara laparaks, Widaoba unda<br />

ganixilebodes rogorc teqsti. am kuTxiT igi ar warmoadgens motivirebul<br />

qmedebas, aramed aris raRac dawerili, dramatuli nawarmoebi, romelic sruldeba.<br />

is exeba ara SezRudvebs am situaciaSi, aramed mniSvnelobebs, romlebic<br />

miRebul iqna didi xnis winaT, is mocemulobebi, romlebic moWidaveebma unda<br />

aiTvison imisaTvis, rom Semdeg "warmoadginon”.<br />

moTamaSeebi warmoadgenen niSnebs da ara pirovnebebs. Cven unda SeviswavloT<br />

ara maTi urTierToba, aramed maTi auditoria, sxva moTamaSeebi, romlebic<br />

ganisazRvrebian rogorc socialuri teqstis erTad Tavmoyrili mniSvnelobebis<br />

"mkiTxvelebi”. matCis Sedegebi am SemTxvevaSi araaqtualuria, imdenad ramdenadac<br />

Widaoba unda ganixilebodes ara rogorc movlena droSi, aramed<br />

rogorc mniSvnelobis maRal doneze struqturirebuli sistemis warmodgena.<br />

Sedegi winaswar gansazRvrulia, ramdenadac moWidaveebi arian warmodgenis monawileebi,<br />

warmodgenisa, romelic ukve dawerilia. matCi gvevlineba kulturuli<br />

sferos gamoxatulebad da ara socialuri sistemis motivirebul qmedebad.<br />

sahlinis naSromi amerikul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si saWmlis SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

aCvenebs, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba semiotikuri midgoma Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli<br />

aspeqtebis Seswavlisas. analitikuri avtonomia miiRweva konkretuli<br />

qcevisgan abstragirebis gziT kulturul sferoSi. abstragirebis Sedegad<br />

socialuri elementebi, mag., saWmelebi gadaiqceva “simbolur sistemaSi urTierTqmed<br />

elementebad” da maTi ganxilva SesaZlebeli xdeba rogorc teqsturi<br />

elementebis, ricxvebis socialur sistemaSi. sahlinis mixedviT, saWmlis<br />

“warmoeba aris kulturuli struqturis funqcionaluri momenti”. aseve mis<br />

esseSi vxvdebiT semiotikuri Teoriis ufro sistemur gamoyenebas, romelic<br />

ayalibebs niSnebis aralingvisturi sistemebis maorganizebel bazisur wesebs.<br />

niSnebis sanimuSo sistemebi, iseve rogorc sxva logikuri urTierTobebi<br />

organizebulia analogiur da antionomiur urTierTobebad: mag. cxenis<br />

mimarTeba ZaRlTan, adamianisa - ara adamianTan, Sinaganis - gareganTan, maRlis -<br />

dabalTan, maRali statusis - dabal statusTan. semiotika aRiarebs kulturis<br />

Sinagani struqturis kompleqsur Sida struqturas da gvTavazobs simboluri<br />

kodebis Rirebulebebze Tu ideologiebze dayvanis Tavidan asacileblad<br />

garkveul gzebs. es aris Teoriuli mcdeloba, romelsac rogorc wesi moyveba<br />

kulturuli Rirebulebebis dayvana socialuri sistemebis meqanisturi<br />

Semadgeneli elementebis ganzogadoebamde. Tumca, amave dros, semiotikis Sinagan<br />

da <strong>for</strong>malur fokus warmoadgens misi ukiduresi kulturalizmi. kulturuli<br />

struqturebi ara mxolod in<strong>for</strong>macias aZleven socialur nimuSebs, aramed<br />

gansazRvraven kidevac maT. sahlini wers, rom “maqsimalizaciis cnobili logika”<br />

- kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis mogebis ZiriTadi principi — “mxolod<br />

gancxadebuli saxea sxva mizezebisa”, raSic igulisxmeba kulturuli faqtorebi.<br />

sahlinis mixedviT, amerikul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sa da kulturas Soris produqtiuli<br />

damokidebuleba rogorc erovnul aseve saerTaSoriso doneze “organizebulia<br />

im SefasebebiT Tu ra iWmeva da ra ar iWmeva”.<br />

socialuri sistemebis ekonomikur logikas aseve unda mieniWos analitikuri<br />

avtonomia. moxmareba ar aris mxolod kulturulad determinirebuli, iseve<br />

rogorc Widaobis matCebi araa mxolod simboluri movlena. aSkaraa, rom aseTi<br />

calmxrivi idealizmi rTuli SesanarCunebelia. rodesac, magaliTad, sahlini<br />

saubrobs xorcis mniSvnelobaze amerikul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, is eyrdonoba<br />

16

semiologiis miRma arsebul urTierTobebs da wers, rom amerikelebisTvis<br />

adamianis sicocxles sakraluri Rirebuleba aqvs da aseve amerikuli<br />

sazogadoebis ekonomikur da rasobriv ierarqiebsac mimoixilavs.<br />

dramaturgiuli midgoma<br />

Tu funqcionalizmi ganixilavs kulturis avtonomias, romelic privilegias<br />

aniWebs socialur sistemas (Tumca ar dayavs kultura socialur sistemaze), da<br />

Tu semiotika kulturul doneze axdens amis moazrebas, maSin dramaturgiuli<br />

midgoma kulturul avtonomiaze saubrisas gansakuTrebul adgils individs<br />

aniWebs. <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> sociologiaSi irving gofmani aRiarebulia wamyvan<br />

Teoretikosad individTa Soris urTierTobebis mikro samyaros sferoSi.<br />

dramaturgiuli Teoriis adreul versiebSi, gofmani normebs ganixilavda<br />

rogorc strategiuli moTamaSeebis proeqcias. Tumca, ufro gviandel naSromebSi<br />

man aRiara kulturis damoukidebeli statusi. igi aRniSnavs, rom<br />

socialuri interaqciis namdvil samyaroSi individebi gamudmebiT arian<br />

datvirTulebi stimuliT, garda imisa rac aris mocemuli gansazRvrul kulturul<br />

CarCoebSi. calkeul moTamaSeebs kargad aqvT ganviTarebuli unari<br />

ganaxorcielon uyuradReboba, da, amave dros, daafiqsiron, magram ignorireba<br />

gauwion an kidev dablokon is stimuli, romelic maT mocemuli moqmedebis<br />

CarCoebidan amogdebiT emuqreba.<br />

rodesac, magaliTad, mayureblebi raime sanaxaobas uyureben, maTi<br />

yuradrebis areSi eqceva aseve Teatraluri fenomenis miRma arsebuli<br />

momentebic, rogoric aris mag., Teatris personalis arseboba da msaxiobebis<br />

garkveuli Tvisebebi, romlebic maT rolSi ar ewereba.<br />

gofmanis mixedviT, CarCos miRma qmedebis unari vrceldeba uyuradRebobis<br />

farglebs gareTac. centraluri teqstis garSemo arsebobs mimarTulebis mimcemi<br />

elementebi, romlebic moTamaSeebma unda daicvan, radgan maTTvis gasagebi iyos<br />

vin gansazRvravs CarCoSi moqceul qmedebas da rodis. gofmani am elementebs<br />

uwodebs “damakavSireblebs" da rom es damakavSireblebi SeiZleba warmodgenili<br />

iyos rogorc teqstSi mocemuli punqtuaciis niSnebiT, aseve saxis<br />

JestikulaciiT saubris dros.<br />

gofmani aRiarebs gansakuTrebulad individualistur qmedebas kulturuli<br />

teqstis avtonomiis farglebSi, romelsac is winaswar mocemulad aRiarebs.<br />

geercs dramaturgiuli perspeqtiva Seaqvs SedarebiT damoukidebeli<br />

kulturuli <strong>for</strong>mis Seqmnis procesSi. rodesac is bolineziuri mamlebis<br />

orTabrZolaze wers, erTi SexedviT gvgonia rom iq semioturi analizia<br />

gamoiyenebuli, ramdenadac geerci xazs usvams im faqts, rom mamlebis<br />

orTabrZolis garSemo Seqmnili melodrama warmoadgens rTuli wesebisa da<br />

teqstebis mTel kompleqss. Tumca geerci aseT kodebs miiCnevs kulturuli<br />

davalebis Sesasruleblad arasakmarisad. is mniSnvelobas miiCnevs rogorc<br />

garedan Tavs moxvelulad da rom qmedeba eyrdnoba ara mxolod garSemo arsebul<br />

wesebs, aramed sxva fenomenebsac.<br />

mamlebis orTabrZola SeiZleba iyos an carieli (trivialuri, mosawyeni) an<br />

Rrma (mniSvnelobiT aRsavse, saintereso, dramatuli). mogebulze fulis dadeba<br />

warmoadgens saSualebas imisaTvis, rom es orTabrZola gaxdes ufro Rrma, rom<br />

gaizardos movlenis mniSvneloba. yovelive es gvaiZulebs mivmarToT siRmiseul<br />

sociologiur analizs da ar davkmayofildeT mxolod semiotikuriT. maRali<br />

Tanxis dadeba mxolod maRali klasis bolinezielebs SeuZliaT, erTi maRali<br />

Tanxa ki meores izidavs. TamaSis mniSvneloba Zlierdeba, radganac didi<br />

reputaciebi dgeba sasworze da Sedegi ki winaswar ar aris gansazRvruli. xolo<br />

rodesac mamlebi ekveTebian erTmaneTs sisxlian brZolaSi, aqve SegviZlia<br />

amovikiTxoT garkveuli in<strong>for</strong>macia bolineziuri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb.<br />

mamlebis orTabrZola ar warmoadgens arc statusis funqcionalur<br />

ganmtkicebas — xedva romelsac geerci miawers funqcionalizms — da arc<br />

teqstebidan avtomatur deduqcias. es aris aqtiuri, esTetikuri miRweva,<br />

xelovnebis <strong>for</strong>ma, romelic gazviadebulad dramatuli <strong>for</strong>miT Cveulebriv<br />

17

gamocdilebas xdis gasagebs. geerci Tvlis, rom moTamaSeebi da movlena qmnian am<br />

struqturas, da ara struqtura qmnis movlenas.<br />

funqcionalizmi, semiotika da dramaturgia ar warmoadgenen erTmaneTis<br />

mowinaaRmdege versiebs kulturis avtonomiis Sesaxeb. es zogadi orientaciebi<br />

Camoyalibda zemoT ganxiluli arqetipuli perspeqtivebis safuZvelze. ufro<br />

metic, am konteqstSi es orientaciebi gamokveTen kulturis avtonomiis garSemo<br />

arsebul sxvadasxva midgomas da xazs usvamen Rirebulebebs, <strong>for</strong>malur simbolur<br />

urTierTobebsa, da Sesabamisad esTetikur, SemoqmedebiT damokidebulebas.<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> kulturuli analizi veberianul, durkhemiseul da<br />

marqsistul <strong>for</strong>mebSi ganxvavdeba klasikuri orTodoqsuli persepqtivebisgan<br />

imdenad, ramdenadac isini aseve moeqcnen postklasikuri kulturuli aqcentis<br />

gavlenis qveS, romlebic Cven zemoT ganvixileT.<br />

veberianizmi<br />

veberis wvlili kulturisa da sazogadoebis gagebaSi tradiciulad<br />

moiazreba rogorc misi “protestantuli eTikis diskusia”. kiTxva isaa, ramdenad<br />

SeiZleba veberis argumentis gaziareba imis Sesaxeb, rom kalvinizmi da<br />

puritanizmi <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> kapitalizmis ganviTarebis aucilebel wanamZRvars<br />

warmoadgendnen. Tumca <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> kulturulogiuri azris gavleniT, veberis<br />

wvlili sxvanairad moiazra, da mas ufro zogadi xasiaTi mieca.<br />

insitucionalurad modelirebuli Rirebulebebisa da <strong>for</strong>maluri<br />

simboluri urTierTobebis sawinaaRmdegod, veberianelebi axlac moiazreben<br />

kulturas, rogorc Sinaganad generirebad simbolur sistemas, romelic<br />

aucilebel metafizikur saWiroebebze reagirebs. religiuri ideebi, xsnis<br />

Teologiuri koncefciebi da sxvadasxva gzebi, romlebic ganisazRvreba<br />

asketuri da mistikuri doqtrinebiT rCeba veberianuli kulturuli Teoriis<br />

yvelaze damaxasiaTebel niSnebad. Tumca, <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> naSromebSi, am ideebis<br />

mniSvneloba da gavlena ganixileba rogorc ufro meti vidre TviTdisciplinisa<br />

da racionaluri kontrolis sakiTxebi.<br />

xsnis sakiTxebi gaigeba ufro zogadi cnebebidan gamomdinare rogoric aris<br />

aqtivizmi, cnobiereba, Temi da individuacia. aseve maTi gavlena socialur<br />

institutebze farTod aris gagebuli, da ar Semoifargleba ekonomikuri<br />

aqtivobiT, an politikuri kontrolis sakiTxebiT, demokratiiT, statusobrivi<br />

da Sida jgufuri urTierTobebiT.<br />

rodesac maikl valceri cdilobs axsnas, Tu rogor Seuwyo xeli kalvinizmma<br />

gamrje da momavalze orientirebuli muSaxelis Camoyalibebas, is am gardamqmnel<br />

Zalas miakuTvnebs ara ekonomikur aqtivobas, aramed politikas. valceris<br />

mixedviT, puritanizmma Seqmna kritikurli aqtivizmi, rac safuZvlad udevs<br />

moqalaqeobis <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> gagebas. premodernistuli evropis socialuri<br />

amboxebebis periodSi, kalvini moiazrebda adamianebs, rogorc radikalurad<br />

gaucxoebulebs an rogorc rCeulebs, romlebsac unda SeesrulebinaT RmerTis<br />

instrumentebis roli sazogodoebis radikalurad gardaqmna rom momxdariyo.<br />

socialuri gardaqmnis transcedenturi moTxovnis rwmenam aRniSna ideologiis<br />

dasawyisi <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> gagebiT. am transcedenturi CarCos farglebSi, RmerTi da<br />

ara kacobrioba warmoadgens miwieri qcevis saboloo sanqcias. RvTaebrivi neba<br />

moqmedebs cnobierebis saSualebiT da ara miwieri simdidris an Zalauflebis<br />

ganawilebis gziT. is SeiZleba gamJRavndes adamianTa nebismier jgufSi,<br />

ajanyebulebSic ki.<br />

ingliseli puritanebisTvis, valceris mixedviT, "ofisi" gardaiqmna ekonomikuri<br />

da politikuri xelmZRvanelobis dagmobisTvis gamiznul saero<br />

<strong>for</strong>umad. mmarTveli klasis piradi interesi miiCneoda rogorc codviT aRsavse<br />

da garyvnili. puritanebi amoZravebdaT axali ufro abstraqtuli da kritikuli<br />

disciplina; isini gaxdnen revolucionerebi, romlebsac SeeZloT masiuri<br />

socialuri gardaqmnis moxdena. swored ase Caeyara safuZveli revoluciis <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

siyvaruls, rac efuZneboda subieqtur interpretaciasa da mniSvnelobis<br />

farTo gagebas da ara obieqturi aucileblobis mimarT meqanistur pasuxs.<br />

18

piti aTvlis wertilad iRebs <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> dasavluri sazogadoebebis<br />

politikuri da ekonomikuri struqturebis Sesaxeb sazogadod gavrcelebul<br />

veberianul xedvas. misi azriT, am struqturebis gasagebad Cven unda ganvixiloT<br />

tradiciul qristianoba. Tumca piti ufro Sors midis da aviTarebs<br />

kaTolicizmis xsnis eTikas ufro Rrmad, vidre adreuli veberi. is saubrobs<br />

sxnis mistikur modelze, romelsac SeuZlia efeqturi metafizikuri funqciis<br />

Sesruleba <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> msoflioSi. piti religur simbolur sistemas ufro<br />

<strong>for</strong>malurad ganixilavs, vidre veberi, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs sistema<br />

moazrebul iqnes rogorc Tavisi Sinagani SezRudvebis mqone struqtura.<br />

puritanebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic cdilobdnen gamxdariyvnen<br />

abstraqtuli da momTxovni RvTaebrivi nebis racionaluri instrumentebi,<br />

kaTolicizmma ganapiroba, is rom frangebi miiltvodnen Serwymodnen sakralurs,<br />

rac vlindeboda ara mxolod eklesiis saxiT, aramed aseve bunebiTa da naciiT.<br />

aq sasurveli xdeba ara asketuri, aramed esTeturi gamocdileba.<br />

"keTilSobili" saqcielis CadeniT individebi cdiloben madlis mopovebas, rac<br />

gamoixateboda imiT, rom isini irCevdnen ara tradiciul mZime da gamrje Sromas,<br />

aramed spontanur da elegantur qcevas. es ki Tavis mxriv, asaxavda struqturebisa<br />

da principebis safuZvelSi mdebare ierarqiul mowesrigebulobas.<br />

tradiciulad unarianoba, kompetenturoba asocirdeboda frangul aristokratiasTan,<br />

romlebic axdendnen TavianTi keTilSobilebis demontracias<br />

siyvarulSi, omSi, CacmulobaSi, saxlis mowyobaSi, saubarSi, yvelaze ufro metad<br />

ki gemovnebaSi. es aristokratuli Rirebulebebi ar Seesabameboda industriuli<br />

kapitalizmis ZiriTad aspeqtebs da rogorc piti aRniSnavs aferxebda biznesis<br />

gafarToebas, imdenad, romdanadac sagnebis moxmarebas eniWeboda ufro didi<br />

upiratesoba, vidre maT warmoebas. keTilSobilebis kultura gvTavazobda<br />

burJuaziuli qcevis models, ramac franguli kapitalizmi ufro ierarqiul,<br />

politikurad orientirebuli mimarTulebiT waiyvana.<br />

semiotika Tavs aridebs Rirebulebis Teoriis socialurze dayvanas,<br />

simboluri sistemebis Sinagani elementebis <strong>for</strong>malizebis saSualebiT. Tumca<br />

Sinagani elementebis am <strong>for</strong>malizebiT, is emuqreba kulturis rogorc<br />

socialuri nimuSebisgan dacarielebas. funqcionalizmis mixedviT ki socialuri<br />

nimuSebi warmoadgens swored im elementebs, rac kulturas xdis aseT<br />

mniSvnelovan sferod instituciuri sferoebTan mimarTebaSi.<br />

veberianuli analizi ufro semiotikuria, vidre dramaturgiuli an<br />

funqcionaluri im niSniT, rom is aRiarebs simboluri sistemebis Sinagan logikas<br />

da amave dros ufro istoriuli da socialuri xasiaTi aqvs kulturasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi. Tu veberianuli kvlevebi exeba religiis Sinagan struqturebsa da<br />

procesebs, xsnis Sesaxeb ganazrebebs, is ukavSirebs sxnis sxvadasxva<br />

<strong>for</strong>mulirebebs konkretul politikur, ekonomikur da normatiul<br />

ganviTarebebs. am gziT, veberianuli Teoria kulturis avtonomias aRiarebs da<br />

gaurbis <strong>for</strong>malizms.<br />

durkhemi<br />

durkhemianistuli midgomebSic kulturis mimarT religias ZiriTadi adgili<br />

eniWeba. religiaze fokusi SesaZleblobas iZleva xazi gavusvaT simboluri<br />

sistemebis kompleqsurobasa da avtonomias. funqcionaluri da veberianuli<br />

Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, durkhemiseuli midgoma ar aris mxolod dainteresebuli<br />

kulturuli procesebis istoriuli gagebiT an kidev SedarebiTi<br />

midgomebiT maT socialuri da eTikuri kodebis mimarT. Seswavlis sagani xdeba<br />

mniSvneladi sistemis struqtura da procesi, romlebic ganixileba rogorc<br />

universaluri, miuxedavad maTi istoriuli droisa Tu adgilisa. am kuTxiT<br />

durkhemiseuli midgoma ufro hgavs semiotikursa da struqturalisturs.<br />

rogorc semiotika, durkhemiseuli Teoria kulturul sistemebs ganixilavs<br />

rogorc organizebuls simbolur antinomiebad. is am <strong>for</strong>malizms scildeba<br />

ramdenime mniSvnelovan aspeqtSi: upirveles yovlisa, durkhemiseuli midgoma<br />

miuTiTebs, rom es antiTezisebi warmoadgenen ara mxolod kognitur an logikur<br />

19

klasifikaciebs, aramed sakralursa da Cveulebrivs Soris axdenen gamijvnas.<br />

aseTi tipis dapirispirebebs emociuri da moraluri xasiaTi aqvs. kognituri,<br />

emociuri da moraluri dayofebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc organizebuli<br />

socialuri Temebis safuZveli, romelTa wevrebsac erTmaneTTan akavSirebT<br />

mWidro solidarobis gancda.<br />

durkhemiseuli midgoma xazs usvams imas, rom mediaciis rols simbolur<br />

dayofebsa da socialur solidarobebs Soris asrulebs rituali. ritualebi<br />

aris intensiurad emociuri urTierTobebi, romlebic sakralur simboloebze<br />

orientirdebian. isini SeiZleba warmoiSvan rogorc simboluri muqaris mimarT<br />

reagireba an kidev socialuri solidarobis Sesustebis Sedegi sazogadoebebsa<br />

Tu jgufebSi.<br />

mari duglasis meTodologia semiotikasa da funqcionalizms efuZneba,<br />

Tumca mis naSromSi simboluri dabinZurebis Zalis Sesaxeb — romelic STaagonebs<br />

moralur, fsiqologiur da egzistenciur SiSs — aSkaraa struqturalizmisa da<br />

funqcionalizmis elementebi. duglasi Tvlis, rom sakraluri da profanuli<br />

wamoadgenen simboluri klasifikaciis ara mxolod Sida kulturul wyaroebs,<br />

aramed Zlieri moraluri da emociuri CarTulobisa da socialuri kontrolis<br />

safuZvelsac warmoadgenen. rodesac saubaria “dabinZurebaze”, Cven ar<br />

vgulisxmobT higienur an materialur pirobebs. aramed dabinZurebulad iTvleba<br />

is, rac ar modis mmarTvel simbolur klasifikaciebTan SesabamisobaSi. siwminde<br />

ki sapirispirod aris is, rac Seexeba mocemulobis gamaZlierebel elementebs,<br />

xolo, is rac dabinZurebulia uwesrigobis wyaroa, anu uadgiloa.<br />

uwesrigoba ara qaoturobas gulisxmobs, aramed safrTxes. dabinZurebuli<br />

nivTebi asocirdeba Sav ZalebTan, profanulTan. dabinZureba aris iaraRi<br />

imisTvis, rom moaxdino dominanturi simboluri wesrigis gaZliereba. SeferxebisTvis<br />

adanaSauleb gareSe pirs, es aqti asaxavs imas, rom axali elementebi<br />

qmnian gaugebrobas, gaugebroba ki eWvs badebs gamefebul klasifikaciebTan<br />

mimarTebaSi. duglass martivi sazogadoebebidan moyavs magaliTi da aCvenebs,<br />

rom lideri, romelic Zalauflebas laxavs da legitimuri simboluri qcevis<br />

kodebze ieriSi miaqvs, ganixileba rogorc arakontrolirebadi Zalebisa da<br />

sulebis matarebeli, dabinZurebuli. dabinZureba SeiZleba gawmendil iqnes<br />

Sesabamisi ritualebiT, romelic SiZleba moicavdes aRiarebas, msxverplSewirvas<br />

an kidev kompleqsur kvlav legitimurad gaxdomis ceremoniebs.<br />

antistruqturalur fazaSi monawileebi ganixilebian rogorc sakuTari<br />

Tavis aseve sxvebis mier rogorc gaurkveveli, bundovani atributebis mqone.<br />

isini reagireben ufro struqturirebuli socialuri cxovrebis status niSnebze,<br />

xolo antistruqturul periodebSi moTamaSeebi ayalibeben erTmaneTTan<br />

mWidrod dakavSirebul TanasworuflebianTa sazogadoebebs. imdenad ramdenadac<br />

isini iZulebulebi arian uaryon TavianTi Zveli klasifikatoruli sistemebi,<br />

isini ganixilebian rogorc neofitebi, romlebic SeiZleba daeqvemdebaron<br />

axal masocializirebel procesebs. Sedegad monawileebi am ritualebSi<br />

iReben axal status poziciebs da isini amiT arsobrivad icvlebian.<br />

terners naTesaobis fenomenis ganxilvis dros, am argumentis naTelsayofad<br />

moaqvs zambiis mefis ndembus taxtze asvlasTan dakavSirebuli Zveli rituali.<br />

sanam is taxtze ava, mefem unda gairos arastruqturizebuli periodi, romlis<br />

drosac mas da mis cols ubralo xalxi ayenebs fizikur da sityvier<br />

Seuracxyofas. am iZulebiTi identifikaciis saSualebiT mdabio xalxTan,<br />

miiCneva rom adamiani romelic daikavebs maRal Tanamdebobas naklebad<br />

isargeblebs borotad Tavisi ZalauflebiT.<br />

magram terners, iseve rogorc duglass, sjera, rom am perspeqtivis gavlena<br />

cdeba ritualis Teoriis farglebs. iseve rogorc religia iqceva rTuli da<br />

stratificirebuli sazogadoebis mxolod erT segmentad, aseve antistruqturalizmi<br />

xdeba institucionalizebuli iseTive gziT, romelic “sustTa<br />

Zalauflebis” ganxorcielebis saSualebas iZleva rutinuli gziT.<br />

antistruqturalizmi aseve vlindeba saero warmodgenebSi usaxlkaro ucnobis<br />

misteriuli Zalebis Sesaxeb, romelic popularuli kulturis sxvadasxva<br />

JanrebSi gvevlineba, vesternebis gmirebis msgavsad, mas aqvs ufleba Semoitanos<br />

morali, wesrigi da gaaerTianos macxovreblebi im <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, romelic<br />

20

alyaSi imyofeba.<br />

terneri saubrobs rom martivi reklasifikacia aris saWiro. antistruqturuloba<br />

SeiZleba warmoadgendes moqmedebis, socialuri aqtivobisa da<br />

cvlilebis stimuls, rogorc es moxda mag., komunisturi an religuri, an kidev<br />

iseTi marginaluri gjufebis dros rogoric iyvnen bitnikebi, hipebi, pankebi.<br />

maSin, rodesac orTodoqsuli durkhemiseuli Teoria ganixileboda rogorc<br />

apolitikuri an kidev konservatuli, karol smit rozenbergis feministurma<br />

gamokvlevebma uCvena, rom durkhemiseul <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> kulturalistur versiebs<br />

aqvT politikuri da ufro metad kritikuli elferi. smit rozenbergi iwyebs<br />

istoriuli problemiT: seqsualuri literaturis uprecendento afeTqebiT<br />

adreul me-19 saukuneSi. higienuri literature, romelic axalgazrda kacebs<br />

afrTxilebda masturbaciis da orgazmis yoveldRiur saSiSroebebze.<br />

smit rozenbergi eyrdnoba rogorc duglasis, aseve terneris naSromebs da<br />

gvafrTxilebs, rom amgvari literatura ar unda iqnes ganxiluli reduqciulad,<br />

rogorc namdvili seqsualuri praqtikis an qceviTi problemebis asaxva. aramed<br />

diskusia gagebul unda iqnes rogorc SedarebiTi avtonomiuri kulturuli<br />

<strong>for</strong>mebi, romlebic warmoadgenen Rirebulebebisa da socialuri sakiTxebis<br />

simbolur re<strong>for</strong>mulacias. rogorc ki fsiqologiisa da higienis sakiTxebi<br />

gverdze gadaideba, aSkara xdeba, rom es naxevrad isteriuli diskusiebi<br />

warmoadgenda gabatonebuli kulturuli sistemebisadmi arsebuli muqaris<br />

saSiSroebis regulirebis mcdelobas.<br />

mamakacis orgazmi ganixileboda rogorc binZuri, arakontrolirebadi Seteva<br />

Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebis winaaRmdeg, rasac SeiZleba miveyvaneT avadmyofobebamde<br />

da sikvdilamde. isini vinc "arakontrolirebad" masturbaciasa da<br />

"mgznebare" seqsualur urTierTobas misdevnden, maT miewerebodaT antistruqturuli<br />

adgili maskulinursa da feminurs Soris. aseTi damokidebuleba<br />

mogvagonebs <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> sazogadoebebSi, mamakaci homoseqsualebisTvis<br />

miweril stereotipebs.<br />

smit rozenbergis mixedviT, moxda is rom kulturuli da ara racionaluri<br />

logikiT, mamakacis fizikuri organizmi warmoadgenda adreuli me -19 saukunis<br />

amerikis socialuri organizmis simbolos. safrTxe rom Selaxuliyo ierarqia,<br />

wesrigi da am sazogadoebis balansi — izrdeboda mas Semdeg, rac daiwyo<br />

tradiciulidan komerciul da demokratiul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze gadasvlis procesi<br />

— es procesi, Tavis mxriv emuqreboda janmrTelobisa da maskulinobis<br />

gabatonebul cnebebs.<br />

am simboluri perspeqtividan gamomdinare, kacebis seqsualuri cxovrebis<br />

represirebas hqonda kulturuli datvirTva, imdenad ramdenadac bazris axal<br />

samyaroSi, Segirdebis sistema, romelic awesrigebda da ritualizriebul<br />

xasiaTs aZlevda axalgazrdebis ufrosebis samyaroSi gadasvlas, gaqra.<br />

Tu kacis orgazmi WuWyis matarebelia, maSin ra iyo gankurnebis meTodi?<br />

imdenad ramdenadac jadosnuri Zalebis moxmoba ufro da ufro rTuli xdeboda<br />

saero kulturaSi, qalis saxem puritanul literaturaSi SeiZina erTdroulad<br />

macduri roskipis da wminda danonas Tvisebebi. simboluri ekvivalenti wminda da<br />

TviTSemzRudveli kacisa iyo frigiduli qali, romelic ojaxuri kerisa da<br />

saxlis erTguli iyo.<br />

marqsizmi da kultura<br />

marqsizmis orTodoqsulma versia xeli Seuwyo kulturisadmi avtonomiuri<br />

midgomis Camoyalibebas. me-20 saukunis manZilze, Teoriis farglebSi gaCenilma<br />

Sida revizionistulma midgoma Seecada marqsizmi am meqanisturi elementisgan<br />

gaeTavisuflebina.<br />

kulturul Teorias rac Seexeba, aq gramSi gvevlineba mniSvnelovan<br />

revizionistad, romelmac burJuaziuli kultura moiazra rogorc socializmis<br />

zrdis damoukidebeli barieri da, aqedan gamomdinare, axali klasis kulturis<br />

ganviTareba daisaxa rogorc upirvelesi da yvelaze mniSvnelovani revoluciuri<br />

mizani. <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> marqsistulma midgomebma kulturis mimarT gramSis Teoriis<br />

21

gadafaseba moaxdina da Sedegad miviReT kulturasa da ekonomikur cxovrebas<br />

Soris urTerTdamokidebulebis naklebad reduqcionistuli xedva.<br />

e. p. tompsonis “inglisuri muSaTa klasis Seqmna” warmoadgens axali<br />

kulturuli marqsizmis yvelaze cnobil magaliTs meore msoflio omis Semdgom<br />

periodSi. tompsonTan ara mxolod gramSis gavlena igrZnoba, aramed veberisa da<br />

durkhemisac, igi ara mxolod klasebze saubrobs, aramed kodebze da Rirebulebebzec.<br />

imisaTvis, rom aexsna inglisuri muSaTa klasis mzardi klasobrivi<br />

cnobiereba da agresiuloba tompsonma naklebi mniSvneloba mianiWa ekonomikis<br />

cvalebadobas da yuradReba "Temis" Seqmnaze gadaitana. igi Tvlis, rom maRal<br />

organizebuli da cnobierebis mqone industriuli periodis muSaTa klasi<br />

warmoiSva 18 saukunis adgilobrivi “tradiciebis” dros, romlebic organizebuli<br />

iyvnen sakuTari Tavis pativismcemeli xelosnis eTikis kodeqsis irgvliv.<br />

aRniSnuli eTikis kodeqsi xazs usvamda wesierebas, regularobasa da<br />

urTierTdaxmarebas.<br />

mas Semdeg, rac industriulma revoluciam sayovelTa saxe miiRo arsebuli<br />

eTikis kodeqsi gavrcelda muSaTa ufro farTo jgufebSi, romlebic SeuerTdnen<br />

dakrZalvisa da dazRvevis kompaniebs da muSaTa kavSirebs ara mxolod<br />

racionaluri ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo, aramed imisTvis, rom Tavi egrZnoT<br />

axali kulturuli xanis nawilad.<br />

inglisuri muSaTa klasi rom gamxdariyo revoluciuri, sakuTari saarsebo<br />

pirobebis da TviT interesis racionaluri codna ar iyo sakmarisi. tompsoni<br />

kidev ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs damoukidebeli muSaTa klasis kulturis<br />

zrdas. am kulturis ganviTarebam xelosnebis kodeqsi daukavSira religiuri<br />

saZmoebisa da socialisturi ideliazmis enebs. Sedegad miviReT koleqtiuri<br />

Rirebulebebis klasobrivi kultura, romelic xazs usvams urTierTdaxmarebas,<br />

TviT disciplinas da samoqalaqo dialogs, Rirebulebebs, romlebic warmoiSvnen<br />

politikuri Teoriisa da axali socialuri organizaciebis (mag., profesiuli<br />

kavSirebi) wiaRSi. masobrivma monawileobam maStabur ceremoniebSi da ritualebSi<br />

aseve Tavisi wvlili Seitana. tompsoni ambobs, rom masobrivi demonstraciebis<br />

saSualebiT muSebma moipoves socialuri aRiareba, da es moxda<br />

swored warmatebuli kulturuli trans<strong>for</strong>maciis Sedegad, romelmac gza<br />

gauxsna monawileebs SeenarCunebinaT cxovrebis mniSvneloba, solidaroba da<br />

TviTdisciplina mZime politikuri pirobebis dros. tompsonis mixedviT,<br />

kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomias ara mxolod analitikuri cvladis saxe aqvs,<br />

aramed iqceva istoriul da politikur saWiroebad.<br />

orTodoqsuli marqsizmis Tanaxmad, kapitalisturi warmoeba muSaTa klass<br />

aqcevs cxovrebis gancdis aspeqtSi ara ZiriTad kategoriad, aramed arTmevs mas<br />

mniSvnelobas da dayavs meqanikur <strong>for</strong>mamde. pol vilisisTvis misaRebia es<br />

tradiciuli xedva imdenad, ramdenadac is aTavsebs fizikur Sromas centrSi da<br />

ganixilavs mas rogorc gaucxoebisa da eqspluataciur process. is uxvevs<br />

orTodoqsuli Sexedulebidan, imdenad, ramdenadac am industriul samuSaos<br />

ganixilavs rogorc mniSvnelads. vilisisTvis bazisi da superstruqtura ar<br />

warmoadgens arc calke kategoriebs da, arc ierarqiuls. warmoebis pirdapiri<br />

gamocdileba miiReba sxvadaxva kulturuli diskursebis praqtikiT.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom vilisi aRiarebs muSaTa fizikuri datvirTvis<br />

Semcirebas, is ambobs, rom Zalisa da simamacis meta<strong>for</strong>uli warmodgenebi Zalian<br />

mniSvnelovania samuSao adgilisTvis. isini safuZvlad udevs kulturul aqcents<br />

muSebis kompetenturobisa da ara<strong>for</strong>maluri kontrolisTvis brZolaze samuSao<br />

procesis dros, rac Tavis mxriv warmoSobs simbolur sivrces muSebisTvis. am<br />

dros xdeba maskulinuri identobis simboluri ganmtkiceba.<br />

TviTSefaseba, romelsac warmoSobs samuSao kultura efuZneba rwmenas rom<br />

ufro sustebi, magaliTad, qalebi ver iqnebian warmatebulebi. rogorc<br />

diferencirebuli miRwevis simbolo xelfasi, romelic muSas miaqvs saxlSi, mas<br />

aniWebs centralur statuss ojaxSi, da aseve aZlevs garkveul damoukideblobas<br />

colisa da Svilebis moTxovnebisgan. swored amitom maskulinuri samuSao,<br />

sastiki qarxnuli cxovreba ganixileba rogorc genderis atributi da ara<br />

kapitalisturi warmoebis dehumanirezebuli produqti.<br />

22

postruqturalizmi da kultura — fuko, pier burdie<br />

intleqtualuri moZraoba, romelsac ewodeba poststruqturalizmi<br />

iziarebs marqsizmis kritikul ideologias garda rwmenisa, rom <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

pirobebi gardaiqmneba cnobieri istoriuli agentis, muSaTa klasis CareviT.<br />

aseTi uaryofa SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes radikaluri socialuri moZraobebis<br />

warumatleblobas, Tumca aseve arsebobs Teoriuli mizezebic, imdenad, ramdenadac<br />

postruqturalistur kulturul kvlevebs ara mxolod marqsis gavlena<br />

axasiaTebT, aramed semiotikisa da struqturalizmisac. poststruqturalisturi<br />

midgoma ganviTarda gviandel 1960-ian da 70-ian wlebSi marqsizmisa da<br />

struqtruralizmis safuZvelze. fukom da burdiem xazi gausves simbolizmis<br />

socialur kavSirebs ZalauflebasTan da socialur klasTan. marqsizmis<br />

struqturuli Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod, maT Camoayalibes semioturi,<br />

antifunqcionalisturi midgoma. fukosa da burdies Tanaxmad, socialuri<br />

struqturebi, iseve rogorc klasebi an politikuri Zalaufleba ar SeiZleba<br />

interpretirebuli iyos rogorc kulturis winaaRmdeg moqmedi, imdenad<br />

ramdenadac aseTi gageba gulisxmobs imas, rom socialuri sistemaSi ar<br />

figurirebs mniSvneloba.<br />

parsonsis terminebi rom gamoviyenoT, Tu klasebs an Zalauflebas axasiaTebs<br />

mxolod analitikuri avtonomia kulturisgan , konkretulad isini unda<br />

ganixilebodnen rogorc kulturuli kodebis Semcvleli <strong>for</strong>mebi. es Teoriuli<br />

strategia gvpirdeba, rom gadailaxeba axali kulturuli marqsizmis<br />

meqanisturi, "funqcionaluri “ xedva. Tumca, safrTxe isaa, rom SeiZleba<br />

gameordes determinirebuli da antivoluntaristuli Tvisebebi im semioturi<br />

poziciisa, ris kritikasac is Tavad axorcielebs.<br />

fukosTvis seqsualobis irgvliv adreuli naSromebs ara sakmarisad<br />

kulturuli xasiaTi aqvT. isini ikvleven represiulobas an liberalizms seqsis<br />

sxvadasxva diskursebisa, magram iReben seqsualur qcevas rogorc aseTs, TiTqos<br />

is arsebobda kulturuli diskursebis damoukideblad. fukos mixedviT, unda<br />

SeviswavloT, Tu rogor xdeba seqsualur qcevaze saubari, imdenad ramdenadac<br />

kulturuli diskursi Seadgens im obieqts romelsac is aTavisuflebas, an wnexis<br />

qveS amyofebs. is ambobs, rom gza romliTac "seqsi" eqceva diskurSi, warmoadgens<br />

Zalauflebis <strong>for</strong>mas, imdenad ramdenadac siRmiseul gavlenas axdens adamianur<br />

qcevaze da akontrolebs yoveldRiur siamovnebas.<br />

fuko xelaxla ganixilavs represiuli sazogadoebebidan adreuli<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> periodis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze gadasvlas — sadac xdeboda deviaciuri<br />

seqsualuri qcevis gamoxatva an qorwinebis farglebSi, an kidev qorwinebis miRma<br />

— da romelic mkacrad isjeboda — ufro <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> garemoze, sadac Terapiam<br />

da pedagogiam Caanacvles pirdapiri sasjeli. Tumca es ar niSnavs rom<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> midgomam Searbila seqsualuri qcevis socialuri kontroli da<br />

disciplina, aramed is gaxda Terapiisa da ganaTlebis prerogativa.<br />

seqsualuri aqti gagebul iqna ufro da ufro racionalizebuli da<br />

abstraqtuli diskursis CarCoebSi, rac, fukos mixedviT, warmoadgens kulturis<br />

Zalauflebis gamovlenas seqsualobis kontrolis gansaxorcieleblad. maTi<br />

funqcia naklebad warmoadgenda seqsis pirdapir akrZalvas, aramed qmnida seqsis<br />

Sesaxeb saubris axal gzebs. Tu <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> seqsualobis kategoriebs ganvsazRvravT<br />

rogorc impotenturobas, perversiasa, Tu heteroseqsualobas — am<br />

diskursebma Tavad Seqmnes is obieqtebi, romelTa qsovilic maTve unda aexsnaT.<br />

seqsualuri kodeqsis Zala ar warmoadgenda mxolod kulturul kodeqss. am<br />

sakiTxis irgvliv arsebuli diskusiebi mudmiv yruadRebas iTxovda xelmZRvaneli<br />

pirebis mxridan; maT Seqmnes mTeli rigi axali profesiuli kadrebi, romlebic<br />

meTvalyureobis funqcias Seasrulebdnen. fukos mixedviT, es kadrebi ar<br />

Seqmnilan imisaTvis, rom seqsualurad deviaciuri qcevis kontroli moexdinaT,<br />

aramed aseTi qceva uneburad ganapirobes Tavad maT da aseve im ufro farTo<br />

seqsualurma diskursebma, romlebsac isini emsaxurobdnen. maTi profesiuli<br />

yuradReba asaxavs am saagentoebis swrafvas kontaqtSi Sevides am diskursebTan,<br />

vidre akontrolos isini.<br />

pier burdies naSromebSi Cven vxvdebiT funqcionaluri midgomis kritikul<br />

23

moazrebas, romelic Seicavs semiotikuri analizs. yoveldRiur cxovrebaze<br />

dayrdnobiT, burdie wers, rom materialuri obieqtebis gageba aris momentaluri<br />

da uneburi, xolo aRqmis unari, an kidev gagebis unari individidan<br />

gamomdinareobs. semiotikis gaTvaliswinebiT, burdie saubrobs, rom gageba aris<br />

iluzoruli. aRqma ifiltreba ukve winaswar mocemuli kodebis saSualebiT,<br />

romlebic mas Semdeg rac arian gadamuSavebulni damkvirveblis mier viTardeba<br />

unaris saxiT. aRqma aris kulturuli gaSifrvis garkveuli <strong>for</strong>ma da swored es<br />

gaSifvris unari araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si. yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani saqmeebi da statusebi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si iTxoven kompleqsur<br />

Sesrulebas, romelTa ganxorcielebac SeuZliaT mxolod imaT, vinc saWiro<br />

kodebs flobs. es kodebi warmoadgenen nebismieri sazogadoebis kulturul<br />

simdidres, simdidre, romlis mflobelnic arian isini, vinc miiRo simboluri<br />

saSualebebi. am moxmarebis instrumentebis aracnobieri flobiT individebi<br />

iReben kulturul kapitals.<br />

ojaxebi da skolebi, warmoadgenen institutebs, romlebic specializirdebian<br />

am kulturuli kodebis gadacemaSi da Semdeg ukve Tavs axveven<br />

individebs maTi codnis gareSe, sazRvraven maTi aRqmis gansakuTrebul niSan-<br />

Tvisebebs, romlebsac SemdgomSi individebi gaacnobiereben. imdenad, ramdenadac<br />

ojaxebi da skolebi araTanabar mdgomareobaSi imyofebian Tavidanve Rirebuli<br />

kulturuli kodebis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT, maTi funqcia SeiZleba aRiweros<br />

rogorc socialurad ganpirobebuli araTanabari kulturuli kompetenturobis<br />

gadacema. radganac klasobrivi qceva emyareba kompetenturobas, romelic<br />

gadaicema kulturuli da ara mxolod materialuri SesaZleblobebis saSualebiT,<br />

socialuri privilegia warmoadgens individualuri niWis asaxvas da ara<br />

piriqiT. privilegirebuli jgufebis wevrebic ki fiqroben, rom maTi gemovneba da<br />

SesaZleblobebi bunebrivi ufroa, vidre socialuri. ganaTleba socialurad<br />

ganpirobebul uTanasworobas gardaqmnis warmatebis uTanasworobad, rac Semdeg<br />

interpretirdeba rogorc bunebrivi niWidan gamomdinare uTanasworoba.<br />

kultura asrulebs am ideologiur funqcias manamde, sanam kavSiri kulturasa da<br />

ganaTlebas Soris ukana planze ganixileba.<br />

daskvnis saxiT<br />

kulturul kvlevebSi ukanaskneli tendenciebi SeTanxmebulad aRiareben<br />

kulturis avtonomias socialuri struqturisgan. ideologiis an rwmenaTa<br />

sistemis arsi ar SeiZleba wavikiTxoT socialuri qcevidan gamomdinare. is unda<br />

Seiswavlebodes rogorc TavisTavadi nimuSi. kulturisadmi midgomebi<br />

gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan ukve imis Taobaze, Tu ras niSnavs es avtonomia.<br />

zogierTi Tvlis, rom damoukideblad organizebuli kulturuli sistemebis<br />

codna sakmarisia socialuri qcevebis motivebisa da mniSvnelobis gasagebad.<br />

sxvebi ki saubroben, rom es sistema unda gagebul iqnes rogorc modelirebuli im<br />

procesebze, romlebic ukve arsebobdnen socialur sistemaSi. konkretuli<br />

procesebi, romlebic exeba kulturas, socialur struqturasa da qmedebas aseve<br />

gansxvavdebian, dawyebuli religiuri ritualiT, socializaciiT da ganaTlebiT,<br />

aseve dramaturgiuli inovaciiT da klasobrivi cnobierebis <strong>for</strong>maciiT. da<br />

bolos, arsebobs uTanxmoeba kulturuli sistemis SigniT arsebuli elementebis<br />

Sesaxeb. aris Tu ara kultura logikurad gadabmuli simboloebi Tu<br />

Rirebulebebi, romlebic amtkiceben sasurvel socialur Tvisebebs?<br />

yvela zemoT mocemuli midgoma Seicavs WeSmaritebis garkveul marcvals.<br />

Cven gagviWirdeba kulturis Semecneba subieqturi mniSvnelobis gagebis gareSe,<br />

Tu ar gaviTvaliswineT socialur struqturuli SezRudvebi.<br />

aseve rTulia adamianuri qmedebis interpretacia, Tu ar ganvixileT is<br />

kodebi, romlebic individebs ar SeuqmniaT, Tumca adamianis gamogonebebi badebs<br />

iseT garemos romelic Tavis mxriv iwvevs kulturuli kodebis Secvlas.<br />

miRebuli metafizikuri ideebi qmnian <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> socialuri struqturebis<br />

Zalian myar qsels, magram Zlieri dajgufebebi xSirad mainc axerxeben socialuri<br />

struqturebis gardaqmnas.<br />

24

ena da reprezentacia<br />

rogorc SesavalSi iqna aRniSnuli kultura Seexeba “gaziarebul mniSvnelobebs”<br />

ena ki warmoadgens im mediums ris saSualebiTac Cven moviazrebT ama<br />

Tu im sagans da ris saSualebiTac xdeba mniSvnelobis warmoqmna da gacvla.<br />

ena aris mniSvnelobisa da kulturis Seqmnis ZiriTadi instrumenti. magram<br />

rogor xdeba enis saSualebiT mniSvnelobebis Seqmna? rogor xdeba monawileebs<br />

Soris dialogis warmoeba, romelic maT saSualebas aZlevT Seqmnan gaziarebuli<br />

Sexedulebebis erToblioba da moaxdinon maT garSemo arsebuli samyaros<br />

interpretacia daaxloebiT analogiuri gziT? swored ena gvaZlevs amis<br />

saSualebas, radganac, is operirebs rogorc reprezentaciuli sistema. enaSi Cven<br />

vxmarobT niSnebs da simboloebs, magaliTad, bgerebs, werilobiT gadmocemul<br />

sityvebs, eleqtronulad Seqmnil gamosaxulebebs, musikalur notebs, aseve<br />

nivTebsac — da yovelive es SeiZleba warmoadgendes sxvebisTvis Cveni azrebis,<br />

ideebis, grZnobebis gamoxatulebas. ena warmoadgens “mediis” erT-erT saxeobas,<br />

romlis saSualebiTCveni am ideebis, azrebisa da grZnobebis gamoxatva xdeba<br />

kulturaSi.<br />

procesi, romelsac “kulturisken Semotrialeba” ewoda socialur da<br />

humanitarul mecnierebebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki kulturulogiur kvlevebsa da<br />

kulturis sociologiaSi, xazs usvamda mniSvnelobis centralurobas kulturis<br />

gansazRvrasTan mimarTebaSi. es fokusi “gaziarebul mniSvnelobebze” SeiZleba<br />

Zalian erTgvarovani da Teoriuli mogveCvenos, imdenad ramdenadac nebismier<br />

kulturaSi raime erT Temas SeZleba hqondes uamravi mniSvneloba da arsebobdes<br />

ramdenime gza erTsa da imave sakiTxis warmosaxvisa, Tu interpretaciisa.<br />

kultura aseve moicavs grZnobebs, emociur mijaWvulobebs, azrebsa da<br />

ideebs. Cemi saxis gamometyveleba “raRacas ambobs” Cems Sesaxeb (Cemi identoba) da<br />

Tu ras vgrZnob (emociebi) an romel jgufs mivekuTvnebi (mijaWvuloba). yovelive<br />

es SeiZleba wakiTxul da gagebul iqnes sxva adamianebis mier, miuxedavad imisa<br />

rom me SeiZleba gamiznulad ar vapirebdi komunikaciis damyarebas, anu<br />

<strong>for</strong>maluri “gzavnilis” gadacemas sxvebisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom meore pirma<br />

SeiZleba logikurad verc ki axsnas, me mas “sakuTari gamometyvelebiT ras<br />

veubnebodi”.<br />

aseve, kulturuli mniSvnelobebi ar aris mxolod “Cvens TavebSi mocemuli”<br />

isini aorganizeben da aregulireben socialur praqtikas, gavlenas axdenen Cvens<br />

qcevaze da Sesabamisad aqvT realuri praqtikuli Sedegi.<br />

kulturuli praqtika mniSvnelovania, kulturaSi monawileebi aniWeben<br />

mniSvnelobas sxva adamianebs, obieqtebsa da movlenebs. sagnebi “TavisTavad” ar<br />

atareben erT, konkretul, fiqsirebul da ucvlel mniSvnelobas. iseTi ubralo<br />

ram rogoric aris qva, SeiZleba warmoadgendes rogorc sasazRvro niSans, aseve<br />

skulpturas — gamomdinare iqidan, Tu ras aRniSnavs, ra konteqstSia mocemuli,<br />

rasac filosofosebi uwodeben gansxvavebul “enobriv TamaSebs” (mag., sazRvrebis<br />

ena, skulpturis ena) iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ras vfiqrobT da gvgrZnobT ama Tu<br />

im obieqtis Sesaxeb da rogor gamovsaxavT mas Semdeg — am gziT Cven mas vaniWebT<br />

mniSvnelobas. xolo mniSvnelobis miniWeba xdeba im sainterpretacio CarCoebis<br />

gamoyenebiT, romelsac Cven vflobT.<br />

nawilobriv, Cven sagnebs vaniWebT mniSvnelobas imiT, Tu rogor vxmarobT maT<br />

an kidev, Tu rogor vaxdenT maT integracias yoveldRiur praqtikaSi. mag.,<br />

agurisa da cementis gamoyenebis Sedegad vagebT saxls da rasac vfiqrobT,<br />

vgrZnobT an kidev vambobT mis Sesaxeb, am mocemul sagans saxlad aqcevs. meore<br />

mxriv, ki sagnebs mniSvneloba eniWebaT imiT, Tu rogor gamovsaxavT maT —<br />

sityvebs, romlebsac maT garSemo viyenebT, istoriebs, romlebsac vyvebiT maT<br />

Sesaxeb, xatebs romlebsac vqmniT da emociebs da faseulobebs, romlebsac<br />

vukavSirebT am sagnebs, klasifikaciisa da konceptualizaciis gzebs.<br />

kultura warmoadgens yvela im praqtikas, romelSic Cven genetikurad ki ar<br />

varT daprogramebulebi, aramed romelsac vaniWebT mniSvnelobasa da<br />

faseulobas, rac Semdeg aseve mniSvneladad unda iyos interpretirebuli sxvebis<br />

mier, imisaTvis rom "operacia" efeqturad ganxorcieldes. kultura, am gagebiT<br />

ganmsWvalavs sazogadoebis yvela Sres.<br />

25

swored es gamoarCevs “adamianur” elements socialur cxovrebaSi biologiuri<br />

motivaciebisgan. kulturis gamokvlevisas umniSvnelovanesi roli<br />

eniWeba simbolikis sferos, romelic safuZvlad udevs socialur cxovrebas.<br />

mniSvnelobebis warmoqmna<br />

sad warmoiqmneba mniSvneloba? mniSvnelobebi wamoiqmneba ramdenime<br />

sxvadasxva adgilas da Semdeg maTi cirkulacia xdeba ramdenime sxvadasxva<br />

procesis an praqtikis saSualebiT (kulturis wre). mniSvneloba gvaZlevs Cveni<br />

identurobis SegrZnebas, vin varT Cven da adamianTa romel wres mivekuTvnebiT.<br />

mniSvneloba mudmivad iqmneba da Semdeg icvleba yoveli piradi da socialuri<br />

urTierTobis dros, romelSic viRebT monawileobas. mniSvnelobas aseve qmnis<br />

masmedia, globaluri komunikaciebi da kompleqsuri teqnologiebi, romelTa<br />

saSualebiTac xdeba sxvadasxva kulturebis cirkulacia saocari siswrafiT.<br />

mniSvneloba aseve iqmneba maSinac, rodesac Cven gamovxatavT sakuTar Tavs, an<br />

movixmarT garkveul “kulturul sagnebs”, anu vaxdenT maT CarTvas yovelRiur<br />

ritualebsa da praqtikaSi da am gziT vaniWebT mas mniSvnelobas an faseulobas, an<br />

rodesac vqmniT garkveul narativebs, istoriebs da fantaziebs maT garSemo.<br />

yovelive zemoT Tqmuli xdeba enis saSualebiT. erTsa da imave kulturis<br />

wevrebs aqvT saziaro azrebi, gamosaxulebebi da ideebi, romlebic maT<br />

saSualebas aZlevs garkveuli perspeqtividan moiazron da Seicnon samyaro da,<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, moaxdinon samyaros interpretacia daaxloebiT erTi da<br />

imave wesiT. zogadad rom vTqvaT, isini operireben erTi da imave “kulturuli<br />

kodebiT” da am kuTxiT azrovneba da grZnoba TavisTavad warmoadgens garkveuli<br />

“reprezentaciis sistemas”, sadac Cveni koncefciebi, gamosaxulebebi da emociebi<br />

niSnaven an warmoadgnen Cvens gonebriv cxovebaSi im sagnebs romlebic SeiZleba<br />

arsebobdnen an ar arsebobdnen Cvens garSemo.<br />

imisaTvis, rom movaxdinoT Cvens mier moazrebulis sxvebisTvis gaziareba,<br />

isinic imave lingvistur kodebs unda flobdnen, rom gaigon Cveni saTqmeli. es ar<br />

niSnavs, rom isini imave enaze, mag., frangul an Cinurze unda saubrobdnen,<br />

rogorc Cven, aramed Cven enas aq vgulisxmobT ufro farTo gagebiT. Cveni<br />

adresatebi, enis garda, aseve daaxloebiT analogiurad unda aRiqvamdnen<br />

vizualur gamosaxulebebsac da bgerebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis im garkveul<br />

<strong>for</strong>mac icnobdnen, romelsac Cven musikas vuwodebT da a.S.<br />

mniSvneloba warmoadgens dialogs — is yovelTvis mxolod nawilobriv aris<br />

gagebuli da yovelTvis araTanabari gacvlaa.<br />

maSasadame, ratom varqmevT enas an enebs mniSvnelobis Seqmnis da gadacemis<br />

sxvadasxva gzebs? rogor funqcionireben es enebi? enebi operireben rogorc<br />

reprezentaciuli sistemebi, imdenad ramdenadac isini iyeneben garkveul<br />

elementebs, romlebic warmoadgenen imas risi Tqmac Cven gvsurs imisaTvis, rom<br />

gamovxatoT raRac azri, idea an grZnoba. verbaluri ena iyenebs bgerebs,<br />

werilobiTi — sityvebs, xolo musikaluri ena - notebs, "sxeulis ena” mimarTavs<br />

fizikur Jestebs, modis industria tansacmels iyenebs, televizia ki cifrulad<br />

an eleqtronuli wesiT warmoqmnil piqselebs ekranze, SuqniSnebi mimarTaven<br />

mwvane, wiTel da yviTel ferebs CvenTvis garkveuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis mosawodeblad.<br />

yvela es elementi — bgerebi, sityvebi, notebi, Jestebi, tansacmeli warmoadgens<br />

Cveni bunebrivi an materilauri samyaros nawils, magram maTi enisTvis<br />

mniSvneloba ar aris is Tu ras warmoadgenen isini, aramed Tu ras akeTeben isini,<br />

maTi funqcia. isini qmnian mniSvnelobas da Semdeg gadascemen. isini aRniSnaven<br />

raRacas. TavisTavad maT ar gaaCniaT mniSvneloba, aramed warmoadgnen<br />

saSualebebs, romlebic arian mniSvnelobis matareblebi, radganac operireben<br />

rogorc simboloebi. es simboloebi ki warmoadgenen im mniSvnelobebs, romlis<br />

sxvisTvis gadacemac Cven gvsurs. anu maT eniWebaT niSnebis funqcia. niSnebi<br />

aRniSnaven an warmoadgenen Cvens ideebs, azrebs, gancdebs iseTi gziT rom maTi<br />

“wakiTxva” dekodireba an interpretacia SeZlon sxvebma, daaxloebiT imave wesiT.<br />

ena amitom warmoadgens aRmniSvnel praqtikas. nebismieri reprezentaciuli<br />

sistema, romelic am gziT funqcionirebs, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom efuZneba enis<br />

26

eprezentaciis principebs. aqedan gamomdinare, fotografiac reprezentaciuli<br />

sistemaa, romelic iRebs gamosaxulebas sinaTleze mgrZnobiare qaRaldze<br />

dasxivebis saSualebiT, rom warmoadginos fotografiuli mniSvneloba<br />

konkretul adamianis, movlenisa Tu scenis Sesaxeb. gamofena muzeumSi an<br />

galereaSi SeiZleba aRiqmebodes rogorc ena, ramdenadac is iyenebs gamofenil<br />

sagnebs imisaTvis, rom Seqmnas garkveuli mniSvnelobebi gamofenis Tematikis<br />

irgvliv. aseve rodesac fexburTis matCze saxe daxatulebi, sloganebiTa da<br />

transfarantebiT midian, esec garkveuli enaa, anu simboluri praqtika, romelic<br />

aZlevs mniSvnelobas an gamoxatulebas rom es pirebi miekuTvnebian nacionalur<br />

kulturas, an kidev identificirdebian TavianT qalaqTan Tu regionTan.<br />

reprezentacia aq mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli rogorc identobasTan, aseve<br />

codnasTanac. rTulia icode Tu ras niSnavs iyo ingliseli an frangi, an<br />

qarTveli Tu ar daveyrdnobiT am aRmniSvnel sistemebs, romelTa saSualebiTac<br />

xdeba Cvens garSemo arsebuli samyaros moazreba, da romelsac Cven kulturas<br />

vuwodebT.<br />

kulturisa da enis saSualebiT<br />

mniSvnelobis warmoeba da cirkulacia<br />

ena gvTavazobs erT zogad models Tu rogor muSaobs kultura da<br />

reprezentacia, gansakuTrebiT ki semiotikis sferoSi. semiotikas uwodeben<br />

“niSnebis mecnierebas”. es niSnebi warmoadgenen mniSvnelobis matareblebs<br />

kulturaSi. mniSvnelobiT dainteresebam gamoiwvia is, rom diskursis roli<br />

kulturaSi gaxda msjelobebis sagani. diskursi warmoadgens raRac konkretuli<br />

praqtikis sagnis garSemo codnis konstruirebas an am saganze msjelobis gzebs :<br />

kompleqsi (erToblioba) ideebis, gamosaxulebebis, da praqtikis, romelic<br />

dakavSirebulia garkveul TemasTan, socialur aqtivobasTan an instituticiasTan<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si. es diskursiuli Camoyalibebuli erTobliobebi,<br />

gansazRvraven ra aris da ra ar aris misaRebi ama Tu im konkretuli sagnis Tu<br />

socialuri aqtivobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, ra codna aris aucilebeli da<br />

aqtualuri im mocemul konteqstSi da ra tipis individebi atareben am<br />

maxasiaTeblebs.<br />

arsebobs bevri msgavseba, magram, amave dros, gansxvavebebi semiotursa da<br />

diskursiul midgomebs Soris. erTi mniSvnelovani sxvaoba mdgomareobs imaSi,<br />

rom semioturi midgoma exeba Tu rogor xdeba warmodgena, Tu rogor qmnis ena<br />

mniSvnelobas, romelsac ewodeba “poetika”, maSin rodesac diskursiuli midgoma<br />

ufro Seexeba reprezentaciis Sedegebsa da efeqtebs — mis politikas. is ikvlevs<br />

ara mxolod rogor qmnian ena da reprezentacia mniSvnelobas, aramed codnas,<br />

romelsac warmoqmnis konkretuli diskursi da romelic ukavSirdeba<br />

Zalauflebas, aregulirebs qcevas, Seadgens an akonstruirebs identobebs da<br />

subieqtebs da gansazRvravs, Tu rogor unda moizrebodnen da gamoixatebodnen<br />

mocemuli sagnebi. fokusi diskursiul midgomaSi yovelTvis konkretuli <strong>for</strong>mis<br />

istoriul specifiurobazea an kidev gamoxatvis meqanizmze: ara enaze rogorc<br />

aseTze, aramed konkretul enebze an mniSvnelobebze da Tu rogor xdeba maTi<br />

gamoyeneba mocemul dros da mocemul adgilas.<br />

Cven ar gagvaCnia pirdapiri, martivi, racionaluri an pragmatuli<br />

damokidebuleba mniSvnelobebis mimarT. isini axdenen Zlieri rogorc pozitiuri<br />

aseve negatiuri grZnobebisa da emociebis mobilizirebas. maT xSirad<br />

urTierTsawinaaRmdego xasiaTi aqvT da xSirad Cvens identobebsac kiTxvis niSnis<br />

qveS ayeneben. Cven gviwevs maT dasacavad, an maT winaaRmdeg brZola, radgan isini<br />

mniSvneladia da maT seriozuli Sedegebi mohyveba. isini gansazRvraven, Tu ra<br />

aris “normaluri”, vin miukuTvneba mocemul socialur erTobliobas da vin ara.<br />

isini mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Zalauflebis urTierTobebTan, imdenad,<br />

ramdenadac Cveni cxovrebebze did zegavlenas axdens is faqti, Tu rogor xdeba<br />

Semdegi cnebebis gansazRvra da xmareba kaci/qali, Savkaniani/TeTrkaniani,<br />

mdidari/Raribi, homoseqsuali/heteroseqsuali, axalgazrda/moxuci, moqalaqe/ucxo.<br />

mniSvnelobebis organizeba xSirad binarulia anerTmaneTs upiris-<br />

27

pirdeba. Tumca es binaruli xedva xSirad eWvis qveS dgeba, imdenad ramdenadac<br />

reprezentaciebi erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedeben, erTmaneTs cvlian. rac ufro<br />

Rrmad Sedixar reprezentaciis kvlevis procesSi, miT ufro kompleqsuri xdeba<br />

isda ufro rTulia aRsawerad.<br />

reprezentacia da mniSvneloba<br />

qvemoT ganvixilavT, Tu rogor akavSirebs reprezentaciis cneba<br />

mniSvnelobasa da enas. yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT sam sxvadasxva midgomaze Tu<br />

Teoriaze am sakiTxis Sesaxeb: refleqsurs, intencionalurs da konstruqtivistuls.<br />

ena ubralod asaxavs im mniSvnelobas, romelic ukve arsebobs<br />

sganebis, adamianebisa da movlenebis samyaroSi (refleqsuri); ena gamoxatavs<br />

mxolod molaparakis an mwerlis, an mxatvris saTqmels, maT mier Cadebul<br />

mniSvnelobas (intencionaluri); mniSvneloba iqmneba enis saSualebiT<br />

(konstruqtivistuli).<br />

jer daviwyebT reprezentaciis cnebis ganxilviT: ras niSnavs sityva<br />

reprezentacia. ras moicavs reprezentaciis procesebi da rogor muSaobs<br />

reprezentacia.<br />

reprezentacia aris mniSvnelobis warmoeba enis saSualebiT. oqs<strong>for</strong>dis<br />

inglisuri enis leqsikonSi am sityvas CvenTvis ori aqtualuri mniSvneloba aqvs:<br />

1. raRacas rom warmoadgen, niSnavs rom mas aRwer an gamosaxav, gonebaSi<br />

moixmob aRweris, warmosaxvis ZaliT, amsgavseb gonebiT an grZnobiT raRacas, mag.,<br />

winadadeba - es suraTi warmoadgens abelis mier kainis mkvlelobas;<br />

2. reprezentacia aseve niSnavs, rom xdeba raRacis simbolizacia, raRaca<br />

meore sagans warmoadgens an cvlis. mag., qristianobaSi jvari warmoadgens<br />

qristes tanjvasa da jvarcmas.<br />

figurebi naxatze kainis da abelis istoriias gamosaxaven, iseve rogorc<br />

jvari Sedgeba ori xis joxisgan, romlebic erTmaneTzea miWedebuli;<br />

qristianuli rwmenis konteqstSi ki jvari ufro bevri niSvnelobis matarebeli<br />

simboloa da es aris is cneba, romelic Cven SegviZlia aRvweroT sityvebiTa da<br />

gamosaxulebebiT.<br />

sityva niSnavs an warmoadgens raRac cnebas da isSeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes<br />

rogorc referenti an kidev aRmniSvneli "namdvili” an warmosaxviTi obieqtis.<br />

mag., Cven SegviZlia voperirebdeT mxolod Wiqis cnebiT. rogorc lingvistebi<br />

amboben, ZaRlebi yefen, magram Tavad cneba "ZaRli" arc yefs da arc ikbineba. Cven<br />

ar SegviZlia visaubroT WiqiT, aramed am sagans vaniWebT garkveul sityvas — Wiqa<br />

— romelic warmoadgens lingvistur niSans, romelsac qarTulSi viyenebT im<br />

sagnebis mimarT saidanac SegviZlia davlioT wyali. swored aq Semodis<br />

reprezentaciis cneba, rac rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna warmoadgens cnebebis<br />

mniSvnelobebis warmoebas Cvens gonebaSi enis saSualebiT. is aris kavSiri<br />

cnebebsa da enas Soris, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs visaubroT sagnebis,<br />

adamianebis, movlenebis "namdvil" samyaroze.<br />

aq gvaqvs ori procesi, reprezentaciis ori sistema. pirvel rigSi arsebobs<br />

sistema, romlis saSualebiTac sagnebis, adamianebisa da movlenebis dakavSireba<br />

xdeba cnebebis garkveuli kompleqtiT an kidev mentaluri reprezentaciebiT,<br />

romlebic arsebobs Cvens TavebSi. maT gareSe Cven ver movaxdendiT samyaros<br />

azrian interpretacias. pirvel rigSi, mniSvneloba efuZneba cnebebisa da<br />

gamosaxulebebis sistemas romelic <strong>for</strong>mirdeba Cvens azrebSi, romlebic<br />

aRniSnaven an warmosaxvven samyaros.<br />

es TavisTavad Zalian kompleqsuri procesis martivi axsnaa. martivia imis<br />

danaxva, Tu rogor vayalibebT cnebebs im sagnebisTvis, romelsac vxedavT —<br />

xalxi, materialuri sagnebi, mag. skamebi, magidebi. magram Cven aseve vayalibebT<br />

cnebebs ufro bundovani da abstraqtuli sagnebisTvis, romlebsac ver vxedavT,<br />

ver SevigrZnobT da ver vexebiT. mag., sikvdilis, megobrobisa Tu rwmenis cnebebi.,<br />

romlebic arasdros gvinaxavs da verc vnaxavT. Cven amas vuwodeT reprezentaciis<br />

sistemas, radganac is Sedgeba ara individualuri cnebebisgan, aramed cnebebis<br />

organizebis, Tavmoyris, klasifikaciis sxvadasxva gzebisgan da amyarebs maT<br />

28

Soris kompleqsur urTierTobebs. mag., Cven viyenebT msgavsebisa da<br />

gansxvavebulobis principebs, imisaTvis rom davamyaroT kavSiri cnebebs Soris an<br />

gavarCioT isini erTmaneTisgan. mag., me mgonia, rom garkveulwilad Citebi hgvanan<br />

TviTmrfrinavebs caSi, im faqtze dayrdnobiT, rom oriveni dafrinaven. Tumca<br />

amave dros isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, imitom rom pirveli bunebas<br />

ekuTvnis, meore ki, adamianis xeliT aris gakeTebuli. swored cnebebs Soris<br />

amgvari kavSirebis safuZvelze Cven vayalibebT fiqrebs. mocemul magaliTSi<br />

pirveli daskvna emyareba frena/ar frenas Soris ganxvavebas, xolo meore exeba<br />

bunebrivsa da xelovnurs Soris gansxvavebas.<br />

arsebobs gansxvavebuli saxis organizaciis principi, romelic mag.,<br />

Tanmimdevrobazea agebuli — saqme gvaqvs imasTan, Tu romeli cneba romels<br />

mohyveba, an kidev kauzalobasTan, ra iwvevs ras. aq saubaria ara SemTxveviT<br />

Tavmoyril cnebebze, aramed cnebebze, romlebic klasificirebulia erTmenTTan<br />

mimarTebaSi.<br />

mniSvneloba emyareba samyaroSi sagnebsa da cnebobriv sistemas Soris<br />

urTierTobas, romlebic warmoadgenen maT mentalur repezentacias. magram,<br />

amave dros, Cven erTmaneTTan vamyarebT komunikacias imitom rom viziarebT erTi<br />

da imave konceptualur rukebs da met- naklebad msgavsad vaxdenT samyaros<br />

interpretacias. Tumca gaziarebuli cnebobrivi ruka ar aris sakmarisi. Cven<br />

aseve unda gvakavSirebdes saerTo ena. ena warmoadgens reprezentaciis meore<br />

sistemas. Cveni cnebebi da ideebi SesabamisobaSi rom movidnen konkretul<br />

daweril sityvebTan, warmoTqmul bgerebTan an vizualur gamosaxulebasTan<br />

amisaTvis mivmarTavT niSnebs.<br />

niSnebi organizebulia enebad da swored saerTo enebis arsebobis saSualebiT<br />

vaxdenT Cveni azebis, cnebebis Targmans sityvebad, gamosaxulebebad daa.S. rom<br />

SevajamoT, mniSvnelobis procesis SaugulSi, kulturaSi arsebobs ori<br />

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli “reprezentaciuli sistema”. pirveli saSualebas<br />

gvaZlevs mniSvneloba mivaniWoT samyaros sagnebs Cveni cnebobriv rukebs Soris<br />

Sesabamisobis, igiveobriobis damyarebis gziT. meore ki, efuZneba Cvens cnebobriv<br />

rukebsa da niSnebs Soris Sesabamisobis damyarebas.<br />

vizualuri niSnebi da gamosaxulebebi msgavsia im sagnebisa, romlebsac isini<br />

warmosaxaven; Tumca es niSnebi mainc niSnebad rCebian — isini garkveuli<br />

mniSvnelobis matareblebi arian da eqvemdebarebian interpretacias. imisaTvis,<br />

rom movaxdinoT maTi interpretacia, Cven unda gvqondes zemoT ganxiluli<br />

reprezentaciis or sistemas Soris kavSiri.<br />

magaliTad, rom warmovidginoT "cxvris" abstraqtuli naxati, mocemuli<br />

abstraqtuli naxatis wasakiTxavad Cven unda vflobdeT rTul cnebobriv da<br />

gaziarebul lingvistur sistemas. rodesac niSansa da mis referents anu<br />

aRsaniSns Soris kavSiri bundovania, maSin mniSvneloba eWvis qveS dgeba da<br />

gaurkvevloba isadgurebs, ar xdeba mniSvnelobis komunikacia calsaxad da<br />

naTlad. vizualur niSnebs — xatebi (imiji) ewodeba. xati <strong>for</strong>miT msgavsia im<br />

obieqtisa, romlis asaxvasac is cdilobs. werilobiTi da verbaluri niSnebi ki<br />

warmoadgenen "indeqsur" niSnebs.<br />

indeqsuri niSnebi aranair urTierTobaSi ar imyofebian im sagnebTan<br />

romlebzec isini msjeloben. magaliTad, asoebi s a x l i, ar hgavs Cvens garSemo<br />

arsebul saxlebs da arc bgerebis saSualebiT warmoTqmuli "saxli " aris msgavsi<br />

im obieqtisa, romelsac Cven vuyurebT.<br />

urTierTdamokidebuleba reprezentaciis am sistemebSi niSans, cnebasa da im<br />

obieqts Soris, romlis aRsaniSnavadac isini gamoiyenebian aris TviTneburi.<br />

"TviTneburSi" Cven vgulisxmobT, rom sxva nebismieri asoebis an bgerebis<br />

Tavmoyras SeiZleba imave warmatebiT gamoexata is sagani Tu obieqti, romelsac<br />

Cven vuwodebT saxls. mag., ingliselebi da qarTvelebi imave cnebas iyeneben,<br />

magram es cneba inglisurSi gamoixateba sityviT “house" qarTulSi, ki "saxliT”<br />

maSasadame, mniSvnelobis konstruireba xdeba reprezentaciis sistemebis<br />

saSualebiT. es konstruireba da Semdeg fiqsireba xdeba kodis saSualebiT,<br />

romelic amyarebs kavSirs Cvens cnebobriv sistemasa da Cvens enobriv sistemas<br />

Soris, ise rom yovel jerze, rodesac Cven vfiqrobT saxlze kodi gveubneba, rom<br />

unda gamoviyenoT qarTuli sityva saxli, Tu ki inglisur enovan qveyanaSi<br />

29

vimyofebiT, maSin es iqneba sityva “house” . aseve, amis sapirispirod kodi<br />

gveubneba, Tu romel cnebazea saubari rodesac Cven gvesmis an vkiTxulobT<br />

garkveul niSnebs. kodebi saSualebas gvaZleven vTargmnoT Cveni cnebebi<br />

garkveul enaze, rac Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelobis gadacemis meqanizmia molaparakis<br />

mxridan adresatisTvis. es mTargmnelobiTi meqanizmi ar aris mocemuli arc<br />

bunebrivad da arc RmerTis mier, aramed warmoadgens socialuri konvenciebis<br />

rezultats da fiqsirebulia socialurad kulturaSi.<br />

ingliseli, frangi, Tu qarTveli mosaubreni raRac drois ganmavlobaSi<br />

mividnen SeTanxmebamde rom TavianT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul enebSi,<br />

garkveuli niSnebi aRniSnaven garkveul cnebebs. swored amas swavloben bavSvebi<br />

da isini gardaiqmnebian ara mxolod biologiur individebad, aramed kulturuli<br />

subieqtebad. amitom, rodesac mivekuTvnebiT garkveul kulturas da Sesabamisad<br />

vflobT konkretul enobriv da cnebobriv sistemas, samyaros vxedavT garkveuli<br />

perspeqtividan.<br />

enis pirveli anTropologebi, werdnen rom Caketilebi varT garkveul<br />

kulturul "mentalitetSi" da ena aris saukeTeso gasaRebi Cveni cnebobrivi<br />

samyaros amosacnobad. sainteresoa, Tu ramdenad aris Cveni gamocdileba<br />

limitirebuli Cveni lingvisturi da cnebobrivi samyaros mier?<br />

Tu mniSvneloba warmoadgens rezultats imisa, rac ar aris mudmivad myari<br />

bunebaSi, aramed Cveni socialuri, kulturuli da lingvisturi konvenciebis<br />

Sedegia, maSin mniSvnelobis sabolood fiqsireba SeuZlebelia. Cven yvelani<br />

"vTanxmdebiT" rom garkveul sityvebs magaliTad axalgazrdebisTvis SeiZleba<br />

hqondeT gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba. Tumca, aucilebelia, rom moxdes<br />

mniSvnelobis fiqsireba, raTa erTmaneTis gvesmodes. sicialuri da lingvisturi<br />

konvenciebi icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi. sityvebi cvdeba da axali frazebi<br />

ibadeba. zogierT kulturas ar moepoveba ama Tu im cnebis aRmniSvneli sityva,<br />

rac, magaliTad, Cvens kulturaSi SeiZleba farTod ixmarebodes.<br />

axla, ganvixiloT mniSvnelobis reprezentacisadmi sami midgoma.<br />

refleqsuri midgomis mixedviT, mniSvneloba devs saganSi, adamianSi,<br />

movlenaSi romlebic arsebobs "realur samyaroSi", xolo ena funqcionirebs<br />

rogorc sarke, romlic asaxavs im namdvil mniSvnelobas, romelic ukve arsebobs<br />

samyaroSi. Cv. w.-mde meoTxe saukuneSi berZnebma mimarTes mimezisis cnebas, raTa<br />

aexsnaT, Tu rogor asaxavda an bunebis imitirebas axdenda ena da naxati. isini<br />

magaliTad miiCnevdnen, rom homerosis iliada axdenda heroikuli movlenebis<br />

imitacias. Teorias, romelic ambobs rom ena ubralod axdens WeSmaritebis<br />

imitacias, romelic arsebobs fiqsirebuli saxiT gare samyaroSi, ewodeba<br />

mimeturi.<br />

WeSmaritebis garkveuli marcvali arsebobs reprezentaciisa da enis mimetur<br />

TeoriebSi. mag., vizualuri niSnebi garkveulwilad asaxaven im obieqtebis<br />

<strong>for</strong>masa da faqturas, romelebsac gamoxataven. Tumca, vardis organzomilebiani<br />

vizualuri gamosaxuleba warmoadgens mxolod niSans, da is ar unda agverios<br />

eklian mcenaresTan, romelsac specifikuri suni aqvs.<br />

intencionaluri midgomis mixedviT, mosaubre, avtori axdens Tavisi<br />

mnSvnelobis, azris komunikacias enis saSualebiT. sityvebi aRniSnaven imas, ra<br />

mniSvnelobasac avtori debs maTSi. es midgoma naklovania, ramdenadac Cven ar<br />

varT enaSi arsebuli mniSvnelobebis erTaderTi da unikaluri wyaro. ena,<br />

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, efuZneba gaziarebul lingvistur konvenciebsa da<br />

kodebs.<br />

mesame midgoma — konstruqtivistuli - aRiarebs enis sazogadoebriv,<br />

socialur xasiaTs. am midgomis mixedviT, TviTon sagnebi arafers aRniSnaven: Cven<br />

vaxdenT mniSvnelobis konstruirebas reprezentaciuli sistemebis — cnebebisa<br />

da niSnebis saSualebiT. aq ar unda movaxdinoT materialuri samyaros aRreva<br />

simbolur praqtikasa da procesebTan. konstruqtivistebi ar uaryofen<br />

materialur samyaros. ubralod ara materialuri samyaros atarebs mniSvnelobas,<br />

aramed enobrivi sistema. socialuri subieqtebi iyeneven TavianTi<br />

kulturis cnebobriv sistemebs imisaTvis, rom samyaro garkveuli mniSvnelobis<br />

matarebeli gaxdes da sxvebisTvisac gasagebi iyos Cveni fiqrebi da azrebi.<br />

socialuri konstruqtivizmis Teoriis damfuZneblad iTvleba ferdinand<br />

30

sosuri (1857 —1913). sosurs Tanamdedrove lingvistikis mamad miiCneven. enis<br />

miseulma modelma safuZveli Cauyara semiotur midgomas reprezentaciis<br />

problemis mimarT. sosurisTvis ena warmoadgens niSnebis sistemas. man niSani or<br />

mniSvnelovan elementad dayo: <strong>for</strong>mad (TviTon sityva, gamosaxuleba, foto, a.S)<br />

da idead an cnebad Cvens TavebSi, romelTanac es <strong>for</strong>ma asocirdeba.<br />

pirvel elements sosurma aRmniSvneli uwyoda, xolo meores — aRsaniSni.<br />

orive aucilebelia mniSvnelobis warmoqmnisTvis, magram maT Soris<br />

damokidebuleba fiqsirebulia Cveni kulturuli da ligvisturi kodebis mier,<br />

romlebic reprezentaciis arsebobas SesaZlebels xdis. aseve, niSnebi<br />

warmoadgenen sistemis wevrebs da ganisazRvrebian erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi.<br />

magaliTad, mamis cneba ganisazRvreba dedasTan da SvilebTan mimarTebaSi. ase<br />

rom, cnebebis gansazRvra xdeba gansxvavebulobis safuZvelze.<br />

sosuris mixedviT cnebebi (aRsaniSnebi) istoriis manZilze cvalebadobas<br />

eqvemdebareba, yoveli cvlileba ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs kulturis cnebobriv<br />

rukaSi cvilelebas, Sesabisad kulturebi istoriis gansxvavebul monakveTSi<br />

gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen samyaros. magaliTad, mravali saukunis manZilze<br />

dasavlur civilizaciaSi sityva Savi asocirdeboda yvelafer muqTan, borotTan,<br />

akrZalulTan, satanisturTan, saxifaTosTan, rac dRemde asea. Tumca,<br />

SesaZlebelia rom gansxvavebul kulturaSi an kulturul konteqstSi Savs<br />

radikalurad gansxvavebuli datvirTva hqondes.<br />

daskvnis saxiT, mniSvnelobebi iqmneba kulturisa da istoriis wiaRSi. ar<br />

arsebobs erTi, ucvleli, universaluri "WeSmariti mniSvneloba" radganac niSani<br />

mTlianad eqvemdebareba istorias da yoveli aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis<br />

kombinacia aris istoriuli procesis cvalebadi rezultati; anu mniSvneloba<br />

eqvemdebareba interpretaciis aqtiur process. imisaTvis, rom vTqvaT raime<br />

azriani, mniSvnelobis mqone, amisaTvis unda davixmaroT ena; ena ki matarebelia<br />

Cvenamde arsebuli bevri Zveli mniSvnelobis. Cven ar SegviZlia bolomde enis<br />

gawmenda da im dafaruli mniSvnelobebisgan gaTavisufleba, romlebmac SeiZleba<br />

Secvalon an daamaxinjos is risi Tqmac gvsurs. magaliTad, isev Savs rom<br />

davubrundeT, rodesac vkiTxulobT an gvesmis rom ama da am adamians Savi dRe<br />

gauTenda, aq ukve viciT Tu Savs ra mniSvneloba aqvs miniWebuli Cveni kulturis<br />

farglebSi. Tumca interpretaciis dros yovelTvis aris adgili<br />

cdomilebisTvis, sadac Cvens mier Cadebuli mniSvneloba ar esmiT an esmiT odnav<br />

sxvanairad, a.S.<br />

sosurma ena or nawilad gayo. pirveli Sedgeba lingvisturi sitemis zogadi<br />

wesebisa da kodebisgan, romlebic gaziarebulia enis yvela momxmareblis mier<br />

rogorc komunikaciis saSualeba. wesebi warmoadgens principebs, romlebsac Cven<br />

vswavlobT enis Seswavlis dros. sosuri enis struqturas, romelic saSualebas<br />

gvaZlevs sworad CamovayaliboT winadadebebi uwodebda langs (anu enobriv<br />

sistemas). meore nawili ki Sedgeba saubris, weris an xatvis konkretuli,<br />

personaluri aqtebisgan, romlebic langis struqturisa da wesebis gamoyenebiTiwarmoeba<br />

mosaubris an damweris mier. is mas paroles uwodebda. langi aris enis<br />

sistema, ena rogorc <strong>for</strong>mebis sistema, maSin rodesac parole warmoadgens<br />

konkretul saubars an weras, sadac saubris aqtebi SesaZlebeli xdeba enis mier.<br />

sosurisTvis wesebis da kodebis es struqtura warmoadgenda enis socialur<br />

nawils, romlis Seswavlac SesaZlebeli iyo mecnieruli sizustiT, ramdenadac es<br />

sitema daxuruli, SezRuduli bunebis gaxldaT.<br />

imdenad ramdenadac, sosuri gvTavazobda enis Rrma struqturebis Seswavlas,<br />

mas struqturalisti, xolod mis mier warmodgenili enis Seswavlis models<br />

struqturalisturi uwodes. enis meore naswili ki -parole iTvleboda enis<br />

"zedapirad". arsebobda paroles SeuzRudavi raodenoba da Sesabamisad paroles<br />

ar hqonda is struqturuli Taviseburebebi — daxuruli da SezRuduli<br />

variaciebi - romelic mis mecnieruli midgomiT Seswavlas SesaZlebels gaxdida.<br />

sosuris mixedviT, avtori wyvets Tu risi Tqma surs mas, magram amave dros igi<br />

unda daeqvemdebaros enis konkretul wesebs, Tu unda rom sxvebma gaigon misi<br />

saTqmeli. amitom ena socialuri fenomenia. misi wyaro devs <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si,<br />

kulturaSi, Cvens mier gaziarebul kulturul kodebSi da ara bunebasa Tu<br />

individualur subieqtSi.<br />

31

miuxedavad sosuris mier SemoTavazebuli modelis popularobisa,<br />

mogvianebiT mividnen im daskvnamde, rom enis Seswavla mecnieruli sizustiT<br />

SeuZlebelia. ena wesebs eqvemdebareba, magram is ar aris daxuruli sistema,<br />

romelic daiyvaneba <strong>for</strong>malur elementebze. ena gamudmebul cvalebadobas<br />

eqvemdebareba, is Riaa cvalebadobis mimarT — gamoCndnen mecnierebi, romlebmac<br />

sosuris modeli gaafarToves da SeimuSaves poststruqturalisturi midgoma<br />

enobrivi sistemebis mimarT.<br />

sosuris naazrevs misma studentebma Tavi mouyares naSromSi “kursi zogad<br />

lingvistikaSi (1960), sadac is ambobs, rom sasurvelia gaCndes mecniereba,<br />

romelic Seiswavlida niSnebs <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si — "me davarqmevdi mas semiologias,<br />

berZnuli sityva semion “niSnebi”, ganacxada sosurma. am zogad midgomas niSnebis<br />

kvlevisadmi kulturaSi ewodeba semiotika. semiotikis amosavali wertilia is,<br />

rom yvela kulturuli obieqti mniSvnelobis matarebelia da yvela kulturuli<br />

praqtika damokidebulia mniSvnelobaze. isini iyeneben niSnebs, amitom niSnebi<br />

iseve funqcionirebs rogorc ena da eqvemdebareba imave analizs, rogorsac<br />

sosoris mier SemoTavazebuli lingvisturi cnebebi (aRmniSvneli/aRsaniSni,<br />

ena/parole, kodebi da struqturebi da niSnis TviTneburi xasiaTi).<br />

frangi socialuri kritikosi roland barti Tavis wignSi "miTologiebi"<br />

(1972) ganixilavs Widaobis fenomens, greta garbos saxes, sarecxis fxvnilebs da<br />

sapons. man miuyena semiotikuri analizi sazogadoebis yoveldRiur movlenebs da<br />

garkveulli aqtivobebi da sagnebi aRiqva rogorc niSnebi, romlebic enis<br />

saSualebiT garkveuli mniSvnelobis komunikacias cdiloben. semiotur<br />

midgomaSi, ara mxolod sityvebsa da gamosaxulebebs eniWebaT niSnis mniSvneloba,<br />

aramed Tavad sagnebic funqcionireben rogorc aRmniSvnelebi da warmoqmnian<br />

raRac garkveul mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, tansacmeli ara mxolod sxeulis<br />

dasafaravad gamoiyeneba, aramed garkveuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis matarebelia — anu<br />

niSania. saRamos kaba SeiZleba niSnavdes "eleganturobas", jinsi ara<strong>for</strong>malur<br />

Cacmulobas, a.S.<br />

sosuris viwro lingvisturi midgomidan gadavdivarT ufro farTo<br />

kulturul midgomaze. eseSi “miTi dRes” barti gvaCvenebs, Tu rogor muSaobs<br />

reprezentacia ufro farTo kulturul doneze. franguli Jurnali pari matCis<br />

garekanze warmodgenilia axalgazrda Savkanianis foto, romelic frangul<br />

samxedro <strong>for</strong>maSi miesalmeba safrangeTis droSas. misi Tvalebi zeviT aris<br />

mimarTuli da, albaT, droSas uyurebs (1972). analizis pirvel doneze, Cven unda<br />

gavSifroT aRmniSnvelebi: mag., jariskaci, uni<strong>for</strong>ma, mklavi da Tvalebi aweuli,<br />

safrangeTis droSa. niSnebis es erToblioba gvauwyebs, rom Savkaniani miesalmeba<br />

safrangeTis droSas. aq barti ambobs, rom am fotos ufro farTo kulturuli<br />

mniSneloba aqvs da is ris komunikaciasac aRniSnuli foto cdilobs SeiZleba<br />

iyos Semdegi: rom safrangeTi didi da Zlieri imperiaa, rom yvela misi Svili,<br />

miuxedavad kanis ferisa, erTgulad msaxurobs misi droSis qveS, rac warmoadgens<br />

saukeTeso pasuxs imaTTvis, vinc bralad debs safrangeTs kolonializmSi;<br />

Savkaniani biWi erTgulad emsaxureba mis e. w. mCagvrelebs”<br />

barti aq ambobs, rom reprezentacias adgili aqvs ori sxvadasva, magram<br />

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli procesiT. pirvel procesSi, aRmniSnvelebi<br />

(gamosaxulebis elementebi) da aRniSnulebi (cnebebi —jariskaci, droSa)<br />

erTiandebian imisaTvis, rom Seqmnas raRac niSani martivi mesijiT: Savkaniani<br />

jariskaci miesalmeba safrangeTis droSas. meore doneze ki aRsaniSnavebis<br />

erToblioba dakavSirebulia franguli kolonializmis idologiur TemasTan.<br />

analizis swored es meore done warmoadgens miTis Seqmnis done, rasac barti<br />

uwodebs idologiurad Seqmnil mesijebsa Tu mniSnvelobas. amgvari wakiTxvis<br />

dros, safrangeTis imperializmi aris miTis mamoZravebeli. am cnebis saSualebiT<br />

mTeli axali istoria gadmocemuli miTis saxiT — safrangeTis kolonializmis<br />

istoria, awmyoSi arsebuli problemebi.<br />

rogorc davinaxeT, bartis naazrevSi sosuris lingvisturma modelma ufro<br />

farTo gamoyeneba pova da Seexo niSnebisa da reprezentaciebis ufro farTo<br />

sferos (reklama, fotografia, popularuli kultura, mogzauroba, moda)<br />

semiotur midgomaSi, repezentacia gaigeboda imis safuZvelze, Tu rogor<br />

funqcionirebdnen sityvebi rogorc niSnebi enaSi. maSin rodesac kulturaSi<br />

32

mniSnveloba xSirad damokidebulia im narativebze, gancxadebebze, gamosaxulebis<br />

jgufebze, mTlian diskursebze, romlebic operireben mravali teqstis<br />

farglebSi, codnis sferoebze, sadac subieqtma moipova farTo Zalaufleba.<br />

semiotika reprezenataciis process ganixilavda enis CarCoebSi da udgeboda<br />

rogorc daxurul, statikur sistemas. Semdegi naSromebi reprezentacias<br />

ganixilaven, rogorc socialuri codnis wyaros — rogorc ufro Ria sistemas,<br />

romelic mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli socialur praqtikasTan da Zalauflebis<br />

sakiTxebTan. semiotur midgomaSi subieqti enis centridan CamoSorebuli iyo.<br />

mogvianebiT, Teoretikosebi daubrundnen subieqtis sakiTxs. Tumca subieqti ar<br />

daubrunebiaT centrSi, rogorc mniSvnelobis avtori an wyaro. miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom ena Cven gvalaparakebda, unda aRiniSnos rom konkretul istoriul<br />

momentebSi, zogierT adamians ufro meti Zalaufleba hqonda raTa esaubra<br />

garkveuli sakiTxebis irgvliv, vidre sxvebs (kaci eqimebi qali giJi pacientebis<br />

Sesaxeb 19 saukunis miwuruls). repezentaciis modelebs gansakuTrebuli<br />

yuradReba unda mieqciaT codnisa da Zalauflebis sakiTxebis SeswvlisTvis.<br />

fuko reprezentacias ufro viwro gagebiT iyenebda, vidre aq aris ganxiluli,<br />

Tumca man mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana reprezentaciis problemis ganxilvaSi.<br />

mas ainteresebda codnis warmoeba (da ara mxolod mniSvnelobis) diskursis<br />

saSualebiT (da ara mxolod enis saSualebiT). misi amocana is iyo, rom<br />

gaeanalizebina, Tu rogoria adamianebis TviTSegneba Cens kulturaSi da rogor<br />

iqmneba Cveni codna socialuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, individebis Sesaxeb,<br />

gaziarebuli mniSvnelobebis sxvadasxva istoriul periodebSi. fukos naazrevi<br />

ufro istoriuli xasiaTis iyo, vidre sosuris an bartis; is yuradRebas aqcevda<br />

istoriul konkretul pirobebs.<br />

Cven ganvixilavT fukos mier SemoTavazebul sam ZiriTad cnebas: diskursis<br />

cneba, codnisa da Zalauflebis da subieqtis cneba. fukom diskursis cneba<br />

Semdegnairad gansazRvra "Sexedulebebis erToblioba, romelic qmnis<br />

salaparako enas - codnis gamosaxatavad konkretuli Temis garSemo konkretul<br />

istoriul momentSi. diskursi aris codnis warmoeba enis saSualebiT da<br />

ramdenadac yvela socialuri praqtika atarebs raRac mniSvnelobas, mniSvnelobebi<br />

gavlenas axdenen da a<strong>for</strong>mebebn Cvens qcevas — yvela qmedebas aqvs<br />

diskursiuli aspeqti” igive diskursi vlindeba teqstebSi, qcevis <strong>for</strong>mebSi,<br />

sazogadoebis instituciur sferoebSi. rodesac diskursiuli movlenebi exebian<br />

erTi da imave sagans, aqvT erTi da igive stili da iziareben erTsa da imave<br />

instituciur, administraciul an politikur strategias Tu qmedebis xazs.<br />

fukos mixedviT, isini miekuTvnebian erTi da imave diskursiul <strong>for</strong>mirebas.<br />

mniSvneloba da mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli qmedebis konstruireba xdeba<br />

diskursis farglebSi. fuko, iseve rogorc semiotikosebi iyvnen konstruqtivistebi.<br />

imis mtkiceba, rom diskursis gareT arafers aqvs mniSvneloba, erTi<br />

SexedviT, absurduli gancxadebaa, Tumca mniSvnelovani. fuko ar uaryofs rom<br />

sagnebs gaaCniaT namdvili, materialuri arseboba samyaroSi. is ubralod ambobs,<br />

rom sagnebi mniSvnelobas kargaven diskursis farglebs miRma. diskursis cneba ar<br />

exeba sagnebis arsebobas, aramed mniSvnelobis qmnadobis wyaros. idea fizikuri<br />

sagnebisa da qmedebebis Sesaxeb arsebobs, magram maT mniSvneloba eniWebaT da<br />

codnis obieqtebi xdebian mxolod diskursis farglebSi. mag., cnebebs sigiJe,<br />

dasja, seqsualoba mniSvneloba aqvT diskursis farglebSi. 1. mosazrebebi<br />

"sigiJis", dasjisa da seqsualobis Sesaxeb garkveul codnas gvaZlevs am<br />

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. 2. wesebi, romlebic adgnen am sakiTxebze saubris<br />

gamarTlebul, swor wsebs da gamoricxaven gansxvavebul wesebs — anu gansazRvraven<br />

Tu risi Tqma da risi fiqri SeiZleba sigiJeze, dasjasa Tu<br />

seqsualobaze konkretul istoriul momentSi. 3. subieqtebi, vinc garkveulwilad<br />

axdenen diskursis personifikacias — giJi, isteriuli qali, kriminali,<br />

perverti. am subieqtebs garkveuli atributebi eqnebaT mocemul istoriul<br />

periodSi, gamomdinare arsebuli codnidan; 4. rogor iZens codna avtoritets,<br />

"WeSmaritebis" elfers mocemuli sakiTxis garSemo mocemul momentSi;<br />

fukos mixedviT, sagnebi iTvlebodnen "namdvilad" da "WeSmaritad" mxolod<br />

konkretul istoriul konteqstSi. misi azriT, erTi da igive fenomeni ar<br />

SeiniSneba sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi, anu diskursi romelic qmnis codnis<br />

33

garkveul <strong>for</strong>mebs, obieqtebs, subieqtebs, da codnis praqtikas gansxvavdeba<br />

sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi erTmaneTisgan. fukosTvis gonebrivi daavadeba<br />

ar warmoadgenda obieqtur faqts, romelic igive rCeboda yvela istoriul<br />

periodSi da erTsa da imaves niSnavda sxvadasxva kulturebSi. mxolod<br />

konkretul diskursiul <strong>for</strong>mirebaSi sagani "sigiJe" CaiTvleba mniSvelad da<br />

gasageb konstruqtad.<br />

fukos naSromebidan rom moviyvanoT magaliTi, seqsualuri urTierTobebi<br />

yovelTvis arsebobda. magram "seqsualoba", seqsualur vnebaze saubris konkretuli<br />

wesi, Seswavlis Tu regulirebis konkretuli meTodi, seqsualobasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli saidumloebebi da fantaziebi dasavlur civilizaciaSi gamoCnda<br />

mxolod konkretul istoriul momentSi (1978) aseve, yovelTvis arsebobda qcevis<br />

homoseqsualuri <strong>for</strong>mebi, magram "homoseqsuali" rogorc konkretuli<br />

socialuri subieqti Seiqmna moraluri, samarTlebrivi, samedicino da<br />

fsiqiatriuli diskursebis farglebSi, me -19 saukunis miwuruls konkretuli<br />

institucionaluri aparatisa da praqtikis CarCoebSi. aseve, magaliTad, wignSi<br />

“klinikis dabadeba” fuko gviCvenebs, Tu rogor Seicvala avadmyofobis xedva da<br />

gageba naxevar saukuneze nakleb droSi. arsebobda klasikuri xedva, romlis<br />

mixedviTac, avadmyofoba sxeulis gareT arsebobda. <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> gagebam ki<br />

radikalurad Secvala aseTi xedva da ganacxada rom adamianis sxeulis<br />

farglebSive SeiZleba aixsnas esa Tu is daavadeba. am diskursiulma cvlilebam,<br />

Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia cvlilebebi samedicino praqtikaSi. ufro didi<br />

mniSvneloba mieniWa eqimis "mzeras", romelsac ukve SeeZlo waekiTxa avadmyofoba<br />

adamianis sxeulze, anatomiuri atlasis saSualebiT. SeZenilma codnam gazarda<br />

eqimis sameTvalyureo Zalaufleba pacientze.<br />

gviandel naSromebSi fuko dainteresda, Tu rogor xdeba codnis gamoyeneba<br />

diskursiuli praqtikis saSualebiT mocemul institucionalur sferoSi, raTa<br />

moxdes sxvaTa qcevis regulireba. man yuradReba gaamaxvila codnisa da<br />

Zalauflebis urTerTdamokidebulebaze da, Tu rogor operirebda Zalaufleba<br />

institucionaluri aparatis farglebSi da misi teqnologiebi (teqnika).<br />

magaliTad, dasjis aparatis cneba fukosTvis moicavda sxvadasxva lingvistur da<br />

ara lingvistur elements — "diskursebs, institutebs, arqiteqturul nagebobebs,<br />

wesebs, kanonebs, administraciul zomebs, mecnierul mosazrebebs,<br />

filosofiur wanamZRvrebs, moralurobas da a.S.<br />

aparati yovelTvis CarTulia Zalauflebis TamaSSi da aseve dakavSirebulia<br />

codnis garkveul koordinatebTan — aparati Sedgeba Zalebis urTierTobis<br />

strategiebisgan, romlebic codnis sayrdenis rols TamaSoben, codnis tipebic,<br />

Tavis mxriv, sayrdenis rols asruleben ZalauflebisTvis”. (fuko, 1980)<br />

aq fukos interesebi uaxlovdeba klasikuri sociologiis Teoriebs<br />

ideologiis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT ki marqsizms. marqsizmi cdilobda<br />

gamoevlina klasobrivi poziciebi da interesebi, romlebic dafaruli iyo<br />

codnis garkveul saxeebSi. fukoc ganixilavs msgavss Temebs, Tumca is uaryofs<br />

klasikuri marqsistuli ideologiis problematikas. marqsis mixedviT yovel<br />

epoqaSi ideebi asaxaven sazogadoebis ekonomikur safuZvels da rom mmarTveli<br />

klasis ideebi warmarTaven kapitalistur ekonomikasa da gamoxataven dominantur<br />

interesebs. fukos mTavari argumenti klasikuri marqsisituli Teoriis<br />

sawinaaRmdegod iyo, is rom mas codnasa da Zalauflebas Soris urTierToba<br />

dayavda klasobriv Zalauflebaze da klasobriv interesebze. fuko ar uaryofda<br />

klasebis arsebobas, magram is ekonomikuri an klasobrivi reduqcionizmis<br />

winaaRmdegi iyo, rasac marqsistuli ideologiis Teoria efuZneboda.<br />

aseve, fukos mixedviT marqizmi buruJuaziuli codnis "damaxinjebul<br />

saxeebs” upirispirebda marqsistuli mecnierebis mier SemoTavazebul "WeSmaritebas".<br />

fuko Tvlida, rom azris arc erT <strong>for</strong>mas ar hqonda "WeSmaritebaze"<br />

pretenziis gamocxadebis ufleba, radganac arcerTi Teoria ar iyo diskursis<br />

gavlenisgan Tavisufali. azris yvela politikuri da socialuri <strong>for</strong>ma codnisa<br />

da Zalauflebis urTierTqmedebis gavlenis qveS eqceva. aqedan gamomdinare, misi<br />

naazrevi uaryofs tradiciul marqsistul kiTxvas romeli klasis intersebSi<br />

operirebs ena, reprezentacia da Zalaufleba?"<br />

mogvianebiT, italielma antonio gramSim, romelic marqsis gavlenas<br />

34

ganicdida, Tumca marqsisgan gansxvavebiT uaryofda klasobriv reduqcionizms,<br />

ganaviTara "ideologiis" cneba. gramSis "ideologiis" cneba exmaureba fukos<br />

pozicias, magram mainc did yuradRebas uTmobs klasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.<br />

gramSis mixedviT, socialuri jgufebi brZolis sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTaven,<br />

maT Soris ideologiurs, raTa moipovon sxva jgufebTan konsensusi da miaRwion<br />

maTze garkveul Zalauflebas, rogorc Sexedulebebis sferoSi, aseve praqtikaSi.<br />

Zalauflebis am <strong>for</strong>mas ewodeba hegemonia da qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT<br />

ganvixilavT mas.<br />

hegemonia ar aris mudmivad stabiluri da ar daiyvaneba ekonomikur<br />

interesebze an kidev sazogadoebis martiv klasobriv modelze. fukos pozicia<br />

diskursis, codnisa da Zalauflebis Sesaxeb gansxvavdeba Semdegi kuTxiT: fuko<br />

ambobda, rom codna ara mxolod Zalauflebis garkveul <strong>for</strong>mas warmoadgens,<br />

aramed Zalaufleba gansazRvravs Tu ra dros da rogor moxdeba codnis<br />

gamoyeneba praqtikaSi. codnis gamoyeneba da misi efeqturoba, fukos mixedviT,<br />

ufro mniSvnelovani iyo vidre am codnis WeSmaritebis mtkiceba.<br />

codna dakavSirebulia ZaluflebasTan da ara mxolod "WeSmaritebis”<br />

avtoritets iZens, aramed Seswevs Zala gaamarTlos sakuTari Tavi. nebismieri<br />

codna, rodesac is mieyeneba realur samyaros da moaqvs realuri Sedegebi, iZens<br />

"namdvilis, WeSmaritis" statuss. codna rodesac gamoiyeneba sxvebis samarTavad,<br />

moicavs SezRudvas, marTvasa da disciplinarul praqtikas.<br />

fukos mixedviT, codna ar operirebs vakuumSi. codna operirebs garkveuli<br />

strategiebis saSualebiT, gansakuTrebul situaciebSi, istoriul konteqstSi da<br />

institucionalur reJimebSi. imisaTvis rom SeviswavloT dasjis fenomeni unda<br />

davakvirdeT Tu diskursi-Zalis kombinaciam — Zala/codnis kombinaciam rogori<br />

gageba Seqmna danaSaulisa da kriminalis, rac TavisTavad gavlenas axdens im<br />

realur Sedegebze, rac moaqvs am faqtorebis aqtualobas damnaSavisTvis da<br />

sasjelis gamomtanisTvis.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, fuko mivida daskvnamde, rom yoveli diskursiuli<br />

<strong>for</strong>macia aris garkveuli WeSmaritebis reJimis matarebeli. WeSmariteba ar<br />

arsebobs Zalauflebis gareT. WeSmariteba am samyaros miekuTvneba. is iqmneba<br />

SezRudvis mravalnairi <strong>for</strong>mis saSualebiT da iwvevs Zalauflebis garkveul<br />

periodul Sedegebs. yovel <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s aqvs Tavisi WeSmaritebis reJimi,<br />

WeSmaritebis Tavisi "zogadi politika"; anu diskursis tipebi, romlebsac is<br />

iRebs da funqcionirebads xdis, rogorc marTals, SeimuSavebs meqanizmebsa da<br />

magaliTebs, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba marTali da mcdari Sexedulebebis<br />

gamijvna erTmaneTisgan, sanqcirebis meqanizmebis dadgena, imaTi statusis<br />

gansazRvra, vinc ambobs Tu ra iTvleba WeSmaritad.<br />

Zalauflebis axali koncefciebi<br />

fukom SeimuSava Zaluflebis axali cneba. Cven Zalauflebas ganvixilavT<br />

rogorc yovelTvis zemodan momavals erTi mimarTulebiT, da erTi wyarodan —<br />

mmarTveli, saxelmwifo, mmarTveli klasi. fukosTvis Zalauflebas ufro<br />

moZravi, wriuli xasiaTi aqvs. is arasdros aris erTi centris mier<br />

monopolizirebuli da qseluri tipis organizaciis matarebelia. es ki niSnavs,<br />

rom garkveulwilad Cven yvelani varT monawileebi — erTdroulad warmovadgenT<br />

rogorc mCagvrelebs, aseve Cagrulebs. Zalauflebis urTierTobebi<br />

ganmsWvalaven socialuri arsebobis yvela dones da funqcionireben socialuri<br />

cxovrebis yvela sferoSi — ojaxisa da seqsualobis privatul sivrceebSi, iseve<br />

rogorc politikis sazogadoebriv sivrceebSi, ekonomikasa da samarTalSi. ufro<br />

metic, Zalauflebas ara mxolod negatiuri, mCagvrelobiTi xasiaTi aqvs,<br />

romelic eZebs kontrolis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas, aramed is aseve<br />

produqtiulia. Zalaufleba awarmoebs sagnebs, moaqvs siamovneba, akonstruirebs<br />

codnis <strong>for</strong>mebs, qmnis diskurss. is SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc produqtiuli<br />

qseli, romelic mTel socialur sxeulSi operirebs.<br />

magaliTad, damsjeli sistema qmnis wignebs, xelSekrulebebs, wesebs,<br />

kontrolis axal strategiebs, debatebs parliamentSi, treningis sistemas cixis<br />

35

TanamSromlebisTvis.<br />

seqsualobis kontrolis mcdelobebi ki qmnis garkveul diskurss —<br />

Sexedulebebs, dialogs seqsis Sesaxeb, satelevizio da radio programebs,<br />

kanonmdeblobas, saJurnalo statiebs, samedicino konsultaciebs, seqsualur<br />

praqtikas (mag., usafrTxo seqsi) da porno industrias. fuko ar uaryofs rom<br />

saxelwifos, kanons, mmarTvels an dominant klass uWiravs Zalauflebis<br />

dominanturi poziciebi, aramed is migviTiTebs imisken, rom arsebobs aseve<br />

Zalauflebis ufro lokalizebuli qselebi, taqtika da meqanizmebi — anu<br />

Zalauflebis "mikro fizika”.<br />

ibadeba kiTxva. Tu sad aris am ganazrebebSi subieqtis adgili. sosurma uaryo<br />

subieqtis roli reprezentaciis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. ena gvalaparakebs, Tqva<br />

man. subieqti mxolod indviduluri saubris aqtis (paroles) avtoria. fukoc<br />

garkveulwilad eTanxmeba am pozicias. misi azriT, diskursi da ara subieqti qmnis<br />

codnas. codna/Zalauflebis funqcionirebisTvis ar aris saWiro "subieqtis"<br />

moZieba. fuko ar eTanxmeboda subiqtis cnebis tradiciul moazrebas, romlis<br />

mixedviTac subieqti, rogorc individi, warmoadgens cnobierebis matarebel,<br />

avtonomiur da stabilur substancias, "me-s", mniSvnelobisa da moqmedebis<br />

damoukidebl, namdvil wyaros.<br />

rogorc davinaxeT, enisa da repezentaciis konstruqtivistuli moazreba<br />

subieqts CamoaSorebs privilegirebul pozicias. fukos mixedviT, ara subieqtebi<br />

laparakoben, aramed garkveuli diskursi alaparakebT maT. subieqtebs SeuZliaT<br />

garkveuli teqstebis warmoeba, magram isini epistemes CarCoebSi moqmedeben,<br />

gamomdinare garkveuli WeSmaritebis reJimis perspeqtividan, mocemuli<br />

periodisa da kulturis sazRvrebs Soris moqceulni. subieqti SeuZlebelia<br />

idges raRac garkveuli diskursis farglebs gareT rogorc codnis<br />

damoukidebeli wyaro da avtori.<br />

amave dros, diskursi qmnis subieqtisTvis adgils (mag., mkiTxveli an<br />

mayurebeli, romelic aseve eqvemdebareba diskurss), saidanac mocemuli codna<br />

da mniSvneloba xdeba gasagebi. yvela individi konkretul periodSi SeiZleba<br />

gaxdes diskursis subieqti da, aqedan gamomdinare, Zalaufleba/codnis<br />

matarebeli. amisaTvis saWiroa sakuTari Tavi movaTavsoT iseT poziciaSi,<br />

saidanac CvenTvis diskursi gasagebi gaxdeba da am gziT gavxdeT garkveuli<br />

mniSvnelobebis, Zalauflebisa da regulaciis subieqtebi. yvela diskursi aseTi<br />

saxiT qmnis subieqt poziciebs, saidanac isini gasagebi xdebian.<br />

am Teoriis mixedviT, kacebisTvis Seqmnili pornografia, qalebisTvis<br />

mxolod maSin iqneba gasagebi, Tu qali Tavs kacis "subieqt poziciis" adgilas<br />

daayenebs.<br />

yovelive zemoT xsenebuli rom SevajamoT, konstruqciuli midgomis<br />

mixedviT, reprezentacia moicavs mniSvnelobis warmoebas sagnebis sam sxvadasxva<br />

wesrigs Soris damyarebuli kavSirebis saSualebiT: sagnebis, xalxis, movlenebisa<br />

da gamocdilebis samyaro, konceftualuri samyaro — mentaluri cnebebi,<br />

romlebic Cven TavSi gvaqvs da niSnebi, mowesrigebuli enebad, romlebic am<br />

cnebebis komunikacias axdenen.<br />

Tu gvinda rom davamyaroT kavSiri gansxvavebul sistemebs Soris, fiqsireba<br />

movaxdinoT am kavSirebs Soris garkveuli periodiT mainc, ise rom xalxma icodes<br />

- erT sistemaSi mocemuli elementi Seesabameba meore sistemis mocemul<br />

elements, maSin unda vflobdeT raRacas, rac Targmnis saSualebas mogvcems — anu<br />

imas rac migviTiTebs, Tu romeli sityva unda gamoviyenoT konkretuli cnebis<br />

aRsaniSnavad. am aucileblobidan momdinareobs kodebis arseboba.<br />

mniSvnelobis warmoqmna damokidebulia interpretaciaze da rom<br />

interpretacia funqcionirebs kodebis saSualebiT — Cven viyenebT kods — anu<br />

vaxdenT gaSifvras — enkodings, xolo meore adamiani axdens Cvens mier kodSi<br />

Cadebuli mniSvnelobis dekodirebas. aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelobebi<br />

yovelTvis icvleba da xelidan gvisxlteba. kodebi operireben rogorc<br />

socialuri konvenciebi da ara rogorc mudmivi kanonebi.<br />

36

televizualuri mesijebis warmoeba da gavrceleba<br />

stuart holis esse “enkodireba, dekodireba” Seexeba mesijebis warmoebasa da<br />

gavrcelebas. holis analizi efuZneba semiotikur paradigmas, mis naSroms<br />

teqstualuri, aseve eTnografiuli saxe aqvs. holis mosazrebebi ZiriTadad<br />

televizias exeba. igi gvTavazobs komunikaciis oTx etapian Teorias: warmoeba,<br />

cirkulacia, gamoyeneba (romelsac igi uwodebs distribucias an moxmarebas) da<br />

reproduqcia. holis azriT, TiToeuli safexuri “SedarebiT avtonomiuria”<br />

sxvebisgan. es niSnavs rom mesijis kodireba ar akontrolebs mis miRebas da ara<br />

gamWvirvale saxiT, TiToeul safexurs aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi da SesaZleblobebi.<br />

SedarebiTi avtonomiis koncefcia saSualebas aZlevs mas isaubros polisemiaze,<br />

romelic ar unda moiazrebodes rogorc pluralizmi. mesijebi ar eqvemdebarebian<br />

nebismieri saxis interpretacias an gamoyenebas — radganac TiToeuli<br />

safexuri mocemul wreSi zRudavs meoris SesaZleblobebs.<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, mesijebs aqvT "dominaciis kompleqsuri struqtura"<br />

ramdenadac TiToeul safexurze isini eqcevian institucionaluri Zalauflebis<br />

urTierTobebis gavlenis qveS. ufro metic, mesijis miReba SesaZlebelia mxolod<br />

im SemTxvevaSi Tu mas cnobadi xasiaTi aqvs an SesabamisobaSi modis garkveul<br />

warmodgenebTan -- Tumca yovelTvis rCeba patara sivrce im mesijis gasagebad,<br />

romelic ar Seesabameba saerTo warmodgenebs. komunikaciuri wre yovelTvis<br />

axdens Zalauflebis reJimis reproduqcias.<br />

telesamauwyeblo struqturebma enkodirebuli mesijebi unda warmoadginon<br />

mniSvneladi diskursis farglebSi. institucia — produqciis socialuri<br />

urTierTobebi unda daeqvemdebaron enis diskursiul wesebs, raTa moxdes maTi<br />

produqtis realizacia. es TavisTavad mocemuli <strong>for</strong>maluri diskursisa da enis<br />

wesebs ZalauflebaSi amyofebs. enkodirebuli mesijebis dekodirebis Sedegad<br />

isini asruleben garkveul funqcias — gavlenis moxdenis, garTobis, dajerebis —<br />

rasac Tavis mxriv moyveba kompleqsuri aRqmiTi, kognituri, emociuri,<br />

ideologiuri da qceviTi Sedegebi. gansazRvrul momentSi struqtura iRebs<br />

kods da qmnis mesijs. Semdeg momentSi, mocemuli "mesiji” dekodirebis<br />

saSualebiT socialuri praqtikis struqturebis Semadgenel nawilad iqceva.<br />

tipuri procesebi, romlebsac ikvlevs pozitivisturi meTodi — Sedegebi,<br />

gamoyeneba, "kmayofileba" — Tavad aris moqceuli gagebis struqturis CarCoebSi<br />

da warmoiqmneba socialuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Sedegad, romlebic<br />

gansazRvrul <strong>for</strong>mas aZleven mesijis miRebis <strong>for</strong>mas, da SesaZleblobas iZlevian<br />

rom mniSvnelobebi, romlebic figurirebs diskursis farglebSi gadavides<br />

socialur cnobierebasa Tu praqtikaSi (imisaTvis rom maT mieniWoT socialuri<br />

Rirebuleba an politikuri gavlena moipovon).<br />

enkodirebisa da kodirebis kodebi ar aris simetriuli. anu "gagebisa" da<br />

"arasworad gagebis" xarisxi komunikaciur gacvlaSi damokidebulia simetria/asimetiriaze,<br />

romelic damyarebulia enkoderis- mwarmoebelsa da dekoders/mimRebs<br />

Soris. magram es TavisTavad damokidebulia identobis an ara<br />

identobis xarisxze kodebs Soris, romlebic avad Tu kargad axdenen in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />

gadacemas, Sewyvetas Tu damaxinjebas.<br />

kodebs Soris Seusabamoba asaxavs prodiuserebsa da mayureblebs Soris<br />

struqturul gansxvavebulobas. aseve, es SeiZleba gamowveul iyos kodebis<br />

wyarosa da mimRebs Soris arsebuli asimetriiT. "damaxinjeba" an "gaugebroba"<br />

gamowveulia am or mxares Soris komunikaciuri gacvlis dros arsebuli<br />

ekvivalentobis ararsebobiT.<br />

televizualuri niSans kompleqsuri xasiaTi aqvs. igi Sedgeba ori tipis<br />

diskursis - vizualurisa da xmovanis kombinaciisgan. amave dros, is<br />

gamosaxulebis (xatis) niSania, ramdenadac mas aqvs im sagnis niSan-Tvisebebi,<br />

romlis warmosaxvasac axdens. am sakiTxma gaugebroba gamoiwvia vizualuri enis<br />

Seswavlis sferoSi. imdenad ramdenadac, vizualuri diskursi samganzomilebian<br />

samyaros organzomilebianad gardaqmnis, mas ar SeuZlia iyos imis referenti an<br />

idea, rasac warmoadgens. realoba arsebobs enis gareT, magram misi gaSualeba<br />

xdeba yovelTis eniT; rogorc ukve iTqva, rac viciT da rasac vambobT xdeba<br />

konkretuli diskursis farglebSi. diskursiuli codna warmoadgens ara enaSi<br />

37

"nadmvilis", gamWvirvale reprezentacias, aramed enis gamoyenebas realur<br />

urTierTobebTan da pirobebTan mimarTebaSi.<br />

Sesabamisad, kodis moqmedebis gareSe ar arsebobs gasagebi diskursi.<br />

vizualuri niSnebi amrigad warmoadgenen kodirebul niSnebs — miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom aq kodebi gansxvavebulad moqmedeben. enaSi ar arsebobs nulovani aTvlis<br />

wertili. naturalizmi da "realizmi" — warmoadgens reprezentaciis erTgulebas<br />

im sagnis Tu ideis mimarT romlis warmosaxvac xdeba — da aris enis "realobasTan"<br />

mimarTebaSi konkretuli gamoyenebis wesi, anu diskursiuli praqtikis<br />

rezultati. Tumca, garkveuli kodebi imdenad farTod arian gavrcelebuli<br />

konkretul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sa Tu enaSi, rom isini bunebriobis iluzias badeben.<br />

analogiurad, xSirad martiv vizualur niSnebs universaluri xasiaTi eZlevaT.<br />

umberto ekos mixedviT, "xati" niSnebi gamoiyurebian rogorc sagnebi realur<br />

samyaroSi, imitom rom isini axdenen mayurebelSi aRqmis pirobebis (kodebis)<br />

reproducirebas. "aRqmis es pirobebi" warmoadgens dekodirebis rezultats da<br />

kodirebuli, nawilobriv aracnobieri operaciebis erTobliobis. es exeba<br />

rogorc fotografiul an televizualur gamosaxulebas, ise nebismier sxva<br />

niSans.<br />

reprezentaciebi da media - fiqcia<br />

sityva fiqcia gulisxmobs realuri cxvorebidan mowyvetas. novelis kiTxva,<br />

kinoSi siaruli, teleserialis yureba gvaZlevs warmosaxviT samyaroSi<br />

mogzaurobis saSualebas, romelic gvTavazobs yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aqtivobebisgan<br />

Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul gamocdilebas.<br />

1930iani wlebidan daaxloebiT 100000 saaTi daeTmo teleserialebs aSS-s<br />

tleviziebisa da radios eTerSi. es statistika adasturebs imias, Tu ramdenad<br />

warmoadgens teleserialebis fenomeni cxovrebiseul faqts.<br />

kviraSi orjer, samjer da xSirad yoveldRiuradac teleserialebi<br />

mayurebels sTavazoben fiqciur gamocdilebas, sadac yovelRiuroba da fiqcia<br />

erTmaneTSia gadajaWvuli, imdenad rom teleserialis fiqciuri gmirebis<br />

cxovrebebSi momxdari mTavari movlenebi qveyanaSi momxdar axal ambadac<br />

SeiZleba aRiqvan. sainteresoa, ganvixiliT is procesebi, romlebic moicavs<br />

fiqciasa da socialur samyaros Soris urTierTgacvlas: rogor Sedis<br />

socialuri cxovreba fiqciur diskursSi da ra mosdis iq mas; rogor mimarTaven<br />

sxvadasxva Janrebi sxvadasxva auditorias da rogor iTxoven maT<br />

CarTuloba/monawileobas. ganvixiloT teleserialebis mier Seqmnili genderuli<br />

principiT dayofili reprezentacia da mniSvnelobebi da mniSvnelovani da<br />

xSirad ignorirebuli siamovnebis miRebis fenomeni.<br />

rodesac ganvixilavT programebis <strong>for</strong>mas yuradReba unda mieqces Semdegs: 1.<br />

teleserialis buneba, rogorc garkveuli samauwyeblo Janri;<br />

2. naratiuli struqtura, rogorc konkretuli epizodi da teleseriali -<br />

rogorc gangrZobiTi seriali; 3. kadrebis organizacia — vizualuri kompozicia<br />

da montajis struqturebi; 4. personaJebi; 5. gamoxatvis saxeebi mag., melodrama,<br />

komedia da realizmi da 6. mayureblebis mier gansakuTrebuli esTetikis<br />

matarebeli audio-vizualuri dramatizebuli fiqciis miReba, sadac scenari da<br />

vizualuri organizacia, xmebi da dramatuli Sexvedrebi exebian mayureblis<br />

grZnobebsa da emociebs.<br />

zemoT xsenebuli aspeqtebi qmnian an gamoxataven mniSvnelobebs, romlebic<br />

Semdeg "mesijebad" gvevlinebian. swored am aspeqtebs unda mivaqcioT<br />

yuradRebas, radgan gavarkvioT, Tu ratom xdeba teleseriali mravalricxovani<br />

mayureblebis cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili.<br />

qalebis kultura da kacebis kultura<br />

masobrivi kulturis anomaliur niSans, feministebis azriT, warmoadgens<br />

garkveuli kulturuli sivrcis gamoyofa, romelsac ewodeba qalis sivrce, mag.,<br />

38

qalebis gverdi Jurnal-gazeTebSi, qalebisTvis gankuTvnili filmebi, qalebis<br />

Jurnalebi.<br />

feministuri azri amtkicebs, rom dasavlur <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si mamakacebi adgenen<br />

imas Tu ra iTvleba adamianurad da ra ara; amitom qalebis kultura calke<br />

kulturad aris gamocxadebuli. analogiuri ideologiis farglebSi, sityva<br />

"kaci" SeiZleba aRniSnavdes rogorc kacs aseve qals. magaliTad, inglisur enaSi<br />

xSirad him (mamrobiTi sqesis aRmniSvneli nacvalsaxeli) aRniSnavs her-sac<br />

(mdedrobiTi sqesis aRmniSvneli nacvalsaxeli).<br />

kulturis genderuli saxe ar aris pirdapir gamokveTili. centralur,<br />

damkvidrebul Rirebulebebs universaluri xasiaTi aqvT da genderuli<br />

gamijvnisgan Tavisuflad ganixilebian. genderi mxolod maSin miiCneva<br />

problematuri sakiTxad, rodesac qalebi, rogorc specifikuri kategoria,<br />

dadgenili normis farglebs scildeba.<br />

magaliTad, teleserialebis kultura iTvleba Zalian mdare xarisxis mqone<br />

kulturad, romelsac ZiriTadad qali mayureblebi hyavs, rac niSnavs, rom xdeba<br />

damkvidrebuli kulturuli Rirebulebidan (anu maskulinuri Rirebulebebidan)<br />

gadaxra. 1970-ian wlebSi, erTma Jurnalistma teleserialebs uwoda "emociuri<br />

porno" frustrirebuli diasaxlisebisTvis. gancda da emocia, iseve rogorc<br />

ojaxuri kera, qalebis kulturul <strong>for</strong>mebTan identificirdeba, amitomac kacebs<br />

ar uyvarT, rodesac maT teleserialebis mayureblebs miaTvlian.<br />

ibadeba Semdegi kiTxvebi: rogor xdeba genderis konstruireba<br />

reprezentaciis dros? ra gavlena aqvs genders kulturul <strong>for</strong>mebze romelTa<br />

saSualebiTac xdeba konstruireba? riTi gansxvavdeba qalebisTvis gamoyofili<br />

sivrce maskulinuri normebisgan?<br />

qalebisa da "namdvili qalebis" gamosaxulebebi<br />

“qalebis” zogadi kategoria ar arsebobs, imdenad ramdenadac qalebi ar<br />

warmoadgenen erTgvarovan socialur jgufs, romelsac yvela qali miakuTvnebda<br />

Tavs. genderi kveTavs socialuri identobebis iseT Semadgenel nawilebs,<br />

rogoric aris garkveuli erovneba, eTnikuroba, asaki, socialuri jgufi,<br />

seqsualuri orientacia, socialuri statusi.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, is Sexeduleba, rom reprezentacia unda warmoaCendes<br />

“namdvil qalebs” mcdaria. kiTxva ismis, Tu vis realobaze aq saubari, rogor<br />

realobaze (daTrgunuli qalebis, dadebiTi personaJebis, msxverpli qalebis), da<br />

vis mixedviT aris realoba aseTi da ara sxvagvari?<br />

stuart holis mixedviT, "qalis" da "kacis" aRmniSvneli sityva, Tu<br />

gamosaxuleba warmoadgens kulturul aRmniSvnelebs, romlebic genderul<br />

gansazRvrebebs, mniSvnelobebsa da identobebs ki ar asaxaven, aramed axdenen maT<br />

konstruirebas. rac ar unda "bunebrivad" gveCvenebodes aRniSnuli cnebebi, isini<br />

warmoadgnen qalisa da mamakacis winaswar mocemuli arsis simbolur reprezentacias.<br />

kulturuli <strong>for</strong>mebisTvis genderis mniSvnelobis miniWeba da konkretuli<br />

kulturuli <strong>for</strong>mebisTvis privilegirebuli statusis micema SeiZleba<br />

ganvixiloT rogorc patriarqalur kulturasTan dapirispirebis erT-erTi<br />

gamovlineba "realobis" gansazRvris procesSi. am dapirispirebas ki Semdegi<br />

sqematuri saxe SeiZleba mivceT:<br />

masobrivi kultura/garToba- feminuroba<br />

popularuli Janris konvenciebi;<br />

romantizirebuli stereotipebi;<br />

brWyviala brwyinvaleba;<br />

emociebi;<br />

eqspresiuli per<strong>for</strong>mansi;<br />

grZnobebis Sesaxeb saubari;<br />

fantazia;<br />

39

ealobidan gaqceva;<br />

kerZo Sinauruli sivrce;<br />

siamovneba;<br />

teleseriali.<br />

maRali kultura/xelovneba — maskulinoba<br />

realizmi;<br />

samganzomilebiani fsiqologiuri daxasiaTeba;<br />

simkacre;<br />

azri;<br />

gaumJRavnebeli, naklebad eqspresiuli qmedeba;<br />

gadamwyveti qmedeba;<br />

namdvili problemebi;<br />

problemebis daZleva;<br />

sazogadoebrivi sivrce;<br />

siZneleebi;<br />

vesterni.<br />

zemoT mocemuli kulturuli dapirispirebebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli.<br />

maRali kulturis perspeqtividan masobrivi garToba naklovania da asocirdeba<br />

Sinaganad feminur TvisebebTan, maSin rodesac kulturuli realizmis maRali<br />

standarti maskulinur RirebulebebTan asocirdeba. es ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom<br />

qalebi ar monawileoben maRali kulturis sferoSi, ubralod rodesac isini amas<br />

akeTeben, iTvleba rom qalebi maskulinur teritoriaze iWrebian da Sedegi<br />

feminuri Tvisebebis daTrgunvaa. am hegemoniuri urTierTdaZabulobis fonze<br />

zemoT moyvanili CamonaTvali ar warmoadgens myarad fiqsirebul opoziciebs,<br />

aramed faseulobebs, romlebic erTmaneTTan uTanxmoebaSi modian da icvlebian<br />

urTierTqmedebis dros.<br />

Sesabamisad, kodebi, romlebic warmoadgenen realobas ar arian mudmivi da<br />

stabiluri, aramed socialuri realobis konstruirebisaTvis brZolis procesSi<br />

xdeba maTi modifikacia; icvleba warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra iTvleba<br />

feminurad da ra maskulinurad.<br />

ra kuTxiT SeiZleba teleseriali CaiTvalos qalebisTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />

kulturul <strong>for</strong>mad? rogorc feministebi amboben, teleseriali bolos da<br />

bolos iqmneba im samyaros mier, sadac mamakacebs aqvT Zalaufleba, im<br />

diskursiuli praqtikis CarCoebSi, sadac xdeba maskulinobis, rogorc<br />

dominanturi normis konstruireba.<br />

sainteresoa, rogor axdens masmedia qaluri sivrcis Seqmnas? ra normebi<br />

arsebobs, romlebic xels uwyoben teleserialis rogorc feminuri samyaros<br />

produqtis warmoqmnas? rogor mimarTaven teleserialebi maT ufro da ufro<br />

Sereul mayureblebs?<br />

teleseriali 1930 - ian wlebSi Seiqmna amerikuli komerciuli radio da<br />

sareklamo industriebis mier. am industriebis mizans dRis ganmavlobaSi saxlSi<br />

myofi diasaxlisebisTvis produqtebis gasaReba warmoadgenda. teleserials<br />

hqonda sareklamo datvirTva da ufro efeqturad anacvlebda radiosa da<br />

Jurnal gazeTebSi qalebisTvis gamoyofili svetebis <strong>for</strong>mats. programis<br />

Semqmnelebi cdilobdnen iseTi fiqciuri samyaros Seqmnas, romelic qalebisTvis<br />

iqneboda advilad amosacnobi, sasiamovno da martivad aRsaqmeli, rac saSualebas<br />

miscemda maT paralelurad daelagebinaT saxli da miexedaT bavSvebisTvis.<br />

teleserialis fiqciuri samyaro xasiaTdeba garkveuli opoziciebisa da<br />

gansxvavebulobebis struqturiT. mag., qalebis samyaro moiazreba rogorc<br />

piradi, ojaxur kerasTan da samezoblosTan dakavSirebuli, laparakis<br />

moyvaruli; maSin, rodesac kacebis samyaros damaxasiaTebeli niSan Tvisebia:<br />

sazogadoebrivi saqmiT dakavebuli, samuSaoSi CarTuli, qmediTunariani,<br />

individualisti.<br />

teleserialebSi monawile qali personaJebi TavianT cxovrebas ageben<br />

garkveuli principebis mixedviT; zemoT moyvanili opoziciebis struqtura<br />

40

maTTvis garkveuli gzamkvlevis rols asrulebs genderis gansazRvris procesSi.<br />

amave dros, teleserialis naratiuli Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovania, iseve<br />

rogorc teleserialis serialuri <strong>for</strong>ma. Tematika, Txrobis mravali xazi da<br />

gadauWreli narativebi gavlenas axdens qali personaJebis tipebze.<br />

produqtis Seqmnis procesSi, prodiuserebi iTvaliswineben im faqtors, Tu<br />

ra tipis momxmarebelzea maTi produqti orientirebuli da Sesabamisad,<br />

produqts (am SemTxvevaSi teleserials) garkveuli <strong>for</strong>ma eZleva.<br />

teleserialis ganmsazRvreli Taviseburebaa - laparaki/dialogi. laparaki<br />

kulturis CarCoebSi moiazreba rogorc feminuri da moicavs im unarebisa da<br />

gagebis wesebis gamoyenebas, romelic rogorc wesi qalebs axasiaTebT konkretul<br />

socialur da istoriul viTarebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, dialogs teleserialSi<br />

centraluri roli eniWeba. teleserialis ganuwyveteli seriebi mayurebels<br />

aiZulebs mudmivad adevnos Tvali am seriebs, anu damokidebuli gaxados am<br />

seriebze. es ki reklamis mimcemebis, investorebisa da dominanti ideologiis<br />

interesebSi Sedis. teleseriali gadaiqceva samezoblo samyarod, misi gmirebi<br />

cocxldebian da mezoblebis statuss iZenen.<br />

tradiciulad, swored qalebi qmnidnen da amyarebdnen samezoblos da Temis<br />

socialur qselebs: maRaziebsa da supermarketebSi, klinikebsa da skolebSi.<br />

diasaxlisi Cveulebisamebr, socialurobis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas<br />

mezoblebisgan iRebda. teleserialis qali mayurebeli amgvarad erTveba sxva<br />

TemSi, fiqciurSi marTalia, magram iseT paralelur samyaroSi, romelic<br />

xasiaTdeba realobis msgavsi problemebiTa da dilemebiT, isini drois<br />

zemoqmedebas ganicdian iseve rogorc mayurebeli, cxovrebis msgavs etapebs<br />

gadian: Relaven, warmatebas aRweven, imedi ucruvdebaT da a.S.<br />

am wesiT, teleseriali ukavSirdeba qalebis auditorias, ramdenadac rogorc<br />

ukve aRiniSna, Txrobis gamoyenebuli <strong>for</strong>mebi qalebis kulturasTan asocirdeba.<br />

sainteresoa, Tu ra xdeba mas Semdeg rac auditoria miiRebs mowvevas, rom<br />

Seabijos teleserialis samyaroSi.<br />

feministuri analizis mixedviT, mayurebeli uyurebs kameras, romelic<br />

uyurebs gmirs, romelic uyurebs qals; fsiqoanalitikur Teoriaze dayrdnobiT,<br />

holivudis filmebis TxrobiTi <strong>for</strong>ma da vizualuri <strong>for</strong>ma Camoyalibda<br />

oidiposis fantaziebisa da mamakacebis aracnobieri tendenciebis zegavleniT.<br />

mzerasa da mzeris mimarTulebas kinoSi, rogorc malvei da sxvani weren,<br />

maskulinuri buneba axasiaTebs, anu subieqti, romelic iqmneba warmoadgens<br />

maskulinuri mzeris Sedegs.<br />

qalis gamosaxulebiT tkboba xdeba mamakacis poziciidan, vizualur<br />

kontrols mamakacis personaJi axorcielebs. xSirad, qali kadris centrSia<br />

moTavsebuli da statikuria, maSin rodesac mamakaci personaJi Tavisuflad<br />

moZraobs rogorc kadrSi, aseve kadrs miRmac. aseTi tipis xedvas didi gavlena<br />

hqonda genderisa da seqsualuri identobebis Camoyalibebaze.<br />

teqstisa da auditoriis urTierTobas gansazRvravs wakiTxvadobis<br />

kompetencia, rac warmoadgens semiotur cnebas. es cneba exeba ganaTlebis gziT<br />

mopovebul interpretaciul CarCoebs da kiTxvis unars, romelic sxvadasxva<br />

socialuri jgufebis mier gamoiyeneba, rata moaxdinon niSnebisa da<br />

reprezentaciebis dekodireba.<br />

kompetenturoba aq ar niSnavs koreqtulobasa da efeqturobas, aramed yofiT<br />

codnasa da perspeqtivebs, romelic gaziarebulia konkretuli wamkiTxvelebis<br />

mier. mocemul socialur jgufebs gansakuTrebuli kulturuli kompetenciebis<br />

floba axasiaTebT; verbaluri an vizualuri enis niSnebi xSirad iReben iseT<br />

mniSvnelobas, rac gasagebia erTi jgufisTvis, xolo gaugebari meoreTaTvis.<br />

gamomdinare iqidan, Tu romel klass, eTnikur an sqesobriv jgufs<br />

miekuTvneba, Tu ra ganaTleba an samuSao gamocdileba aqvs mas miRebuli, adamians<br />

Sesabamisad uyalibdeba garkveuli kulturuli kompetenciebi.<br />

frangma kulturis sociologma pier burdiem ganaviTara kulturis<br />

kapitalis cneba, romelic finansuri kapitalis analogiurad socialuri<br />

diferenciaciis wyaroa. finansuri kapitali adamians aZlevs ekonomikuri<br />

usafrTxoebisa da statusis SegrZnebas. finansuri kapitalis msgavsad,<br />

kulturul kapitals Cven imisTvis viyenebT, rom garkveuli codna miviRoT<br />

41

samyaros Sesaxeb; SeviZinoT is praqtikuli kompetenciebi, romlebic safuZvlad<br />

udevs Cvens statussa da pozicias da gvexmareba Cveni Tavis sxvebisgan<br />

gasamijnavad, romlebic naklebad kulturulad kompetenturni migvaCnia.<br />

magaliTad, iseve rogorc tarkovskis filmis gageba Cvengan moiTxovs<br />

kulturuli kapitalis garkveuli <strong>for</strong>mebis flobas — specifikuri artistuli,<br />

lingvisturi, politikuri da kino-diskursebis Sesaxeb elementaruli<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis qonas, aseve teleserialebis gagebac moiTxovs Sesabamis kulturul<br />

kompetencias.<br />

Sarlota burnsdonma qalis kulturuli kompetencia uwoda qalebisTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli problemebis gagebas, mag., rogoric aris ojaxi, ojaxuri sivrce,<br />

personaluri urTierTobebi — problematika ris Sesaxebac teleserialebi<br />

gviyvebian. teleserialebi, rogorc wesi, mimarTaven im kulturul kodebs,<br />

romlebic ZiriTadad qalebis mier gamoiyeneba.<br />

mamakacebze orientirebuli klasikuri filmi ki struqturizebulia mTavari<br />

makontrolirebeli figuris garSemo, romelTanac mayurebeli axdens identifikacias.<br />

teleserialebi ki xazs usvamen individualuri cxovrebis umniSvnelobas.<br />

klasikur filmSi mayureblis mier mTavar gmirTan identifikacia<br />

iwvevs imas, rom mayurebelic gmirTan erTad garkveuli Zalis matarebeli xdeba.<br />

teleserialSi ki mraval sxvadasxva personaJTan identifikacia mayurebels<br />

piriqiT auZlurebs.<br />

mayurebeli ver identificirdeba im personaJTan, romelic dausrulebuli<br />

qmedebis avtoria. imis magivrad, rom mas mieweros erTi Zlieri ego, romelic<br />

saqmis warmmarTvelia, teleseriali gvTavazobs mraval limitirebul egos,<br />

romelic konfliqtSi imyofeba sxvebTan da sul warumatebelia Tavisi qmedebis<br />

dros, ramdenadac arasdros icis bolomde sxvebis gegmebis, motivaciebisa da<br />

strategiebis Sesaxeb.<br />

amitom qalebis uZlureba/uunarobas am donezec vlindeba. teleserialis<br />

subieqti/mayurebeli warmoadgens idealuri dedis xats: adamiani, romelic ufro<br />

met cxovrebiseul sibrZnes flobs, vidre yvela misi Svili, da romlis<br />

TanagrZnobac moicavs misi ojaxis yvela dapirispirebul mxares (is yvelasTan<br />

axdens identifikacias). am gmirs sakuTari moTxovnilebebi da survilebi ar<br />

gaaCnia. teleserialebi axdenen ojaxis prioritetulobisTvis xazgasmas, ara<br />

idealuri ojaxis warmoCinebiT, aramed ojaxisa, romelic ganuwyvetel krizisSi<br />

imyofeba. teleserialebSi mxolod is sakiTxebi ganixileba, romelTa moTmenac an<br />

patiebac SeiZleba. xolo iseTi sakiTxebi rogoric aris qalebis mier<br />

gamovlenili karieristuli ambiciebi, aborti, qorwinebamde da qorwinebis gareT<br />

seqsi, alkoholizmi, mentaluri da fizikuri Zaladoba, homoseqsualoba an<br />

uaryofidaT fasdeba, an kidev, rogorc wesi, saerTod ignorirebulia.<br />

Tumca, teleserialebis zrdadi ricxvi da popularoba, iseve rogorc<br />

teleserialebis <strong>for</strong>matSi mamakacebze orientirebuli tele/kino <strong>for</strong>mebis<br />

gamoyeneba miuTiTebs imaze, rom teleseriali sxva JanrebisTvisac kulturuli<br />

resursad gadaiqceva.<br />

maskulinobis xatis warmoqmna<br />

1980-iani wlebis SuaSi nel-nela iwyeba "axali mamakacis" xatis Seqmna,<br />

romelic warmoadgenda maskulinobis axal versias. kacis tansacmlis axali<br />

dizainis saSualebiT masobriv reprezentanciebSi kodirebuli iyo "axali<br />

mamakacis" xati. "axali mamakacis" warmoCineba ZiriTadad xdeboda kacis<br />

tansacmlis maRaziebsa da am maRaziebis vitrinebSi, Jurnal-gazeTebsa da<br />

televiziis saSualebiT ganTavsebul reklamaSi.<br />

sainteresoa ganvixiloT, Tu ra kulturuli mniSnveloba hqonda "axali<br />

mamakacis” xats, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli dasavlur<br />

kulturaSi damkvidrebul maskulinobis ideasTan.<br />

pirvel rigSi, kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom genderuli identobebi ar<br />

aris erTgvarovani da fiqsirebuli, aramed eqvemdebareba socialur da<br />

istoriul cvlilebebs. maskulinuri maxasiaTeblebis CamoyalibebaSi repre-<br />

42

zentaciuli sistemebis rolis ganxilvisas, iseve rogorc vizualuri<br />

reprezentaciebis analizis dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia frangi filosofosis<br />

miSel fukos mosazrebebi diskursis cnebasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />

adreuli naSromebi mamakacebis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad, iZleoda im Tvisebebisa da<br />

atributebis suraTs, romelic maskulinobas ganixilavda rogorc problemur<br />

kategorias. wignebSi mag., mamakacebis seqsualoba (metkalfi da hamfri, 1985)<br />

avtorebi aRwerdnen maskulinobas, romelsac axasiaTebda agresia, konkurencia,<br />

emociuri uunaroba, sicive da mxolod orgazmze, sakuTar dakmayofilebaze<br />

orientirebul seqsze aqcenti. Tumca, amave dros, aRiniSneboda, rom mamakacebi<br />

kritikulad udgebodnen TavianT maskulinobas — isini garkveuli SiSiT, dardiTa<br />

da tkiviliT ekidebodnen maTTvis winaswar mocemul maskulinobis scenarebs,<br />

romlebsac isini unda damorCilebodnen; mamakacebs aRelvebdaT TavianTi<br />

seqsualuri unarebis gamovlineba, emociebisgan gaucxoeba, mamebTan cudi<br />

urTierToba. Sesabamisad, ixateboda maskulinobis winaaRmdegobrivi suraTi.<br />

erTi mxriv, warmoCenili iyo maskulinobis farTod gaziarebuli idea,<br />

romelic asocirdeboda mamakacebis ZalauflebasTan qalebTan mimarTebaSi,<br />

meore mxriv ki, maT Sesaxeb arsebuli kulturuli warmodgenebi mamakacebs<br />

tvirTad awveboda. mogvianebiT mividnen im azramde, rom maskulinobis cnebis<br />

calsaxad da erTgvarovnad moazreba aramarTebulia, rom arsebobs maskulinobis<br />

gamovlinebis sxvadasxva <strong>for</strong>ma.<br />

rogorc viksi aRniSnavs (viksi, 1981, 1985), daiwyo iseTi sakiTxebis xelaxla<br />

ganxilva rogoric iyo seqsi, politika, <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> da seqsualoba.<br />

seqsologebis da medicinis warmomadgenlebis mier gabatonebuli diskursis<br />

gadasinjvam ubiZga viqtorianuli periodis maskulinobis Sesaxeb arsebuli<br />

warmodgenebis Sesusteba.<br />

homoseqsualobis nebismieri niSnis gamovlineba mamakacebSi iTvleboda, rom<br />

isini "namdvili” maskulinobis SeZenas verasdros moaxerxebdnen. homoseqsualobas<br />

mesame sqesad ganixilavdnen. viksis mixedviT, maskulinobis moazrebisTvis<br />

aucilebelia istoriuli viTarebis gaTvaliswineba. <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> Teoretikosebi<br />

ki iseT faqtorebs aqceven yuradRebas, rogoric aris klasi, "rasa" eTnikuroba<br />

da Taoba. swored am faqtorebis gadakveTisas warmoiSoba maskulinobis<br />

garkveuli tipebi.<br />

aseve, maskulinobis gansazRvra xdeba feminurobasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />

davidovis da holis wignSi, "ojaxuri realiebi" (1987) naCvenebia Tu rogor<br />

wamoiSva inglisuri saSualo klasi 1780 - 1850 wlebis periodSi. analizi emyareba<br />

saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli mamkacebisa da qalebis pirad Canawerebs.<br />

avtorebi xazs usvamen imas, rom am periodSi warmoqmnili saSualo klasis<br />

maskulinobis moazreba xdeboda ara marto muSaTa klasisa da aristokratuli<br />

fenebis mier gagebuli maskulinobis sapirispirod, aramed zogadad genderuli<br />

gansxvavebulobis fonze. mamakacebis da qalebis Tvisebebi radikalurad<br />

emijneboda erTmaneTs, rac aseve arsebiTi iyo saSualo klasis mamakacebSi maTi<br />

maskulinuri TviTSefasebisTvis.<br />

saSualo fenis profesionalizacia aseve mniSvnelovani faqtoria. saSualo<br />

klasis mamakacebis CarTuloba warmoebaSi, mSeneblobaSi, buRalteriasa da<br />

dazRvevaSi moiTxovda garkveul unarebsa da codnas, romelTa flobac xSirad<br />

gansazRvravda maT maskulinobas. es unarebi aseve upirispirdeboda ara mxolod<br />

aristokrati mamakacebis unarebs (sporti, seqsualuri miRwevebi, azartuli<br />

TamaSebis codna), aramed muSaTa klasis da saSualo klasis qalebisTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebel unarebs.<br />

mamakacobis gancdis gamyareba xdeboda mTeli rigi <strong>for</strong>maluri da<br />

ara<strong>for</strong>maluri institutebis saSualebiT (mag., mecnieruli da profesiuli<br />

sazogadoebebi, mamakacebis klubebSi gamarTuli Tavyrilobebi). es adgilebi<br />

warmoadgendnen sazogadoebriv sivrceebs, sadac xdeboda maskulinobis<br />

ganmtkiceba. bevrisTvis mag., eklesiaSi siaruli da qristianuli ritualebis<br />

dacva pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli saSualo fenis Sromisadmi TavdadebasTan,<br />

ramdenadac religiis protestantuli xedva gulisxmobda RmerTis mowodebis<br />

danergvas am samyaroSi. biznesis da sawarmoebis warmatebuli gaZRola<br />

iTvleboda RmerTis nebis ganxorcielebad.<br />

43

am rwmenam, mamakacebis tansacmelzec ki pova asaxva. Cacmis stili ufro<br />

uemocio da mkacri gaxda da sagrZnoblad gaemijna qalebis Cacmis stils. 18<br />

saukunis mamakacis Cacmuloba radikalurad gansxvavdeba muqi, mZime, mkacri,<br />

u<strong>for</strong>mo da viwro tansacmlisgan, romlis tarebasac iwyeben mamakacebi gviandel<br />

periodSi.<br />

me-18 saukuneSi da me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi saSualo klasis ojaxuri keris<br />

Seqmnam aseve gansazRvra saSualo klasis mamakacis Taviseburebebis Camoyalibeba.<br />

mkacrad gaimijna erTmaneTisgan sazogadoebrivi da piradi sivrceebi. am dros<br />

Camoyalibda saSualo klasisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxlisa da ojaxuri keris<br />

konkretuli tipi. qalaqis centrisgan moSorebuli saxlebi aseve Sors iyo<br />

samuSaosa da klasobrivi struqturebisgan. qalebs ekisrebodaT ojaxis Seqmna da<br />

momsaxureba, maSin rodesac saSualo fenis mamakacebi TavianTi maskulinobis<br />

gamovlenas ZiriTadad sazogadoebriv sferoSi axdendnen. saSualo klasis<br />

qalebis moqmedebis arealad piradi, ojaxuri samyaro gadaiqca. ojaxuri kera,<br />

mamakacebis maskulinobis erT-erT gamovlinebadac iTvleboda. isini Tavs ar<br />

zogavdnen, radgan gaweuli Sromis safasurad ojaxuri harmonia moepovebinaT.<br />

maT visac ojaxis rCena SeeZloT, isini damoukideblad iTvlebodnen da<br />

sazogadoebrivi Rirseba ematebodaT, Sesabamisad ojaxis finansurad uzrunvelyofis<br />

SesaZleblobas Zalian mniSvnelovani roli eniWeboda saSualo fenis<br />

mamakacebisTvis.<br />

maskulinobaze rodesac vmsjelobT, yovelTvis unda gaviTvaliswinoT<br />

maskulinursa da feminurs Soris arsebuli dinamika. genderuli urTierTobebis<br />

sfero Zalauflebis urTierTobebs moicavs, rac zogierTi avtorisTvis<br />

miuTiTebs patriarqatis garkveul sistemaze. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />

rodesac Zalauflebis urTierTobaze vsaubrobT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT<br />

maskulinobis sxvadasxva <strong>for</strong>mebs Soris arsebuli dominaciis, daqvemdebarebisa<br />

da dapirispirebis gamoxatulebebi.<br />

aseve, rogorc ukve zemoT iTqva, maskulinoba ar warmoadgens cnebas,<br />

romelic apriori aris mocemuli - qali da feminuroba, mamakaci da maskulinoba<br />

gamogonili kategoriebia; es cnebebi kulturuli mniSvnelobebis produqts<br />

warmoadgenen, romelic moicavs garkveul atributebs da qcevis <strong>for</strong>mebs<br />

konkretul istoriul periodebSi. Tumca, miuxedavad maTi gamogonilobisa, am<br />

cnebebs Cvenze didi gavlena aqvs. Cven gvWirdeba isini, rogorc simyaris gancdisa<br />

da identobis garantia, rac gvexmareba sakuTari Tavis moazrebaSi sxvebTan<br />

mimarTebaSi.<br />

aq unda gavixsenoT enis rogorc struqturis roli, romlis wiaRSic xdeba<br />

mniSvnelobebis warmoeba da aseve diskursis fukoseuli gageba. fukos mixedviT,<br />

diskursi warmoadgens im wesebsa da praqtikas, romlebic gansazRvraven mocemul<br />

istoriul momentSi aqtualur da Semecnebad sakiTxebs.<br />

fukos argumenti diskursiul <strong>for</strong>mirebebTan dakavSirebiT saSualebas<br />

gvaZlevs SeviswavloT ara mxolod erTi an ori privilegirebuli “axali<br />

mamakacis” imiji, aramed davinaxoT regularuli xasiaTis msgavsebebi, romlebic<br />

am axali mamakacis gamoxatulebis sxvadasxva gmovlinebasTan aris dakavSirebuli,<br />

reprezentaciis mraval sxvadasxva adgilas. mag., axali mamakacis<br />

gamosaxuleba, rogorc zemoT iTqva, ara mxolod satelevizio reklamebSi<br />

gamoCnda, aramed plakatebze, Jurnalebis ydebsa da JurnalebSi da a.S.<br />

aseve yuradReba unda mieqces specifikur diskursiul kodebs da normebs,<br />

romelTa saSualebiTac maskulinoba aRiniSneba gamocemebis dros, tansacmlis<br />

dizainis Seqmnisa da reklamirebisas. es kodebi exebian sxeuls, gamosaxulebas da<br />

individualur momxmareblur tendenciebs, romlebic Semdeg maskulinobis<br />

garkveul xats qnian.<br />

fukos interesi Zalauflebis urTierTobebis mimarT aseve dagvexmareba am<br />

xatebis SeqmnaSi monawile Zalauflebis dinamikis rolis gaanalizebaSi: romel<br />

kulturul kodebs irCeven maskulinobis xatis agebisas da razea aqcenti<br />

vizualuri siamovnebis miRebis dros.<br />

levi strausis 501 jinsis reklamebSi xazi gasmuli aqvs ara imdenad<br />

mamakacebis kunTian aRnagobas, aramed maTi aRnagobis pasiur seqsualobas.<br />

mamakacis sxeuli aSkarad iTxovs vnebiT aRsavse mzeras. ukanaskneli 10-15 wlis<br />

44

Jurnalebis modis fotografiam Seqmna maskulinobis axali kodebi. SeiZleba<br />

gamovyoT axali mamakacis sami yvelaze mniSvnelovani "imiji", romelic 80-ian<br />

wlebSi Seiqmna. es aris "quCis stili", "italiur-amerikuli tipi" da<br />

"konservatiuli ingliselis tipi".<br />

stilis SerCeva xdeboda modelis Sesabamisi fizikuri Tvisebebis SerCevis<br />

saSualebiT. modeli aq axalgazrda iyo, Zlieri, kargad gamokveTili nakvTebiT.<br />

es elementebi biWur sinazes warmoqmnida; maskulinoba vlindeboda mkacri<br />

nakvTebis da mag., saxeze tatuirebuli simbolos xarjze. quCis stili Seexeboda<br />

"biWurobisa" da "simagre — siZlieris" kombinacias, rac TavisTavad maskulinurobis<br />

moazrebis erT-erT winaaRmdegobas warmoadgenda; anu sensualoba da<br />

hiper - maskulinoba — es orive Tviseba asocirdeboda am stilTan.<br />

meore, italiur-amerikuli stilis gansazRvrisas, wina planze idga<br />

eTnikuroba, rogorc am axali mamakacis gansazRvreli mTavari elementi.<br />

italiuri warmoSobis amerikeloba niSnavda muqi TeTri feris kans, gamokveTil<br />

nakvTebs da xazgasmul sensualobas (savse tuCebi gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia<br />

SerCeul modelebs Soris). quCis stilis msgavsad, italiur amerikuli stili<br />

gulisxmobda sensualobisa da simagris sinTezs, sensualoba asocirdeboda kanis<br />

muq ferTan, TvalebTan da savse tuCebTan, romlebic gamokveTili nikapisa da<br />

cxvirebis fonze italiel-amerikeli "maCos" imijs qmnida.<br />

konservatiuli ingliselobis warmoCenisas modelebs mkrTali TeTri kani,<br />

saxis nazi nakvTebi da Ria Tmis feri unda hqonodaT. Tmis stili gansakuTrebiT<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo konservatiuli ingliselobis xazgasasmelad. Tma aWrili iyo<br />

gverdebze, kefaze ki sakmarisad grZeli, rata misi ukan gadavarcxna SesaZlebeli<br />

yofiliyo. Tma modelebs ise hqondaT SeWrili, rom odnav win gadmovardniliyo,<br />

rac grZeli Tmis iluzias qmnida, maSin rodesac maskulinuri disciplinis iers<br />

ar kargavda da civilurad mowesrigebul iers inarCunebda.<br />

samive SemTxvevaSi, tansacmeli romelic modelebs ecvaT maskulinuri iyo da<br />

xSirad xazs usvamda mkvriv aRnagobas. modelebis gamometyveleba da dgomis<br />

manera miuTiTebda maT damoukideblobasa da TviTrwmenaze, iseve rogorc<br />

narcisistul TviTSefasebaze.<br />

am gamosaxulebebis adresati mamakaci identificirdeboda modelTan da<br />

cdilobda msgavsi imiji Seeqmna.<br />

maRaziebi mamakacebs maskulinobis am kodebis realizaciis saSualebas aZlevda.<br />

maT SeeZloT moesinjaT da moezomaT tansacmeli, komunikacia daemyarebinaT<br />

maRaziaSi momuSavebTan — rac tansacmlis yidvis procesis ganuyofeli nawilia.<br />

maRaziis interieri da vitrina amgvarad warmoadgens mamakacebisTvis Tavisi<br />

Tavis movlis/Seqmnis privilegirebul sivrces, sadac axali mamakacis xati<br />

iqmneba. vizualuri siamovnebis miReba xdeboda tansacmlis esTeturad gamofenis<br />

Sedegad, magram amave dros zRvari bundovani iyo, Tu vis uyurebdnen surviliTa<br />

da vnebiT- im produqts, romelsac modeli reklamirebas uwevda, Tu Tavad<br />

modelsac, romlis maskulinur sensualobasac xazi hqonda gasmuli. aseTi mzera<br />

Tu istoriulad mxolod homoseqsualuri orientaciis mamakacebis<br />

prerogativad iTvleboda, mogvianebiT yvelas Seexo.<br />

miSel fukos mixedviT, diskursi individebisTvis, subieqtisa (agentis) da<br />

identobis mravali istoriulad specifikuri poziciis matarebelia. rogorc<br />

ukve iTqva, swored es subieqt-poziciebi individebs saSualebas aZleven<br />

imoqmedon an codna SeiZinon mocemul socialur praqtikasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

amgvarad, popularul warmosaxvaSi xdeba mamakacebis axali subieqti-poziciis<br />

damkvidreba modasTan, stilTan da indivudualur moxmarebasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />

magram sainteresoa, Tu rogor moxda am subieqt poziciebis dakaveba mamakacTa<br />

mTeli jgufebis mier. fukos ainteresebs individualobis <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>for</strong>mebis<br />

warmoSoba axali codnisa da Zalauflebis qselebis saSualebiT.<br />

centraluri mqanizmi, romlis saSualebiTac fuko cdilobs gaigos is<br />

procesi, romelic xels uwyobs istoriul individebs daeqvemdebaron garkveul<br />

diskursiul poziciebs aris Zalauflebis funqcionireba diskursis CarCoebSi.<br />

fuko Tvlis, rom qcevis kodebis normad damkvidreba, rac individebze sazRvrebs<br />

awesebs, aseve qmnis subieqtisa da individualobis konkretul <strong>for</strong>mebs.<br />

interviuSi Zalauflebisa da codnis Sesaxeb (1980) fuko saubrobs<br />

45

subieqtivizaciaze an daqvemdebarebaze, sadac Zalauflebas isev centraluri<br />

roli eniWeba. Zalauflebis urTierTobebs SeuZliaT materialurad imoqmedon<br />

subieqtze subieqtis sakuTari reprezentaciebis mediaciaze damokidebulebis<br />

gareSe. individebs garkveuli poziciebi ukaviaT garkveul diskursSi, isini<br />

warmoadgenen Zalauflebis produqtebs. magaliTad, Zalauflebis urTierTobebis<br />

zemoqmedebam individebis sxeulze SeiZleba gamovlineba povos sxeulisTvis<br />

miniWebuli siamovnebis gaZlierebis gziT, sxeulis Weris manera, moZraoba da<br />

garkveuli praqtikis danergva dakavSirebulia swored dominanti diskuris<br />

zegavlenasTan.<br />

diskursisa da individis urTierTmimarTeba warmoadgens produqtiul<br />

urTierTobas, Zalaufleba Seadgens individis bunebasa da individis qcevas.<br />

fukos aseTi mosazrebebi sagulisxmoa rodesac reprezentaciaze vsaubrobT,<br />

Tumca fuko nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs im faqts, rom individebma SeiZleba<br />

pasiurad ar miiRon maTTvis Tavs moxveuli qcevis wesebi da SeewinaRmdegon<br />

Zalauflebis urTierTobebs, romlebic maT garkveuli poziciisken ubiZgebs.<br />

gviandel naSromebSi fuko exeba "me"- s teqnologiebs, an praqtikas. is ambobs, rom<br />

subieqts Seadgens simboluri sistema. ara mxolod simboloebiT TamaSis<br />

saSualebiT xdeba subieqtis warmoqmna, aramed is warmoiqmneba realur<br />

praqtikaSi.<br />

eseSi "me"-s teqnologiebi (1988) fuko gamoyofs oTxi tipis teqnologias<br />

(warmoeba-produqciis, niSanTa sistemis, Zalauflebisa da "me"-s). "me"-s<br />

teqnologiebi saSualebas aZleven individebs rom sakuTarive saSualebebiT an<br />

sxvebis daxmarebiT Caataron garkveuli operaciebi TavianT sxeulebze da<br />

sulebze, azrebze, qcevaze da yofaze, rom moaxdinon sakuTari Tavebis gardaqmna<br />

bednierebis, siwmindis, sibrZnis, srulyofilebisa da ukvdavebis mopovebis<br />

mizniT. teqnologiebi, an sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, me-s teqnikebi warmoadgenen<br />

garkveul teqnikas an praqtikas, romlis saSualebiTac subieqtis poziciebi<br />

ukaviaT individebs.<br />

aq fuko istoriul individebs ufro farTod moiazrebs da Tvlis, rom maTi<br />

urTierToba diskursebTan dinamikur process atarebs. Tumca, isini mainc<br />

Zalaufleba- codnis sferoebSi yalibdebian, konkretuli diskursebis<br />

farglebSi.<br />

amrigad, miSel fukos midgoma sainteresoa Semdegi kuTxiT, rom "axali<br />

mamakacis" xatebi aRviqvaT rogorc reprezentaciis garkveuli reJimi; rom<br />

yurebisa Tu mayureblis reJimi iqmneba garkveuli adgilebis saSualebiT, sadac<br />

es xatebi mniSvnelobs, rogoric aris maRaziebi, masmediis saSualebebi, a.S.<br />

swored am adgilebSi ganxorcielebuli qmedebebiT xdeba "axali mamakacis"<br />

rogorc istoriuli identobis Seqmna.<br />

fsiqoanalizi da subieqti<br />

kulturis mkvlevrebisTvis fsiqoanalizma aseve saintereso msjeloba<br />

Semoitana, romelic exeba imas, Tu ra gavlena aqvT reprezentaciul sistemebs<br />

namdvil istoriul individebze. mniSvnelovania - fsiqoanalizidan aRebuli sami<br />

cneba: identifikaciis, skopofiliisa da narcisizmis. samive cneba gvexmareba<br />

ukeTesad gavigoT genderuli identobebis Camoyalibeba reprezentaciebis<br />

CarCoebSi, da Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs yurebasa da mayureblobas, romlebic am<br />

process garkveul <strong>for</strong>mas aZleven.<br />

identifikacia warmoadgens ZiriTad cnebas am sam cnebas Soris. esseSi<br />

“jgufis fsiqologia da egos analizi”, froidi (1977) erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs<br />

ori tipis urTierTobas, romlebSic individebi Sedian. erTis mxriv, arsebobs<br />

urTierToba obieqtTan, romelic moicavs libidinaluri energiebis fokusirebas<br />

(seqsualuri impulsebi) meore adamianze. meore tipis identifikaciis dros xdeba<br />

proeqcia gamomdinare msgavsebidan individsa da meore pirs Soris, rasac moyveba<br />

sakuTari egos morgeba Tu mimsgavseba meore adamianis egoze. froidi Tvlis, rom<br />

es gansxvavebuloba aris ori tipis survilis sxvaoba: survili rom<br />

gyavdes/gekuTvnodes meore adamiani (romelsac is uwodebs katexiziss - obieqts)<br />

46

da survili iyo meore adamiani (identifikacia).<br />

aq yuradReba unda mivaqcioT ori tipis process — katexiziss, obieqtis<br />

mesakuTrisa da gamoyenebiT aspeqts da destruqciul, asimilaciur tendencias<br />

identifikaciis dros. es mesakuTreuli da agresiuli dinebebi obieqt-katexizisa<br />

da identifikaciaSi aSkarad iCens Tavs oidiposis kompleqsSi. oidiposis<br />

kompleqsi bavSvis ganviTarebis procesSi gadamwyvet fazas warmoadgens. swored<br />

am momentSi genderul identobasa da seqsualobas (an seqsualuri obieqtis<br />

arCevas) fiqsirebuli saxe aqvs. aseve am periodSive xdeba sxva ori cnebis<br />

gamovlena, esenia skopofiliisa da narcisizmis cnebebi.<br />

naSromSi, “sami esse seqsualobis Teoriis Sesaxeb” froidi ambobs, rom<br />

siamovnebis miReba yurebisas aris adamianuri seqsualobis Semadgeneli nawili.<br />

siamovneba yurebisas anu skopofilia SeiZleba warimarTos sxvadasxva arxebiT,<br />

erT-erTi maTgania - adamianis <strong>for</strong>miT tkboba. froidma am tkbobas narcisizmi<br />

uwoda, rac mas identifikaciis meqanizmis axsnaSi daexmara. froidis mixedviT,<br />

identifikaciis tendenciis narcisistul gamovlinebas ufro aracnobieri saxe<br />

hqonda da scildeboda individis TviTcnobierebis farglebs.<br />

identifikacia froidisTvis ara mxolod skokofiliuri tendenciis<br />

narcisistuli komponentebis organizebas axdenda, aramed aseve moicavda<br />

gaorebis process rac vlindeba froidis mier aRweril oidiposis dramaSi.<br />

oidiposis krizisis procesSi da Semdeg mis warmatebiT gadalaxvis dros — "biWi"<br />

irCevs maskulinur identifikacias mamasTan da am procesSi xdeba mamis mimarT<br />

arsebuli adreuli agresiuli fantaziebis Canacvleba. Tumca es maskulinuri<br />

identifikacia, xels uSlis Semdeg "biWs" moaxdinos feminuri identifikacia<br />

dedasTan. oidiposis scenarSi, froidi xazs usvams seqsualuri gansxvavebulobis<br />

da seqsualuri identobis <strong>for</strong>macias arCevanis gakeTebis dros ganxorcielebul<br />

identifikaciasa (biWis SemTxvevaSi maskulinuri) da im identifikacias Soris,<br />

romelic uariyofa (feminuri). froidis mixedviT, xdeba uaryofili identifikaciis<br />

aqtiuri represireba, rac Semdeg sul Tan sdevs adamians. fsiqoanalitikuri<br />

xedvidan gamomdinare, fiqsirebul seqsualuri identobasa da seqsualur<br />

gansxvavebulobas yovelTvis arastabiluri xasiaTi aqvT da bolomde maTi<br />

miRweva ar xdeba. subiqti rCeba gaorebuli, erTianobis msxvrevadi SegrZnebiT.<br />

froidis mier arCevanis gakeTebis periodis dros identifikaciis<br />

ganxorcieleba warmoadgens frangi Teoretikosisa da fsiqoanalitikosis Jak<br />

lakanis Teoriis centralur komponents. lakani ToTo bavSvis mier sakuTari<br />

Tavis aRqmas (sarkis safexuri, rogorc me-s funqciis ma<strong>for</strong>mirebeli), mis pirvel<br />

TviTidentifikacias gansazRvravs ToTo bavSvis sarkeSi gamosaxulebis aRqmis<br />

saSualebiT — rodesac bavSvi uyurebs Tavis anarekls sarkeSi, an kidev dedis<br />

TvalebSi areklil sakuTar Tavs. lakani ambobs, rom am dros bavSvi sakuTar Tavs<br />

aRiqvams rogorc sarkis gamosaxulebas. swored am dros xdeba pirveladi<br />

narcisuli identifikacia, romelic warmoadgens yvela momavali identifikaciis<br />

safuZvelsa da prototips.<br />

mayureblad yofnis fenomeni<br />

ra aris mniSvnelovani froidisa da lakanis mier identifikaciis moazrebaSi —<br />

narcisizmisa da skopofiliis fenomenebis aRwerisas — es aris identifikaciis<br />

struqturebis vizualuri xasiaTi. 1970-ian wlebis kinos TeoriaSi, Teoretikosebma<br />

ganaviTares froidisa da lakanis Sexedulebebi da maTi Teoria miuyenes<br />

kino-reprezentaciebis analizs. isini xazs usvamdnen vizualuri enis Zalas<br />

vizualuri kulturis momxmareblebze da SemogvTavazes yurebisa da<br />

identifikaciis genderuli dayofa.<br />

lora melvi, Tavis eseSi “vizualuri siamovneba da naratiuli kino”<br />

aanalizebs yurebis fenomens. melvis mixedviT, naratiuli kino axdenda<br />

skopofiliuri instiqtis (ego libido) narcisistuli aspeqtebis mobilizebas da<br />

voieristuli da fetiSisturi komponentebis (obiqti-katexizisi) xazgasmas. misi<br />

azriT, adgili aqvs mayureblis fenomenis specifikur organizebas skopofiliur<br />

survilebTan mimarTebaSi, ris mixedviTac yurebis dros siamovnebis miReba<br />

47

dayofilia aqtiur/maskulinur da pasiur/feminur komponentebad.<br />

melvim ganasxvava sami tipis mzera: kinokameridan movlenisken an scenaze<br />

mimarTuli mzera; mzera mayureblidan ekranze ganxorcielebuli movlenis<br />

mimarTulebiT da filmSi personaJebs Soris urTierTgacvliTi mzera. melvis<br />

mixedviT, es sami tipis mzera organizebulia swored zemoT xsenebuli<br />

dixotomiis irgvliv. erTi mxriv, mamakacebi warmoadgenen am mzeris matareblebs<br />

(aqtiuri Tvali) filmSi, feminuri ki kodirebulia rogorc vizualuri sanaxaoba<br />

(pasiuri obieqti romelsac uyureben) meores mxriv, mayureblis Tvali<br />

identificirdeba mamakac personaJTan. aqedan gamomdinare, malvi Tvlis, rom<br />

Seimcneva genderuli disbalansi, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu rogor arian<br />

warmosaxuli mamakaci personaJebi filmis siuJetSi. mamakacebis warmosaxva<br />

ekranze erotiuli, sanaxaobiTi mniSvnelobisgan daclilia. mamakaci akontrolebs<br />

mzeris dinamikas.<br />

aq xorcieldeba individis adgil-mdebareobis gansazRvra, konkretuli subieqtis<br />

poziciad Camoyalibeba, romelic mocemulia garkveuli reprezentaciis<br />

farglebSi; es reprezentacia ki organizebulia skokofiliuri survilebisa da<br />

aracnobieri identifikaciebis safuZvelze. rac TavisTavad warmoadgens im<br />

process, romelic axdens seqsualuri Tu genderuli gansxvavebulobis<br />

imitacias.<br />

roland barti: miTebi da niSnebi<br />

roland barti, Sveicarel lingvist ferdinand sosuris naazrevze<br />

dayrdnobiT Seecada gamoevlina kulturuli fenomenis TviTneburi xasiaTi da<br />

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis dafaruli mniSvnelobebi. barts ar ainteresebda kargis<br />

cudisgan gamorCeva <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> maskulturaSi, aramed mas surda eCvenebina<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> burJuaziuli sazogadoebebis erTi mxriv, spontanuri <strong>for</strong>mebi da<br />

ritualebi rogor ganicdian sistemur damaxinjebas, da meore mxriv, rom<br />

nebismier momentSi e.w. bunebrivad aRiarebuli <strong>for</strong>mebis deistorizacia aris<br />

mosalodneli, maTi miTad qcevis saSualebiT.<br />

“mTeli safrangeTi am anonimuri ideologiis monawilea: Cveni presa, filmebi,<br />

Teatri, literatura, ritualebi, sasamarTlo sistema, diplomatia, saubrebi,<br />

Cveni Sexedulebebi amindis, mkvlelobis, sasamarTlos, qorwilis, samzareulos,<br />

samoseli, romelic Cven gvacvia, yvelaferi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi<br />

damokidebulia im gamosaxulebaze, anu reprezentaciaze, romelsac burJuazias<br />

aqvs da aseve Cvenc Tavs gvaxvevs samyarosa da adamianebs Soris damokidebulebasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi (barti, 1972).<br />

bartis mier Camoyalibebuli kulturis cneba biblioTekas, operasa da<br />

Teatrs scildeba da moicavs yoveldRiurobas. Tumca es yoveldRiuroba<br />

bartisTvis muqariT aris aRsavse da ufro sistemurad organizebuli xasiaTi<br />

aqvs. bartisTvis “miTi warmoadgens laparakis tips”. is Tavis naSromSi,<br />

miTologiebi gansazRvravs wesebis, kodebisa da konvenciebis dafarul<br />

erTobliobas, romlis saSualebiTac garkveuli socialuri jgufebisTvis (e.i.<br />

visac Zalaufleba gaaCnia) mniSvnelobebi xdeba universaluri da "winaswar<br />

mocemuli" mTeli sazogadoebisTvis.<br />

barti miuTiTebda iseT fenomenebze, mag., rogoric aris saWidao matCi,<br />

mwerloba, turizmi. bartis mixedviT, am fenomenebs xelovnuri buneba<br />

axasiaTebT, gaaCniaT garkveuli ideologiuri sayrdeni. TiToeuli maTgani erTsa<br />

da imave ritorikis farglebSi Camoyalibda (is rac normalurad miRebulia — am<br />

ritorikis farglebSi) da gadaiqca miTad, anu “semiologiuri sistemis meoradi<br />

wesrigis” ubralo elementad (barti 1972). qvemoT, ufro detalurad ganvixilavT<br />

bartis mier Jurnal "pari matCis" garekanze dabeWdil fotos, sadac zangi<br />

jariskaci salutiT dgas frangul droSasTan; fotos gaaCnia pirveladi da<br />

meoradi wesrigis konotacia : pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saluti erTgulebis Jestad<br />

SeiZleba CaiTvalos, magram, amave dros, imasac viTvaliswinebT, rom safrangeTi<br />

aris udidesi imperia, da yvela misi Svili, kanis feris miuxedavad erTgulad<br />

unda emsaxuros safrangeTs.<br />

48

artis mier am lingvistikuri meTodis gamoyenebam enis gareT arsebuli sxva<br />

diskursiuli sistemebis mimarT (moda, kino, saWmeli) axali SesaZleblobebi<br />

ganaviTara <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> kulturul kvlevebis sferoSi. gaCnda imedi, rom<br />

semiotikuri analizis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda enas, gamocdilebasa<br />

da realobas Soris SeumCnveveli zRvari dafiqsirebuliyo da gaanalizebuliyo;<br />

rom zRvari gaucxoebul inteleqtualsa da “namdvil” samyaros Soris<br />

mniSvneladi gaxdariyo da amave dros gamqraliyo. semiologiuri analizi<br />

saSualebas iZleoda momxdariyo kulturis ori dapirispirebuli gansazRvrebis<br />

Serigeba — moraluri Sexedulebebisa (am SemTxvevaSi bartis marqsistuli<br />

Sexedulebebi) da popularuli Temebis : sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesis Seswavla.<br />

amisaTvis saWiro iyo axali analitikuri midgomebis SemuSaveba. am<br />

Teoretizaciis procesSi cnebam “ideologia” farTo mniSvneloba miiRo. bartma<br />

dainaxa, rom “anonimuri ideologia” ganmsWvalavda socialuri cxovrebis yovel<br />

SesaZlo dones, da vlindeboda yvelaze yofiT ritualSic ki da sazRvravda<br />

yvelaze ara<strong>for</strong>malur socialur Sexvedrebs. magram rogor SeiZleba ideologia<br />

iyos anonimuri? da rogor SeiZleba mas mieniWos farTo mniSvneloba?<br />

ideologia<br />

“germanul ideologiaSi” marqsi aCvenebs, rom kapitalisturi ekonomikuri<br />

struqturis safuZveli dafarulia warmoebis subieqtebis cnobierebisgan.<br />

ideologiis axali gagebis mixedviT, moCvenebiTis miRma namdvili urTierTobebis<br />

danaxvis warumatebloba ar aris gamowveuli imiT, rom TiTqos SeniRbvis mizniT<br />

xdeba garkveuli operaciebi, romlebic tardeba individebis, socialuri<br />

jgufebis an institutebis mier. amis sawinaaRmdegod, ideologia warmoadgens<br />

cnobierebis miRma arsebul fenomens. “normaluri xedvis” doneze, ideologiuri<br />

CarCoebi yvelaze mtkiced kristaldeba da yvelaze efeqturic aris, radganac<br />

maTi ideologiuri xasiaTi yvelaze ufro kargad ifareba swored am doneze.<br />

rogorc stuart holi ambobs, ideologiis gamWvirvaloba, bunebrioba,<br />

uaryofa imisa, rom moxdes im winapirobebis gadasinjva, romelsac ideologia<br />

efuZneba, misi winaaRmdegoba cvlilebis an koreqciis mimarT, misi pirdapir<br />

cnobadobis efeqti da Caketili wre, romelSic is moZraobs, "Cveulebriv aRqmas"<br />

aniWebs rogorc “spontanur”, aseve ideologiur da aracnobier xasiaTs. Tqven ar<br />

SegiZliaT, Cveulebrivi gziT, gaigoT sinamdvileSi ras warmoadgenen sagnebi:<br />

Tqven mxolod gaarkvevT, sad unda iyvnen isini sagnebis raRac erTobliobis<br />

farglebSi. am gziT xdeba status quo -s dakanoneba da ideologiis mediumad<br />

gadaqceva, sadac winapirobebi moCvenebiTi gamWvirvalobis miRma SeumCneveli<br />

xdeba. (holi, 1977)<br />

imdenad ramdenadac ideologia ganmsWvalavs yoveldRiurobis diskurss<br />

“Cveulebrivi, saRi azris” <strong>for</strong>miT, misi gamijvna yoveldRiurobisgan rTuli<br />

xdeba; is warmoadgens TviTkmari “politikuri mosazrebebis” an “mikerZoebuli<br />

Sexedulebebis” erTobliobas. misi arc msoflmxedvelobebis abstraqtul<br />

ganzomilebebamde dayvana SeiZleba da arc marqsistuli perspeqtividan<br />

gamomdinare “yalb cnobierebad” monaTvla. aramed rogorc lui alTuzerma<br />

miuTiTa:<br />

“ideologias bevri araferi akavSirebs “cnobierebasTan”. is siRrmiseulad<br />

aracnobieri fenomenia. ideologia warmoadgens reprezentaciis sistemas, magram<br />

umeteswilad es reprezentaciebi “cnobierebasTan” kavSirSi ar imyofeba, aramed<br />

isini warmoadgenen gagebul-miRebul-gancdil kulturul obieqtebs, romlebic<br />

funqciurad moqmedeben adamianebze raRac procesis saSualebiT, romelsac<br />

adamianebi ver acnobiereben” da Sesabamisad eqcevian garkveul struqturebSi<br />

TavianTi “cnobierebisgan” damoukideblad. (alTuzeri, 1969).<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom aq alTuzeri saubrobs im struqturebze, rogoric aris<br />

mag., ojaxi, kulturuli da politikuri institutebi, a.S. Cven aseve SeiZleba<br />

moviyvanoT fizikuri struqturis magaliTi. ganaTlebis yvelaze <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

institutebi, maTi moCvenebiTi neitralurobis miuxedavad, implicituri<br />

idologiuri Sexedulebebis matarebelni arian, romlebic Semdeg myari<br />

49

arqiteqturis saxes iReben. yvelaferi winaswar gawerilia, sagnis Sinaars rom<br />

arc ki SevexoT. es gansazRvrulobani ara mxolod imas svams CarCoebSi Tu ra<br />

iswavleba, aramed Tu rogor iswavleba. saswavlo Senobebi pirdapiri<br />

mniSvnelobiT dominanti ideologiuri cnebebis warmoebas axdenen, pirvel rigSi,<br />

Tu ra aris ganaTleba; swored am procesis saSualebiT saganmanaTleblo<br />

struqtura, romelic Tavisi bunebiT cvalebadia kiTxvis niSansa Tu daeWvebas<br />

aRar eqvemdebareba da gvevlineba rogorc winaswar mocemuli garemoeba (anu<br />

ucvlelis saxiT).<br />

socialuri urTierTobebi da procesebi Semdeg miewodeba individebs<br />

garkveuli, winaswar gansazRvruli <strong>for</strong>mebis saxiT; es <strong>for</strong>mebi rogorc<br />

aRvniSneT ar aris gamWvirvale. isini Semosilia “sayovelTaod miRebuli azris”<br />

niRbiT, rac maT validurobas aZlevs da amave dros mistificirebas ukeTebs.<br />

swored am <strong>for</strong>mebis gaSifrva surs semiologiur analizs. kulturis yvela<br />

aspeqts semiologiuri faseuloba gaaCnia da yvela mocemuli Tu miRebuli<br />

fenomeni funqcionirebs rogorc niSani: rogorc sakomunikacio sistemaSi<br />

arsebuli elementi, romelic imarTeba semantikuri wesebisa da kodebis mier, rac<br />

TavisTavad gamocdilebaSi ar fiqsirdeba. es niSnebi arian iseTive gaumWvirvale,<br />

rogorc is socialuri urTierTobebi, romlebic maT warmoSobs da Semdeg maT<br />

gamoxatulebas warmoadgens. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, yvela aRmniSvnels<br />

ideologiuri ganzomileba gaaCnia:<br />

niSani ar arsebobs ubralod rogorc realobis nawili — is asaxavs da Semdeg<br />

ganasaxierebs sxva realobas. amitom man SeiZleba daamaxinjos an swored<br />

warmoaCinos mocemuli realoba, an kidev gansakuTrebuli kuTxiT dagvanaxos is.<br />

yvela niSani eqvemdebareba ideologiuri Sefasebis kriteriumebs; ideologiis<br />

sfero emTxveva niSnebis sferos. sadac niSani arsebobs, iqve arsebobs ideologiac.<br />

yvelafer ideologiurs aqvs semioturi mniSvneloba” (volosinovi, 1973)<br />

niSnebis ideologiuri ganzomilebis gamosavlenad, Cven unda gavSifroT<br />

kodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba mniSvnelobis organizeba. “konotaciur”<br />

kodebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT. stuart holis mixedviT, isini<br />

socialuri cxovrebis saxes faraven da warmoadgenen mas rogorc klasificirebad,<br />

gasageb da mniSvnelad rames”.<br />

holi am kodebs “mniSvnelobis rukebs uwodebs”, romlebic produqciis<br />

arCevans gansazRvraven. kodebi dominireben potenciuri mniSvnelobebis fonze<br />

da Sedegad zogierTi mniSvneloba ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba, vidre sxva. Cven<br />

vcxovrobT am rukebis farglebSi iseve darwmunebulebi, rogorc “realur “<br />

samyaroSi: isini Cven mogviazreben iseTive wesiT rogorc Cven maT moviazrebT. es<br />

TavisTavad bunebrivi procesia. yvela adamianuri <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> Tavisi Tavis<br />

kvlav warmoebas axdens “naturalizaciis” procesis saSualebiT. am procesiTve —<br />

socialuri urTierTobebis konkretuli <strong>for</strong>mebi, samyaros organizebis<br />

konkretuli gzebi gveCveneba rogorc universaluri da maradiuli.<br />

magaliTad, alTuzeri ambobs, rom ideologias ar aqvs istoria, da rom<br />

ideologiis es farTo gageba yovelTvis iqneba nebismieri socialuri <strong>for</strong>maciis<br />

Semadgeneli aucilebeli elementi. Tumca, iseT kompleqsur <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si,<br />

rogoric dasavleTis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>a, romelic funqcionirebs kargad klasificirebuli<br />

dayofili muSa xelis saSualebiT, kiTxva ismis, Tu ra konkretul<br />

ideologiebzea aq saubari, romeli jgufebis interesebs warmoadgenen es<br />

ideologiebi, da ra momentSi an ra situaciaSi warmoCindeba isini. am sakiTxis<br />

gasarkvevad Cven, pirvel rigSi, unda ganvixiloT rogor aris dasavlur<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si Zalaufleba ganawilebuli; anu sazogadoebis romeli jgufebi an<br />

klasebi axdenen socialuri samyaros definicias, mowesrigebasa da<br />

klasifikacias. magaliTad, im saSualebebis xelmisawvdomoba, romelTa gziTac<br />

ideebi vrceldeba <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si (mas mediis saSualebebi) ar warmoadgens erTsa<br />

da imaves yvela klasisTvis. zogierT jgufs ufro metis Tqmis ufleba aqvs, sxvani<br />

wesebs adgenen, mniSvnelobebs gansazRvraven, maSin rodesac garkveul nawils<br />

naklebi Zalaufleba gaaCnia imisTvis rom Tavisi wesebi samyaros mowyobis Sesaxeb<br />

Tavs moaxvion danarCenebs.<br />

sainteresoa, rogor funqcionirebs specifikuri ideologiebi, rogor<br />

moipovebs zogierTi Zalauflebas, xolo sxvebi ki rCebian marginalebad. Cven<br />

50

vxedavT, rom ganviTarebuli dasavleTis demokratiul qveynebSi, ideologiuri<br />

sfero ar aris netraluri. konotaciur kodebs rom davubrundeT, isini<br />

mniSvnelobiT arian datvirTuli da warmoadgenen dominanturi diskursebis<br />

Semadgenel nawils, anu dominantur ideologiebs, dominanturi jgufebis<br />

interesebs <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si.<br />

marqsi: mmarTveli klasis ideebi yvela epoqaSi mmarTvel ideebs warmoadgenen;<br />

anu klasi, romelic warmoadgens sazogadoebis materialur mmarTvel<br />

Zalas amave dros aris mmarTveli inteleqtualuri Zala. klasi, romelic flobs<br />

materialuri warmoebis saSualebebs, aseve flobs mentaluri warmoebis<br />

saSualebebsac. mmarTveli ideebi warmoadgenen dominanturi materialuri<br />

urTierTobebis idealur gamoxatulebas da aRiqmebian rogorc ideebi saidanac<br />

gamomdinareobs urTierTobebi, romlebic klass mmarTvel klasad aqceven.<br />

mmarTveli klasi ki, Tavis mxriv, dominanturi ideebis matarebeli xdeba (marqsi<br />

da engelsi 1970).<br />

antonio gramSis hegemoniis Teoria asaxavs Tu rogor xdeba dominantobis<br />

SenarCuneba ganviTarebul kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi.<br />

hegemonia: hegemoniis cneba Seexeba iseT situacias, romelSic socialuri<br />

jgufebis garkveuli kavSiris Sedegad xdeba totaluri socialuri Zalauflebis<br />

ganxorcieleba sxva daqvemdebarebul jgufebze, ara mxolod iZulebis an<br />

mmarTveli ideebis pirdapiri Tavsmoxvevis gziT, aramed Tanxmobis mopovebisa da<br />

saerTo Sexedulebebis <strong>for</strong>mirebis saSualebiT, ise rom dominanturi jgufebis<br />

Zalauflebas legitimuri da bunebrivi saxe eZleva.<br />

hegemoniis SenarCuneba SeiZleba manamde, sanam dominanti klasebi warmatebiT<br />

axerxeben ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebis gansazRvras erTi mocemuli CarCos<br />

farglebSi, ise rom daqvemdebarebuli jfugebi Tu ar kontrolirdebian, maSin<br />

erT ideologiur sivrceSi mainc arian moqceuli. es ideologiuri sivrce ar<br />

unda Candes rogorc mkveTrad ideologiuri, aramed hqondes mudmivobisa da<br />

bunebriobis saxe, iyos istoriis gareT da konkretuli interesebis miRma.<br />

bartis mixedviT, miTologia asrulebs naturalizaciisa da normalizaciis<br />

vitalur funqcias. gramSi mniSvnelovan detals amatebs: misi azriT, hegemoniis<br />

Zala, swored imitom rom mas sWirdeba daqvemdebarebuli umvravlesobis<br />

Tanxmoba arasdros ganxorcieldeba erTsa da imave adamianTa jgufis mier.<br />

hegemonia ar aris universaluri da winaswar mocemuli konkretuli<br />

klasisTvis, rom maT marTon; aramed hegemonia, pirvel rigSi, mopovebul unda<br />

iqnes, eqvemdebarebodes kvlavwarmoebas da hegemoniis SenarCunebisTvis<br />

mmarTveli jgufi unda iRvwodes. hegemonia warmoadgens “moZrav wonasworobas”,<br />

romelic moicavs Zalebis urTierTqmedebas, romlebic an keTilad arian<br />

ganwyobili ama Tu im tendenciis mimarT, an ara.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, <strong>for</strong>mebi ar SeiZleba permanentulad normalizebuli<br />

iyos. maTi dekonstruireba da demistifikacia yovelTvis aris SesaZlebeli;<br />

magaliTad, iseTi “miTologis” mier, rogoric aris roland barti. ufro metic,<br />

sagnebis Tavidan mopoveba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi yovelTvis aris SesaZlebeli;<br />

maT xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi mniSvnelobebi eniWebaT imave jgufebis mier,<br />

romlebmac sagnebi Seqmnes. simbiozi, romelSic ideologia da socialuri<br />

wesrigi, warmoeba da kvlav warmoeba erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba, ar aris stabiluri<br />

da arc garantirebuli. is Riaa cvlilebebisTvis. konsensusi SeiZleba<br />

danawevrdes, Seicvalos da misi validuroba kiTxvis niSnis qveS moeqces. xolo<br />

ZalauflebaSi myofi jgufebis mimarT winaaRmdegobas yovelTvis ver gavuwevT<br />

ignorirebas an kidev avtomaturad ver CavrTavT mas Cven sistemaSi. Tumca,<br />

lefebres mixedviT, Cven vcxovrobT im <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si sadac meoradi buneba<br />

pirveladis adgils ikavebs — aRqmadi realobis Tavdapirvel fenas (lefebvre<br />

1971). yovelTvis aris winaaRmdegobebi da dapirispirebebi, romlebic niSansa da<br />

sagans Soris, warmoebasa da kvlavwarmoebas Soris napralis amovsebas uSlian<br />

xels.<br />

brZola sxvadasxva diskurss , sxvadasxva definiciasa da mniSvnelobas Soris<br />

ideologiis farglebSi, yovelTvis atarebs signifikaciis sferoSi arsebuli<br />

51

uTanxmoebis xasiaTs: es aris brZola niSnis kvlav mopovebisTvis, romelic<br />

vrceldeba yoveldRiurobis yvelaze yoveldRiur sferoebzec ki.<br />

subkultura/stili<br />

subkulturis da stilis mniSvneloba xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />

cnebebiT ganisazRvreba. aqedan gamomdinare, es Tavi daeTmoba im process,<br />

romlis saSualebiTac garkveul sagnebs raRac mniSvneloba eniWebaT, kerZod, ki<br />

stili erqmevaT subkulturis farglebSi.<br />

dik hebdijis wigni (1979) subkultura — stilis mniSvneloba warmoadgens<br />

subkulturaze daweril wignebs Soris klasikas. hebdiji subkulturis fenomenis<br />

ganxilvisas iyenebs altuzeris, gramSis, bartisa da praRis skolis mier<br />

SemuSavebuli semiotikis midgomebs. 70-iani wlebi iyo is periodi, rodesac<br />

britaneTSi bevri subkultura arsebobda an kidev maTi SemCneva ufro martivi<br />

iyo, vidre sxvagan. ai, magaliTad, arsebobdnen Semdegi subkulturebi : tedebi,<br />

skinhedebi, pankebi, bouvitebi (devid bouvis mimdevrebi), hipebi, dredebi da a.S.<br />

hebdiji gramSis or termins iyenebs subkulturis analizisTvis; pirveli aris<br />

gaerTianeba, xolo meore konkretuloba, rac niSnavs, rom TiToeuli<br />

subkultura warmoadgens gamorCeul “moments”, konkretul pasuxs konkretuli<br />

viTarebis mimarT.<br />

subkulturebi warmoiSva gviani xanis industriuli kulturis ufro farTo<br />

sistemasTan komunaluri da simboluri urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. isini<br />

ganpirobebuli arian, Tumca ara calsaxad - asakiTa da klasiT da gamoirCevian<br />

gansxvavebuli stiliT. es stilebi ki warmoiqmneba konkretuli istoriuli da<br />

kulturuli “Tanxvedrebis” dros; isini ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc<br />

mxolod hegemoniis an kidev socialuri daZabulobis gadamwyveti saSualeba,<br />

rogorc amas miiCnevdnen adreuli Teoretikosebi.<br />

subkulturebi axdenen im periodSi gavrcelebuli "imijebisa" da arsebuli<br />

meterialuri kulturis safuZvelze stilebis erTad Tavmoyras, im mizniT, rom<br />

Semdeg maT Seqmnan gansxvavebuli identobebi. axali identobebi iqmneba im mizniT<br />

rom subkulturis wevrebma am gziT moipovon “SedarebiTi avtonomia” socialuri<br />

wesrigis farglebSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, klasificirebulia klasis, samuSaos,<br />

Taobebs Soris gansxvavebebis safuZvelze.<br />

hebdijma gviandel naSromSi (1998) sxvagvarad moiazra Tavisi meTodi da<br />

ganacxada, rom man saTanado mniSvneloba ar mianiWa komerciuli kulturis Zalas,<br />

romelsac SeuZlia kontrhegemonuri stilebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna.<br />

panki warmoadgenda avangarduli kulturuli strategiis, marketinguli<br />

unarebis da muSaTa klasis daumorCileblobis gansakuTrebul sinTezs, romelic<br />

Seiqmna im dros, rodesac britaneli axalgazrdobisTvis samomxmareblo bazari<br />

ar iyo martivad xelmisawvdomi. zRvari subkulturas, rogorc protests da<br />

subkulturas, rogorc komerciul kulturas Soris rTuli gasavlebia,<br />

ramdenadac orive siamovnebis momtania da hegemoniis iaraRia, gansakuTrebiT<br />

maSin rodesac axalgazrdebze orientirebul bazars exeba saqme.<br />

magaliTad, sainteresoa britaneTSi arsebuli Savkaniani mosaxleobisa da<br />

muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli axalgazrdobis ganxilva subkulturebis<br />

warmoqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. SavkanianTa kulturuli <strong>for</strong>mebi (mag., musika)<br />

yovelTvis TamaSobda ganmsazRvrel rols subkulturuli stilebis<br />

warmoqmnisas. aq xazi unda gaesvas urTierTobas subkulturebsa da im sxva<br />

jgufebs Soris (mSoblebi, maswavleblebi, policia, “respeqtabeluri<br />

moqalaqeebi”, a.S. da ufrosi muSaTa klasi da saSualo klasis kulturebi),<br />

romlebsac am subkulturebis warmomadgenlebi gaemijnen. meore msoflio omis<br />

Semdeg britaneTSi Zveli tradiciuli cxovrebis stili gadafara axalma,<br />

zedapirulad naklebad klasobrivma sistemam. miuxedavad imisa, rom klasobrivi<br />

struqtura ar gamqrala, is <strong>for</strong>mebi, romlis saSualebiTac klasi gamoixateboda<br />

kulturaSi Seicvala. masmediis ganviTarebam, ojaxis konstituciis Secvlam,<br />

skolisa da samsaxuris organizaciam da samuSaosa da dasvenebis statusis<br />

Secvlam muSaTa klasi gaanaxevra da misi polarizeba gamoiwvia, ris Sedegadac<br />

52

Seiqmna ramdenime marginaluri diskursi klasobrivi urTierTobebis farTo<br />

CarCoebSi.<br />

axalgazrduli kulturis ganviTarebamac Seuwyo xeli polarizaciis am<br />

process. muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli axalgazrdobis msyidvelunarianoba<br />

gaizarda; axalgazrdebs ukve SeeZloT ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad<br />

warmoebuli produqciis yidva. ganaTlebis sistemaSic moxda cvlilebebi, ramac<br />

xeli Seuwyo TaobaTa cnobierebis Camoyalibebas axalgazrdebs Soris. es<br />

cnobiereba klasis gamocdilebas emyareboda, Tumca ukve gansxvavebuli<br />

<strong>for</strong>mebiT gamoixateboda, romlebic xSirad upirispirdeboda Zvel tradiciul<br />

<strong>for</strong>mebs.<br />

klasis fenomeni imdenad meore xarisxovnad iTvleboda imdroindeli da<br />

Semdgomi kvlevebis dros, rom bevrma socialurma Teoretikosma axalgazrdebi<br />

CaTvala rogorc axali klasi. isini axalgazrdebSi xedavdnen<br />

aradiferencirebul Tineijer momxmareblebs. subkulturis kvleva britaneTSi<br />

daefuZna urbanul eTnografias, romelic jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi ganviTarda<br />

(henri meihius da tomas arCeris naSromebi, Carlz dikensisa da artur morisonis<br />

novelebi). Tumca subkulturis kvlevisadmi ufro mecnieruli midgoma, Tavisi<br />

meTodologiiT (CarTuli dakvirveba) 1920-ian wlebamde ar aRmocenebula,<br />

rodesac sociologebisa da danaSaulis SemswavlelTa jgufma CikagoSi daiwyo<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segroveba quCis axalgazrda dajgufebebze da kriminogenur<br />

jgufebze. CarTuli dakvirveba isev aqtualuria, Tumca analitikuri da axsniTi<br />

amosavali wertilis ararsebobis gamo mas sociologiis ZiriTad nakadSi<br />

marginaluri statusi eniWeba.<br />

1950-ian wlebSi albert koeni da volter mileri Seecadnen Teoriuli<br />

perspeqtivis Semotanas; isini Seiswavlidnen dominant da daqvemdebarebul<br />

RirebulebiT sistemebs. koeni dainteresda muSaTa klasis axalgazrda<br />

warmomadgenlebiT, romlebic kargad ver swavlobdnen skolaSi. isini Tavisufal<br />

dros erTiandebodnen dajgufebebSi da am wesiT axdenden TviTRirebulebis,<br />

TviTrwmenis alternatiuli wyaros Camoyalibebas. dajgufebaSi ar cnobdnen<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si miRebul iseT Rirebulebebs rogoric iyo simkacre, ambicia,<br />

kon<strong>for</strong>mizmi, a.S. am Rirebulebebis sawinaaRmdegod dajgufebis wevrebi<br />

mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen hedonizms, avtoritetis arafrad Cagdebas, “sacemi<br />

subieqtebis” Ziebas, a.S.<br />

axalgazrdebis dajgufebebis RirebulebaTa sistemis kvlevisas, mileri xazs<br />

usvams dajgufebasa da mSoblebis kulturas Soris msgavsebebs; mileris<br />

mixedviT, devianti jgufis bevr Rirebulebas ubralod damaxinjebuli an<br />

maqsimalisturi xasiaTi aqvs, Torem sxva mxriv is warmoadgens muSaTa klasis<br />

ufrosi warmomadgenlebis faseulobebs.<br />

1961 wels matsa da saiksma subkulturis Seswavlisas gamoiyenes termini<br />

subteraniuli Rirebulebebi, raTa aexsnaT legitimuri da devianturi<br />

axalgazrduli kulturebi. maTac aRiares rom axalgazrdebis kulturaSi<br />

damkvidrebuli subteraniuli Rirebulebebi (riskis, garTobis Zieba) mWidrod<br />

ukavSirdeba Sromis eTikas (dakmayofilebis gadavadeba, rutina). mogvianebiT, am<br />

Teoriebis Semowmeba moxda britanuli savele samuSaoebis dros.<br />

1960 wels piter vilmotma gamoaqveyna kvleva im kulturuli<br />

SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb, romlebic xelmisawvdomi iyo muSaTa klasis<br />

biWebisTvis londonis ist-endSi (aRmosavleT londonSi). vilmotmac daaskvna,<br />

rom uklaso axalgazrduli kulturis idea jer kidev udroo da uazro iyo. misi<br />

dakvirvebiT, Tavisufali drois gamoyenebis sxvadasxva SeesaZlebloba<br />

axalgazrdebisTvis gansazRvruli iyo im winaaRmdegobebiTa da danawevrebiT,<br />

romelic axasiaTebs uklaso <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s. man subkultura gansazRvra rogorc<br />

"kompromisuli gadawyvetileba" or urTierTdapirispirebul moTxovnilebas<br />

Soris: Seqmnisa da avtonomiurobis moTxovnileba da mSoblisagan<br />

gansxvavebulobis damtkiceba da mSoblis identifikaciebis SenarCunebis<br />

moTxovnileba.<br />

am analizis mixedviT, skinhedebisa da tedebis stili intepretirebuli iyo<br />

rogorc mediaciis mcdeloba gamocdilebasa da tradicias, nacnobsa da axals<br />

Soris. kohenisTvis, subkulturis latentur funqcias warmoadgenda “gamoexata<br />

53

da gadaeWra, albaT, ufro jadosnuri gziT is winaaRmdegobebi, romlebsac an<br />

dafaruli saxe aqvT, an kidev gadauWreli rCeba mSoblebis kulturaSi”<br />

subkulturis ganxilvam mogvianebiT mxedvelobaSi miiRo ideologiuri,<br />

ekonomikuri da kulturuli faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvraven ama Tu im<br />

subkulturis arsebobas. kohenma klasis cnebac CarTo Tavis analizSi da<br />

ganacxada - imis magivrad, rom klasi warmodgenil iqnes rogorc garegani<br />

gansazRvrulobebis abstraqtuli erToblioba, mas aqvs materialuri Zala da<br />

gamoxatvas povebs stilis, gamocdilebisa da xatebis Seqmnis <strong>for</strong>miT. klasisa da<br />

seqsualobis garSemo arsebuli interesi da problematika, kon<strong>for</strong>mizmsa da<br />

devicias Soris winaaRmdegoba, ojaxi da skola, muSaoba da Tavisufali dro<br />

Tavmoyril iqna iseTi <strong>for</strong>miT, romelic, erTi mxriv, SesamCnevi iyo, meore mxriv<br />

ki dafaruli, magram amave dros iZleoda istoriis rekonstruirebisa da<br />

dafaruli mniSvnelobebis gamovlinebis saSualebas.<br />

stili: stili subkulturaSi mniSvnelobiT aris damuxtuli. misi<br />

trans<strong>for</strong>macia “bunebrivis winaaRmdeg” midis da "normalizaciis" procesSi<br />

iWreba. stils Seadgens iseTi Jestebi, sityvebi, romlebic Seuracxyofs “mdumare<br />

umravlesobas”, eWvis qveS ayenebs erTianobis princips da konsensusis miTs<br />

ewinaaRmdegeba.<br />

sainteresoa im faruli mesijebis garkveva, romlebic kodirebuli saxiT<br />

gvevlineba stilis zedapirze; mocemul farul mesijebs analizis dros<br />

“mniSvnelobis rukebis” saxe eniWebaT, romlebic Tavis TavSi moicaven im<br />

winaaRmdegobebs, romelTa gadaWra an dafarvac warmoadgens kodebis funqcias.<br />

stilis moazrebam, rogorc kodirebulma pasuxma <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si mimdinare<br />

cvlilebebze, axalgazrduli kulturis kvlevisadmi midgomebi radikalurad<br />

Secvala. gramSis hegemoniis cnebis gamoyenebiT, avtorebi axalgazrduli<br />

kulturuli stilebis interpretacias axdenen rogorc protestis simbolur<br />

<strong>for</strong>mebs, rogorc ufro farTo da zogadad dafaruli disidenturi<br />

suliskveTebis TvalsaCino simptomebs, rac axasiaTebda meore msoflio omis<br />

Semdgom periods dasavleT evropaSi.<br />

stili, rogorc mizanmimarTuli komunikacia<br />

"me vlaparakob tansacmlis saSualebiT" — (umberTo eko, 1973 )<br />

nebismieri subkultura xasiaTdeba cikliT, romelsac mivyavarT opoziciuri<br />

ganwyobidan neitralur poziciamde, protestidan gawevrianebamde/CarTulobamde.<br />

kerZod, ris komunikacias axdens subkulturuli stili? igive kiTxva exeba<br />

modis kulturasac. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad Semdegi ori kiTxva warmoiSoba:<br />

rogor xdeba subkultura gasagebi Tavad misive wevrebisTvis? da rogor<br />

gamoxatavs uwesrigobas? “gamosaxulebis ritorikaSi” roland barti adarebs<br />

"mizanmimarTuli" sareklamo gamosaxulebas ufro "umanko" reportaJul fotos.<br />

orive gamosaxuleba warmoadgens specifiuri kodebisa da praqtikis rTul<br />

gamoxatulebas, magram reportaJuli foto ufro "bunebriv" da gamWvirvale<br />

xasiaTs atarebs, vidre reklama. is wers, rom "imijis mniSvneloba namdvilad<br />

mizanmimarTulia.. sareklamo gamosaxuleba naTelia, emfaturia” bartis es<br />

gansxvaveba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT subkulturisa da "normalur" stilebs Soris<br />

gansxvavebis aRsaniSnavad. subkulturul stilistur kombinaciebs — Cacmis,<br />

musikis, cekvis, da a.S. iseTive damokidebuleba aqvT ufro konvenciur <strong>for</strong>mebTan<br />

(normaluri pijakebi da halstuxebi, ara<strong>for</strong>maluri samoseli), rogorsac<br />

sareklamo imiji atarebs naklebad cnobierad agebul sareportaJo fotosTan<br />

SedarebiT.<br />

rogorc semiotikosebi aRniSnaven, signifikacia ar aris saWiro, rom iyos<br />

mizanmimarTuli. umberto ekos Tvlis rom ara mxolod gamiznulad komunikaciis<br />

matarebeli obieqti SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc raimes niSani, aramed<br />

nebismeiri obieqti warmoadgens niSans (eko, 1973). magaliTad, Cveulebrivi<br />

Cacmuloba, romelsac atarebs saSualo mamakaci da qali quCaSi, SerCeulia maTi<br />

finansuri SesaZlebobebidan gamomdinare, "gemovneba" Tu ris Cacmas rodis<br />

54

amjobineb, a.S. Zalian mniSvnelovania TavisTavad. maTi arCevani bevr rameze<br />

metyvelebs. TiToeul sinTezsa Tu kombinacias, gansxvavebulobis Sida sistemaSi<br />

Tavisi adgili ukavia — konvenciuri normebisgan Semdgari diskursi - Seesabameba<br />

socialurad aRiarebul rolebsa da SesaZleblobebs. es arCevani Seicavs<br />

mesijebs, romelTa gadacemac xdeba mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebis saSualebiT —<br />

statusi, TviT imiji, mimzidveloba, profesia. sxva Tu araferi, isini gamoxataven<br />

"normalurobas" "deviaciurobis" sapirispirod (anu isini gamoirCevian TavianTi<br />

SedarebiT aragamomwvevi, uCinari CacmulobiT, "bunebriobiT") Tumca, mizanmimarTul<br />

komunikacias gansxvavebuli xasiaTi aqvs. is gamoirCeva Tavisi<br />

konstruqciiT da warmoadgens mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli arCevanis Sedegs,<br />

yuradRebas ipyrobs da iTxovs rom is waikiTxon.<br />

subkulturuli stilebi warmoaCenen TavianT specifikur kodebs (mag.,<br />

pankebis daxeuli maisurebi) an kidev miuTiTeben rom kodebi Seqmnilia imisTvis,<br />

rom isini SemoqmedebiTad gamoiyenon. amitom subkulturuli stilebi<br />

gansxvavdebian <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si aRiarebuli da miRebuli stilebisgan, romelTa<br />

mTavar maxasiaTebels, bartis mixedviT, warmoadgens maTi bunebrioba da<br />

"normalizebuli" xasiaTi, ris Sedegadac realoba ise gveZleva, TiTqos es<br />

yvelaferi eqvemdebarebodes bunebrivi wesrigis kanonebs.<br />

subkultura, iseve rogorc moda scildeba am kanonebs, radgan axdens<br />

mocemuli nivTebis gadanacvlebasa da gansxvavebul konteqstSi moTavsebas. maTi<br />

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli moxmareba nivelirdeba da Cndeba maTi moxmarebis<br />

axali gzebi. subkulturuli stilisti kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs "yoveldRiuri<br />

cxovrebis cru bunebriobas" (alTuzeri 1968) da nivTebs aniWebs gansxvavebul,<br />

winaaRmdegobriv mniSvnelobas Tu wakiTxvadobas.<br />

mniSvnelovani gansxvavebulobis komunikacia devs yvela mniSvnelovani<br />

subkulturis stilis ukan. es stili warmoadgens mesijs, romelic TavisTavad<br />

bevri sxva mesijis matarebelia. sainteresoa, Tu rogori struqtura aqvT<br />

individualur subkulturebs da Tu konkretulad risi Setyobineba da reklama<br />

xdeba individualuri subkulturis mocemuli, mizanmimarTuli komunikaciis<br />

saSualebiT.<br />

stili, rogorc brikolaJi<br />

subkulturebs bevri saerTo maxasiaTebeli aqvT. isini momxmareblur<br />

kulturasac warmoadgenen — maSinac ki rodesac pankebi da skinhedebi<br />

uaryofdnen garkveuli sagnebis yidva-moxmarebas — swored moxmarebis<br />

specifiuri ritualebis gziT, stilis saSualebiT subkultura erTis mxriv<br />

axdenda Tavisi "saidumlo" identobis warmoCenas da gvatyobinebda akrZalul<br />

mniSvnelobebs. am gziT subkulturis wevrebi warmoaCendnen Tu rogor xdeboda<br />

nivTebis gamoyeneba mocemul subkulturaSi, da amiT ganasxvavebdnen<br />

subkulturas ufro farTod aRiarebuli kulturuli warmonaqmnebisgan.<br />

brikolaJis cneba dagvexmareba subkulturuli stilebis Seqmnaze saubris<br />

dros. levi strosi, Tavis cnobil naSromSi "veluri cnobiereba", wers rom<br />

magiuri gzebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba primitiuli xalxebis mier (crurwmena,<br />

jadoqroba, miTebi) SeiZleba davinaxoT rogorc erTi SexedviT gamaognebeli,<br />

magram erTiani, logikuri, urTierT-damakavSirebeli sistemebis arseboba,<br />

romlebic konkretul sagnebs erTmaneTTan akavSireben da Sesabamisad<br />

amartiveben garSemo samyaros moazrebas. gaerTianebis am jadosnur sistemebs<br />

axasiaTebT erTi saerTo niSani: maT SeuZliaT usasrulod gafarTovdnen,<br />

radganac bazisuri elementebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba bevr sxvadasxva<br />

improvizirebul kombinaciaSi; Sedegad xdeba axali mniSvnelobebis generireba<br />

mocemuli sistemebisve farglebSi.<br />

brikolaJi aRiwereba rogorc "konkretulis mecniereba", rac mis<br />

Tavdapirvel anTropoligiur mniSvnelobas ufro azustebs:<br />

brikolaJi exeba im saSualebebs, romelTa gamoyenebisas veluri cnobiereba<br />

urTierTobas amyarebs garSemo samyarosTan. es procesi moicavs "konkretulis<br />

mecnierebas" (gansxvavebiT Cveni "civiluri" abstraqtuli mecnierebisgan),<br />

55

omelic frTxilad da zustad awesrigebs da struqturebad awyobs fizikuri<br />

samyaros detalebs CvenTvis ucxo logikis saSualebiT.<br />

amgvarad, improvizirebuli struqturebi warmoadgenen garemoSi arsebuli<br />

movlenebis mimarT droebiT pasuxs; Semdeg xdeba garkveuli sagnebis<br />

erTmaneTTan gaerTianeba, bunebisa da sazogadoebis Tvisebebs Soris analogiebis<br />

povna rac maT exmarebaT icxovron iseT samyaroSi, romelic axsnas eqvemdebareba<br />

(houki, 1977).<br />

jon klarkma brikolaJis struqturuli improvizaciebis Sedegi gamoiyena<br />

subkulturis Teoriis ganxilvisas, romelic aseve warmoadgens komunikacias<br />

garkveul sistemas. klarkma gamoikvlia, Tu rogor xdeba diskursis<br />

(gansakuTrebiT modis) radikalurad adaptireba, destabilizacia da ganvrcoba<br />

subkulturuli brikoles saSualebiT:<br />

sagani da mniSvneloba erTad Seadgenen niSans, xolo Semdeg garkveuli<br />

niSnebis erToblioba gadaiqceva diskursis maxasiaTebel <strong>for</strong>mebad; es procesi<br />

nebismier kulturas axasiaTebs; magram, rodesac brikole axdens mniSvnelovani<br />

sagnis gadaadgilebas da mas adgilmdebareobas ucvlis mocemuli diskursis<br />

farglebSi, niSnebis igive repertuaris gamoyenebiT, an kidev rodesac is obieqti<br />

geZleva sxva kombinaciis farglebSi - Sedegad iqmneba axali diskursi da<br />

gadaicema gansxvavebuli mesiji. (klarki, 1976)<br />

aqve SegviZlia moviyvanoT umberto ekos fraza "semioturi saomari<br />

moqmedebebi", imisaTvis rom aRvweroT subkulturebTan kavSirSi arsebuli<br />

destabilizaciuri qmedebebi. saomari moqmedebebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes<br />

mocemuli subkulturis calkeuli wevrebis cnobierebis miRma (miuxedavad imisa<br />

rom subkultura aseve warmoadgens gamiznul komunikacias).<br />

magaliTad, dadasa da surealizmis radikaluri esTetika — sizmrebTan<br />

dakavSirebuli namuSevrebi, kolaJebi, yofiTi moxmarebis nivTebi —warmoadgenen<br />

"anarqistuli" diskursis klasikur meTodebs. bretonis manifestoebma (1924 da<br />

1929) Camoayalibes surealizmis mTavari amosavali wertili: rom axali<br />

"sueraloba" warmoiqmneboda Cveulebrivi gonis destabilizaciiT, dominanti<br />

logikuri kategoriebis SeryeviT (mag., sizmari, realoba, samuSao/TamaSi) da<br />

aranormalurisa da akrZalulis zeimiT. es yovelive miiRweoda "ori<br />

erTmaneTisgan Sors mdgari realobis erTad warmoCinebiT" (reverdi 1918).<br />

naSromSi "sagnis krizisi", bretonma moaxdina "kolajis esTetikis"<br />

Teoretizireba; is werda rom yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sintaqsze ieriSis mitana,<br />

romelic gveubneba Tu rogor unda iqnes gamoyenebuli Cveulebrivi sagnebi,<br />

ubiZgebda ...sagnis mTliani revoluciisken: obieqts Camoacilebda Tavdapirvel<br />

mniSvnelobas da miscemda axal saxelsa da niSans. trans<strong>for</strong>macia da de<strong>for</strong>macia<br />

unda momxdariyo umiznod, trans<strong>for</strong>maciisa da de<strong>for</strong>maciisave mizniT.<br />

obieqtebis aseTi gadawyobiT, maTi rolebis Secvlis saSualebiT isini miiRebdnen<br />

gansxvavebul saxes (bretoni, 1936).<br />

yovelive es saTaves iRebs brikolaJis cnebaSi. subkulturuli brikoleri,<br />

iseve rogorc surealisturi kolaJis avtori, rogorc wesi axdens ori erTis<br />

mxriv SeuTavsebeli realobis erT sibrtyeze moTavasebas (mag., droSa, qurTuki,<br />

savarcxeli: iaraRi) da swored aq xdeba "am sagnebis feTqebadi gadakveTa" (maqs<br />

ernsti 1948). pankuri moZraoba anarqistuli suliskveTebis subkulturuli<br />

gamoyenebis yvelaze karg magaliTs warmoadgens. pankuri moZraobis wiaRSi<br />

mniSvnelobis reorganizaciisa da Seferxebis mizniT xorcieldeboda "trans<strong>for</strong>macia<br />

da de<strong>for</strong>macia".<br />

stili, rogorc ajanyebis gamomsaxveli: pankebi<br />

frangi xelovani marsel duSanis msgavsad, romelic "ukve arsebul nivTebs"<br />

xelovnebis nimuSebad naTlavda, radgan mas ase surda, pankebisTvisac modas an<br />

antimodas warmoadgenda yvelaze umniSvnelo da Seusabamo sagnebi — qinZisTavi,<br />

saparsi britva, tualetis Casarecxi jaWvebi, parkebi, televizoris nawilebi.<br />

pankebi am nivTebs aTavisuflebdnden TavianTi Cveuli konteqstisgan da<br />

xmarobdnen yelis, yurebisa da tuCebis samkaulebad. maTi wesi martivi iyo: Tu<br />

56

qudi ar gergeboda, is aucileblad unda getarebina. musikac gansxvavdeboda<br />

farTod aRiarebuli rokisa da popisgan. is erTgvarovnad bazisuri da pirdapiri<br />

iyo an gamiznulad an kidev araprofesionalizmis gamo. pankis midgoma<br />

harmoniuli musikis mimarT Semdegi iyo: Cven qaosis momxre varT da ara musikis.<br />

pankebma ara mxolod Cacmulobis, aramed yvela aqtualuri diskursis<br />

destabilizacia moaxdines. mag., cekva, romelic britanuli rokisa da popis<br />

kulturaSi gamomsaxvelobiT mediums warmoadgenda, pankma is robotebis<br />

moZraobad aqcia. cekvis ritualis tradiciuli maxasiaTeblebi, rogoric iyo<br />

flirti miuReblad CaiTvala. scenasa da mayureblebs Soris zRvari gaqra.<br />

pankebi arRvevdnen arsebul etikets da auditoria da xelovani erTmaneTSi<br />

ireoda.<br />

arc erT subkulturas ar ucdia dakanonebuli da bunebrivad winaswar<br />

mocemuli normalizebuli <strong>for</strong>mebisgan sakuTari Tavis gamijvna, ise rogorc<br />

pankebs. maT amisTvis sazogadoebis didi nawilisgan gakicxva daimsaxures.<br />

pankebi, magaliTad, ara mxolod pirdapir reagirebdnen britaneTSi sul ufro<br />

mzard umuSevrobaze, cvalebad moralur standartebze, siRaribesa da<br />

depresiaze, a.S. aramed isini axdendnen imis dramatizirebas, rasac Semdeg daerqva<br />

“britaneTis dacema”.<br />

pankebma Seqmnes ena, romelic rokis istebliSmentis ritorikis sapirispirod<br />

bevrad ufro aqtualuri da miwieri iyo. maT gamoiyenes krizisis ritorika,<br />

romelic im periodSi intensiurad Suqdeboda radioebisa da Jurnal-gazeTebis<br />

mier. pankebma moaxdines am ritorikis Targmna ufro xelSesaxebi da SesamCnevi<br />

gziT.<br />

1970-iani wlebis apokalipsuri atmosferos dros, rodesac umuSevrobas<br />

masiuri saxe hqonda da londonis sxvadasxva ubnebSi Setakebebi daiwyo — pankebis<br />

mier sakuTari Tavis rogorc absoluturi degeneratebis warmosaxva kargad<br />

ewereboda saerTo suraTSi. es ufro imis maniSnebeli iyo, rom Seqmnili situacia,<br />

socialuri struqturebis rRveva kargad ganasaxierebda didi britaneTis<br />

atrofirebul mdgomareobas.<br />

pankebis mxridan gakeTebuli "gancxadebebi" Zalian aqtualuri iyo, anu ena<br />

romelsac isini iyenebdnen gamoirCeoda <strong>Tanamedrove</strong>obiT, droulobiT rogorc<br />

subkulturis wevrebisTvis, aseve misi openentebisTvisac. pankebis mier<br />

gaTavisebuli sxvadasxva stili gamoxatavda agresias, frustraciasa da SfoTvas.<br />

pankebis subkulturas garkveuli sanaxaobiTi buneba hqonda, magram amave dros<br />

pankebi kargad axdenden imdroindeli problemebis warmoCenas. am gziT maT bevri<br />

mimdevari gaiCines. uwesrigobis komunikaciisTvis saWiroa Sesabamisi enis<br />

SerCeva, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mosalodnelia am enis ignorireba an<br />

represireba.<br />

pankebis subkultura gvexmareba avxsnaT mag., musikosi devid bouvis kultis<br />

arseboba, romelic exeboda ara klasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, aramed<br />

sqesTan/genderTan. bouvitebi, rogorc maT uwodebdnen, ar axdendnen nacnobi<br />

problematikis deklarirebas, mag., protesti avtoritetebis winaaRmdeg — maTi<br />

pativiscema, a.S); isini cdilobdnen moexdinaT azriani saSualo sivrcis moZieba<br />

mSoblebis kulturasa da dominantur ideologias Soris.: sivrce, sadac<br />

aRmoCenili da gamovlenili iqnebodnen alternatiuli identobebi. am mxriv,<br />

isini eZebdnen avtonomiis garkveul xarisxs, romelic axasiaTebs yvela<br />

axalgazrdul da kontrkulturas.<br />

skinhedebisgan gansxvavebiT, bouvitebi upirispirdebodnen ufro aSkara<br />

sakiTxebs (seqsualuri, klasobrivi, teritorialuri) da eZebdnen am sakiTxebis<br />

irgvliv arsebuli diskursebis Secvlas, gadagdebas. isini cdilobdnen eWvs qveS<br />

daeyenebinaT tradiciuli muSaTa klasis puritanizmi da mas mediis mier muSaTa<br />

klasis warmosaxva puritanebad; bouvitebi aseve axdenden masmediis saSualebiT<br />

xelmisawvdomi imijebis, stilebisa da ideologiebis adaptacias alternatiuli<br />

pirovnebis Camoyalibebis mizniT, romelic gamorCeuli iqneboda Tavisi<br />

gansxvavebulobiT. bouvitebi, pirvel rigSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebdnen<br />

klasobrivi da genderuli stereotipebis gardauvalobasa da bunebriobas.<br />

57

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>: istoriuli konteqsti<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> da postmodernistuli sazogadoebis sociologiuri Teoriebi<br />

ara mxolod aRweren an asaxaven samyaros garkveuli wesiT, aramed garkveulwilad<br />

Tvlian, rom samyaros aumjobeseben. am kuTxiT isini warmoadgenen<br />

ara mxolod Teoriebs, aramed normatiul proeqtebs, romlebsac axasiaTebT<br />

faseulobebi, idealebi, istoriis grandiozuli Teoriebi da momavlis<br />

winaswarmetyveleba. amitom, rodesac vkiTxulobT da vaxdenT sociologiuri<br />

Teoriis interpetacias unda gavarCioT ra tipis Teoriul siZneleebTan gvaqvs<br />

saqme, rodesac normatiul proeqtebs vexebiT. aseve Tu Teoriis praqtikaSi<br />

gamoyeneba gvsurs, unda amovirCios Teoriis is nawili Tu mxare, romelzec<br />

movaxdenT koncentracias.<br />

modernistulsa da postmodernistuls Soris gansxvavebas xSirad bundovani<br />

saxe aqvs. modernistuli Teoriebi, rogorc wesi, gamomdinareoben obieqtivisturi<br />

(xandaxan pozitivisturi) epistemiologiidan, maSin rodesac postmodernistuli<br />

Teoriebi ZiriTadad subieqtivisturia; modernistuli Teoriebi<br />

sazogadoebis zrdas ganmartaven rogorc diferenciaciis process, maSin<br />

rodesac postmodernistebi dediferenciaze saubroben; modernistuli Teoriebi<br />

ZiriTadad cdiloben sazogadoebis saerTo, ganzogadebuli modelebi<br />

SemogvTavazon, postmodernistebi ki mraval sxvadasxva perspeqtivas ganixilaven.<br />

rac Seexeba normatiul proeqtebs, romlebic am TeoriebTan asocirdeba:<br />

modernistebi racionaluri dialogis saSualebiT eZeben eTikur principebze<br />

dafuZnebul universalizms anu miiswrafian garkveuli eTikuri principebis<br />

erTobliobis irgvliv SeTanxmebisken; maTi azriT, mocemuli principebis er-<br />

Tobliobas argumentirebuli/gamarTlebuli saxe unda hqondes da miznad<br />

isaxavdes sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebas; postmodernistebi ki<br />

cdiloben kulturuli pluralizmis SenarCunebas, ris farglebSic isini TanaugrZnoben<br />

da tolerantulad arian ganwyobilni sxvebis moralurobis/eTikis<br />

mimarT da kamaTis SemTxvevaSi upirispirdebian maT "TamaSis <strong>for</strong>miT".<br />

ra iyo ganmanaTlebloba?<br />

li da niubais mixedviT, "ganmanaTleblobis ideali" da misi mniSvneloba<br />

mdgomareobs “racionalurad moazrebul adamianur istoriaSi, rodesac<br />

SesaZlebeli xdeba politikuri sazogadoebis gaumjobeseba. TviTon socialuri<br />

mecnierebis idea am Sexedulebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda; sociologiis<br />

zogierTi damfuZneblis naSromebi swored imis mcdelobas warmoadgens, rom<br />

ganmanaTleblobis ideali daecvaT araracionaluris Semotevisgan”.<br />

lord aqtoni kidev ufro pompezurad da saxasiaTod aRwers "axali saukunis"<br />

dadgomas: “im istoriul periodSi, kolumbma Secvala Sexedulebebi samyaros<br />

Sesaxeb da moaxdina warmoebis pirobebis, simdidrisa da Zalauflebis radikaluri<br />

gardaqmna; makiavelma xelisufleba gaaTavisufla kanonis SezRudvebisgan;<br />

erazm roterdamelma Zveli yaidis swavleba gadaiyvana profanulidan<br />

qristianul msoflmxedvelobaze; martin luterma Searyia avtoritetis jaWvisa<br />

da tradiciis uZlieresi kavSiri; kopernikma Seqmna Seuryeveli rwmena, romelmac<br />

samaradisod daukavSira progresi im momavals romelic modioda. yovelive<br />

warmoadgenda axali cxovrebis dasabams; samyarom daiwyo manamde ucnob<br />

orbitaze brunva, rac ganpirobebuli iyo manamde ucnobi zegavlenebiT”.<br />

entoni gidensi, zemoT moyvanil paragrafze dayrdnobiT ganmartavs, Tu ras<br />

niSnavda yovelive es istoriis gagebisTvis: “ istoriis mecnierebis arseboba..<br />

winapirobad aRiqvams cvalebadi samyaros arsebobas, sadac warsuli<br />

garkvulwilad gadaiqca tvirTad, romlisganac adamianebi ganTavisuflebas<br />

cdiloben. <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> xanaSi, adamianebi aRar aRiqvamen cxovrebis im pirobebs<br />

bunebrivad da fiqsirebulad, ra pirobebSic isini daibadnen, aramed cdiloben<br />

TavianTi nebiT gavlena moaxdinon realobaze. am mcdelobiT adamianebi momavals<br />

iseT <strong>for</strong>mas aZleven, romelic daakmayofilebs maT survilebs (kapitalizmi da<br />

58

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> socialuri Teoria, 1971, gidensi)<br />

zigmund baumani ki Tvlis, rom, “...im adreul xanaSi (romelsac xSirad pre-<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong>s uwodeben) socialuri gansxvebulobebisa da dayofebis<br />

SenarCunebas hqonda TavisTavadi saxe, arsebuli socialuri struqtura drois<br />

gareT moiazreboda rogorc ucvleli da adamianis Carevisgan Tavisufali.<br />

socialuri elementebi ganixilebodnen rogorc "RvTaebrivi kosmosis” Semadgeneli<br />

nawilebi, sadac yvelafers da yvelas sul mudam Tavisi winaswar<br />

gansazRvruli adgili eqneboda. daaxloebiT me-16 saukunis bolos, dasavleTi<br />

evropis garkveul nawilebSi samyaros es harmoniuli da monoliTuri suraTi<br />

iwyebs rRvevas... nel-nela naTeli xdeba rom socialuri wesrigi adamianur<br />

produqts warmoadgens da imdenad, ramdenadac is adamianuri produqtia,<br />

SeiZleba misi an gaumjobeseba an gauareseba. rogoric ar unda iyos, sociums<br />

TviTneburi da xelovnuri xasiaTi eniWeba; adamianuri wesrigi xelovnebis,<br />

codnisa da teqnologiis sagani xdeba”.<br />

1789 wels ganxorcielebuli safrangeTis revoluciis mniSvnelobaze<br />

saubrisas, entoni gidensi Tvlis, rom revoluciam erTmaneTs daupirispira<br />

privilegirebuli, aristokratuli wesrigi da axali sazogadoebis xedva,<br />

romelSic ganxorcieldeboda samarTlianobisa da Tavisuflebis zogadi principebi.<br />

adamianebis uflebebis deklaracia (1789), acxadebda, rom "adamianis<br />

uflebebis ucodinaroba, upativcemuloba da siZulvili warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi<br />

ubedurebis erTaderT mizezs". amrigad, safrangeTis revoluciam<br />

gaafarTova 16-17 saukuneebis sekularuli racionalizmi da is adamianuri<br />

sazogadoebis sferod aqcia. (kapitalizmi da <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> socialuri Teoria ,<br />

gidensi, 1971)<br />

li da niubais mixedviT, safrangeTis da amerikis revoluciebma garkveul<br />

sakiTxTa kristalizeba moaxdines, ramac ganapiroba "<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> sazogadoebis"<br />

warmoSoba da ganviTareba. es sakiTxebi/dapirispirebebi Semdegia:<br />

tradicia/racio;<br />

religia/saxelmwifo;<br />

sakuTrebis xasiaTi (e.i. sakuTrebis Tavisuflad gamoyenebis ufleba);<br />

socialur klasebs Soris urTierTobebi (samarTlebrivi kontraqti);<br />

Tanasworuflebianoba.<br />

Tumca, marqsi safrangeTis revoluciaze werda, rom Tu revolucia, romelic<br />

ansaxierebs yvela istoriul "qmedebas" warmoadgenda marcxs, es marcxi<br />

ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom revolucia ar gascda gansazRvruli masis<br />

saxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobesebis farglebs, ar iyo yovlis momcveli.<br />

revoluciam ver gamoiwvia masis "enTuziazmi" da "interesi", ramdenadac masebis<br />

mravalricxovani nawili, romelic Zalian gansxvavdeba burJuaziisgan ver<br />

xedavda Tavis namdvil interess revoluciis principebSi da ar gaaCnda Tavisi<br />

revoluciuri principi, aramed mxolod "idea" da, aqedan gamomdinare, mxolod<br />

droebiTi enTuziazmi da egzaltacia" (istoriis meterialisturi koncefcia,<br />

maklelanis redaqtorobiT)<br />

robert nisbeti marqsiseul safrangeTis revoluciis interpretacias<br />

afarToebs da ganmartavs, Tu ratom iyo safrangeTis revolucia mniSvnelovani<br />

ara mxolod <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> sazogadoebis dabadebisTvis, aramed <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

socialuri azrisTvisac:<br />

“dasavleT evropis mravalricxovani inteleqtualebis azriT, miuxedavad<br />

maTi radikaluri, liberaluri Tu konservatiuli ganwyobebisa, revolucias<br />

safrangeTSi epoqaluri xasiaTi hqonda, ramac kvali daamCnia mTel dasavleT<br />

evropas. arcerT <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> movlenas, garda SeiZleba bolSevikuri<br />

revoluciisa ruseTSi, ar hqonda ufro didi da grZelvadiani gavlena<br />

filosofiur, literaturul, politikur, socialur Tu ekonomikur ideebze,<br />

vidre safrangeTis revolucias”.<br />

59

manqana<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> socialuri Teoretikosebis umravlesobisTvis, <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

sazogadoebis materialur an ekonomikur fesvebs Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvT.<br />

es ara mxolod marqsistuli midgomaa, aramed igive azrs iziarebs veberi<br />

(romelic wers did da kompleqsur bazrebze) da durkheimi (romelic ganixilavda<br />

Sromis ganawilebis kompleqsur struqturas). <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> sazogadoebis<br />

dabadebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa industriulma revoluciam. sociologiurad<br />

moxda ori yvelaze fundamenturi cvlileba:<br />

1) xeliT warmoeba Secvala manqanurma warmoebam; 2) ojaxi — qarxanam, rogorc<br />

warmoebis erTeulma.<br />

ZiriTad cnebas aq warmoadgens Sromis rTuli ganawileba (diferenciaciis<br />

<strong>for</strong>ma), razec werdnen adam smiti da Semdeg durkheimi. Tumca,<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom industriuli revolucia ar warmoadgenda movlenas,<br />

aramed araTanabar process (iseT <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, rogoric iyo britaneTi, aseve<br />

safrangeTisa da germaniis gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi).<br />

gidensis mixedviT, mxolod me-19 saukunis Suidan SeiZleba ewodos britanul<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s "industriuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>". situacia safrangeTsa da germaniaSi<br />

gansxvavdeboda. garkveul sferoebSi, magaliTad kulturul miRwevebSi,<br />

gansakuTrebiT literaturaSi, xelovnebasa da filosofiaSi orive qveyana win<br />

uswrebda britaneTs. magram me-18 saukunis Suidan safrangeTi da germania<br />

britaneTs CamorCebodnen ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi da mxolod saukunis<br />

dagvianebiT daewivnen britaneTs.<br />

sakamaToa industrializaciis SefardebiTi mniSvneloba kapitalizmis<br />

ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> sazogadoebis dabadebaSi (kamaTi<br />

damokidebuli iqneba ramdenad viwrod an farTod movaxdenT TiToeuli cnebis<br />

gansazRvrebas, magaliTad, veberis mier kapitalizmis gansazRvreba ufro<br />

farToa vidre marqsis).<br />

li da niubais mixedviT, industriuli revolucia Tavisi xasiaTiT kapitalisturi<br />

iyo, miuxedavad imisa rom industrializmi da kapitalizmi SeiZleba<br />

moviazroT rogorc calke cnebebi. kapitalizmis gavrcelebas industriaSi<br />

iseTive efeqti hqonda socialur urTierTobebze, rac industrializacias<br />

manamde provinciaSi.<br />

urTierToba industriis damqiraveblebsa da daqiravebulebs Soris<br />

ZiriTadad efuZneboda fuls — jamagirs — jamagiris arapersonalur xasiaTs;<br />

aseve xdeboda mokle vadiani interesebis konfliqti jamagirsa da mogebas Soris<br />

— am faqtorebs Tavisuflad SeeZloT gamoewviaT socialuri da politikuri<br />

vnebaTaRelva, rac Tan axlda industriul revolucias.<br />

qalaqi<br />

urbanizacias mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> sazogadoebis<br />

warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis procesSi. klasikos-Teoretikosebs Soris,<br />

urbanizaciis obieqturi Sedegebi gamoikvlies durkhaimma da veberma. zimelis<br />

naSromi ki qalaqis dinamikas subieqturi gamocdilebidan ganixilavs. aq<br />

ganxilulia gaucxoebisa da socialuri cxovrebis impersonalizaciis sakiTxebi,<br />

romlebic aqtualuri gaxda industrializaciasTan erTad, urbanizaciuli<br />

procesebis dros.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom qalaqi ar iyo axali socialuri organizmi, arsebobda<br />

farTod aRiarebuli Sexeduleba, rom qalaqebi mxolod droebiT saWiroebas<br />

warmoadgenden da maT ar eqnebodaT mudmivi xasiaTi. lis da niubais mixedviT,<br />

amis dasabuTeblad, magaliTebis moyvana SeiZleba klasikuri da bibliuri<br />

literaturidan, sadac moTxrobilia qalaqi saxelmwifoebis aRzevebisa da<br />

dacemis, civilizaciebis Tanamdevi gadagvarebis Sesaxeb.<br />

iTvleboda, rom qalaqma moitana pirovnuli urTierTobebisa da socialuri<br />

kontrolis <strong>for</strong>mebis rRveva, romlebic klasebs Soris urTierTobas axasiaTebda<br />

provinciaSi. me -19 saukunis warmomadgenel mesakuTre klasebs eSinodaT, rom<br />

60

qalaqis ganviTareba gamoiwvevda "sazogadoebis dakargvas" da Sedegad<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> gaxdeboda arastabiluri.<br />

gidensis mixedviT, unda ganvasxvavoT tradiciuli da <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> qalaqebi a)<br />

urbanul/soflur urTierTobasTan mimarTebaSi (am mimarTebis <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

versia ufro farToa) da b) Zalauflebis koncentracia (tradiciuli qalaqisaxelmwifoebis<br />

Zalaufleba gadaeca <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> erovnul saxelmwifoebs)<br />

sityva "qalaqi” gamoiyeneba farTo mniSvnelobiT, romelic exeba rogorc<br />

urbanul dasaxlebebs tradiciul saozogadoebebSi, aseve im adgilebs sadac<br />

kapitalistur-industriuli wesrigia Camoyalibebuli. qalaqis aseTi farTo<br />

mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba xSirad damabnevelia, ramdenadac <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

industria, romelsac mohyveba urbanizmis gavrceleba ar aris erT adgilze<br />

mibmuli. tradiciuli qalaqi ki warmoadgens klasobriv sazogadoebebSi<br />

dixciplinaruli Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis mTavar adgils, romelic sofels<br />

emijneba rogorc simbolurad, aseve xSir SemTxvevaSi fizikuradac galavnis<br />

saSualebiT" (sazogadoebis konstitucia, gidensi).<br />

zimelis mixedviT, qalaqi saSualebas gvaZlevs fokusi movaxdinoT<br />

gacvlaze/urTierTgacvlaze (marqsisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTad<br />

yuradRebas warmoebas uTmobda), rogorc <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> socialuri cxovrebis<br />

ZiriTad maxasiaTebelze. zimeli Tvlis, rom qalaqebi moicaven socialuri<br />

asociaciis mdidar <strong>for</strong>mebs, Tumca mas ambivalenturi damokidebuleba aqvs im<br />

rezultatis mimarT, rac moaqvs individisTvis qalaqur cxovrebas <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si:<br />

metropolisi pirovnuli arsebobis yvelaze individualuri <strong>for</strong>mebis Seqmnis<br />

saSualebas iZleva — imisda miuxedavad - rogoria Seqmnili <strong>for</strong>ma - koreqtuli<br />

Tu warmatebuli. <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> kulturis ganviTareba xasiaTdeba obieqturi<br />

sulis dominaciiT subieqtur sulze; enaSi, kanonSi, warmoebis teqnikaSi, iseve<br />

rogorc xelovnebasa da mecnierebaSi, yofiT sagnebSi, Cadebulia iseTi saxis<br />

suli, romlis yoveldRiur ganviTarebas arasrulyofilad mihyveba da CamorCeba<br />

individis inteleqtualuri ganviTareba" (individualobasa da socialuri<br />

<strong>for</strong>mebis Sesaxeb, zimeli).<br />

erovnuli saxelmwifo<br />

erovnuli saxelmwifos fenomeni Zalian mniSvnelovania <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

sazogadoebisa da <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> sociologiisTvis. klasikosi Teoretikosebidan,<br />

veberi <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> saxelmwifos ganviTarebas <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> industriuli<br />

kapitalizmis ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan winapirobad miiCnevs. es<br />

Sexeduleba rTuli da mraval plastiania, Tumca saxelmwifos biurokratizacia<br />

— magaliTad saxelmwifos sabuRaltro da finansuri sistemebi ganmsazRvrel<br />

rols TamaSoben. es argumentebi veberis mier racionalizaciis moazrebis farTo<br />

konteqstSi unda davinaxoT.<br />

“racionalizaciis mTeli procesi rogorc qarxanaSi, aseve nebismier sxva<br />

adgilas, gansakuTrebiT ki saxelmwifo biurokratiul aparatSi mesakuTris<br />

xelSi materialuri elementebis Tavmoyris paralelurad mimdinareobs.<br />

disciplina dominirebs iseT farTo sferoebSi, rogoric aris politikuri da<br />

ekonomikuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba rac ufro da ufro metad<br />

racionalizebuli xdeba. es universaluri fenomeni qarizmis mniSvnelobas da<br />

individualurad gansxvavebul qcevas zRudavs (ekonomika da <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>)<br />

gidensi wers, rom <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> erovnuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebaSi<br />

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula omis industrializaciam:<br />

“omis industrializacia Tan sdevda erovnuli saxelmwifos Casaxvas da<br />

erovnuli saxelmwifos sistemas garkveuli <strong>for</strong>ma misca. Sedegad Seiqmna<br />

msoflio samxedro wesrigi, romelic kveTs pirvel, meore da mesame qveynebs<br />

Soris gansxvavebulobebs” (erovnuli saxelmwifo da Zaladoba).<br />

61

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> rogorc moraluri Zala?<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> sociologia ZiriTadad exeboda wesrigis problemas im sazogadoebebSi,<br />

sadac individualizmi, Temis dakargva, avtoritetis decentralizacia<br />

da sekularizacia safrTxes uqmnida garkveuli sazogadoebebis<br />

arsebobis gagrZlebas. zigmund baumanis mixedviT:<br />

“wesrigis cneba, rogorc movlenebis regularuli Tanmimdevrobisa, rogorc<br />

kargad SeTanxmebuli nawilebis harmoniuli erTobliobisa, rogorc situaciisa,<br />

sadac sagnebi rCebian iseTebad, ra molodinic aris maTgan ar dabadebula<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> periodis CasaxvasTan erTad.<br />

Tumca, gamorCeulad <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> fiqrs warmodgens wesrigis Sesaxeb fiqri,<br />

gancda rom raime swrafad unda moimoqmedon, SiSi imisa Sesabamis zomebs Tu ar<br />

miiReben, maSin wesrigi qaosad gadaiqceva... iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si mxolod adamianuri urTierTobebis frTxili<br />

menejmenti yofs wesrigs qaosisgan (sociologiurad fiqri).<br />

sakiTxisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba vlindeba durkhemis naazrevSic.<br />

naSromSi, Sromis ganawileba, durkhemi wers specializaciis (Sromis ganawilebis)<br />

moralur Sedegebze. durkhemisTvis specializaciis fenomeni ar izRudeba<br />

ekonomikuri cxovrebiT (igi amiT upirispirdeba marqsizms). misTvis<br />

specializacia ekonomikur konteqsts scildeba da socialuri cxovrebis sxva<br />

sferoebisTvisac aqtualuri xdeba. adgili aqvs samuSaos saxlisgan gamijvnas:<br />

politika, ganaTleba iqceva specializirebul sferoebad. mecnierebac<br />

specializirebul mimarTulebebad iyofa. am farTo fragmentaciam, Sromis<br />

socialurma dayofam Secvala individis damokidebuleba moraluri wesrigis<br />

mimarT. amitomac durkhemi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s moralur Zalad miiCnevs:<br />

“<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> warmoadgens moraluri samyaros arsebobis pirobas.<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> individebis ubralo Tavmoyra ki ar aris, romlebsac <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />

gawevrianebis dros Tavisi Sinagani moraluroba SeaqvT <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si; aramed<br />

adamiani warmoadgens moralur arsebas mxolod imitom rom is cxovrobs<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, ramdenadac moraluroba dakavSirebulia jgufTan solidarobis<br />

gancdasTan da icvleba arsebuli solidarobidan gamomdinare. socialuri<br />

cxovrebis gaqrobasTan erTad moraluri cxovrebac gaqreboda, ramdenadac mas<br />

aRar eqneboda mizani" (Sromis ganawileba; rCeuli nawerebidan).<br />

baumani Tvlis, rom <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> xedva imisa, rom TiTqos <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>m unda<br />

gaxados individi "civilizebuli" mcdaria. aseTi xedva efuZneba durkheimis mier<br />

individTan mimarTebaSi sazogadoebis rogorc moraluri da SemzRudveli Zalis<br />

moazrebas. sociologia da socialuri mecnierebebi wamoadgenen am rwmenis<br />

inteleqtualur gamoxatulebas da amitom saWiroa maTi gadafaseba postmodernistuli<br />

sazogadoebis farglebSi, sadac individs eniWeba prioriteti<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan SedarebiT.<br />

sociologiam unda Seicvalos damamkvidreblis roli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sa da<br />

sazogadoebriv eTikasTan mimarTebaSi da gaxdes interpretaciuli gansxvavebuli<br />

individualuri perspeqtivebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ufro meti yuradReba unda<br />

daeTmos piradi moralurobis Seswavlasac. aqedan gamomdinare, postmodernistuli<br />

sociologiis mTavari amocanaa politikasa da kulturaSi waaxalisos da<br />

SeinarCunos pluralizmi. baumanis normatiuli argumenti efuZneba sazogadoebriv<br />

eTikasa da indivudualur moralurobas Soris gansxvavebas. is Tvlis,<br />

rom <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> sociologiis gadmosaxedidan garkveuli undobloba arsebobs<br />

individis mimarT (da individualuri moralurobis mimarT) rac aseve<br />

ukavSirdeba sazogadoebrivi eTikis legitimurobas rogorc imis SesaZlebobas,<br />

rom moagvaros (racios saSualebiT) Tu rogor unda wavmarToT kargad Cveni<br />

cxovrebebi. baumani cdilobs socialuri Teoriis mimarT gansxvavebuli<br />

midgomis damkvidrebas (da ufro farTod sazogadoebis "marTvisa" da socialuri<br />

urTierTobebis mimarTac) romelic axdens moralurobis re-personalizacias,<br />

rac damokidebulia intuiciasa da emociaze da ara mxolod racioze (baumani<br />

amjobinebs "interpretaciuli racios" cnebas am konteqstSi — cneba, romelic<br />

man dilTaisgan aiRo). baumani ganaviTarebs <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> socialuri Teoriis<br />

iseTi sakiTxebis mimarT ufro intuitur da garegnulad moralistur midgomas,<br />

62

omlebic eqvemdebarebian racionalur dialogs, maSin rodesac postmodernistul<br />

TeoriaSi (liotari) TamaSis farglebSi xdeba maTi ganxilva.<br />

rogorc baumani aRniSnavs - "Cven vcxovrobT <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, Cven varT<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, iqidan gamomdinare, rom varT moralurebi”.<br />

postmodernistuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>:<br />

postmodernuli xana: postmodernizmi<br />

terminebi postmodernistuli, postmodernuli xana da postmodernizmi<br />

erTmaneTs cvlian literaturaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom postmodernizmi<br />

SeTanxmebisamebr ZiriTadad esTetikas exeba. es terminebi mravali sxvadasxva<br />

fenomenis aRsaniSnavad yofila naxmari: sazogadoebebi (<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> dasavluri<br />

evropa, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS), socialuri praqtika ("Sopingi”, mobiluri<br />

telefonebis, internetis moxmareba, turizmi); socialuri Teoriebi (bodriari,<br />

baumani, liotari); filosofiuri argumentebi (riCard rorti, derida);<br />

skulptura/instalaciebi (demien hersti, treisi emini..) muxika (Snitke, praimal<br />

skrimi); mxatvroba (vorholi, devid hakni), Senobebi (loidi, rem kulhaasi, demien<br />

da hercogi), fuli (plastikuri baraTebi, evro); mecniereba (klonireba), garToba<br />

(virtualuri realoba), da a.S.<br />

Tu postmodernuli fenomenebis es sia raimeTi mainc aris erTmaneTTan<br />

dakavSirebuli, maSin Semdegi Temebi SeiZleba iyos aqtualuri:<br />

konteqstualizacia — sxvadasxva stilisa da midgomis “Sereva”, romlebic<br />

adre erTmaneTisgan gamoirCeodnen (mag., arqiteqtura, moda, religia);<br />

Sereva, “melt dauni” — "gaerTianebisa" da fragmentaciis gancda (imitacia<br />

dizainsa da reklamaSi)<br />

pastiSi — stilebisa da midgomebis ironiuli kopireba (mag., komediaSi);<br />

zedapiri — siRrmis nakleboba, "realobasa" da realobis "reprezentacias"<br />

Soris gansxvavebis uaryofa.<br />

sociologiuri terminebis gamoyenebiT, es Temebi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes<br />

rogorc dediferenciaciis procesi, romelic atrialebs da cvlis socialuri<br />

diferenciaciis process, romliTac xasiaTdeba <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> sazogadoebis<br />

ganviTareba (parsonsi, habermasi). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xdeba sazRvrebis<br />

rRveva: sazRvrebi an ganxvavebebi romlebic Seiqmna socialuri diferenciaciis<br />

Sedegad areulia postmodernistul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si: mag. sazRvari maRal da<br />

dabal kulturas Soris, ralobasa da realobis reprezentacias Soris<br />

televizorSi (an filmSi, mxatvrobaSi, literaturaSi), politikasa da reklmas<br />

Soris, ekonomikur cxovrebasa da kulturas Soris; warmoebasa da gacvlas Soris,<br />

xelovnursa da adamianur gonebas Soris, dasavluri da aRmosavluri rwmenis<br />

sistemebs Soris. es idea safuZvlad udevs postmodernistul socialur<br />

TeoriaSi fragmentaciis Temas. de-diferenciaciis cneba gulisxmobs rom ukve<br />

SeuZlebeli xdeba sazogadoebis rogorc integrirebuli sistemis moazreba, an<br />

kidev rogorc erTi mTlianobis (marqsi da durkhemi).<br />

postmodernis sxva gansazRvrebebi xSirad xmaroben sityva "axals" da ar<br />

ganmartaven, Tu ras warmoadgens axali — <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s exeba es, socialur<br />

Teorias Tu xelovnebis nimuSs. ritceri amis magaliTia: postmodernistuli xana<br />

Seexeba istoriul epoqas, romelic rogorc wesi ganixileba rogorc <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

periodi; postmodernizmi Seexeba kulturul produqtebs (xelovnebaSi,<br />

filmebSi, arqiteqturaSi da a.S), romlebic ganxvavdebian <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

kulturuli produqtebisgan.. postmoderni moicavs axal istoriul epoqas, axal<br />

kulturul produqtebs da a.S. yovelive amaT aerTianebT is axali, rac moxda<br />

bolo wlebis manZilze da ukve veRar mieyeneba sityva “<strong>Tanamedrove</strong>”, ramdenadac<br />

axali etapebi cvlian <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> realobas. (sociologiis Teoria, mexuTe<br />

gamocema)<br />

kiTxva ismis - konkretulad ra xdeba "axali"? da konkretulad rodis, "bolo<br />

wlebSi"? postmodernistuli sazogadoebis ufro zusti definiciisTvis unda<br />

aRvniSnoT, rom 1960 ian wlebSi gaCnda socialuri institutebisa da socialuri<br />

cxovrebis reorganizaciis iseTi <strong>for</strong>mebi, romlebic ZiriTadad Sedgeba<br />

63

in<strong>for</strong>maciuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebisgan, globaluri komunikaciuri<br />

mediisgan da momsaxurebis seqtorisgan; momxmareblur <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, aseve<br />

ganxorcielda gacvliTi urTierTobebis da finansuri bazrebis eqspansia;<br />

gaizarda kulturuli pluralizmi.<br />

Tu postmodernistuli socialuri Teoria cdilobs gamoikvlios am cvlilebebis<br />

mizezebi da Sedegebi, sainteresoa, ras warmoadgens postmodernistuli<br />

periodi rogorc normatiuli proeqti?<br />

normatiuli cnebebis moSveliebiT, <strong>Tanamedrove</strong>obis (modernistuli) proeqti<br />

ZiriTadad exeba sinTezis miRwevas an kidev universalur konsensuss. Tu<br />

arsebobs iseTi proeqti, romelic asocirdeba postmodernistul xanasTan, is<br />

pirvel rigSi exeba pluralizms ufro metad vidre universalizms da<br />

gansxvavebulobis SenarCunebas, vidre sinTezis miRwevas. mTavari gansxvaveba<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> da post<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> Teoriebs Soris, iseve rogorc <strong>Tanamedrove</strong>obasa<br />

da post<strong>Tanamedrove</strong>obas rogorc normatiul proeqtebs Soris<br />

aris is, rom xdeba racios interpretacia, gansakuTrebiT ki racios urTierToba<br />

kulturasa da <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan.<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> socialuri Teoriis farglebSi, goni, racio moazrebulia rogorc<br />

socialuri Teoriis epistemiologiuri safuZveli da rogorc <strong>Tanamedrove</strong>obis<br />

proeqtis CarCo, romelic scildeba kulturas. postmodernistul<br />

socialur TeoriaSi, racio SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc kulturasTan<br />

igiveobrivi, romelsac aZlierebs Zalaufleba; racio ar warmoadgens kulturis<br />

safuZvels, aramed Teoretikosebis damaxinjebul mcdelobas axsnan samyaro.<br />

Tu racio, kulturis farglebs scildeba, is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes<br />

rogorc kargi sazogadoebis ganxorcielebis safuZveli, sadac moxdeba<br />

dapirispierbuli perspeqtivebisa da rwmenebis gasamarTleba. Tu goneba<br />

kulturis nawilia an gaWuWyianebulia kulturis elementebis mier, maSin mas amis<br />

ufleba ar gaaCnia: Cven ver vflobT gasamarTlebis saSualebebs da amitom ara<br />

mxolod unda vicxovroT pluralistul samyaroSi, aramed gaviTavisoT is.<br />

istoriuli konteqsti: postindustrializmi<br />

post industrializmis cneba, rogorc wesi, asocirdeba daniel belis<br />

naazrevTan 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi. beli gamoyofs industriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />

momxdar xuT ZiriTad cvlilebas: 1) post<strong>for</strong>distuli warmoebis<br />

teqnika; 2) axali da gafarToebuli profesiuli da teqnikuri klasis warmoSoba;<br />

3) ufro meti Teoriuli codnis gamoyeneba rogorc politikisa da inovaciis<br />

safuZveli; 4) zrdadi orientacia momavalze teqnologiebis marTvis dros; 5)<br />

organizaciuli da in<strong>for</strong>maciuli Teoriis mzardi ndoba.<br />

daniel beli postindustrializms ganixilavs politikurad memarjvene<br />

poziciidan, xolo alen tureni memarcxene poziciidan. misi ZiriTadi argumenti<br />

Semdegia:<br />

warmoiSva axali post industriuli codnis klasi, romelic <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />

atarebs inovaciis ZiriTad pasuxismgeblobas da romelsac aqedan gamomdinare<br />

xelSi uWiravs mniSvnelovani Zalaufleba; Tumca SedarebiT naklebad aris<br />

SezRuduli warmoebis urTierTobebiT da amitom momavalSi iqneba ufro<br />

radikaluri, vidre Zveli industriuli proletariati.<br />

kidev erTi "postindustriuli moazrovnis” andre gorcis mixedviT, romelic<br />

ufro axlos dgas turenTan, vidre belTan, warmoiSva axali postindustriuli<br />

araproletariati romelic Sedgeba umuSevrebisa da kavSirebSi naklebad<br />

gaerTianebeli adamianebisgan. es adamianebi iqnebian gamanTavisuflebeli<br />

politikis adresati, romelic naklebad aris SezRuduli industriuli<br />

korporaciebis mier (umuSevrebi) an kidev ufro institucionalizebuli (da<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, ufro "usafrTxo") koleqtivisturi <strong>for</strong>mebis mier (naklebad<br />

gaerTianebuli kavSirebSi).<br />

magram ratom unda gaviTvaliswinoT zemoT moyvanili aspeqtebi<br />

postmodernistul TeoriaSi?<br />

imitom rom: postindustrializmi asocirdeba ekonomikur cxovrebaSi<br />

64

in<strong>for</strong>maciis rolis eqspansiasTan da aqedan gamomdinare <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />

struqturisa da kulturis SerwymasTan. postindustrializmi aseve dakavSirebulia<br />

Zireul cvlilebebTan socialur stratifikaciaSi rogoric aris mzardi<br />

saSualo klasi, rac gulisxmobs momxmarebluri sazogadoebis mniSvnelobis<br />

zrdas. momxmarebloba aq ganxilulia ara rogorc mxolod aqtivoba, aramed<br />

rogorc socialuri identobis ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelovani wyaro.<br />

margaret arCeri am arguments Semdegnairad ajamebs: momsaxureobiT<br />

dakavebuli klasis warmoSobasis paralelurad, uprecedento koleqtiurma<br />

mobilobam ganapiroba umravlesobis CarTva industriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si;<br />

momxdarma cvlilebebma umravlesobas SesZina materialuri interesebi,<br />

romlebic gansakuTrebiT mzard momxmareblobaSi (konzumerizmSi) gamoixata da<br />

Sesabamisad Seamcira maTi ideologiuri dapirispirebani da utopiuri xedvebi.<br />

postpolitikurma da postideologiurma xanam aseve gvauwya axali<br />

teqnoracionalurobis fenomeni kulturaSi, ramac darCenil socio-politikur<br />

problemebs teqnikuri sakiTxebis statusi mianiWa, romelTa teqnikuri<br />

gadawyvetac momavalSi moxdeboda (Teoria, kultura da post-industriuli<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> — maik federstoni, red).<br />

duglas kelneri ganavrcobs teqno kulturis Sesaxeb zemoT moyvanil am<br />

Sexedulebas (Tumca kelneri ar warmoadgens postmodernists, aramed kritikuli<br />

Teoretikosia); duglas kelneris mixedviT, teqnokultura masobrivi kulturisa<br />

da momxmarebluri sazogadoebis erTianobas warmoadgens, sadac samomxmareblo<br />

sagnebi, kino, televizia, masobrivi imijebi da kompiuterizirebuli in<strong>for</strong>macia<br />

kulturis dominantur <strong>for</strong>mad gadaiqcevian ganviTarebul msoflioSi da aseve<br />

sul ufro mzardi gavlena aqvT ganviTarebad qveynebzec.<br />

teqnokulturaSi, imijebi, sanaxaoba da esTetizirebuli samomxmareblo<br />

sagnebi, an kidev "samomxmareblo sagnebis esTetika" kulturis axal <strong>for</strong>mebs<br />

Seadgenen, romlebic axdenen yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kolonizirebas da<br />

politikas, ekonomikasa da socialur urTierTobebs gardaqmnian. yvela am<br />

sferoSi teqnologia sul ufro da ufro centralur rols TamaSobs (kritikuli<br />

Teoria , marqsizmi da moderni, kelneri)<br />

istoriuli konteqsti : momxmarebloba (konzumerizmi)<br />

momxmareblobis (konzumerizmis) fenomeni xidis rols TamaSobs erTis mxriv<br />

postindustrializmisa da in<strong>for</strong>maciuli sazogadoebis Teoriebsa da meore<br />

mxriv globalizaciisa an/da globaluri kapitalizmis Teoriebs Soris.<br />

skot laSisa da jon uris mixedviT, Cven vcxovrobT <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, romelic<br />

organizebulia momxmarebluri tendenciebis irgvliv (gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />

finansuri bazrebis uzenaesoba industriul korporaciebTan da gacvlasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi), rac warmoadgens ekonomikuri aqtivobis gabatonebul <strong>for</strong>mas da<br />

gamoirCeva (anu postmodernuli xasiaTi aqvs) socialur identobasa da<br />

organizaciaze Tavisi zemoqmedebiT.<br />

laSisa da uris mosazreba Semdeg argumentebs moicavs: mwarmoebluri<br />

industria dasavleTis qveynebSi Sesustda da gadainacvla mesame msoflioSi<br />

(post industrializmi). es procesi ganxorcielda soflis industrializaciis<br />

<strong>for</strong>mebis paralelurad, ramac, Tavis mxriv, socialur mobilobaSi farTo<br />

cvlilebebi gamoiwvia.<br />

am cvlilebma ki Seamcira metropolisebis mniSvneloba socialuri identobis<br />

gansazRvra/CamoyalibebaSi. socialuri identoba fragmentuli gaxda, rac<br />

nawilobriv ganapiroba momxmarebluri aqtivobis zrdam da moxmarebis<br />

sagnebisTvis specializirebuli bazrebis ganviTarebam.<br />

es procesi, Tavis mxriv, ki niSnavs, rom moxmarebis sagnebis warmoeba imitaciis,<br />

pastiSisa da stilisturi sazRvrebis aRrevis principebze dayrdnobiT<br />

mimdinareobs. ufro meti yuradReba eqceva stils, vidre Sinaarss rogorc<br />

faseulobis indikators (rasac bodriliari uwodebs — niSan - faseulobas).<br />

rogorc postindustrializmis Teoriebi, konzumerizmis Teoriebi Seexeba<br />

dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi ganxorcielebul urTierTdamokidebul struqtu-<br />

65

ul da kulturul cvlilebebs. es Teoriebi ZiriTadad efuZnebian or amosaval<br />

arguments: rom sabazro kapitalizmi aris "uzenaesi" <strong>for</strong>ma da rom am etapze ar<br />

arsebobs politikuri ekonomiis alternatiuli sistemebi; da rom im<br />

sazogadoebebis ricxvi, romelTac SeiZleba ewodoT liberalur-demokratiuli<br />

izrdeba. es Sexedulebebi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli zogad postmodernistul<br />

ideasTan, rom dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi adgili hqonda reprezentaciis<br />

kriziss da rom Cven mivaRwieT istoriis dasasruls (fukuiama, bodriliari).<br />

robertsonma SemogvTavaza im fenomenebis sia, romelic dasavluri sazogadoebis<br />

istoriaSi gaurkveveli fazis arsebobas amtkicebs:<br />

dawyebuli 1960-ian wlebSi krizisuli tendenciebi aSkara gaxda adreul 1990-<br />

ianebSi. mesame msoflios inkluzia da globaluri cnobierebis amaRleba 1960-ian<br />

wlebSi. mTvareze adamianis gagzavna. "post-materialisturi” Rirebulebebis<br />

xazgasma. civi omis dasasruli da atomuri iaraRis gavrceleba. globaluri<br />

institutebisa da moZraobebis ricxvis gazrda. sazogadoebebi sul ufro da<br />

ufro xSirad dgebian multikulturuli da polieTnikuri problemebis winaSe.<br />

individebis TviTmoazreba rTuldeba gamomdinare genderuli, eTnikuri da<br />

rasobrivi aspeqtebidan. adamianis uflebebi. saerTaSoriso sistema ufro<br />

labiluri xdeba — bipolaroba dasrulda. kacobriobis bedis Sesaxeb fiqri<br />

gaZlierda. interesi gaCnda msoflio samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da msoflio<br />

moqalaqeobis ideis mimarT. moxda globaluri media sistemis konsolidacia.<br />

(globaluri viTarebis CarCoebSi moqceva — federstoni)<br />

postindustrializmis koncefcia, konzumerizmis ideasTan erTad<br />

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs pirovnebis identobisa da popularuli kulturis<br />

<strong>for</strong>mirebaSi, rac gvibiZgebs iqiTken, rom kapitalisturi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> veRar<br />

moiazreba gamomdinare marqsistuli Sexedulebidan ekonomikuri sistemis<br />

Sesaxeb, rom socialuri cvlilebas mxolod warmoebis Zalebi ganapirobeben.<br />

gacvla, niSan-faseulobebis simboluri samyaro ufro mniSvnelovania vidre<br />

warmoeba, manqanebisa da sagnebis "namdvili" samyaro. warmoebis paradigmis<br />

uaryofa mxars uWers postmodernistul mcdelobas gaauqmos gansxvaveba<br />

namdvils, materialur samyarosa da simbolur- reprezentaciul samyaros Soris.<br />

aqedan ki gamomdinareobs mniSvnelovani Teoriuli azri, rom istoriul<br />

ganviTarebas ar gaaCnia raime garkveuli logika an xazi. am azrs ki, Tavis mxriv,<br />

mivyavarT Semdeg daskvnamde - istoriam amowura Tavisi Tavi an kidev sxva<br />

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dasrulda.<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> da individi<br />

antoni gidensis da ulrix bekis SromebSi ZiriTad cnebas refleqsuroba<br />

warmoadgens. gidensi refleqsurobas Semdegnairad ganmartavs:<br />

refleqsuroba: socialuri cxovrebis nakadisTvis Tvalyuris devneba.<br />

moqmedebis pirobebis Sesaxeb in<strong>for</strong>maciis rogorc saSualebis gamoyeneba,<br />

rom moxdes mocemuli moqmedebis gadafaseba da sxvanairad moazreba; refleqsuroba,<br />

aris imis wesi Tu rogor vaxdenT Cveni socialuri aqtivobis<br />

monitorings, rogorc monawileebi da Sesabamisad vayalibebT da vcvliT am<br />

qcevis xasiaTs dinamikaSi. (sazogadoebis konstitucia)<br />

bekis mixedviT, ki refleqsuroba aris gaucnobierebloba: “rac ufro<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> xdeba <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, miT ufro winaswar ganusazRvreli Sedegebi<br />

moaqvs mas, xolo rodesac xdeba am Sedegebis gamJRavneba da gacnobiereba, isini<br />

industriuli modernizaciis safuZvlebs eWvis qveS ayeneben" (demokratia<br />

mtrebis gareSe)<br />

refleqsuroba — aucileblobis SegrZneba rom SenSi SemouSva "garegani<br />

codna”, miiRo "garegani gamocdileba".<br />

rac Seexeba gidensisa da bekis midgomebs Soris gansxvavebas, gidensisTvis<br />

refleqsuroba yovelRiuri socialuri praqtikis codnis gamoyenebisa da<br />

reproduqciisgan Sedgeba. aqedan gamomdinare, codna socialuri moqmedebis<br />

wyarod gadaiqceva da aseve warmoadgens moqmedebis Secvlis saSualebas.<br />

bekisTvis ki, refleqsurobas Seadgens Cvens codnaSi arsebuli carieli<br />

66

adgilebi, romlebsac igi uwodebs ucodinarobas. ucodinaroba ara mxolod is<br />

aris rac ar viciT, aramed warmoadgens SeuZleblobas rom vicodeT.<br />

kiTxva ismis - ramdenad aris es ori ganxvavebuli midgoma erTmaneTis<br />

Sesabamisi? imisaTvis rom ufro naTlad gavigoT, Tu ra Teoriul principebs<br />

efuZneba gidensis mier refleqsurobis cnebis gamoyeneba, unda mokled<br />

mimovixiloT misi adreuli mcdeloba gadaeWra struqtura /moqmedebis dilema<br />

sociologiaSi.<br />

dilemis mixedviT, unda moxdes moqmedebis, mniSvnelobisa da subieqturobis<br />

cnebebis dakonkreteba da am cnebebis mimarTeba struqturisa da SezRudvebis<br />

cnebebTan. Tu interpretaciuli sociologia emyareba subieqtis uzenaesobas,<br />

funqcionalizmi da struqturalizmi afuZneben socialuri obieqtis<br />

uzenaesobas.<br />

gidensi Tvlis, rom am dilemis gadaWra Semdegnairad unda moxdes: yvela<br />

sociologiurma axsna-ganmartebam unda socialuri qmedebis interpretacia<br />

moaxdinos ise, rom gaTvaliswinebul iyos moqmedebis ganmaxorcieleblis<br />

perspeqtiva; amitom "struqturis" cneba unda moicavdes ara mxolod<br />

institutebs, aramed socialur praqtikasac.<br />

amitom, sciologiuri miznebisTvis, struqtura unda warmoadgendes ara<br />

Senobis karkass, aramed socialur "struqturebs"; unda gaaCndes sistemuri<br />

niSan-Tvisebebi, rac niSnavs rom socialuri struqturebs/sistemebs dinamikuri<br />

xasiaTi gaaCniaT da Sedgebian garkveuli drois periodSi socialuri praqtikis<br />

reproduqciisgan.<br />

aq ismis kiTxva: romelia "struqturul/sistemuri" elementebi da romelia<br />

"qmedebis" Semcveli elementebi? gidens amazec aqvs pasuxi: es aris reproduqciis<br />

procesi da ara faqti rom <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> garegania moqmedebis subieqtebTan<br />

mimarTebaSi, romlebic socialur praqtikas struqturizebul xasiaTs aniWeben.<br />

struqturul/sistemur elementebs gidensi wesebs uwodebs, romlebic normebis<br />

msgavsia. Tumca wesebi ara mxolod moqmedebis SezRudvas (norma rasac<br />

gulisxmobs) axdenen, aramed moTamaSeebs SeuZliaT wesebis, rogorc moqmedebis<br />

resursis gamoyeneba.<br />

wesebi, Tavis mxriv, codnis kompleqsisgan Sedgeba, risi codnac Cven<br />

gvWirdeba, raTa SevideT socialur urTierTobaSi da vpasuxobdeT socialur<br />

viTarebas; aqedan gamomdinare, wesebi da ara normebi Seadgenen sazogadoebis<br />

sistemur niSan-Tvisebebs. yovelive zemoT Tqmuli gvaaxlovebs refleqsurobis<br />

cnebasTan: refleqsurobis cneba mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac wesebis rogorc<br />

resursebis gamoyeneba individebs saSualebas aZlevs monitoringi gauwion da<br />

Sesabamisad garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi moaxdinon socialuri moqmedebis<br />

nimuSebis reproduqcia. isini warmoadgenen im mediums, risi saSualebiTac<br />

urTierTobebi SesaZlebeli xdeba. gidensis mixedviT, <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> zRudavs<br />

individebs mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs codnis naklovaneba. Tumca, am<br />

naklovanebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios socialuri moqmedeba, romelsac gauTvleli<br />

Sedegi moyveba.<br />

aqve ibadeba kiTxva, rom Tu refleqsuri monitoringis mixedviT, nebismieri<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> axdens Tavisi Tavis reproduqcias, maSin ratom axasiaTebs is<br />

mxolod gviandel <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s? gidensi pasuxobs, miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom refleqsuroba yvela adamianuri qmedebis ganmsazRvreli<br />

maxasiaTebelia, misi institucionalizacia gviandeli <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> sazogadoebis<br />

specifikur niSans warmoadgens. es niSani nawilia imisa, rac safuZvlad udevs<br />

sistemur reproduaqcias, iseTi gziT, rom azri da qmedeba gamudmebul<br />

urTierTqmedebaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan.<br />

gviandeli <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />

an meore/Semdgomi <strong>Tanamedrove</strong>oba<br />

gidensis da bekis mixedviT, gviandeli <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> xasiaTdeba<br />

iseTi procesiT, romelsac isini refleqsur modernizacias uwodeben. refleqsuri<br />

modernizacia <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> sazogadoebis ZiriTadi institucionaluri<br />

67

maxasiaTeblebis ganviTarebis aCqarebasa da radikalizacias warmoadgens. es<br />

maxasiaTeblebia: kapitalizmi, industrializmi, saxelmwifo administracia,<br />

samxedro Zala.<br />

gidensi da beki aCqareba/radikalizaciis gamomwvev faqtorebad droisa da<br />

sivrcis erTmaneTisgan daSorebas asaxeleben, rac, Tavis mxriv, gamowveulia<br />

Semdegi meqanizmebiT: simboluri niSnebiT — fuliT da eqspertuli sitemebiT,<br />

romlebic funqcionireben eqspertebis damoukideblad, vinc es sistemebi Seqmna,<br />

mag., transportSi, organizaciebsa da telekomunikaciebSi.<br />

refleqsuri monitoringis procesi <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si arsebuli<br />

institutebis organizaciuli aspeqtebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori gaxda. Sedegad,<br />

institutebi — da Cveni TviTidentoba daeqvemdebara cvlilebis ganuwyvetel<br />

process. subieqturi perspeqtividan gamomdinare es SemaSfoTebelia.<br />

refleqsuri modernizacia yovelTvis gvemuqreba imiT rom erT mSvenier dRes is<br />

kontrols aRar daeqvemdebareba. refleqsurobis principi da mudmivi monitoringi,<br />

romelsac is gulisxmobs qmnis gaurkveveli momavlis SegrZnebas.<br />

bekisTvis, refleqsuri modernizacia modernizaciuli procesis meore<br />

talRas warmoadgens, romlis drosac industrializmi demistifikaciis process<br />

ganicdis, iseve rogorc Tavis droze industrializaciam pre-<strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

msoflios demistifikacia moaxdina. pre<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> msoflios demistifikacia<br />

ki ganapirobes industriuli ganviTarebis Sedegebma an kidev gauTvlelma<br />

ukuCvenebam, rogoric aris magaliTad dabinZureba: Cven aRar vcxovrobT<br />

industriuli warmoebis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, aramed industriuli warmoebis Sedegebs<br />

winaSe vdgevarT, rac warmoadgens am sazogadoebis negatiur sarkisebur imijs.<br />

beki postmodernistuli sazogadoebis analizs eTanxmeba imdenad ramdenadac, es<br />

analizi aRiarebs, rom industriuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> dakninebulia. magram<br />

industrializmi martivad ar Caunacvlebia mikroeleqtronikisa da<br />

gafarToebuli servisis seqtoris teqnologiebs; industriuli sazogadoebis<br />

etapi damTavrda yovelgvari dagegmarebisa da revoluciis gareSe.<br />

rom SevajamoT, <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>m im etaps miaRwia, romlis drosac<br />

moxda refleqsurobis intstitucionalizacia, rac niSnavs rom <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

sazogadoebis yoveli ganzomileba kritikulad ganixileba am sazogadoebisave<br />

wevrebis mier. Tumca es ar warmoadgens kritikuli TviTrefleqsiis kargad<br />

mowesrigebul da teleologiur process, aramed <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />

ufro eqsperimentuli xasiaTi aqvs; yoveli CvenTagani iZulebulia TviTon<br />

gaakeTos arCevani da ar iyos damokidebuli politikosebze, eqspertebze an im<br />

Zalebze, romlebsac isini efuZnebian.<br />

riskis fenomeni rogorc gidensis aseve bekis naazrevSi centralur cnebas<br />

warmoadgens, gansakuTrebiT ki bekis naSromebSi. beki Tvlis, rom Cven vcxovrobT<br />

Seqmnili riskis xanaSi. anu is riski, romlis winaSec Cven yoveldRiurad<br />

vgdgavarT, Cveni xaniTvis specifikuria da ar warmoadgens bunebriv risks. is<br />

warmoqmnilia eqspertTa sistemebis mier da ar aris Cveni qmedebebiT ganpirobebuli.<br />

Seqmnili riski codnazea damokidebuli da iTxovs Cvengan<br />

warmovidginoT ararsebuli, momavali viTarebebi rogorc Cveni gadawyvetilebebis<br />

an kanonmdeblobis miRebis safuZveli. amitomac dRevandel<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s beki riskis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s uwodebs.<br />

zedmetad ganviTarebuli warmoebis Zalebis pirobebSi, 21 saukunis<br />

dasawyisSi, mecniereba xSirad warmoadgens rogorc ganmaTleblobas, aseve<br />

antiganmanaTleblobas, WeSmaritebasa da mis dafarvas, memkvidreobiT miRebuli<br />

SezRudvebisagan ganTavisuflebas erTi mxriv da SezRudvas, meore mxriv, Cvens<br />

mierve Seqmnili obieqturi sazRvrebis farglebSi. mecnierebis rogorc<br />

apologetebi, aseve kritikosebi erTmaneTs ekamaTebian swored am ori<br />

poziciidan gamomdinare. Tumca, cal-calke aRebuli orive pozicia mcdaria.<br />

bekis Tvlis, rom sakiTxis dayeneba — mecnierebis saSualebiT an mecnierebis<br />

gareSe — aramarTebulia; Seqmnili riski imanenturad aris politizirebuli, rac<br />

ganpirobebulia imiT, rom riskis marTva, gamomdinare am fenomenis<br />

kompleqsurobidan da riskis Sesafaseblad saWiro codna gadaiqca eqspertebis<br />

prerogativad. eqspertebi efeqturad uvlian gverds politikur sistemas da<br />

Sedegad xdeba rogorc beki uwodebs qve-politikuri sferos <strong>for</strong>mireba.<br />

68

subpolitika arsebobs <strong>for</strong>maluri demokratiuli sivrcis gareT an qveS.<br />

specialuri interesebis dakmayofileba ZiriTadad masmediisa da mosamarTleebis<br />

mier xdeba, rac iwvevs politikuri debatebis mimarT fragmentul<br />

midgomas. es aseve saxelmwifos ekonomikuri daRmavlobis gamoxatulebaa, razec<br />

mianiSnebs ara mxolod socialuri uzrunvelyofis nakleboba, aramed isic rom<br />

mTavrobebi finansurad ver axerxeben sazogadoebis farTo maStabian monitorings.<br />

ufro zogadad, aRniSnuli viTareba miuTiTebs imaze, rom moxda gadasvla<br />

masobrivi politikuri partiebidan konkretuli problematikis garCevaze.<br />

globalizaciis procesebi riskis Temis analizTan mWidro kavSirSia. gidensi<br />

globalizacias gansazRvravs rogorc msoflio socialuri urTierTobebis<br />

gaintensiurebas, rac Soreul geografiul wertilebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan<br />

ise rom lokalur movlenebs xSirad mravali aTasi kilometris daSorebiT<br />

momxdari ganapirobebs. rac niSnavs, rom globalizacias dialeqtikuri saxe aqvs :<br />

erT adgilas momxdarma movlenebma SeiZleba gamoiwvion gansxvavebuli an<br />

sapirispiro xdomilebebi meore adgilas. am fenomens gidensi lokalur/globalur<br />

kavSirs uwodebs.<br />

gidensisTvis globalizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia TviTidentobis trans<strong>for</strong>maciasTan,<br />

rac warmoadgens refleqsuri modernizaciis gafarToebas "me"-s<br />

mimarTulebiT. adamianuri gamocdileba igive refleqsuri modernizaciis<br />

process eqvemdebareba, rasac eqvemdebarebian <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> institutebi. Tumca<br />

eqspertuli codnis praqtikaSi gamoyenebiT individebis cxovrebebi icvleba,<br />

seqsualobis, janmrTelobisa da sulierebis, a.S. sferoebSi. magaliTad,<br />

fsiqoTerapia im dislokaciebsa da gaurkvevlobebs gamoxatavs, romlebic moicaven<br />

refleqsuri modernizaciis subieqtur gamocdilebas. TerapiasTan dakav-<br />

Sirebuli ideebis gamoyeneba seqsualobaSi, seqsualuri urTierTobebis gamijvna<br />

ganayofierebisgan gavlenas axdenen intimurobis mniSvnelobis sxvanairad<br />

moazrebaze. refleqsuri modernizaciis mTavari gamovlinebas am etapze<br />

warmoadgens intimuri urTierTobis damyarebisken swrafva, rac ufro did<br />

prioritets aniWebs emociur da seqsualur dakmayofilebas, vidre xangrZlivobas.<br />

qalebi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierdnen. xelmisawvdomi in<strong>for</strong>maciis raodenoba<br />

da mravalferovneba gvibiZgebs imisken, rom Cveni cxovrebebi miRebuli<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis WrilSi ganvixiloT. eqspertuli codna ar efuZneba raime<br />

tradicias da ar arsebobs realuri rekomendacia imisa, Tu rogori arCevani unda<br />

gavakeToT an kidev rogori Sefaseba SeiZleba mivceT eqspertTa mosazrebas.<br />

Sedegad momavlis Riaoba dgas rogorc SesaZleblobebis, aseve safrTxis winaSec.<br />

generaciuli politika<br />

gidensisTvis da bekisTvis normatiuli proeqts, romelic refleqsuri<br />

modernizaciis Teoriidan gamomdinareobs aqvs mZafri moTxovnilebis <strong>for</strong>ma.<br />

posttradiciul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si iSleba yvela erT dros myari parametri,<br />

romelic arsebobda <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sa da bunebas Soris urTierTobaSi, ojaxis<br />

struqturaSi, rwmenasa da klasobriv cnobierebaSi. am process Tan sdevs<br />

individualizacia, romelic riskis kulturaSi TiTqmis aucileblobis saxe aqvs.<br />

arc erTi CvenTagani individualizaciis procesisgan dazRveuli ar aris;<br />

individualizacia inkluziis garkveul <strong>for</strong>madac SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli.<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, arsebuli definiciebis safuZvelze energiuli<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>a, sadac individebi da jgufebi met-naklebad iZulebulebi arian,<br />

rom Zlieri pozicia daikavon sakuTari cxovrebis xarisxis mimarT. imdenad<br />

ramdenadac cxovrebis xarisxs SeiZleba globaluri safrTxe daemuqros, TviTon<br />

am poziciac globaluri xasiaTi eZleva. aucileblobidan gamomdinare Cven<br />

gaviareT privatulobis etapi da rTulia Tavi avaciloT aqtiur politikur<br />

CarTulobas.<br />

sainteresoa, ra warmoadgens am aucileblobis wyaros. orive<br />

TeoretikosisTvis, es aucilebloba ganpirobebulia faseulobebis globaluri<br />

gaerTianebiT, rac TavisTavad gamowveulia SiSisa da safrTxis globaluri<br />

69

xasiaTiT.<br />

faseulobebis Tanxvedras empiriuli xasiaTi aqvs. is emyareba SiSs; amitom<br />

negatiuria. magram gidensisa da bekisTvis, SiSis saerToobas sawinaaRmdego<br />

Sedegic aqvs — saerTo imedi da saerTo leqsika. bekisTvis am leqsikas ZiriTadad<br />

ekologiuri xasiaTi aqvs, Tumca SeiZleba gadaizardos socialuri uzrunvelyofisa<br />

da janmrTelobis sferoebSi. gidensisTvis, gaziarebuli leqsika<br />

sicocxlis sakralur faseulobas exeba, adamianis uflebebs, cocxali arsebebis<br />

gadarCenasa da momavlisTvis zrunvas.<br />

gidenss da beks ar sWirdebaT, zemoT aRniSnuli, universaluri faseulobebis<br />

gamogoneba an Tavs moxveva, ramdenadac isini realurad arseboben da ara<br />

TeoriaSi. riskis kulturis pirobebSi, romelmac gamoiwvia arastabiluroba da<br />

SiSi, Cven iZulebulebi gavxdiT movaxdinoT politikis gadasinjva. gidensis<br />

mixedviT, politikis gadafasebas mivyavarT generaciul politikamde.<br />

gidensi socializms miiCnevs aramdgradad, radganac is efuZneba<br />

sazogadoebis kibernetikul models. sazogadoebis es modeli gulisxmobs, rom<br />

sazogadoebis marTva da kontroli SesaZlebelia maRali inteleqtis mier (anu<br />

saxelmwifos mier). aseTi midgoma Zvel samyaros axasiaTebs, dRes ki <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

dasavlur <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s funqcionirebisTvis sWirdeba adgilobrivi da ara<br />

centraluri in<strong>for</strong>maciis wyaroebi.<br />

gidensi politikis gadasinjvisTvis Semdeg gzebs (mesame gza) gamoyofs:<br />

- politikuri Zalis decentralizacia;<br />

- individebisa da adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis avtonomia im<br />

mizniT, rom moxdes arsebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciuli nakadis mimarTva moqmedi<br />

subieqtidan mmarTveli struqturebisken, refleqsuri monitoringis<br />

saSualebiT;<br />

- aqtiuri ndobis damkvidreba politikuri sazogadoebis farglebSi ("aqtiurSi"<br />

igulisxmeba mudmivad warmoebadi, monitorings daqvemdebarebuli da<br />

SeTanxmebuli).<br />

kiTxva ismis, Tu ratom uwodebs gidensi zemoTxsenebul rekomendaciebs<br />

mesame gzas, memarcxeneobisa da memarjveneobis miRma?<br />

generaciuli politikis idea asaxavs bazarsa da saxelmwifos Soris arsebuli<br />

klasikuri dixotomiisgan Tavis aridebis mcdelobas. amitom individebisa da<br />

jgufebis SesaZleblobas Seqmnan da awarmoon TavianTi Tavi politikur sazogadoebebad<br />

gadamwyveti roli eniWeba. generaciuli politika “uzrunvelyofs<br />

materialur pirobebs da organizaciul struqturebs im socialur-politikuri<br />

gadawyvetilebebisaTvis, romlebsac iReben individebi da jgufebi farTo<br />

socialuri wesrigis farglebSi”. (gidensi)<br />

racios cneba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli gidensis refleqsurobis<br />

cnebasTan, aqedan gamomdinare ki, generaciuli politikis <strong>for</strong>masTan, ris<br />

advokatirebac igi eweva. gidensisTvis racio meToduri eWvis ganxorcielebis<br />

saSualeba xdeba. Cveni xanis mTavar princips unda warmoadgendes meToduri eWvi,<br />

romelic saTaves dekartes filosofiaSi iRebs. gidensi da beki Tvlian, rom<br />

universalizmi da ara pluralizmi warmoadgens momavlisken svlis erTaderT<br />

gzas, radganac SiSebisa da sadardebeli problematikis Tanxvedras mivyevarT<br />

faseulobebis Tanxvedramde.<br />

<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> procesebis gasagebad beki, iseve rogorc baumani Tvlis, rom<br />

saWiroa axali sociologiuri cnebebis danergva, romlebic ufro adekvaturi<br />

iqneba axal samyaroze saubrisas. Tumca es arc ise martivi saqmea.<br />

magaliTad, beki wers, rom tradiciis cnebis magivrad unda dainergos<br />

detradicionalizaciisa da posttradiciis cnebebi. modernizaciis magivrad is<br />

mimarTavs refleqsuri modernizaciis cnebas, romelsac beki, agreTve uwodebs<br />

“ganmanaTleblobis ganmanaTleblobas”. xolo, industriuli sazogadoebis<br />

cnebas industriuli Sedegebis sazogadoebiT anacvlebs. baumanisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

beki post<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s warmogvidgens rogorc <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

sazogadoebis sapirispiros da ara rogorc <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> sazogadoebisgan<br />

Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuls.<br />

70

dro, sivrce da arqiteqtura<br />

edvard soia gvTavazobs "geografiuli da sivrcobrivi" warmosaxvis<br />

ganviTarebas Teoriul naSromebSi. misi azriT, akademikosebi <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> xanaSi<br />

dros da istorias ufro aniWebdnen privilegirebul pozicias, vidre sivrcesa da<br />

geografias. <strong>Tanamedrove</strong>oba ganixileboda rogorc tradiciebis damangreveli an<br />

Semcvleli sxva faseulobebiT — maSin, rodesac soias mixedviT, <strong>Tanamedrove</strong>oba<br />

unda ganixilebodes rogorc droiTi da sivrculi urTierTobebis kompleqsuri<br />

reorganizacia. magaliTad, <strong>Tanamedrove</strong>obis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa cvlilebebis<br />

sinqronuli xasiaTi globalur doneze, gansakuTrebiT ki teqnologiur<br />

da ekonomikur sferoebSi.<br />

postmodernistuli socialuri trans<strong>for</strong>maciebi moicaven sivrculi<br />

wesrigis gansxvavebul moazrebas: siswrafe da xelmisawvdomoba distanciis<br />

problemas aqrobs da Sesabamisad xdeba samyaros dapataraveba, rac, Tavis mxriv,<br />

iwvevs periferiebsa da centrebs Soris mkacri SezRudvebis aRmarTvas.<br />

fukos mixedviT, sivrces sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nebismieri <strong>for</strong>misTvis,<br />

iseve rogorc Zalauflebis ganxorcielebisTvis centraluri mniSvneloba aqvs.<br />

fukom Seqmna "heterotopiis" cneba im sivrceebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic<br />

moiazreba garkveuli socialuri sivrceebis nawilad da romelTa funqcia<br />

gansxvavdeba an kidev upirispirdeba sxvebisas.<br />

fuko Tvlis, rom arqiteqtura garda misi zedapiruli gansazRvrebisa, axdens<br />

adamianebis gadanawilebas sivrceSi, maTi cirkulaciis garkveul arxebSi<br />

moTavsebas, iseve rogorc urTierTobebis kodirebas. amitom arqtiteqtura ara<br />

mxolod sivrcis elementia, aramed gavlenas axdens socialuri urTierTobebis<br />

sferoze, rasac konkretuli Sedegebi moaqvs sociumisTvis.<br />

xelovneba da urbanuli sivrceebi - dena l. hovsi<br />

ra urTierTmimarTeba arsebobs xelovnebasa da urbanul sivrceebs Soris.<br />

sainteresoa gavixiloT is sakiTxebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba xelovnebas. Tu<br />

rogor SeiZleba sazogadoebriv sivrceSi moTavsebuli xelovnebis nimuSi<br />

sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblos momtani iyos, xazi gausvas mniSvnelovani<br />

sakiTxebis irgvliv socialuri TviTSegnebis amaRlebas. sazogadoebriv xelovnebas<br />

aseve SeuZlia sazogadoebisTvis zianis motana, mag., rodesac xlovnebiT<br />

gadacemuli mesiJi miuRebelia sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilisTvis, aman<br />

SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadoebis gaTiSva. sazogadoebrivma xelovnebam aseve<br />

SeiZleba Seqmnas socialuri konfliqti garkveuli politikuri da socialuri<br />

Rirebulebebis waxalisebiT, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian momxdar socialur<br />

cvlilebebs.<br />

jansaR urbanul sdazogadoebaSi kulturuli identobebi iqmneba rogorc<br />

Zalis, uflebebis mopovebis sawyisi, qalaqis mcxovreblebs SeuZliaT<br />

monawileoba miiRon da kvali daamCnion qalaqis <strong>for</strong>masa da qalaqis sivrcis<br />

gamoyenebas. amave dros, is artistebi romlebic muSaoben sazogadoebrivi<br />

xelovnebis sferoSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben qalaqis ideis gamefebul<br />

koncefciebs da rTaven xalxs adgilobriv politikaSi rom amiT safuZveli<br />

Caeyaros socialur kritikas. urbanuli sivrcis dagegmarebaSi CarTulma<br />

adamianebma da xelovanebma unda Seqmnan iseTi urbanuli dinamika, romelic<br />

asaxavs am sivrceSi macxovrebeli xalxis Rirebulebebs, miswrafebebs.<br />

konfliqtebis gadaWris sakiTxze msjeloba urbanuli sirvrcidan<br />

gamomdinare, imdenad aris aqtualuri ramdenadac 2005 wels msoflio<br />

mosaxleobis naxevarze meti cxovrobs qalaqebSi. sacxovrebeli adgilebi mravalnairia<br />

— dawyebuli SeZlebuli xalxisTvis gankuTvnili vilebiT, damTavrebuli<br />

barakebiT da kardonis yuTebiT. am mega qalaqebs xSirad ar aqvT centri an<br />

principi, ris garSemoc isini arian organizebulni; isini xSirad dayofilebi<br />

arian simdidrisa da siRaribis zonebad, usafrTxoebisa da Zaladobis — es Zalis<br />

dinamika yovelTvis ar aris TvalsaCino da aSkara saSualo moqalaqisTvis. Cndeba<br />

kiTxva, Tu ra warmoadgens qalaqs da visi keTildReobisTvis iqmneba qalaqi —<br />

71

am kiTxvidan gamomdinareobs urbanuli sivrcis sakiTxebi, urbanuli dizainisa da<br />

sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis perspeqtividan sazogadoebrivi sivrcis konstruqcia.<br />

sazogadoebrivi xelovneba SeiZleba iyos socialurad sasargeblo da<br />

Seasrulos konfliqtis gamaneitraleblis roli, Tuki is exmaureba qalaqis<br />

macxovreblebis moTxovnebs — aTavisuflebs maT warmosaxvas, wvlili Seaqvs<br />

qalaqis dizainSi da iwvevs socialur kritikas, romelic xels uwyobs<br />

sazogadoebrivi sivrcis Camoyalibebas. amgvarad: xelovnebis roli urbanuli<br />

sivrcis simyarisTvis ormagia: gamoyenebiTi xelovneba rogorc urbanuli<br />

dizainis ganuyofeli aspeqti, romelsac SeiZleba hqondes rogorc saxaliso,<br />

aseve funqcionaluri aspeqti; da xelovneba rogorc socialuri procesi,<br />

Cagvris sawinaaRmdego, sazogadoebrivi interesebis gamtarebeli,<br />

sazogadoebrivi da saSinao sivrceebis sazRvrebis transcedenturi.<br />

monumentebi<br />

monumentebi iqmneba damkvidrebuli faseulobebis CarCoebis farglebSi da<br />

erovnuli kulturuli identobis SeqmnaSi Seaqvs wvlili. monumentebi da<br />

sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis nimuSebi — skulpturebi nawilobriv arian faseulobebis<br />

konsensusis matareblebi. isini kulturuli obieqtebis kategorias<br />

miekuTvnebian, ganasaxiereben stabilurobas, romelic sazogadoebis Sinagani<br />

winaaRmdegobis dafarvas axdens. sazogadoebrivi xelovneba xandaxan ver uZlebs<br />

istoriul cvililebebs (mag., postsabWoTa qveynebSi bevri komunisturi lideris<br />

qandakeba Camoxsnes)<br />

amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia Tavisuflebis qandakeba (1886), amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis, Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis simbolo. qandakeba Cans<br />

elisis kunZulidan, sadac milionobiT emigranti eloda amerikaSi Sesvlas<br />

romelic Tavisuflebis miwad iyo aRiarebuli.<br />

monumentebi da skulpturebis ageba xSirad xdeba garkveuli jgufis mier<br />

Zalauflebis demonstraciis mizniT. Zaladoba xSirad monumentis Ziridadi<br />

koncefciaa, ramdenadac bevri memoriali, triumfaluri TaRi, qandakebebi,<br />

warsuli dapyrobebis amRvniSvnel simboloebs warmoadgenen.<br />

monumentis Zalas xSirad iseTi wona aqvs, rom mosaxleobis da samoqalaqo<br />

institutebis umravlesoba iRebs im winaaRmdegobebs, romlebsac monumentebi<br />

warmoaCenen maT <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si da am gziT monumenti xdeba socialuri<br />

kontrolis meqanizmi, rasac ufro faruli xasiaTi aqvs, vidre Zalis aSkara<br />

demonstrirebas.<br />

kulturis gamoyeneba socialuri wesrigis SenarCunebisTvis, burJuaziuli<br />

sazogadoebis zogadi maxasiaTebels warmoadgens, im kuTxiT rom faseulobis<br />

gadatana xdeba esTetikur sivrceSi, xelovnebisa da cxovrebis dualobas xazi<br />

esmeba da Zalauflebisa da fuli ZalaSi eWvis Setana aRar xdeba, an kidev maT<br />

mimarT damokidebuleba naklebad kritikulia. me-19 saukunis monumentebi<br />

imperiisa da patriarqatis mesijs atareben, aseTi tipis mesiJi <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />

sazogadoebriv xelovnebaSic xSirad Cans. magram aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac<br />

monumentTan dakavSirebuli normebi irRveva da monumenti "ubralo xalxs"<br />

eZRvneba, an kidev "antimonumentis" kategorias miekuTvneba. magaliTad,<br />

vaSingtonSi agebuli vietnamis omis veteranTa memoriali eZRvneba omis<br />

istorias. gaprialebul, Savi qvis zedapirze wawerilia 58.000 mkvdari an<br />

brZolaSi dakarguli (1959-1975) amerikelis saxeli. xelovanma maia linma<br />

memorials "miwis Wriloba" uwoda, misi azriT momeriali cdilobs im Wrilobis<br />

Sexorcebas, romelic omis winaaRmdeg protestma gamoiwvia. memoriali kiTxvis<br />

niSnis qveS ayenebs Zalauflebis struqturebs <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, struqturebs<br />

romlebmac gamoiwvies omi, miuxedavad imisa es winaaRmdegobebi gadaWrialia Tu<br />

ara an miviwyebuli. sakamaTo sakiTxia, vietnamis veteranTa memoriali anti<br />

monumentis xasiaTs atarebs Tu ara, ramdenadac aRmarTuli qvis Semyure xalxi<br />

acnobierebs, Tu ramdeni adamiani daiRupa vietnamis omSi, rodesac sakuTar<br />

anareklTan erTad xedavs memorialur dafaze aTasobiT amerikeli moqalaqis<br />

72

saxels da gvars.<br />

1960 ian wlebSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, xelovanebi uaryofdnen<br />

nivTebis privilegirebul statuss da xelovnebis elitarulobas, isini sazogadoebis<br />

samsaxurSi ewerebodnen, erTvebodnen aqtivizmSi da TanamSromlobdnen<br />

<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan. amis Sedegad moxda sazogadoebrivi sivrcis gadafaseba,<br />

fizikuri adgilis ufro farTod moazreba. sazogadoebisTvis gankuTvnili<br />

skveri Tu parki asaxavs mocemuli sazogadoebis kulturas da TviTcnobierebas.<br />

Sesabamisad, sazogadoebrivi sivrcis dizaini da sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis<br />

SerCeva asaxavs sazogdoebis damokidebulebasa da faseulobebs, Tu ramdenad<br />

iTvaliswinebs qalaqi mravalferovnebas da adamianebis keTildReobazea<br />

mimarTuli. mravalferovnebis da gansxvavebulobis gacnobiereba da gaTaviseba<br />

ki mSvidobiani sazogadoebis Senebis ganuyofeli nawilia.<br />

dRevandel dRes, sazogadoebrivi xelovneba msoflios bevr kuTxeSi gascda<br />

cxenze amxedrebuli gmiris aRmarTvas sazogadoebiv sivrceebSi. amis sanacvlod<br />

xdeba sazogadoebis mier ganxilva imisa, Tu vis da ras warmoadgens gmiri<br />

xalxisTvis 21-e saukuneSi. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT barbara krugeri,<br />

romelic komunikaciis bevr sxvadasxva saSualebas mimarTavs, rom moaxdinos<br />

Tavisi ideebis gavrceleba sazogadoebriv sivrceSi. mag., mis xelovnebas aqvs<br />

bilbordebis, maisurebis, asanTebze dabeWdili sloganebis, plakatebis saxe.<br />

plakatebi ikvreba satelefono jixurebze da Senobebze. krugeris namuSevrebi<br />

reklamas ar warmoadgens, ramdenadac is aranair komerciul interess ar<br />

emsaxureba. arc propagandistulia, radganac ar aris nakarnaxevi, xelmZRvanelobis<br />

mier. krugeri ubralod vizualur strategiebs iyenebs rom miipyros<br />

xalxis yuradReba da daafiqros Tavis namuSevarSi Cadebul mniSvnelobaze.<br />

krugeris namuSevrebi moiTxoven qalsa da mamakacs Soris Tanasworobas, misi<br />

gamosaxulebebi da teqsti xazs usvams qalebisa da mamakacebis stereotipul<br />

rolebs, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes genderTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebis<br />

safuZvlad mdebare dapirispireba. krugeri aseve exeba sityvis Tavisuflebis,<br />

religiuri tolerantobis, omis, momxmarebluri sazogadoebis, ojaxuri<br />

Zaladobis sakiTxebs.<br />

riCard seras proeqti — skulptura "gadaxrili arka" kargi magaliTia imisa,<br />

Tu rogori konfliqti SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadoebrivma xelovnebam da<br />

saerTod sazogadoebrivi sivrcis gamoyenebam. 1980 wels riCard seram, cnobilma<br />

amerikelma modernistma xelovanma, qalaq niurkis xelmZRvanelobis dakveTiT<br />

aago skulptura did sazogadoebriv skverSi, romelsac gars ertya<br />

dawesebulebebis Senobebi. sanam skulpturas aagebdnen, aravis mosvlia azrad<br />

Sexvdrebis mowyoba sazogadoebis wevrebTan, romlebic muSaobdnen am skveris<br />

garSemo da ar ukiTxavT maTTvis Tanaxmani iyvnen isini Tu ara rom aegoT<br />

mocemuli qandakeba. seras spilenZis qandakeba 90 futis simaRle iyo. qandakebis<br />

agebis faqtma gamoiwvia uaryofiTi Sefaseba sazogadoebis mxridan, ramdenadac<br />

am qandakebam Seamcira skveris farTobi da saseirno gza da bevri mas uSnod<br />

miiCnevda. qandakebis irgvliv warmoSobilma konfqliqtma moaxdina sazogadoebis<br />

polarizeba. Sedegad skulptura sxva adgilas gadaitanes.<br />

sainteresoa monumentebis xasiaTi saqarTveloSi. rogorc daiana holi<br />

aRniSnavs, misi dakvirvebiT TbilisSi ZiriTadad mamakacebis skulpturebia<br />

aRmarTuli. qalebi ki mxolod miTiuri arsebebi arian. magaliTad, filarmoniasTan<br />

aRmarTuli muzis qandakeba da qarTlis deda. kiTxva ismis, Tu<br />

ramdenad SemTxveviTia es faqti, Tu SeiZleba aq garkveuli mniSvneloba veZioT :<br />

rom namdvili xalxi, romelic pativiscemas imsaxurebs mamakacebi arian. daiana<br />

holi Tvlis, rom sakiTxis aseTi dasma, feministur midgomas ar gulisxmobs,<br />

ramdenadac xelovnebis istoriaSi qalebic rom iyvnen Seyvanilni es ar<br />

warmoqmnida feministuri xelovnebis istorias. qalebis aryofna xelovnebis<br />

istoriaSi asaxavs patriarqalur <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s, romelmac warmoqmna es istoria,<br />

iseve rogorc zogadma istoriam daamtkica sidiadis, sikargisa da heroikulobis<br />

maskulinuri konstruqciebi, rac kargad aisaxeba sazogadoebriv xelovnebaSi<br />

rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve evropasa da amerikaSi.<br />

73

arqiteqturuli diskursebi<br />

magali sarfati larsoni ganixilavs arqiteqturas rogorc kulturuli<br />

warmoebis profesiul konteqsts. aq aisaxeba modernistulidan postmodernistul<br />

arqiteqturaze gadasvla meoce saukunis bolo meoTxedSi. arqiteqturis<br />

diskursi emyareba im winapirobas, rom mas yovelTvis mtkicebiTi xasiaTi aqvs.<br />

arqiteqturis kritikosebi, istorikosebi da praqtikosebi im Sexedulebidan<br />

gamodian, rom mxolod legitimuri arqiteqtorebis namuSevrebi iTvleba<br />

xelovnebad, rac unda miekuTvnebodes arqiteqturul diskurss. Tumca, am<br />

profesias axasiaTebs winaaRmdegoba. arqiteqturis diskursi avtonomiurad<br />

igeba, im eqspertebis mier, romlebic sxva eqspertebs uweven angariSs. imisaTvis<br />

rom moxdes "axali ideebis SemoTavazeba", disciplinebma unda aCvenon Tu rogor<br />

xdeba SemuSavebuli wesebis kanonebad Camoyalibeba, arqiteqturis kanoni ki<br />

Sedgeba lamazi da inovaciuri samSeneblo <strong>for</strong>mebisgan.<br />

Senobebi ver iqneba mxolod arqiteqtoris avtonomiuri codnisa da talantis<br />

nayofi. aramed arqiteqtori damokidebulia klientebze da mSeneblobis sxva<br />

specialistebze, iqnebian isini konkurenti eqspertebi Tu Semsruleblebi. am<br />

damokidebulebas heteronomias uwodeben, ramdenadac is upirispirdeba<br />

avtonomiis cnebas, rac ganixileba profesiis ganmsazRvrel atributad.<br />

ramdenadac arqiteqturis diskursi saboloo jamSi efuZneba praqtikas, xolo<br />

praqtikasTan dakavSirebuli momentebi heteronomiasTan aris dakavSirebuli,<br />

diskursisa da praqtikis dialeqtika (avtonomiisa da heteronomiis)<br />

mniSvnelovania arqiteqturaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki diskursiuli cvlilebis<br />

analizisas.<br />

meoce saukuneSi, dasavlur arqiteqturaSi orjer moxda mniSvnelovani<br />

cvlilebebi rogorc diskursSi, aseve praqtikaSi. istoriografiul CanawerebSi,<br />

stilisturi cvlilebebis nakadma orivejer elituri dizainerebis arqiteqturuli<br />

koncefciebis Camoyalibeba gamoiwvia. miuxedavad arqiteqturisTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli investorebze da klientebze damokidebulebisa, arqiteqturis<br />

istoriebi cvlilebis wyarod ganixilaven Tavad diskursSi cvlilebebs,<br />

arqiteqturis ideebsa da TeoriebSi.<br />

pirveli da yvelaze radikaluri cvlileba arqiteqturis diskursSi 1920-iani<br />

wlebis <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> evropul moZraobaSi moxda. adaptirebuli evropuli<br />

modernizmi meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi saerTaSoriso kapitalizmis<br />

arqiteqturuli stili gaxda. meore cvlileba ganapiroba mdare xarisxis<br />

arqiteqturis mimarT protestma, romelic modernizmidan gamomdinareobda. es<br />

moicavda modernizmSi universalur rwmenas romlis mixedviTac postmodernistuli<br />

xedva uaryofda <strong>for</strong>malur da ideologiur erTianobas. erTi mxriv,<br />

postmodernizmi dakavSirebulia arqiteqturul diskursTan: rac mouvida<br />

evropul modernizms, romelic gadaiqca postmodernistuli Setevebis samizned<br />

jer amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da Semdeg danarCen msoflioSi; modernizmi<br />

aseve warmoadgenda antiTezas, rac postmodernizms Tavisebur Sinaarss aniWebda.<br />

meore mxriv ki, cvlilebebi ideebsa da stilSi Seesabameba im struqturul<br />

cvlilebebs, romlebsac ganicdidnen strategiulad ganTavsebuli garkveuli<br />

jgufebi. rTulia winaswar mtkiceba, empiriuli gadamowmebis gareSe, magram<br />

kulturuli cvlileba SeiZleba aseve Seesabamebodes socialur struqturaSi<br />

momxdar farTo cvlilebebs. am hipoTezidan gamomdinare, arqiteqtorebs Soris<br />

esTetikasa da gemovnebaSi cvlilebebi aris ara modurobisa da TviTneburi<br />

survilebis gamoxatuleba, da arc idealisturi orientaciis ganxorcieleba,<br />

aramed arqiteqtorebis mier TavianTi profesiuli rolis xedvis gadafaseba da<br />

maTi praqtikis pirobebis gansxvavebulad danaxva. postmodernistul diskursSi,<br />

evropuli modernizmis modeli dakavSirebulia rogorc arqiteqtoris rolis<br />

praqtikul mosazrebebTan, aseve Tu rogor SeiZleba Semosavlis Zieba da maTi<br />

<strong>for</strong>maluri warmosaxva.<br />

arqiteqturuli skolebi da konkretuli pedagogiuri mimarTuleba,<br />

profesiuli organizaciebi da Jurnalebi, bazris mier Seqmnili specializaciebi<br />

da asociaciebi, sazogadoebrivi interesi, romelic gamowveulia presis mier —<br />

yovelive es warmoadgens arqiteqturuli ideebis cirkulaciisa da<br />

74

eproduqciis arxebs, rac iwvevs garkveuli stilisturi tendenciebis<br />

imitaciasa da win wamowevas. magram es ar aris amomwuravi sia. ramdenadac<br />

profesiuli identoba yalibdeba ara mxolod zemoT CamoTvlili faqtorebis<br />

safuZvelze, aramed arqiteqturis rogorc xelovnebis ganxilvis Sedegad.<br />

Cveulebrivi arqiteqturuli praqtika orientirebulia servisze da komerciul<br />

interesebze, rac TavisTavad heteronomiulia da xSirad eqvemdebareba<br />

gareSe faqtorebs. am daqvemdebarebis sakompensaciod, arqiteqtorebma yurad-<br />

Reba miaqcies TavianTi xelobis SemoqmedebiT mxares.<br />

arqiteqturis diskursiul sferoSi ikveTeba ori saxis dapirispireba. pirvels<br />

— specializirebuli saxe aqvs da aqtualuria mxolod am sferos<br />

warmomadgenlebisTvis da ara klientebisTvis. Sida dapirispirebas da diskusiebs<br />

eqspertTa Soris moaqvs konkretuli Sedegebi da gavlenas axdens am sferoSi<br />

arsebul Sinagan ierarqiaze, gavlenis qselebze, statusebze — yvela im<br />

strategiul poziciaze, romelTa saSualebiTac frangi sociologi burdies<br />

mixedviT simboluri kapitali yalibdeba da Zalauflebisa da simdidris<br />

resursebi moiTxoveba.<br />

debatebi, romlebic warmoiSoba dizainis elitis sxvadasxva fraqciebs Soris<br />

arqiteqturul diskursSi, qmnian konfliqtur situaciebs, an piriqiT kavSirebs,<br />

koaliciebs. arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli is aris rom klientebs aq<br />

garkveuli rolis TamaSi SeuZliaT.<br />

meore saxis kulturul dapirispirebas gadavyevarT ufro farTo da<br />

bundovan sazRvrebSi; mas Tavisi ena da miznebi gaaCnia da motivaciac garedan<br />

modis. konkretul istoriul pirobebSi, kulturis <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> politika<br />

TamaSdeba didi socialuri konfliqtebis fonze, saidanac gansazRvruli<br />

sferoebi sesxuloben intensiurobasa da substancias. eseni wamoadgenen<br />

dasavluri xelovnebis avangardis Tavisebur momentebs. erTi mxriv, <strong>for</strong>maluri<br />

esTetikuri CarCoebi politikur da moralur dapirispirebas asaxavs. meore<br />

mxriv ki, debatebs axasiaTebT ezoTeruli ena da ganixilaven specializirebul<br />

sakiTxebs rac moyveba did moZraobebs: disidentebi, romlebic ar kmayofildebian<br />

mxolod arsebul diskursTan dapirispirebiT, cdiloben<br />

Zalauflebis urTierTobebSi cvlilebebi Seitanon, rogorc TeoriaSi, aseve<br />

praqtikaSi da sazRvrebis gadafasebas iTxoven.<br />

me-20 saukunis arqiteqturis modernistuli faza idologiiis dabadebiT<br />

xasiaTdeba da naTlad aCvenebs politikur-esTetikur avangardSi warmoSobil<br />

kamaTs. 1920-ian wlebSi arqiteqturis axalma xedvam gamoiwvia diskursSi arsebuli<br />

Sida dayofebis gadalaxva da praqtikis axali institutebis Seqmna.<br />

arqiteqturis sazogadoebrivma xasiaTma ki arsebul dapirispirebebs meta<strong>for</strong>uli<br />

mniSvneloba mianiWa, gansxvavebiT xelovnebis sxva dargebisgan da zogadad<br />

sxva profesiebisgan. arsebobs mosazreba, rom arqiteqturi novatorebis ideebma<br />

Taviseburi kvali daamCnia <strong>Tanamedrove</strong>obis sazogadoebriv saxes.<br />

gvian 1960-ian da adreul 1970-ian wlebSi arqiteqturuli diskursis gadafaseba<br />

daemTxva profesiis farglebSi arsebul kamaTs, romelic Seexeboda<br />

arqiteqtoris Zalauflebisadmi daqvemdebarebas. arqiteqtori-aqtivistebis<br />

sxvadasxva jfugebi dogmatur modernizms ganixilavdnen rogorc TavianT<br />

saerTo mters.<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, modernizmi - rogorc modernizacia, pirvel<br />

rigSi, Seexeboda farTo maStabis urbanistul ganaxlebas, romelic daiwyo 50-ian<br />

wlebSi. 70 - ian wlebSi ki ekonomikur kriziss moyva uZravi qonebiT spekulaciis<br />

talRa da arqiteqturul revizionizmi daaCqara. klientebi, romelTac ufro<br />

meti statusi hqondaT, vidre kapitali, moiTxovdnen rom maT Senobebi<br />

yofiliyvnen simdidris, TamaSis, da gansxvavebulobis simboloebi. menejerebma<br />

aRmoaCines dizainis Zala da male safuZveli Caeyara "arqiteqtorebis xelweras",<br />

rac gansazRvravda produqtis konkretuli dizainis molodins, garkveuli<br />

imijis Seqmnas da vizualur mravalferovnebas.<br />

arqiteqtorebisTvis SekveTebis micemasa da didebaze, romelic asocirdeboda<br />

profesiasTan, 1980-ian wlebSi gavlena iqonia finansurma deregulaciam<br />

da Semosavlis redistribuciam Raribi da saSualo fenidan mdidrebze. rodesac<br />

arqiteqtorebi da kritikosebi dascinian tradiciul postmodernizms rogorc<br />

75

eiganis xanis “arqiteqturas", isini ZiriTadad gulisxmoben stils; Tumca im<br />

periodis arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSani stils naklebad exeboda,<br />

aramed ZiriTadad aq saubaria uamrav saofise da komerciul sivrceze, feSenebelur<br />

sastumroebze, mdidarTa saxlebze da elitisTvis gamiznul kulturul<br />

dawesebulebebze.<br />

modernistuli arqiteqturis gadafasebis dros, warmoiSva konfliqti<br />

arqiteqturis "imijsa" da "realobas" Soris. es cnebebi exeba koncefciasa da<br />

koncefciis ganxorcielebas Soris uTanxmoebas, ramdenadac arqiteqtorebi<br />

yovelTvis axdenen imijis dizains, maSin rodesac sxvebi ageben Senobas. swored es<br />

imiji da realoba ikavebda centralur adgils postmodernistul SejibrSi, rac<br />

niSnavda rom raRac icvleboda, nebsiT Tu uneblied arqiteqtoris Zireul<br />

socialur identobaSi.<br />

arqiteqturuli dideba, profesiuli ideologia romelic aRiarebda dizains<br />

dizainis gulisTvis 70-ian wlebSi aRmocenda. Tavdapirvelad, is Seecada<br />

dabruneboda modernizmis avtonomiur TviTgansazRvrebas, magram ukve gvian iyo.<br />

modernizmis mimdevrebs aRar hqondaT profesiuli Zalaufleba aRedginaT<br />

modernizmi nawilobriv ganviTarebuli esTetikuri SesaZlebobis saSualebiT.<br />

ameve dros, garemos "xelis SeSlis winaaRmdeg" ganwyobili Zlieri saSualo<br />

klasis moZraoba iTxovda rom SenarCunebuliyo ukve damaxinjebuli urbanuli<br />

qsovili. Tumca am moZraobamac daigviana. arsebulma modernistulma imitaciebma<br />

gamoiwvies nostalgiuri ltolva SenarCunebuliyo Zveli ubnebi, rac<br />

asorcirdeboda usafrTxoebasTan da normalur cxovrebasTan.<br />

tradiciuli modernizmis uaryofa 80 - iani wlebis meore nawilSi mZlavr<br />

tendenciad iqca arqiteqtorebs Soris. qalaqSi mcxovrebi muSaTa klasi da<br />

Raribebi dazaraldnen ganaxlebisgan ufro metad, vidre restavraciebisgan;<br />

konteqstis gaTvaliswineba, pativiscema labirinTuli struqturis quCebis<br />

mimarT da sacxovrebeli qalaqebis mravalferovani konstruqcia tradiciuli<br />

postmodernizmis yvelaze pozitiur da mniSvnelovan wvlils warmoadgenda.<br />

postmodernizmis arsi mdgomareobda imaSi, rom aRiarebuli iyo ara erTi stili,<br />

aramed mravali ena.<br />

swored postmodernizmis damkvidrebis Sedegad, ufro da ufro metma<br />

arqiteqtorma ipova sxvadasxva gemovnebis klienti, rac xels uwyobda<br />

mravalferovani proeqtebis ganxorcielebas. es sxvadasxva klientebi<br />

stilistur siaxles moiTxovdnen an kidev xdeboda maTi darwmuneba rom axali da<br />

Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli arqiteqturuli enebi misaRebi iyo.<br />

Sesabamisad, krizisi arqiteqturaSi gadailaxa da fokusi gasworda —moxda<br />

arqiteqtoris rogorc artistis tradiciuli identobis aRdgena, <strong>for</strong>malizmi ki<br />

daexmara dizainerebs rom Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebinaT indivudualisturi<br />

proeqtebi.<br />

80-ian wlebSi, aSS-Si socialuri SekveTebi da demokratiulad orientirebuli<br />

sazogadoebrivi arqiteqtura gaqra. ideologiuri kom<strong>for</strong>ti,<br />

romelsac <strong>for</strong>malizmi sTavazobda arqiteqtorebs srulyofilebas moiTxvoda;<br />

srulyofilebas srulyofilebis gamo, rac ukve damkvidrebuli ekleqturi<br />

diskursis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda. 80-ian wlebSi arqiteqturam dakarga<br />

erTiani xedva da erTiani stili. arc erT jgufs gaaCnda sakmarisi Zalaufleba an<br />

gavlena erTi konkretuli mimarTulebis, an/da saerTo standartebis<br />

dasamkvidreblad sxvadasxva profesiuli praqtikebisTvis.<br />

amrigad, XX saukuneSi, arqiteqturuli modernizmi gadaiqca teqnokratiuli<br />

socialuri inJineriidan korporaciuli Zalauflebis samsaxurSi myofad.<br />

socialuri stimulis dakargviT, esTetikurma xedvam rutinuli xasiaTi miiRo.<br />

diskursis doneze daZabulobebi da gadafasebebi gamravlda da daaCqara<br />

esTetikuri dezintegracia. rodesac aqtivistma Taobam ufro mwvave xasiaTi<br />

misca profesiis farglebSi mimdinare kritikas, praqtikis prioritetulobam<br />

tradiciebis mimdevrebi aiZula arqiteqtorTa praqtikis mravalferovneba<br />

eRiarebinaT. am kuTxidan danaxuli, postmodernistuli pluralizmi 1960 - iani<br />

wlebis antiavtoritatuli politikis memkvidreobas warmoadgens.<br />

76

arqiteqtura da kulturuli cvlilebebi<br />

arqiteqturis Seswavla miuTiTebs im faqtze rom cvlilebebs konkretul<br />

kulturul diskursSi lokaluri xasiaTi aqvT. aseve specializirebuli diskursebis<br />

farglebSi araTanamimdevruli dinebebi yovelTvis ar aris pasuxi ufro<br />

farTo garegan araTanamimdevrulobebze.<br />

meore msoflio omis mier gamowveuli statikurobis, destruqciisa da<br />

rekonstruqciis garemoebebma gamoiwvia is rom modernistuli moZraoba<br />

gardaiqmna mcire jfufisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xedvidan universalur da yovlis<br />

momcvel stilad. Sesabamisad, banaluri da gamofituli modernizmis masobrivma<br />

triumfma, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia arqiteqtorebis reaqcia. monotonuroba da<br />

mosawyeni erTgvarovneba, romelsac "<strong>for</strong>mebis amowurva" ewoda iTxovda esTetikur<br />

inovacias da Teoriul gadaxedvas. ara omis katastrofulma Sedegebma,<br />

aramed axalgazrda da ganaTlebulma xalxis aqtiurobam ganapiroba da Semdeg<br />

ganaxorciela warmoqmnili moTxovnebi.<br />

arqiteqtorebis axalgazrda Taoba da ganaTleba gadamwyvet rols ver<br />

Seasrulebdnen rom ara axalgazrda arqiteqtorebis didi raodenoba. swored<br />

arqiteqtorebis didma raodenobam gamoiwvia profesiis SigniT arsebuli<br />

konkurencia. konkurencia ki TavisTavad yovelTvis dakavSirebuli iyo kulturul<br />

inovaciasTan iseT mravalferovan viTarebaSi rogoric aris islamuri<br />

religia, me-19 saukunis franguli mxatvroba da meoce saukunis amerikuli<br />

mecniereba.<br />

aSS-s ekonomikurma ganviTarebam ki 50-ian da 60-ian wlebSi moaxdina<br />

arqiteqtorTa mzardi ricxvis dasaqmeba. Tumca 70-iani wlebis krizisis periodSi<br />

prioriteti eniWebodaT da elitarul jgufebad yalibdebodnen is arqiteqtorebi,<br />

romlebic prestiJuli saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulebi iyvnen.<br />

isinive warmoadgendnen wamyvan eqspertebs gavlenian JurnalebSi, xelovnebis<br />

centrebSi da konkursebis JiuriSi.<br />

amgvarad arqiteqturuli postmodernizmi ganamtkicebs raodenobas,<br />

konkurenciasa da inovacias Soris arsebul urTierTmimarTebas kulturis<br />

mwarmoeblebis viwro rigebSi.<br />

aseve, daqiravebuli TanamSromlebis nawilobrivi Tanxvedra qmnis<br />

specializirebul kulturul sferoebsa da ufro farTo politikur da<br />

socialur moZraobebs Soris konkretul kavSirebs. ukanaskneli, ki STaagonebs<br />

dominanturi inteleqtualuri paradigmebisa da specialistebis rolebis<br />

garSemo arsebuli molodinebis gadafasebas.<br />

postmodernizms ar SeeZlo gaemeorebina 20-iani wlebis artistuli da<br />

politikuri avangardis gamiznuli da mtkice sinTezi, ramdenadac 1918 wlis<br />

revoluciuri viTareba ar arsebobda 60 iani wlebis im qveynebSi, romlebic<br />

imdenad mdidrebi iyvnen, rom arqiteqturiT dainteresebuliyvnen. Tumca<br />

arqiteqturul postmodernizmSi arsebuli dapirispirebuli Sinaarsi swored im<br />

periodSi warmoiSva rogorc aSS-Si, aseve evropaSi, rodesac axali memarcxeneebi<br />

aRzevdnen antiteqnokratiuli sloganiT.<br />

da bolos kulturuli specializaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi<br />

Semdegia: urTierqmedeba kulturis mwarmoeblebsa da maT potenciur<br />

auditorias Srois aris yovelTvis gaSualebuli mwarmoeblebis praqtikaSi<br />

arsebuli garemoebebiTa da istoriuli viTarebiT.<br />

postmodernistuli gardamavali periodis dros amerikuli dizainis elitis<br />

praqtikaSi ori momentis gamoyofa SeiZleba. pirveli warmoadgens<br />

arqiteqturuli amocanis kompleqsurobas, rac did wilad ganpirobebulia<br />

arqiteqturis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikur da organizaciul<br />

siZneleebTan. aseve miuxedavad imisa, rom nageboba aRiqmeba stilisturi<br />

konvenciebis gziT, misi socialuri funqcia ufro farTod moiazreba da<br />

masisTvis ufro xelmisawvdomia vidre stili an esTetika.<br />

meore momenti warmoadgens kulturul industriebTan arqiteqturuli<br />

saqmis garkveuli aspeqtebis kavSirs.<br />

postmodernizmma aRniSna patara da saSualo firmebis gamravleba diskursis<br />

farglebSi da ara, magaliTad, amerikuli arqiteqturis biznesSi. maTi<br />

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urTierToba organizaciul klientebTan exmaureba SemoqmedebiT-teqnikuri<br />

produserebis urTierTobas kulturuli industriebis organizaciul da<br />

menejerul nawilTan. musikosebis an televiziis damoukidebeli prodiuserebis<br />

msgavsad arqiteqturul firmebsac kontraqtis damTavrebis mere aRar aqvT<br />

urTierToba TavianT damkveTTan. ramdenadac patara firmebs danaxarji didi ar<br />

aqvT da sargebloben didi kompetenciiT (risTvisac maT qiraoben) maT srul<br />

pasuxismgeblobas aZleven produqciaze.<br />

arqiteqtorebi sTavazoben alternatiul winadadebebs klientebs da rogorc<br />

kulturul industriebSi menejerebi, didi klientebi asponsoreben garkveul<br />

nawils. didi samSeneblo firmebi ki yvelanair xerxs mimarTaven, rom maTi servisi<br />

popularuli gaxdes.<br />

elitaruli dizainerebi TviTon ukeTeben sakuTar Tavs marketings rom<br />

moiZion klientebi, didi komerciuli klientebi ki Tavis mxriv popularizacias<br />

uweven arqiteqtorebs, maT saxelebs, rogorc axali proeqtis komerciuli<br />

paketis organul nawils. arqiteqturaSi “modisa da tendenciebis” gavrceleba<br />

naklebad aris damokidebuli mas mediaze, specializirebul presaze, trening<br />

institutebis sitemaze. dizainis procesi imdenad rTuli da<br />

profesionalizebulia, xolo mSenebloba klientebisTvis da bankebisTvis<br />

imdenad Zviri rom xanmokle modas iSviaTad Tu vinme aitacebs.<br />

es miuTiTebs imaze, rom elitaruli arqiteqtorebi imijis Seqmnas uyureben<br />

rogorc kontrolis dakargvas mSeneblobis procesze. imijebis gamravleba,<br />

romelTa Sorisac klientebs arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba eZlevaT, mas<br />

mediis mier arqiteqtorebis "kulturul gmirebad” gamocxadeba iwvevs imas, rom<br />

stilisturi konvenciebi mokle droSi gacveTil tendenciebad iqceva. amitom<br />

arqiteqtorebi ufro da ufro xSirad warmoadgenen ara Senobas, aramed imijs.<br />

imiji ki <strong>for</strong>miT dauaxlovda modasa da kulturis industriebs. am imijebis<br />

mwarmoeblebi miiltvian siaxlisken an imitaciisken, ramdenadac gadamwyveti<br />

faqtori aris is, Tu riTi SeiZleba gaizardos msyidvelobiTi fasi.<br />

rogorc saqme, postmodernistuli arqiteqtura warmoadgens im materialuri<br />

Zalebis gansaxierebas, romlebic Slian gansxvavebas "maRal” da “dabal”<br />

kulturul produqcias Soris. arqiteqtorebs ukveTaven maTi SemoqmedebiTobis<br />

gamo da aZleven Tavisuflebas, rom gamoigonon, Tumca maTi SemoqmedebiToba<br />

klientis arCevaniT SeiZleba SeizRudos. sponsors Tavisi cvlilebebis Setana<br />

SeuZlia; es ki upirispirdeba diskursis avtonomias.<br />

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom bevr kulturul sferoSi, mecnierebis eqspansia da<br />

ganaTlebuli auditoriis zrda iZleva diskursis farglebSi inovaciebis<br />

saSualebas. arqiteqtura warmoaCens dialeqtikas, romelic bevri kulturuli<br />

sferosTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli: diskursis avtonomia teqnikur produserebs<br />

axalisebs, rom gariskon praqtikaSi, maSin rodesac realizaciis xarji xSirad<br />

barieris rols TamaSobs. amitomac arqiteqturas filosofosebi da<br />

Teoretikosebi postmodernizmis xanas alegoriad miiCneven.<br />

78

Mariam Asatiani<br />

SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE<br />

Course Summary<br />

Course Description and Objectives<br />

The theme of culture and empirical research on culture has grown immensely in<br />

sociology and the other social sciences over the last 25 years. Many disciplines have<br />

experienced the so-called ‘cultural turn.’ Beyond just recognizing that culture matters,<br />

scholars have developed a variety of theories of just what culture is and how it operates.<br />

Cultural processes and practices, and symbolic and classificatory systems, are constitutive<br />

elements of social life and important sites of, and vehicles <strong>for</strong>, political contestation. To<br />

speak of culture this way is to speak in terms of shared ways of life, shared repertoires of<br />

action, shared orientations to the world, shared widely shared specific attitudes, values,<br />

behaviors, and practices, shared ‘operating systems,’ shared webs of significance, and so<br />

on.<br />

We will discuss our relationship to the culture(s) in which we live, and the relationship<br />

between culture and power. We will consider how culture operates in micro-interactional<br />

settings on the basis of widely shared cultural beliefs, and how it can exist in more clearly<br />

delimited settings (<strong>for</strong> example, organizational cultures). Finally, we will examine how certain<br />

cultural industries, or venues <strong>for</strong> experiencing culture, such as film, popular music, books,<br />

high art, and fashion are organized and how they have changed over time in response to<br />

both larger social <strong>for</strong>ces and to each other.<br />

Introduction to the Sociology of Culture and the Place (Problem) of Culture in Modern<br />

Civilization<br />

The idea of culture is notoriously difficult to define and the concept seems all<br />

encompassing and ambiguous. However, most of the social scientists agreed to treat culture<br />

as the processes of meaning making. Cultural sociology, combining interdisciplinary<br />

influences with sociological presuppositions, examines meaning making processes, along<br />

three specific dimensions: meaning making in everyday action, the shared mental<br />

frameworks which are the tools of meaning making and the institutional production of<br />

meaning.<br />

Ruth Benedict presents some widely shared and important ideas about culture: the<br />

ideas that human societies cannot be explained simply by nature, that cultural possibilities<br />

are innumerable, that cultures are diverse, that different elements within a culture are<br />

interconnected, and that elements of culture must be understood by placing them in their<br />

context.<br />

In his essay, “Thick Description: Toward an Interpretative Theory of Culture”, Clif<strong>for</strong>d<br />

Geertz challenges reductionist social explanation which ignores the symbolic dimensions of<br />

social life, but also criticizes reified cultural analysis of abstract codes, preferring instead<br />

ethnography’s close examination of grounded, concrete sequences of action and their<br />

contexts. Geertz emphasizes that culture is public and collective, not simply an attribute of<br />

individuals; he also makes the important methodological point that cultural analysis should<br />

not be treated as idiosyncratic but rather that it should be assessed on criteria appropriate to<br />

the subject.<br />

One of the fundamental tools <strong>for</strong> analyzing culture is the concept of cognitive categories.<br />

As Zerubavel demonstrates, cognitive categories create meaning from a potentially<br />

undifferentiated flux of experience. Further, they vary according to time, place, and social<br />

context, and frequently generate dissent and debate. While categorical distinction is<br />

essential, people may classify in either rigid, fuzzy or flexible ways, creating or blurring gaps<br />

between mental entities to different degrees.<br />

Pierre Bourdieu argues that social explanation must take into account the subjective<br />

categories in which people understand their worlds, the pre-conscious practices in which<br />

those categories are articulated, the power exercised in social categorization, and the<br />

79

politics of categorical distinctions. Cultural categorization and the power of authoritative<br />

categorization are important stakes in social struggles and central to understanding of<br />

inequality and social change. Moreover, intellectuals and social scientists are not only<br />

analysts but also important participants in symbolic politics, and their work demands an ethic<br />

of reflexivity.<br />

Using the illustration of life in the modern city, George Simmel suggests here some<br />

distinctive features of culture in modern, complex societies (in contrast with the smaller, premodern<br />

societies, which anthropologists like Ruth Benedict mostly studied). In large and<br />

highly differentiated modern societies, the multiple social circles, the money economy, and<br />

the specialized division of labor lead to increasing rationalization and objectification in<br />

culture. Simmel also suggests that while the possibilities of individuality and individualism<br />

grow, individual experience becomes more shallow, and that objective cultural products<br />

multiply and come to dominate subjective meanings and values.<br />

Given the intuition that "shreds and patches" drawn from various places can be so<br />

organized into particular patterns that appear "unique" and "different" to an observer, the<br />

problem remains: how is this intuition to be grounded? Is it in fact more than an intuition to<br />

be dismissed on the basis of further analysis? Is it an "illusion" as gestalt experiments are<br />

often said to reveal? Or are we confronted here with essential aspects of all reality: mutually<br />

organized parts make new "wholes" <strong>for</strong> those who stand in particular relations to the parts.<br />

In fact, there is powerful evidence that the intuition of cultural integration that drove<br />

Benedict's work is not an illusion to be deconstructed but rather something to confront<br />

directly.<br />

Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (Language)<br />

For many reasons, this should take us to a discussion of the importance of language in<br />

relation to culture. When we talk about culture, we refer to “shared meanings”. As <strong>for</strong> the<br />

language, it is the privileged medium in which we ‘make sense’ of things, in which meaning<br />

is produced and exchanged. Meanings can only be shared through our common access to<br />

language. So language is central to meaning and culture and has always been regarded as<br />

the key repository of cultural values and meanings. Language is also an ultimate metaphor<br />

<strong>for</strong> humanity ("In the beginning was the Word"); one the most obvious instance of human<br />

cultural activity to analyse <strong>for</strong> what it might teach us about humanity together. But how<br />

language construct meanings and how does it sustain the dialogue between participants<br />

which enables them to build up a culture of shared understandings and so interpret the world<br />

in roughly the same ways? Language is able to do this because it operates as a<br />

representational system. In language we use signs and symbols – whether they are sounds,<br />

written words, electronically produced images, musical notes, even objects – to stand <strong>for</strong> or<br />

represent to other people our concepts, ideas and feelings. Representation through<br />

language is there<strong>for</strong>e central to the processes by which meaning is produced.<br />

Language provides one general model of how culture and representation work,<br />

especially in what has come to be known as the semiotic approach – semiotics being the<br />

study or ‘science of signs’ and their general role as vehicles of meaning in culture. In more<br />

recent years, the preoccupation with meaning has taken a different turn, being more<br />

concerned, not with the detail of how ‘language’ works, but with the broader role of discourse<br />

in culture. Discourses are the way of referring to or constructing knowledge about a<br />

particular topic of practice: a cluster (or <strong>for</strong>mation) of ideas, images and practices, which<br />

provide ways of talking about, <strong>for</strong>ms of knowledge and conduct associated with, a particular<br />

topic, social activity or institutional site in society.<br />

These discursive <strong>for</strong>mations, as they are known, define what is and is not appropriate in<br />

our <strong>for</strong>mulation of, and our practices in relation to a particular subject or site of social activity;<br />

what knowledge is considered useful, relevant and ‘true’ in that context; and what sorts of<br />

persons or subjects embody its characteristics.<br />

We examine also, how representation is working in television soap opera. These are<br />

enormously popular sources of fictional narrative in modern life, circulating meanings<br />

throughout popular culture – and increasingly worldwide – which have been traditionally<br />

defined as ‘feminine’ in their appeal, reference, and mode of operation. Christine Gledhill, in<br />

Representation, Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, unveils the way this<br />

gendered identification of a TV genre has been constructed. She considers how and why<br />

80

such a ‘space of representation’ should have opened up within popular culture; what genre<br />

and gender elements interact in the narrative structures and representational <strong>for</strong>ms; and how<br />

these popular <strong>for</strong>ms have been ideologically shaped and inflected.<br />

Marxism and Culture: Hegemony and Domination<br />

Addressing the matter of the maintenance of arbitrariness across the generations and<br />

when this arbitrariness is hard on large groups of individuals within a population opens<br />

question of power within social fields, societies, zones of interaction, etc.<br />

In one way of another, the classical versions of the models of sociability left aside the<br />

issue of differentiation within the body politic and inequalities in resources or power. More<br />

recent versions have tried to deal with it in a variety of fashions. This is Williams's concern.<br />

First we must understand the nature of the power. We can then explore one of the ways of<br />

doing this. According to Marx: the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling<br />

ideas i.e. the class, which is the ruling material <strong>for</strong>ce of society, is at the same time its ruling<br />

intellectual<br />

<strong>for</strong>ce.<br />

The class, which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the<br />

same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the<br />

ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it. (The German<br />

Ideology (1970: 64))<br />

This is an analysis intended to move people to action (education). It is also an analysis<br />

that does not point at the principles guiding its moral choices. Underlying this statement is a<br />

classical puzzle in Euro-American political philosophy: how is one to understand political rule<br />

(outside of pure relationships of brute <strong>for</strong>ce) and how is one to constitute new <strong>for</strong>ms of<br />

political rule that are both grounded in the nature of humanity and in the moral choices in<br />

favour of individual freedom and self-actualisation that "we" have made?<br />

What happens when you start doubting that there are in fact no condition under which<br />

"consent" can be considered as given by all the governed? And, in particular, what happens<br />

in complex societies when it can be shown that people occupying different positions have<br />

different interests that must somehow conflict with each other if in fact these positions are<br />

mutually constituted through the division of labour (or even simple coexistence within the<br />

same geographical area)? What are the processes through which ruling classes (genders,<br />

ethnic or racial groups, etc.) impose their "ideas" to the ruled classes?<br />

Is it enough to hold political power in order to impose ideas? What are ideas anyway,<br />

and what role might they play in the reproduction of class (gender...) positions?<br />

Raymond Williams in his essay on Base and Superstructure challenges on of the most<br />

widespread assumptions about culture, the idea that meanings and values are determined<br />

by some more objective material reality (a model most well known from the Marxist theories<br />

of ideology Williams discusses but also implicit in many other theories of society). The book<br />

develops a more supple model of cultural determination which recognizes cultural elements<br />

in material production, material and structural elements of meaning and value, and a<br />

relationship of “limits and pressures” rather than strict causal determination between them.<br />

Williams regards culture as "active experiences and practices” leading to "studies of<br />

different types of institution and <strong>for</strong>mation in cultural production and distribution, and in the<br />

linking of these within whole social material processes.<br />

The problem may have to do, in Gramsci's writing with the appearance that the working<br />

classes do not "understand" their conditions. Given the theories of language, it should be<br />

clear that the appearance of non-understanding is mostly produced by the absence of a<br />

particular type of analytic language that is in fact only found among certain intellectual<br />

classes.<br />

The import of this critique is that it establishes that one cannot differentiate culture from<br />

society (motivation from action; personality psychology from the social sciences) (as this was<br />

done by Parsons). One is moving beyond the distinction between "what people say" and<br />

‘What people do”<br />

The concepts of hegemony and the related concept of habitus were partially developed<br />

in specific reaction against social theories that focused on the division of labour in society,<br />

81

and its implication <strong>for</strong> the development of classes and other such groupings within complex<br />

societies. These theories appeared: "static" in that they did not explicitly consider the<br />

possibility that classes arise historically through processes of struggle; classes are not in<br />

continuing struggle requiring specific work to maintain them. Unconcerned with the<br />

possibility of productive activity by the people involved; that is class position might be used<br />

as a variable explaining variation in behaviour, thereby preventing the analyst to consider<br />

that people in their local circumstances might be, or become aware of their limitations, and<br />

act on them. If this is thought possible then research can be conducted that makes of the<br />

people's awareness an independent variable.<br />

Such points had been made repeatedly but those who made them still had to deal with<br />

the historical fact that few among the classes or groups easily identifiable as "oppressed"<br />

seemed to act on the basis of the agency that they were granted.<br />

It would seem that something was preventing them from acting, and the concepts of<br />

hegemony or habitus might appear to do the trick by proposing that individuals came to<br />

accept the legitimacy of their position through the pedagogic activity of institutions such as<br />

the school (or the media).<br />

What Difference Gender?<br />

Men used to be the subject of the human sciences on the unexamined idea that what<br />

was discovered studying male human beings also had to apply to female human beings.<br />

Researchers moved to studies of women. Gender was “discovered” as a theoretical term:<br />

sex + cultural elaboration = gender. In linguistics, it was always accepted that gender is a<br />

convention, an artificial social construction, and that the relationship between a person or<br />

object and a gender is arbitrary in the Saussurian sense.<br />

The evidence that placing women in particular position (homemakers, nurses, teachers)<br />

was the result not only of undirected cultural evolution but also of specific political acts<br />

repeated over the years both at the local levels (girls and boys being tracked in families and<br />

schools) and at the national level (limitations on voting, etc.).<br />

The growing acceptance at the national political level (whether because of ideological<br />

shifts or because of economic trans<strong>for</strong>mations) that most <strong>for</strong>ms of "gendering" was<br />

illegitimate (which is a different thing than arbitrary).<br />

The self is considered as constructed implicitly through interaction (G.H. Mead) and also<br />

multiple (Derrida and desconstruction) and also explicitly affirmed through political<br />

affirmation (that is self-naming and associational patterns): one is not made "Chicana"<br />

through early enculturation but through specific public activities.<br />

Illustration of the objective conditions women face as they construct their public selves<br />

(Salzinger and Central American immigrant "maids" in the in<strong>for</strong>mation age), a focus on the<br />

political work produced by all actors ("dominant" males and "resisting" females) to reproduce<br />

and trans<strong>for</strong>m their positions in an agonistic rather than cooperative feedback process.<br />

The reconstitution of sex as difference that makes a difference (either through biology or<br />

very early enculturation): The radical deconstruction of all sciences by the demonstration<br />

that they are all social (cultural) and that human reasoning cannot free itself from its<br />

grounding in particular genders (races, historical conditions, etc.)<br />

In the development of gender studies in anthropology and related disciplines, it may be<br />

the last possibility that has been most determinedly explored, eventually producing radical<br />

critiques of the possibility of knowledge (and thereby ethnography). This aligned feminist<br />

studies with post-modern deconstruction, until it became clear that the implicit relativism<br />

(nihilism) in these trends was fundamentally inimical to the political (moral, ethical) agenda<br />

that had first triggered feminist scholarship.<br />

One way to clarify the evolution of the relationship between cultural positioning and<br />

knowledge is in terms of Plato's metaphor of the cave where human beings are locked,<br />

unable to see the objects except as shadows on the wall. I also imagine that the light plays<br />

through one, or many, lenses. The scientific task, in this perspective, is to reconstruct a<br />

model of the object by triangulating the play of the shadow, the direction of the light, etc.<br />

Given this analogy several problems can arise: while every human beings can potentially<br />

82

see equally well (they all see through the same lense), or badly, certain positions prevent<br />

easier access . Men have been handicapped by various matters, women scholars can now<br />

correct some improper generalizations.<br />

Not all human beings can see equally well, or they see equally well, but through different<br />

lenses, thus the knowledge each attain will remain incommensurate: they will never be able<br />

to agree on what it is that they are seeing; men and women are fundamentally different, they<br />

have different ways of knowing, and this produce different sciences.<br />

The lenses are really mirrors reflecting what is happening in the cave and all knowledge<br />

is grounded in the social relationships among those who look.<br />

There is fundamentally no way to produce a science that is not the product of gender<br />

(though how this would work is itself unknowable)<br />

There are no mirrors or lenses, no cave, no light, and no objects, it is all a personal<br />

(individual, "in the head") construction. This can easily be trans<strong>for</strong>med into an idealist or<br />

nihilistic approach that is radically inimical to any kind of systematic conversation.<br />

By implication gender itself is not an analytic category but rather a political ploy, and<br />

thus an illusion: feminism has thereby radically deconstructed itself.<br />

<strong>Social</strong> systems or cultures, however constraining, are also relatively open to exploitation<br />

by all persons, particularly around the areas of contradiction within the system (i.e. each<br />

culture has particular places where it is more vulnerable to cooptation, and possibly change)<br />

<strong>Social</strong> fields, to the extent that they place human beings in different positions, thereby<br />

gives them different interests, as well as different tools (weapons, etc.) in their struggle<br />

against those placed in other positions.<br />

Given a theory of internalization, this negates the principle of the "psychic unity of<br />

mankind." People in different positions, with different experiences, would be different. Taken<br />

seriously, this requires renewed interest in "objective" analyses of the structures of the fields.<br />

Systematic discussion must come back to the basic intuition, that is that sex,<br />

everywhere is culturally constructed in ways that are not directly predictable from the<br />

biological nature of sexuality, but does not ignore it either (see the initial discussion in this<br />

class of Lévi-Strauss's contribution to the theory of culture). Thus human sex, everywhere<br />

is "gender" constructed contrastively among the possibilities that cultural elaboration has<br />

built historically. Thus "gender" can never be explained by reference to a substance<br />

("women as different by men because they are women, biologically") but always in reference<br />

to what others make of them in a particular field, that is--paradoxically perhaps, and<br />

controversially certainly--men (just like men are made in reference to women, and all other<br />

possible genders).<br />

Media and Cultural Consumption<br />

Stuart Hall argues that the media appear to reflect reality whilst in fact they construct it.<br />

His work Policing the Crisis, reflects an analysis of the signifying practices of the mass<br />

media from the perspective of Marxist culturalist theory inflected through Gramsci's theory of<br />

hegemony, and 'an Althusserian conception of the media as an ideological state apparatus<br />

largely concerned with the reproduction of dominant ideologies', claiming relative autonomy<br />

<strong>for</strong> the mass media (Woollacott 1982: 110). For Hall et al. the mass media do tend to<br />

reproduce interpretations which serve the interests of the ruling class, but they are also 'a<br />

field of ideological struggle'. The media signification system is seen as relatively<br />

autonomous. 'The news' per<strong>for</strong>ms a crucial role in defining events, although this is seen as<br />

secondary to the primary definers: accredited sources in government and other institutions.<br />

The media also serve 'to rein<strong>for</strong>ce a consensual viewpoint by using public idioms and by<br />

claiming to voice public opinion' (Woollacott 1982: 109).<br />

Stuart Hall has also addressed theoretically the issue of how people make sense of<br />

media texts. In a key paper, 'Encoding/Decoding', Stuart Hall (1980), argued that the<br />

dominant ideology is typically inscribed as the 'preferred reading' in a media text, but that<br />

this is not automatically adopted by readers. The social situations of<br />

readers/viewers/listeners may lead them to adopt different stances. 'Dominant' readings are<br />

produced by those whose social situation favours the preferred reading; 'negotiated'<br />

83

eadings are produced by those who inflect the preferred reading to take account of their<br />

social position; and 'oppositional' readings are produced by those whose social position puts<br />

them into direct conflict with the preferred reading. Hall insists that there remain limits to<br />

interpretation: meaning cannot be simply 'private' and 'individual' (Hall 1980: 135). Hall's<br />

emphasis on ideology has been criticized <strong>for</strong> being at the expense of the importance of<br />

ownership and control (Stevenson 1995: 35).<br />

In their famous 1944 essay, “The Culture Industry: Enlightenment As Mass Deception”,<br />

Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno examine the rationalized, capitalist organization of<br />

cultural production in modern societies. Their analysis of mass culture and content, and its<br />

psychological and political consequences was among the most wide –ranging of scholars’<br />

attempts to come to grips with the impact of movies and radio, and continues to offer insights<br />

into later <strong>for</strong>ms of mass culture like television. For Horkheimer and Adorno, when art and<br />

entertainment are commodified <strong>for</strong> the mass market in concentrated, rationalized<br />

businesses, culture becomes <strong>for</strong>mulaic, commercialized, imaginatively limited, and critically<br />

stunted; and audiences become passive, con<strong>for</strong>mist, and uncritical. True individuality is<br />

absorbed, true human needs are repressed, and even intimacy is reified.<br />

Whereas many observers of modern culture have feared that current processes where<br />

leading to homogenization and mass production, Paul Dimaggio argues that such fears are<br />

exaggerated, because culture industries take a variety of organizational <strong>for</strong>ms, and the<br />

extent to which diversity and innovation are encouraged varies according to organizational<br />

<strong>for</strong>m and industry structure. Thus, homogenized mass culture is only one of several possible<br />

outcomes of culture industries.<br />

Most sociologists of culture agree that some <strong>for</strong>ms of cultural consumption serve as<br />

markers of social status. For instance, knowledge of fine arts, literature, and upper class<br />

etiquette signals wealth and prestige. Such knowledge may also serve as pass key <strong>for</strong><br />

entrance into elite social life. Bourdieu calls this passkey cultural capital because it is cultural<br />

knowledge that can be translated into real economic gains, <strong>for</strong> example by allowing access<br />

to elite social networks and clubs hire business deals often are made. By restricting access<br />

to resources, social status can be translated into market position and political status. This<br />

process can be seen as the results of two interrelated levels of exclusion. First, social<br />

exclusion is a process of social selection that is based on a previously determined set of<br />

cultural criteria and is exercised by people with high levels of income, education and<br />

occupational prestige. <strong>Social</strong> exclusion occurs at the level of social relations and is the sort<br />

of “social closure” that Weber addresses as the monopolization of resources and inclusion in<br />

social intercourse.<br />

Subculture<br />

In sociology, a subculture is a culture or set of people with distinct behavior and<br />

beliefs within a larger culture. The essence of a subculture, that distinguishes it from other<br />

social groupings, is awareness of style and differences in style, in clothing, music or other<br />

interests. Dick Hebdige, in his classic 1979 book Subculture: The Meaning of Style, used<br />

style as a subculture's fashions, mannerisms, activities, music, and interests. Subcultural<br />

styles are distinguished from mainstream styles by being intentionally "fabricated", their<br />

constructedness, as different from conventional. That was the world of “subcultures” more<br />

visible in Britain than anywhere else: teds, skinheads, punks, Bowie-ites, hippies, dreads.<br />

For Hebdige two Gramscian terms are especially useful in analyzing subcultures:<br />

conjuncture and specificity. Subcultures <strong>for</strong>m in communal and symbolic engagements with<br />

the larger system of late industrial culture; they’re organized around, but not wholly<br />

determined by age and class, and are expressed in teh creation of styles. These styles are<br />

produced within specific historical and cultural “conjunctures”, they are not to be read as<br />

simply rsisting hegemony or as magical resoultions to social tensions – as earlier thoerists<br />

had supposed. Ratehr subcultures hybridize styles out of the images and material culture<br />

available to them in the ef<strong>for</strong>t to construct identities which will confer on them “relative<br />

autonomy” within a social order fractures by class, generational differences, work.<br />

In his later work, Hebdige was to rework his method, admitting that he had<br />

underestimated the power of commercial culture to appropriate, and indeed, to produce,<br />

84

counter-hegemonic styles. Punk, in particular, was a unique mixture of an avant-garde<br />

cultural strategy, marketing savvy adn working class transtreasion in the face of a section of<br />

British youth’s restricted access to consumer markets. The line between subculture as<br />

resisteance and commercial culture as both provider of pleasures and an instrument of<br />

hegemony is in fact very hard to draw – especially when youth markets are in question.<br />

Cultural Production<br />

Given a concern with unavoidable diversity in the ways human beings appear to each<br />

other, and a concern not to reduce this diversity to universality prematurely, then it makes<br />

sense to wonder about where diversity comes from (causes and history, evolution, chance,<br />

necessity) the products of diversity (culture as product and objects - "cultures"), the activities<br />

that diversify human groups (culture as process -"Culture") the impact of group diversity on<br />

participating persons (enculturation and the construction of the self)<br />

Cultural anthropologists have above all been interested in the causes of human diversity<br />

(fighting racism, mechanism to emphasize the multiplicity of solutions human beings have<br />

given to similar conditions), and many have also been interested in the impact of "cultural"<br />

diversity on persons.<br />

With some exceptions (Levi-Strauss arguably being one, and Marx and some Marxists<br />

depending on where the emphasis is put in their work), it is only relatively recently that much<br />

work has been done emphasizing the processes that makes differences given an apparently<br />

homogeneous and coherent starting point. An early figure with a profound influence is that of<br />

the Russian Mikhail Bakhtin. Many of those have established the importance of "popular"<br />

culture in understanding how human beings make up their world.<br />

In many ways, the concern with "popular" culture (by contrast to "high" culture) is a<br />

paradoxical return to the universalistic concerns of the early philosophers of culture: to be<br />

concerned with popular culture is to be concerned with the productive aspect of humanity. It<br />

is to be concerned by all that human beings do, whatever it may be and whereever it may<br />

take place.<br />

Alternatively, to be concerned with humanity is to be concerned: individual human<br />

beings, their constitution and characteristics (the "pragmatist" orientation); what human<br />

beings have done and how it now constrains if not determine them (a "sociological"<br />

orientation with both Marxist and Durkheimian versions); what human beings are doing with<br />

each other and with what other human beings did in the past (the orientation to "resistance"<br />

and "popular" culture);<br />

This might also be presented as an evolution in the conversations about culture from: a<br />

concern with consensus (learning); a concern with social structure (and determination); a<br />

concern with continuing productivity (resistance); or from a concern with culture as history<br />

imposing itself on individuals; to culture as the activity of individuals in history;<br />

The latter summarizes Fiske's argument in Understanding popular culture. It concerns a<br />

confrontation with the "freedom" or at least ultimate indeterminacy of practical human action<br />

in historical conditions. Fiske makes his argument through a set of oppositions between<br />

popular culture vs. hegemonic culture; producerly text vs. writerly text; jouissance (carnival)<br />

vs. pleasure (discipline); Progressive politics vs. conservative politics.<br />

The central focus here is on the continuing production of every day life and on the<br />

relative freedom of people in the conduct of their everyday life to interpret that which they<br />

encounter or consume. The central concept is that of "appropriation" <strong>for</strong> particular purposes<br />

often not envisioned by the original "writers" of the texts.<br />

Producing art is a collective enterprise depending on an extensive division of labor and<br />

on shared conventions challenges the commonsense emphasis on individual artistic<br />

creativity and absolute aesthetic criteria. According to Becker, in his book on Art Worlds, art<br />

worlds enable and constrain artistic production – mobilizing resources, distributing products,<br />

assigning critical assessments, and influencing editing processes and artistic reputations –<br />

as well on the ways the state may influence art worlds, how different artistic roles are defined<br />

in relation to art worlds, and how art worlds change. Becker demonstrates that the<br />

“production of culture” perspective is not limited to understanding the outcomes of culture<br />

industries involving mass production <strong>for</strong> the market but also helps understand other sorts of<br />

social organization of artistic production.<br />

85

Here, we also examine architecture as a professional context <strong>for</strong> cultural production to<br />

account <strong>for</strong> the change from modernist to postmodernist architecture at the beginning of the<br />

last quarter of the twentieth century. Questions of discourse and practice, aesthetics,<br />

organization, and economic context are interweaved. The profession combines aspects of<br />

both “art world” and “culture industry”.<br />

Explanations of changes in popular music styles usually focus on changes in the<br />

audience, affecting demand, or on changes among creators and per<strong>for</strong>mers themselves.<br />

Peterson challenges such explanations of musical change from a “production-of-culture”<br />

perspective in this carefully focused analysis of how and why rock music attained it sudden<br />

popularity in the 1950s. Important but unrecognized “supply-side” factors like regulations,<br />

technology, industry structure, organization structure, and (not included here) types of<br />

occupational careers prompted the emergence of rock and roll as the basis of pop music.<br />

Finally, we look at how is social change possible when social structures pattern and<br />

constrain human action? Here, we refer among others to William Sewell who includes a<br />

cultural dimension- schemas in his concept of social structure, and by giving important<br />

theoretical weight to the cultural point that meanings <strong>for</strong> the same thing may vary. He<br />

redefines the idea of social structure as combining cultural schemas and resources,<br />

developing a theory of human agency as inherent in structures and articulating how social<br />

structures differ in depth and range. Of particular interest here is the way qualities of culture<br />

help make social structures changeable.<br />

86

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