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sarCevi1. Sesavali 42. saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiis sami Teoria 63. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria 134. safinanso-savaluto urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg 185. saerTaSoriso vaWroba. savaWro urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg 236. mesame samyaros gaCena da ekonomikuri sistemis sami qvesistema 307. globalizacia 398. kapitalis moZraoba 459. evropis integracia 5510. erovnuli usafrTxoeba da ekonomika 5911. Political Economy of International Relations Course Resume 673

SesavalisaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomia SedarebiT axali disciplinaa,romelmac Camoyalibeba daiwyo gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. misi warmoSobaganpirobebuli iyo saerTaSoriso politikasa da ekonomikas Soris swrafad mzardimWidro urTierTkavSiriT da im mosazrebiT, rom ekonomika da saerTaSorisourTierTobebi cal-calke metad viwro disciplinebia imisaTvis, rom axsnan saerTa-Soriso politikuri da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sakvanZo aspeqtebi.aRniSnuli kursi ver moicavs disciplinis yvela aspeqts. igi gagacnobTsaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis ZiriTad Teoriebs, aRwerssafinanso-savaluto da savaWro sistemebs meore msoflio omis Semdeg (breton--vudsis konferencia da momdevno movlenebi) da adarebs maT Tanamedrove sistemebs.kursis farglebSi axsnilia saerTaSoriso investiciebis logika da Tanamedrovetendenciebi am sferoSi, ganxilulia globalizaciis procesi da misdami araerTgvarovanidamokidebuleba, aseve evropis integracia. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebaeTmoba saerTaSoriso da samTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebis rols saerTaSorisourTierTobebis politikur ekonomiaSi.kursis mizanikursis mizania axsnas politikisa da ekonomikis urTierTdamokidebuleba saSinaoda saerTaSoriso doneebze. warmoaCinos is, Tu rogor gansazRvravs politikaekonomikas da piriqiT. kursi agreTve miznad isaxavs globalizaciis procesis axsnasda globaluri ekonomikis ganviTarebis etapebis aRweras. kursis erT-erTi mTavarimizania daexmaros studentebs saqarTvelos poziciidan ganixilon saerTaSorisourTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis sxvadasxva sakiTxebi da Tavisuflad imsjelonsaqarTvelos rolze dRevandel saerTaSoriso sistemaSi.ekonomikuri faqtorebi mTeli istoriis manZilze did rols asrulebdnensaerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. ekonomikuri miznebi, resursebi da instrumentebixSirad gansazRvravdnen qveynebis sagareo politikas. Cven SegviZlia gavixsenoTuamravi istoriuli movlena — es iqneba omebi, zavebi, SeTqmulebebi, koaliciebiswarmoSoba Tu sxva, da maTi kargad Seswavlis Semdeg davinaxavT, rom nebismierimaTganis ukan iyo ekonomikuri daintereseba an, piriqiT, garkveuli ekonomikurimovlenebi politikuri qmedebebis gamoxmaureba iyo an konkretuli politikuri miznismiRwevas emsaxureboda. magaliTad, didi britaneTis adrindeli industrializaciamecxramete saukuneSi misi politikuri siZlierisa da msoflioSi dominant saxelmwifodgadaqcevis ganmsazRvreli faqtori gaxda. aseve aSS-s ekonomikurma siZlieremganapiroba misi samxedro Zliereba da meoce saukuneSi politikuri dominantis rolisSesruleba. sTiven gilisa da devid los wignSi (The Global Political Economy: Perspectives,Problems and Policies) politikisa da ekonomikis mWidro urTierTkavSiris saCvenebladmoyvanilia meoce saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili movlenis — aparteidismagaliTi: samxreT afrikis politikuri viTareba cdeboda am qveynis kompetencias. mismogvarebaSi aqtiurad Caebnen dasavleTi (am SemTxvevaSi — aSS da zogierTi evropulisaxelmwifo) da aRmosavleTi (pirvel rigSi ssrk da Semdeg misi satelitisocialisturi saxelmwifoebi). orive mxaris politikosebisaTvis debatebi samxreTafrikisa da aparteidis Sesaxeb ar iyo mxolod samarTlianobisa da samoqalaqouflebebis gamo, aramed, avtorebis azriT, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis ZalTa balansis,grZelvadiani usafrTxoebisa da samxreT afrikaSi maTi investiciebis masStabebis gamo.dasavleTis antiaparteidulma lobim miaRwia ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebassamxreT afrikisaTvis. am qveyanaze saubrisas saWiroa movixsenioT strategiulinedleuli, romlis eqsportsac eweoda samxreT afrika aSS-sa da iaponiaSi da romlisalternatiuli mimwodebelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iyo ssrk. wminda ekonomikurisanqciebis dawesebis miRma naTlad ikveTeboda politikuri interesebi da gaTvlebi.amgvarad, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomia yovelTvis arsebobda.meoce saukuneSi ki misi, rogorc disciplinis, Camoyalibeba daiwyo.miuxedavad imisa, rom politika da ekonomika mudam axdendnen erTmaneTze gavlenas,maTi urTierTdamokidebuleba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala meoce saukuneSi. amis erT-4

erTi mizezi, gilpinis azriT, isaa, rom sagZnoblad amaRlda mosaxleobis gaTviTcnobierebisdone rogorc politikur, aseve ekonomikur sakiTxebSi da xalxi mixvda,rom mas SeuZlia (an hgonia, rom SeuZlia) gavlena moaxdinos da Secvalos ekonomikuriprocesebi. am codnisa da politikuri demokratiis farTod gavrcelebis Sedegad na-Teli gaxda, rom qveynebs an garkveul jgufebs SeuZliaT aqtiurad imoqmedon ekonomikazeda, Sesabamisad, simdidris gadanawilebaze. amgvarad, dRevandel msoflioSiumuSevroba, inflacia da sxv. aRiqmeba da ganixileba ara rogorc ekonomikis gardauvalikanonzomiereba, aramed rogorc adamianebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebisSedegi, anu xdeba ekonomikis politizacia.edvard qaris mixedviT, ekonomikis mecniereba gulisxmobs garkveul wyobas,wesrigs da igi ar SeiZleba iyos Seswavlili politikis gareSe.rig mecnierTa azriT ki, piriqiT, yoveli politikuri struqturis ukan dgasekonomikuri safuZvlebi.dRes dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom arc politika da arc ekonomika araris sruliad avtonomiuri da, Sesabamisad, orive mosazreba marTebulia.joan spiros azriT, politikuri faqtorebi sami saxiT axdenen gavlenasekonomikaze:• politikuri sistema ayalibebs ekonomikur sistemas, vinaidan ekonomikuri sistemisstruqtura da saqmianoba didwilad ganpirobebulia saerTaSorisopolitikuri sistemis struqturiTa da saqmianobiT;• politikuri mosazrebebi xSirad ganapirobeben ekonomikur politikas, vinaidanekonomikuri politika ganisazRvreba politikuri interesebidan gamomdinare;• saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi Tavad aris politikuri urTierTobebi,vinaidan saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri interaqciebi, politikuri interaqciebismsgavsad, aris procesi, romlis drosac qveynebi an sistemis sxva monawileebi,cdiloben moagvaron TavianTi problemebi, miaRwion saerTo miznebs, iTanam-Sromlon da aS.erTi mxriv, politika farTod gansazRvravs ekonomikuri saqmianobis CarCoebs damimarTulebas aZlevs mas, xolo meore mxriv, ekonomikur procesebs wvlili SeaqvTZalauflebisa da simdidris gadanawilebaSi. isini cvlian Zalauflebriv urTierTobebsjgufebs Soris, rasac, Tavis mxriv, mivyavarT politikuri sistemis transformaciisaken,xolo amas — ekonomikuri urTierTobebis axali struqturisaken.saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ekonomikuri politika aris mecniereba ekonomikurmotivebze, saqmianobasa da politikaze, romlebic gavlenas axdenen politikaze.saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomika aris saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSiormxrivi da dinamiuri urTierTqmedeba simdidrisa da Zalauflebis xelSiCagdebis mizniT. (Robert Gilpin: Power and the Multinational Corporations: The Political Economy ofDirect Foreign Investment).saxelmwifosa da bazris paraleluri arseboba da urTierTqmedeba TanamedrovemsoflioSi qmnis politikur ekonomikas. saxelmwifos ararsebobis pirobebSi fasismeqanizmi da bazris Zalebi gansazRvravdnen ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegebs. esiqneboda wminda ekonomistis samyaro. bazris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifogamoyofda ekonomikur resursebs. es iqneboda wminda politikosis samyaro.politika da bazari mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSia. yvela politikuri movlenis ukanaris ekonomikuri aspeqti, da, piriqiT.politikuri ekonomia Seiswavlis ekonomikuri movlenebis politikur safuZvlebsan meTodebs, romelTa meSveobiTac saxelmwifo gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze, bazrisfunqcionirebaze. SeiZleba asec iTqvas — politikuri ekonomia Seiswavlis politikurimovlenebis ekonomikur safuZvlebs.1970-iani wlebi politikuri ekonomiiis aRorZinebis periodia, rac ganpirobebuliiyo imiT, rom realur da mecnierul faqtebs Soris ekonomikasa da politikaSiufskruli gaCnda. moxda ekonomikuri problemebis Zlieri politizireba, xolopolitikuri procesebi, Tavis mxriv, ganicdida ekonomizacias. garda amisa, Rarib damdidar qveynebs Soris gaizarda ufskruli. prioritetulad iqca globaluriproblemebi axali ekonomikuri wesrigis Seqmnis moTxovniT.5

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiissami ideologia — sami Teoriamiuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebis mier SemuSavebulia araerTi Teoria ekonomikasada politikas Soris urTierTobebis asaxsnelad, es sami — liberalizmi, nacionalizmida damokidebulebis Teoria yvelasagan gamorCeulia. maT udidesi gavlena moaxdinesrogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebaze, aseve Tavad politikaze da saerTaSoriso politikuriekonomiis Camoyalibebidan dRemde ar kargaven aqtualurobas.liberalizmi`liberalizmi” 1912 wlidan gamoiyeneba — mas Semdeg, rac espaneTSi Seiqmna liberaluripartia da liberalebma moaxerxes samoqalaqo konfliqtSi konservatiuli daavtoritaruli Sexedulebebis mowinaaRmdegeebis gaerTianeba. es sityva laTinuridanmomdinareobs da Tavisuflebas niSnavs.liberaluri Teoria adam smitisa da devid rikardos moZRvrebebidan iRebssaTaves. liberaluri ekonomikuri Teoria Tavisufali bazris da saxelmwifos minimaluriCarevis momxrea. liberalizmi aris Tavisufali adamianebis, Tavisufali bazrisda SezRuduli mTavrobis ideologia. liberalizmi aris doqtrina sazogadoebiswevrTa erTmaneTTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb. igi cdilobs adamians Seuqmnas normaluri,bunebrivi da mSvidobiani ganviTarebis pirobebi.liberalizmi transformacias ganicdida da mas sxvadasxva saxelwodeba hqonda:klasikuri Teoria, neoklasicizmi, keinsianizmi, monetarizmi da sxv. ekonomikuriliberalizmis yvela forma aRiarebs bazars da fasis warmoqmnis meqanizms, rogorcSida da sagareo ekonomikis organizebis yvelaze efeqtur xerxs. liberalizmiSeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc doqtrina da principebis erToblioba sabazroekonomikis organizebisa da marTvisaTvis, raTa miRweul iqnes maqsimaluri efeqturoba,ekonomikuri zrda da bazris yvela monawilis piradi keTildReoba.ekonomikuri liberalizmis mixedviT, bazari warmoiqmneba spontanurad, raTadaakmayofilos adamianis moTxovnileba. xolo funqcionirebs bazari Tavisi Sidalogikis mixedviT. adamianebi bunebiT arian ekonomikuri cxovelebi da amitom bazariviTardeba bunebrivad, logikurad, centraluri direqtivebis gareSe.adam smiTis azriT, sazogadoebrivi, erovnuli da kerZo dovlaTis warmoqmniswyaro aris TiToeuli adamianis mudmivi, ganuwveteli da rutinuli Zalisxmeva,gaiumjobesos sakuTari pirobebi.sabazro sistemis logika isaa, rom is zrdis ekonomikur efeqturobas, maqsimalursxdis ekonomikur zrdas da, Sesabamisad, aumjobesebs adamianebis keTildReobas. miuxedavadimisa, rom, liberalebis azriT, ekonomikuri saqmianoba aZlierebs qveynis Zalauflebasada usafrTxoebas. maT swamT isic, rom ekonomikuri saqmianobis ZiriTadi daumTavresi mizani aris TiToeuli adamianisaTvis sargeblis motana.liberalizmis mixedviT, kerZo momxmarebeli, firma Tu ojaxi aris sazogadoebissafuZveli. kerZo pirebi iqcevian racionalurad, gonivrulad da cdiloben daikmayofilonTavianTi moTxovnilebebi yvelaze dabal fasSi. individualuri mwarmoeblebida momxmareblebi Zalian mgrZnobiareni arian fasis mimarT, rac xels uwyobsmoqnili ekonomikis warmoqmnasa da arsebobas, romlis pirobebSic fasis nebismiericvlileba gamoiwvevs Sesabamis cvlilebas warmoebaSi, moxmarebasa da ekonomikurinstitutebSi. WeSmaritad konkurentuli bazris pirobebSi gacvlis pirobebi ganisazRvrebamxolod miwodeba-moTxovniT da ara ZalauflebiT, uxeSi CareviTa dadireqtivebiT. Tu gacvla nebayoflobiTia da orive mxaris surviliTaa ganpirobebuli,maSin am procesSi orive mxare mogebulia da kmayofili.sabazro ekonomika ZiriTadad imarTeba moTxovnis kanoniT, romlis mixedviTac,xalxi iyidis met saqonels, Tu fasi daiwevs, da naklebs, Tu is gaizrdeba; xalxi aseveiyidis mets, Tu misi Semosavali gaizrdeba, da naklebs, Tu igi Semcirdeba. nebismiericvlileba fasSi da bazris monawilis SemosavalSi imoqmedebs SeZenili saqonlisraodenobaze.xolo rac Seexeba miwodebas, liberalebis azriT, adamianebi cdiloben Tavisi6

interesebis dakmayofilebas deficitisa da resursebis arasakmarisi raodenobiTarsebobis pirobebSi. saqonelze miwodebis an moTxovnis cvlilebas aucilebladmohyveba saqonlis fasis cvlileba.arsebiTad, liberalebs swamT, rom vaWroba da ekonomikuri urTierTqmedeba saxelmwifoebsSoris mSvidobiani urTierTobebis safuZvelia, vinaidan vaWrobiT miRebuliormxrivi sargebeli da zrdadi urTierTdamokidebuleba erovnul ekonomikebs SorisaZlierebs saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobas. swored amitom Tavisufali vaWrobada kapitalis Tavisufali brunva unda gansazRvravdnen saxelmwifoTa ekonomikurpolitikas da ara piriqiT.liberalizmis saSinao politikis mizani igivea, rac sagareosi — mSvidoba. liberalebsswamT kacobriobis srulyofili TanamSromlobis. liberalizmi Tavisi arsiTkosmopolituri ideologiaa. xolo liberali - msoflio moqalaqe, kosmopoliti.liberalizmi winaaRmdegia omisa da yvelanairi konfliqtis. omi aiZulebs saxelmwifoebsCaiketnon, xolo Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis pirobebSi Caketiliqveynis ekonomika sustdeba da moqalaqeTa keTildReoba klebulobs. liberalisazriT, kerZo sakuTreba mSvidobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi garantia rogorcqveynis SigniT, aseve mTlianad msoflioSi. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela saxelmwifosvalia kerZo sakuTrebis gafrTxileba da misi dacva.adre liberalebi Tvlidnen, rom omi surdaT da omobdnen monarqebi da ara erebi.Sesabamisad, maTi azriT, dinastiebi unda SeecvalaT xalxis mier arCeul mTavrobebs.bevri mecnierisa da politikosis azriT, liberalur-demokratiuli mTavrobebinaklebad konfliqturebi arian da iSviaTad an saerTod ar omoben. liberalizmisgavrcelebasTan erTad xdeba saxelmwifo sazRvrebis dadgena samxedro, istoriuli dasxva pirobebiT. Tumca liberalebi ar aRiareben sazRvris strategiul mniSvnelobas.liberalebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi miRwevaa referendumebi da plebiscitebi.leveling roqveli, Tanamedrove amerikeli politikosi da Jurnalisti, eWvsgamoTqvams imis gamo, rom liberalizmi Tavisi pirvandeli saxiT dReisaTvis aRararsebobs, da ambobs, rom WeSmarit liberalur koncefcias axla klasikuri liberalizmiunda ewodos. igi wers: `me-18 da me-19 saukuneebSi liberalizmis cneba,sazogadod, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis filosofias niSnavda, romelsac Semdegiprincipi gaaCnda — sazogadoebebs da maT komponentebs raime saxis centralurimmarTveloba da kontroli ar sWirdebaT, radgan sazogadoebebi, Cveulebriv, sakuTarTavs marTaven sakuTar wevrTa nebayoflobiTi da urTierTsasargeblo TanamSromlobisgziT. dRes amgvar filosofias liberalizms ver vuwodebT, vinaidan es cnebademokratiuli totalitarizmis mier iqna miTvisebuli. imisaTvis, rom es filosofiaxelaxla Cveni drois Sesatyvisad warmovaCinoT, Cven mas axali saxeli — klasikuriliberalizmi unda vuwodoT.klasikuri liberalizmi iseT sazogadoebas niSnavs, sadac Cemi ocneba realobaa.sadac Cven prezidentis saxelis xseneba sulac ar gvesaWiroeba, sadac arCevnebisSedegebi mniSvnelovani araa, radgan sazogadoeba kanonebiT, da ara adamianebis mier,imarTeba. rodesac Cven ar gveSinia Cveni mTavrobis, radgan mas Cvengan arc araferimiaqvs da arc araferi moaqvs, aramed is gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom Cven Cveni cxovreba,sazogadoebrivi yofa da momavali Tavadve ganvsazRvroT~. (leveling roqveli.liberalizmis safuZvlebi, gv. 86, Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, wigni I, 2004w.).nacionalizmiekonomikurma nacionalizmma, liberalizmis msgavsad, mravali metamorfozaganicada saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi: merkantilizmi, sTeiTizmi (saxelmwifoebriobizmi),proteqcionizmi, germanuli istoriuli skola, bolo xanebSi ki — neoproteqcionizmi.ekonomikuri nacionalizmis centraluri ideis mixedviT, ekonomikurisaqmianoba unda daeqvemdebaros saxelmwifos miznebsa da interesebs. saerTaSorisosistemis mowyobisa da funqcionirebisaTvis umTavresi aris saxelmwifo, erovnuliusafrTxoeba da samxedro Zlevamosileba.zogierTi nacionalisti miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos usafrTxoebisa da gadar-CenisaTvis erovnuli ekonomikuri interesebis dacvas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba araaqvT. am mimdinareobas keTili, kargi merkantilizmi ewodeba. nacionalistebis meore7

nawili Tvlis, rom saerTaSoriso ekonomika aris imperialisturi eqspansiisa dasazRvrebis gafarToebis arena. nacionalizmis am agresiul formas SeiZleba vuwodoTcudi merkantilizmi. germaniis nacisturi mTavrobis ekonomikuri politikaaRmosavleT evropasTan mimarTebaSi 1930-ian wlebSi swored amgvari xasiaTis iyo.nacionalistebi xazs usvamen ekonomikuri faqtorebis rols saerTaSorisourTierTobebSi da miiCneven, rom saxelmwifoebs Soris brZola ekonomikuriresursebisaTvis gavrcelebulia da TviT saerTaSoriso sistemis bunebisTvisaadamaxasiaTebeli. vinaidan ekonomikuri resursebi saWiroa erovnuli ZlierebisaTvis,yvela konfliqti erTdroulad ekonomikuric aris da politikuric. saxelmwifoebicdiloben erTdroulad moipovon simdidre, Zalaufleba da damoukidebloba.ekonomikuri nacionalizmi me-16 — me-18 saukuneebSi erTgvari gamoxmaureba iyopolitikur, ekonomikur da samxedro movlenebze da masSi swored am periodisviTarebam pova asaxva. am dros Cndeba Zlieri nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi, romlebicmudmiv qiSpobaSi arian erTmaneTTan. am dros warmoiSveba da Zlierdeba saSualo klasi,romelic Cabmulia ekonomikur saqmianobaSi — vaWrobaSi da, umTavresad, manufaqturaSi,warmoebaSi. es erTis mxriv ganpirobebuli iyo axali samyarosa da misiresursebis aRmoCeniT. monetizirebuli sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da samxedrosferoSi cvlilebebs aseve udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda. nacionalistebma daadgines,maTi azriT, misaRebi balansi vaWrobasa da erovnul usafrTxoebas Soris.ramdenime mizezis gamo nacionalizmis ZiriTadi mizani industrializaciaa. pirvelrigSi, nacionalistebs swamT, rom industria axdens gardamtex efeqts ekonomikaze damas mivyavarT ekonomikis srul ganviTarebamde. meore mizezi aris is, romnacionalistebisaTvis ganviTarebuli industria asocirdeba ekonomikur TviTuzrunvelyofasTanda politikur avtonomiasTan. mesame da yvelaze mniSvnelovania is,rom industria aris samxedro siZlierisa da, Sesabamisad, erovnuli usafrTxoebissafuZveli. TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi, liberalurSic ki, mTavrobebis politikamimarTulia industriis ganviTarebisaken.moqiSpe saxelmwifoebis samyaroSi nacionalistebi miiCneven calxriv mogebas ufromniSvnelovnad, vidre ormxrivs. liberalebs miaCniaT, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba ormxrivadsasargebloa, maSin roca nacionalistebi Tvlian, rom es urTierTobebiaucileblad konfliqturia da wesrigi SesaZlebelia mxolod hegemonis an ZalTabalansis arsebobis pirobebSi.nacionalistebi, dawyebuli aleqsandre hamiltoniT da damTavrebuli TanamedrovemecnierebiT, xazs usvamen TviTuzrunvelyofis upiratesobas ekonomikururTierTdamokidebulebasTan SedarebiT.damokidebulebis Teoriadamokidebulebis Teoria ganviTarda 1950-iani wlebis bolos prebiSis ideebissafuZvelze. prebiSi da misi Tanamoazreebi Tvlidnen, rom ekonomikur zrdas wamyvanqveynebSi ar moyveboda Raribi qveynebis ganviTareba. ufro metic, maTi azriT,ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri saqmianoba xSirad seriozul ekonomikurproblemebs qmnida Rarib saxelmwifoebSi. es ewinaaRmdegeboda neoklasikosebisSexedulebebs, romelTa mixedviT, ekonomikuri zrda xelsayreli iyo yvelasTvis (ParetoOptimal — ekonomikuri viTareba , romelSic Tu erTi adamianis an jgufis ekonomikuri mdgomareobaumjobesdeba , meoris — uaresdeba. aravis SeuZlia gamdidreba vinme sxvis gaRaribebisgareSe), maSinac ki, Tu mogeba ar nawildeboda Tanabrad.prebiSi am faqts ase xsnida: Raribi qveynebi iZulebulni arian pirveladiproduqcia (nedleuli) miyidon ganviTarebul qveynebs, romlebic Semdgom amnedleulis gadamuSavebis Sedegad Seqmnil produqcias Rarib qveynebSi yidian. mzaproduqcia yovelTvis ufro Zviri Rirs, vidre nedleuli, Sesabamisad, Rarib qveynebsverasodes eqnebaT imdeni Semosavali eqsportidan, rom gadaixadon importSi.am problemis mosagvareblad, prebiSis azriT, saWiro iyo Semdegi: Raribi saxelmwifoebiunda SeerTebodnen importis gacvlis programas (Program on Import Substitution), ra-Ta maT ar SeeZinaT mza produqcia mdidari saxelmwifoebisagan. Raribi qveynebi kvlavgayididnen TavianT pirvelad saqonels msoflio bazarze, magram maTi ucxouri gacvliTirezervebi ar iqneboda gamoyenebuli ucxoeTisagan mza produqciis SesaZenad.8

amis ganxorcielebas arTulebda sami momenti:Raribi qveynebis Sida bazari ar iyo sakmarisad didi imisaTvis, rom xeli Seewyomdidar saxelmwifoebSi arsebuli ekonomikebis mTeli speqtrisaTvis, raTaSeenarCunebina dabali fasebi;meore sakiTxi exeboda Raribi qveynebis politikur nebas aRar yofiliyvnenpirveladi nawarmis mwarmoeblebi;mesame sakiTxi exeboda imas, Tu ramdenad akontrolebdnen Raribi saxelmwifoebiTavianT pirveladi warmoebis saqonels, gansakuTrebiT imas, romelic qveynis gareTiyideboda.amgvarad xsnida damokidebulebis Teoria Raribi saxelmwifoebis mudmivi siRaribismizezebs. tradiciuli neoklasikuri midgoma arafers ambobs am sakiTxTandakavSirebiT, mxolod adasturebs im faqts, rom Rarib qveynebSi solidurmaekonomikurma saqmianobam gvian moikida fexi da rom rogorc ki maT Tanamedroveekonimikis teqnika aiTvises, siRaribe TandaTan ukuiqca. Tumca, marqsistuli Teoriebimudmiv, mdgrad siRaribes ganixilavdnen rogorc kapitalisturi eqsploataciisSedegs. axali midgomis - “msoflio sistemebis” Tanaxmad, siRaribe aris mdidrebissasargeblod da Raribebis sazianod Sromis metad uxeSi gadanawilebis uSualo Sedegi.liberaluri reformis momxreebis (prebiSi), marqsistebisa (andre gunder franki) da“msoflio sistemebis” Teoretikosebis (valerstaini) debatebi metad cxare dainteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiT sakmaod saintereso iyo. damokidebulebis sxvadasxvaTeoriebis mimdevrebs Soris kvlav SeiniSneba seriozuli xasiaTis uTanxmoebagarkveul sakiTxebSi da amitom Znelia davinaxoT damokidebulebis Teoriis erTiani,SeTanxmebuli varianti. Tumca, yvela xsenebuli Teoriis analizi garkveuluniversalur postulatebs eyrdnoba. damokidebuleba SeiZleba ganvmartoT rogorcqveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, rodesac erovnuli, Sida ekonomikuri politikaganicdis gareSe zegavlenas, iqneba es politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu kulturulixasiaTisa. gilpins moyavs Teotonio des santosiseuli ganmarteba, romelSic igi xazsusvams damokidebulebis mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs:`[damokidebuleba aris] istoriuli mdgomareoba, romelic gansazRvravs msoflioekonomikis garkveul struqturas. es ukanaskneli “wyalobs” rig qveynebs sxvaTasazianod da zRudavs damokidebuli ekonomikuri sistemebis ganviTarebis asparezs.[damokidebuleba aris] situacia, romelic garkveuli ekonomikuri sistemisganviTarebisa da gafarToebis xarjze ganapirobebs am sistemas daqvemdebarebuli sxvaqveynebis ekonomikur mdgomareobas~ (Teotonio dos santosi, “damokidebulebisstruqtura”, Readings in U.S. Imperialism, red.: k.t. feni da donald hojisi, bostoni: PorterSargent, 1971, gv. 226).zemoT moyvanili ganmartebebi Seicaven sam saerTo maxasiaTebels, romlebsacdamokidebulebis Teoriebis umetesi nawili iziarebs. upirvelesad, damokidebulebadamaxasiaTebelia saerTaSoriso sistemisTvis, romelic qveyanaTa or jgufs moicavs.maT sxvadasxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad ewodebaT dominanturi/damokidebuli, centraluri/periferiulian metropolia/sateliti. dominanturi saxelmwifoebi arianekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis wamyvani samrewveloqveynebi. damokidebul saxelmwifoTa siaSi ki Sedian laTinuri amerikis, aziisa daafrikis is qveynebi, sadac saerTo erovnuli produqtis raodenoba erT sul mosaxlezemcirea da sadac ucxouri valutis Semodinebis wyaro erTi romelime saxis saqonliseqsportia. garda amisa, orive ganmartebis Tanaxmad, damokidebuli qveynebis ekonomikuraqtivobaSi ganmsazRvrelia gareSe Zalebis roli. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobssaerTaSoriso korporaciebs, saerTaSoriso sasaqonlo birJebs, ucxour daxmarebas,komunikaciaTa qsels da bevr sxva rames, risi saSualebiTac wamyvani samrewvelosaxelmwifoebi axorcieleben sakuTar ekonomikur interesebs ucxo qveynebSi. mesamesaerTo niSani isaa, rom damokidebulebis cnebis yvela ganmarteba miuTiTebsdominantur da damokidebul saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis dinamiurxasiaTze, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom qveynebis am or jgufs Soris arsebulmaurTierTobebma SeiZleba ara mxolod ganamtkicos, aramed ufro intensiuri gaxadosuTanasworobis modeli. metic, damokidebulebas, rogorc istoriul process, metadRrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli da igi saTaves iRebs kapitalizmis internacionalizaciidan.damokidebuleba mimdinare dinamiuri procesia. amis magaliTia laTinuriamerika, romelic meTeqvsmete saukunidan moyolebuli saerTaSoriso sistemis9

nawilia, romlis dominanturi wevrebic amJamad ganviTarebuli qveynebi arian.damokidebulebis Teoria cdilobs axsnas zogierTi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisdabali done qveynebs Soris arsebuli urTierTqmedebebis modelebisSeswavlis gziT da am modelebis aucilebel da ganuyofel pirobad miiCnevs qveynebisuTanasworobas. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebis umetesoba saerTaSoriso kapitalizmsmiiCnevs damokidebulebis ganmapirobebel faqtorad. maTi azriT, istoriulikvlevebi cxadyofs, rom ganviTarebis dabali done ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSiumeteswilad ganpirobebulia rogorc maTi qveynebis istoriiT, aseve mimdinareekonomikuri da sxva saxis urTierTobebiT maTsa (ekonomikurad CamorCenil satelitebsa)da amJamad ganviTarebul metropoliebs Soris. metic, es urTierTobebi arisnawili msoflio masStabis erTiani kapitalisturi sistemisa.am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, kapitalisturma sistemam xeli Seuwyo da ganamtkicaSromis uxeSi gadanawileba, romelmac msoflios bevr regionSi ekonomikuri Camor-Ceniloba gamoiwvia. damokidebuli saxelmwifoebidan moedineba iafi nedleuli,soflis meurneobis produqcia da iafi muSaxeli, garda amisa, damokidebuli qveynebimdidari saxelmwifoebisaTvis warmoadgens Warbi kapitalis gadanawilebis,moZvelebuli teqnikisa da warmoebuli saqonlis gasaRebis bazars. amgvari interaqciaRarib qveynebs damokidebuls xdis Zlier saxelmwifoebze, vinaidan aseTi kavSirebiswyalobiT satelitur qveynebSi marTlac Semoedineba fuli, saqoneli da momsaxureba,magram am resursebis ganawilebis politikas dominanturi saxelmwifoebi SeimuSavebenda masSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli damokidebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri interesebi.Sromis amgvari gadanawileba, saboloo jamSi, iwvevs siRaribes, xolo kapitalizmisTvisaseTi viTareba resursebis efeqturi ganawilebis aucilebeli pirobaa.umeteswilad damokidebulebis modelebi eyrdnoba im mosazrebas, rom ekonomikuri dapolitikuri Zalaufleba ZiriTadad koncentrirebuli da centralizebulia industrializebulqveynebSi. am mosazrebas iziareben imperializmis marqsistuli Teoriismomxreebic. Tumca damokidebulebis yvela Teoretikosi marqsisti rodia, amitom undagavmijnoT damokidebulebisa da imperializmis Teoriebi.imperializmis marqsistuli Teoria emsaxureba dominanturi saxelmwifoebis eqspansiisaxsnas, damokidebulebis Teoria ki ekonomikuri CamorCenisas. sxvanairad romvTqvaT, marqsistuliTeoriebi ganmartaven imperializmis warmomSob mizezebs, damokidebulebisTeoriebi ki imperializmis Sedegebs. maT Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa.marqsistuli gagebiT, imperializmi msoflio transformaciis procesis nawiliada, aqedan gamomdinare, socialisturi revoluciis katalizatori. marqsi dadebiTadafasebda britaneTis kolonializms indoeTSi. misi azriT, ingliss ori misia ekisraindoeTSi: erTi destruqciuli, meore ki regeneraciuli — Zveli aziuri sazogadoebisganadgureba da aziaSi dasavluri sazogadoebis materialuri safuZvlebis Seqmna.damokidebulebis TeoretikosebisTvis ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba yovelmxrivuaryofiTi mdgomareobaa, romelic xangrZlivi da avtonomiuri ekonomikuri Ronis-Ziebebis ganxorcielebis aranair saSualebas ar aZlevs damokidebul qveyanas. gardaamisa, imperializmis marqsistuli Teoria Tavisi arsiT TviTlikvidacias gulisxmobs,damokidebulebis Teoria ki TviTgadarCenas. leninizmis CarCoebSi imperializmis boloaris is Jami, roca ori dominanturi Zala erTmaneTs oms gamoucxadebs swrafadklebadisaeqsploataciod vargisi saSualebebis gamo. leninis azriT, pirveli msoflioomi am ideis naTeli dadastureba iyo. omis Semdeg inglisi da safrangeTi daepatronengermaniis yofil koloniebs. damokidebulebis Teoria aseT midgomas areTanxmeba.damokidebuleba arsebobs imisda miuxedavad, Tu konkretulad romelia dominanturiqveyana. is, rom dominanturi saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs SeebrZolondamokidebuli teritoriebisTvis, TavisTavad faseul informacias ar warmoadgens(garda imisa, rom dominanturi saxelmwifoebis omianobis periodSi damokidebulsaxelmwifoebs saSualeba eZlevaT gawyviton arsebuli urTierTobebi). damokidebulebisTeoriisTvis globaluri ekonomikis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli aris mTeliTanamedrove periodis manZilze mdgradi siRaribe da am procesis Seuqcevadobamsoflios erTsa da imave regionSi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli saxelmwifo akontrolebssituacias.garda amisa, damokidebulebis zogierTi Teoretikosi ar Tvlis, rom aseTiurTierTobebis ganmsazRvrel faqtors kapitalizmi warmoadgens. xsenebuli urTier-10

Toba upirvelesad ganpirobebulia Zalauflebis sistemiT da naklebad sarwmunoa, romZalaufleba mxolod kapitalizms eyrdnobodes. magaliTad, yofili socialisturiblokis damokidebuli saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebi (Tundac aRmosavleT evropa dakuba) Zalian hgavs Raribi qveynebisa da wamyvani kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebisurTierTobebs. imis daSveba, rom damokidebuli mdgomareoba ZalauflebaTauTanasworobasTan ufro axloa, vidre konkretuli ekonomikuri sistemis ama Tu immaxasiaTebelTan, metad damaintrigebelia da Seesabameba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisiseT SedarebiT ufro tradiciul analizs, rogoricaa realizmi.gilpini ganixilavs ramdenime mosazrebas, romlebic, misi azriT, damokidebulebisTeoriis safuZvels warmoadgens, Tumca yvela maTgani sakamaToa. esenia:1. ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba aris mdgomareoba, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdebaganuviTareblobisgan. es ukanaskneli Seesabameba im mdgomareobas, romelic argulisxmobs resursebis gamoyenebas. magaliTad, amerikeli kolonistebi CrdiloeTamerikas ganuviTarebel regionad Tvlidnen. miwa, misi potenciuri SesaZleblobebisgaTvaliswinebiT, saTanadod ar muSavdeboda. ekonomikuri CamorCena ki niSnavs imsituacias, roca resursebi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, Tumca maTi gamoyenebiT sargeblobsdominanturi saxelmwifo da ara is Raribi qveyana, romlis teritoriazec moipovebaresursebi.2. ekonomikur CamorCenilobasa da ganuviTareblobas Soris sxvaoba msofliosRarib qveynebs absoluturad gansxvavebul istoriul konteqstSi aTavsebs. es qveynebimsoflios mdidar qveynebs arc CamorCebian da arc ewevian, isini imitom ki ar arianRaribebi, rom evropis samecniero gardaqmnebsa Tu ganmanaTleblobis Rirebulebebsver aubes mxari, aramed imitom, rom ZaldatanebiT gaerTiandnen evropis ekonomikursistemaSi mxolod rogorc nedleulis da naxevarfabrikatebis mimwodeblebi anrogorc iafi muSaxelis wyaro, da imitom, rom maT principulad ar miecaTSesaZlebloba gaetanaT bazarze TavianTi resursebi da ama Tu im gziT konkurenciagaewiaT dominanturi saxelmwifoebisTvis.3. damokidebulebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, resursebis alternatiuli gamoyenebis gzasjobia resursebis gamoyenebis im modelebs, romlebic Tavsaa moxveuli dominanturisaxelmwifoebis mier. privilegirebuli modelebis naTlad Camoyalibebuli definiciaar arsebobs, Tumca garkveuli kriteriumebi SeiZleba davadginoT. magaliTad, ganviTarebadiqveynebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia soflis meurneobis produqtebis eqsporti,rac Zalian xSirad damokidebulebis TeoretikosTa kritikis sagania. kritikismizezi aris is, rom ekonomikurad CamorCenil bevr qveyanaSi fiqsirdeba sakvebisukmarisobis maRali maCvenebeli, maSin roca am qveynebs didi raodenobiT sakvebiproduqti gaaqvT eqsportis saxiT. damokidebulebis bevri Teoretikosis azriT,Raribi qveynebis sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebi unda gamoiyenebodes maTive moxmarebisTvissakvebis ukmarisobis maCveneblis Sesamcireblad.4. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebis azriT, arsebobs garkveuli erovnuli ekonomikuriinteresi, romelic TiToeul qveyanas SeuZlia sakuTari keTildReobisTvisaamoqmedos, da es asec unda xdebodes. am TvalsazrisiT, damokidebulebis Teoriarealizmis principebs iziarebs. gansxvavebuli midgoma isaa, rom, damokidebulebisTeoriis Tanaxmad, qveynis erovnuli interesebi mxolod maSin iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli,roca dakmayofildeba Tavad am sazogadoebis Raribebis moTxovnilebebi daara samTavrobo an korporaciuli interesebi. Zalian rTulia imis garkveva, Tu ra arisukeTesi RaribebisTvis. am problemis gadawyveta did dros moiTxovs. damokidebulebisTeoretikosebs jer ar SeumuSavebiaT erovnuli ekonomikuri interesissrulyofili da gamoyenebadi ganmarteba.5. xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi (stabilurad damokidebuli mdgomareobaevropis eqspansiidan, anu meTxuTmete saukunidan iwyeba) resursebis gadineba aramarto dominanturi saxelmwifoebis iniciativiT xdeba, aramed, agreTve, Tavad damokidebuliqveynebis elitis mier. damokidebulebis Teoriis analitikosebis azriT,elitarul wreebs xels aZlevs arsebuli damokidebuli mdgomareoba, radgan maTipiradi interesebi dominanturi qveynebis interesebs emTxveva. ase rom, damokidebulebasinamdvileSi “nebayoflobiTi” mdgomareobaa. aravin amtkicebs imas, TiTqosdamokidebuli qveynis elita mizandasaxulad Ralatobdes sakuTari qveynis RaribTainteresebs. ubralod mmarTvel elitas gulwrfelad sjera, rom ekonomikuri ganvi-Tarebis aucilebeli pirobaa liberaluri ekonomikuri doqtrinis morCilad miReba.11

aul prebiSiraul prebiSi daibada argentinaSi 1901 wels. igi cnobili gaxda rogorc laTinuriamerikis ekonomikuri komisiis direqtori da struqturalizmisa da damokidebulebisTeoriebis fuZemdebeli. man ganaTleba miiRo buenos-airesis universitetSi da 1925wels imave universitetSi daiwyo leqciebis kiTxva. 1950 wels prebiSi gaxda gaero-slaTinuri amerikis ekonomikuri komisiis aRmasrulebeli mdivani. man intensiuraddaiwyo mesame samyaros qveynebis problemebis Seswavla da gansakuTrebul yuradRebasuTmobda laTinuri amerikis saxelmwifoebs.prebiSi ganixilavda vaWrobis pirobebs ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis (periferiisaTvis).man aCvena, rom vaWrobis pirobebi periferiisaTvis aTwleulebis manZilzeuaresdeboda da sul ufro aZnelebda am qveynebis ganviTarebas. amasTan, ganviTarebulida ganviTarebadi qveynebis Semosavlebs Soris gansxvaveba, Semcirebis magivrad,gamudmebiT izrdeboda. es problema mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli, agreTve,umuSevrobasTan periferiaSi, rac aormagebda ra Raribi qveynebis mZime mdgomareobas,xels uSlida maT TavianTi resursebis srulad gamoyenebaSi.prebiSi iyo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis struqturalisturi xedvis fuZemdebeli.struqturalizmma mkafiod gamijna ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebisekonomikebis struqturebi.am TeoriiT prebiSs surda aexsna, Tu ratom iyo mesame samyaros qveynebSi masobriviumuSevroba, ratom uaresdeboda maTi vaWroba, ratom izrdeboda sxvaoba SemosavlebsSoris da a.S. amisaTvis man ganixila rogorc saerTaSoriso vaWroba, aseve Sidafaqtorebi, romlebic aferxebdnen ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikur zrdas.prebiSis ideebi safuZvlad daedo, agreTve, damokidebulebis Teorias, romelmacSemdgom Tavisi ganviTareba, sakmaod radikaluri formiT, pova sxva laTinurmerikeliekonomistebis naSromebSi.1963 wels prebiSi gaxda vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze gaero-s konferenciis(UNCTAD) generaluri mdivani, xolo 1969 wels — ekonomikuri da socialuri dagegmisgaeros laTinuramerikuli institutis generaluri direqtori.gaeros konferencia vaWrobasa da ganviTarebazeUN Conference on Trade and Development – UNCTAD)gaeros konferencia vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze (unktadi) aris gaeros generaluriasambleis ZiriTadi organo vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebSi. igi dafuZnda rogorcmudmivi mTavrobaTaSoriso organo 1964 wels JenevaSi Catarebuli konferenciispirvel sesiaze. misi dafuZneba miznad isaxavda ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebas daekonomikur ganviTarebas, pirvel rigSi, ganviTarebad qveynebSi.unktadi Tavis mandats axorcielebs Semdegi meTodebiT: politikis analizi,problemis ganxilva, konsensusis miRweva da mTavrobaTaSoriso doneze molaparakebebisgamarTva, kontrolis ganxorcieleba, praqtikuli muSaoba da teqnikuriTanamSromloba. unktadis wevr saxelmwifoebs surT miaRwion stabilur, mdgrad zrdasyvela qveyanaSi da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebas ganviTarebad qveynebSi, raTayvelam isargeblos warmatebebiT socialur-ekonomikur sferoSi.unktadis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 188 saxelmwifo. damkvirveblebis statusiTsargebloben mTavrobaTaSorisi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. misi samdivno arisJenevaSi. umaRlesi organoa konferencia. rogorc wesi, konferencia atarebs sesiebsministrebis doneze oTx weliwadSi erTxel politikis ZiriTadi principebisSesamuSaveblad. unktadi finansdeba gaeros regularuli biujetidan. misi wliuribiujeti operaciuli saqmianobisaTvis Seadgens daaxloebiT 55 milion aSS dolars.Tavisi arsebobis periodSi unktadma SeZlo mniSvnelovani amocanebis Sesruleba,romlebic, pirvel rigSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebis interesebs Seesabameba. miRweul iqnaSeTanxmebebi pirveladi warmoebis (nedleuli) saqonlis sferoSi da Seiqmna kvleviTijgufebi, romlebic dakompleqtebulia nedleulis mwarmoebeli da nedleulismomxmarebeli qveynebiT; miRebuli iqna SeRavaTTa ganzogadoebuli sistema (GeneralizedSystem of Preferences), romelic iTvaliswinebs ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mier12

ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis satarifo SeRavaTebis miniWebas — cxrametma ganviTarebulmasaxelmwifom 10 wliT calmxrivad moxsna sabaJo gadasaxadebi ganviTarebadiqveynebis gadaumuSavebel da naxevradgadaumuSavebel produqciaze, (SeTanxmeba moqmedebs1971 wlidan); miRebulia rezolucia, romelic iTvaliswinebs ganviTarebismizniT dabalSemosavliani ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis davalianebis retroaqtiulkoreqtirebas (moqmedebs 1978 wlidan); SemuSavebulia davalianebis restruqturizaciissferoSi saerTaSoriso zomebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi (1980w.) da sxv.garda amisa, unktadma gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis(Less Developed Countries) mobilizaciis saqmeSi. am Temas mieZRvna unktadis mierorganizebuli ramodenime konferencia, sadac SemuSavda samoqmedo gegma naklebadganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri zrdis dasaCqareblad.miuxedavad yovelive zemoT aRniSnulisa, gaeros konferenciam vaWrobasa daganviTarebaze ver SeZlo mTeli rigi dasaxuli problemebis gadaWra, da kvlav bevriagasakeTebeli ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikuri aRmavlobisTvis.hegemonuri stabilurobis TeoriasaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis Tanamedrove TeoriebSiaRsaniSnavia sami Teoria. pirveli aris ormagi ekonomikis, anu dualizmis Teoria (DualEconomy Theory), romelic gamomdinareobs liberaluri Teoriidan. mis mixedviT, bazriswarmoqmna pirdapir ukavSirdeba sayovelTao survils miRweul iqnes maqsimaluriefeqturoba da maqsimaluri mogeba. meore aris Tanamedrove msoflio sistemebisTeoria (Modern World Systems). masze udidesi gavlena iqonia marqsistulma moZRvrebam.am Teoriis mixedviT msoflio bazari aris ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi ekonomikismqone qveynebis mier naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis eqsploataciismeqanizmi. mesame da dResdReobiT yvelaze gavrcelebuli Teoriaa hegemonuristabilurobis Teoria. igi axlos aris realizmTan da misi yvelaze farTodgavrcelebulobisa da popularobis gamo swored masze gveqneba detaluri saubari.robert gilpinis, stefan krasnerisa da realisturi skolis sxva warmomadgenlebismixedviT, Zalauflebis ganawileba saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso ekonomikisstabilurobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi faqtoria. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria,romelic pirvelad Carlz kindlebergerma wamoayena 1970 wels, aqcents akeTebswamyvani saxelmwifoebis rolze, magaliTad, did britaneTze mecxramete saukuneSi daaSS-ze meoce saukuneSi, da imaze, Tu rogori gavlena aqvs SesaZleblobebisa daZalauflebis ganawilebas msoflio ekonomikaze. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, erTisaxelmwifos yovelmxrivi dominireba saWiro aris Ria, liberaluri da stabilurimsoflio ekonomikisaTvis. amgvari hegemonis daniSnulebaa koordinacia gauwios sxvasaxelmwifoebs da daawesos maTTvis qcevis garkveuli wesebi. aseT pirobebSi sxvasaxelmwifoebi SedarebiT mSvidad grZnoben Tavs. maT ar eSiniaT gaxsnan TavianTibazrebi da Tavs arideben im politikas, romlis arsia `gaaRaribe mezobeli”.Sesabamisad, Teoriis mixedviT, hegemonis dasustebas moyveba ekonomikuri dacema,arastabiluroba da moqiSpe regionuli blokebis Seqmna. robert gilpini SeniSnavs,rom hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis gansazRvraSi ZiriTadi sityva aris`liberaluri~ (The Political Economy of International Relations, p. 72), rac imaze miuTiTebs, romTeoriaSi igulisxmeba Ria da aradiskriminaciul Tavisufal bazarze damyarebulisaerTaSoriso ekonomika. iseTi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi, rogoricaaliberaluri, ver ganviTardeba srulad hegemoni/dominanti saxelmwifos gareSe.Tumca mxolod hegemonis arseboba ar aris sakmarisi liberaluri ekonomikuri sistemisCamoyalibebasa da funqcionirebisaTvis. hegemoni Tavad unda iyos liberaluriprincipebisa da Rirebulebebis erTguli mimdevari da damcveli. hegemonis roli arSemoifargleba mxolod ekonomikuri sistemis SenarCunebiT, igi mzad unda iyosmoagvaros krizisuli situaciebi da daicvas qveynebi SesaZlo safrTxisgan. hegemoni13

saxelmwifos dasustebisa da axali hegemonis gaCenis periodebi, Teoriis mixedviT,konfliqtebiT xasiaTdeba. Tumca aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom konfliqtebis masStabi daxangrZlivoba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad aris Seguebuliyofili hegemoni Tavis dasustebas da axal mdgomareobas, ramdenad sworadgansazRvravs igi samomavlo politikur da ekonomikur strategias da ramdenadmoaxerxeben Zveli da axali hegemonebi konstruqciul TanamSromlobas ekonomikuritransformaciebis Tanmdevi problemebis gadasaWrelad.mecxramete saukuneSi didi britaneTi asrulebda ekonomikuri hegemonis rolsmsoflios umetes nawilze. britaneTis lideroba asocirdeboda bazrebis globalizaciasTan,saerTaSoriso vaWrobis intensifikaciasa da kapitalis brunvasTan,transnacionaluri korporaciebis ricxvis zrdasTan da, zogadad, ekonomikur dapolitikur stabilurobasTan, romelic axasiaTebda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, evropas mainc.pirvelma msoflio omma uecrad mouRo bolo rogorc britaneTis hegemonias, aseve mismier dawesebul wesebsa da Seqmnil pirobebs. mzardma proteqcionizmma, regionuliblokebis Camoyalibebam da kapitalis brunvis Semcirebam 1920-1930-iani wlebisdasawyisSi xeli Seuwyo ekonomikur arastabilurobas da depresias.pirveli msoflio omis damTavrebisTvis aSS iyo ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlierisaxelmwifo msoflioSi. magram man uari ganacxada Seesrulebina lideris roli,romelsac ukve veRar asrulebda britaneTi. amis yvelaze kargi ilustracia iyo smuTholeitarifi (1930), romlis mixedviTac, aSS-Si saSualo gadasaxadi importze gaizarda40 procentiT. didi depresiis dasawyisSi aSS-ma Caketes Tavisi sazRvrebi ucxourisaqonlisaTvis da amgvarad xeli Seuwyes msoflio ekonomikis arnaxul dakninebas. amerikisuarma gaekontrolebina savaluto sistemebi kidev ufro gaamwvava mdgomareoba.msoflios ekonomikuri hegemonis amgvarma izolacionisturma poziciam uaryofiTigavlena iqonia danarCeni saxelmwifoebis umetesobaze da Tavad amerikazec.smuT-holeis tarifi1930 wlis ivnisis smuT-holeis tarifis aqtiT, aSS-Si dawesda qveynisistoriaSi yvelaze maRali tarifebi. aqts xeli moawera prezidentmahuverma. avtorebi iyvnen respublikeli senatori smuTi iutas Statidanda respublikeli kongresmeni holei oregonidan. tarifis mizani iyoSida fermerebis dacvis gaZliereba ucxoeli sasoflo-sameurneo saqonlisimportis sawinaaRmdegod. es aqti misi miRebidan dRemde gansjismudmivi sagania. bevri miiCnevs, rom smuT-holeis tarifma seriozuladgaaRrmava didi depresia da es ugunuri proteqcionizmis naTelimagaliTi iyo. am tarifis istoria huveris saprezidento kampaniidaniwyeba, rodesac prezidentobis kandidati dapirda fermerebs maTisaqonlis importze tarifebis gazrdas. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1920-ianiwlebi zogadad amerikis keTildReobis periodi iyo, soflis meurneobadacemas ganicdida. 1920-1929ww. saSualo Semosavlebi am sferoSiSemcirda. 1929 wlis martSi, gaprezidentebis Semdeg huverma wamoayenatarifebis gazrdis idea, Tumca mas mxari ar dauWires ara martodemokratebma, aramed respublikelebis nawilmac. 1929 wlis agvistoSidawyebuli didi depresiis (ase aTariRebs ekonomistebis umravlesoba,Tumca zogierTi didi depresiis dasawyisad oqtomberSi sabirJo bazriskraxs miiCnevs) pirobebSi senatSi moxerxda saWiro xmebis dagrovebaaqtis misaRebad 245 xmiT 177-is winaaRmdeg. mas mxari dauWires respublikelebisumetesobam da demokratebis 15 warmomadgenelma,romelTagan 10 iyo luizianadan da florididan. isini warmoadgendnencitrusebisa da Saqris interesebs, romlebsac axali aqti mniSvnelovanproteqcias hpirdeboda. smuT-holeis tarifma gamoiwvia sxva saxelmwifoebissapasuxo qmedebebi da gaxda `gaaRaribe Seni mezobeli” (beggarthy-neighbor) politikis simbolo. am politikis Sedegad mniSvnelovnadiklo saerTaSoriso vaWrobam. smuT-holeis tarifi aris proteqcionizmisnaTeli magaliTi meoce saukuneSi. am daSvebuli Secdomis sapirispirod1934 wlidan amerikis savaWro politikaSi aSkarad14

gamoikveTeba vaWrobis liberalizacia, da aSS kisruloben mTavari rolisSesrulebas Tavisufali saerTaSoriso vaWrobis xelSewyobaganviTarebaSi(GATT, NAFTA, WTO).izolaciis saxifaTo mxareebi (minusebi) kargad Seiswavles amerikelma politikosebmameore msoflio omis Semdeg. aSS-ma aRar gaimeores daSvebuli Secdomebi dadauyovnebliv ikisres msoflio lideris roli. daiwyo Ria saerTaSoriso savaWrosistemis (dafuZnebuli gatze) da stabiluri savaluto sistemis (dafuZnebulibreton-vudsis sistemaze) Seqmna. marSalis gegma smuT-holeis tarifis pirdapiriantiTezisi iyo. igi ansaxierebda amerikis mier Tavisi gansakuTrebuli rolisa dapasuxismgeblobis aRiarebas sakuTar sazRvrebs gareT mSvidobisa da keTildReobisdamyareba-SenarCunebis saqmeSi.eWvebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Zalauflebis Sesaxeb kvlav gaCnda 1960-ianiwlebis bolosa da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. amerikis ekonomikuri upiratesobebidanarCen msofliosTan SedarebiT swrafad iklebda, maSin, rodesac sxva qveynebiintensiurad viTardebodnen da eweodnen aSS-s. amis sapasuxod amerikaSi izrdebodaproteqcionisturi grZnobebi, romlebic upirispirdebodnen iq arsebuli TavisufalivaWrobis tradiciul politikas. amerikis aseTi qmedebis gamo dairRva, agreTve,saerTaSoriso savaluto bazrebis stabiluroba. amave dros vietnamis omma xeliSeuwyo amerikaSi inflaciis zrdas, romelic eqsportirdeboda sazRvargareTsaerTaSoriso gacvlebSi dolaris rolis gamo. amerikis partniorebi, gansakuTrebiTsafrangeTi da germania, ukmayofiloni iyvnen aSS dolaris, rogorc msofliossarezervo valutis, fasis amgvari dacemiT. sabolood am problemebma uari aTqmevinaamerikas breton-vudsis konferenciis Sedegad dadgenili myari gacvliTi kursissistemaze, da daiwyo mcocavi kursis xana. amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikispolitikam safuZveli Cauyara bazrebis mzard globalizacias, amerikuli hegemoniisdakninebam mravali eWvi dabada, gansakuTrebiT Tavad amerikaSi, msoflio ekonomikisstabilurobisa da perspeqtivebis mimarT.amJamad amgvari eWvebi amerikis mimarT aRar arsebobs. 1990-iani wlebis SuaperiodisaTvis amerikis hegemoniis dasrulebis safrTxe aRar iyo realuri. sabWoTakavSiris daSlis, iaponiis Tanmimdevruli dasustebis, evropaSi umuSevrobis maRalidonisa da ekonimikis zrdis neli tempebis, agreTve, aRmosavleT evropis evrokavSirSiintegraciis problemebis fonze, amerikis industria kvlav konkurentunariani gaxda.rogorc omebs Soris periodSi amerikis moqmedebidan Cans, saukeTeso resursebis qonaar niSnavs avtomaturad yvelaze gavlenian saxelmwifod gadaqcevas.erT-erTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar miiCnevs zogierTi mecnieri Zalauflebisganawilebas saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso ekonomikis ganmsazRvrel erTaderTfaqtorad, aris saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da maTi roli. iseTi saerTaSorisoorganizaciebi, rogorebicaa gaero, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki,msoflio savaWro organizacia da evrokavSiri, uzrunvelyofen informaciis gacvlaswevr saxelmwifoebs Soris, aadvileben molaparakebebs da SeTanxmebebs maT Soris,agreTve, akontroleben miRebuli wesebis dacvas da xandaxan sjian SeTanxmebebisdamrRvevebs. am organizaciebis gareSe saerTaSoriso ekonomika da saerTaSorisopolitika bevrad ufro arastabiluri, naklebad gaxsnili da metad konfliqturiiqneboda.Tumca saerTaSoriso organizaciebis roli da gavlena sadavoa. realistebi,ZalauflebisaTvis maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli xazgasmiT, ar miiCneven saerTaSorisoorganizaciebs realur Zalad da Tvlian, rom maTi gavlenianoba damokidebulia daganisazRvreba wevri saxelmwifoebis qmedebebiT. evrokavSirSi, magaliTad, germaniaTamaSobs hegemonis rols. bevrs, umetesad evropel mecnierebs, miaCniaT, romsaerTaSoriso organizaciebs aSS akontroleben, da, Sesabamisad, isini aSS interesebsgamoxataven. gansakuTrebiT es exeba saerTaSoriso savaluto fondsa da msofliobanks, romlebsac aSS iyeneben sakuTari gavlenis gasavrceleblad.15

marSalis gegmamarSalis gegma oficialurad wamoyenebuli iyo aSS saxelmwifo mdivnis jorjmarSalis mier 1947 wels, rogorc omis Semdgomi evropis aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebisgegma. misi ganxorcieleba daiwyo 1948 wels da dasrulda 1949 wels. igi iTvaliswinebdaamerikis mier evropisaTvis ekonomikuri daxmarebis gawevas. gegmis wevriiyo yvela evropuli saxelmwifo, sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebis garda. daxmarebisgareSe darCa, agreTve, espaneTi, frankos reJimis gamo, da dasavleT germania. esukanaskneli 1949 wels gaxda marSalis gegmis wevri. gegmis ganxorcielebaze kontrolidaekisra amisaTvis specialurad Seqmnil amerikul organizacias — ekonomikuriTanamSromlobis administracias marSalis gegmis farglebSi aSS-ma gamoyves 12miliardi dolari.rogor isargebla am gegmiT amerikam? aSS-Si seriozulad eSinodaT, rom meoremsoflio omis Semdeg ar dabrunebuliyo 30-iani wlebis SimSili da umuSevroba.marSalis gegmis erT-erTi mizani iyo amerikis ekonomikis SenarCuneba. imdroindelerT-erT amerikul gazeTSi gamoqveynebulia statia amerikeli biznesmenebisaTvis:`marSalis gegma aris biznes-gegma.... es aris saofise da sawarmoo da sasawyobo samuSao.marSalis gegma niSnavs samuSaos, da Tqven iqnebiT masSi momuSaveebi”. (Kiplinger Magazine,Washington D.C., May 1948). marSalis gegmis ganxorcielebis periodSi fuli, romelicevropulma saxelmwifoebma miiRes, daixarja aSS-is mier warmoebul sursaTsa dasaqonelSi. amerikis ekonomika ayvavda.Tu Tavdapirvelad marSalis gegmis logo iyo `evropis aRorZinebisaTvis — aSSsgan”,1955 wlidan is Seicvala da gaxda `siZliere Tavisufali msofliosaTvis — aSSsgan”.es ukanaskneli kargad gamoxatavda marSalis gegmis erT-erT umTavres mizans —Tavisufali da maRalganviTarebuli ekonomika da msoflio daepirispirebina komunizmisaTvis.marSalis gegma Tavidanve seriozulad iyo gakritikebuli ssrk-s mier. igi ganixilavdamarSalis gegmas rogorc imperialisturi politikis erT-erT ZiriTad aqts,romelic miznad isaxavda amerikuli monopoliebis mier evropis ekonomikebis eqspansiasada agresiuli samxedro blokebis sistemis Seqmnas. misi mizani iyo, agreTve, SeenarCunebinameore msoflio omis Sedegad dasavleT evropaSi kapitalizmis Seryeulipoziciebi, gaeZlierebina evropis damokidebuleba amerikaze da win aRdgomodaprogresul socialur cvlilebebs. (Дипломатический словарь, Издательство политическойлитературы, том II, Москва 1971).Carlz kindlebergeri (1910 — 2002)Carlz kindlebergeri iyo amerikeli ekonomisti, romelic iTvlebahegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis mamad. igi iyo, agreTve, erT-erTiavtori marSalis gegmisa. 1932 wels man daamTavra pensilvaniisuniversiteti, xolo 1937 doqtoris xarisxi miiRo kolumbiis universitetSi.Semdeg muSaoba daiwyo niu-iorkis federalur sarezervo bankSi.1985 wlidan gaxda amerikis ekonomistTa asociaciis prezidenti. iyoamerikis xelovnebisa da mecnierebis akademiis wevri, amerikisfilosofiuri sazogadoebis wevri. aris asamde samecniero naSromisa dawignis avtori, maT Soris – saerTaSoriso ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelosi,romelic pirvelad 1957 wels gamoica. 1991 wels daibeWda misiavtobiografia `ekonomistis cxovreba~.miuxedavad imisa, rom mravali mosazreba arsebobs Tavad hegemonuri stabilurobisTeoriis Sesaxeb, mis momxre mecnierTa umetesoba Tanxmdeba qvemoTmoyvanili hegemonebis arsebobaze istoriaSi da maTi hegemonobis vadebze. TiToeulishegemonobis periodi daaxloebiT saukune grZeldeboda:portugalia — 1494 — 1580ww. (italiuri omebis dasasrulidan espaneTis meirportugaliis dapyrobamde). emyareboda portugaliis dominirebas navigaciaSi.16

hegemonobaze pretendenti: espaneTi;niderlandebi — 1580 — 1688ww. (utrextis 1579 wlis xelSekrulebidan uiliamoranelis Camosvlamde inglisSi). emyareboda niderlandebis mier fulisa dakreditebis kontrolirebas. hegemonobaze pretendenti: inglisi;britaneTi — 1688 — 1792ww. (didi revoluciidan napoleonis omebamde). emyarebodabritaneTis safeiqro mrewvelobas da mis mier didi zRvebis kontrols. hegemonobazepretendenti: safrangeTi;britaneTi — 1815 — 1914ww. (venis kongresidan pirvel msoflio omamde). emyarebodabritaneTis industriul upiratesobas da rkinigzas. hegemonobaze pretendenti:germania;aSS.. 1945 — 1971ww. emyareboda navTobsa da Sida wvis Zravas. hegemonobazepretendenti: ssrk.am qronologiur sqemasTan aRsaniSnavia modelskisa da tomfsonis msoflioliderobis grZeli ciklebis Teoria. isini Tavis TeoriaSi emyarebian am sqemas daacxadeben, rom TiToeul ciklSi oTxi fazaa gamoyofili: 1. globaluri omi; 2.msoflio batonoba; 3. delegitimacia; 4. dekoncentracia. Teoriis mixedviT, liderisaxelmwifo ibadeba globaluri omis Sedegad, romlis drosac vlindeba politikuradda ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo, romelsac Seswevs Zala marTossaerTaSoriso sistema, daawesos TamaSis garkveuli wesebi da SeinarCunos isini sxvasaxelmwifoebisaTvis. aqedan iwyeba meore faza, romelsac msoflio batonoba hqvia.qveyana Tavisi siZlieris zenitSia yvela aspeqtSi. magram hegemonobas da liderobaspliusebTan erTad minusebic aqvs: liderobis SenarCunebas sWirdeba seriozuliresursebi da energia. amasTan, mSvidobianobis periodSi nel-nela Zlierdebian sxvasaxelmwifoebic (globalur omSi damarcxebuli), izrdeba pretenziebi hegemonismimarT da Cndeba ambiciebi hegemonobaze. aq iwyeba mesame faza: hegemonobazepretendentis seriozuli ganacxadi da arsebuli wesrigis delegitimacia.delegitimacias mohyveba areuloba sistemaSi, sistemis decentralizacia da isevglobaluri omis dawyeba axali hegemonis gamosavlenad. am Teoriis mixedviT,globalur omebs Soris mSvidobiani periodebi daaxloebiT 80 weliwadia, da meoremsoflio omis Semdeg momdevno globaluri omi daaxloebiT 2030 wlisaTvis undadaiwyos.goldstainis grZeli ciklebis Teoriis mixedviT, globaluri omebi seriozuliekonomikuri aRmavlobis dawyebis Tanmdevia, vinaidan ekonomikur aRmavlobas dakeTildReobas sWirdeba soliduri resursebi, romelTa mosapoveblad da maTzekontrolis dasamyareblad aucilebeli xdeba brZola. swored amitom hegemonobispretendenti saxelmwifo iwyebs samxedro Zalis gamoyenebas da amiT Tavisiekonomikuri Zlierebis uzrunvelyofas. magram omi Zalian Zviri siamovnebaa, moiTxovsuzarmazar danaxarjebs, da qveyanas didi xani ar SeuZlia misi gagrZeleba. igi sustdebada iwyeba mSvidobiani periodis axali 50-wliani cikli. am Teorias meorenairadekonomikuri aRmavlobisa da omebis ciklis Teoriasac uwodeben (a. rondeli.saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. Tbilisi, 1996).meoce saukunis meore naxevridan hegemonobaze pretenzias sabWoTa kavSiricacxadebda, Tumca misma daSlam da, zogadad, komunisturi reJimis ngrevam amerikakvlav erTaderT hegemonad datova.vin iqneba Semdegi hegemoni? erTiani evropa? CineTi? Tu kvlav amerikisSeerTebuli Statebi SeinarCuneben hegemonobas?17

safinanso-savaluto urTierTobebimeore msoflio omis Semdegdidi depresiisa da meore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleTis demokratiulma saxelmwifoebmagamoyes ori ekonomikuri prioriteti: ekonomikuri zrdisa da srulidasaqmebis miRweva da stabiluri msoflio ekonomikuri wesrigis damyareba. yvelaferamas ar unda daeSva axali ekonomikuri da politikuri kolafsi da kidev erTi samxedrokonfliqti. es iyo saerTaSoriso konsensusi, vinaidan wina monetarulma sistemebma,romlebic ZiriTadad bazris Zalebs eyrdnoboda, ar gaamarTla. 1944 wels bretonvudsSi(niu-hemfSiri, aSS) Catarda konferencia. masSi monawileobda ormocdaoTxisaxelmwifo. konferenciis mizani swored amgvari stabiluri msoflio ekonomikuriwesrigis Seqmna iyo. jon keinsi britaneTSi da heri deqster uaiti aSS-Si iyvnen amsistemis arqiteqtorebi.es ekonomikuri sistema Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc liberaluri, romelsac ganamtkicebdasaerTaSoriso TanamSromloba da romelic xels Seuwyobda xangrZlivmSvidobas msoflioSi. orwliani ormxrivi molaparakebebis Sedegad aSS-sa da didbritaneTs Soris (msoflios imJamindeli politikuri da ekonomikuri liderebi) axalisaerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis Seqmnis gegma daisaxa.Tavdapirvelad igi Cafiqrebuli iyo, pirvelad istoriaSi, saerTaSorisoorganizaciebis mier marTvad sistemad, iseTebis, rogorebicaa msoflio banki dasaerTaSoriso savaluto fondi. maT unda ekisraT savaluto funqciebis SesrulebasaerTaSoriso sistemisaTvis. aRniSnuli organizaciebis daarsebac swored bretonvudsSigadawyda.breton-vudsis sistemaSi Semdegi mTavari punqtebi iyo Camoyalibebuli:1. vinaidan omebs Soris periodma cxadyo, rom Tavisuflad rxevadi savalutokursebi araxelsayrelia saerTaSoriso ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis, monawileqveynebma ikisres valdebuleba gamoacxadon TavianTi valutebis “par valu”, rogorcdadgenili gacvlis kursi or valutas an valutasa da oqros Soris dadgeniligarkveuli wonis da valutasa da valutebis kalaTs Soris. saerTaSoriso savalutofondis ZiriTadi mizani iyo gacvliT kursebSi stabilurobis damyareba. SemuSavdasistema, romelsac erqva par (equal) valu sistema. aSS-ma gansazRvres TavianTidolari ase: erTi uncia oqro iyo 35 dolari. sxva saxelmwifoebma gansazRvresTavianTi valutebi dolarTan mimarTebaSi. isini itovebdnen, agreTve, Carevisuflebas, raTa valutebis rxevadoba daeyvanaT minimumamde +1-dan —-1-mde;2. qveynebi SeTanxmdnen Tavi aeridebinaT yovelgvari ekonomikuri omebisTvis.amasTan dakavSirebiT Seiqmna monawileTa qcevis kodeqsi, romelic CaiwerasaerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wesdebaSi. amiT ganmtkicda mravalmxrivi gadaxdebisavaluto konvertabelurobis bazaze;3. qveynebi SeTanxmdnen savaluto problemebis gadasawyvetad SeeqmnaT erTgvarisavaluto instituti. Seiqmna saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi Tavisi Sesatani wesebiTada kvotebiT, romelic gascemda sesxebs. amgvar instituts analogi ar hqondaistoriaSi. mas daekisra sami ZiriTadi funqcia: 1. valutis gacvliTi kursebis dakonvertabelurobis regulireba; 2. damatebiTi valutiT, oqroTi uzrunvelyofa(finansuri funqcia); 3. sakonsultacio funqcia.breton-vudsis sistemas ar Seucvlia oqroze gacvlis standarti. amave drossaerTaSoriso savaluto fondis savaluto rezervi ganixileboda rogorc sakmarisinebismieri problemis gadasawyvetad.saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi Tavdapirvelad Caido daaxloebiT 8,8 miliardidolari, romelic Sedgeboda wevri saxelmwifoebis Senatanebisgan oqroSi da maTerovnul valutaSi.magram omis Semdgomi savaluto urTierTobebi ver gaxda stabiluri. mxolod aSSma,kanadam da centraluri amerikis ramdenime saxelmwifom SeZles dadgenili wesebisSesruleba. danarCenebi imdenad dasustebulebi iyvnen, rom TavianTi valutebis18

konvertacias ver axerxebdnen. amitom evropis da iaponiis sagadamxdelo saSualebebinolze iyo. 1945 wlidan 1947 wlamde aSS aqtiurad moiTxovdnen wevri saxelmwifoebisganbreton-vudsis SeTanxmebebis Sesrulebas da finansuri institutebissrulfasovan muSaobas. amisaTvis did Zalisxmevas mimarTes aSS-ma. amerikam did britaneTs3,75 miliardi dolaris odenobis sesxi misca, rom am ukanasknels daemTavrebinaqveynis SigniT aRdgeniTi-sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebi da funti sterlingi kvlavkonvertabeluri gaexada. miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, 1947 wels amerika darwmunda, rombreton-vudsis sistema ar muSaobda. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis rezervebiamoiwura da daarsebidan ori wlis Semdeg, 1947 wels, sesxebis gacema SeCerda.zogierTi mecnieris azriT, 1947 wlis ekonomikuri krizisi pirdapir iyodakavSirebuli politikur problemebTan: germania politikurad da ekonomikuradganadgurebuli iyo; italiasa da safrangeTSi omisSemdgomi mdgomareoba arastabiluriiyo; didi britaneTi, nawilobriv Tavisi ekonomikuri siZneleebis gamo, tovebdaindoeTsa da palestinas da veRar asrulebda saberZneTisa da TurqeTisTvis micemulpirobebs usafrTxoebisa da politikuri mxardaWeris Sesaxeb; sabWoTa kavSiriintensiurad muSaobda evropaSi da Tanmimdevrulad `asocialistebda~ saxelmwifoebs(poloneTi, rumineTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia, ungreTi, iugoslavia); amasTan,komunisti partizanebi wartmatebiT ibrZodnen saberZneTSi da komunisturi partiebigarkveul ndobas ixveWdnen evropis saxelmwifoebSi (mag., safrangeTSi, italiaSi).1947 wlidan, aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, breton-vudsis sistema, romelicsaerTaSoriso savaluto institutebis mier unda yofiliyo marTuli, gadaiqca aSS-ismier marTul sistemad. mTeli simZime daawva amerikis SeerTebul Statebs, romelsacsWirdeboda, rom sxva qveynebSi ekonomikuri aRmavloba dawyebuliyo, raTa iq ardawyebuliyo komunisturi ideebis gavrceleba, ar Sesuliyo komunizmi.1947 wlidan 1960 wlamde amerikas SeeZlo da survilic hqonda ekisra es funqciebi.rogorc mecnierebi aRniSnaven, aSS-s roli iyo altruizmisa da interesebis narevi.amerikis ekonomikurma siZlierem da omebs Soris periodSi miRebulma gamocdilebamxeli Seuwyo mis ekonomikur da politikur liderobas da am faqtis cnobas sxvasaxelmwifoebis mier (am SemTxvevaSi laparakia ZiriTadad evropaze).1947 wels naTeli gaxda, rom oqro da funti sterlingi veRar asrulebdnenmsoflio fulis rols. oqros warmoeba ar iyo sakmarisi, raTa daekmayofilebinasaerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da investiciebis mzardi moTxovnilebebi. didi britaneTisekonomikuri sisustis gamo funti veRar iyo msoflio valuta. erTaderTi Zlierivaluta im periodSi iyo aSS dolari (igi myar mimarTebaSi iyo oqrosTan — 35 dolariudrida erT uncia oqros). garda amisa, aSS-is mTavroba Tanaxma iyo gaecvala dolarioqroze aRniSnuli kursiT, rac kidev ufro aZlierebda dolars. realurad dolariukeTesic iyo, vidre oqro, vinaidan misdami interesi izrdeboda da igi gamoiyenebodavaWrobasa da finansebSi. omis bolos amerika flobda msoflios oqros valutis 3/4¾-s.vinaidan oqros fizikuri warmoeba iyo Zalze Semcirebuli, dolari gaxda ara mxolodwamyvani sayrdeni valuta, aramed centraluri bankebis ZiriTadi sarezervofaseuloba. omis Semdeg oqros standarti dolaris standartad iqca. amrigad, bretonvudsissistema gaxda hegemonuri savaluto wesrigi, agebuli dolarze. saerTaSorisovaWroba, investireba — yvelaferi dolarze damyarda. aSS lideri gaxda civi omispirobebSi da xelSi Caigdo dasavleT samyaros marTva. aSS-s izolacionizmi Cabardawarsuls. es garkveuli garigeba iyo aSS-sa da evropas Soris — aSS-s hegemonizms sxvamokavSireebi sakuTari ekonomikebis gaumjobesebis sanacvlod daTanxmdnen.Tumca aman garkveuli problemebic Seuqmna aSS-s. dolarze mzardma moTxovnilebamaSS-s uzarmazari deficiti gauCina.breton-vudsis sistemis istoria iyofa or periodad: dolaris naklebobis periodida dolaris siWarbis periodi. pirveli periodi gagrZelda 1958 wlamde, meore ki — 1971wlamde. 1950-1956 wlebSi didi sesxebi ar gacemula.pirvel periodSi, romelsac xSirad aSS-is erTpirovnuli menejmentis periodsacuwodeben, rogorc vTqviT, aRiniSneboda dolaris, rogorc msoflios ZiriTadivalutis, nakleboba. Tavad aSS-Si vaWroba gamalebiT izrdeboda da seriozuliekonomikuri aRmavloba iwyeboda. magram imisaTvis, rom sistemas emuSava, saWiro iyo esprocesi evropaSic dawyebuliyo da momxdariyo dolaris gadineba. dolaris gadinebamoxda aSS-is daxmarebis programebiT: trumenis gegma saberZneTisa da TurqeTisdasaxmareblad, daxmareba ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebs da, yvelaze mniSvnelovani,19

marSalis gegma, romlis farglebSic Teqvsmetma evropulma saxelmwifom miiRodaxmareba 1948-1952ww. 17 miliardi dolaris odenobiT.qveynidan gasuli fuli nawilobriv kvlav qveyanaSi brundeboda amerikulisaqonlisa da servisis SeZenis gziT. sistema muSaobda. evropisa da iaponiisekonomikebi aRorZinda.1950 wels saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma, romelic faqtiurad umoqmedo iyo aSSiserTpirovnuli menejmentis periodSi, daiwyo ufro aqtiuri rolis Sesruleba.1958 wlidan iwyeba dolaris siWarbis, anu breton-vudsis meore periodi, romelsacxSirad uwodeben mravalmxriv menejments aSS-is liderobiT.dolari aRar iyo erTaderTi Zlieri valuta. evropa da iaponia TanmimdevruladviTardebodnen da 1959 wlis bolosTvis maTi rezervebi aSS-sas miuaxlovda. aSS-isoqros maragma daiklo 24,4 miliardi dolaridan 1948 wels 19,5 miliard dolaramde1959 wlis bolosTvis. ucxoeTSi akumulirebuli dolaris maragi gaizarda 7,3miliardidan 1948 wels 19,4 miliardamde 1959 wels.1960 wlis noemberSi dafiqsirda ramdenime SemTxveva, rodesac spekulantebmadolari gadaaxurdaves oqroze. es ar niSnavda dolaris gaufasurebas. amerika kvlavlideri iyo da misi ekonomika janmrTeli, Tumca es imaze mianiSnebda, rom amerikasaRar SeeZlo erTpirovnulad emarTa safinanso sistema da saWiro gaxda sxva wevrebisaqtiuri Cabma.jer evropuli valutebis gaZlierebam, Semdeg, cota mogvianebiT, 1964 wels,iaponiis valutis gamyarebam da konvertabelurad gadaqcevam dabada am qveynebSisurvili, rom maTTan aRar akumulirebuliyo aSS dolari. amitom am qveynebmaintensiurad daiwyes dolarisgan gaTavisufleba. amas Tan daerTo vietnamis omi daaxali politikur-ekonomikuri realobis Camoyalibeba. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebifaqtiurad veRar asrulebdnen nakisr valdebulebebs. 1968-1971 wlebSi saerTaSorisosavaluto sistema da misi menejmenti paralizebuli iyo. 1971 wlis 15 agvistos aSS-isprezidentma niqsonma, saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis sxva wevrebTan SeTanxmebisgareSe, calmxrivad gamoacxada axali ekonomikuri politika: SeCerda dolariskonvertacia oqrosTan mimarTebaSi. es faqtiurad breton-vudsis dasasruli iyo.1976 wels kingstonSi (iamaika) Sedga saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wamyvanisaxelmwifoebis Sexvedra, sadac sabolood gacxadda breton-vudsis sistemisdasasruli. rogorc gilpini aRniSnavs, breton-vudsisa da fiqsirebuli gacvliTikursis de faqto damTavreba de iure gaxda iamaikis konferenciaze (Robert Gilpin, ThePolitical Economy of International Relations, p. 140). konferenciaze qveynebi SeTanxmdnen SemdegsakiTxebze:• moxda mcuravi gacvliTi kursebis legalizacia;• oqros, rogorc rezervis, roli Semcirda. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisoqros rezervis erTi meeqvsedi daubrunda wevr saxelmwifoebs yofiloficialur fasSi maTi kvotebis proporciulad. kidev erTi meeqvsedi gaiyidaRia bazarze da miRebuli Tanxa sesxad gaica ganviTarebad qveynebze;• saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis kvotebi gaizarda, gansakuTrebiT opekisqveynebisTvis;• gaizarda dafinanseba naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis da amiT,mecnierTa azriT, gaizarda ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis damokidebuleba;• qveynebs Tavad unda ganesazRvraT Tavisi valutebis par valu. amgvarad,erovnul mTavrobebs TviTon unda moewesrigebinaT TavianTi safinansosavalutosistemebi saerTaSoriso wesrigSi Sesvlamde.konferenciaze, marTalia, oficialurad dadasturda arsebuli sistemis daSla,magram axali ar Seqmnila.sTiven gilisa da devid los azriT,breton-vudsis sistema bolomde ardasrulebula, vinaidan saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da msoflio banki (breton-20

vudsis safinanso institutebi) dResac umniSvnelovanes rols asruleben saerTaSorisoekonomikaSi. Xolo, rac Seexeba, aSS dolars, igi kvlavac rCeba msoflios lidervalutad, romelsac mravali qveyana ufardebs TavianT valutebs, gansakuTrebiTlaTinuri amerika da sxva ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi.msoflio bankimsoflio bankis Seqmna gadawyda breton-vudsSi 1944 wels. muSaoba daiwyo 1945wels. igi gaeros specializebuli dawesebulebaa, magram mis wevrad miiRebian mxolodsaerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wevri saxelmwifoebi. Stab-binaa vaSingtonSi. misiumaRlesi organoa mmarTvelTa sabWo. bankis operatiul saqmianobas axorcielebsdireqtorati. banks hyavs prezidenti.pirveli sesxi bankma misca safrangeTs 1947 wels omis Semdgomi rekonstruqciisaTvis(250 milioni aSS dolari). am mizniT sesxis gacema mas Semdeg msoflio bankiserT-erTi prioritetuli sferoa. bankSi 180-ze meti wevria. misi erT-erTi ZiriTadimizania siRaribesTan brZola mTels msoflioSi. msoflio banki yovelwliuradaqveynebs msoflios ganviTarebis angariSs.saqarTvelo msoflio bankis wevria 1992 wlidan.amJamad bankSi gaerTianebulia xuTi instituti:• rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki (International Bank forReconstruction and Cooperation - IBRD):Seiqmna 1945 wels. aerTianebs 184 qveyanas. mizania Seamciros siRaribis doneqveynebSi mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyobiT. amisTvis gascems sesxebs,grantebs, kreditebs. exmareba qveynebs analitikuri da sakonsultaciosamsaxuris meSveobiT.• saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis asociacia (International Development Association - IDA):daarsda 1960 wels. aerTianebs 162 wevrs. xels uwyobs reformebssaxelmwifoebSi ganaTlebisa da jandacvis sferoebSi, sufTa wyalmomaragebissakiTxebSi da sxv. misi saqmianoba, agreTve, mimarTulia umuSevrobisaRmofxvrisa da socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken.• saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia (International Finance Corporation – IFC):daarsda 1956 wels. aerTianebs 175 wevr saxelmwifos. misi mizania ekonomikisganviTarebis xelSewyoba kerZo seqtoris gaZlierebis gziT. muSaobs biznespartniorebTan,investirebas axdens ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis kerZoseqtorSi da aZlevs maT grZelvadian sesxebs, exmareba konsultaciebiT.• mravalmxrivi investiciebis garantiis saagento (Multilateral InvestmentGuarantee Agency – MIGA):daarsda 1988 wels. aerTianebs 157 wevrs. mouwodebs ucxoel investorebsmoaxdinon kapitaldabandebebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi. iZleva garantias arakomerciulriskTan dakavSirebiT — eqspropriacia, valutis arakonvertabeluroba,transferebis SezRudva, omi, samoqalaqo areuloba da sxv. teqnikurdaxmarebas uwevs qveynebs SesaZlo ucxouri investiciebis Sesaxeb informaciisgavrcelebaSi.• investiciebis sferoSi davebis mosagvarebeli saerTaSoriso centri(International Center for Settlement of International Disputes – ICSID):daarsda 1966 wels. aerTianebs 134 wevr saxelmwifos. xels uwyobs investiciebismozidvas sxvadasxva qveynebSi, risTvisac SeimuSavebs saerTaSorisoinvestirebis wesebs, davebis mogvarebis kanonebs. gaugebrobisa da konfliqturisituaciebis SemTxvevaSi iZleva rCevebs saerTaSoriso investirebis kanonisSesabamisad.21

2004 wels msoflio bankma gasca 20,1 miliardi aSS dolari 245 proeqtisgansaxorcieleblad, romlebic mimarTuli iyo msoflios ganviTarebad qveynebSisiRaribesTan sabrZolvelad.teqnikurad msoflio banki gaeros sistemis nawilia, magram misi mmarTvelobisstruqtura gansxvavebulia. bankis wevroba xmis uflebas iTvaliswinebs, magram asevearsebobs damatebiTi xmis ufleba, romelic damokidebulia organizaciaSi finansurikontribuciis odenobaze. Sesabamisad banki ZiriTadad kontroldeba ganviTarebulisaxelmwifoebis mier, maSin roca misi ZiriTadi klientebi arian ganviTarebadisaxelmwifoebi. 2004 wlis noembris monacemebiT, aSS-s gaaCndaT xmebis mTlianiraodenobis 16,4%, iaponias — 7,9%, germanias — 4,5% da did britaneTsa da safrangeTsTanambrad 4,3%. vinaidan seriozuli gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad saWiroa xmaTa 85%,aSS-s SeuZliaT dablokon nebismieri cvlileba. kritikosebis azriT, saWiroa bankismmarTvelobis arsebuli struqturis Secvla, raTa ukeT iyos gaTvaliswinebuliganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis interesebi da maTTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobissakiTxebi maTive aqtiuri monawileobiT wydebodes.saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisaerTaSoriso savaluto fondi aris gaeros specializebuli dawesebuleba,romelic Seiqmna 1944 wels breton-vudsis konferenciis gadawyvetilebiT. fondisruli avtonomiiT sargeblobs. fondis wevria 180-mde qveyana. wesdebis mixedviT,fondma xeli unda Seuwyos saerTaSoriso savaluto TanamSromlobas, saerTaSorisovaWrobis gafarToebas, Tvalyuri adevnos valutis stabilurobas da gasces kreditebiwevr saxelmwifoebze sagadasaxado balansebis gasawonasworeblad.fondis ZiriTad kapitals Seadgens wevri saxelmwifoebis kvoturi Senatanebi.TiToeuli saxelmwifos kvoturi Senatanis odenoba ganisazRvreba qveynis finansurekonomikuriSesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTa gadaxedvac perioduladxdeba. sawevroebis 25 procenti ixdeba oqrosa da aSS dolarSi, xolo 75 procenti —erovnul valutaSi. kreditebis odenoba, romelic SeiZleba avtomaturad miiRosTiToeulma qveyanam, Seefardeba mis `oqros wils~. fondidan am odenobaze meti TanxismiReba SezRudulia. kreditebi fondis wevr qveyanas eZleva misTvis saWiro ucxourivalutis miyidvis gziT, raSic valdebulia gadaixados erovnuli valuta. 1970 wlidanfondi uSvebs saerTaSoriso sakredito saSualebebs — e.w. valutis `sasesxo specialuruflebebs~, romlebic fondis wevrebs Soris maTi kvotebis proporciulad nawildeba.fondSi gadamwyvet rols asruleben aSS, inglisi, germania, safrangeTi, iaponia,italia, kanada, belgia, niderlandebi da Sveicaria (e.w. aTTa jgufi), romlebsac xmebisumravlesoba aqvT da gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis savalutopolitikas.fondis umaRlesi organoa mmarTvelTa sabWo, romelic weliwadSi erTxel ikribeba.sabWoSi Sedis TiToeuli wevri saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli. fondis Stab-binamdebareobs vaSingtonSi.saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wevria 1992 wlidan.22

saerTaSoriso vaWroba. savaWro urTierTobebimeore msoflio omis SemdegvaWrobas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. zogierTimecnieri imdenad Sors midis vaWrobis rolis SefasebaSi, rom vaWrobasa da omssaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ZiriTad Semadgenlebad miiCnevs.saerTaSoriso vaWroba udides gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso politikaze, vinaidanqmnis mWidro saqmian kavSirebs qveynebs Soris. igi mSvidobis faqtoria. TanamedroveurTierTdamokidebul msoflioSi sabazro ekonomika kidev ufro mniSvnelovans xdissaerTaSoriso vaWrobas. dRes saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi Cabmulia yvela qveyana,vinaidan verc erTi maTgani ver SeZlebs iyos TviTkmari da mxolod sakuTari warmoebisproduqciiT uzrunvelyos Tavisi Tavi. Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis pirobebSiqveyanas yovelTvis sWirdeba garkveuli produqciis importireba, xolo saimportoxarjebis dafarva SesaZlebelia eqsportidan miRebuli SemosavliT. rac ufro didiaqveyana, miT ufro didi nawili misi erovnuli produqciisa aris Cabmuli saerTaSorisovaWrobaSi.saerTaSoriso vaWrobis arsis da misi bunebis axsnas cdilobs ori erTmaneTisaganZalze gansxvavebuli Teoria. erTi efuZneba liberalur tradiciebs (mas dRes heqsCerolin-samuelsonisTeorias uwodeben, SemoklebiT — H-O), xolo meore — nacionalisturs.am TeoriebSi absoluturad gansxvavebulad aris axsnili saerTaSorisovaWrobis mizezebi, miznebi da Sedegebi.saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberaluri Teoria adam smitisa da devid rikardosTeoriebidan iRebs safuZvels, Tumca misi Tanamedrove varianti garkveulwiladsaxecvlilia.liberalebs sjeraT vaWrobis Ria sistemis, romelzec vrceldeba kanonierebisprincipi. maTi azriT, Tavisufali vaWroba momgebiania masSi Cabmuli yvela mxarisaTvis.Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela mxare aucileblad Tanabradaa mogebuli amprocesSi. gilpini liberalebis am mosazrebis axsnisas aRniSnavs, rom TavisufalivaWrobis dasacavad mTavari argumenti ara mogebis Tanabari ganawilebaa, aramedmaqsimaluri efeqturoba da msoflio simdidris gazrda. Sromis saerTaSorisodanawileba zrdis individualur produqtiulobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobserovnuli da msoflio simdidris Seqmnasa da dagrovebas. Sromis saerTaSorisodanawileba da misi gaRrmaveba msoflio ekonomikis ayvavebis da saerTaSorisokeTildReobis sawindaria.Tavisufal vaWrobas sargebeli moaqvs sxva xalxebisTvisac. ekonomistebi ukvedidi xania Tvlian, rom vaWroba aZlevs uflebas qveynebs miaqcion ZiriTadi yuradRebaim saqonlis warmoebas da im momsaxurebas, romelTa maRali xarisxic SeuZliaTuzrunvelyon am qveynebma maqsimaluri efeqturobiT. mgvarad, isini amaRleben mTelimsoflio Tanamegobrobis sawarmoo simZlavreebs. ufro metic, vaWroba xels uwyobsekonomikisa da socialuri stabilurobis zrdas, demokratiis ganviTarebas calkeulqveynebSi, agreTve msoflios ayvavebas, kanonierebis damyarebas da mSvidobisuzrunvelyofas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.vaWrobis Ria sistema moiTxovs, rom qveynebma ganaxorcielon samarTliani dadiskriminaciisgan Tavisufali SeRweva erTmaneTis bazrebze. amisaTvis qveynebi undaSeecadon Seuqmnan sxva qveynebs xelsayreli pirobebi Tavis bazrebze SesaRwevad —Seamciron TavianTi savaWro barierebi mravalmxrivi da ormxrivi SeTanxmebebisdadebis gziT. miuxedavad imisa, rom vaWrobis liberalizaciisas ZiriTadi yuradRebatradiciulad eTmoba tarifebisa da garkveuli arasatarifo barierebis Semcirebas,ukanasknel wlebSi gaCnda axali saSualebebi am liberalizaciis uzrunvelsayofad.yvela qveynis savaWro kanonmdebloba da savaWro praqtika unda iyos gamWvirvale, anu,sxvagvarad, yvelam unda icodes wesebi da yvelas unda hqondes Tanabari SansebikonkurenciaSi monawileobisaTvis.miuxedavad imisa, rom dReisaTvis Tavad liberalebic ki aRiareben, rom wmindasaxiT Tavisufali vaWroba praqtikaSi ar arsebobs da `uxilav xelze~ efeqturi, xSirSemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo Carevaa, am Teoriis mimdevrebi mainc rCebian ekonomikaSisaxelmwifos minimaluri Carevis momxreebad.saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberaluri Teoriis oponentebi Tvlian, rom Tavisufali23

vaWroba mxolod ganviTarebuli da Zlieri qveynebisTvisaa momgebiani, romelTaekonomikac ar aris damokidebuli erT romelime seqtorze da erT konkretulproduqtze. xolo ekonomikurad SedarebiT dabalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisaTvisekonomikuri proteqcionizmi ufro momgebiani da mizanSewonilia.nacionalistebi nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da miaCniaT,rom qveynis eqsporti unda aRematebodes imports — qveyanam unda gayidos metiproduqcia, vidre iyidos. Tumca Tu am pozicias yvela qveyana gaiziarebs, maSingasayidi aRaraferi iqneba da saerTaSoriso vaWrobac aRar iarsebebs.liberalebi miiCneven, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba mSvidobis garantiaa, da rac metiqveyanaa Cabmuli masSi, miT ufro usafrTxo da stabiluria msoflio, nacionalistebiar eTanxmebian da Tvlian, rom dRevandelma globalurma ekonomikam, romelic TiTqmisyvela qveynis ekonomikas moicavs, moitana damokidebulebis axali formebi da Seqmnaniadagi ekonomikuri konfliqtebisaTvis.Tanamedrove yvelaze maRalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi iyoperiodebi, rodesac isini mkveTrad uxvevdnen ekonomikuri proteqcionizmisken. ase,magaliTad, amerikeli saxelmwifo moRvawe aleqsandre hamiltoni aSS-is samrewveloganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad moiTxovda proteqcionistuli tarifis SemoRebas, daunda iTqvas, rom misi rekomendaciebi xSirad sruldeboda. hamiltoni ar iziarebdaadam smitis `Tavisufali bazris“ ideas da miaCnda, rom saxelmwifos seriozulidaxmareba unda gaewia industriis ganviTarebisaTvis. amerikulma proteqcionizmmaTavis piks miaRwia 1930 wels, rodesac miRebul iqna smuT-holei tarifi (ix. zeviT),romelmac mkveTrad gazarda aSS-Si SemoRebuli tarifebi.germanelma ekonomistma fridrix listmac ekonomikuri proteqcionizmi miiCniamizanSewonilad Tavisi qveynisaTvis. laparakia mecxramete saukunis Sua periodisdaqucmacebul da sust germaniaze. listis rekomendaciiT germanulma saxelmwifoebmagarkveuli barieri dauweses inglisur saqonels maRali baJis saxiT, riTac moaxerxessakuTari mrewvelobis dacva, misTvis xelSewyoba da, saboloo jamSi, ekonomikuriaRmavlobis dawyeba.rogorc gilpini aRniSnavs, liberalebic da nacionalistebic Tanxmdebian, romwarmoebas sWirdeba dacva mis sawyis etapze, magram maTi Sexedulebebi fundamenturadgansxvavdeba imasTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ra aris am dacvis, anu proteqcionizmis, mizani.nacionalistebisTvis proteqcionizmi saboloo mizania, romelsac mohyveba industriuliZalaufleba da Zlieri saxelmwifo. liberalebisTvis ki — proteqcionizmidroebiTi etapia, romelic qveyanas saSualebas aZlevs mixvdes, Tu romel sferoSi aqvsmas SefardebiTi upiratesoba. saboloo mizani ki — Tavisufali vaWroba da msofliosimdidris Seqmnaa. liberalebis azriT, yvela ekonomikas gaaCnia SefardebiTiupiratesoba rameSi da amitom maT ar unda eSinodeT Tavisufali vaWrobis.savaWro urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdegpirvel msoflio omamde msoflio ekonomika moqmedebda oqros standartis arsebobispirobebSi. es imas niSnavda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo, ama Tu im konkretuli kursismixedviT, yvela qveynis valutis konvertireba oqroSi. amgvarma sistemam ganapirobafiqsirebuli savaluto kursebis SemoReba, e. i. yvela qveynis valutis gacvla nebismierisxva qveynis valutaze SesaZlebeli iyo myarad dadgenili, ucvleli kursiT.fiqsirebulma savaluto kursebma xeli Seuwyo msoflio vaWrobis ganviTarebas,vinaidan maT erTgvarad gamoricxes is gaurkvevlobis faqtorebi, romlebic dakav-Sirebuli iyo e.w. mcurav kursebTan. magram am sistemas, mecnierTa azriT, hqonda sulcota ori nakli. jer erTi, oqros standartis pirobebSi qveynebs ar hqondaTSesaZlebloba gaekontrolebinaT TavianTi oqros masebi. amis nacvlad yoveli qveynisoqros masa ganisazRvreboda oqros im nakadiT, romelic gamoiyeneboda sxva qveynebTanangariSsworebis dros. meorec is, rom yvela qveyanaSi oqros politika ganicdidaoqros mopovebis tempebis gavlenas. mecxramete saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi, rodesacoqro mcire raodenobiT moipoveboda, oqros masa mTels msoflioSi neli tempiTizrdeboda, raTa ar CamorCenoda ekonomikis zrdas. amis Sedegi iyo deflacia, fasebisdacema. SemdgomSi, mecxramete saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, aliaskaze da samxreT afrikaSioqros sabadoebis aRmoCenam gamoiwvia mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis raodenobis24

mkveTri zrda, rasac mohyva inflacia, fasebis zrda.pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg qveynebi Seecadnen aRedginaT oqros standarti,magram igi gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebis didi depresiis periodSi mTlianad daeca.zogierTi ekonomisti acxadebda, rom oqros standartis dacva ar aZlevda saSualebasxelmZRvanel fulad-sakredito dawesebulebebs gaezardaT mimoqcevaSi fulisraodenoba saqmiani aqtiurobis aRsadgenad saWiro sakmaod swrafi tempebiT.meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodi aRiniSneba msoflio vaWrobis liberalizaciisdawyebiT. am procesSi lideris funqcia ikisra amerikam. es ganpirobebuliiyo aSS-is ekonomikuri siZlieriT da, rac aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania, misi surviliTSeesrulebina msoflio hegemonis roli. aSS-Si mixvdnen, rom stabiluroba qveyanaSi damokavSireebis erTgulebis SenarCuneba SesaZlebeli iqneboda maTi ekonomikisaRdgenis SemTxvevaSi. amerikis daxmarebas am saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda, Tumcaekonomikuri damoukideblobisa da misi Semdgomi zrdis misaRwevad maTesaWiroebodaT, agreTve, saeqsporto bazrebi, gansakuTrebiT aSS-is udidesi bazari.1944 wels msoflios wamyvani qveynebis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs Sexvdnenbreton-vudsSi, Stati niu-hemfSiri, raTa SeeqmnaT axali saerTaSoriso finansurisistema. vinaidan im dros SeerTebuli Statebis wilad modioda msoflioSi arsebulioqros naxevarze meti, wamyvanma qveynebma gadawyvites miebaT msoflios valutebidolarisaTvis da moexdinaT, aRniSnul qveynebs Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebissafuZvelze, misi konvertireba oqroSi —erT unciaSi 35 dolari.amerikam, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ikisra lideris roli da saTaveSi Caudga vaWrobisliberalizaciis process. man didi roli Seasrula tarifebisa da vaWrobisgeneraluri SeTanxmebis (gati) SeqmnaSi, romelic warmoadgenda satarifo da savaWrowesebis saerTaSoriso krebuls da mas xeli moewera 1947 wels.saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi qcevis wesebis krebulis SemoRebis garda, gati(vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba) gamovida mravalmxrivi savaWromolaparakebebis ramdenime raundis sponsoros rolSi, xolo amerika, liderobda ra amsaqmeSi, aqtiurad monawileobda yovel maTganSi. meoce saukunis ormocdaaTian wlebSiurugvais raundze, romelsac ase ewoda imis gamo, rom igi daiwyo pulta-del-estaSi(urugvai) molaparakebebisas, qveynebi sabolood SeTanxmdnen vaWrobis Semdgomiliberalizaciis Sesaxeb da dasaxes samoqmedo gegmebi.vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba(General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade – GATT)vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba (gati) ganixileboda rogorc mdidariqveynebis klubi. gatis wesebi esaa — e.w. vaWrobis liberaluri wesebi mdidarTasasargeblod.gati Seiqmna 1947 wels. mizani iyo wevr qveynebs Soris Tavisufali vaWrobisaTvisxelSewyoba, rac gamoixateboda molaparakebebis warmoebaSi tarifebis daregulirebisada Semcirebis Sesaxeb. Tavisufali vaWrobis gafarToeba da gaintensiureba,Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobda kacobriobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebas. mas, agreTveunda SeemuSavebina davebis mogvarebis meqanizmebi. Stabbina iyo JenevaSi. gatis molaparakebebsuwodeben raundebs.gatis unda mieRwia Tavisufali da ufro samarTliani vaWrobisaTvis, tarifebisSemcirebisa da sxva savaWro barierebis moxsnis gziT. igi Tavis saqmianobaSieyrdnoboda sam princips:• aradiskriminacia, mravalmxrivoba, da yvelaze sasurveli saxelmwifos principis(Most-Favoured Nation Principle) gavrceleba SeTanxmebis yvela wevrze (yvelazesasurveli qveynis principi niSnavs imas, rom yovelTvis, rodesac wevri saxelmwifoSeRavaTebs awesebs erTi savaWro partniorisTvis, man igive SeRavaTebiunda mianiWos msoflio savaWro organizaciis yvela danarCen wevrs, raTa yvelaiyos Tanabar pirobebSi);• vaWrobis gaintensiureba wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris savaWro barierebisSemcirebis gziT;25

• upirobo TanamSromloba yvela wevrs Soris.unda Seqmniliyo msoflio savaWro reJimi an universaluri kanonebi savaWropolitikis warmoebisaTvis.miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmosavleTis bloki da naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisumetesoba ar SeuerTda gats da ar scnes misi principebi, xolo wevrisaxelmwifoebi srulad ar asrulebdnen TavianT movaleobebs, gatma mniSvnelovnadSeuwyo xeli omis Semdgom periodSi msoflio vaWrobis liberalizaciis process.1980-ian wlebSi bevrma saxelmwifom eWvi Seitana gatis SesaZleblobaSi Seenar-Cunebina liberaluri vaWrobis reJimi. amis mizezi iyo struqturuli cvlilebebimsoflio ekonomikaSi, romelTa Sedegadac Seirya gatis principebi. saxelmwifoebssurdaT scodnodaT, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara liberaluri reJimi, da Tu ara, romelireJimi Secvlida omis Semdgom liberalur savaWro wesrigs. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rommeore msoflio omis Semdeg gatis farglebSi Catarebuli ramdenime warmatebuliraundis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad Semcirda tarifebi da gaizarda msoflio vaWroba.saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mzardma qselma TandaTan CaiTria saxelmwifo ekonomikebierTian urTierTdamokidebulebis sistemaSi, rasac mohyva spekulacia imis Sesaxeb, romiwyeba mWidrod integrirebuli msoflio ekonomikis era, romelsac dadebiTze metiuaryofiTis motana SeuZlia erovnuli ekonomikisTvis. amis Sedegad Seicvala balansiliberalizaciisa da ekonomikuri nacionalizmis momxreTa Soris.1970-iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis SesamCnevi gaxda ekonomikuri nacionalizmisupiratesoba liberalizmTan SedarebiT da vaWrobam Semcireba iwyo, rac aseve aisaxasavaWro sistemis bunebaze. 70-ian wlebSi vaWrobis Semcirebasa da ekonomikuriproteqcionizmisaken dabrunebas xeli Seuwyo ramodenime fundamenturma movlenam:• mcocav savaluto kursze gadasvlam;• 1973-74 ww. zamTarSi navTobze fasis masiurma momatebam;• iaponiasTan konkurenciis gaZlierebam;• Zlier konkurentunariani axali industriuli saxelmwifoebis gamoCenammsoflio bazarze;• aSS-is ekonomikis SedarebiTma dasustebam;• evropuli ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis daSlam;• globaluri stagflaciis (stagnacia+inflacia) niSnebma.yovelive aman xeli Seuwyo meore msoflio omis Semdeg dawyebuli vaWrobisliberalizaciis procesis SeCerebas.gati iyo wesebis krebuli, mravalmxrivi SeTanxmeba instituciuri fundamentisgareSe. es iyo mcire samdivno, romelic miznad isaxavda saerTaSoriso savaWroorganizaciis daarsebas. dRes arsebuli msoflio savaWro organizacia ki mudmiviinstitutia Tavisi samdivnoTi. gatis kanonebi exeboda mxolod saqonels da mxolodmis irgvliv aregulirebda urTierTobebs. msoflio savaWro organizaciis kanonebi kiexeba, agreTve momsaxurebis sferos da inteleqtualuri qonebis savaWro aspeqtebs.gatisagan gansxvavebiT msoflio savaWro organizacias gaaCnia davebis mogvarebisufro efeqturi da swrafi meqanizmebi.Tanamedrove pirobebSi ormxrivobam farTod Secvala gatis mravalmxrivobisprincipi, da ekonomikuri urTierTobebisa da ekonomikuri politikis gansazRvrisassul ufro metad xelmZRvaneloben politikuri mosazrebebiT.breton-vudis sistemis Tanaxmad, qveynis centraluri bankebis winaSe, aSS-sfederaluri sarezervo sistemis garda, daisva amocana — daecvaT fiqsirebuligacvliTi kursebi TavianT valutasa da dolars Soris. amas isini akeTebdnen ucxoursavaluto bazrebze intervenciis gziT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ama Tu im qveynis valutas26

dolarTan mimarTebaSi hqonda metismetad maRali fasi, misi centraluri banki yididaTavisi qveynis valutas dolarebSi gacvliT, riTac amcirebda mis fass. da, piriqiT. Turomelime qveynis valutis fasi metismetad dabali aRmoCndeboda, es qveyanayidulobda Tavis sakuTar valutas da amiT zrdida mis fass.breton-vudsis konferenciis monawileebma Seqmnes saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi,raTa daxmareba gaewiaT im saxelmwifoebisTvis, romelTac uWirdaT sagadasaxadobalansTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadawyveta. qveynebs savaluto fondis daxmarebasWirdebaT, ZiriTadad, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom isini ganicdian disproporciasekonomikaSi. tradiciulad fonds mimarTaven is qveynebi, romlebic arian mZimemdgomareobaSi saxelmwifo biujetis didi deficitisa da fuladi masis uaRresad didizrdis gamo. aseTi qveynebi cdilobdnen moexmaraT meti, vidre maT amis saSualebasaZlevda Semosavali eqsportisagan. Seqmnili viTarebis gamosworebis standartulsaSualebas, romelsac mimarTavda savaluto fondi, warmoadgenda moTxovnilebamevale qveynebis mimarT gamajansaRebeli xasiaTis mkveTri makroekonomikuri zomebisdacvis Sesaxeb, maT Soris sagadasaxado-sabiujeto da fuladi politikis gamkacrebamoklevadiani kreditebis miRebis sanacvlod.1970-ian da 80-ian wlebSi iaponiisa da evropis ekonomikebis gajansaRebam da aSS-isekonomikis SedarebiT dasustebam gaarTula saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemismdgomareoba. amasTan, iaponia da evropa jer ar iyvnen mzad SeesrulebinaT hegemonisada lideris roli. 1957 wlidan evropis Tanamegobroba udidesi savaWro bloki iyo.daarsda sabaJo kavSiri Tavisufali Sida vaWrobiT, Seiqmna saerTo sagareo tarifebida saerTo sasoflo-sameurneo politika. evropis qveynebis vaWrobam saocaritempebiT imata da 1986 wels msoflio saerTo vaWrobis 38.8 procents miaRwia. kidevufro gaizarda vaWroba evropis qveynebs Soris. rac Seexeba iaponias, 1960-ian wlebSimisi wili msoflio vaWrobaSi Seadgenda mxolod 3 procents. 1980-iani wlebisbolosaTvis ki misma wilma 8.3 procents miaRwia (The Politics of International EconomicRelations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1990). avtorTa azriT, amsaswaulebrivi ganviTarebis ukan idga iaponiis unikaluri niWi SeeTvisebina, daenergada ganeviTarebina uaxlesi ucxouri teqnologiebi, agreTve SesaZleblobagamoeTavisuflebina xalxi soflis meurneobidan, seriozuli investireba moexdinawarmoebaSi da daesaqmebina mosaxleoba am sferoSi. mTavrobam gadamwyveti roliiTamaSa iaponiis ekonomikis aseT mzard ganviTarebaSi — SemuSavda specialurisaxelmwifo programebi, romelTa farglebSic mniSvnelovani mxardaWera aRmoeCinebodakerZo investiciebs qveynisaTvis iseT strategiul dargebSi, rogoric iyofoladi, navTobgadamuSaveba, navTobqimikatebi, avtomanqanebi, TviTmfrinavebi,samrewvelo teqnika, eleqtroteqnika da kompiuterebi.iaponiis ganviTarebaSi aseve udidesi roli Seasrula eqsportis gafarToebisa daimportis proteqcionizmis (SezRudvis) politikam. vinaidan iaponiis ekonomika mniSvnelovanwiladiyo damokidebuli nedleulis importze, mTavrobam daawesa mkacrikontroli arasasicocxlo mniSvnelobis saqonlis importze. mTavrobam uzrunvelyosaSinao warmoebis ganviTareba garkveuli proteqcionisturi meTodebiT importirebulsaqonelze (tarifebi, kvotebi) da rigi administraciuli zomebiT — importislicenzireba da sxv. paralelurad udidesi aqcenti keTdeboda nebismieri saxisnawarmis eqsportze. 1960-ani wlebidan iaponiam moaxerxa Seeqmna iseTi ekonomika,romelic metwilad orientirebuli iyo eqsportze.gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi gaCnda axali problema. finansuribazrebis urTierTdamokidebulebis mudmivi gaZlierebisa da Zrdis pirobebSi zogierTiqveynebi aRmoCndnen seriozuli problemebis winaSe ucxouri valutis gacemissaqmeSi — ara imis gamo, rom arasworad warmarTavdnen ekonomikur saqmianobas, aramedimitom, rom kerZo investiciebis dolaris nakadebi ganicdidnen mkveTr cvlilebebs.xSirad amgvari problemebis gaCenas xsnidnen maTi ekonomikis funqcionirebaSistruqturuli xarvezebis arsebobiT. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino gaxda im finansurikrizisis dros, romelmac moicva azia 1997 wels.meoce saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi tailandSi, indoneziasa dasamxreT koreaSi moxda tempebis gansacvifrebeli zrda. inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiTmaT Seadgines 9 procenti. ucxoelma investorebma amas gansakuTrebuli yuradRebamiaqcies da male aziuri qveynebis ekonomika gaavses finansuri saxsrebiT. azia-wynariokeanis regionSi kapitalis modena gaizarda daaxloebiT xuTjer. axla, am gada-27

saxedidan, ekonomistebi ukve amtkiceben, rom am qveynebs ar SeswevdaT Zalagamklavebodnen kapitalis aseT mozRvavebas. marTalia, dagvianebiT, magramekonomistebi mainc mixvdnen, rom am kapitalis mniSvnelovani nawili ideboda iseTsawarmoebSi, romelTac ar mohqondaT Semosavali. maTi azriT, problemas isarTulebda, rom aziis mraval qveyanaSi cudad iyo organizebuli zedamxedvelobabankebze, romlebic xSirad iZulebuli iyvnen, zewolis qveS, gaecaT kreditebi araekonomikurad xelsayreli, aramed politikuri interesebiT nakarnaxevi proeqtebisdasafinanseblad. rodesac ganviTarebis tempebis zrdaSi xarvezebi gaCnda, amproeqtebis didi nawili ekonomikurad arasicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda. mravalisawarmo gakotrda.aziuri krizisis am gamocdilebis gaziarebiT SeerTebulma Statebma da sxva qveynebmadaiwyes saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis kapitalis gazrda, raTa fondsSesaZlebloba hqonoda warmatebiT gadaewyvita amgvari saerTaSoriso finansuriproblemebi. fondma cno, rom gaurkvevloba da informaciis uqonloba xels uwyobdasaerTaSoriso safinanso bazrebis cvalebadobas, da daiwyo Tavisi moqmedebebissajaroobis uzrunvelyofa. garda amisa, SeerTebulma Statebma moiTxoves, romsaerTaSoriso savaluto fondis daJinebuli rekomendaciiT qveynebs ganexorcielebinaTstruqturuli reformebi.saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma amis sapasuxod marTlac wauyena moTxovnamTavrobebs SeewyvitaT politikurad xelsayreli proeqtebisaTvis kreditebis gacema.fondma moiTxova qveynebisagan gakotrebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis reformireba, raTawamgebiani sawarmoebi male daxuruliyo. es xels Seuwyobda maT mier am qveynebisekonomikidan saxsrebis amoqaCvis mankieri praqtikis Sewyvetas. saerTaSorisosavaluto fondi aqtiurad uWerda mxars saxelmwifo sawarmoTa privatizacias. igi,xSir SemTxvevaSi, moiTxovda, rom qveynebs ganexorcielebinaT savaWro politikisliberalizacia, kerZod, im mizniT, rom ufro farTod gaexsnaT gza TavianTibazrebisaken ucxouri bankebisa da finansuri institutebisaTvis.gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis damlevs saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma,agreTve cno, rom misi tradiciuli rekomendaciebi sagadasaxado balansSiproblemebis mqone qveynebisaTvis, kerZod — xisti sagadasaxado-sabiujeto da fuladipolitikis gatareba, yovelTvis ar amarTlebda im qveynebSi, romlebic ganicdidnenfinansur kriziss. zogierT SemTxvevaSi fondma Searbila Tavisi moTxovnebideficitis Semcirebis Sesaxeb, raTa qveynebs miscemodaT SesaZlebloba gaezardaTxarjebi im programebisaTvis, romlebic Tavis miznad isaxavdnen siRaribis masStabebisSemcirebas da umuSevarTa dacvas.breton-vudsis konferenciaze Seiqmna, agreTve rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebissaerTaSoriso banki. igi warmoadgens mravalmxriv organizacias, romlis mizania xeliSeuwyos msoflio vaWrobasa da ekonomikur ganviTarebas im qveynebisaTvis valisgacemiT, romlebsac msoflio bazarze gasasvlelad ar gaaCniaT sakuTari finansurisaxsrebi. msoflio banki kapitals Rebulobs Tavisi wevri-qveynebisagan, romelTacSeaqvT wvlili maTi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis proporciulad. SeerTebulma StatebmaSeitanes pirveldawyebiTi kapitalis daaxloebiT 35 procenti.Tavisi moRvaweobis adrindel etapze msoflio banki asocirdeboda didiproeqtebis ganxorcielebasTan, magaliTad — kaSxlebis mSeneblobasTan. magram gasulisaukunis oTxmocian-oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi man gaafarTova Tavisi midgomebiekonomikuri ganviTarebisadmi da daiwyo meti saxsrebis Cadeba iseT proeqtebSi,romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo ganaTlebasTan, profesiul momzadebasTan da miznadisaxavdnen “adamianuri kapitalis” dagrovebas, agreTve qveynebis mier sabazroekonomikis mxardasaWerad sxvadasxva institutebis SeqmnasTan.rac Seexeba momaval saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemas, msoflio vaWrobaSi iaponiisrolis mzardi ganviTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adre bevri mecnieri miiCnevda, rom masseriozuli rolis TamaSi SeeZlo, liderobac ki, msoflio vaWrobaSi axal industriulsaxelmwifoebTan erTad. Tumca, am ideis momxreTa ricxvma iklo ocdameerTesaukunis dasawyisisTvis da axla sul ufro metni miiCneven gaerTianebul evropas anCineTs potenciur liderebad savaWro sferoSi.joan spiros azriT, momavali saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis CamoyalibebaSiudidesi mniSvneloba eqneba imas, Tu rogor gaiazreben dRevandeli wamyvani saxelmwifoebinaklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da axali industriuli saxel-28

mwifoebis rols am sistemaSi. misi azriT, opekis wevr saxelmwifoebs da iseT naklebadganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs, rogorebicaa brazilia, meqsika, argentina da sxv.,seriozuli sityvis Tqma SeuZliaT saerTaSoriso bazarze, miT umetes, taivans,tailands, samxreT koreas, singapurs, malaizias da filipinebs, romlebsac intensiurisavaWro urTierTobebi aqvT rogorc ganviTarebul, aseve mesame samyaros qveynebTan,da romlebmac ukve daiwyes mniSvnelovani masStabebis investireba ganviTarebulqveynebSi. spiro miiCnevs, rom uaxloes momavalSi es saxelmwifoebi moiTxoven damiiReben kidec monawileobas saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis marTvaSi, da esgarduvalia. garda amisa, ukve daiwyo yofili aRmosavleTis sistemis saxelmwifoebisgaerTianeba breton-vudsis sistemaSi da maTi `ekonomikuri amoqaCva~ grZelvadianperspeqtivaSi kidev ufro gaaZlierebs erTiani evropis poziciebs msoflioSi.axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi iqneba mravalmxrivi marTvis sistema, daTu adre konfliqtebisa da TanamSromlobis sakiTxebis mogvareba mniSvnelovanwiladmxolod erTi saxelmwifos mier xdeboda, momavalSi amaSi monawileobas bevrisaxelmwifo miiRebs saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare. Tumca, bevri mecnierimiiCnevs, rom mravalmxrivi menejmenti (marTva) msoflio ekonomikisa Zalian Znelia.hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis momxreni amtkiceben, rom, rogorc istoriamcxadyo, mxolod erTi lideris (hegemonis) arsebobis pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebelixangrZlivi stabilurobis SenarCuneba.mecnierTa azriT, miuxedavad zogierTi miRwevebisa, msoflio vaWrobis liberalizaciisprocesi dakavSirebulia did siZneleebTan. jer kidev maRalia savaWrobarierebi, gansakuTrebiT iseT seqtorebSi, rogoricaa momsaxurebis warmoeba dasoflis meurneoba. urugvais raundis dros qveynebi Seecadnen gadaewyvitaTmomsaxurebisa da vaWrobis zogierTi sakiTxi. magram mainc darCa savaWro barierebi,romlebic exeba momsaxurebis seqtoris daaxloebiT 20 segments. mecnierebasa dateqnologiaSi mimdinare swrafi cvlilebebi warmoSobs axal problemebs vaWrobisdargSi. magaliTad, soflis meurneobis produqciis amerikel eqsportiorTa didSeSfoTebas iwvevs is garemoeba, rom evropuli wesebi krZalaven genetikuradmodificirebuli organizmebis gamoyenebas. mTeli rigi problemebisa warmoSva,agreTve eleqtronuli vaWrobis gaCenam. 1998 wels msoflio savaWro organizaciiswevr qveynebis ministrebma gamoaqveynes gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom qveynebma ar undaSeuSalon xeli eleqtronuli vaWrobis warmoebas vaWrobisa da momsaxurebiseleqtronul gadagzavnaze baJis dawesebiT. magram bevri ram jer kidev gadauWrelia.ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs surT gadaaqcion interneti utarifo zonad,uzrunvelyon mTel msoflioSi erTmaneTis konkurenti telekomunikaciuri bazrebisarseboba da ganamtkicon tariful produqciaze inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvisglobaluri saSualebebi.msoflio savaWro organizacia (World Trade Organisation)msoflio savaWro organizacia daarsda 1995 wels da faqtiurad Secvala gati. misiStabbina JenevaSia. mmarTveli organoa ministrTa konferencia, romelic ikribeba orweliwadSi erTxel. organizaciis yoveldRiur saqmianobas axorcielebs generalurisabWo. mas safuZvlad udevs 30-mde SeTanxmeba, romlebic warmoadgenen saerTaSorisovaWrobisa da savaWro politikis samarTlebriv bazas. es SeTanxmebebi Tavmoyriliaurugvais raundis saboloo aqtSi, romlis ZiriTadi principebia: aradiskriminaciulidamokidebuleba yvela qveynis mimarT; Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSewyoba; konkurenciisxelSewyoba; gansakuTrebuli daxmarebis aRmoCena naklebad-ganviTarebuliqveynebisTvis.msoflio savaWro organozacias aqvs sami ZiriTadi mizani:• xeli Seuwyos vaWrobas;• miaRwios TandaTanobiT liberalizacias molaparakebebis gziT;• danergos davebis samarTliani mogvarebis meqanizmebi.• misi erT-erTi mizania, agreTve proteqcionizmTan brZola.29

mesame samyaros gaCena daekonomikuri sistemis sami qvesistemamesame samyaros cneba gaCnda laTinuri amerikis, xolo mogvianebiT aziisa daafrikis nacionalisturi moZraobebis ganviTarebis paralelurad. zogierTimecnieris azriT, rasobrivi da kulturuli gansxvaveba, ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebTanSedarebiT, nawilobriv safuZveli gaxda mesame msoflios nacionalizmisa(The Global Political Economy, Perspectives, Problems and Policies, Stephen Gill and David Law. TheJohns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1993). Tumca es naklebad exeba laTinur amerikas,sadac politikuri elita, oligarqia da mmarTveli Zalebi umetesad TeTrkanianebiTarian warmodgenili. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom afrikis, aziisa da laTinuri amerikiselitebi yovelTvis dainteresebuli iyvnen dasavleTze TavianTi damokidebulebisa dadaqvemdebarebis SemcirebiT, rac pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli maTi ekonomikebisdiversifikaciasa da industrializaciasTan.raul prebiSi pirveli iyo, vinc dasva SekiTxvebi: ratom aris saerTaSoriso Sromisdanawileba aseTi araTanaswori? ratom arian mesame samyaros qveynebi pirveladi,nedleuli saqonlis eqsportiorebi da mza produqciis importiorebi? ramdenadracionaluria aseTi sistema?gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ganviTarebadi qveynebi sul ufro da ufrodaJinebiT moiTxovdnen axal saerTaSoriso ekonomikur wesrigs — ufro samarTliansda damndobs. rodesac 1944-1948 wlebSi iqmneboda liberaluri ekonomikuri sistema damisi Tanmdevi institutebi (msoflio banki, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, tarifebisada vaWrobis generaluri SeaTanxmeba), aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikissaxelmwifoebi naklebad iyvnen Cabmulni am procesSi, vinaidan bevr maTgans jersaxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba unda moepovebina, da isini swored amiT iyvnendakavebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom im dros ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi umetesobaswarmoadgendnen gaero-s generalur asambleaSi, suraTi sxvanairi iyo msoflio banksada saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi. xolo, rac Seexeba, tarifebisa da vaWrobisgeneralur SeTanxmebas, igi ganviTarebadi qveynebis mier saerTod aRiqmebodamdidarTa klubad. ganviTarebadi qveynebis mcire Sida bazrebis gamo maT faqtobrivadar gaaCndaT saimiso berketi, rom raimenairad SeecvalaT gadawyetilebebi tarifebisregulirebasTan dakavSirebiT. isini im etapze moiTxovden, realobidan gamomdinare,angariSi gaewiaT maTi axalSobili ekonomikebisaTvis da ufleba miscemodaTesargeblaT SeRavaTiani tarifebiT.1974 wels moTxovna axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaxeb gacxaddagaeros maisis rezoluciaSi. rezoluciis miReba dakavSirebuli iyo opekiswarmatebebTan, rodesac man moaxerxa navTobze maRali fasebis daweseba. amis SedegadganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebidan arnaxuli Tanxebi Sevida opekis wevrsaxelmwifoebSi. es warmateba gadaWarbebulad iyo Sefasebuli mesame samyarosqveynebis mier. maT gadawyvites, rom opeki naTeli magaliTi iyo imisa, Tu rogorSeeZloT ganviTarebad qveynebs seriozuli rolis Sesruleba msoflio ekonomikaSi.amasTan, ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da bolomde gaazrebuli navTobze ganviTarebulisaxelmwifoebis moTxovnilebis mniSvneloba.is ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi, romlebic navTobis imports eweodnen opekidan,mxars uWerdnen an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar akritikebdnen opeks, vinaidan maT imedihqondaT, rom miiRebdnen garkveul savaWro SeRavaTebs opekisagan; miiRebdnen ekonomikurdaxmarebas opekis zogierTi saxelmwifosgan; mibaZavdnen opeks da miiRebdnenmxardaWeras opekis saxelmwifoebisagan axali ekonomikuri wesrigis moTxovnis saqmeSi.navTobi Zlieri instrumenti iqneboda mesame samyaros qveynebisaTvis ganviTarebulsaxelmwifoebTan molaparakebebis dros. amasTan opekis wevr qveynebsac esmodaT,rom ar unda daeSvaT TavianT winaaRmdeg ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa daganviTarebadi navTobis importiori qveynebis aliansi.1981 wlis navTobis krizisma opeki daasusta. paralelurad dasustda ganviTarebulisaxelmwifoebis isedac susti `vaWrobis poziciebi~ molaparakebebis dros.amasTan dasavleTi kidev erTxel darwmunda, rom opekis saxelmwifoebis siZlieredidad aris damokidebuli moTxovnaze navTobze, xolo moTxovnas ganapirobeben30

swored isini, ganviTarebuli qveynebi.ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis mcdeloba mieRoT sabWoTa kavSiris daxmareba, asevewarumateblad damTavrda. sabWoTa kavSiris daxmareba samxedro daxmarebiT ufroSemoifargleboda, vidre ekonomikuriT. mas ar SeeZlo da ar undoda sazRvrebi gaexsnaganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis produqciisaTvis, es advilic ar iqneboda gegmiuriekonomikis pirobebSi. amgvarad, ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebs, maT Soris`socialisturebsac~, dasavleTTan ufro intensiuri vaWroba hqondaT, vidre sabWoTablokTan.aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tavad ganviTarebadi qveynebis kavSiric ar Sedga. amis mizezimravalia: gansxvavebebi ideologiaSi, kulturaSi, religiaSi (gansakuTrebiTsunitebisa da Siitebis dapirispireba), industrializaciis doneSi da sxv. amas ematebaregionaluri SuRlebi da uTanxmoebebi sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad vergaamarTla TiTqmis verc erTma ekonomikurma kavSirma, romelTa Seqmnis mcdelobebicara erTxel iyo.radikaluri saxelmwifoebis azriT, meore msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnililiberaluri saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi qveynebis uTanasworobisa dasimdidris araTanabrad gadanawilebis mTavari mizezia.gilpinis azriT (The Political Economy of International Relations), miuxedavad imisa, rommeore msoflio omis Semdeg ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mxriv iyo ara erTimcdeloba daxmarebodnen postkoloniur da mesame samyaros sxva qveynebs ekonomikurizrdis daCqarebaSi, es procesi ar iyo Tanmimdevruli da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,samarTliani. amis magaliTia afrikis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauareseba, laTinuramerikaSi dawyebuli ekonomikuri zrdis Sewyveta 80-ian wlebSi da dasavleTis mTeliyuradRebis koncentrireba Soreul aRmosavleTze (axali industriuli qveynebi).axali industriuli qveynebiaxal industriul saxelmwifoebs `aziur vefxvebsac~ uwodeben. es saxelmwifoebia:taivani, tailandi, samxreT korea, filipinebi, malaizia, singapuri, honkongi daindonezia (garkveuli mosazrebebiT laTinuramerikuli saxelmwifoebi brazilia,meqsika, argentina da Cilec miekuTvnebian axali industriuli qveynebis sias). essaxelmwifoebi meoce saukunis movlenaa. isini saocrad swrafi tempiT ganviTardnen dagarkveuli wona moipoves msoflio ekonomikur sistemaSi. maTi ganviTarebis sawindariiyo industriuli dargebis amuSaveba da samrewvelo saqonlis eqsportis dawyeba.Tumca industria ar aris erTaderTi sfero, romelic ganaviTares axalma industriulmaqveynebma. maT seriozul warmatebebs miaRwies mecnierebatevad dargebSi,bioteqnologiaSi, zegamtarobis sferoSi, energiis alternatiuli wyaroebis gamoyenebaSi,robotmSeneblobaSi da sxv. ucxouri kapitalis mozidvis mizniT es qveynebiqmnidnen da qmnian saeqsporto sawarmoo zonebs, sadac sagareo bazarze orientirebulisaqoneli iwarmoeba. umetesad isini iqmneba navsadgurebTan da aeroportebTanaxlos da iq yvela SesaZlo pirobaa Seqmnili swrafi da maqsimalurad iafi warmoebisaTvis(SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimi, gaficvebis akrZalva, sxv.).am qveynebis warmatebas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli iafi muSaxelis arsebobam daSromatevadi dargebis Semosvlam ganviTarebuli qveynebidan. Tumca umTavresi, albaT,mainc am qveynebis mTavrobebis mier arCeuli swori ekonomikuri strategiaa. gilpinisazriT, am qveynebSi mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom arsebobda Zlieri saxelmwifo daekonomikuri biurokratia, romelsac unari Seswevda Camoeyalibebina prioritetebi,ganexorcielebina mizanmimarTuli ekonomikuri politika da gaetarebina saWiro daxSirad arapopularuli reformebi. ekonomikis mesveurebma SeZles vaWroba, investirebada sxva ekonomikuri saqmianoba ewarmoebinaT erovnuli da saxelmwifoebriviinteresebidan gamomdinare. saxelmwifo da kerZo struqturebma moaxerxes konstruqciuliTanamSromloba da SeimuSaves apolitikuri industriuli politika, romelicorives interess da, saboloo jamSi, qveynebis interesebs pasuxobda. da bolos, rac,albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania, am qveynebma uzarmazari investiciebi Cades ganaTlebasada adamianur resursebSi.axali industriuli qveynebis warmateba kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs globalurisiRaribis Temas. is faqti, rom ramdenime daqvemdebarebulma da sustma qveyanam31

moaxerxa aseTi swrafi tempebiT ganviTareba da bevri ganviTarebuli qveynisekonomikuri zrdis tempis gadaWarbebac ki, badebs SekiTxvas: ratom ganviTardnen isinida ratom ver ganviTardnen maTi msgavsi sxva ganviTarebadi qveynebi? ra iyo is sworinabiji, ramac maT aseTi ganviTarebis saSualeba misca?am qveynebis Seswavla gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani unda iyos CvenTvis, rogorcsusti saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebisaTvis, da, ra Tqma unda, imedis momcemic.gagrZeldeba Tu ara axali industriuli qveynebis aRmasvla da SesaZlebelia Tuara, rom sxva saxelmwifoebmac gaimeoron maTi gza, didad aris damokidebuliglobaluri ekonomikis zrdis tempebze, ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis bazrebisgaxsnilobaze da industriuli teqnologiis cvalebadobaze.saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis qvesistemebiamerikeli ekonomisti joan edelman spiro Tavis wignSi (The Politics of InternationalEconomic Relations) gvTavazobs saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis dayofas samqvesistemad. globaluri sistemis amgvarad danawileba, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia,radgan es qvesistemebi erTmaneTisagan gamoyofili da izolirebuli ar aris. magrampolitikuri da ekonomikuri procesebi TiToeul qvesistemaSi mainc specifiuria dasaSualebas gvaZlevs gavaanalizoT ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze myofisaxelmwifoebis mdgomareoba da qceva saerTaSoriso sistemaSi.dasavleTis (urTierTdamokidebulebis) qvesistemaes qvesistema, romelsac aseve urTierTdamokidebulebis qvesistemas uwodeben,moicavs CrdiloeT amerikis, dasavleT evropisa da iaponiis maRalganviTarebulsaxelmwifoebs. joan spiro aqve aRniSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia am qvesistemaSiavstraliis, axali zelandiisa da samxreT afrikis gaerTianebac (The Politics ofInternational Economic Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition.). isini uamravi ekonomikuri,savaWro, safinanso, teqnologiuri da sxv. kavSiriT mWidroda arian erTmaneTTandakavSirebuli. maT Soris amgvari urTierToba Camoyalibda da ganviTarda meoremsoflio omis Semdeg. amaSi udidesi roli Seasrula e.w. breton-vudsis savalutosafinansosistemam da tarifebisa da vaWrobis generalurma SeTanxmebam. saerTaSorisoreJimma, romelic aSS dolarze da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikur dasamxedro hegemoniaze iyo dafuZnebuli. orive xsenebulma reJimma xeli Seuwyo amqvesistemis saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikur aRmavlobas, warmoebis gaSlas, eqsportiszrdas, teqnologiur progress da aS. aman saerTaSoriso safinanso da savaWroaqtivoba, safinanso bazrebis internacionalizacia da, rogorc yovelive amis Sedegi,xsenebul saxelmwifoTa urTierTdamokidebuleba moitana. am qvesistemis SigniTCamoyalibda evropis saxelmwifoTa integracia da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebisintegracia (NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement – CrdiloeT amerikis TavisufalivaWrobis SeTanxmeba. daarsda 1994 wels. Tavdapirvelad aerTianebda aSS-s, kanadasa dameqsikas. mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli am wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobisgaintensiurebas. iTvaliswinebs tarifebis Semcirebas, wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvissavaWro sferoSi SeRavaTebis miniWebas da sxv.).mkveTrad gazrdilma urTierTdamokidebulebam da integraciam, marTalia,keTildReoba moutana am saxelmwifoebs, magram maT garkveuli politikuri daekonomikuri problemebi Seuqmna. TiTqos urTierTdamokidebuleba ufro swrafadganviTarda, vidre misi marTvis, menejmentis saSualebebi. gansakuTrebiT undaaRiniSnos, rom am qvesistemis saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis gamoganviTarebuli erovnuli ekonomika sxva monawileTa ekonomikuri politikisa daviTarebis mimarT metad mgrZnobiarea. erTis avadmyofoba gadadis meoreze. erTiqveynis monetarul, savaWro da investiciaTa politikaSi momxdari cvlilebebiuSualo gavlenas axdenen sxva saxelmwifoebis imave sferoebze. uaryofiTi movlenebi,rogoricaa umuSevroba, warmoebis dacema, inflacia da sxv., am SemTxvevaSi sazRvrebsar scnobs.32

garda amisa, calkeuli saxelmwifoebis poziciebidan Tu vimsjelebT,urTierTdamokidebulebis pirobebSi Careva xdeba saxelmwifo politikasa daekonomikaSi. igi asustebs erovnuli qveynis marTvas. TiTqos sadRac zRudavserovnul interesebsac ki. joan spiros azriT, sul ufro izrdeba daZabulobasaxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso menejmentebs Soris, vinaidan xSirad erovnul mTavrobasuwevs rTuli da kompleqsuri saSinao problemebis mosagvareblad jerurTierTdamokidebulebiT gamowveuli problemebis mogvarebaze fiqri.dasavleTis qvesistema aris liberaluri. am qvesistemis mTavari niSnebia: mWidrourTierTdamokidebuleba da maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi liberaluri ekonomikiT daliberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebis matarebeli mTavrobebiT.CrdiloeT-samxreTis (damokidebulebis) qvesistemaam qvesistemaSi mkafiod gamoxatuli dapirispireba da daqvemdebareba SeiniSnebaganviTarebul (dasavleT evropa, CrdiloeT amerika da iaponia) da ganviTarebad(afrika, azia da laTinuri amerika) qveynebs Soris. dasavleTis qvesistemisgangansxvavebiT, am qvesistemaSi gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebi Zlier gansxvavdebianerTmaneTisagan ekonomikis ganviTarebis doniT da saerTo erovnuli produqtiT erTsul mosaxleze. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos mdgomareobagarkveulwilad umjobesdeba, absoluturi gansxvaveba SemosavlebSi ucvlelia.umTavresi problema am uTanasworo qvesistemisa aris damokidebuleba (daqvemdebareba).daqvemdebareba arsebobs, rodesac samxreTis saxelmwifoebs ekonomikuriinteraqciis maRali done gaaCniaT CrdiloeTis qveynebTan, rodesac es interaqciaZalian mniSvnelovania erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, samxreTis saxelmwifoebidamokidebulebi xdebian CrdiloeTSi mimdinare movlenebze da CrdiloeTissaxelmwifoebis qmedebebze. CrdiloeTis saxelmwifoebisaTvis ki es interaqciebi araris xarisxobrivad mniSvnelovani. amgvarad, urTierTdamokidebuleba arissimetriuli movlena, maSin, rodesac damokidebuleba — asimetriuli.daqvemdebarebis sxvadasxva formebi arsebobs.aris savaWro daqvemdebareba — samxreTis saxelmwifoebis umetesobis Sida bazrebipataraa da isini mniSvnelovnad arian damokidebulni CrdiloeTis bazrebze, raTagaitanon da gayidon TavianTi saqoneli. Sesabamisad samxreTi Zalian mgrZnobiareaaCrdiloeTSi arsebuli faqtorebis mimarT, rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri,romlebic qmnian CrdiloeTis moTxovnas da gavlenas axdenen vaWrobaze. garda amisa,samxreTis qveynebis vaWrobis udidesi procenti xSirad modis CrdiloeTis romelimeerT konkretul saxelmwifoze, rac kidev erTxel aZlierebs mis damokidebulebas amkonkretul bazarze. samxreTi, rogorc wesi, yidis erT an ramdenime pirveladproduqts, amitom Zalian mgrZnobiarea am produqciaze moTxovnilebis rxevadobaze.Tanac, yidis umetesad nedleuls da naxevarfabrikats, rac bevrad ufro iafia, vidremza produqcia. amgvarad, susti qveynebi vaWrobaSi eqsportze xdebian damokidebulni,raTa miRebuli SemosavliT moaxerxon importis xarjebis dafarva. xolo vinaidan,rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, nedleulisa da naxevarfabrikatis Rirebuleba bevradnaklebia mza produqciis fasTan SedarebiT, eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavali aryofnis imports, da es mudmivi procesia.daqvemdebarebis meore formaa daqvemdebareba kapitaldabandebis sferoSi.samxreTis qveynebSi Sida kapitaldabandebebi ucxouria. amitom, ucxouri kapitaldabandebebiakontrolebs am qveynis wamyvan dargebs. daqvemdebarebis done, aqedangamomdinare, Zalian maRalia da viTardeba ara qveynisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebeli,aramed CrdiloeTisaTvis misaRebi da xelsayreli sferoebi.daqvemdebarebis mesame formaa finansuri. susti qveyana iRebs daxmarebassaerTaSoriso savaluto fondidan, romelic itovebs uflebas ukarnaxos qveyanasekonomikis warmoebis politika da Caerios qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikaSi.fondi qveyanas uyenebs garkveul pirobebs, romlebic man unda Seasrulos.moTxovnebis arSesrulebis SemTxvevaSi fonds aqvs qveynis dasjis berketebic(momdevno tranSis argacema, finansuri daxmarebis Sewyveta, Sav siaSi Seyvana, aS.).susti qveynebi iReben sesxebs, agreTve, ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis kerZokomerciuli bankebisgan.33

susti qveynis finansuri daqvemdebarebis kidev erTi maCvenebelia ganviTarebuliZlieri qveynebis komerciuli bankebisadmi davalianeba. ucxouri daxmareba qmnisdaqvemdebarebas. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, susti qveynebi eqvemdebareba imorganizaciebis gadawyvetilebebs, romlebSic maT xmis ufleba ar gaaCniaT (msofliobanki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi). susti qveynebi gaTiSulia yvelamniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebisgan, im martivi mizezis gamo, rom sustia. TumcaamasTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso safinanso-savaluto organizaciebs daganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs TavianTi mosazrebebi aqvs. maTi azriT, samxreTisqveynebSi TiTqmis yvela sferoSi farTod gavrcelebuli korufciis gamo, miRebuliTanxa (daxmareba) arakeTilsindisierad ixarjeba, rac, ra Tqma unda, aZnelebsSemdgomSi Tanxis dabrunebas da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, im dargis an sferosganviTarebas, romlisTvisac iyo is Tanxa gamiznuli. garda amisa, ganviTarebulsaxelmwifoebs magaliTad mohyavT axali industriuli qveynebi, romlebmac SeZlesdaxmarebis miznobrivad gamoyeneba, TavianTi ekonomikis giganturi nabijebiTganviTareba da, Sesabamisad, daqvemdebarebisTvis garkveulwilad Tavis daRweva.zemoT aRniSnuli ekonomikuri daqvemdebarebebi, Cveulebriv, kidev ufroZlierdeba sxva saxis urTierTobebiT CrdiloeTTan: kulturuli kavSirebi, sxvadasxvasaxis aliansebi da xelSekrulebebi, araformaluri politikuri kavSirebi da samxedrokavSirebi, dawyebuli samxedro daxmarebiT da damTavrebuli samxedro intervenciiT.joan spiros azriT, samxreTis saxelmwifo im institutebis mier miRebuligadawyvetilebebis sagani xdeba, romlebSic mas bevris Tqmis ufleba ar aqvs. msoflioekonomikis marTvidan samxreTis saxelmwifoebis gamoricxvis yvelaze naTelimagaliTebia iseTi ekonomikuri institutebi CrdiloeTSi, rogorebicaa saerTaSorisosavaluto fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro organizacia. es is institutebia,romlebic Seiqmna ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mier da, romlebic gamoxataven maTinteresebs. CrdiloeTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebigavlenas axdens ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur zrdaze. amgvarad,samxreTis qveynebis azriT, arsebuli sistema aris arakanonieri, vinaidan maT argaaCniaT gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba da isini realurad ver iReben monawileobasam sistemis marTvaSi. arsebuli saerTaSoriso wesrigi samxreTis daqvemdebarebisSenarCunebis institutad aRiqmeba am qveynebis mier da ukve mravali welia mis SecvlasmoiTxoven. maTi survilia monawileoba miiRon sistemis marTvaSi da sruladisargeblon am sistemis sikeTeebiT.yovelive amis Semdeg unda iTqvas, rom ekonomikuri daqvemdebareba politikuridaqvemdebarebis sawindaria da politikur gadawyvetilebebs sust saxelmwifoebsZlierebi axveven Tavs.aRmosavleT-dasavleTis qvesistemaam qvesistemas damoukideblobis qvesistemasac uwodeben. masSi moiazrebasocialisturi qveynebi da dasavleTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi, dasavleTissabazro ekonomika da socialisturi qveynebis gegmiuri ekonomika. civi omis periodSiisini izolirebuli iyvnen erTmaneTisgan da maT Soris kavSirebi naklebad iyo. maTSeqmnes TavianTi ekonomikuri institutebi. aRmosavleTi ar monawileobda saerTa-Soriso savaluto fondSi, msoflio banksa da gatSi. aRmosavleT-dasavleTs Soris vaWrobaumniSvnelo iyo da ar xdeboda kapitalisa Tu investiciebis brunva. dReisaTvis esqvesistema irRveva da igi faqtiurad aRar arsebobs.aRmosavleTis qveynebis SesaZlo gadasvla sxva sistemaSi qmnis mraval politikurda ekonomikur problemas. aqedan gamomdinare, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saerTa-Soriso ekonomikaSi sami ZiriTadi problemaa: urTierTdamokidebulebis kontrolidasavleTis sistemaSi, Tanasworobis miRweva da ekonomikuri daqvemdebarebis moxsna,dasavleT-aRmosavleTis ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaZliereba da amis xarjzeaRmosavleTis ekonomikis gaZliereba (dasavleTis ekonomikasTan miaxloeba da SemdeggaTanabreba).34

navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia(Organisation of Petrolium Exporting Countries – OPEC)navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (opeki) aris TerTmeti ganviTarebadiqveynisagan Semdgari saerTaSoriso organizacia. daarsda 1960 wlis seqtemberSibaRdadis konferenciaze. pirveli xuTi weli Stabbina iyo JenevaSi. 1965 wlidan ki —venaSia. misi wevrebi mniSvnelovnad arian damokidebuli navTobidan miRebulSemosavalze, rogorc Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaroze da es sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaaam qveynebis ekonomikisaTvis. opeks hyavs xuTi damaarsebeli qveyanaa: irani, erayi,quveiTi, saudis arabeTi da venesuela. Semdeg SeuerTdnen: katari (1961w.), indonezia(1961w.), libia (1962w.), arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiroebi (1967w.), alJiri (1969w.),nigeria (1971w.), ekvadori (1973-1992ww.) da gaboni (1975-1994ww.).maTgan ekvadorma da gabonma meoce saukunis 90-ian wlebSi datoves organizacia.opekis daarsebas ewinaaRmdegebodnen seriozuli navTobkompaniebi, romlebic,ZiriTadad, aSS-s britaneTsa da germanias ekuTvnoda. opeks surda navTobis fasebis damwarmoeblebis gadasaxadebis Semcireba. Tavidan igi muSaobda rogorc araformalurigaerTianeba, romelic awarmoebda molaparakebebs mesame samyaros mier navTobisgayidvasTan dakavSirebiT. im periodSi misi saqmianoba ZiriTadad SemoifarglebodadasavleTis navTobkompaniebTan TanamSromlobiT da navTobis xarisxis kontroliT.organizaciis wevroba Tavisufalia nebismieri qveynisaTvis, romelic warmoadgensnavTobis solidur eqsportiors da iziarebs organizaciis idealebs.TerTmeti wevri erToblivad bazars miawodebs navTobis mTeli produqciis 40%-sda flobs msoflio navTobis dadasturebuli maragis 3/4-ze mets. ufro konkretulad,opeki flobs 78%. aqedan yvelaze didi wili modis saudis arabeTze, Semdeg modianirani, erayi, quveiTi, arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiroebi, venesuela, libia, nigeria,katari, alJiri da indonezia. maTgan saudis arabeTis, iranisa da erayis maragebiSeadgens opekis mTeli maragis 57%-s.opekis mizania koordinireba gauwios wevri saxelmwifoebis politikas navTobTanmimarTebaSi, raTa uzrunvelyos samarTliani da stabiluri fasebi navTobproduqciaze,efeqturi, ekonomiuri da regularuli miwodeba momxmarebeli saxelmwifoebisaTvisda kapitalis samarTliani dabruneba maTTvis, vinc investireba moaxdina industriaSi.opekis ministrTa konferencia ikribeba weliwadSi orjer da igi pasuxismgebeliaorganizaciis zogadi politikis formulirebaze.opekis samdivno mudmivmoqmedi mTavrobaTaSoriso organoa. igi dafuZnebuliavenaSi. samdivnos oficialuri enaa inglisuri.opekis daxmarebiT, misi wevri qveynebi eqsportidan mniSvnelovnad met mogebasiReben, vidre isini amas damoukideblad miiRebdnen. opekis oficialuri internetgverdismonacemebiT, 2004 wels opekis TerTmetma wevrma miiRo 338 miliardi aSSdolari navTobis eqsportidan. 2003 welTan SedarebiT es ricxvi 42%-iT gaizarda.igive internet-gverdze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia SevadaroT es ricxvebi 1972 wlismonacemebs, rodesac eqsportiorebma miiRes 23 miliardi aSS dolari, an 1977 wlismonacemebs, rodesac 1973 wlis energo krizisis Semdeg eqsportiorma qveynebma 140miliardi aSS dolari miiRes.navTobi iyideba amerikul dolarSi da, Sesabamisad, misi kursi Zalian did gavlenasaxdens opekze, mag., Tu dolaris kursi ecema, maSin opekis wevrebi nakleb Tanxas iRebenTavianT valutaSi, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba maT gadamxdelunarianobaze. evrosSemoRebis Semdeg opekis ramdenime wevr saxelmwifos, maT Soris erays, mcdelobahqonda navTobis gayidvebi evroze gadaeyvanaT, Tumca uSedegod, Tu am mosazrebasopekis yvela wevri gaiziarebda, maSin aSS-s ekonomikas seriozuli zarali miadgeboda.opekis gadawyvetilebebi did gavlenas axdens navTobis saerTaSoriso fasebze.magaliTad, 1973 wlis energokrizisis dros opekma uari ganacxada navTobis eqsportzedasavleTis qveynebSi (aSS da dasavleT evropa), romlebic mxars uWerdnen israels iomqifuris anu oqtombris omSi egviptisa da siriis winaaRmdeg. aman ganapiroba navTobisfasis gaoTxmageba, ramac xuT Tves gastana, 1973 wlis 17 oqtombridan 1974 wlis 18martamde.energokrizisi gamowveuli iyo arab-israelis konfliqtiT. embargomde industriulidasavleTi, da gansakuTrebiT aSS, opekidan navTobs iRebda sakmaod iafad. 1945-35

1970 wlebSi dasavleTma da iaponiam moixmares ufro meti navTobi da mineralebi, vidremTeli kacobriobis istoriis manZilze. navTobis gamoyeneba aSS-Si gaormagda 1950-1974wlebSi.. am periodSi aSS-is mosaxleoba Seadgenda msoflio mosaxleobis 6% damoixmarda msoflios navTobis 33%.vinaidan opekis saxelmwifoebi navTobs aSS dolarebSi yiddnen da amasTan, navTobisfasi dolarebSi iyo dafiqsirebuli, nebismieri cvlileba aSS-is ekonomikaSiaisaxeboda opekis saxelmwifoebis ekonomikaze. xolo, vinaidan meoce saukunissamocdaaTian wlebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda amerikaSi, bunebrivia, navTobiseqsportiori qveynebi am movlenebisgan izolirebulni ver darCnen. amerikisprezidenti riCard niqsoni 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi arasaxarbielo viTarebaSiaRmoCnda. fasebis zrda da ekonomikuri stagnacia umwvavesi sakiTxebi iyo. 1971 welsniqsonma SeaCera dolaris konvertabeluroba oqroSi. dasrulda valutebis mcocavikursebis era, rac faqtiurad breton-vudsis sistemis daSlas niSnavda. amis Semdegdolari oqrosTan SedarebiT 8%-iT gaufasurda 1971 wlis dekembers da Semdeg isevgaufasurda 1973 wels.gaufasurebam gamoiwvia msoflios ekonomikisa da politikis aramdgradoba.amasTan erTad, 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, dolaris gaufasureba daemTxva navTobisfasis dacemas dolarebSi. aman gaamyara amerikeli biznesmenebis mdgomareobaiaponelebTan da evropelebTan SedarebiT. magram dolaris kursis dacemam dadevalvaciam gamoiwvia mesame samyaros nedleulis mwarmoebelTa ukmayofileba. isinimixvdnen, rom simdidre xelidan eclebodaT da maTi Semosavlebi da qoneba cota xniswin bevrad ufro Rirebuli iyo, vidre axla. aman ganapiroba brZola msofliosbunebrivi resursebis SenarCunebisaTvis da dasavleTma da opekis wevrma saxelmwifoebmaufro konstruqciul SeTanxmebebs miaRwies resursebis ganawilebasTandakavSirebiT. Tumca, opekis wevri qveynebi miiCnevdnen, rom isini metis Rirsni iyvnen.amas erTvoda opekis arabuli saxelmwifoebis ukmayofileba aSS-sa da misi momxreebisproebrauli politikiT regionSi — israelma miiRo daxmareba, raTa SewinaaRmdegebodaegviptisa da siriis jarebs. opekma dasavleTis dasja gadawyvita — ganviTarebuliqveynebi, romlebic Zlier iyvnen damokidebuli opekis navTobze, kidev ufrodamokidebuli gaexadaT da es damokidebuleba Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina.opekma navTobis miyidva aSS-sTvis, dasavleT evropisa da iaponiisTvis.bevri sxva gaerTianebebisagan gansxvavebiT, opekma warmatebas miaRwia navTobisfasis didi xniT zrdaSi. zogierTi eqspertis azriT, am warmatebaSi didi wvlilimiuZRvis saudis arabeTs, romelmac Seamcira Tavisi produqcia, rom gaeTanabrebinaopekis mTliani warmoeba, radgan zogma wevrma Tavis wils gadaaWarba. am mxriv, saudisarabeTis wevroba organizaciisaTvis didi pliusia, vinaidan, danarCeb wevrebs Sorisis erTaderTia, romelsac gaaCnia imdenad soliduri rezervi, rom saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi SeuZlia resursebiT manevrireba.opekis politika warmatebuli gamodga. man SeZlo daumuSavebeli navTobisa dadamuSavebuli da gawmendili navTobis fasebis gaTanabreba. magram opeks ar SeuZliafasebis usasrulod gazrda. fasis gazrdas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SeuZlia opekismTliani sistemis Secvla, rac gamoiwvevda momxmareblis mier navTobis magivradalternatiuri energiis gamoyenebas.navTobis fasis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT aseTi komentari gaakeTa iranis Sahma: `raTqma unda msoflios navTobis fasi gaizrdeba, ra Tqma unda! da rogor? Tqven(dasavleli naciebi) xorblis fasi, romelsac Cven mogvyidiT 300%-iT gazardeT, igivegaakeTeT cementsa da Saqarze, Tqven yidulobT Cven daumuSavebel navTobs da mereukan mogvyidiT mas, ubralod gadamuSavebuls, asjer ufro Zvirad... erTaderTisamarTali is iqneba, Tu Tqven navTobze mets gadaixdiT. 10-jer ufro mets~ (New YorkTimes, 1973).rogorc ukve aRiniSna, msoflios navTobis Soki daiwyo 1973 wlis 17 oqtombers,rodesac opekis arabma wevrebma iom qifuris omis dros ganacxades, rom aRarmiawvdidnen navTobs im qveynebs, romlebic mxars uWerdnen israels egviptesTankonfliqtSi, anu aSS-sa da mis mokavSire dasavleT evropas. amave dros, opekis wevrmaqveynebma gadawyvites msoflios navTobis fasebi gaeoTxmagebinaT da maT es SeZles.amas bevri eqsperti opekis seriozul gamarjvebad miiCnevs. amave dros, es kargimagaliTi iyo imisa, Tu rogor iyvnen dasavleTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebidamokidebuli opekze. es gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad aisaxa aSS-ze, dasavleT evro-36

paze, kanadasa da iaponiaze. mag., kanadaSi am periodSi inflaciam Seadgina 10%, xoloumuSevroba gaizarda 7%-iT. movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam dasavleTis seriozuliSeSfoTeba gamoiwvia da kidev erTxel gaamaxvilebina maT yuradReba im politikurekonomikurdaZabulobaze, romelic ukve didi xani arsebobda ganviTarebul daganviTarebad qveynebs Soris.garda amisa, es gamarjveba imedismimcemi iyo mesame samyaros sxva qveynebisaTvis,romlebic opekis qveynebi msgavsad antidasavlurad iyvnen ganwyobilni.navTobis fasis gazrdas seriozuli Sedegebi mohyva. aziis qveynebma, romlebicindustriul ZalebSi dominirebdnen, daiwyes sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis obieqtebisgakontroleba. navTobis eqsportis mwarmoebelma qveynebma daagroves kapitali.Semosavalis garkveuli nawili daixarja gaerTianebis SeqmnaSi, romelic undadaxmareboda sxva ganviTarebad qveynebs, romelTa ekonomikac kriziss ganicdida. maTSemosavali ar hqondaT, radgan dasavleTi Tavis produqtebSi Zalian Zvirs iTxovda, esqveynebi ki daumuSavebel navTobs iafad yiddnen. am fulis umetesi nawili elitisxelSi xvdeobda, romelic kvlav abandebda mas dasavleTSi an am Tanxas TavisTvisitovebda. aseve am fulis didi nawili armiis SesyidvaSi daixarja, ramac kidev ufrogaaZliera politikuri daZabuloba aziaSi.saudis arabeTma operatiulad daawesa kontroli aramkoze, romlis nacionalizaciacmoaxdina 1980 wels. aseve opekis sxva wevrebic asrulebdnen yvela moTxovnas,swored amitom gaerTianebis Semosavali sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda. saudisarabeTma Semosavlebis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT SeimuSava xuTwliani samoqmedo gegma,romelic daiwyo 1980 wels da mis ganxorcielebaSi daixarja 250 miliardi aSSdolari. gaerTianebis sxva wevrebmac SeimuSaves ganviTarebis programebi.energokrizisma namdvili qaosi warmoqmna dasavleTSi.aSS-Si benzinis galoniscalobiTi fasi 1973 wlis maisSi iyo 38.5 centi da 1974 wlis ivnisSi 55.1 centamdegaizarda. amis gamo niu-iorkis birJam 97 miliardi dolari eqvs kviraSi dakarga.dasavlur qveynebSi navTobis eqsportis akrZalvis dasawyisSi, aSS-SiyoveldRiurad 1,2 milioni barelis nacvlad, 19000 bareli navTobi Sedioda. misimoxmareba 1973 wlis seqtembridan Tebervlamde 6.1%-iT Semcirda, xolo 1974 wliszafxulSi ki 7%-iT. aSS-Si iyo sawvavis mwvave ukmarisoba, rac meore msoflio omisSemdeg pirvelad moxda.navTobis eqsportiori qveynebi arc ki elodnen, rom maT gadawyvetilebas aseTiSedegi mohyveboda. maT dainaxes, rom arakomunistur, industriul samyaroSiSesaZlebelia aseTi inflacia da, zogadad, ekonomikis aseTi krizisi. industriulqveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, am krizisma kidev ufro gaamwvava umuSevrobisproblema da gansakuTrebiT imoqmeda iseT socialur jgufebze, romlebsac mcireSemosavali hqondaT. aSS-Si skolebi da ofisebi xSirad ixureboda sawvavis ekonomiismizniT, qarxnebi amcirebdnen produqciis warmoebas da samsaxuridan iTxovdnenTanamSromlebs.navTobis eqsportis akrZalva mTlian evropas ar Seexo. evropis ekonomiurigaerTianebis cxra wevridan yvelaze metad germania dazaralda, radgan man mxaridauWira israels da amerikelebs Tavisi sahaero sivrcis gamoyenebis uflebamisca.didi britaneTi da safrangeTi uwyvetad iRebdnen navTobs, radgan maT uariuTxres amerikas Tavisi sahaero sivrcis gamoyenebaSi da neitraluri pozicia daiWiresarabeT-israelis konfliqtSi. danarCen eqvs wevrs navTobis miwodeba mxolodnawilobriv SeumcirdaT. didi britaneTi tradiciulad iyo israelis mokavSire daharold vilsonis mTavroba mxarSi edga israels eqvsdRiani omis dros, magram didibritaneTis momdevno premier-ministrma, ted hesma ar gaagrZela es politika damouxmo israels daTanxmeboda sazRvrebis cvlilebas. amgvarad, evropis ekonomikurigaerTianebis wevrebma ver miiRes saerTo politikuri gadawyvetileba iom qipuris omispirveli Tvis ganmavlobaSi. gaerTianebam sabolood Tavisi azri 6 noembersdaafiqsira, rodesac navTobis eqsporti ukve akrZaluli iyo da navTobis fasebicganuxrelad izrdeboda. es gadawyvetileba ganxiluli iyo rogorc proarabuli daamitom opekma akrZalva gaerTianebis wevrebze ar gamoiyena. magram fasis gazrdamufro didi gavlena moaxdina evropaze, vidre saerTod navTobis akrZalvam,gansakuTrebiT ki did britaneTSi (sadac isini axdendnen industriuli aqciisa daqvanaxSiris maRaroebis kombinacias).37

aSS-Si energokrizisis daZlevis mizniT specialuri energetikis departamentiSeiqmna. daiwyo energiis racionalizaciaze aqtiuri fiqri. dawesda grafiki benzinzeda mZRolebs mxolod garkveul dReebSi SeeZloT benzinis Casxma. manqanebiT moZraobamxolod dabali siCqariT SeiZleboda benzinis ekonomiurad moxmarebis mizniT. asevespecialuri politika SemuSavda sinaTlis moxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT. amisTvissaaTic ki gadawies dRis Suqis maqsimalurad gamoyenebis mizniT.sxva navTobimportiori ganviTarebuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, iaponia yvelazekarg mdgomareobaSi iyo msoflio energokrizisis Semdeg. am qveyanam, realobisgaTvaliswinebiT, saswrafod daiwyo iseTi dargebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba,romlebic yvelaze naklebad saWiroebda energoresursebs. iaponiis warmatebebirobotmSeneblobasa da, zogadad, maRalteqnologiur sferoSi, swored am periodidaniwyeba. amasTan, iaponelma manqanaTmSeneblebma meore revolucia moaxdines daZveleburi didi manqanebis magivrad patara, kompaqturi da ekonomiuri manqanebisgamoSveba daiwyes. specialistebis azriT, 1973 wlis krizisi iyo mTavari faqtori imisa,rom iaponia CamoSorda navTobis industrias da uzarmazari investiciebieleqtronikaSi Cado.1974 wels vaSingtonis konferenciaze molaparakebebis Semdeg navTobze embargomoixsna, magram krizisis Sedegebi amis Semdeg ufro aSkara gaxda. navTobis fasis zrdagagrZelda kidev erTi weli da dolari, rogorc valuta, sagrZnoblad dasustda.energo-krizisis erT-erTi Sedegia is, rom qveynebi seriozulad dafiqrdnen iseTienergiis miRebaze, romlis ganaxlebac da aRdgenac SeiZlebvoda, gansakuTrebiT xissawvavze. aiwyo mzisa da qaris energiis intensiuri kvlevebi. krizisma aseve ganapirobaCrdilo-amerikaSi arsebuli navTobis WaburRilebis Seswavla da aTviseba. garda amisa,kidev erTxel daarwmuna dasavleTi birTvuli energiisa da naxSiris mniSvnelobaSi.krizisis gamo gamoigones mravali ufro efeqtruri manqana, xalxi kialternatiuli energiis ZiebaSi iyo, amitom navTobis fasebi TavisTavad daeca da 1973wlis krizisis kvali nel-nela qreboda. aSS kvlav iyenebs navTobs TavismosaxleobasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT met proporciebSi.1981 wlidan opekis produqciis xarisxma iklo da mas sxva qveynebis produqciagacilebiT sjobda. Tan, masSi gawevrianebuli qveynebi erTmaneTSi ver Tanxmdebodnen.saudis arabeTi cdilobda yvelaze didi wili aeRo, igi yidda yvelaze ZvirnavTobproduqcias, ris gamoc naklebs an saerTod ar iRebda Semosavals. amis gamo esqveyana iZulebuli gaxda Seemcirebina navTobis fasi. navTobis fasma piks 1979 welsmiaRwia, maSin erTi bareli Savi oqro 80 aSS dolari Rirda. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSies ricxvi Semcirda da 38 dolari Seadgina. mTlianobaSi, Savi oqros gaiafeba didiwarmateba iyo navTobmomxmarebeli qveynebisaTvis (iaponiisaTvis, evropisaTvis dagansakuTrebiT — mesame samyarosTvis).amave dros, navTobis fasis dacemam seriozuli problema Seuqmna CrdiloeTevropasa da sparseTis yuris regions, aseve ramodenime mWidrod dasaxlebul qveyanas,romelTa ekonomikac Zlier iyo damokidebuli navTobze. magaliTad, meqsika, nigeria,alJiri da libani navTobis gaiafebiT es qveynebi gamouval viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen.navTobis gadaWarbebulma warmoebam msoflio bazarze 1980-iani wlebSi warmoSvazedmeti produqcia, navTobis fasebi daeca da am faqtma opekSi uTanxmoeba gamoiwvia.navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis — venesuelis, nigerisaa da meqsikis ekonomika fasebisvardnis gamo savalalo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, saudis arabeTis uZlieresiekonomikac ki dasustda.ganxeTqilebam opekSi ufro gaarTula mdgomareobabevris azriT, 1973 wlis krizisma kargad daanaxa msoflios, Tu ramdenaddamokidebulni arian dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebi navTobze da mis momwodebelqveynebze. Sesabamisad, dRes aRaravis epareba eWvi, rom navTobwarmoebis regionebidasavleTis mudmivi interesis sfero iqneba da trategiul regionebad moiazreba.navTobis politika ki kvlavac darCeba saSiS da riskian politikad.britaneTSi 2004 wlis ianvarSi gamoqveynda ocdaaTi wlis winandeli dokumentebi.maT mixedviT aSS-is politikuri elita 1973 wlis energo-krizisis dros ganixilavdasaudis arabeTsa da quveitSi SeWris ides, romli mizanic iyo am qveynebis navTobisWaburRilebze kontrolis damyareba. Tumca, es gegmebi uaryofili iyo, rogorcdroebiTi efeqtis momtani da, saboloo jamSi, uSedego.dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebisa da opekis urTierTobaSi yovelTvisSeimCneoda daZabuloba. im urTierTdamokidebulebas, romelic arsebobs maT Soris,38

dadebiTis garda uaryofiTi mxareebic aqvs. ramdenime Tvis win amerikis prezidentmabuSma ganacxada, rom misi qveynisaTvis erT-erTi strategiuli sakiTxia energouzrunvelyofada rom qveyanam intensiurad unda daiwyos energiis alternatiuliwyaroebis moZieba da danergva. es kidev erTi naTeli ilustraciaa imisa, romdasavleTi ar aris mSvidad im faqtiT, rom is iseT mniSvnelovan sferoSi, rogoricenergetikaa, damokidebulia iseT arastabilur da Znelad Sesacnob saxelmwifoebze(ramdenimes garda, romlebsac aSkarad prodasavluri kursi aqvT), rogoric opekiswevrebia.aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTi bolo xanebSi gadaiqca saudis arabeTis Semdeg meoreyvelaze msxvil navTobeqsportior qveyanad. mas aseve gaaCnia dadasturebuli da jerauTvisebeli maragebi arqtikasa da sxva Znelad misadgom regionebSi, rac bunebrivia,gaaZvirebs mopovebiT samuSaoebs. ruseTi ar aris opekis wevri, magram eqspertebi sulufro xSirad saubroben opekis alternatiuli organizaciis Seqmnis SesaZleblobaze.momavali organizaciis wevrebad moiazrebian ruseTi, yazaxeTi, TurqmeneTi,azerbaijani da irani.globalizaciaras eZaxian dRes globalizacias da ratom aris es termini aseTi aqtualuridRevandel msoflioSi? am Temaze davoben ara marto specielistebi, aramedsocialuri mecnierebebidan Sors myofnic. garda amisa, xSirad globalizaciis arsisgadmosacemaT SecdomiT iyeneben iseT terminebs, rogorebicaa: `vesternizacia~,`internacionalizacia~, `amerikanizacia~ da sxv. Tavad mecnierTa Soris aris azrTasxvadasxvaoba globalizaciis Sesaxeb da maT mier globalizaciis erTiani gansazRvrebacki ar aris SemuSavebuli. amas erTvis is, rom globalizaciis procesi,rogorc ar unda ganvsazRvroT igi, ganuxrelad mimdinareobs da yvela qveyanasa da maTyvela moqalaqes exeba. gaCnda iseTi terminebic, rogorebicaa `globalisti~ da `antiglobalisti~.antiglobalisturi gamosvlebi dRevandeli msoflios politikuricxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca.antiglobalisturad ganwyobili beki globalizmze saubrisas wers: `globalizmi —esaa azrobrivi virusi, romelic bolo dros Seeyara yvela partias, yvela redaqcias,yvela institituts. mis dogmats warmoadgens ara is, rom adamianebma ekonomikuradunda imoqmedon, aramed is, rom yvelaferi, politika, mecniereba, kultura —ekonomikur primats unda emorCilebodes. amiT neo-liberalisturi globalizmi TavisdauZinebel mters — marqsizms mogvagonebs~ (ra aris globalizacia? u. beki. gv. 156).globalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi aseve Tvlian, rom es procesi neoliberalebismogonili da wamowyebulia, vinaidan es maT politikur interesebSi Sedis.globalizacia, maTi azriT akninebs suverenuli saxlmwifoebisa da maTimTavrobebisrols saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. am mosazrebas globalizaciis proponentebi kategoriuladar eTanxmebian da miaCniaT, rom globalizaciam ki ar SezRuda erovnulimTavrobebis roli, aramed sxva funqcia SesZina maT. ase magaliTad, erovnulimTavrobebi axla ufro xSirad xvdebian erTmaneTs saqmiani SexvedrebiT, vidre esodesme momxdara. garda amisa, yvela ekonomikuri Tu politikuri gadawyvetilebasaerTaSoriso doneze miiReba urTierTSeTanxmebiT da erTmaneTis interesebisgaTvaliswinebiT. swored erovnuli mTavrobebis damsaxurebaa is, rom globalizaciisprocesi saerTod daiwyo da igi ase Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobs. oponentebi amissapirispirod ganviTarebad qveynebs asaxeleben, romlebic yvela mniSvnelovanigadawyvetilebis miRebisgan gaTiSulebi arian.globalizmis procesis mimarT skeptikurad ganwyobilni acxadeben, rommecxramete saukunis bolos saerTaSoriso transaqciebi ufro intensiuradac kimimdinareobda, vidre dRes, anu savaWro da safinanso brunva (aq absoluturiraodenobis brunva ar igulisxmeba, rac, naTelia, Tanamedrove maCvenebelze maRali39

ver iqneboda) ar Camouvardeboda da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aRemateboda kidec dRevandelmaCveneblebs. rogorc hersti da tomfsoni aRniSnaven, vinaidan 1870-1914 wlebSisaerTaSoriso savaWro brunva yovelwliurad 3,4%-iT izrdeboda da msofliosmTliani Sida produqtis 33%-s Seadgenda, anu saerTaSoriso ekonomikuriurTierTobebi ufro intensiuri iyo, vidre dRes, globalizaciaze, rogorcTanamedrove movlenaze saubari ar aris mizanSewonili da metic, es ubralod miTia.globalizaciis mimarT skeptikurad ganwyobilebi erT-erT argumentad asaxelebenpirvel da meore msoflio omebs Soris periods, rodesac ekonomikuri transaqciebisintensivobam mniSvnelovnad iklo im proteqcionistuli politikis gamo, romlisgatarebac daiwyes dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma. gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi roliSeasrula aSS-is mier miRebulma smuT-holeis aqtma, romelic am qveynis istoriaSiyvelaze proteqcionistuli kanoni iyo. Semosul saqonelze tarifebis gazrdiT,amerikam faqtiurad aiZula sxva saxelmwifoebi, SeewyvitaT masTan savaWrourTierTobebi da metic, igive nabijebi gadaedgaT, anu aseve moematebinaT tarifebiimportze. am istoriul magaliTze dayrdnobiT globalizaciis skeptikosebi askvnian,rom pirvel rigSi globalizaciis procesi ar aris axali movlena, da meore — is arissxva, ufro farTo, procesis nawili, romelic araTanmimdevrulia da seriozulicvalebadobebiT gamoirCeva. Sesabamisad, maTi azriT, meoce saukunis meore naxevridanagorebuli axali talRa aucileblad Seicvleba, vinaidan savaraudoa, rom erovnuliinteresebidan gamomdinare saxelmwifoebi kvlav Caketaven sazRvrebs dadaubrundebian proteqcionizms.am mosazrebis ar eTanxmebian globalizaciis momxreebi da miiCneven, rom msoflioomebs Soris periodis ekonomikuri krizisi swored imis Sedegi iyo, rom qveynebs jerkidev kargad ar hqondaT gaTviTcnobierebuli Ria vaWrobisa da ekonomikis yvelasferoSi intensiuri transaqciebis roli. maTi azriT, krizisi gamowveuli iyo imiT,rom saxelmwifoebma ara liberaluri, aramed proteqcionisturi mosazrebebiTixelmZRvaneles. Tumca, aqve aRniSnaven, rom es Secdoma kargad gaaanalizesdasavleTis saxelmwifoebma da meore msoflio omis Semdgomi cvlilebebi msoflioekonomikur urTierTobebSi amis dasturia.bevri mecnieris azriT, msoflio ekonomikis globalizacia swored meore msoflioomis Semdeg iwyeba da pirdapir ukavSirdeba breton-vudsis institutebs. msofliobanki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi safinanso sferoSi, xolo gati — savaWrosferoSi, axali ekonomikuri wesrigis qvakuTxeds warmoadgendne. pirveli oriorganizaciis mizani iyo SeenarCunebinaT valutis stabiluri kursi, xeli SeewyoTomisagan dasustebuli evropis saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri gamojansaRebisaTvis,finansuri daxmareba aRmoeCinaT yvela im saxelmwifosaTvis, romelsac es esaWiroebodada, zogadad, daemkvidrebinaT liberaluri ekonomikuri Rirebulebebi. gardaamisa, dadginda valutebis fiqsirebuli kursi, anu saxelmwifoebma TavianTi erovnulivalutebi aSS dolarTan mimarTebaSi gansazRvres, xolo dolari Seefarda oqros.gatis saqmianoba iTvaliswinebda tarifebis dawevis xelSewyobas da savaWro sferosliberalizacias. im periodSi savaWro brunva TiTqmis oTxjer gaizarda. savaWro dasafinanso sistemebis liberalizacias mohyva sainvesticio klimatis liberalizaciada qveynebma gaxsnes sazRvrebi saerTaSoriso investiciebisaTvis.miuxedavad imisa, rom breton-vudsis sistemam didi xani ver iarseba da 1971 welsman oficialurad Sewyvita arseboba, globalistebis proponentebis azriT, safuZveliCaeyara Tvisebrivad axal, Seuqcevad process, romlis saboloo mizanic aris erTianiekonomikis Seqmna. am procesSi, bunebrivia, erovnuli ekonomika veRar iqnebagancalkevebuli da, rogorc zurab daviTaSvili aRniSnavs, dRevandel pirobebSisaxelmwifoebi ise arian erTmaneTze urTierTdamokidebuli, rom arc erTi erovnuliekonomika ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos `saSinaod~. es aris msoflio, sadac erT qveyanaSiSegiZlia SeiZino nedleuli, meore qveyanaSi gadaamuSavo igi, mesameSi — Seqmna misganproduqti, meoTxeSi — SefuTo, mexuTeSi — gayido, xolo meeqvseSi — gauwio yvelaferamas koordinacia. anu, es aris warmoebis procesi sazRvrebs gareSe, rogorc masmecnierebi uwodeben. misi arsi isaa, rom erTi warmoebis procesi sxvadasxva qveyanaSimimdinareobs. warmoebis aseT process bevri upiratesoba aqvs. maTgan aRsaniSnavia:warmoebis ekonomiuroba, romelic ganpirobebulia didi masStabebiT; arCevanismravalferovneba, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom warmoebis procesSi SesaZlebelia SeirCesnedleuli, danadgarebi, adamianuri resursebi da sxv. yvelaze xelsayrel fasSi40

msoflios nebismieri qveynidan; mobiluroba, rac gulisxmobs mogebis gazrdis mizniTsawarmos gadatanas msoflios erTi kuTxidan meoreSi; da, bolos, is efeqturoba,romelic miiRweva procesis aseTi danawilebis Sedegad dazogili droiT. warmoebisaseTi tipis farTod gavrceleba meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba da misiTanmdevi procesia mosaxleobis migracia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Sromis globalizaciisSemadgeneli nawilia.globaluri warmoebis ganviTarebis Sedegia e.w. `specialuri ekonomikuri zonebi”,sadac adgilobrivi mTavrobebis mier dawesebulia SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimi ansaerTod gaTavisuflebulia saeqsporto da saimporto gadasaxadebisagan. pirveladaseTi zonebi evropaSi Seiqmna, Tumca mogvianebiT farTo gavrceleba hpova laTinuramerikaSi, karibis kunZulebze da, gansakuTrebiT, Soreul aRmosavleTSi, sadac aseTizonebis Seqmna axali industriuli qveynebis politikuri da ekonomikuri elitisaTviserT-erT prioritetadac iqca. gasul saukineSi am qveynebis saocari tempebiTganviTarebis erT-erT mizezad bevri swored maT aseT ekonomikur politikas miawers.globaluri warmoebis Sedegad miRebuli produqti, bunebrivia, globaluriproduqtia, romelic aseve globalur qselebSi iyideba (benetoni, naiki, gepi, peJo,reno da mravali sxva).globalur warmoebaSi Cabmul kompaniebs transnacionaluri korporaciebiewodeba. maTi erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani aris is, rom maTi deda-kompania ariserT qveyanaSi, xolo Svilobili kompaniebi — sxva qveynebSi. maT faqtiurad ar gaaCniaTerovneba da, TavisTavad, ar scnoben sazRvrebs. dRes msoflioSi daaxloebiT 60 aTasitransnacionaluri kompaniaa da maTi ricxvi ganuxrelad izrdeba. magram miuxedavadimisa, rom msoflios 100 yvelaze msxvili transnacionaluri kompaniis aqtivebisTiTqmis naxevari im saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebs gareTaa, sadac saTavo ofisebia,transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobis umetesi nawili jer kidev TavianTsaxelmwifoebSia.vaWrobis globalizaciaze saubari gatiT unda daviwyoT. am organizaciam, rogorcukve aRvniSne, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli vaWrobis liberalizacias da niadagimoamzada savaWro urTierTobebis intensifikaciisaTvis. gatis Semcvleli — msofliosavaWro organizaciac igive mizans emsaxureba, Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSewyobasa davaWrobaSi proteqcionizmis winaaRmdeg brZolas.Tumca, rac ar unda paradoqsuli iyos, Tavad `Tavisufali bazris~ ideis avtorebida gamtareblebic mimarTaven xolme proteqcionistul zomebs vaWrobaSi. dResdasavleTi ZiriTadad icavs Tavis bazars axali industriuli qveynebisproduqciisagan.beki eWvqveS ayenebs im mosazrebas, rom globalizebuli ekonomika saukeTesoamsoflioSi keTildReobis donis asamaRleblad da miaCnia, rom `Tavisufali vaWroba~,dRevandeli gagebiT, Zalian Sors aris devid rikardoseuli modelisagan. mesamesamyaros da evropis postkomunistur qveynebSi ekonomikis dabali done dagavrcelebuli umuSevroba aiZulebs am qveynebis mTavrobebs gaataron eqsportzeorientirebuli politika, riTac zaraldeba socialuri da ekologiuri standartebi.es qveynebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebidan investiciebismozidvaSi. saubari imaze, rom Tavisufali vaWrobiT gamowveuli konkurencia amcirebsdanaxarjebs da amitom is ormxrivad xelsayrelia, bekis azriT, cinizmia, vinaidandanaxarjebis Semcireba SesaZlebelia an gazrdili ekonomiurobiT (ufrosrulyofili teqnologiebi, ukeTesi menejmenti, sxv.) an adamianisaTvis SesabamisisamuSao pirobebis arSeqmniT. amgvarad, bekis azriT, aseTi gziT miRweulidanaxarjebis Semcireba `transnacionaluri mekobreobis gviandel variants~ hgavs.beki aseve iSveliebs maqs veberis mosazrebas, romelic man jer kidev 1894 welsgamoTqva Tavis naSromSi — iseTi msoflio ekonomika, rogoris Seqmnac sabolood surTdRevandel liberalebs, anu msoflio saxelmwifoebis gareSe da kacobriobiskulturuli donis sruli gaTanabreba — sruli utopiaa.vaWrobis globalizaciaze saubrisas gverds ver avuvliT vaWrobis eleqtronulformas. is farTod iwyebs gavrcelebas meoce saukunis bolo periodidan da, Tavismxriv, informaciis globalizaciis Sedegia. swored inetrnetis saSualebiTSesaZlebeli gaxda saxlidan gausvlelad ramdenime wamSi nebismieri produqciis SeZenamsoflios nebismier kuTxeSi. vaWrobis am formaSi ugulebelyofilia droisa dateritoriuli siSoris faqtorebi. Tumca internet-vaWroba garkveul sirTuleebs41

warmoSobs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gadasaxadebis sakiTxi. iyo mcdelobebidawyebuliyo ganxilvebi internet-vaWrobis dabgvrasTan dakavSirebiT, magarmseriozuli winaaRmdegobis gamo, ver moxerxda. vaWrobis globalurobis kidev erTimagaliTia eleqtronuli plastikuri baraTebis farTo gavrceleba, romelic, Tavismxriv, mWidro kavSirSia finansur globalizaciasTan. plastikuri baraTebiTSesaZlebelia produqciis SeZena an momsaxurebiT sargebloba nebismier qveyanaSi.finansebis globalizaciis dasawyisad, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, breton-vudsisSemdgom periods miiCneven, rodesac saubari daiwyo erTiani safinanso reJimisSeqmnaze da saxelmwifoebis mier erToblivi safinanso politikis SemuSavebaze.finansuri globalizaciis saboloo mizania erTiani safinanso bazris Camoyalibeba.xolo rac Seexeba globalur valutas, pirvelad am funqciis Sesruleba dolarmadaiwyo, 2002 wels ki evros SemoRebam kidev erTxel daadastura finansuriglobalizaciis arseboba. globaluri aqtivebic finansebi globalizaciis Sedegia.bankebis umetesoba transnacionalur saqmianobas eweva. maTi nebismierifilialidan msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi SeiZleba fulis gagzavna an sxvatransnacionaluri finansuri operaciis ganxorcieleba. garda amisa, bankebma daiwyessesxebis gacema sxva qveynebSi da kreditorebis saqmianobas eleqtronuli kavSiriTaxorcieleben.finansuri globalizacia icavs qveynebs finansuri krizisebisagan da saSualebasaZlevs maT problemebis dros sxva saxelmwifoebis daxmarebiT isargeblon. Tumca,finansuri globalizaciis dadebiT mxareebTan erTad, mis uaryofiT Tvisebebzecsaubroben. finansuri bazrebis aseTi intensiuri da mWidro kavSiris pirobebSi arcerTi qveyana ar aris dazRveuli e.w. `dominos principisagan~, anu rodesac erTqveyanaSi Seqmnili finansuri problemebi yvela mis partniorze vrceldeba.ofSoruli centrebi aseve finansuri globalizaciis Sedegia. aseTi zonebigamartivebuli momsaxurebiT da SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimiT, gansakuTrebiT,gavrcelebulia axal industriul qveynebsa da karibis kunZulebze da investorTamozidvas isaxavs miznad.kapitalis iseT intensiur brunvas, rogoric dRes aris, istoriaSi analogi armoepoveba. kapitali WeSmaritad globaluri gaxda da, ugulebelyofs ra sazRvrebs,miemarTeba msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi, sadac swrafi da maRali mogeba aqvsgarantirebuli. Tumca aq aRsaniSnavia, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi mudmivadukmayofiloni arian ganviTarebuli qveynebis politikiT kapitaldabandebis sferoSida miaCniaT, rom globalizaciis sikeTeebiT am sferoSic ganviTarebulmasaxelmwifoebma isargebles. maT saSualeba miecaT TavianTi kapitali miemarTaT imqveynebisken da im sferoebisken, romlebic maTTvis iyo momgebiani. mimRebi qveynebisinteresebi ki arasodes aris gaTvaliswinebuli. ganviTarebadi qveynebis azriT,amgvarad dabandebuli kapitali maT qveyanas ar exmareba ganviTarebaSi da metic, maTproblemebs uqmnis. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi verakontroleben ucxour kapitals da ver moqmedeben masze Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr.Tumca, biznesis warmoebisas komerciuli interesi ara Tu mimRebi saxelmwifos, aramederovnulsac ki naklebad eqvemdebareba.kapitalbrunvis intensifikaciasTan erTad globalizaciis eram misi axaliformebic moitana. farTo gavrcelebas povebs kapitaldabandebebis ganxorcielebatelefonebisa da internetis saSualebiT.warmoebisa da vaWrobis globalizaciis erT-erTi Sedegia Sromis globalizacia,rasac, Tavis mxriv, mosaxleobis intensiuri migracia mohyva. dReisaTvis migraciistendenciaa ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ganviTarebulSi, rac Zalian bevr problemasqmnis. gamudmebiT izrdeba aralegalur migrantTa ricxvi, romlebmac samuSaos ZiebaSidatoves TavianTi qveynebi da ufro mdidar saxelmwifoebs miaSures.dasavleT evropa da aSS gamudmebiT fiqroben SromiTi migrantebis problemebzerogorc ganviTarebadi, aseve aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebidan. evrokavSirSiintensiurad mimdinareobs molaparakebebi qveynebs Soris, imis Taobaze, romaRmosavleT evropis moqalaqeebs mianiWon dasavleT evropis qveynebSi muSaobisufleba, rac, maTi azriT, mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs aralegaluri migrantebis ricxvsam qveynebidan da, garkveulwilad, xels Seuwyobs Crdilovani ekonomikislegalizacias. gasakviri ar aris, rom am mosazrebebs ar iziarebs Tavad dasavleTevropis mosaxleoba, miaCnia ra, rom umuSevrobis isedac maRali maCvenebeli erTi-42

orad aiwevs da, garda amisa, aRmosavleT evropidan Camosulebi, daTanxmdebian raSedarebiT nakleb anazRaurebaze, gaafuWeben biznes garemos, anu adgilobrivimosaxleoba arakonkurentunarian garemoSi aRmoCndeba.gilpinis azriT, Sromis globalizacia pirvel msoflio omamde ufro intensiuradmimdinareobda, vidre mas Semdeg an axla. miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT evropam miiRobevri ltolvili da emigranti, maTi mxolod umniSvnelo procenti miiRebs moqalaqeobas.ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi Sromis migracia aRar aris msoflioekonomiis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani da Tavad evrokavSirSic ki erTi wevrisaxelmwifodan meoreSi migracia dabali intensivobiT xdeba.SromiTi migrantebisaTvis xelovnurad Seqmnili barierebia, romlebzec kontrolsmTavrobebi axorcieleben. amis erT-erT mizezad gilpini asaxelebs socialur SeRavaTebs,riTac, damkvidrebuli azriT, mxolod qveynis moqalaqeebma unda isargeblon.amis gamo adamianebi Raribi qveynebidan ver Cadian mdidar qveynebSi, sadac isiniSeZlebdnen normaluri samuSaos moZebnas da normaluri xelfasis miRebas. es ki, Tavismxriv, Seamcirebda sxvaobas mdidar da Rarib saxelmwifoebs Soris. sxvanairad romvTqvaT, mcire wvlili iqneboda globaluri simdidris gadanawilebaSi naklebadmdidari qveynebisTvis.ekonomikis sferos globalizaciaze saubrisas beki aRniSnavs, rom xdeba internacionalizaciada ara globalizacia. igi wers: `msoflios garkveul regionebs SigniTda maT Soris, transnacionaluri savaWro da samrewvelo kavSirebis ganmtkicebisdafiqsireba SeiZleba, es Seexeba amerikas, aziasa da evropas. amis dasturia is, romvaWroba da ucxouri investiciebi jer kidev msoflios am sam msxvil ekonomikur bloksSoris xorcieldeba, amitomac laparakoben msoflio ekonomikis triadizaciaze~.globalizaciis kritikosebis azriT, globalizaciis usamarTlobis kidev erTinaTeli ilustracia aris is, rom is msoflios sxvadasxva nawils gansxvavebulad Seexo.saerTaSoriso savaWro da safinanso kavSirebi yvelaze intensiurad CrdiloeTamerikaSi, dasavleT evropasa da Soreul aRmosavleTSi ganviTarda. saerTaSorisovaWrobaSi dRes liderebi arian aSS, dasavleT evropa da iaponia. msoflio produqciiswarmoebis udidesi wilic am sameulze modis. igive SeiZleba iTqvas produqciiseqsportze da produqciis moxmarebaze. xolo rac Seexeba safinanso sferos, aq udavolideria aSS. aSS dolari msoflios yvela kuTxeSia konvertabeluri da ucxouriinvesticiebis umetesobac am valutaSi xorcieldeba. am mizeziT, dolars eqspansiurvalutasac uwodeben da globalizacias `amerikanizaciasTan~ aigiveben. maTi azriT,meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi dawyebuli procesi jer kidev ar Sexebia Raribqveynebs, gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi, laTinur amerikasa da aziaSi. naklebad savaraudoa,rom es odesme moxdes. es qveynebi TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi arian maSin, rofesacsaubaria warmoebis, vaWrobisa da finansuri urTierTobebis globalizaciaze. bevrimecnieris azriT, savaWro da safinanso urTierTobebis globalizaciam xeli Seuwyosimdidris araTanabar gadanawilebas qveynebs Soris.bevri problema, romlebsac ekonomikuri globalizaciis Sedegad miiCneven, gilpinisazriT, mTavrobebis araswori politikisa da gadawyvetilebebis, an teqnologiuricvlilebebis an sxva faqtorebis Sedegia. garemos dacviTi organizaciebiaqtiurad gamodian globalizaciis winaaRmdeg, Tumca, ekologiuri problemebi araglobalizaciis procesma, aramed mTavrobebis uyuradRebobam da upasuxisgeblobamgamoiwvia. dasavleT evropaSi garkveuli politikuri da ekonomikuri porblemebiswarmoSobaSi adanaSauleben globalizacias, maSin, roca maTi gamomwvevi mizeziregionis ekonomikuri da politikuri integraciaa. globalizaciis dadanaSaulebaTiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove problemaSi nacionalisturi da qsenofoburi ganwyobisSedegia politikuri memarjveneebis mxridan da antikapitalisturi azrovnebisa —politikuri memarcxeenebis mxridan.gilpini miiCnevs, rom ekonomikuri integraciis da urTierTdamokidebulebisgasazomad yvelaze kargi meTodia `erTi fasis kanoni~. Tu erTsa da imave saqonels damomsaxurebas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi an mis sxadasxva regionSi erTnairi an daaxloebiTerTnairi fasi aqvs, maSin ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom es ekonomikebi mWidrodintegrirebulia erTmaneTTan. Tumca, dRevandel msoflioSi fasebi Zalin gansxvavebulia.Tu am kanons aSS-Tan mimarTebaSi gamoviyenebT, davinaxavT, rom amerikisfasebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba sxva qveynebis fasebisgan. gansakuTrebuli sxvaobaaSromis anazRaurebaSi da identuri Sromis SesrulebaSi adamianebi msoflios43

sxvadasxva kuTxeSi radikalurad gansxvavebul xelfasebs iReben. yovelive zemo-Tqmulis safuZvelze gilpini ar miiCnevs dRevandel msoflios iseT integrirebulad,rogoradac bevri mis daxatvas cdilobs.bevris azriT, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWroorganizacia da sxva saerTaSoriso institutebi seriozul reformebs saWiroeben,raTa moergon axal realobas globaluri ekonomikis saxiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom amorganizaciebiT mudmivad ukmayofiloebi iyvnen ganviTarebadi qveynebis warmomadgenlebi,maT reformirebaze realurad saubari daiwyo 1990 wels aSS-swarmomadgenelTa palatis konservatuli frTis mier. kritika gansakuTrebiT exebodasaerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, romelsac adanaSaulebdnen Tanxebis fuW xarjvaSi dasabazro ekonomikis winaaRmdeg gatarebuli politiksaTvis. sakiTxis SesaswavladSeiqmna specialuri komisia, romelmac muSaobis Sedegad SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebikongress warudgina.komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, aucilebelia saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa damsoflio bankis radikaluri reformireba da restruqturizacia, vinaidan esorganizaciebi cuds ufro xSirad akeTebdnen ganviTarebad samyaroSi, vidre kargs.amasTan, miliardian sesxebs gascemdnen saSualoSemosavlian qveynebze, romlebsacSeeZloT Tavad gaeumjobesebinaT TavianTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba bazarzedayrdnobiT.ZiriTadi rekomendacia gulisxmobda Semdegs: saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds undaSeezRuda sesxebis gacema ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis da Seewyvita maT saSinaopolitikur da ekonomikur saqmeebSi Careva. garda amisa, vinaidan saerTaSorisosavaluto fondi hpirdeboda ganviTarebad qveynebs, rom daexmareboda maT finansuriproblemebis dros, komisiis azriT, ubiZgebda ganviTarebad qveynebs ufro meti sesxiaeRoT fondidan, vidre es maT sWirdebodaT, rac kidev ufro damokidebuls xdida amqveynebs fondze. amasTan, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis xangrZlivi daxmarebaqveynebs `azarmacebda~ da saSualebas aZlevda maT finansurad gaumarTlebelisaqcieli CaedinaT.msoflio bankTan mimarTebaSi igive saxis SeniSvnebi iyo. komisiis rekomendaciiT,banks unda Seemcirebina sesxebis gacema (gilpinis monacemebiT, msoflio bankiweliwadSi daaxloebiT 50 miliard dolaris sesxebs gascems) da Seewyvita kerZoseqtorTan konkurencia, riTac afuWebda bazars da xels uSlida adgilobrivmewarmeebs.da bolos, rekomendaciebSi naTqvamia, rom bazarze orientirebuli globaluriekonomikis pirobebSi aranairi Carevaa saWiro, da es dasaSvebia mxolod iSviaTigamonaklisebis SemTxvevaSi. rogorc gilpini wers, faqtiurad meore msoflio omisdamTavrebis Semdeg pirvelad daisva SekiTxva imis Sesaxeb, saerTod, saWiroa Tu arasaerTaSoriso organizaciebi.ramdenime sityviTSevexebi antiglobalistur moZraobas. Tavad e.w. antiglobalistebimiiCneven, rom termini `antiglobalizmi~ masmediis mier aris mogonili da is maTar Seefereba, vinaidan isini globalizaciis procesis winaaRmdeg ki ar gamodian,aramed msoflios arasamarTliani mowyobis mowinaaRmdegeebi arian da moiTxoven ufrosamarTlian msoflios. maTi ZiriTadi lozungia — `sxvanairi msoflios arsebobaSesaZlebelia~. isini miiCneven, rom SeuzRudavi vaWroba da ekonomikuri urTierTobebisintensifikacia mxolod ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis aris momgebianiRaribi saxelmwifoebis xarjze. zogierTi antiglobalistis azriT, globalizaciisprocesi imperialisturi xasiaTisaa. ase mag., erayis omis dawyebis mizani iyo usafrTxoebismizniT fuladi danazogebis amerikaSi gadadineba. amgvarad, globalizaciaufro amerikanizaciaa, vinaidan am procesidan yvelaze met sargebels iRebs yvelazemdidari saxelmwifo aSS-is saxiT.antiglobalistebi aseve miiCneven, rom globalizaciis procesi siamayis safuZvelsar iZleva, vinaidan igi exeba korporaciebs da fuls, magram ara xalxs. amis naTeliilustracia, maTi azriT, aris mkacri kontroli migraciaze TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi daSromis uflebebis ugulebelyofa ganviTarebad qveynebSi.kidev erTi argumenti, romelsac iyeneben antiglobalistebi isaa, romglobalizaciis procesSi meorexarisxovani xdeba suverenuli saxelmwifo, knindebamisi roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da igi kargavs TviTmyobadobas.gilpini, ganixilavs ra globaluri ekonomiis marTvis sakiTxebs, aRniSnavs, rom44

mmarTveloba, iqneba es erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso doneebze, unda efuZnebodeserTian Sexedulebebs, kulturul Rirebulebebs da saerTo identurobas. misi azriT,Cven jer ar vcxovrobT globaluri samoqalaqo kulturis eraSi da mxolod ramdenimesaerTo Rirebuleba aerTianebs msoflios xalxebs. Tumca tendencia ukeTesobiskenaada arsebobs iseTi Rirebulebebi, romlebsac ukve yvela iziarebs, ganurCevladerovnebisa, religiisa Tu politikuri simpatiebisa. magaliTad — adamianis uflebebi.miuxedavad imisa, rom bevr qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebi jer kidev irRveva, damnaSavesaxelmwifoebi cdiloben am faqtebis damalvas da sxvagvarad warmoCenas. garda amisa,ganviTarebuli qveynebi mxolod TavianTi problemebiT arian dainteresebulni danaklebad iTvaliswineben ganviTarebadi qveynebis interesebs. zogadad, dRevandelimsoflios erT-erTi dilema isaa, rom mdidrebi Raribebs ver ugeben. gilpini, misTvisCveuli realizmiT askvnis, rom am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, saubari globalurmTavrobaze ararealuria. yvelaze saukeTeso, rasac SeiZleba velodoT, aris is, romZiriTadma Zlierma saxelmwifoebma sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare da msofliosinteresebis gaTvaliswinebiT, iTanamSromlon ufro stabiluri da humanurisaerTaSoriso politikuri da ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaqmnelad.kapitalis moZraobakapitalis moZraoba dRevandel msoflioSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.es aris globaluri movlena, romlisTvisac sazRvrebi faqtiurad ar arsebobs. yvelaerovnebis kapitalis buneba erTnairia — igi miemarTeba iqiT, sadac garantirebuliadidi mogeba.meore msoflio omis Semdeg kapitalis eqsportma mkveTrad imata, da es gaxdasayovelTao movlena. am periodSive mniSvnelovnad gaizarda amerikis SeerTebuliStatebis roli kapitalis eqsportSi. Semdeg mas daemata germaniis federaciulirespublika da iaponia. safrangeTi kvlav inarCunebda wamyvan poziciebs, magramSemcirda didi britaneTis xvedriTi wili. mecxramete saukuneSi iyo kapitalis erTigamokveTili eqsportiori qveyana — didi britaneTi, magram meoce saukunis ormocianiwlebidan msoflio hegemonis cvlasTan erTad Seicvala kapitalis yvelaze didieqsportioric, da is aSS gaxda.bevri mecnieris azriT, kapitalis eqsporti ufro mWidro kavSirebs qmnis, vidresaerTaSoriso vaWroba. kapitalis eqsporti xels uwyobs kavSirebis ganmtkicebasqveynebs Soris. es kavSirebi stabiluria da isini grZelvadiani mSvidobis garantiaa.kapitalis gatana, garkveulwilad, misi siWarbis Sedegia. dRevandel msoflioSikapitalis brunva saocrad did masStabebs aRwevs. amis sxvadasxva mizezi arsebobs:transnacionaluri korporaciebis ganviTareba da gavrceleba; manqanamowyobilobebisada satransporto saSualebaTa eqsportis mkveTri zrda.kapitalis gatana da misi sxva qveyanaSi investireba SesaZleblobas iZleva mimRebqveyanaze gavlenis moxdenis.gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebidan kapitali miemarTeba Tanamedrovewamyvani dargebisaken, mecnierebatevadi dargebisaken.meoce saukunis bolodan aseve kapitali umetesad miemarTeba ganviTarebuli daliberaluri Rirebulebebis matarebeli qveynebisaken, maSin roca adre tendenciasxvagvari iyo, da kapitali miemarTeboda ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebidan ganviTarebadebSi.kapitalis eqsportis geografiis cvlileba, erTis mxriv, dakavSirebuliakapitalis mimRebi dargebis cvlilebasTan. meores mxriv, zogierTi mecnieri eWvsgamoTqvams, rom vinaidan ucxouri investiciebi ZiriTadad xorcieldeba ganviTarebulkapitalistur qveynebs Soris, xolo es qveynebi aSS-is mokavSireebi arian,amerikis mokavSireebi ara marto sakuTari usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi xdebian maszedamokidebulni, aramed im mizeziTac, rom maT mwarmoeblebs vrcel amerikul bazarze45

gasasvleli hqondeT. aqedan gamomdinare, naklebad savaraudoa, rom am qveynebisxelisuflebam ucxouri kapitali, gansakuTrebiT ki amerikuli kapitali, Seaviwroon.anu, am ideis avtorTa azriT, ucxouri kapitalis momZlavrebis erT-erTiganmsazRvreli faqtori aris is garemoeba, rom arsebuli saerTaSoriso ekonomikuriwyoba asocirdeba amerikis TaosnobiT Seqmnil aliansTan, gansakuTrebiT nato-sTan.mimReb qveyanaze ucxouri kapitalisa da transnacionaluri kompaniis, rogorcucxouri kapitalis, politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul gavlenaze saubrisasikveTeba ori ZiriTadi pozicia: pirvelis Tanaxmad, transnacionaluri firmebiszegavlena zogadad dadebiTia. meore poziciis mixedviT, ki isini zRudaven qveynisavtonomias, aferxeben mis damoukidebel ganviTarebas, zrdian ekonomikuruTanasworobas maspinZel qveyanaSi da xSirad, arTmeven ekonomikur suverenitetsac kipirveli poziciis gamziareblebi miiCneven, rom ucxouri investiciebi mimRebiqveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebis seriozuli faqtoria. magaliTad moyavTdasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg da maT swrafganviTarebas nawilobriv xsnian soliduri amerikuli kapitaldabandebebiT. igivelogikiT, mesame samyaros qveynebis ekonomikuri warmateba miewereba ucxourinvesticiebsa da im politikas, romelmac investiciebi miizida. Tumca, bevri ariziarebs am mosazrebas da miaCniaT, rom pirdapir investiciebsa da ekonomikurganviTarebas Soris Tanafardoba ar iZleva imis safuZvels, rom mas mizez-SedegobrivikavSiri davarqvaT. pirdapiri investiciebi, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba im qveynebSi,sadac sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis kargi pirobebia Seqmili, roca qveyanaSiSesaferisi politikuri situacia, stabiluroba da usafrTxo garemoa.saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportimsoflioSi saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportis moculoba naklebia, vidre kerZokapitalisa, da amas logikuri axsnac aqvs. saxelmwifo kapitalis mizani ar aris swrafida moklevadiani mogeba. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa ekonomikuri da politikuri gavlenisgavrceleba investirebad qveyanaSi da iq sasurveli pirobebis Seqmna kerZo kapitalisinvestirebisaTvis. saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportireba umetesad xdeba qveynisinfrastruqturaSi, satransporto dargebSi, sakredito-safinanso sistemaSi da sxv.,anu iseT sferoebSi, romelTa ganviTarebis gareSec SeuZlebeli iqneba kerZokapitalis efeqturi da usafrTxo eqsportireba.saxelmwifo kapitalis formebia: grZelvadiani sesxebi da kreditebi, usasyidlodaxmareba. saxelmwifo kapitali mimarTulia susti, ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebisaken.amiT xdeba maTze gavlenis moxdena da garkveuli kontrolis damyareba. saxelmwifokapitalis eqsporti xorcieldeba saxelmwifo biujetis xarjze. miuxedavadimisa, rom, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsports altruizmis niSnebi axasiaTebs,mas seriozuli pragmatuli gaTvlebic aqvs — saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportis SedegadmimRebi qveynebi investori qveynisgan yiduloben maT uaxles teqnologiebs, saqonels,momsaxurebas da sxv.kerZo kapitalis eqsportikerZo kapitalis eqsporti ufro farTomasStabiania da igi ufro didi movlenaa,vidre saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsporti. igi xorcieldeba an pirdapiri investiciisgziT (iseTi investicia, rodesac investori iRebs (Seisyidis) kontrols im firmaze,romelSic is axdens investirebas), an saportfelo investiciis gziT (ucxouri firmisaqciebis Sesyidva firmaze yovelnairi kontrolis an menejmentSi monawileobisgareSe). kerZo kapitalis umTavresi mizania swrafi da didi mogeba.investiciebis xasiaTisa da sakuTari kapitalis formis mixedviT asxvavebenindividualur (fizikuri pirebis), korporaciul (sawarmoebi da organizaciebi) dainstitucionalur (koleqtiur) investorebs.individualuri investorebi ar aerTianeben TavianT kapitals, investirebas axorcielebenTavianTi saxeliT da sakuTari saxsrebiT erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad.46

korporaciuli investorebi moqmedeben Sesabamisi sawarmos, saaqcio sazogadoebisfirmis saxeliT, misi kuTvnili kapitalisa da sasesxo saSualebaTa mixedviT.korporaciul investorTa mniSvnelovani nawili ZiriTadad awarmoebs materialurinvestirebas, xolo fasian qaRaldebSi saxsrebis dabandeba maTTvis investirebisdamatebiTi saSualebaa.institucionaluri investorebi TavianT kapitals ayalibeben klientebisa dameanabreebis saxsrebiT da mas abandeben ZiriTadad fasian qaRaldebSi. zogierTimaTganisTvis damatebiTi aris materialuri investireba.sainvesticio gadawyvetilebaTa Sefasebisas investiciebSi igulisxmeba investorismoRvaweoba, mimarTuli misi, rogorc wesi, grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad,romlebic ar arian dakavSirebuli mimdinare moxmarebasTan. es moRvaweoba emyarebasakuTari da sasesxo kapitalis dabandebas.investorad, romelic moqmedebs Tavisi miznebis Sesabamisad da piradad agebspasuxs maT miRwevaze, gamodian an kapitalis mflobelebi, an is pirebi, romlebicuflebamosilni arian iuridiuli piris saxeliT miiRon sainvesticio da safinansogadawyvetilebebi. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, investireba xdeba sakuTari an saTanadofirmisa da saaqcio sazogadoebis sasesxo kapitalis meSveobiT. investiciebismakroekonomikuri Taviseburebebis gaanalizebisas metad mniSvnelovania mewarmeTasainvesticio moTxovnilebaTa gamokvleva. aseTi moTxovnilebis faqtorebisSesabamisad investiciebi iyofa inducirebul da avtonomiur investiciebad. qedan,pirvels warmoSobs sxvadasxva materialur faseulobebze moTxovnilebis myari zrda,xolo meores — maTze mudmivi an fiqsirebuli moTxovnileba.investoris grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad sakuTari an sasesxo kapitalisyvelaze xelsayrelad gamoyenebis dasabuTebuli ZiriTadi principebi da meTodebiSeadgens investirebis Teoriis Sinaarss. optimalur investicias warmoadgens is,romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba dasaxul miznebs.msoflio praqtikaSi gamoyofen investirebis sam ZiriTad formas:1. pirdapiri, anu realuri investiciebi (kapitalis dabandeba mrewvelobaSi,vaWrobaSi, momsaxurebis sferoSi — uSualod sawarmoebSi);2. saportfelo, anu finansuri investiciebi (investiciebi ucxour aqciebSi,obligaciebsa da sxva fasian qaRaldebSi);3. sasesxo kapitalis saSualovadiani da grZelvadiani saerTaSoriso kreditebida sesxebi samrewvelo da savaWro korporaciebs, bankebsa da sxva finansurdawesebulebebs.pirdapir investiciebs SeuZlia uzrunvelyos investirebuli kompaniis investorikorporaciebis srul mflobelobaSi gadayvana an saSualeba miscen maT daaweson maszefaqtobrivi kontroli. zogjer amisaTvis saWiroa flobde saaqcio kapitalis araumetes 10%.wamyvani investorebi arian ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebi, pirvel rigSi —aSS. magram am bolo wlebSi, ukanaskneli oci wlis manZilze, SeerTebuli Statebis wiliucxoeTis pirdapiri investiciebis saerTo jamSi Semcirda 55 procentidan 44procentamde, xolo dasavleT evropis qveynebisa da iaponiis wili gaizarda —Sesabamisad 37 procentidan 44 procentamde da 1 procentidan 10 procentamde.mniSvnelovani cvlilebebia, agreTve, pirdapiri investiciebis mimarTulebebSic:meore mosflio omamde kapitaldabandebaTa ZiriTadi nawili modioda CamorCenilqveynebze, maSin rodesac ukanasknel xanebSi investorTa mozidvas cdiloben ganvi-Tarebuli ekonomikuri sistemis mqone qveynebi. es aixsneba cvlilebebiT investirebisdargobriv struqturaSi. investireba axla ukve Tavs iyris gadamamuSavebelmrewvelobaSi, xolo mis SigniT — mecnierebatevad da maRalteqnologiur dargebSi.kapitalis importiori xdebian igive amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, Tanac ukanasknelwlebSi aq pirdapiri investiciebis modena sWarbobs kidec maT ukudenas.saportfelo investiciebi aris im aqciebis dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaro,romlebsac uSvebs sawarmoebi, msxvili korporaciebi da kerZo bankebi. omisSemdgomperiodSi amgvari investiciebis moculoba izrdeba, rac metyvelebs kerZo investorTa47

icxvis zrdaze. xolo Suamavlebad ucxouri saportfelo investiciebis ganxorcielebisasgamodis sainvesticio bankebi (fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze Suamavaliorganizaciebi, romlebic awarmoebs grZelvadian dabandebaTa dafinansebas). am saxisinvesticiebis moZraobaze gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva fasian qaRaldebze gacemuliprocentiani ganakveTebis normebSi arsebuli gansxvaveba. ase, magaliTad, amerikisSeerTebul StatebSi procentiani ganakveTebis maRalma normam moizida mravaliucxoeli investori, gansakuTrebiT — iaponeli. meoce saukunis 1970-1980-ian wlebSimoxda saerTaSoriso kreditebis zrdis afeTqeba, ramac gamoiwvia msoflio sakredito-safinansosferos Seqmna. sasesxo kapitalebis saerTaSoriso bazari gansakuTrebiTswrafi tempebiT izrdeba da am saxsrebis ZiriTadi wvlili modis bankebs Sorisoperaciebze.amJamad sasesxo kapitalebis saerTaSoriso bazari iyofa fulis bazarze dasakuTriv kapitalebis bazarze:fulis bazari aris moklevadiani kreditebis bazari (erT wlamde).kapitalebis bazari aris saSualovadiani (2-dan 5 wlamde) sabanko kreditebis dagrZelvadiani (10 welze meti) sesxebis bazari, romlebic gaicema, ZiriTadad, fasianiqaRaldebis gamoSvebisa da SeZenis dros.bolo wlebSi saerTaSoriso bazarze gamoiyeneba grZelvadiani dafinansebisaratradiciuli formebi, magaliTad, saproeqto dafinanseba, rac gulisxmobs msxvilikreditebis gacemas sawarmoTa konkretuli samrewvelo proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad.amrigad, grZelvadiani kreditis gacemis aRniSnuli forma uaxlovdebapirdapir investiciebs.transnacionaluri korporaciebiris jenkinsi Tavis wignSi `transnacionaluri korporaciebi da uTanasworiganviTareba” aRniSnavs, (Rhys Jenkins Trnasnational Corporations and Uneven Development: TheInternalisation of Capital and the Third World, p.1.) rom Zalian cota ekonomikuri institutiiwvevs iseT emociebs, rogorsac transnacionaluri korporaciebi. es gansakuTrebiTexeba transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da mesame samyaros urTierTobis sakiTxs.transnacionalur korporaciebs xSirad warmoadgenen rogorc saerTaSorisoekonomikuri uTanasworobis ZiriTad mizezs da ganviTarebis Semaferxebel mniSvnelovanfaqtors. isini ganixilebian, rogorc msoflios ekonomikurad CamorCenilregionebSi warmoebis dawyebisa da gaintensiurebis Zalad da, amasTan, CamorCenilobismizezad, vinaidan mogeba mudmivad miemarTeba ganviTarebul qveynebSi.aleqsandre rondeli Tavis wignSi `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi~ aRniSnavs:`transnacionaluri korporaciebi iseTive Zlierni (zogjer ufro Zliernic!) arian,rogorc erovnuli saxelmwifoebi. am korporaciebs yovelTvis SeuZliaT, warmoebaqveynidan gaitanon da am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo dasaqmebis, msoflio bazarze gasvlis,Semosavlis mxriv didad waagebs. es korporaciebi ukve imdenad damoukidebel Zaladiqcnen, rom saerTaSoriso politikur procesebzec didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT~.(saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, aleqsandre rondeli, Tbilisis damoukidebeliuniversiteti, 1996. gv. 164).transnacionalur korporaciebze saubrisas gasarkvevia sakiTxi maTi definiciisSesaxeb, vinaidan ar arsebobs sayovelTaod miRebuli gansazRvreba. literaturaSixSirad SeiZleba SevxvdeT terminebs `mravalnacionaluri korporaciebi”, `mravalnacionalurisawarmoebi”, `saerTaSoriso firmebi” da sxv. gaeros transnacionalurikorporaciebis centrma ramdenime aTwleulis muSaobis Sedegad, ver moaxerxaganmartebis SemuSaveba. Tumca, 1974 wels gaeros transnacionaluri korporaciebiscentris Seqmnis periodidan gaeros publikaciebSi mxolod termins `transnacionaluri”vxvdebiT. gaerom mas upiratesoba mianiWa `mravalnacionalurTan” SedarebiT,laTinuri amerikisa da karibis zogierTi saxelmwifos daJinebuli moTxovnissafuZvelze. es termini xazs usvams, rom es korporaciebi arian umetesad erovnulifirmebi (adviladamosacnobi deda firmiT mSobel qveyanaSi), romlebic saqmianobensaxelmwifo sazRvrebs gareT.yvelaze farTodmiRebuli ganmarteba ekuTvnis gaeros ekonomikur da socialur48

sabWos: `yvela sawarmo, romelic akontrolebs mogebas — qarxnebi/fabrikebi,maRaroebi, maRaziebi da msgavsi — or an met saxelmwifoSi” (UNCTC 1978, 158). Tumca,realurad, transnacionalur kompanias eZaxian iseTsac, romelic saqmianobs TundacerT ucxo qveyanaSi.ra aris transnacionaluri korporacia? es aris korporacia, romlis mflobeloba,menejmenti warmoeba da saqmianobebi msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSia da sxvadasxvasaxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis farglebSia moqceuli. mas gaaCnia saTavo ofisi erTsaxelmwifoSi da filialebi sxva saxelmwifoebSi. korporaciis ZiriTadi mizaniamsoflio bazrebisTvis saqonlis maqsimalurad dabal fasSi warmoeba. am miznis miRwevaSesaZlebelia produqciis warmoebisaTvis yvelaze warmatebuli adgilis SerCeviT anmaspinZeli saxelmwifosagan sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miRebiT.transnacionalur korporaciebs gaaCniaT gamorCeuli menejeruli niWi, finansurisaSualebebi da teqnikuri resursebi, da isini ewevian udides saqmianobas koordinirebuliglobaluri startegiis farglebSi. mravalnacionaluri korporaciebi,gilpinis azriT, cdiloben ganavrcon da gaimagron sabazro poziciebi korporaciuligadawyvetilebebis miRebis vertikaluri integraciisa da centralizaciis gziT.jeneral motorsi, daimler kraisleri, toiota, ford motori, nestle da sxv. tipiurimagaliTebia (The Political Economy of International Relations, Robert Gilpin, Princeton UniversityPress, Princeton 1987).aseTi korporaciebi ekonomikuri urTierTobebis internacionalizaciis yvelazeTvalsaCino movlenaa. arsebiTad, es aris kapitalis gatanis erT-erTi forma.miuxedavad imisa, rom transacionaluri korporaciebi intensiurad me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan vrceldeba, maT winamorbedebi gaaCndaT. maTi ricxvi sul ufro da ufroizrdeba, jer daiwyo aSS-is korporaciebis raodenobis zrda, Semdeg dasavleTevropisa da iaponiis. meoce sukunis bolosaTvis ki transnacionaluri korporaciebihqondaT ara mxolod maRalganviTarebul qveynebs, aramed mesame samyaros qveynebsac,gansakuTrebiT laTinuri amerikis da Soreuli aRmosavleTis.es korporaciebi dRes TiTqmis yvela dargSia. isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisaganara mxolod imiT, Tu ras awarmoeben, aramed imiTac, Tu rogor awarmoeben,teqnologiis doniT, menejmentis stiliT da maTi produqciis bazris struqturiT.menejmenti da marketingi aseT korporaciebSi xSirad Sereulia (saerTaSoriso). erT anramdenime qveyanaSi marketingis Sedegad produqcia iyideba mTel msoflioSi.umetes SemTxvevaSi, transnacionaluri korporaciebi ramodenime qveynis iurisdiqciaseqvemdebareba, rac aZnelebs maT gakontrolebas erTi konkretuli saxelmwifosmier.transnacionaluri korporaciebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdegi maxasiTeblebis mixedviT:maTi sidide, maTi filialebis raodenoba, saqmianobis tipi (mopovebiTi, samrewvelo,momsaxureba/servisi, turizmi, sastumroebi, dazRveva, finansebi, transporti,Sereuli, sasoflo-sameurneo), ucxour filialebTan kavSiris tipi, anu rogorsakuTrebaSia — mTliani, nawilobrivi, erToblivi. mravalnacionalur korporaciebSigamoirCeva sami tipi, romlebic gansxvavdeba mSobeli da filialis kontrolisproporciebiT, dominirebis xasiaTiTa da xarisxiT.• pirveli tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mSoblismiznebisaTvis yvelaferis daqvemdebareba. umetesad transnacionalurikorporaciebi amjobineben srul mflobelobas, romelic filialebze maqsimalurkontrols niSnavs. am korporaciebis erT-erTi umTavresi niSania moqnilobada mobiluroba. Tanamedrove tendenciaa swored aseTi korporaciebisgavrceleba. isini yvelaze momgebiania, Tumca vinaidan am tipis korporaciebismiznebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ewinaaRmdegeba mimRebi saxelmwifoebis miznebs, esxSirad konfliqtebis mizezi xdeba;• meore tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebis filialebi garkveuli damoukideblobiT,avtonomiiT sargebloben. isini ufro metad iTvaliswineben daeqvemdebarebian mimRebi saxelmwifos iurisdiqcias da, Sesabamisad, naklebadSedian masTan konfliqtSi;• mesame tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebi Zalian gansxvavdeba pirveliorisagan. mis menejmentSi ar aris romelime erovnebis upiratesoba, filialebi49

praqtikulad im qveynebs ekuTvnian, romlebSic funqcionireben da ewevianTavianT saqmianobas. es xdeba kontraqtaciis bazaze.vinaidan transnacionaluri korporaciebis upirvelesi mizania maqsimalurimogeba, isini dReniadag aumjobeseben menejments, marketingul xelovnebas, eZeben iafsawarmo resursebs, iaf adamianur resursebs, strategiul teritoriebs, raTaminimaluri danaxarjebiT SeinarCunon an gaaumjobeson produqciisa da momsaxurebisxarisxi da miiRon maqsimaluri mogeba saqminobisgan.erT-erTi mniSvnelovani momenti transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobaSi,iseve, rogorc nebismier warmoebaSi, aris momxmareblis da myidvelis swori SerCeva damasze orientireba. Zalian bevri transnacionaluri korporacia, magaliTad, CvenTvisiseTi kargad cnobili, rogoricaa proqter end gembeli (Procter and Gambel) cdilobsmoicvas momxmarebelTa yvela fena, yvela socialuri statusis piri. amitom, misisaqoneli, magaliTad, sarecxi fxvnili, varirebs Zvirianidan iafamde. anu, misasortimentSi aris rogorc arieli, ZviradRirebuli da maRalxarisxiani sarecxifxvnili, aseve taidi, romlis fasic saSualoa da xarisxi didad ar CamorCeba arielisxarisxs da aseve bonuqsi, romelic iafia, gaTvlilia socialurad naklebaduzrunvelyofil mosaxleobaze da misi xarisxic SedarebiT dabalia.gilpinis azriT, transnacionaluri korporaciebi da saerTaSoriso kompaniebi immsoflios asaxvaa, romelSic kapitali da teqnologia Zalian mobiluria, xolo SromarCeba SedarebiT naklebad mobiluri. qveynebis ekonomikebs Soris fardobiT upiratesobaSiarsebuli da mimdinare cvlilebebis gamo transnacionaluri korporaciebicdiloben TavianTi warmoeba da filialebi ganaTavson yvelaze xelsayrel,dawinaurebul, ganviTarebul da, Sesabamisad, momgebian adgilebSi. xelsayrelobaSiSeiZleba igulisxmebodes iaffasiani muSa xelis arseboba (iafi adamianuri resursebi),bazrebis siaxlove, liberaluri sagadasaxado CarCoebi, usafrTxoeba.transnacionaluri kompaniebi sam ZiriTad tipad iyofa imisda mixedviT, Tu romelsferoSi saqmianoben isini, nedleulis mopovebis, warmoebisa Tu momsaxurebissferoebSi. meore msoflio omamde pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis dabandeba ZiriTadadxdeboda nedleulis mopovebasa da plantaciebis moSenebaSi (magaliTad, navTobi,mineraluri nedleuli, tropikuli xili). kapitalis aseTi gadanawileba asaxavda, erTimxriv, samrewvelo qveynebis moTxovnilebas nedleulze da, meore mxriv, evropissaxelmwifoebis politikur batonobas aziasa da afrikaSi, amerikis SeerTebuliStatebisa ki — dasavleTis naxevarsferos umetes nawilSi. Tanamedrove transnacionalurikorporaciebis koloniur winamorbedebs ara marto finansuri da teqnologiuriresursebi hqondaT, aramed maT gankargulebaSi iyo aseve moqmedi armiebi,romlebic maTi ekonomikuri Zalauflebis sadarajoze idgnen da, rogorc istoriidanCans, xSirad aqtiurad ereodnen kidec.Tanamedrove transnacionalur korporaciebs ara aqvT pirdapiri samxedro Zala(Tumca, maTi umetesoba swored samxedro teqnikis warmoebiT aris dakavebuli), amitomisini ZiriTadad eyrdnobian politikur gavlenas, sabazro Zalauflebas, finansebisada teqnologiebis kontrols da, am ukanasknelis gasamyareblad, bazris struqturulZalauflebas. miuxedavad amisa, 1945 wlidan transnacionaluri korporaciebissaqmianoba gafarTovda swored omis Semdgomi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigispirobebSi, romelic nawilobriv efuZneboda amerikis globalur samxedro Zalauflebas.metic, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis dabandebisZiriTadma sferom nedleulis mopovebidan warmoebaSi gadainacvla — gansakuTrebiTganviTarebad qveynebTan mimarTebaSi.transnacionaluri korporaciebi sam organizaciul tipad iyofa: vertikaluradintegrirebul, horizontalurad integrirebul da konglomeratul tipebad.vertikalurad integrirebuli korporaciebi ZiriTadad mineraluri nedleulismopovebiTa da gadamuSavebiT arian dakavebulni, navTobwarmoebis sferoSi ki maTifunqciebi ZiriTadad distribucias moicavs. aseTi korporaciebi xSirad flobenbenzingasamarT sadgurebs. warmoebis sferoSi momravlda iseTi transnacionalurikorporaciebi, romlebic nawilebs erT qveyanaSi amzadeben da sxvagan awyoben.magaliTad, iaponiisa da amerikis eleqtrosaqonlis mwarmoebel firmebs amwyobiqarxnebi aqvT iseT qveynebSi, rogorebicaa taivani, tailandi, filipinebi, malaizia,samxreT korea da sxv., sadac maT qveynebTan SedarebiT iafi muSaxelia.50

horizontaluri integracia gulisxmobs erTi tipis qarxnebis muSaobas sxvadasxvaqveyanaSi, anu rodesac centraluri qarxana da misi Svilobili kompaniebi identurisaqmianobiT arian dakavebulni.konglomeratuli tipis korporaciebi bevr gansxvavebul sferoSi arian CabmulnierTdroulad, mag., navTobis, soflis meurneobis, narCenebis gadamuSavebis, mediis,sammxedro teqnikis warmoebis da sxv.transnacionaluri korporaciebi gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCevianTavianTi orientaciis mixedviT globalur warmoebasa da realizaciasTanmimarTebaSi. firma transnacionalurad iTvleba maSinac ki, roca mas mxolod erTi anori Svilobili kompania aqvs, romlebzec modis misi mTliani produqciis mxolodmcire nawili. maT sapirispirod, zogierTi transnacionaluri korporacia sakuTariproduqciis umetes nawils mSobliuri qveynis sazRvrebs gareT awarmoebs, magaliTad,Sveicaruli firma “nestle” (erT-erTi pirveli transnacionaluri korporacia msoflioSi).zogierT transnacionalur korporacias mxolod erT romelime regionSi aqvsfiliali, zogi ki WeSmaritad globaluria, vinaidan misi Svilobili kompaniebi mTelmsoflioSia ganfenili. magaliTad, “fordma” da “jeneral motorsma” manqanebis iseTimodelebi Seqmnes (“msoflio manqanebi”), romlebic TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi saRdeba,sadac SedarebiT normaluri gzebia, maTi awyoba ki warmoebis sxvadasxva adgilebSiSeiZleba. gaeros gamokvleva Semdeg kategoriebs warmoaCens: orientaciis mixedviT,korporaciebi aseve iyofian eTnocentrul (mSobliur qveyanaze orientirebul),policentrul (maspirZel qveyanaze orientirebul) da geocentrul (msoflioorientaciis) tipebad. “maspinZeli” qveynis xelisufleba xSirad SiSobs, rom ucxourikompania mis ekonomikur suverenitets SezRudavs da metic, mis saSiano saqmeebSiCaereva, raTa sakuTari qveynis sagareo politikuri interesebi ganaxorcielos.rac Seexeba transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobas, rogorc nebismieri biznesdawesebuleba, isinic orientirebulni arian mogebaze, korporaciul zrdasa dasabazro wilis matebaze.transnacionaluri korporaciebi aseve gansxvavdebian imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdenadarian CarTulni iseT mwarmoeblur saqmianobaSi, romelic pirdapiri ucxourikapitalis dabandebis Cveulebriv tips ar Seesabameba - igulisxmeba Svilobilikompaniebis floba umravlesobis mier (rac Seexeba operaciebis efeqtur kontrols,tipiuria 30%-ze meti wilis floba, Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi saxezea TiTqmis 100%mflobeloba). saportfelo investiciebisgan gansxvavebiT, produqciisa da realizebiskontroli pirdapiri investirebis ZiriTad arss warmoadgens. is gulisxmobscodnis, unar-Cvevebisa da Tanxebis pakets (erTianobas).pirdapiri ucxouri investicia — iseTi investicia, rodesac investori iRebs(Seisyidis) kontrols im firmaze, romelSic is axdens investirebas.saportfelo investicia — ucxouri firmis aqciebis Sesyidva firmaze yovelnairikontrolis an menejmentSi monawileobis gareSe.transnacionaluri korporacia zogjer erTobliv sawarmoSi erTiandeba, sadackontroli Tavidanve gadanawilebulia. gilpini aseve asaxelebs transnacionalurikorporaciis ucxoeTSi moRvaweobis mesame tips, marTvis xelSekrulebas, korporaciaar aris mflobeli, Tumca marTvis sferoSi sakvanZo Tanamdebobebis umetesoba masukavia. ucxo qveynebSi saqmianobis kidev erTi variantia e.w. “mza proeqti”, rocatransnacionaluri korporacia daqiravebulia mTeli qarxnis asawyobad daasamuSaveblad da adgilobrivi muSaxelis gasawvrTnelad. am SemTxvevaSi mas ar gaaCniaCveulebrivi aqciebis wili qarxanaSi. masTan SezRuduli urTierToba SeiZlebagagrZeldes mas Semdegac, rac qarxana adgilobriv mflobels gadaecema — marTvissakiTxebSi konsultaciebisa da teqnikuri TanamSromlobis saxiT. transnacionalurmakorporaciebma SeiZleba ubralod Seisyidon resursebi da produqcia ucxourimomwodeblebisgan. xSirad, adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebi damokidebulni xdebian ucxoelklientebze. zogjer, transnacionaluri korporacia ufro metia, vidre Cveulebriviklienti, radgan adgilobrivi mwarmoeblisTvis xan sesxis, xan masalisa da teqnikurikonsultaciebis wyarod iqceva.transnacionaluri saqmianobis erT-erTi aspeqti aris korporaciis Sida savaWrooperaciebis gafarToeba, romlebic Zalian farTo speqtrs moicaven.gilpinis azriT, farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, verti-51

kalurad integrirebuli transnacionaluri sawarmoebi ar dominireben ganviTarebadiqveynebis savaWro saqmianobaSi. aSS-s sawarmoebis magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT, mzardiinternacionalizacia da warmoebis vertikalurad integrirebuli sistema mxoloddasavleT evropiTa da kanadiT Semoifargleba.vertikaluri integraciis modelTan Tanaarsebobs, agreTve konglomeratiselementebi, garda amisa, ufro da ufro xSiria sxvadasxva qveynebis transnacionalurifirmebis TanamSromloba da erToblivi sawarmoebis Camoyalibebis SemTxvevebi. bevrimiiCnevs, rom aseTi tipis urTierTobebi riskis faqtors amcirebs (gadaanawilebs) dagamokvlevebis masStabebis TvalsazrisiTac ekonomiuria.meoce saukuneSi masobrivi warmoebisa da gamokvlevebze damyarebuli mrewvelobisganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo axali firmebis bazarze SeRwevas da oligofoliisganviTarebas. meore msoflio omis Semdeg mwarmoebeli transnacionaluri korporaciebigansakuTrebiT momZlavrdnen qimiuri preparatebis, avtomobilebis, kompiuterebisada eleqtrosaqonlis warmoebaSi. meoce saukunis TiTqmis mTeli periodismanZilze am kompaniebs samrewvelo ganviTarebis maRali maCvenebeli hqondaT.mogvianebiT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi ganviTarda momsaxurebis sferoSic. esgansakuTrebiT exeba safinanso, sabanko, monacemTa gadamuSavebis, kavSirgabmulobisada mediis sferoebs. Cndeba monacemTa globaluri bazebi. xolo teqnikuri SesaZleblobebiszrdis paralelurad SesaZlebeli xdeba safinanso bazrebis dakavSirebada maTi integracia. imavdroulad, transnacionalizaciam ganviTareba daiwyo sacalovaWrobis sferoSic, romelic, ar aris CarTuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, radgan,Cveulebriv, moiTxovs klientTan axlo urTierTobas da axlo distancias.zogierTi mecnieris azriT, garkveuli drois Semdeg, Sesaferisi globaluripolitikis pirobebSi, transnacionaluri kompaniebi ufro metad ganviTardeba, vidrewmindad nacionaluri firmebi. amis mizezi gaxdeba maTi ekonomiuroba, rasacganapirobebs maTi masStaburoba, aseve kapitalis ufro mravalferovani da iafiwyaroebis mopoveba da gadasaxadebis dabali faqtiuri ganakveTi. am ukanasknelSiigulisxmeba is, rom transnacionalur kompanias SeuZlia fasebis dakleba an momatebasaqonelze, masalebze an sesxebze, Tavisi kompaniis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mdebarefilialebs Soris. amitom, transferuli fasebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba ordamoukidebel kompanias Soris SeTanxmebuli fasebisgan, anu im fasebisgan, romlebicasaxavs sabazro pirobebs. vinaidan transnacionalur kompanias SeuZlia aseTiintrastruqturuli savaWro operaciebis warmoeba im qveyanaSi, romelSic korporaciuligadasaxadebi maRalia, kompaniis mogeba SeiZleba imaze dabali maCvenebliTgaformdes, rasac realurad warmoadgens. amis miRweva SeiZleba, magaliTad, imnawilebze fasebis daklebiT, romlebic sxva qveyanaSi, dabali gadasaxadebis pirobebSiarsebul Svilobil kompaniaSi gadaigzavneba. amgvarad, transnacionalur kompaniasmanevrirebis bevrad meti saSualeba aqvs, vidre nacionalurs, da es saSualebas iZlevavivaraudod, rom transnacionaluri kompaniebis ricxvis zrda Seuqcevadi procesia.transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da mimRebi saxelmwifoebis urTierTobissakiTxi mudmivi gansjis Temaa, vinaidan bevri qveyana miiCnevs, rom transnacionalurikorporaciebi politikur gavlenas amyareben mimReb qveyanaze. zogi mecnieris azriT,yvela saxelmwifo SeiZleba ufro da ufro metad daeqvemdebaros transnacionalurikompaniebis Zalauflebasa da gavlenas, maTi globaluri bunebisa da yvelganSeRwevadobis gamo. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom liberalur saxelmwifoebs naklebadkonfliqturiurTierTobebi aqvT transnacionalur korporaciebTan.spiros azriT, yvela qveyanaSi aris imisi moTxovnileba, rom moizidon pirdapiriucxouri kapitali da gamonaxon ucxour firmebTan urTierTobis saukeTeso gza.transnacionalur firmebTan urTierTobisas yvela saxelmwifo awydeba garkveulproblemebs da daZabulobas, Tumca, zogierTi urTierTobis tipi ufro metaddaZabulia, vidre sxva. ufro mravalmxrivad rom warmovadginoT es sakiTxi, vityviT,rom transnacionaluri kompaniis, anu transnacionaluri kapitalis, rogorcklasobrivi struqturis nawilis, Zalaufleba gansxvavdeba imisda mixedviT, Tu ratipisaa konkretuli saxelmwifo. msoflio sistemaTa terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, amSemTxvevaSi ganmsazRvrelia mocemuli qveynis statusi — centraluria igi,periferiuli, Tu naxevrad periferiuli.Tumca, zemoT Tqmulis mixedviT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi gare Zalaswarmoadgenen, maSin roca saxelmwifoebs SigniT, gansakuTrebiT ki “centralur”52

saxelmwifoebSi, transnacionaluri kapitalis zegavlena SeiZleba metad mniSvnelovaniiyos. marqsisti analitikosebi miiCneven, rom aSS-Si amerikuli transnacionalurikorporaciebis interesebi dominirebs.ase rom, maSin, roca transnacionaluri kompaniebis pirdapiri Zalaufleba,garedan zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba arc Tu ise mniSvnelovnad CaiTvalos,roca saubaria “centralur” qveynebze, am qveynebis SigniT maTi struqturulisiZliere umaRles wertils aRwevs, gansakuTrebiT ideologiur doneze.nawilobriv kapitalisturi sistemis xelSemwyobi koncefciebis kanonTan SesabamisobaSimoyvanis didi Zalisxmevis wyalobiT iseT qveynebSi, rogorebicaa aSS, iaponia,germania, safrangeTi da britaneTi, da saxelmwifos qcevasa da ekonomikuri aqtivobisdoneze saqmiani koniunqturisa da mtkice saqmiani poziciis damsaxurebiT, kapitalisZalauflebam SeiZleba TiTqmis hegemonur statuss miaRwios. Tu imuSavebs ekonomikuriaqtivobis ZiriTadi liberaluri kanonebi, saqmiani koniunqturis internacionalizaciaimas niSnavs, rom saerTaSoriso masStabiT mobiluri kapitalis struqturuliZalaufleba marTlac rom Zalze didi iqneba. es pozicia aris transnacionalurikompaniebis Zalauflebis dominirebadi realisturi interpretirebis meoremxare. realistebi xazs usvamen saxelmwifos avtonomiurobas da “erovnuliinteresebis” ideis dominantur zegavlenas, rac wina planze ayenebs usafrTxoebas.am TvalsazrisiT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi iqamde gaSlian TavianT saqmianobebsda gaizrdebian, sanam es Zlier saxelmwifoebis interesebSi iqneba. saxelmwifoda samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan calsaxad gaimijnon. amitom,saxelmwifo politika ar unda ganixilebodes mxolod “erovnuli” TvalsazrisiT.saxelmwifos mier warmoebuli politika da is daZabuloba, romelic saxelmwifokursis gatarebas axlavs, dakavSirebulia aseve klasobriv da klasebis struqturulielementebis interesebTan.joan spiros azriT, ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis politika pirdapirucxour kapitalTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebulia. kerZod, ganviTarebadi qveynebixSirad SiSiT uyureben transnacionalur korporaciebs da metic, cdiloben SezRudonmaTi saqmianoba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu korporaciebi Cabmulni ariannedleulis, kerZod, mineraluri nedleulis mopovebaSi. amgvari damokidebulebabunebrivia imis gaTvalsiwinebiT, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis didi nawilis miertransnacionaluri korporaciebi aRiqmeba mxolod ganviTarebuli qveynebis politikisgamtareblad, romelTa interesic calmxrivi mogebaa. ganviTarebadi qveynebisumetesoba xvdeba nedleuliTa da naxevarfabrikatebiT vaWrobis uperspeqtivobas dayvelanairad cdilobs pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis mozidvas warmoebis sferoSi.meoce saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi ganxorcieldasagadasaxado sistemis met-naklebi liberalizacia, moxda saxelmwifos miermomsaxurebis garkveuli saxeebis subsidireba, Seiqmna saeqsportod gankuTvnilisaqonlis warmoebis specialuri zonebi da gatarda sxva RonisZiebebi, romlebicmimarTuli iyo iseTi transnacionaluri korporaciebis mozidvaze, romlebicimuSavebdnen qveynisaTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis sferoebSi da xels Seuwyobdnenerovnuli ekonomikebis ganviTarebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom vinaidan ganviTarebadisaxelmwifoebis speqtri mravalferovania, maTi damokidebuleba transnacionalurikorporaciebis mimarT aseve araerTgvarovania.zogi ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos naklebad keTilganwyobili damokidebulebasabazro meqanizmis, konkurenciisa da zogjer kerZo warmoebis mimarT ganpirobebuliabevri ganviTarebadi qveynis damokidebulebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobisadmi, rogorcsabazro sistemisadmi, romelic CrdiloeTSi ufro kargad muSaobs, vidre samxreTSi.amgvarad, kerZo sawarmoebis, gansakuTrebiT ki transnacionaluri kompaniebis, mimarTganxorcielebuli SezRudvebi ganixileba rogorc aucilebeli RonisZiebebi, raTasaxelmwifos ufro meti wili darCes ucxouri investiciebisa da vaWrobis SedegadmiRebuli Semosavlidan an imisTvis, rom ganviTardes axlad aRmocenebuli sawarmoebi.ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi xSirad aRiniSneba saxelmwifos zewolatransnacionalur korporaciebze. politikur elitebs ar surT damokidebulni iyvnenucxour kompaniebze da maT sapirispirod iwyeben sajaro seqtoris ganviTarebisxelSewyobas, gansakuTrebiT, im sferoebSi, romlebic, maTi azriT, strategiulimniSvnelobisaa. mag. indoeTSi aseT sferoebad miCneulia qimiuri, farmacevtuli,navTobgadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba da nedleulis mopoveba. meoce saukunis 60-70-ian53

wlebSi iseTma prokapitalisturma qveyanamac ki, rogoricaa brazilia, vrceli sajaroseqtori ganaviTara, romelSic Sevida aseve samrewvelo sawarmoebi. yovelive esamtkicebs, rom nacionalizmi kvlavac mniSvnelovania da, rom misi mniSvnelobasrulebiTac ar Semcirebula mesame msoflios saxelmwifo biurokratiaSi. bevrimiiCnevs, rom transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobis SezRudviT mTavrobebisakuTari mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg moqmedeben, vinaidan erovnuli korporaciebixSirad ver uzrunvelyofen produqciaze iseTive fasebs, rogorsac transnacionalurikorporaciebi, amasTan maT mier warmoebuli produqciis an momsaxurebis xarisxicSeiZleba ufro dabali iyos. Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi, momxmarebels mouwevs ufromaRali safasuris gadaxda naklebad xarisxian saqonelSi. arsebobs azri, romsazogadoeba cudad aris informirebuli imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarji Tu mogeba mohyvebaqveyanaSi transnacionaluri kompaniebis moqmedebis SezRudvas an gamoricxvas. esgansakuTrebiT aSkaraa iseT dargebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic gansakuTrebiTmomgebiania an perspeqtiuli. am sferoebis nacionalizacia ise xdeba xolme, romsazogadoeba ar aris informirebuli xarjebis Sesaxeb msoflios sxva regionebSi.ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi transnacionaluri kompaniebis winaaRmdegmimarTuli politika, Cveulebriv, ganixileba, rogorc erovnuli usafrTxoebisa daekonomikuri damoukideblobis xelSemwyobi RonisZieba da ara rogorc ekonomikurizrdis Seferxebis mizezi. es gadawyvetileba ki, rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis umravlesnawilze uaryofiTad aisaxeba, maSin, roca politikuri elita, romelic irCevs amgvarpolitikas, importisa da transnacionaluri kompaniebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuliRonisZiebebidan sargebels poulobs. Tumca, ar aris aucilebeli, rom aseTmaviTarebam Sedegad gamoiRos transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobis Seferxeba anaRkveTa. piriqiT, SeiZleba adgilobrivma elitam erTobliv sawarmoSi gaerTianeba daam gziT Tavisis Semosavlebis gazrda isurvos. damokidebulebis Teoriis oponentebisazriT, swored elitis arasaxelmwifoebrivi qmedebebi da procesebze uaryofiTigavlena ganapirobebs politikuri Zalauflebis, simdidrisa da codnis uTanasworogadanawilebas ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetes nawilSi.ucxouri sawarmoebis nacionalizacia yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebelia nedleuliswarmoebis seqtorisTvis. es aris koloniuri gamocdilebis gamoZaxili. ucxouribatonoba asocirdeba swored am seqtorTan, romelzec mTeli ekonomika iyodamokidebuli. nedleulis mogebaze orientirebulma warmoebam seriozuli wvliliSeitana mTliani erovnuli produqtis maCveneblis zrdaSi da ucxouri valutisSemodenis ZiriTad wyarod iqca. situacia ar Secvlila rig ganviTarebad qveyanaSi,magaliTad, spilenZis warmoeba zambiaSi, sadac nacionalizebuli warmoeba nawilobrivdamokidebuli darCa transnacionalur kompaniebze. es urTierToba “marTvisxelSekrulebis” saxiT gaformda xsenebuli warmoebis adrindel mflobelebTan.sxvaTa Soris, aseTi xelSekrulebis Sedegad, 70-iani wlebis bolosa d 80-iani wlebisdasawyisSi spilenZis fasebis dacemis simZime ufro metad zambias daawva, vidretransnacionalur kompaniebs.gasuli saukunis 1980-iani wlebidan ganviTarebadi qveynebis mtruli ganwyobatransnacionaluri kompaniebis mimarT 60-ian wlebTan da 70-iani wlebis dasawyisTanSedarebiT Serbilda. am droisTvis bevrma maTganma ukve moaxerxa, rom TavianTisabadoebisa da plantaciebis kontolis umetes wils dapatroneboda. 1970-ian wlebSi,navTobis fasebiT gamowveuli Sokis pirobebSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebi, romlebicnavTobis imports eweodnen, sagadasaxado balansTan dakavSirebuli problemebiswinaSe aRmoCndnen. maT meti ucxouri valuta esaWiroebodaT da amisi erT-erTisaSualeba iyo saeqportod gankuTvnili warmoebis asamuSaveblad TavianT qveynebSitransnacionaluri kompaniebis mozidva. swored aman ganapiroba saeqporto saqonlisgadamamuSavebeli zonebis momravleba. sagadasaxado balansTan dakavSirebuliproblemebi kidev ufro damZimda wina saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, radgan ganviTarebuliqveynebis ekonomikuri daqveiTeba niSnavda ganviTarebadi qveynebis saeqsportosaqonelze moTxovnilebis dacemas. Sedegad, bevrma ganviTarebadma qveyanam mimarTasaerTaSoriso savaluto fonds da msoflio banks sesxebis asaRebad. orive esorganizacia muSaobs, raTa xeli Seuwyos ganviTarebad qveynebs ukeT gaecnontransnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobas, ndobiT ganewyon maT mimarT, SeecadnonmaT mozidvas TavianT qveynebSi da Semdeg ukve SeZlon maTTan TanamSromloba.54

evropis integraciasaerTaSoriso savaluto fondis internet-gverdis 2005 wlis oficialurimonacemebiT, dReisaTvis evrokavSiris ekonomika udidesia da misi erTiani Sidaproduqti, Seadgens ra 12 865 602 milion aSS dolars, odnav uswrebs aSS-s igivemaCvenebels (11 734 300 milioni). evrokavSiris ekonomikuri zrda 1990 wlamde Camor-Ceboda aSS-s, xolo umuSevrobis done amerikaze maRali iyo. igive wyaroSi miTiTebuligaTvlebiT, 2006 wels evrokavSiris ekonomikuri zrda Seadgens 2,3%. amasTan,ekonomikuri zrdis procentuli maCvenebeli kavSiris Zvel wevrebSi bevrad naklebia,vidre mis axal wevr qveynebSi. evrokavSiri aseve erT-erTi lideria saerTaSorisovaWrobaSi da misi ZiriTadi savaWro partniorebi arian: iaponia, Sveicaria da aSS.ra gza gaiara evropam gaerTianebamde da ra iyo evropuli integraciis mizani?evropelebis umetesobisaTvis pirveli msoflio omi niSnavda evropuli civilizaciisdasasruls. Tumca umciresoba xvdeboda, rom evropis gadarCena da misi usafrTxoebadamokidebuli iyo mis unarze, daeZlia agresiuli nacionalizmi, romelmac evropiskontinenti katastrofamde miiyvana, da gaeTavisebina idea mSvidobiani da erTianievropis Sesaxeb.1923 wels avstrielma rixard kudenxov-kalergim daaarsa panevropuli moZraoba.1926 wels man moaxerxa erTad Seekriba evropis sxvadasxva gamoCenili politikurifigurebi pirvel panevropul kongresze venaSi. aRniSnul kongresamde, evropa,rogorc politikuri koncefcia, ar arsebobda. kudenxov-kalergis azriT, urTierTzizRievropaSi wamlavda atmosferos da evropis problemebis mogvareba mxolodTavad evropelebs SeeZloT. misi azriT, evropis mSvidobiani gaerTianebis gzaze erTerTiurTulesi dabrkoleba safrangeTsa da germanias Soris arsebuli aTaswlianiSuRli iyo.pan-evropuli moZraobis oqros wlebi meoce saukunis 20-iani wlebis meore naxevariiyo, rodesac xelmoweril iqna lokarnos SeTanxmeba (1925w. germaniis dasavleTissazRvrebis garantiis Sesaxeb) da brian-kelogis paqti (1928w. omze, rogorcsaxelmwifo politikis iaraRze, uaris Tqma).1929 wels safrangeTis premier-ministrma brianma Semdegnairad Camoayaliba evropissaxelmwifoebis federaciis idea: federacia, romelic efuZneba solidarobasa dasurvils, miRweul iqnes ekonomikuri simdidre da politikuri da socialuri TanamSromloba.ideas aRfrTovanebiT Sexvdnen evropis politikuri da ekonomikurimoRvaweebi.evropis qveynebis ekonomikuri da politikuri erTianobis koncefcia swrafadfarTovdeboda da Zlierdeboda, Tumca rigma ekonomikurma da, Semdeg, politikurmamovlenebma ramdenime wliT Seaferxa misi saboloo formiT Camoyalibeba da srulirealizeba. 1930 wels daiwyo ekonomikuri depresia yvela Tanmdevi problemebiT, xolo1933 wels germaniaSi xelisuflebaSi movida hitleri. nacionalizmma kidev ufro didisimZafriT iCina Tavi, da evropa axalma katastrofam moicva.meore msoflio omis Semdeg kidev ufro cxadi gaxda evropis erTianobis saWiroeba.evropam gaacnobiera Tavisi sisuste — omma bolo mouRo evropis tradiciulhegemonias msoflioSi. or axal supersaxelmwifos — aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs —gaaCndaT bevrad ufro dawinaurebuli ekonomika, isini bevrad ukeTes politikur dasamxedro mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, vidre evropis yvela saxelmwifo erTad. orivemsoflio omi daiwyo, rogorc evropis omi da evropis kontinenti mTavari saomari veliiyo orive SemTxvevaSi. erTaderTi gamosavali Seqmnil viTarebaSi iyo evropulisaxelmwifoebis gaerTianebaSi. am ideis matarebelni imedovnebdnen, rom am gaer-TianebiT Seiqmneboda mesame (im periodis or supersaxelmwifos — aSS-sa da ssrk-sSemdeg) ekonomikuri da politikuri centri, da evropa daibrunebda Tavis istoriulfunqcias msoflio sistemaSi.umniSvnelovanesi xdeboda germaniisa da safrangeTis Serigebis sakiTxi, maT Soris,arsebuli istoriuli problemebis mogvareba. Suamavlad SeiZleba aSS gamosuliyo, daes mSvidobis garantia gaxdeboda. garda amisa, mecnierTa azriT, evropelebs Soris sulufro da ufro matulobda survili ecxovraT Tavisufal, samarTlian da ekonomikuradZlier kontinentze, sadac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ganviTardebodaurTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze.55

1946 wels didi britaneTis yofili premier-ministris uinston CerCilis mierwarmoTqmuli sityva ciurixis universitetSi, bevris azriT, omis Semdeg pirvelinabiji iyo evropis integraciisaken. CerCilis TqmiT, mTeli evropa iseTive Tavisufalida bednieri unda yofiliyo, rogorc Sveicaria. amis miRweva, misi azriT, SesaZlebeliiyo erTiani evropuli ojaxis SeqmniT da misi iseTi struqturiT uzrunvelyofiT,romlis pirobebSic mSvidobiani, usafrTxo da Tavisufali cxovreba iqneboda. misiazriT, Sesaqmneli iyo evropis gaerTianebuli Statebi, xolo amisken gadadgmulipirveli nabiji unda yofiliyo TanamSromloba safrangeTsa da germanias Soris.rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, pirveli mosflio omis Semdgomi periodisagan gansxvavebiT,amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma aRar mimarTes izolacionistur politikas da,rogorc msoflios uZlieresma saxelmwifom, Tavis Tavze aiRes pasuxismgeblobaCareuliyvnen evropis saSinao saqmeebSi. amerikis mTavroba darwmunda, rom TavisufalivaWrobis Semaferxebeli garemoebebis didi damsaxureba iyo is saerTaSorisodaZabuloba, romelmac, saboloo jamSi, meore msoflio omamde miiyvana qveynebi.amrigad, 1945 wlidan Tavisufali vaWrobis agitacia da misi mxardamWeri politikisgatareba amerikis ZiriTadi piroba gaxda im evropuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romlebsacsurdaT aSS-isagan ekonomikuri daxmarebis miReba. civi omis pirobebSi amerikamSeimuSava marSalis gegma, romlis mizanic iyo evropaSi ekonomikuri zrdisa da ganvi-Tarebis daCqareba, raTa is ar gadaqceuliyo komunisturi reJimis gavlenis sferod.aseve aSS-is iniciativiT 1949 wels dasavleT evropis umetesma saxelmwifom, aSS-mada kanadam daaarses CrdiloeTatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia (nato),romelic upirispirdeboda socialistur qveynebs. es iyo koleqtiuri usafrTxoebisorganizacia da masSi gaerTianebiT evropulma saxelmwifoebma kidev erTi nabijigadadges politikuri erTianobisaken.aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom evropis samma qveyanam garkveuli nabiji gaerTianebiskenjer kidev meore msoflio omis dros gadadga. esenia: belgia, niderlandebi daluqsemburgi. 1944 wels maT Seqmnes beniluqsi — sabaJo kavSiri. 1948 wels am qveynebmadaiwyes saerTo sagareo tarifis SemoRebaze muSaoba.1949 wels evropis sabWos Seqmna kidev erTi nabiji iyo evropis gaerTianebisken.misi mizani iyo evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri TanamSromlobisaTvisxelSewyoba, demokratiuli sistemebis mxardaWera da adamianis uflebebis dacva.evropis kavSiris Seqmnis procesSi pirveli nabiji iyo 1950 wels safrangeTissagareo saqmeTa ministris robert Sumanis winadadeba, safrangeTsa da germanias,agreTve yvela sxva msurvel saxelmwifos SeeerTebinaT TavianTi qvanaxSirisa dafoladis resursebi. am ekonomikur integracias Sors gamiznuli gegma hqonda — mWidroekonomikuri kavSiriT daezRviaT evropa SesaZlo omisagan.1951 wels parizis xelSekrulebiT evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianebadaarsda, romlis damfuZnebelic iyo eqvsi qveyana: safrangeTi, germania, italia,belgia, niderlandebi da luqsemburgi. naTeli iyo, rom ekonomikuri kavSirierTaderTi SesaZlo gza iyo politikuri erTianobisaken, da im istoriul etapzeekonomikuri kavSirebi ufro myari SeiZleboda yofiliyo evropis saxelmwifoebsSoris, vidre politikuri da samxedro.1957 wels eqvsi saxelmwifos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebma xeli moaweresSeTanxmebas evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb da evropis atomuri energiisgaerTianebis Sesaxeb.1992 weli gardamtexi periodia evropisaTvis. am wels xeli moewera maastrixtisxelSekrulebas (evropis kavSiris xelSekruleba). masSi modificirebuli iyo parizis,romisa da sxva sakvanZo xelSekrulebebi, daxvewili da ganvrcobili iyo evropis mokleda gZelvadiani ekonomikuri miznebi da Camoyalibebuli evropis qveynebis politikuriTanamSromlobis ZiriTadi amocanebi. maastrixtis xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdegoficialurad damkvidrda termini `evropis kavSiri~ (evrokavSiri).ramdenime ZiriTadi momenti xelSekrulebidan:• 1990 wlidan 1993 wlamde evrokavSiris prioriteti unda yofiliyo kapitalisTavisufali brunvis/moZraobis xelSewyoba;• 1994 wlidan 1999 wlamde wevr saxelmwifoebs unda moexdinaT TavianTiekonomikuri politikis koordinacia, raTa mieRwiaT saerTo miznebisaTvis,56

ogoricaa: inflaciis da saprocento ganakveTebis Semcireba, biujetisdeficitisa da valebis kontroli, evropis savaluto sistemis gacvliTikursebis meqanizmiT rekomendirebuli normaluri CarCoebis dacva. issaxelmwifoebi, romlebic moaxerxebdnen am pirobebis Sesrulebas,gadadiodnen Semdeg etapze;• 1999 wlidan 2002 wlamde unda daarsebuliyo evropis centraluri banki,romelic gaakontrolebda gacvliT kursebs da xmarebaSi Seiyvanda erTianvalutas — evros. is saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac Seasrules wina abzacSiCamoTvlili pirobebi, ase vTqvaT, gadavidnen Semdeg etapze da maT qveynebSimimoqcevaSi Sevida evro. Tavdapirvelad es saxelmwifoebi iyo: espaneTi,portugalia, italia, belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, safrangeTi,germania, avstria, irlandia da fineTi. oTxi saxelmwifo — didi britaneTi,saberZneTi, dania da Svecia — ar aris evros arealSi;• evrokavSiris erT-erTi mizani unda yofiliyo socialuri da ekonomikuriTanasworobis miRweva evropaSi. amisaTvis 1994 wels Seiqmna Tanasworobis(solidarobis) fondi, romelsac finansuri daxmareba unda gaewianaklebadganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da regionebisaTvis,gansakuTrebuli aqcentiT iseT seqtorebze, rogorebicaa garemos dacva dasatransporto infrastruqtura. am daxmarebiT isargebles espaneTma,saberZneTma, portugaliam da irlandiam.maastrixtis xelSekrulebis ratifikacia arc ise advili aRmoCnda, rogorcelodnen, Tumca igi ZalaSi mainc Sevida 1993 wlis 2 noembers.dReisaTvis evropis kavSiri Sedgeba sami organizaciisagan. esenia: evropisqvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba, evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba, evropis atomurienergiis komisia (evratomi). kavSiris ZiriTadi organoebia: komisia, evroparlamentida ministrTa sabWo. evrokavSiri saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi subieqtunarianobismqone gaerTianebaa. igi aRiarebulia damoukidebel subieqtad, romelsacufleba aqvs dados xelSekruleba rogorc sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan, asevesaxelmwifoebTan.komunisturi reJimebis ngrevasTan erTad gafarTovda evrokavSiris politikurida ekonomikuri amocanebic: demokratiuli sistemebis SeqmnaSi, adamianis uflebebisdacvaSi da gegmiuri ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlaSi daxmarebis gaweva.1999 wels evrokavSiris wevrebi gaxdnen ungreTi, poloneTi da CexeTi. Semdegikandidatebi arian TurqeTi, malta da kviprosi. am da kontinentis kidev sxva danarCeniqveynebis gawevrianebiT evropas istoriuli Sansi eZleva umniSvnelovanesi roliSeasrulos saerTaSoriso scenaze.Tumca, evropis Semdgom gaerTianebas seriozuli oponentebic hyavs TavadevrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebSi. maTgan yvelaze mdidari da Zlieri qveynebi SiSoben,rom aseTi mzardi tempebiT kavSiris gafarToeba da iseTi moumzadebeli daekonomikurad araTanaswori qveynebis gaerTianeba, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, TurqeTida kviprosi, seriozul problemad SeiZleba iqces maTTvis. am ideas gansakuTrebiTbevri mxardamWeri hyavs germaniaSi, avstriaSi da safrangeTSi. garda imisa, rom aseTinaklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis kavSirSi SesvliT damatebiTi jafa daawvebakavSiris mdidar qveynebs, mosalodnelia seriozuli emigraciac axlad gawevrianebuliqveynebidan, rac kidev ufro daamZimebs suraTs, rogorc ekonomikurs, asevepolitikurs. miT ufro, rom, maTi azriT, kavSirs sxva bevri problemac aqvs. ase,magaliTad, mniSvnelovani politikuri Zalauflebis miRwevis miuxedavad, iugoslaviiskonfliqtma, sadac gadamwyveti roli kvlav aSS-ma da natom iTamaSa, evropas aCvena,rom mas jer kidev bevri dro sWirdeba, rom Tavisi politikuri da ekonomikuriproblemebi mTlianad Tavad gadawyvitos.bevri mecnieri Tvlis, rom evropis kavSiri aris am kontinentis saxelmwifoebsSoris myari ekonomikuri da politikuri erTianoba, dafuZnebuli saerTo erovnulinteresebze, da erT dRes igi SeiZleba gaxdes `evropis SeerTebuli Statebi”. Tumca ammosazrebis oponentebi miiCneven, rom movlenebis msgavsi ganviTareba ararealuria,vinaidan, miuxedavad imisa, rom kavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs gaaCniaT saerTo miznebi,maTi ekonomikebi, socialuri standartebi da garkveuli politikuri miznebi57

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. metic, maTi azriT, aSS-is tipissaxelmwifod evrokavSiris gadaqcevis nebismieri mcdeloba SeiZleba misi daSliTac kidamTavrdes. ufro savaraudoa, rom evropis momavali mowyoba konfederaluri tipisiyos (Globalization in Question. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Second Edition, 1996).hersti da tomfsoni aRniSnaven, rom evrokavSiri aris mravalerovnuli ekonomikurimarTvis yvelaze ambiciuri proeqti Tanamedrove msoflioSi, magram mas jerkidev sWirdeba daxvewa. misi ZiriTadi problema, avtorebis azriT, Sida komunikacia daisaa, rom mis Semadgenel qveynebs gansxvavebulad warmoudgeniaT kavSiris momavali,rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uSlis erTiani sagareo politikis ganxorcielebas.igive avtorebis azriT, dRevandel msoflio ekonomikaSi dominirebs sameuli —evrokavSiri, iaponia da Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement – NAFTA), da Tu isini SeTanxmebulad imoqmedeben, SeZlebenmsoflio ekonomikis mimarTulebis efeqturad gakontrolebas. avtorebs eWvi araaqvT, rom wminda Tavisufali bazari Zalian mgrZnobiarea da Znelad Sesacnobi.Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis momavali stabilurobisaTvis aucilebeliamsoflio savaWro sistemis marTvis formis mofiqreba da danergva. xolo vinaidandRevandel ekonomikur sistemaSi lideroben, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, evrokavSiri,iaponia da Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociacia, mmarTvelobisformazec isini unda SeTanxmdnen. anu, savaraudod, mmarTveloba unda iyosmravalmxrivi, ufro sworad — sammxrivi. xolo efeqturi mmarTvelobisaTvis sameulisqmedebebi unda iyos koordinirebuli. amas arTulebs ramdenime garemoeba: maSin,rodesac Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociaciaSi dominanti saxelmwifoaaSS, aris, iaponiis ekonomika ki erT saxelmwifos efuZneba, es orni martivadTanxmdebian garkveul sakiTxebze da kompromisebsac advilad pouloben. evrokav-SirTan mimarTebaSi ki mdgomareoba ufro rTulia. misi Semadgeneli saxelmwifoebixSirad ver pouloben saerTo enas da kavSiris rols msoflio ekonomikis marTvissaqmeSic gansxvavebulad xedaven. msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi wevri saxelmwifoebiwarmodgenilia evrokavSiris mier da gadawyvetilebebsac maT magivrad iRebs. esgadawyvetilebebi efuZneba qveynebis SigniT miRebul (nacionaluri done) da SemdegkavSiris doneze (supranacionaluri done) miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. amas sam donezeTamaSis Teorias uwodeben.amgvarad, evrokavSiris zemoaRniSnuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, dRevandelimsofliosaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania is, Tu ra gadawyvetilebebs iRebs evrokavSirida ra mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba igi.CrdiloeTi atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizaciaNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization – NATO)nato Seiqmna 1949 wels rogorc samxedro kavSiri, Tumca Zalian male man seriozulipolitikuri funqciac SeiZina. Tavdapirvelad natos ZiriTadi mizani iyo wevrisaxelmwifoebis dacva komunisturi sabWoTa kavSirisagan. am ukanasknelis daSlisSemdeg ki misi mizani Seicvala da axla evropaSi stabilurobis SenarCunebaSimdgomareobs. amJamad natoSi gaerTianebulia Semdegi saxelmwifoebi: aSS, didibritaneTi, safrangeTi, italia, belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, kanada, norvegia,dania, islandia, portugalia, saberZneTi, TurqeTi, germania, espaneTi, CexeTi,ungreTi, poloneTi. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa daexmaros wevr saxelmwifoebs agresiismogeriebaSi, iTanamSromlos saerTaSoriso davebis mSvidobiani mogvarebisaTvis ,ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebisaTvis da sxv.natos umaRlesi politikuri organoa Crdilo-atlantikuri sabWo.natos CarCoebSi moqmedebs evrojgufi, romelSic Sedian nato-s wevri dasavleTevropuli qveynebis (safrangeTis da islandiis garda) Tavdacvis ministrebi. misimTavari amocanaaa am jgufSi gaerTianebuli qveynebis SeiaraRebis gegmebiskoordinacia.natos farglebSi moqmedebs evroatlantikuri partniorobis sabWo (1991w.), romlismizania ganamtkicos mWidro urTierToba yofil socialistur qveynebTan. misi wevrianatos yvela wevri da, agreTve avstria, azerbaijani, albaneTi, belorusia, bulgareTi,58

estoneTi, TurqmeneTi, latvia, litva, makedonia, moldova, rumineTi, ruseTi,saqarTvelo, slovakia, slovenia, somxeTi, tajikeTi, uzbekeTi, ukraina, ungreTi,fineTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, Sveicaria, SvedeTi da sxv.ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is tendenciebi, romlebic SeiniSneba am organizaciaSicivi omis dasrulebis Semdeg. es aris natos gafarToeba aRmosavleTiT da esorganizaciis swored im funqcias ukavSirdeba, romelic gulisxmobs evropaSistabilurobisa da mSvidobis SenarCunebas. vinaidan natos wevrobis kandidatebiyofili socialisturi saxelmwifoebia, gasakviri ar aris , rom am procesiTukmayofiloa ruseTi.evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankievropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki daarsda 1991 wels centralur daaRmosavleT evropaSi komunisturi reJimis dacemis sapasuxod, raTa xeli Seewyo amsaxelmwifoebSi kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis demokratiul garemoSi. amJamadbanki exmareba 27 qveyanas aRmosavleT da centralur evropaSi, damoukidebelsaxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis CaTvliT. ZiriTadi mizania daexmaros qveynebsTanmimdevrulad gadavidnen sabazro ekonomikaze. Tavisi fulis investirebis gardabanki axdens didi raodenobiT ucxouri investiciis mobilizaciasac qveynebisaTvis.bankis daxmareba gaicema sesxebis saxiT umetesad finansebSi, infrastruqturasa dawarmoebaSi. gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba mcire da saSualo biznesze. kerZoseqtoris garda, banki muSaobs, agreTve saxelmwifo seqtorSic da xels uwyobsprivatizaciis process, saxelmwifos kuTvnilebaSi myofi kompaniebisa damunicipaluri samsaxurebis restruqturizacias. bankis investiciebs Tan axlavsteqnikuri daxmarebis programebi, romelTa mizania xeli Seuwyon qveyanas gardamavalperiodSi politikur, ekonomikur da garemos dacvis doneebze. bankis kapitaliSeadgens 20 miliard evros.erovnuli usafrTxoeba da ekonomikaam sakiTxis ZiriTadi mizania gavarkvioT, Tu ratom xarjaven saxelmwifoebiuzarmazar Tanxebs SeiaraRebaze, ra principiT da risi gaTvaliswinebiT ixarjeba esTanxebi, ra kavSirSia SeiaraReba, samxedro siZliere da erovnuli usafrTxoeba, rakavSirSia ekonomikuri siZliere samxedro ZlierebasTan da ra tendenciebia meoremsoflio omis Semdgom msoflioSi samxedro industriis ganviTarebis sferoSi.nebismieri saxelmwifo zrunavs Tavis erovnul usafrTxoebaze da cdilobsmaqsimalurad uzrunvelyos igi. magram yvelaze Zlier saxelmwifosac ki ar SeuZliaabsoluturad iyos darwmunebuli, rom mis erovnul usafrTxoebas safrTxe aremuqreba, vinaidan is ar aris erTaderTi, vinc am problemis mogvarebaze zrunavs, damisi mezobeli Tu moqiSpe saxelmwifoebi, mis paralelurad, gamalebiT aumjobesebenda xvewen TavianT usafrTxoebas. amgvarad, yvela qveyana, surs mas es Tu ara,iZulebulia gaaZlieros Tavisi samxedro da samxedro-ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi.rogorc aleqsandre rondeli aRniSnavs Tavis wignSi `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi~,`radgan safrTxe ara mxolod fizikurad arsebobs, aramed xSirad Zalze subieqturadacda igi yvelas mier gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba, usafrTxoebas mniSvnelovanifsiqologiuri aspeqtic axasiaTebs. usafrTxoebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi misobieqtur Sefasebasa da aRqmas metad arTulebs da, xSir SemTxvevebSi, erovnuliusafrTxoebis prioritetebisa da politikis gansazRvrisas, araracionalurigadawyvetilebebis miRebas ganapirobebs~.arnold uolfersis azriT, usafrTxoeba da Zala sinonimuri cnebebi iqneboda imSemTxvevaSi, Tu usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mxolod Zalis dagroveba iqneboda59

saWiro. magram vinaidan es ase ar aris da `amasTan, Tavdasxmis SiSi — usafrTxoebasubieqturi gagebiT — ar aris SedarebiTi Zlierebis proporciuli. Tu es mcdarimosazrebaa, maSin, ratom grZnobs zogierTi susti da daucveli saxelmwifo Tavs ufrousafrTxod, vidre aSS?” (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria. qrestomaTia.samoqalaqo iniciativebis instituti, 2004).sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom samxedro teqnika sakmaod Zviria da misi fasiganuwyvetliv izrdeba mis ganviTarebasTan da gaumjobesebasTan erTad. xolosamxedro teqnikis efeqturoba swored mis TanamedroveobaSi da upiratesobaSimdgomareobs. Sesabamisad, samxedro teqnikis ganviTarebas qveyanaSi, an misimportirebas, mniSvnelovani danaxarjebi aqvs. swored amitom, xSirad miiCneven, romkargi SeiaraReba mxolod maRalganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebis prerogativaa.aq gasamijnia ori momenti — samxedro SeiaraRebis warmoeba da misi importi. racSeexeba warmoebas, amis SesaZlebloba SeiZleba hqondes im qveyanas, romelsac gaaCniaseriozuli ekonomikuri resursebi, Sesabamisi ekonomikuri struqtura, inteleqtualurikapitali da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, amis tradicia.Tanamedrove samxedro SeiaraReba moiTxovs maRalteqnologiuri dargebis mniSvnelovanganviTarebas, xolo maRalteqnologiuri dargebis ganviTareba praqtikuladSeuZlebelia dabalganviTarebuli ekonomikis pirobebSi. samxedro danaxarjebi,mSvidobian periodTan SedarebiT, erTi-orad izrdeba omis dros. amas ematebaadamianuri resursebi, ekonomikis sxva, ara samxedro sferos, danaxarjebi, bunebriviresursebis gazrdili xarjebi da sxva.rac Seexeba samxedro SeiaraRebis imports, es msoflioSi miRebuli praqtikaa damas TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo mimarTavs, Tumca umetesad naklebad ganviTarebulisaxelmwifoebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT yvela is zemoT CamoTvlili piroba, romelicsaWiroa Tanamedrove da efeqturi SeiaraRebis warmoebisaTvis. Tumca aqve undaaRiniSnos, rom sul ufro meti naklebadganviTarebuli qveyana iwyebs 1980-ianiwlebidan Tavisi SeiaraRebis ganviTarebas da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, eqsportsac ki.umetesad laTinur amerikaSi (brazilia) da aziaSi. paralelurad es qveynebi SeiZlebaSeiaraRebis importsac eweodnen. naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, rogorc wesi, muSaxelis deficiti naklebia, Tumca xSiria maRalkvalificiuri samxedroebis an samxedroteqnikis mcodneTa nakleboba an ararseboba. naklebadganviTarebuli qveynebi xSiradyiduloben (qiraoben) samxedro-industriuli sferos specialistebs da adgilzevecdiloben samxedro SeiaraRebis warmoebas, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs maTdanaxarjebs mza produqciis importirebasTan SedarebiT.ratom sWirdeba Zlier da ekonomikurad maRalganviTarebul saxelmwifos Tanxebisdaxarjva SeiaraRebaze da aris Tu ara ekonomikuri siZliere samxedro ZlierebissafuZveli?am sakiTxebze saubrisas, gverds ver avuvliT meoce saukunis iseT movlenas,rogoric iyo civi omi (iTvleba, rom daiwyo 1946 wels uinston CerCilis sityvebiT:`rkinis farda~ CamoeSva dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris). am periodSi e.w. SejibriSeiaraRebaSi (arms race; гонка вооружений) aqtiurad mimdinareobda or zesaxelmwifos —aSS-sa da ssrk-s Soris (msoflio politikuri sistema bipolaruli iyo). civi omisperiodSi ukanaskneli donis da masStaburi SeiaraReba pirdapir asocirdebodaerovnul usafrTxoebasTan (Zalis demonstrireba — grandiozuli aRlumebi samxedroteqnikis CvenebiT, omebi sxva saxelmwifoebSi — vietnami, avRaneTi, da sxv.). civi omisperiodSi koleqtiur usafrTxoebaze zrunvis Sedegad dapirispirebulisaxelmwifoebi gaerTiandnen samxedro blokebSi — dasavleTi — CrdiloeTi atlantikisxelSekrulebis organizaciaSi (nato), sabWoTa kavSiri, Tavis satelitebTan erTad —varSavis paqtSi.varSavis paqti1985 wlis aprilSi sabWoTa kavSiris, bulgareTis, Cexoslovakiis,germaniis demokratiuli respublikis (aRmosavleT germania), ungreTis,poloneTisa da rumineTis komunisturi da mSromelTa partiebisgeneraluri mdivnebi Seikribnen varSavaSi. maT xeli moaweres dokuments,romelic agrZelebda 1955 wlis SeTanxmebas megobrobaze, TanamSromlo-60

asa da erTmaneTis daxmarebaze, ramac warmoqmna sabWoTa politikursamxedroaliansi aRmosavleT evropaSi. varSavis paqti upirispirdebodanatos. 1949 wels Camoyalibebuli, natosgan gansxvavebiT, varSavis paqtiar iyo damoukidebeli organizaciuli struqtura , aramed mas hqondasabWoTa kavSiris, Tavdacvis saministros nawilis funqciebi. sabWoTakavSiri iyenebda varSavis paqts Tavisi daarsebidan 30 wlis manZilzerogorc mTavar meqanizms aRmosavleT evropaSi saomari da politikurikontrolis damyarebisaTvis. sabWoTa kavSirs sWirdeboda varSavispaqti, raTa Seeqmna STabeWdileba erToblivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisada daemala simarTle Tavisi politikuri dominirebis da saomari CarevisSesaxeb mravali qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi. sabWoTa kavSiri varSavis paqtsiyenebda, agreTve aRmosavleT evropuli socialisturi qveynebis jarebisgasaviTareblad da maTi saomari strategiis gamosayeneblad.1955 wlis paqtis dadebamde didi xniT adre sabWoTa kavSirma CamoayalibaaRmosavleTevropuli qveynebis aliansi, romelic emsaxurebodamisi usafrTxoebis interesebs. aRmosavleT evropis faSisturi germaniisganganTavisuflebisas, meore msoflio omis dros, wiTelma armiamdaamyara politikuri da saomari kontroli am regionze. sabWoTa kavSirissididem, ekonomikurma wonam da didma samxedro Zalam ganapirobamisi, rogorc qveynis, dominireba evropis am nawilSi. sabWoTa kavSirsundoda aRmosavleT evropis gamoyeneba buferul zonad Tavisi dasavle-Ti sazRvrebis dasacavad da ideologiuri gavlenis gasavrceleblad.meore mizezi iyo samSoblos dacva sabWoTa kavSiris uSiSroebisprioritetebis ierarqiaSi. aRmosavleTevropuli qveynebis daqvemdebarebiTsabWoTa kavSirma uzrunvelyo Tavisi kontroli regionze.1955 wlis maisSi sabWoTa kavSirma Camoayaliba aRmosavleT evropisaliansis sistema. varSavaSi erTad Seikribnen warmomadgenlebi albane-Tidan, bulgareTidan, Cexoslovakiidan, ungreTidan, poloneTidan darumineTidan. maTi mizani iyo xeli moeweraT mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebisa-Tvis megobrobaze, TanamSromlobaze da urTierTdaxmarebaze, romelichgavda ukve ZalaSi Sesul maT ormxriv SeTanxmebas sabWoTa kavSirTan.legaluri mravalmxrivi aliansis formirebam gaaZliera sabWoTakavSiris pretenzia msoflioSi socialisturi sistemis liderobaze,gazarda misi prestiJi da daakanona misi arseboba da gavlena aRmosavleTevropaSi. natos Camoyalibebamde (1949 wels) sabWoTa kavSirs mniSvnelovanimizezebi hqonda araformaluri kavSiris sistemis CamoyalibebisaTvis,magram varSavis paqtma, rogorc formalurma organizaciam,saSualeba misca sabWoTa kavSirs, rom oficialurad SewinaaRmdegebodanatos dasavlur-aRmosavlur diplomatiaSi. varSavis paqtma miscasabWoTa kavSirs Tanaswori statusi amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan, radganigi iyo lideri damoukidebeli qveynebisa, romlebic mxars uWerdnenmis Sinagan politikas saerTaSoriso arenaze. varSavis paqti asevevdaexmara sabWoTa kavSirs gaeadvilebina saSinao politikis gavrcelebaaRmosavleT evropaSi. varSavis paqtma sabWoTa kavSirs daakanonebinasabWoTa jaris yofna da Tavisi didi gavlena aRmosavleT evropaSi.zogierTi mecnieris azriT, meoce saukunis 80-iani wlebisTvis amerikis ekonomikisTandaTanobiTi Sesustebis erT-erTi mizezi swored es samxedro Sejibri iyo,romelmac mniSvnelovnad Secvala qveynis ekonomikuri struqtura da saTanadoyuradRebis gareSe datova qveynisaTvis sxva mniSvnelovani dargebi. laparaki aRararis ssrk-ze, romlis gegmiuri ekonomika Tavidanve ganwiruli iyo da civi omisdasrulebisaTvis ukve naTeli xdeboda sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesisSeuqcevadoba.civi omis damTavrebam SesaZlebloba misca amerikis SeerTebul Statebs mniSvnelovnadSeemcirebinaT Tavisi samxedro xarjebi. 1991 wels erovnuli usafrTxoebaasaqmebda daaxloebiT eqvs milion adamians kerZo samxedro industriaSi, aqtiursamxedro samsaxurSi da Tavdacvis departamentSi. 1991 wlidan 2001 wlamde (aTweliwadSi) es ricxvi daaxloebiT 2,5 milioniT Semcirda. meore msoflio omidan 198861

wlamde aSS-ma 9,6 trilioni dolari daxarjes SeiaraRebaze.msoflios samxedro danaxarjebi uzarmazari iyo da mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda1970-ian wlebSi. 1980-ian wlebSi samxedro danaxarjebis zrda gagrZeldaindustrializebul saxelmwifoebSi, magram daaxloebiT 1982 wlidan am xarjebma iklonaklebadganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi.msoflios samxedro danaxarjebi 1975-1984 wlebSi(aSS miliard dolarebSi)1975 1981 1982 1983 1984procentuli wilimsoflioSiise 257,534 290,278 307,827 324,230 348,697 53.7aise 171,972 185,448 189,757 191,671 196,133 30.2Zneq 33,352 45,143 48,598 44,874 44,988 6.9dm 43,452 54,238 61,862 60,018 57,419 8.8mTliani 507,480 576,860 609,900 622,800 649,070 100.0SeniSvna: ise — industriuli sabazro ekonomikebi; aise — araindustriuli sabazroekonomikebi; Zneq — ZiriTadi navTob eqsportiori qveynebi; dm — danarCeni msoflioStephen Gill and David Law. The Global Political Economy: Perspectives, Problems and Policies. p.106. Source:R. Luckman, “Disarmament and Development – the International Context”IDS Bulletin (October 1985), Vol. 16, No. 4,p.3.is faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobebs samxedro danaxarjebs da gavlenas axdenenmaT aseT maRal maCveneblebze, kompleqsuria. zogierTi faqtori ganekuTvnebaerovnuli politikuri ekonomikis Sida struqturas, zogierTi — globaluripolitikuri ekonomikis struqturas. maTgan zogierTi ki iseT ekonomikur faqtorebs,rogoricaa cvlilebebi teqnologiis doneSi. ra Tqma unda, gare da Sida faqtorebierTmaneTTanaa kavSirSi. garda amisa, is kavSirebi, qiSpoba Tu TanamSromloba, romelicarsebobs saxelmwifoebs Soris usafrTxoebis sferoSi, gulisxmobs, rom gadawyvetilebebiSeiaraRebasTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba iyos miRebuli damoukideblad,zogadi tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. aq qveynebi iTvaliswineben Zalian bevrfaqtors: zogad tendenciebs msoflioSi, maT mdgomareobas regionSi, maTistrategiuli partniorebis saerTaSoriso statuss da SeiaraRebis dones, im rols,romlis TamaSsac es saxelmwifo apirebs msoflio politikaSi (mag., samarTlianobisaTvismebrZoli saxelmwifos roli, istoriulad neitraluri roli, regionSilideris roli da sxv.), Tavis geopolitikur mdebareobas (Tumca samxedro teqnikisganviTarebis pirobebSi sazRvrebis rolis mniSvnelobis dasustebam es faqtori, xSirSemTxvevaSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena).dekolonizacias, romlis Sedegadac saxelmwifoTa ricxvma imata, mohyva omebimesame samyaroSi da regionaluri konfliqtebi. aman, TavisTavad, gazarda samxedroxarjebi am qveynebSi. es zrda ufro didi iyo, vidre ganviTarebul qveynebSi. sworedamitom, 1950 wlidan sagrZnoblad Semcirda super-saxelmwifoebis samxedrodanaxarjebis wili msoflio samxedro danaxarjebSi, da es imis miuxedavad, rom 1950wlidan masiurad izrdeboda SeiaraRebis (teqnikis) fasebi. aSS-is wili, magaliTad, 1950wels Seadgenda 50 procents, 1980 wlisaTvis ki misi wili ukve Seadgenda daaxloebiT 23procents. daaxloebiT amdenives Seadgenda am periodisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiris wili.zurab daviTaSvilis azriT, imis gamo, rom Tanamedrove samxedro teqnologiamecnierebatevadi da specializebuli dargia, saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobaiaraRis warmoebaSi gansakuTrebuli siswrafiT izrdeba. igi aseve exebatransnacionaluri korporaciebis rols am sferoSi da aRniSnavs: `dasavleTisqveynebis TavdacviTi industriis transnacionalizacia momdinareobs komerciulilogikidan, rac erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebs aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba, magram estendencia sayovelTaoa. miT ufro, rom samxedro mrewveloba mWidrod aris62

gadajaWvuli samoqalaqo dargebTan, romelTa sazRvrebi saxelmwifoebs Sorisfaqtiurad waiSala~ (zurab daviTaSvili, nacionalizmi da globalizacia. Tbilisi.2003. gv. 225).dRevandel msoflioSi yvela saxis teqnologia saocari tempiT vrceldeba da amdros Zalin Znelia gamijno samoqalaqo da samxedro teqnologiebi. magram maSinac ki,rodesac es xerxdeba, samxedro teqnologiebi mainc vrceldeba saerTaSorisoekonomikis konkurentuli bunebis gamo. imisaTvis, rom qveyana konkurentunariani iyosmaRalteqnologiur dargebSi, man unda gaataros dabalansebuli ekonomikuri kursi,xolo Tu misi Sida bazari ar aris sakmarisad didi, eqsports sasicocxlo mniSvnelobaeniWeba, raTa qveyanam miiRos Semosavali da daafinansos Semdgomi kvlevebi. erovnuliusafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, qveynebma SeiZleba isurvon moaxdinonromelime samxedro industriuli teqnologiis monopolizacia, magram teqnologiuriinovaciebis ekonomika aiZulebs maT mimarTon gavrcelebis xelSewyobis politikas.xSirad supersaxelmwifoebi sxva mniSvnelovan saxelmwifoebze yidian TanamedroveiaraRs, raTa moipovon maTze gavlena. samxedro teqnikiT vaWroba farTodgavrcelebuli praqtikaa da mas qveynebisTvis soliduri Semosavali moaqvs. saerToRirebulebiT (brunviT) iaraRiT vaWroba pirvel adgilzea msoflioSi. 1970-1980-ianwlebSi iaraRiT gamalebuli momarageba xdeboda navTobiT mdidari saxelmwifoebisaziaSi — arabuli saxelmwifoebi da, meore mxriv israeli, irani da meore mxriv — erayi.iaraRis mimwodeblebi iyvnen aSS da sabWoTa kavSiri da am supersaxelmwifoebisSejibri (arms race) am regionSi grZeldeboda. gamonaklisi ar iyo am mxriv arc afrikiskontinenti, romlis danawilebasac gavlenis sferoebad cdilobdnen igivesupersaxelmwifoebi. aSS-s gansakuTrebuli istoriuli interesi hqondaT da aqvTsamxreT amerikaSi, Sesabamisad samxedro teqnikasTan dakavSirebuli garigebebi maTSoris yovelTvis iyo. iaraRiT vaWroba xdeboda da xdeba rogorc Riad saxelmwifoebismier, aseve farulad an kerZo kompaniebis saSualebiT. am mxriv SeiZleba dasaxeldessabWoTa kavSiris magaliTi axlo aRmosavleTSi Tundac palestinasTan mimarTebaSi dasxv. SeiZleba aseve aRiniSnos birTvuli iaraRis saidumloebebis miyidvis faqtebiaRmosavleTis zogierTi qveynisaTvis da sxva mravali.dRemde birTvuli omis muqara da mZime kalibris iaraRis raodenobis swrafi zrdadominirebda debatebSi globaluri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb. garigebebi cecxlsasrolida msubuqi kalibris iaraRis (small arms and light weapons - SALW) SeZenaze saSualebasaZlevda mimReb qveynebs mieRwiaT SeTanxmebisaTvis da aRniSnuli iaraRis nacvladSeetanaT mZime kalibris iaraRi. 1990-iani wlebis damdegs debatebi birTvul iaraRzeSeicvala gacxovelebuli msjelobiT SALW-ze, rogorc did saSiSroebaze globaluriusafrTxoebisaTvis, risTvisac sakmaod seriozuli mizezi iyo. civi omis SemdgomperiodSi namdvili omebis gaCenam ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi da am omebSi CabmuliurTierTdapirispirebuli mxareebis warmodgenam aseve Secvala SALW-is roli da igidamxmare SeiaraRebidan masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRad aqcia.mSvidobis programis, romelic wyvets iaraRis gavrcelebis problemas, kampaniiswevrebma kargad unda icodnen am problemis Taviseburebebi. upirveles yovlisa, SALWiarTulebs konfliqtebs da xels uwyobs banditizms, magram ar warmoqmnis maT. Semdeg,warmatebuli kampania ver akrZalavs naRmebs, radgan SeuZlebelia SALW-is produqciisakrZalva. marTalia, cota vinme Tu uaryofs imas, rom qveiTsawinaaRmdego naRmebiarahumanuria da maT postkonfliqtur saxelmwifoebSi aTeuli wlebis Semdegacewirebian adamianebi, magram vinaidan SALW-i gamoiyeneba sportsa da usafrTxoebisdacvaSi, igi gacxarebuli kamaTis sagani xdeba. SALW-ze kamaTi yovelTvis exeba,agreTve qveynis nacionalur suverenitets. saboloo Tanxmobis micema iaraRisgatanasa da realizaciaze mxolod mTavrobas SeuZlia. imaze, rom SALW—is SeTanxmebebisumravlesoba ukanonoa da rom es SeTanxmebebi eyrdnoba ukanono gadatanebs,dRes Riad laparakoben diplomatiur wreebSi da saerTaSoriso konferenciebze.civi omis Semdgom msoflioSi zesaxelmwifoebi xSirad saubroben sayovelTaoganiaraRebaze, konversiaze, da es saubrebi, garkveulwilad, kargi tonic arisdiplomatiaSi. konversia aris samxedro mrewvelobis, samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsisgadayvana samoqalaqo produqciis an ormxrivi daniSnulebis produqciis warmoebaze.garda amisa, konversia gulisxmobs samxedro personalis an samxedroindustriaSi dasaqmebuli pirebis gadamzadebas da maTTvis axali, samoqalaqo63

samsaxurebis SeTavazebas. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politekonomiis erT-erTimimdinareobac aris, romelic konkretulad Seiswavlis konversiis tendenciebs daperspeqtivebs Tanamedrove msoflioSi.dasavleTis politikis oponentebi miiCneven, rom imisaTvis, rom moxdes ganiaraRebada SenarCunebuli iyos mSvidoba, strategiis SemmuSaveblebma unda miscenmagaliTi sxva saxelmwifoebs. upirveles yovlisa, iaraRis Semomtanma ZiriTadmaqveynebma — aSS-ma, ruseTma, didma britaneTma da safrangeTma unda gamoiCinon simkacreiaraRis gavrcelebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseve maT unda gaakontrolon aralegaluriiaraRis mTavari gadamtanebi afrikaSi — ukraina, bulgareTi da slovakeTi, romgaamyaron kontroli iaraRis transportirebaze. Semdeg, ganviTarebulma qveynebmaTavis Tavze unda aiRon didi pasuxismgebloba iaraRiT movaWreebze da usafrTxoebiskerZo kompaniebze.am kuTxiT muSaobisTvis SemuSavda iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativa(Proliferation Security Initiative - PSI), romelic aris globaluri mcdeloba SeaCerosmasobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrceleba. am proeqtis Sesaxeb gamoacxada prezidentmabuSma 2003 wlis 31 maiss. es xedva aseve gacxadebuli iyo 2002 wlis nacionalurstrategiaSi, romelic qveynis erT-erT prioritetad asaxelebda masobrivi ganadgurebisiaraRis gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg brZolas. es strategia cxadyofs, romsaWiroa qveynebis sayovelTao kooperacia am saxis iaraRis winaaRmdeg sabrZolveladmTel msoflioSi.iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativis mTavari mizania Camoayalibosufro dinamiuri, axleburi da aqtiuri midgoma iaraRis swrafi gavrcelebiswinaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. es yvelaferi moxdeba am iniciativis TanamSromlobiTsaxelmwifoebTan da mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan. amasTan, gamoyenebuliiqneba saerTaSoriso organizaciebis xelTarsebuli yvela berketi, raTasaqmianoba ganxorcieldes saerTaSoriso samarTlis farglebSi.2003 wlis seqtemberSi avstralia, safrangeTi, germania, italia, iaponia,niderlandebi, portugalia, espaneTi, didi britaneTi da amerikis SeerTebuli StatebidaeTanxmnen iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativas da aRiares igioficialur amkrZalav principad. mas Semdeg bevrma qveyanam dauWira mxari amprincipebs. iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativaSi msurvelebs gawevrianebaSeuZliaT Riad. PSI—s partniorebi sTxoven saxelmwifoebs PSI -s mxardaWeras daurCeven gaiaron is etapebi iaraRis gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic gaiara PSI-m. PSIsdaxmareba kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom ufro seriozuli zomebia misaRebi iaraRisswrafi gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad sxva qveynebTan TanamSromlobiT.SeniSvna:vinaidan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis kursi axali saganiada, garda amisa, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Tanamedrove politikur da ekonomikurmovlenebTan, igi Zalian dinamiuria da mudmivad cvalebadi.64

ibliografia:1. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, aleqsandre rondeli, Tbilisis damoukidebeliuniversiteti, 1996;2. nacionalizmi da globalizacia, zurab daviTaSvili, fondi `Ria sazogadoeba —saqarTvelo~, socialur mecnierebaTa seria. Tbilisi, 2003;3. ra aris globalizacia? ulrix beki, elfis gamomcemloba, 2003;4. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria. qrestomaTia. samoqalaqo iniciativebisinstituti, 2004;5. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali — leqsikoni-cnobari, Tbilisis universitetisgamomcemloba, Tbilisi 2003;6. liberalizmis safuZvlebi, Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, wigni I, ekonomikuri codnisgavrcelebis sazogadoeba, 2004;7. The Political Economy of International Relations, Robert Gilpin, Princeton University Press, Princeton1987;8. Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order;9. The Global Political Economy (Perspectives, Problems and Policies), Stephen Gill and David Law, TheJohns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1993;10. Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development (The Internalization of Capital and The ThirdWorld), Rhys Jenkins, Methuen, London and New York 1987;11. The Politics of International Economic Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition, St. Martin’sPress, New York 1990;12. Globalization in Question. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Second Edition, 1996;13. On Liberty, John Stuart Mill, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Division of Meredith Publishing Company, NewYork;14. Transnational Corporations, United Nations, UNCTAD Division on Investment, Technology andEnterprise Development, 2004;15. Дипломатический словарь, Издательство политической литературы, том II, Москва 1971.65

internet resursebi:www.mitpress.mit.eduwww.tandf.co.ukwww.drake.eduwww.bisa.ac.uk/groups/ipegwww.tn.regentsdegrees.orgwww.indiana.edu/~ipewww.ucpress.edu/books/SIPEwww.mtholyoke.eduwww.gamethory.net/dictionarywww.pupress.princeton.eduwww.duke.eduwww.guilford.eduwww.pup.princeton.eduwww.routledge.comwww.ssc.upenn.edu/polisciwww.curzonpress.co.ukwww.reference.routlege.comwww.revision-notes.co.uk/revisionwww.rrojasdatabank.orgwww.state.gov/r/pa/howww.wikipedia.org/wikiwww.consulting.ru/econs_artwww.wto.orgwww.opec.orgwww.imf.org66

Nino JvaniaPOLITICAL ECONOMY OFINTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COURSE RESUMEInternational Political Economy is a relatively new discipline, developing since 70 th last century.Its formation was necessitated by rapidly increased tight interrelationship between internationalpolitics and economy, and an assumption that economics and international relations separatelywere too narrow disciplines to explain central aspects of international political and internationaleconomic relations.This course cannot cover all aspects of the discipline. It introduces main theories of theinternational political economy, describes monetary and trade systems after the WWII (BretonWoods Conference and following events) and compares them to the current systems. It alsoattempts to explain the logic of international investments and current trends in this sphere. Further,the course tackles the issues of globalization from different perspectives (globalization and thethird world) and tries to give a thorough understanding of the European integration process.Special attention is given to the role of international and intergovernmental organizations in theinternational political economy.Purpose of the course is to introduce some of the fundamental relationships between politicsand economics on both the domestic and international levels, and explain how these two aremutually dependent. Furthermore, the course examines the politics of globalization from differentperspectives and illustrates historical developments of the global economy. The course also aimsat encouraging students to think about different aspects of the international political economy fromthe Georgia’s perspective.The course introduction provides views of different scholars on the relationship betweenpolitics and economics, such as Edward Carr, Joan Spero, Robert Gilpin, etc., offers couple ofhistorical facts illustrating tight relationship between politics and economy and concludes that thesetwo are in constant interaction and all international level political decisions intervene on alleconomic decisions and vice versa.Further, the course describes three major theories in the international political economy:liberalism, nationalism and dependency.Liberalism, which takes its roots from Adam Smith and David Ricardo, is a theory of freemarket and minimal state interference in economy. According to this theory the market is managedby the rule of demand: people will buy more goods if the price decreases and buy fewer goods ifthe price increases. Also, people will buy more goods if their income increases and less if theirincome decreases. It means that each single change in the price and the income of the marketplayer will influence the amount of the purchased goods. As for the supply, according to liberals,people are rational animals who try to satisfy their interests in the existence of deficit and lack ofresources. Changes in demand and supply will automatically change the price of the product.Goal for the internal policy of liberals is the same as for the foreign policy – peace and totalcooperation. Alike in people, if nations’ involvement in economic interactions happens voluntarily,than both sides satisfy their interests and are content with the process. Total economic cooperationand overall involvement in trade, financial transactions, etc., is a strong guarantee for long-termpeace and prosperity. While, on the other hand, wars drive nations to close their borders and theireconomies weaken. Liberals do not recognize strategic importance of borders and liberal, himself,is the world’s citizen, cosmopolitan.According to the nationalism theory economic activities should be subordinated to the stategoals and interests. For the smooth functioning of the international system existence of sovereignnation, national security and military power are of the supreme importance. Wars and conflictsbetween nations are natural because they fight for resources which are important for economicstrength, which, in its turn, is important for military power. Each conflict is simultaneously economicand political, as nations try to gain wealth and national power at the same time.Nationalists, starting from Alexander Hamilton, consider that one-sided benefit is moreimportant than mutual and give advantage to self-confidence (self-sustainability) versus economicinterrelationship.67

Dependency theory developed in the end of 1950s on the ideas of Raul Prebisch. According tothis theory, economic growth in developed countries did not entail economic developments indeveloping countries, and even more, economic activities of developed countries often createdserious economic problems to poor countries. Difference in incomes between developed anddeveloping countries was constantly increasing instead of decreasing.According to the theory, developing countries are to sell raw products to developed countries,who in their turn sell back to the developing countries manufactured products out of those rawcommodities. As price for the processed product is always higher than for the raw material, poorcountries will never have enough income from the export to cover their import expenses.Prebisch argued that the third world countries were not as much underdeveloped as they werebadly developed. To solve this problem Prebisch was demanding special benefits for developingcountries and suggested that developing countries should had been joined the programs on importsubstitution, though it was rather difficult for a number of reasons. The reasons are provided indetails in the course.The dependency theory tries to explain the reasons for massive unemployment in the thirdworld, reasons for consequent deterioration of their economies, internal problems hamperingimprovements, etc., and argues that inequality among states is an inherent part of interactionsamong them.Most dependency theorists regard capitalism as a motive for dependency, thus accusing it ofcausing the most of the problems connected to the unfairness of the current international economicsystem.Structuralism and Marxism connected to the dependency theory are also tackled within thecourse.In relationship with the dependency theory and the third world problems the history and currentactivities of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) are describedand those goals listed that UNCTAD managed to achieve in favor of developing countries during itsexistence. However, it concludes that besides noticeable accomplishments a lot of work is left tobe done by this body.Further, major modern theories in the international political economy are listed such as: DualEconomy Theory (strongly influenced by the liberalism theory), Modern World Systems Theory(strongly influenced by the Marxism theory) and the Hegemonic Stability Theory (influenced by therealism), and the brief description of the first two provided. While the last one is discussed in moredetails due to its extensive prevalence and popularity.The hegemonic stability theory is close to the realism. According to this theory distribution ofpower among nations is the essential factor for the international economic stability. The theory wasinitially proposed by Charles Kindleberger in the 1970s. It underlines the importance of presence ofa dominant/hegemonic state as a condition for the existence of an open, liberal and stable worldeconomy. In this aspect, a special attention is given to Robert Gilpin’s thoughts regarding thetheory. He tries to explain thoroughly why the theory is related only to the liberal economic systemand why the hegemonic state should be strongly devoted to liberal values itself.The hegemonic nation should serve as a coordinator for other nations and should be willingand able to impose conduct code and ensure its implementation. And this code should inevitablybe liberal, pro open market and against the beggar-thy-neighbor policies.The course provides brief overviews of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930) and the Marshall Plan(1947) as of two different actions (antithesis) of the US, a leader nation after the World War II. Inthe first case the country was not willing or prepared to take a leading role in the internationalsystem and coordinate its monetary policies with other countries. But the isolationism had negativeconsequence firstly for the US and secondly for other countries.The Marshall Plan was a lesson learned from the Smoot-Hawley Tariff experience. Long-termeconomic and political goals of the Plan are discussed in light of the United States’ relationshipwith the USSR and its satellite countries. Tight connection between politics and economy in thishistorical period is particularly emphasized and analyzed. Soviet critic of the Plan and rationalbehind this criticism is also provided.The course notices that besides the fact that there are different opinions on the hegemonicstability theory itself, almost all its followers agree on the existence of the following hegemoniccountries, aspirants willing to become leaders and the historical periods for their hegemony:Portugal (aspirant - Spain), Netherlands (aspirant – England), Great Britain (aspirant – France),68

USA (aspirant – Soviet Union), USA (aspirant – China? EU?).The course tries to explain why many scholars do not agree with the theory, considering thatimportance of distribution of power and existence of the dominant nation fades in the presence ofthe international organizations, such as the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, WorldBank, World Trade Organization, European Union, etc. However, realists do not considerinternational organizations having real power and capable of playing significant role in internationaleconomic and political life.The World Leadership Long Cycles Theory of Modelski and Thompson and the Long CyclesTheory of Goldstein are also described and analyzed within the course.Finally, the course attempts to reflect on who is going to be the following leader, who are theaspirants and what their chances are.In regards with the major IPE theories, discussed within the course and briefly reviewed above,it is attempted to cover all their aspects and show their developments in time and consequentchanges occurred. It is also tried to provide opposite opinions on each of them.Further in the course, financial relations after the World War the II are discussed.The conference, held in Breton-Woods and attended by forty-four countries, was aimed atcreating a new stable liberal economic order. The new order was initially foreseen as a system,managed by international organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the WorldBank. Establishment of these organizations was also decided at the conference. As the periodbetween the two wars proved the floating exchange rate to be not favorable for the development ofthe international economy, the countries agreed on introducing the fixed rate (par value system). Inaddition, the countries participating in the conference agreed to avoid economic wars and beggarthy-neighborpolicies, and developed the conduct code which was incorporated into the IMFcharter.However, despite all the efforts of the Breton-Woods system constructors, the postwarmonetary system did not become stable. Only the US and a couple of other countries were able tofulfill obligations in front of other countries and the Breton-Woods institutions. Europe and Japanwere so weakened after the war that their solvency was almost zero. In 1947 IMF suspendedissuing loans.According to many scholars, the crisis of 1947 was directly linked to political problems:Germany was politically and economically declined; Great Britain, partly due to its economicdifficulties was withdrawing from India and Palestine, and was unable to fulfill its commitments toGreece and Turkey regarding security and political support; political situation in France and Italywas far from being stable; Soviet Union was intensively working on sovietization/socialization of theEastern Europe and were gaining certain support in France, Italy and other western Europeancountries.Starting from 1947 the Breton-Woods system that was envisaged as a system managed byinternational organizations, became a system managed by the US. US was both able and willing totake this responsibility, and as some scholars notice, the US’s role was a combination of altruismand interests.Experience the world received between the two wars helped the US political and economicleadership and acknowledgment of this leadership by other states. Gold and pound were no longerable to play the role of the world currency, and as the US dollar was the only convertible currency,it naturally became the world currency. The US dollar became a base for international trade,investments, banking, etc.Starting from 1959, economic situation in the western European countries and Japansignificantly improved and their currencies gradually became convertible.The Breton-Woods history is divided into two periods: dollar shortage (also called the USunilateral management period) and the dollar surplus period (also called the multilateralmanagement period).In 1971, the US President Nixon, unilaterally, without consulting with other countries, officiallydeclared the new economic policy, according to which dollar’s convertibility towards gold wasstopped. This was the end of the Breton-Woods system. However, the official ending of the systemwas announced at the Jamaica meeting of the IMF leading states. As Gilpin notes, de facto end ofthe Breton-Woods system and the fixed exchange rates became de jure at this conference.As for some scholars, the system is still functional, since its institutions – IMF and WB play animportant role nowadays in the international economy and the US dollar is still world leader69

currency.Further, the course describes the Breton-Woods monetary institutions – the World Bank andthe International Monetary Fund and tries to explain the reasons for criticizing their activities,especially from the less developed countries’ side.Since Georgia is a member of both of these organizations from 1992, the course also attemptsto analyze IMF and WB activities in Georgia. What kind of political and economic benefits thecountry has received from their work, if it has ever? Why and who is criticizing these institution inGeorgia and what the country like Georgia should do to use the assistance provided by theseinstitutions most efficiently.Similar to the financial situation, state of the trade sphere after the WWII was also far frombeing perfect. The course touches upon the United States leadership in the post-war periodinternational trade system and analyses its reasons. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) is also one of the Breton-Woods institutions, created with the aim to achieve free and fairtrade through reducing tariffs and removing other trade barriers. The major rule for implementingfree trade was the principle for non-discrimination (most-favored-nation principle). The secondelement of non-discrimination was the provision for national treatment designed to preventdiscrimination against foreign products after they enter a country.GATT was associated with the club of rich countries and was seriously criticized by developingcountries. As many of them acknowledged, the system worked very well for the developedcountries and most quotas and other barriers were eliminated, facilitating overall liberalization ofthe international trade. However, little efforts were put on implementation of non-discriminationprinciple and some others, important for developing countries.Within the course, GATT and the World Trade Organization are compared with the aim toshow why the GATT failed and which new or additional instruments the WTO possesses tofacilitate free and fair international trade, achieve non-discrimination against countries, facilitate faircompetition among countries, and provide special assistance to developing countries.The course also focuses on the reflections of Joan Spero on what the new international tradesystem is going to look like and if it is going to change. According to Spero, the structure of thefuture order will largely depend on to at what extent the current leading states will consider lessdeveloped countries’ (such as Argentina, Mexico, etc.), OPEC member countries’ and newlyindustrialized countries’ role in the order. Most of these countries have intensive trade relationsboth with developed and the third world countries and many of them have started extensiveinvesting in developed countries. In the close future these countries will demand and they willreceive the right to participate in the management of the system. The future international tradesystem will be managed multilaterally.Many scholars believed that Japan, considering its extremely high rate of economicdevelopment, would have played the leading role in the trade system along with newlyindustrialized countries. However, by the beginning of the twenty-first century the number ofsupporters of this idea has reduced and currently many think that the united Europe is the realaspirant for the leadership.Next issue the course tackles is the emergence of the third world, economic systemsubsystems, new industrialized and OPEC countries’ economic development overview and theirplace in the international political and economic system.The term “third world” emerged along with the development of nationalist movements initially inLatin America, and later in Asia and Africa. Argentinean Economist Raul Prebisch was one of thefirsts who raised the issue of the unfair world economic and political order. In 1944-48ss when theBreton-Woods system was designed along with its financial and trade institutions, Asian, Africanand Latin American countries’ involvement in this process was insignificant, as many of them hadto gain political independence and were intensively fighting for achieving this goal. Besides the factthat by that time developing countries were making the majority of the UN General Assembly, thesituation was completely different in the IMF, WB and GATT.However, starting from 60s of the last century developing countries began demanding the neweconomic order, in which their interests would have been considered. They were requesting tradebenefits for their countries taking into account their ‘baby’ economics. In 1974, the request for thenew economic order was officially declared in the United Nations May Resolution. Adoption of theresolution was primarily prompted by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries’ (OPEC)success in ensuring high prices on oil, as a result of which huge amount of money flew from70

developed countries to the OPEC members. The majority of developing countries believed thatOPEC was a good example of what could be achieved by them and which role they could play inthe international economic life.Nevertheless, the success of the OPEC was overestimated and it became obvious foreveryone during the 1981 oil crisis. On the other hand, the crisis showed the western counties thatthe success of the OPEC is largely depended on the demand on oil, and the demand, obviously,comes mainly from them.What is interesting, that the number of attempts of the developing countries to unite andstruggle jointly for common interests also failed, for many reasons, such as: differences inideology, culture, industrialization level, etc.According to radical countries, the main reason for the unfair international political andeconomic system is the liberal international economic order created after the WWII.Gilpin notes that after the World War II the developed countries had made numerous attemptsto provide support to postcolonial and other developing countries in hastening their economicgrowth, but the process was not deliberate, well planned and, in many cases, far from being fair.As an illustration, he brings the example of deterioration of the economic situation in Africa,suspension of the economic growth in Latin America in 80s of the last century and entireconcentration of attention on the Far East.In this chapter of the course the phenomenon of Newly Industrialized Countries is alsodiscussed with the aim to understand what were the main reasons, both economic and political, fortheir incredibly high rate of economic growth. The success of these counties questions the issue ofglobal poorness. If these countries, dependent in the past, managed to achieve such a higheconomic growth rate, why other similar countries did not manage to do the same? Can Georgialearn anything from these countries and what internal and external political preconditions should bein place to ensure similar developments?According to many scholars the future of the Newly Industrialized Countries largely dependson the growth rate of the global economy, openness of the markets of the developed countries andthe progress in the sphere of industrial technologies.Subsystems of international economic system, proposed by Joan Spero, are discussed furtherin the course.The Western System, which is also called the system of interdependence, unites highlydeveloped countries with the advanced economies. Relationship among the countries is so tightthat their economies are extremely sensitive to both political and economic changes in each ofthese countries. The western subsystem unites countries sharing the ideas of liberalism. Here it isattempted to explain what are the benefits of such tight interrelationship and interdependence and,on the other hand, what are minuses. Is there real threat to the political independence of thecountries? Do they have to sacrifice their national interests, culture, etc? Why this interdependencehas so many opponents? All these issues are analyzed in the course and questions answered.The second subsystem is the North-South subsystem, also called the subsystem ofdependence. Unlike the western subsystem, countries of this subsystem are radically different fromeach other. It unites western well developed countries and Latin American, Asian and Africandeveloping countries. Tension between them is obvious and it has long history.The main problem of this subsystem is dependency. The dependency exists when southcourtiers have intensive interaction with the northern countries and when this interaction is vitallyimportant for national economies of the south countries and, consequently, these countriesbecome dependent on all political and economic events taking place in the northern countries.However, for the northern countries these interactions are not qualitatively important. Hence,interdependence is symmetric, while dependence is - asymmetric. There are different forms ofdependence: in trade, in investments, in financial spheres, etc.The course tries to examine why the dependence exists, its roots, tendencies andperspectives. Also, attempts to look at the problem from both sides and analyze pro and contraarguments, and again, think over the Georgia’s perspectives based on other countries’ experience.What niche can Georgia hold in today’s international economic system and which role it is ready toplay? Which political preconditions are necessary for this?The third system proposed by Joan Spero was the East-West subsystem, also called theindependence subsystem. The subsystem included the Soviet Union and its satellite socialistcountries, mainly in Eastern Europe. Naturally, the subsystem does not exist currently, but its71

analyses give an understanding of differences between the planned and market economies,political motivations for existence of this subsystem and reasons why it collapsed.Countries from this subsystem were isolated from the West and they were no members ofnone of the Breton-Woods institutions. Nowadays, these countries started joining and many ofthem already became members of the WB, IMF and other international organizations. In thisaspect, the western countries are facing number of challenges such as control of interdependencein the western subsystem, facilitation of economic relations between the two competed subsystemsand enhancement of the Eastern European countries’ economies.Further, within this chapter, petroleum exporting countries are overviewed with the aim tounderstand their place in the international political and economic system, their developmentperspectives and problems faced. Brief history of OPEC is provided, as well as structure and maingoals of the organization. The organization, which established in 1960, was supposed to unite allmajor oil exporting countries, coordinate common policy in controlling oil prices and quality andprotect its members’ interests on international market.As Joan Spero notes, OPEC’s common action to grab the control over the world’s oil marketswas the most successful effort of southern countries to alter their dependent relationship with theNorth. Acting in this way they managed to increase somehow their political power. As noted above,although many developing countries have been trying, the example of OPEC was difficult for themto reproduce.In the beginning, after couple of attempts, OPEC managed to agree on the commonproduction reduction schemes and its members succeeded in increasing their revenues. As aresult, starting from 1970s, Western countries found themselves dependent on the threat of supplydisruption and reduction. However, number of oil crisis weakened the organization. In addition,non-OPEC production increased, causing surplus and, accordingly, decrease of prices.Further, main historical and contemporary political events in relationship with oil are discussedaimed at analyzing which political reasons are behind the struggles over the world oil control.Special attention in the course is given to the globalization process. What is globalization andwhen did it start? Is it internationalization (increase and intensification of internationaltransactions)? Is it liberalization (open political and economic relations)? Is it universalization(universal dissemination/spread of different peoples’ experience)? Is it westernization or evenAmericanization? Or is it weakening of the role of national borders and, generally, of theterritorial/geographic factor? For many reasons, a generally-accepted definition of the globalizationdoes not exist and debates over this are underway among scholars. Nevertheless, globalizationitself has numerous insistent opponents as well as loyal proponents. But even those who come outagainst it are constantly benefiting from the fruits of globalization in their everyday life.Global economy is indispensable part of the contemporary world. Hardly one can find a placein the world where globalization or at least some of its components is not the part of the everydaylife. Benefits of global production do not raise doubts. Currently collection of raw materials can takeplace in one geographic destination, manufacturing – in another, branding, advertising, promoting,and marketing – all in different places and countries. Global economy, or as many call – economybeyond borders have significantly raised the efficiency, mobility and cost-effectiveness of nationaleconomies and provided wide range of choice/alternative both for producers and consumers.Distances and borders become the question of minor importance in this process.Development of global production facilitated creation of special economic zones, export zonesand free production, where maximum conditions are created for free trade.Global financial interactions are also discussed and analyzed.As attitude towards globalization is contradictory world-wide and the terms “anti-globalists” and“”anti-globalizm manifestations” became so common for the international political and economiclife, it is attempted in the course to offer anti-globalists’ main arguments against globalization.The issue of capital flow is the next topic of the course. Flow of capital is one of the mostimportant global events in today’s world. Borders do not exist for the capital and it searches quick,guaranteed and high profit. After the WWII flow of capital has significantly increased.Simultaneously, the role of the United States in the capital export enhanced. Later on, the FederalRepublic of Germany and Japan caught up. France was keeping one of the leading positions,however, Great Britain’s role weakened compared to the nineteenth century.According to many scholars, export of capital establishes tighter relations than internationaltrade. Export of capital strengthens relations among states and these relations are the guarantee72

of stability and long-term peace. In today’s world the scale of capital flow is huge and there aredifferent reasons for this: development of transnational corporations and increase of their number,rapid increase of export of machinery construction and improvement of transportation, etc.Starting from the end of the twentieth century capital mainly goes to developed countries, whileearlier the tendency was different and the capital was mainly moving from developed to developingcountries. This change is primarily connected to the changes in the recipient fields.Export of state capital and export of private capital are separately described and compared.Different forms of state capital, such as long-term loans, credits, non-cost assistance, etc., arecharacterized and their aim analyzed both country-level and international-level.As for the export of private capital, its various forms are examined and its influence on therecipient country overviewed. For example, foreign direct and foreign indirect investments areanalyzed both from the position of the investing country and the recipient country, and both sides’arguments provided. Over again, critic of developed countries’ investment policy by the third worldcountries is offered and examined.As a continuation of the theme of capital flow, the issue of transnational corporations isdiscussed within the course, as one of the forms of the export of capital. As Rhys Jenkins notes inhis book “Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development: The Internalization of Capital andthe Third World,” only a few economic institutions raise such emotional and contradictory debatesas transnational corporations do.Special attention is given to the notion transnational corporations and different terms such asmultinational corporations, multinational enterprises, international firms, etc., and the reasonsprovided why UN selected the term transnational corporation against all others listed above. Briefhistory of transnational corporations’ development is provided and their forms and internalstructures discussed. The role of these corporations in international political and economic systemoverviewed and their advantages analyzed.And finally, transnational corporations’ and third world countries’ relationship discussed andnoted that starting from the end of the twentieth century developing countries’ hostile attitudetowards transnational corporations has alleviated compared to earlier periods.Further, the political economy of the European integration is examined. The topic begins withbrief overview of the history of unification of the European countries and its political and economicaspects: Pan-European movement; establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization;creation of Benelux; establishment of the Council of Europe; Paris agreement on coal and steelamong six European countries: Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxemburg;and certainly, the Maastricht Treaty of course.Many scholars believe that the Paris agreement on coal and steel among six Europeancountries was one of the turning points towards the European integration. Besides its economicaspects, the agreement clearly followed political aims: agreement between Germany and Francecould become one of the guarantees for stability and long-term peace on the continent.Benefits and advantages of free and liberal economy are analyzed from the perspectives of theEuropean Union and success achieved by the European countries examined. What is theadvantage of being united? Does it bring economic and social welfare only, if ever? Do thesecountries sacrifice their national interests? Is it world leadership aspiration? Is the European Unionreal candidate for future world hegemony?According to many scholars one of the major reasons for establishment of tight political andeconomic relations among the European states was to balance the United States and even tobecome the world leader after the US. The European currency Euro and creation of the EuropeanBank for Reconstruction and Development were additional instruments towards this goal.The next issue of the course is the economy and national security: military-industrial rivalry inthe global economy. Within this topic it is attempted to analyze the logic of military-industrial rivalryand the way it influences the policies and arms production. It is also tried to understand whycountries spend enormous amounts of money on militarization and how it is connected to thenational security. Since military expenditures are constantly growing and arms rapidly spreading,one should raise a question: why arms production and military spending became a regular featureof the global economy?Every country tries to secure its national security at most. But even the most powerful countrycannot be sure that its national security is guaranteed, since it is not the only country that tries tosolve this problem, and its neighboring or rivalry countries are also trying to secure their national73

securities at most. Therefore, each country is somehow necessitated to strengthen its militaryeconomicpotential.Military equipment is rather expensive and its price constantly increases along with itsimprovement and development. Accordingly, advanced military armament is a prerogative of highlydeveloped countries. In this light, one should delineate two cases: production of militaryequipments and its import. Import is widely-accepted, especially by less developed countries;however, starting from 1980s more and more developing countries are developing their militaryindustries and some of them are even exporting military equipment.The period of Cold War, rivalry between the NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries, arms raceand the balance of nuclear weapons certainly could not be avoided within this topic, and theseissues are also touched upon and analyzed.Finally, the concept of military conversion is explained and its economic aspects examined.Military conversion envisages turn of military industry/production into civilian and also re-training ofpeople employed in military industry and providing them new jobs.Concluding remark:As mentioned in the beginning, not all the aspects of the international political economy couldbe touched upon within this course; however, I tried to outline basic issues of the internationalpolitical economy most frequently taught and providing the principal understanding of thediscipline. In addition, I would like to note that since IPE is a rather new discipline, which is closelyrelated to contemporary political and economic events, it is incredibly dynamic and constantlydeveloping.74