kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences
kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences
kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences
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socialur mecnierebaTa seria<strong>kultura</strong><strong>da</strong><strong>modernizacia</strong>saleqcio kursisocialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvisivane wereTeliqeTevan kakitelaSviliTbilisi2006
socialur mecnierebaTa seriamTavari re<strong>da</strong>qtori:enobrivi re<strong>da</strong>qtori:marine CitaSvililia kaWarava<strong>da</strong>kabadoneba, ydis dizaini:giorgi bagrationi© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006© <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>, 2006q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. 10el. fosta: contact@ucss.geinternet gverdi: www.ucss.gewigni momzadebulia <strong>da</strong> gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTacentris~ (<strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,bu<strong>da</strong>peStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebismxar<strong>da</strong>Weris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiTThe book has been published by the <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>,sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foun<strong>da</strong>tion and the Higher EducationSupport Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Bu<strong>da</strong>pest.ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 7 - 7
sarCeviTema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi <strong>da</strong> terminebi 3Tema II. modernizaciis cneba. modernizaciis Teoriebi 10Tema III. <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologia modernuli <strong>da</strong>aramodernuli kulturebis maxasiaTebelTa safuZvelze 20Tema IV. <strong>modernizacia</strong> _ <strong>da</strong>savlurisazogadoebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi etapi 39Tema V. <strong>modernizacia</strong> <strong>da</strong> globalizacia 52Tema VI. Tanamedrove modernizebuli msofliosazogadoeba globalizaciis gamowvevebis winaSe 61Tavi VII. vesternizaciisa <strong>da</strong> modernizaciiscnebaTa urTierTmimarTebisTvis 68Tema VIII. <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>kultura</strong>Tawarmomadgenlebis TvaliT <strong>da</strong>naxuli samomavlo perspeqtiva 68Tema IX. `mcire kulturebi~ <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis problema.qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> modernizaciis problemasTan mimarTebaSi 89CULTURE AND MODERNIZATION (Summary) 1113
Tema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi <strong>da</strong> terminebipirveli Tema eTmoba im ZiriTadi cnebebisa <strong>da</strong> terminebis ganmartebebs, romlebickursis manZilze iqneba gamoyenebuli. am terminebiT operireba aucilebelia iseTsakiTxebze msjelobisas <strong>da</strong> im procesebis aRsawerad, romelic gar<strong>da</strong>uvalia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaregionsa <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturul sivrceSi modernizaciis procesismimdinareobisas. es aris <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Soris kontaqtis problema _ misi sxvadsxvagvarigamovlineba (asimilacia, kulturuli Soki, konfrontacia, simbiozi, sinTezi, kulturulikonfliqti, kulturuli difuzia), tradiciis roli <strong>da</strong> adgili modernizaciisprocesSi, tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis urTierTmimarTebis problema; identurobisproblema ara<strong>da</strong>savlur kulturebSi mimdinare modernizaciuli gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebispirobebSi <strong>da</strong> a.S.pirvel rigSi aucilebelia kulturisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis cnebaTa interpretaciisgadmocema, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c modernizaciuli procesebis warmoSoba <strong>da</strong> mimdinareoba orZiriTad _ kulturul <strong>da</strong> civilizaciur _ doneze xdeba <strong>da</strong> am procesebis Seswavla <strong>da</strong>analizi am ori fenomenis farglebSi <strong>da</strong> maT safuZvelze un<strong>da</strong> mimdinareobdes.kulturisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis cnebaTa interpretacia.kulturis fenomenze saubrisas yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT mis or aspeqtze:1. <strong>kultura</strong> _ rogorc kacobriobis universaluri maxasiaTebeli;2. <strong>kultura</strong> _ rogorc calkeul sazogadoebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebisa<strong>da</strong> mijnebis ZiriTadi safuZveli.pirveli maTgani gulisxmobs, rom <strong>kultura</strong> aris Homo sapiens-is, rogorcbiologiuri saxeobisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri arsebis unikaluri unaris Sedegi. swored amniSniT gansxvavdeba es saxeoba yvela sxva biologiuri arsebisagan. a<strong>da</strong>mianSigenetikura<strong>da</strong>a (biologiura<strong>da</strong>a) determinirebuli potencia _ iyos kulturisSemoqmedi, kvlavmwarmoebeli <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi, magram am potenciis realizeba mxolodsocialur garemoSia SesaZlebeli, rac aucilebel pirobad iTxovs kavSirs winaTaobebi<strong>da</strong>n gadmocemuli socialuri cxovrebis gamocdilebasTan <strong>da</strong> mTlianad<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia socializaciis procesze. rogorc r.benediqti aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, `<strong>kultura</strong>ar eZleva a<strong>da</strong>mians <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n, ar aris Cadebuli Canasaxovan ujredebSi rogorckrazanebTan an WianWvelebTan, aramed aTvisebuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes yoveli axali Taobis mierufrosTagan Seswavlis gziT~ 1 . anTropolog e.hiobelis gansazRvrebiT, <strong>kultura</strong> aris`integrirebuli sistema qcevis Seswavlili modelebisa, romlebic <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeliasazogadoebis wevrTaTvis <strong>da</strong> romlebic ar warmoadgenen biologiuri memkvidreobisSedegs~ 2 .e.tailori, romelic kulturis cnebis pirveli mecnieruli gansazRvrebisavtora<strong>da</strong>a miCneuli, xazs usvams kulturis socialur bunebas. misi sityvebiT,`<strong>kultura</strong> Sedgeba codnis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, xelovnebis, zneobis, kanonebis, zne-Cveulebebisa <strong>da</strong> zogi sxva unar-Cvevisgan, romlebic SeZenilia a<strong>da</strong>mianis rogorcsazogadoebis wevris mier~ 3 .<strong>kultura</strong> SeiZleba miviCnioT aseve RirebulebaTa, qcevis normaTa <strong>da</strong> stan<strong>da</strong>rtTaerTobliobad, romelic aregulirebs a<strong>da</strong>mianTa urTierTobebs erTmaneTTan, sazogadoebasa<strong>da</strong> bunebasTan.1 kulturologia (kulturis istoria <strong>da</strong> Teoria). Tb., 2003. gv. 24.2iqve, gv.22.3 iqve.4
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, farTo azriT, kulturis cneba `xazs usvams a<strong>da</strong>mianis gansxvavebas yvelasxva biologiuri arsebisagan. <strong>kultura</strong>Si igulisxmeba ara calkeuli SemoqmedebiTiaqti, aramed Semoqmedeba rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianis universaluri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba samyarosadmi,romlis meSveobiT igi qmnis `axal samyaros~ <strong>da</strong> sakuTar Tavs~ 1 . <strong>kultura</strong>aris yovelive is, rac socialuri memkvidreobis Sedegia <strong>da</strong> rac uzrunvelyofssocialuri gamocdilebis memkvidreobiTobas.kulturis meore aspeqti ki gulisxmobs imas, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis rogorc kulturisSemoqmedis, matareblisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis unari sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebuladrealizdeba, ama Tu im socialuri jgufis arsebobis specifikuri pirobebisa<strong>da</strong> ganvlili istoriuli procesebis mixedviT. amdenad, Cven SegviZlia visaubroTkulturebze, romlebic qmnian samyaros unikalur, mxolod maTTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelmodels. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>kultura</strong>Si a<strong>da</strong>mianebi gansakuTrebulad aRiqvamen samyaros,sazogadoebas <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mians maTTan mimarTebaSi. yovel <strong>kultura</strong>s aqvs RirebulebaTa <strong>da</strong>normaTa gansxvavebuli sistema, qcevis wesebi, idealebi <strong>da</strong> yovelive is, razece.tailori miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>kultura</strong>, aseT SemTxvevaSi, xdeba identifikaciis safuZveli,is, riTac a<strong>da</strong>miani gansazRvravs `Tavisiansa~ <strong>da</strong> `ucxos~. `<strong>kultura</strong>, yvelaze farTomniSvnelobiT, aris is, ris gamoc Sen ucxod iqcevi, rogorc ki Sens saxls <strong>da</strong>toveb~ 2 .amdenad, <strong>kultura</strong> aris is ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, ris safuZvelzec emijnebianerTmaneTs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi, riTac isini Tavs ganarCevensxvebisagan <strong>da</strong> riTac sxvebi ganarCeven maT <strong>da</strong>narCenebisagan.amgvarad, <strong>kultura</strong> SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc:1. socialuri qcevis determinanti;2. subieqturi codnisa <strong>da</strong> interpretaciebis determinanti;3. TviTidentifikaciis meqanizmi;4. socialuri cxovrebis regulatori;5. socialuri gamocdilebis translatori;6. saa<strong>da</strong>ptacio meqanizmi.kulturis sinonimad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT termini `sazogadoeba~, radgana<strong>da</strong>mianis moRvaweobis kulturul <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv dones kursis farglebSiTanabarmniSvnelovnad moviazrebT.civilizaciis cnebis aseve mravalgvar interpretacias Soris sami ZiriTadimidgoma ikveTeba:1. lokalur-istoriuli (n.<strong>da</strong>nilevski, o.Spengleri, a.j.toinbi, s.hanTingtoni);2. istoriul-stadiuri, romelic ama Tu im kriteriumze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT ganarCevsramdenime sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis civilizacias;3. msoflio-istoriuli, romlis farglebSi civilizacia ganixileba rogorckacobriobis istoriuli ganviTarebis safexuri.kursis farglebSi Cven veyrdnobiT civilizaciis lokalur-istoriulinterpretacias, romelic civilizacias ganixilavs rogorc kulturul zesistemas(p.sorokini), romelic aerTianebs garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT msgavs kulturebs.civilizacia _ esaa kulturuli identurobis yvelaze farTo done, romlisfarglebSi arsebuli kulturebi mravalferovania, Tumca erTmaneTisagan maTigansxvavebulobis xarisxi ufro naklebia, vidre sxva civilizaciebis Semadgenelikulturebi. i.v. iakoveci aRniSnavs, rom `TiToeul civilizacias aqvs sakuTaricentri-birTvi, romelic yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatavs mocemuli civilizaciis1 iqve, gv.21.2 Culture Sshock. A Reader in Modern Culture Anthropology. Ed. by Ph.K.Bock. N.Y., 1970. p.74.5
niSnebsa <strong>da</strong> Taviseburebebs; periferia, romelic periodulad farTovdeba <strong>da</strong>viwrovdeba <strong>da</strong>, romelic SeiZleba mezobeli civilizaciis niSnebs atarebdes <strong>da</strong>mezobel civilizaciebTan momijnave teritoriebi~ 1 .civilizacia SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli supersistema,romelic ar emTxveva arc ers, arc saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>, arc romelime socialurjgufs. igi scildeba konkretul geografiul sazRvrebs. civilizaciur maxasiaTeblebadmiCneulia droisa <strong>da</strong> sivrcis aRqma; samyaros xedva <strong>da</strong> masSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis adgilisgansazRvra; bunebis aRqma, masze zemoqmedebisa <strong>da</strong> misi Semecnebis xerxebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.identuroba (kulturuli, civilizaciuri)identuroba (Identitit, Identitas – laT. `igive <strong>da</strong> igive~, erTi <strong>da</strong> igive) — a<strong>da</strong>mianisfsiqologiuri warmodgena sakuTar `me~-ze, rogorc subieqturad aRqmul realobasa<strong>da</strong> individualobaze, romlis meSveobiT pirovneba sakuTar Tavs aigivebs (nawilobrivgacnobierebulad <strong>da</strong> zog SemTxvevebSi qvecnobiera<strong>da</strong>c) ama Tu im tipologiurkategoriebTan (rogoricaa socialuri statusi, sqesi, asaki, jgufi, <strong>kultura</strong>).socialur mecnierebebSi gamoyofen socialur identurobas, kulturul identurobas,eTnikur identurobas, jgufur identurobas...identuroba (misi SegrZneba) yalibdeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis individualuri ganviTarebiskval<strong>da</strong>kval <strong>da</strong> socializaciis, identifikaciis, pirovnuli integraciis Sedegia.individis mier socialur-kulturuli nimuSebis, normebis, Rirebulebebis aTviseba <strong>da</strong>gaziareba, sakuTari Tavis, adgilis mikuTvneba ara aris erTgvarovani procesi <strong>da</strong>xasiaTdeba garkveuli cvlilebebiTac; ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d es procesi axalgazrdobis drossruldeba.mecnierebi aseve gamoyofen identurobis <strong>da</strong>kargvis, Selaxvis SesaZleblobasac,romelic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d individis asakobrivi, fsiqologiuri krizisis an socialurkulturuligaremos mkveTrad Secvlis SemTxvevaSi realizdeba. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, identurobis<strong>da</strong>kargva Tanamdevia iseTi movlenebisa rogoricaa gaucxoeba, depersonalizacia,anomia, pirovnuli disorientacia, socialuri izolireba, gaoreba(marginalizacia), fsiqologiuri paTologia. socialur-kulturuli kulturulicvlilebebis dros identurobis krizisma SeiZleba farTo, sayovelTao masStabebimiiRos, Tumca mas zogjer <strong>da</strong>debiT rezultatamdec mivyavarT (rogoricaacvlilebebisadmi a<strong>da</strong>ptacia, struqturuli cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.).identurobis meqamizmi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols TamaSobs socialuri struqturisa <strong>da</strong>kulturuli tradiciebis SenarCunebis, ga<strong>da</strong>cemis procesSi.mravali mecnieri upiratesobas aniWebs termins `identifikacia~, vidre `identuroba~.pirveli Tavad processac gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong> ara marto movlenas. termini pirveladxmarebaSi fsiqoanalizmis fuZemdebelma zigmund froidma SemoiRo. misi skolaidentifikacias `mes~ TviTganviTarebis mTavar, centralur meqanizmad moiazrebs.identifikaciis cnebas aseve aqtiurad iyeneben sociologebi <strong>da</strong> socialurifsiqologiis mkvlevrebi rogorc socializaciis, socialuri rolebis, a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis,miRebis, socialur-kulturuli modelebis aTvisebis mTavar elements.kulturuli identuroba aris ama Tu im istoriuli erTobis wevr individTa amerTobis kulturis wevrad TviTmoazreba.civilizaciuri identuroba aris ama Tu im kulturis matarebelTa (TviT)gaazrebaromelime civilizaciuri erTobis wevrad.1 kulturologia (kulturis istoria <strong>da</strong> Teoria). gv. 39.6
tradiciatradicia _ wina Taobebi<strong>da</strong>n arawerilobiTi gziT memkvidreobiT miRebuli <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli Cveuli azrovnebisa <strong>da</strong> qcevis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis erToblioba, in<strong>for</strong>maciasazogadoebrivi cxovrebis adrindeli gamocdilebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, socialuripoziciisa <strong>da</strong> institutebis Sesaxeb.tradicia moicavs socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli gamocdilebis didi erTobliobismxolod im komponentebs, romlebic sazogadoebis winaSe periodulad wamoWriliproblemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad iqca <strong>da</strong> romelic SenarCun<strong>da</strong>istoriuli, struqturuli <strong>da</strong> organizaciuli cvlilebebis Semdeg. tradiciakulturis TviTmyofadobis erT-erTi gamomxatvelia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofsam TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas.tradicia moicavs socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli memkvidreobis elementebs, romlebicara mxolod ga<strong>da</strong>ecema Taobi<strong>da</strong>n Taobas, aramed narCundeba xangrZlivi droisganmavlobaSi, mravali Taobis cxovrebis manZilze. tradicia gansazRvravs ara martoimas, ra ga<strong>da</strong>ices memkvidreobiT, aramed imasac, Tu rogor ga<strong>da</strong>ices igi. es terminigamoiyeneba qcevis wesebisa (stuqturis) <strong>da</strong> rwmena-warmodgenebis xasiaTis TiTqmisidentur <strong>for</strong>mebSi ganmeorebadobis aRsawerad <strong>da</strong> asaxsnelad.<strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedebaase ewodeba uSualo kavSirurTierTobis saxes, romelic yalibdeba, sul mcire, or<strong>kultura</strong>s Soris, agreTve am urTierTobaTa Sedegad warmoSobil gavlenebsa <strong>da</strong>ormxriv cvlilebebs. <strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedebis procesSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvnelobaaqvs faseulobaTa, TvisebaTa, kulturuli aqtivobis <strong>for</strong>mebis Secvlas, axaliorientirebis gaCenas, rac gare<strong>da</strong>n momdinare impulsebis gavleniT xdeba. <strong>kultura</strong>TaurTierTqmedeba, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivi procesia (aranakleb ramdenime aTeuliwlisa).gamoyofen <strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dones: 1) eTnikuri done _urTierToba eTnosebs, istoriul-eTnografiul, eTnokonfesiur <strong>da</strong> sxva jgufebsSoris. 2) erovnuli done, sa<strong>da</strong>c regulaciur funqcias mniSvnelovanwilad saxelmwifo-politikuristruqturebi asruleben. 3) civilizaciuri done.<strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedebis procesSi ganarCeven <strong>kultura</strong>-donors <strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>-recipients.pirveli mets gascems, vidre iRebs, meore _ piriqiT. istoriuliperiodis manZilze es rolebi SeiZleba icvlebodes.cnobilia urTierTqmedebis rogorc mSvidobiani, nebayoflobiTi (TanasworuflebianiTanamSromloba), ise aramSvidobiani, Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiTi (koloniuri, samxedro<strong>da</strong>pyrobebi) <strong>for</strong>mebi.kulturuli urTierTqmedebis Sedegebi araerTgvarovania, maTi Sefasebis kriteriumebismoZebna Znelia. Sesabamisad, Znelia saubari calsaxad <strong>da</strong>debiT an uaryofiTSedegebze, gar<strong>da</strong> im SemTxvevisa, roca erTi <strong>kultura</strong> iwyebs aSkara <strong>da</strong>qveiTebas,meoreSi gaTqvefas an ukvalod qreba. aseTi Sdegis Tvalis midevneba yvelaze ukeTSeiZleba reliqturi an arqauli kulturebis magaliTze, romlebic TavianTi istoriisromeliRac periodSi Tanamedrove tipis kulturebs Seejaxnen <strong>da</strong> mzad ar aRmoCndnen,aeTvisebinaT maT mier SeTavazebuli kulturuli <strong>for</strong>mebi.ufro rTulia msjeloba im <strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedebaze, romlebic Zireulad argansxvavdebian tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT.yovel <strong>kultura</strong>s aqvs <strong>da</strong>cviTi meqanizmebis mTeli sistema, romelic icavs mas sxva<strong>kultura</strong>Ta gansakuTrebiT intensiuri zemoqmedebisagan.7
gamoiyofa <strong>kultura</strong>Ta/civilizaciaTaSorisi urTierTobis sami ZiriTadi tipi:1. konfrontacia, 2. simbiozi, 3. sinTezi.pirveli tipi emyareba ucxo realobis srul uaryofas, sulieri gamocdilebis sxva,`sakuTarisagan gansxvavebuli~ <strong>for</strong>mebis totalur miuReblobas. es gamocdilebaganixileba rogorc `ucxo~, `mtruli~, romelic calsaxad un<strong>da</strong> ganidevnos.meore tipi gulisxmobs viTarebas, roca TiToeuli urTierTmoqmedi mxareinarCunebs sakuTar saxes, ar warmoiSoba axali kulturuli Tvisebrioba, magramkontaqtSi myof kulturul realobaTa Soris Cndeba sistemuri kavSiri. `gareSe~kulturuli realoba kontaqtis monawileTa mier bunebrivad aRiqmeba; aseTiarsebobis winaaRmdegobrioba ar gaiazreba. simbiozisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeliaurTierTmizidvisa <strong>da</strong> urTierTganzidvis winaaRmdegobrivi Serwyma. pirvelis Zalasakmaod didia imisTvis, rom Seiqmnas sistemuri kavSiri kontaqtis monawileebs Soris,amasTan, TiToeuli mxare meores aRiqvams rogorc `ucxos~. am ukanasknelis ganzidvis,moSorebis xarisxi ki sakmaod didia, raTa Seiqmnas mkacri zRvari gansxvavebulkulturul elementTa <strong>da</strong>axloebis, Serwymisa axal, kontaqtSi myofTagan gansxvavebulTvisebriobad CamoyalibebisaTvis..simbiozSi myof eTnokulturul elementTa Tanafardoba SeiZleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvariiyos: <strong>da</strong>wyebuli situaciiT, roca upiratesoba aqvs avtoqtonur sawyiss, xolo`mosuli~ kulturis elementebi arseboben cnobierebis periferiaze, <strong>da</strong>mTavrebulimdgomareobiT, roca msoflmxedvelobis RerZad faseulobaTa `motanili~ sistemagvevlineba.mesame tipze _ sinTezze _ saubari SeiZleba maSin, Tu kontaqtis zonaSi CndebaTvisebrivad axali, kontaqtSi myof kulturul samyaroTagan gansxvavebulikulturuli realoba.kulturuli konfliqtikulturuli konfliqti — pirovnebebs, jgufebs, pirovnebasa <strong>da</strong> jgufs,pirovnebasa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebas, jgufsa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebas, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufsa <strong>da</strong>koalicias Soris RirebulebaTa, orientaciaTa, poziciaTa winaaRmdegobis kritikulistadia. kulturuli konfliqti ganpirobebulia monawile mxareTa socialurigamocdilebis gansxvavebulobiT.yvela konfliqti dinamikuria <strong>da</strong> moicavs winaaRmdegobaTa <strong>da</strong>Zlevis molaparakebaTagziT maTi ga<strong>da</strong>Wris, mtruli moqmedebebis mxareTa Soris axali kontaqtebis<strong>da</strong>myarebisa <strong>da</strong> konpromisis monaxvis stadiebs. arsebobs konfliqtis sxvagvarigamosavalic: brZola saboloo gamarjvebamde an konfliqtis mogvarebis ga<strong>da</strong>debamomavlisaTvis.kulturuli konfliqtis tipur magaliTebad SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT jvarosnulilaSqrobebi, religiuri, samoqalaqo, revoluciuri, erovnul-gamanTavisuflebeliomebi, saeklesio inkviziciis moqmedeba, ama Tu im sarwmunoebaze iZulebiTi moqceva,genocidi <strong>da</strong> a.S.kulturuli konfliqti <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia tolerantobisa <strong>da</strong> sxva kulturis mimarTinteresis problemebTan. kulturuli konfliqtis gansakuTrebuli tipia SemoqmedebiTikonfliqti mimarTulebebs, skolebs, jgufebs an ama Tu im <strong>da</strong>rgis calkeulwarmomadgenlebs Soris.kulturis difuziakulturis difuzia aris ori an meti sazogadoebis kulturuli maxasiaTeblebisuerTierTSeRweva <strong>da</strong> urTierTgamdidreba. esaa kulturis gavrceleba-moZraobis8
gansakuTrebuli <strong>for</strong>ma, romelic ar gulisxmobs aucileblad migraciul procesebs.kulturuli difuziis saSualebebad miiCneva turizmi, misionerTa moRvaweoba,savaWro urTierTobani, omi, samecniero konferenciebi, gamofenebi, studentebisa Tuspecialistebis gacvliTi programebi <strong>da</strong> a.S. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi moRvaweevropeli misionerebi aq ara marto TavianT religiur kodeqss amkvidrebdnen, isinisxva samyaros `kulturis elCebi~ iyvnen Cvens qveyanaSi (maTgan aiTvises qarTvelebmaqaris wisqvili, funTuSeulobis cxoba <strong>da</strong> sxva).kulturis difuzia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ara marto xalxebsa <strong>da</strong> qveynebs,aramed jgufebs <strong>da</strong> klasebs Soris. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ganarCeven or mimarTulebas:1) kulturis difuzia eTnosebs, garkeuli statusis mqone individebis jgufebsSoris (mag., policielebis mier qurduli samyaros leqsikis aqtiuri xmareba);2) kulturuli elementebis vertikaluri gavrceleba araTanabari statusis mqonesubieqtebs Soris. aseT process uwodeben statifikatorul kulturul difuziasac,romelic SeiZleba ori _ aRmavali <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Rmavali _ <strong>for</strong>miT ganviTardes (mag.,aristokratiis mier m<strong>da</strong>biuri saubris stilis elementebis gadmoReba an fufunebissagnebis sayovelaod qceva).kulturuli SokiTav<strong>da</strong>pirveli reaqcia individualuri an jgufuri cnobierebis SejaxebasTanindividebis an jgufebis ucxo kulturul realobasTan. kulturuli Sokis situacia_ esaa konfliqtis situacia idnividebis Cveul Rirebulebebs, normebs, enas,yoveldRiur praqtikas Soris. <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia im garemosi, romelic man <strong>da</strong>tova <strong>da</strong> imaxali garemosTvis, romelSic is aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. kulturul Soks met-naklebad ganicdisyvela, vinc moxvdeba pirvelad ucxo kulturul garemoSi (turistebi, emigrantebi <strong>da</strong>a.S.). Sokuri reaqciis Zala ganisazRvreba Rrma gansxvavebiT yofil <strong>da</strong> axal kulturebsSoris. fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba pirovnebis, orientaciuli SesaZlebloba,rigidulobis xarisxi an plastiuroba, arsebuli an Zveli kulturuli elementebisarqona. magaliTad, ojaxi, megobrebi, romlebsac individi gadmoitans TavisTan axalkulturul konteqstSi. xarisxi Riaobis an <strong>da</strong>xurulobis warmomadgeneli axalikulturisa, romelTanc kontaqtSia individi. kulturul Soks aseve SeiZleba hqondesadgili jgufuri Semecnebis doneze, rodesac ucxo kulturul garemoSi ereva mTelijgufi (mag., masobrivi emigraciis SemTxvevaSi) an<strong>da</strong> rodesac intensiuri kulturulidifuziis Sedegad warmoiSoba konfrontaciis situacia Zvel <strong>da</strong> axal Rirebulebebis,normebis, yofaqcevis modelebs Soris. ukanaskneli xSirad xdeba sazogadoebrivitradiciis modernizaciis msvlelobis dros.gamoiyofa oTxi SesaZlebloba konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis: nayofi kulturis Sokisgetoizaciaa. mosulebi ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong> ayalibeben SigniT axals maTikulturisaTvis izolirebul anklavebs (geto), sa<strong>da</strong>c inaxaven <strong>da</strong> inarCunebentradiciebs TavianTi kulturuli yofaqcevis modelebs. magaliTisaTvis SeiZlebagamodges <strong>da</strong>savleTis TiTqmis yvela msxvili qalaqebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli `CainaTauni~ (China Town) <strong>da</strong> braiTon biCi (kvartlebi) niu-iorkSi.asimilacia. mosulebi cdiloben mTlianad Seeguon axals maTi kulturisaTvis,SeeTvison mis normebs, Rirebulebebi, qcevi modelebs <strong>da</strong> mTlianad uaryofen imkulturul memkvidreobas, romelic <strong>da</strong>toves.urTierTmoqmedeba. mcdeloba moZebnon raRac saSualo xazi, gaaerTianon axali <strong>da</strong>Zveli kulturis elemetnebi. isini Seecdebian SeaTavson orive kulturis yofaqcevisnormebi, cdiloben moawesrigon <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Soris komunikacia, gaamdidron rogorcsakuTari <strong>kultura</strong>, agreTve is, romliTac isini amJamad sargeblobdnen. amis magaliTia9
sawarmoSi momuSave indoeli <strong>da</strong> Turqi muSebi, romlebic samuSaoze xelmZRvanelobenTanamedrove <strong>da</strong> industiruli Sromis wesebiT, xolo saxlSi, ojaxur cxovrebaSiixelmZRvaneleben TavianTi tradiciebiTa <strong>da</strong> wes-CveulebebiT.kolonizacia. pirvelmosulebi <strong>da</strong>iwyeben yvelanair propagan<strong>da</strong>s, TavsmoxvevascxovrebaSi Tavisi sakuTari yofaqcevis modelebis, <strong>da</strong>upirispiron isini imas, ractradiciuli kulturisaTvis aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli, romelSic isini aRmoCndenen. esxdeba rogorc saomari, aseve mSvidobiani <strong>da</strong>pyrobis dros, aseve modernizaciisprocesSi. termin `kolonizacias~ am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs SefasebiTi mniSvneloba, esfaseulobiTi TvalsazrisiT neitraluri cnebaa. saqme exeba kulturulkoloniozacias; politikuri kolonizacia kulturuli kolonizaciis mxolod kerZo,Tavisi SedegbiT arc ise radikaluri SemTxvevaa.kulturuli Soki, farTo azriT, rogorc filosofiur-kulturuli an filosofiur-istoriulikategoria, kulturis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa CamoyalibebisaTvisTiTqmis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti kategoria aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. XII-XVII ss. mogzaurTa gadmocemebma,romlebic aRwerdnen axali qveynebisa <strong>da</strong> xalxebis usasrulo raodenobas, evropaSikulturuli Soki gamoiwvia, rac safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edo kulturis fenomenis rogorcSeswavlis obieqtis Camoyalibebas. am kulturulma Sokma evropelTa gonebaSiga<strong>da</strong>trialeba moaxdina, romelsac SeiZleba anTropologiuri revolucia vuwodoT.misi arsi isaa, rom Seirya evropelTa warmodgena sakuTar gansakuTrebulobaze;aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom kacobrioba Sedgeba mravali kulturisagan. Tuki kopernikiseulmarevoluciam mospo samyaros centris yofnis iluzia, anTropologiurma revoluciammospo evropis iluzia ekumenis centrSi yofnisa.mTlianad kulturuli Soki TamaSobs <strong>kultura</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>debiT rols, viani<strong>da</strong>n xelsuwyobs <strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedebasa <strong>da</strong> urTierTgamdidrebs, tradicul <strong>kultura</strong>Sisxva kulturul elementTa integracias, <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Riaobis zr<strong>da</strong>s.asimilaciaprocesi, romlis Sedegad erTi eTnikuri jgufis wevrebi kargaven TavianTTav<strong>da</strong>pirvel <strong>kultura</strong>s <strong>da</strong> iTviseben im eTnikuri jgufis <strong>kultura</strong>s, romelTanacuSuali kontaqti aqvT. es procesi SeiZleba spontanurad mimdinareobdes _ aseTSemTxvevaSi igi SeiZleba ganixilebodes a<strong>kultura</strong>ciis erT-erT tipad, a<strong>kultura</strong>ciisprocesis Sedegad.cneba `asimilacia~ XIX s-is bolo<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> amerikul <strong>kultura</strong>nTropologiaSi,Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad — termin `amerikanizaciis~ sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT. misipirveli gansazRverba r.parksa <strong>da</strong> e.berjess ekuTvniT: `asimilacia urTierTSeRwevisa<strong>da</strong> Serevis procesia, romlis ganmavlobaSi individebi an jgufebi iZenen sxvaindividebis istoriul mexsierebas <strong>da</strong> iziareben ra maT gamocdilebas, CarTuliaRmoCndebian saerTo kulturul cxovrebaSi~. XX s-is Sua wlebamde es terminigamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> aSS TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis dominirebad <strong>kultura</strong>Si indielTatomebis inkorporaciis mniSvnelobiT. amerikuli sazogadoeba ganixilebo<strong>da</strong>uzarmazar `SemoqmedebiT laboratoriad~, sa<strong>da</strong>c sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturuli tradiciaerTmaneTs ereva <strong>da</strong> `ga<strong>da</strong>idnoba~ sinTezur mTlianobad. XX s-is meore naxevarSi j. vander zandenma ganasxvava calmxrivi asimilacia, roca umciresobis <strong>kultura</strong> mTlianadgamoidevneba dominirebadi kulturis mier, <strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Sereva, romlis drosac<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli <strong>da</strong> gabatonebuli jgufebis elementebi erTmaneTs ereva, qmnismdgrad kombinaciebs <strong>da</strong> safuZvels uyris axal <strong>kultura</strong>s.m.gordonma <strong>da</strong>amkvidra asimilaciis xarisxobrivi ganxilvis tradicia. dResmiCneulia, rom sruli asimilaciis SemTxvevebi Zalian iSviaTia; Cveulebriv, adgili10
aqvs umciresobis kulturis ama Tu im xarisxiT trans<strong>for</strong>macias dominirebadieTnikuri jgufis kulturis zegavleniT. amasTan, xSirad umciresobis kulturisukuzegavlenac friad Zlieria.dRes mkvlevarTa umravlesoba garkveul sifrTxiles iCens termin `asimilaciis~mimarT, misi politikuri Seferilobis gamo.Tema II. modernizaciis cneba. modernizaciis Teoriebi<strong>modernizacia</strong><strong>modernizacia</strong>, farTo azriT, gulisxmobs zogadsakacobrio evuluciis Tanmdevi,axali saazrovno <strong>for</strong>mebisa <strong>da</strong> teqnologiebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis permanentuli process.aseTi gagebiT, <strong>modernizacia</strong> uwyveti <strong>da</strong> usasrulo procesia <strong>da</strong> misi Sedegi ar ariserTjeradi monapovari.viwro azriT, am terminiT sociologiaSi aRniSnaven tradiciuli, sasoflo,agraruli sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n sekularuli, industriuli, urbanistuli sazogadoebadtrans<strong>for</strong>macias.modernizaciis procesi dReisaTvis ar Semoifargleba erTi calkeuli qveynisSinagani ganviTarebiT. is un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes globaluri masStabiT, radgan<strong>modernizacia</strong> gavrcel<strong>da</strong> Tavisi warmoSobis adgili<strong>da</strong>n _ <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n _ <strong>da</strong> mTelisamyaro moicva.<strong>modernizacia</strong> kursis farglebSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc:1. <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis (civilizaciis) ganviTarebis konkretuli etapisaTvis<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erToblioba, romelic un<strong>da</strong>ganixilebodes zoga<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis konteqstSi, amcivilizaciis winamorbed kulturul <strong>for</strong>mebis TaviseburebebTan uSualokavSirSi.2. socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erToblioba, romelic msoflio sazogadoebisganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapis specifikam sxva, ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaTa(<strong>kultura</strong>Ta, civilizaciaTa) maxasiaTeblad aqcia. am ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaTamodernizaciis procesSi gamokveTili axali kulturuli procesebis aRweraskursSi ramdenime saleqcio Tema eTmoba.modernizaciis pirveli gageba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebisistoriuli <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove ganviTarebaze msjelobisas, xolo meore _ TanamedrovemsoflioSi mimdinare procesebis aRsawerad.modernizaciis umniSvnelovanes faqtorebad miCneulia:ekonomikaSi _ axali teqnologiebisa <strong>da</strong> kapitalis gamoyenebis gazr<strong>da</strong>, bunebriviresursebis farTo aTviseba, meurneobis meoradi <strong>da</strong> mesameuli seqtorebisgafarToeba, kapitalis, Sromisa <strong>da</strong> sasaqonlo bazris ganviTareba.socialur sferoSi _ socialurobis adrindeli, winaswargansazRvruli (askriptiuli)tipebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri kuTvnilebis zogadi tipebis Sesusteba, adrindeli,pirvel rigSi, religiuri, saerTo askriptiuli kavSirebis fragmentacia <strong>da</strong> axali,sabazro an profesiul kriteriumebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli racionaluri kavSirebis sferosgafarToeba. am ukanasknels Tan sdevs socialuri <strong>da</strong> profesiuli diferenciaciiszr<strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT klasobrivi, qonebrivi <strong>da</strong> funqciuri, warmoebis, politikuri <strong>da</strong>sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis erTmaneTisagan gamoyofa, urbanizaciis zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> soflisCarTva sabazro urTierTobebSi. statusis adrindeli, memkvidreobiT miRebuli <strong>da</strong>jgufisadmi kuTvnilebiT gansazRvrul askriptiuli simboloTa nacvlad mzard11
aRiarebas iRebs `miRwevis~ kriteriumi moRvaweobis axal, upirveles yovlisa,sameurneo, finansur <strong>da</strong> saqmian sferoSi.politikis sferoSi _ centralizebuli nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba,romlis farglebSi yalibdeba sakuTari interesebisaTvis mebrZoli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarisocialur-politikuri moZraobebi, elitebi <strong>da</strong> jgufebi; dinastiurireJimebis legitimurobis tradiciuli <strong>for</strong>mebis Sesusteba <strong>da</strong> demokratiis zogierTielementis Semotana; cvlileba centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferias Soris urTiermimarTebaSi, racgamoixateba imiT, rom periferiisaTvis xelmisawvdomi xdeba xelisufleba centrSi.kulturul sferoSi _ RirebulebiTi orientaciebis diferenciacia, sazogadoebrivicodnisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis sekularizacia <strong>da</strong> pluralizacia, ideologiurimimarTulebebis mravalferovneba, masmediis ganviTareba. upiratesoba eniWeba <strong>da</strong>aRiarebuli xdeba qcevis sul ufro meti individualizacia <strong>da</strong> pirovnebis TviTgamorkveva.sulier sferoSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebad miiCneva sekularizmis gavrcelebarisi safuZvelic aris meurneobisa <strong>da</strong> politikis avtonomiurobis zr<strong>da</strong>,moRvaweobis praqtikuli <strong>da</strong> racionaluri <strong>for</strong>mebis gafarToeba, sa<strong>da</strong>c ganmsazRvrelikriteriumebi ara moraluri, sulieri an estTetikuri mosazrebebia, aramedefeqturoba <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli sargebeli. am cvlilebebis (romelTa xarisxis gansazRvraempiriula<strong>da</strong>c aris SesaZlebeli) arsebiTi parametrebi mosaxleobis mobilurobis,socialur <strong>da</strong> politikur marTvaSi misi monawileobis <strong>da</strong>, aseve sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialurjgufis Tanamedrove <strong>kultura</strong>Si CarTulobis xarisxia. <strong>modernizacia</strong> moicavsmosaxleobis sul ufro farTo fenebs, aTavisuflebs ra maT yofisa <strong>da</strong> warmoebisuZravi <strong>for</strong>mebisagan. magram modernizaciis procesis struqturaSi yovelTvis xdebamewarmeTa fenis gaZliereba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli Sromis gamoyenebis zr<strong>da</strong>.instituciuri TvalsazrisiT _ <strong>modernizacia</strong> gamoixateba institutebisdiferenciaciis zr<strong>da</strong>Si, romlebic sakuTar Tavze iReben moRvaweobis axali <strong>for</strong>mebisregulacias. cxovrebis yvela sfero, religiuris CaTvliT, ufro mravalferovanixdeba.socialuri TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis mamoZravebli Zala, umeteswilad, isaqtiuri fenebia, romlebsac Sualeduri pozicia ukaviaT adre arsebul ZiriTadsocialur fenebTan mimarTebaSi.xSirad modernizaciis iniciatorebad gamodian ucxo kulturuli elementebi, sxvakonfesiuri Tu eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi. maT axasiaTebT gazrdilimobiluroba <strong>da</strong> aqtiuroba savaWro-sawarmoo sferoSi.amgvarad, modernistuli sazogadoebis ZiriTadi niSnebia:industrializacia, urbanizaciis maRali xarisxi, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi,Tavisufali sabazro warmoeba, konstitucionalizmi, liberaluri demokratia,individualizmi, sekularizmi, racionaluri azrovneba.modernizaciis winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegebimodernizaciis Teoriis kritikis Sedegad, gamovlin<strong>da</strong> is mravalferovani winaaRmdegobriviSedegebi, romlebic Tan sdeven sazogadoebis modernizaciis process. eswinaaRmdegobani yvela SemTxvevaSi iCens Tavs, Tumca gansxvavebuli xarisxiT.1. ~tradiciisa~ <strong>da</strong> `Tanamedroveobis~ Sejaxeba, rac iwvevs gaxleCas socialurobistipebsa <strong>da</strong> kulturul sferoebs Soris, aseve aviwroebs adre arsebuli kulturismoqmedebis sferosa <strong>da</strong> moRvaweobis axal sferoebSi misi statusis <strong>da</strong>mcrobasganapirobebs. axal pirobebSi xdeba askriptiul kavSirebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli socialurobisadrindeli principebisa <strong>da</strong> im Tanamedrove orientaciebis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba,romlebic mimarTulia warmatebebze komerciuli saqmianobaSi, profesionalizmsa<strong>da</strong> praqtikul codnaSi <strong>da</strong> a.S. urTierToba <strong>da</strong> urTierTqmedebis sistema, romlebic12
axasiaTebs komunitarul struqturebs <strong>da</strong> romlebic ga<strong>for</strong>mebulia sakralizebulinormebiT, moraluri orientaciebiTa simbolikiT, kargaven adrindel mniSvnelobas<strong>da</strong> ejaxebian imperativebs, romlebsac sabazro kavSirebis funqcionaluri samyarokarnaxobs. askriptiuli socialurobis adrindeli totaluri sistemebi, romelSicTiToeul individs Tavisi gansazRvruli adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> mikuTvnebuli, kargavenadrindel mniSvnelobas, ixliCebian sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nawilebad, amasTan mzardimniSvneloba eniWeba axal, funqciur <strong>da</strong> miRweviT kriteriumebze <strong>da</strong>myrebulsistemebs. un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom miRweviTi orientaciebi met-naklebad arsebobsnebismier `tradiciul~ garemoSi, magram iq isini askriptiul sazogadoebisaTvis<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel ierarqiul sistemaSi iyo CarTuli. axal pirobebSi miRweviTorientaciebma, SesaZloa, xeli Seuwyos rogorc urTierTobaTa individualizacias,aseve sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>nawevrebas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebad <strong>da</strong> erTobebad.modernizaciis Teoriebi<strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>kultura</strong>Si modernizaciis safuZvlebis Camoyalibebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvariaxsna arsebobs. veberiseuli xedva upiratesobas im faseulobaTa xasiaTSi xe<strong>da</strong>vs,romelic materialuri sikeTis <strong>da</strong>grovebasa <strong>da</strong> gafarTebazea orientirebuli. meoremimarTuleba upiratesobas socialur-politikur struqturas (upirveles yovlisa,sofelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT qalaqis siWarbes) aniWeb<strong>da</strong> (f.brodeli, igive m.veberi). mesamemimarTuleba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas Zalauflebis ganawilebis principsa <strong>da</strong> amprincipis institutebSi gamyarebas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> (S. eizenStadti).saukunenaxevris manZilze modernizaciis Teoriis mTavari <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSaniiyo Sexeduleba msoflio istoriis Tanamedrove etapeze TiToeuli sazogadoebissworxazovani ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. es miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> yoveli sazogadoebis im sistemaSiSesvlis aucileblobaze, romelic <strong>da</strong>savleT evropasa <strong>da</strong> aSS-Si Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>,Sesabamisad, maT `centralur~ civilizaciasTan `mierTebaze~. zustad es iyo progresis,rogorc procesisa <strong>da</strong> miznis arsi. socialuri regulaciis yvela adrindelivarianti, miRwevebi <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebi ga<strong>da</strong>isinja <strong>da</strong>savleTis mier SeqmniliTanamoedroveobaSi Sesasvlelad. amitom yvela ara<strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>kultura</strong>, upirvelesyovlisa, axal realobaSi SesvlisaTvis vargisianobis TvalsazrisiT ganixilebo<strong>da</strong>.yvela saxis istoriuli <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> istoriuli Tavisebureba ganixilebo<strong>da</strong>mxolod rogorc sawyisi fazis specifika, romelic swraf trans<strong>for</strong>maciasa <strong>da</strong>gaqrobas eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>. XIX saukunisa <strong>da</strong> XX saukunis garkveuli periodis manZilzeganviTarebis Taviseburebis problematika faqtobrivad im mkvlevarTa yuradRebismiRma <strong>da</strong>rCa, romlebic ara<strong>da</strong>savluri qveynebis ganviTarebis gzebsa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebzesaubrobdnen. metic, Tu adre aqcenti keTdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlurisazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> misi ganviTarebis specifikaze, SemdgomSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlurimodelis universalurobis idea mTeli msofliosaTvis.70-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisamde modernizaciis Teoria `vesternizaciis~ koncefciisbazaze viTardebo<strong>da</strong>, romelic <strong>da</strong>savluri liberalizmis universalobas amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>.vesternizaciis Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkicebdnen, rom gaTanamedrovebis procesirogorc istoriulad, ise logikurad gulisxmobs, pirvel rigSi, meurneobiswarmarTvis kapitalisturi meTodis miRebas, aseve <strong>da</strong>savleTis, rogorc `msofliocivilizaciis~ eqspansia. problema mxolod `sastarto pirobebisa~ <strong>da</strong> `winaaRmdegobebis~gamovlenaSi, aseve sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebaTa universaluri xasiaTis mqonemodernizaciis indeqsis mixedviT SefasebaSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>.koloniuri sistemis <strong>da</strong>Slasa <strong>da</strong> suverenuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebas, rasacTan sdev<strong>da</strong> kulturuli TviTmyofadobis ideologiuri mtkiceba, ar gamouwveviasworxazovani koncefciis ga<strong>da</strong>xedva. dekolonizaciis procesi <strong>da</strong>savlur istoriografiaSiganixilebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc <strong>da</strong>savluri ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri13
<strong>da</strong> kulturuli <strong>for</strong>mebis gavlenis Sedegi, rogorc maTi `difuzia~. sociokulturulWrilSi <strong>modernizacia</strong> un<strong>da</strong> warmarTuliyo rogorc moZraoba `avtoritetulobi<strong>da</strong>nTavisuflebisaken~, rogorc dromoWmuli tradiciebis gar<strong>da</strong>qmna <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>laxva,teqnikur efeqturobaSi ganxorcielebuli racionalobis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba <strong>da</strong> saparlamentodemokratiis gafarToebaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli axali politikuri kulturis aTviseba.sazogadoebaTa <strong>da</strong>yofa `<strong>da</strong>savleT-aRmosavleTis~ diqotomiis safuZvelzegulisxmob<strong>da</strong> maT <strong>da</strong>yofas `ganviTarebis unaris mqone~, `mowinave~ <strong>da</strong> `CamorCenil~sazogadoebebad. am ukanasknelTaTivis ki gar<strong>da</strong>uvali iyo saerTo gzisaTvis gverdisavla. am process Tan axlavs <strong>da</strong>savluri faseulobebis, normebis <strong>da</strong> qcevisstereotipebs aucilebeli sesxeba. xSirad, <strong>modernizacia</strong> gaigeba rogorc avtoritarizmisa<strong>da</strong> despotizmis ga<strong>da</strong>laxva, qcevisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis regulaciis tradiciuli<strong>for</strong>mebis Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiTi gandevna <strong>da</strong> maTi axali, gonivrulobisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierulprincipebze <strong>da</strong>yrebuli <strong>for</strong>mebiT Canacvleba. ucvleli <strong>da</strong> dromoWmuliwesrigi<strong>da</strong>n sazogadoeba ga<strong>da</strong>dis mudmivi cvlilebebisa <strong>da</strong> srulyofis procesisaken.aseTi principebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva variaciebiT SeiZleba Segvxvdes liberalur, re<strong>for</strong>matorulan socialistur mimarTulebebSi. ara<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturuli memkvidreobisSeswavla Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> `istorizmis~ im ganwyobas, romlis mixedviT warsulisistoriam `Caiara~ <strong>da</strong> amitom un<strong>da</strong> Seicvalos axali, Tanamedrove sazogadoebiT.naSromebi, romlebic aRmosavluri kulturebis Zveli <strong>da</strong> klasikuri periodisistoriisa <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebis struqturisa <strong>da</strong> funqciobis kvlevaseZRvnebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod erTi <strong>da</strong>skvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas iZleoden _ amsazogadoebaTa tipis cvlileba gar<strong>da</strong>uvali iyo re<strong>for</strong>mebis an revoluciis gziT.civilizaciuri TvalTaxedviT, modernizaciis Teoria Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad `Zveli~civilizaciebis `ga<strong>da</strong>laxvasa~ <strong>da</strong> yvela sazogadoebisaTvis progresis universalurigzis <strong>da</strong>saxvaSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>. sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis Teoriasocialurobis, rogorc tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroveobis, CamorCenilobisa <strong>da</strong>ganviTarebulobis, <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis diqotomiur aRqmas emyarebo<strong>da</strong>.aseTi midgomis farglebSi tradicia aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc Semaferxebeli Zala, romlisSesusteba <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>laxva uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli sistemis<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebasa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas.arsebob<strong>da</strong> tradiciuli sazogadoebebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli im `naklovaniTaviseburebebis~ CamonaTvali, romelic xels uSli<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aferxeb<strong>da</strong> imitaciur<strong>modernizacia</strong>s. am CamonaTvalSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> socialuri struqturis Semdegi Taviseburebani:askriptiuli kavSirebi: urTierTvaldebulebebi ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> naTesaobisfarglebSi, megobruli <strong>da</strong> klanuri kavSirebi, mcire jgufebi, sazogadoebrivi azri; amkavSirebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, koleqtiuri warmodgenebis upiratesoba <strong>da</strong> individisjgufisagan ganuyofeloba; lokalur erTeulebsa <strong>da</strong> teritoriebze mijaWvuloba;kasturi <strong>da</strong> klasobrivi barierebi; mkacri msoflmxedvelobrivi kontroli, orientirebulisaboloo <strong>da</strong> maradiul Rirebulebebze sawinaaRmdegod instrumentulifaseulobebisa, romlebic yoveldRiur praqtikul qcevas aregulireben. gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis<strong>da</strong>mabrkolebel kulturul winaaRmdegobebad miCneuli iyo Semdegi Rirebulebebi:`samuSao~ drois ignorireba, yoveldRiuri <strong>da</strong> Seupavari Sromis unaris arqona,fatalizmi, eTnocentrizmi, siamayisa <strong>da</strong> Rirsebis gamZafrebuli ganc<strong>da</strong>, moridebulobiskonservatiuli normebi, adgilobrivi politikuri avtoritetebis pativiscema<strong>da</strong> `sakuTar~ miwasTan mijaWvuloba, Cuqebis rogorc gacvlis <strong>for</strong>misadmipozitiuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>da</strong> a.S. kulturis struqturaSi aRiniSneba gaxleCa maRalmoralur orientaciebsa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianuri yofis realuri pirobebis ugulvebelyofasSoris, problemebis realuri ga<strong>da</strong>Wris Tavi<strong>da</strong>n arideba, statusis, genderuli <strong>da</strong>14
asakobrivi rolebis TanamedroveobisaTvis araadekvaturi diferenciacia. komunikaciuribarierTa ricxvs miakuTvneben mSobliur enasTan, wes-CveulebasTan, tradiciuletiketTan <strong>da</strong> mijaWvulobas. kulturul-fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, motorulinimuSebi <strong>da</strong> sxeulis Cveuli poziciebi aseve miiCneva rogorc winaaRmdegoba axlisaTvisebaSi.tradiciis rogorc modernizaciis <strong>da</strong>mabrkolebeli garemoebis aseT anTropologiuridiskreditacias Tan erTvo<strong>da</strong> civilizaciuric. es pirvel rigSi religiasexebo<strong>da</strong>. m.veberis koncefciis Tanaxmad, ara<strong>da</strong>savluri religiebi ar miiCnevianmodernizaciuli potenciis matareblad.amgvarad, Tanamedroveoba am konteqstSi upirispirdeba tradiciuls. socialurkulturuliTvalsazrisiT, am Tanamedroveobis matareblad miiCneva individirogorc pirovneba, romelmac Tavi <strong>da</strong>aRwia askriptiul kavSirebs <strong>da</strong> romelic sakmaodTavisufalia qcevasa <strong>da</strong> azrovnebaSi. es aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebaa, romelicar aris SeboWili koleqtiuri avtoritetebiT. mis maxasiaTeblebad miiCneva mzadyofnagar<strong>da</strong>qmnebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> maTSi aqtiuri monawileoba. es pirovneba racionaluri gegmismixedviT moqmedebs.XX saukunis udidesi nawili manZilze tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> diskreditacia <strong>da</strong>modernizaciis apologia Tanaarsebob<strong>da</strong> kolonializmis kritikisa <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlurisazogadoebebis TviTmyofadobis <strong>da</strong>cvasTan erTad. sazogadoebrivi azris miervesternizaciis uaryofiTi Sedegebis gacnobiereba koloniur periodSi xdebo<strong>da</strong>, imiTiyo gamowveuli, rom sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro naTeli xdebo<strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlursazogadoebebze <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis gavlenis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi. <strong>da</strong>savlurikulturis SeTvisebis periods mohyva brZola dekolonizaciisa <strong>da</strong> aziis, afrikisa <strong>da</strong>laTinoamerikuli qveynebis TviTmyofadobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis.1960-iani wlebis bolomde samecniero literaturaSi Warbob<strong>da</strong> Sromebi, romlebictradiciisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroveobis diqotomiur aRqmas emyarebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> romlebSicara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebis Zveli memkvidreoba ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc u<strong>da</strong>vo<strong>da</strong>brkoleba modernizaciis gzaze. Sesabamisad, msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiTupiratesoba eniWeba utilitarizmis, sekularizmisa <strong>da</strong> racionalizmis Rirebulebebs.magram 1970-iani wlebSi bevr qveyanaSi arsebulma mravalricxovanma sirTulem,warumatebelma <strong>modernizacia</strong>m <strong>da</strong> revoluciurma Zvrebma mkvlevrebi aiZula Zveliuniversaluri modelebis ga<strong>da</strong>exedva <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis procesebis axali, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTikvlevis wamowyeba.<strong>da</strong>savlur socialur mecnierebaSi 1970-80-iani wlebis manZilze warmoebulmakvlevam gamoiwvia Sexedulebis cvlileba tradiciis arssa <strong>da</strong> mis xasiaTTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. `tradiciuli~ kulturebis ufro seriozulma Seswavlam gamoavlina,rom maTi maxasiaTeblebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba TanamedroveobasTan mniSvnelovanaraerTgvarovnebas amJRavnebs. aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom askriptiuli kavSirebi _ ojaxuri,naTesauri, klanuri _ xSirad xdebodnen axali sawarmoo urTierTobebis matareblebi.es ufro efeqturi iyo, vidre kavSirebis individualizacia, rasac xSirad,sazogadoebis rRveva <strong>da</strong> misi kriminalizacia sdev<strong>da</strong> Tan.diqotomuri Teoriebi <strong>da</strong> koncefciebi araefeqturi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> aexsna modernizaciuliprocesebis xSiri Cavardnebi, gar<strong>da</strong>mavali sazogadoebebis mravalferovneba,maTTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli Sinagani dinamika <strong>da</strong> aseve Tanamedrove diferencirebulipolitikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri kompleqsebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli arsebobis SesaZlebloba.amitom didi yuradReba mieqca am qveynebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli rogorc politikuri,aseve socialur-kulturuli sistemebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebas, upirveles yovlisa es exebo<strong>da</strong>religiasa <strong>da</strong> kulturul memkvidreobas rogorc am sistemebis Camomyalibebel15
faqtors. ufro adekvaturi Teoriis ZiebaSi uari iTqva iseT terminebze, rogoricaa`evropeizacia~ <strong>da</strong> `vesternizacia~, romlebic gulisxmobs yovelmxriv gaigivebas<strong>da</strong>savleTTan, xolo terminma `amerikanizacia~ kritikuli <strong>da</strong> negatiuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTvaSeiZina.Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis adreuli modelebis kritika, pirvelrigSi, mimarTuli iyo ~tradicia-modernizaciis~ diqotomiis winaaRmdeg. es kritikaemyarebo<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis, rogorc evoluciuri procesis gansazRvrebas, romelicgulisxmobs sazogadoebis mowyobis adrindeli socialur-kulturuli principebisgandevnasa <strong>da</strong> Canacvlebas. kritikis meore mniSvnelovani aspeqti gax<strong>da</strong> kulturulimemkvidreobisa <strong>da</strong> urTierTobaTa socialur-kulturuli sistemis rolis gamovlineba.progresistuli koncefciebis sawinaaRmdegod, kulturuli memkvidreobaganixilebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc stabilurobis SenarCunebis winapiroba, romelic uzrunvelyofssazogadoebis funqciobas. xolo tradicia ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc socialurkulturulikavSirebis aucilebeli birTvi, romelic uzrunvelyofs individissocializaciis arsebiT <strong>for</strong>mebs, jgufTaSoris urTierTobis organizaciasa <strong>da</strong>sazogadoebis erTobas.nebismier <strong>da</strong>muSavebul variantSi modernizaciis Teoria aRiarebs ori sferosurTierTqmedebas _ sazogadoebis integraciasa <strong>da</strong> diferencias, Sesabamisad, misi<strong>da</strong>moukideblobisa <strong>da</strong> SenarCunebaSi, rac politikuri TvalsazrisiT gamoixatebasuverenitetis principSi, xolo kulturuli TvalsazrisiT _ TviTmyofadobis,identurobis principSi. am <strong>da</strong>skvnebma msoflio samecniero literaturaSi gamoiwviamodernizaciis procesis arsis ga<strong>da</strong>xedva. aseTi gaazrebis erTgvar kategoriuli<strong>for</strong>mulirebaa s.hanTingtons ekuTvnis: `<strong>modernizacia</strong> aucileblad ar niSnavsvesternizacias. ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebma SesaZloa ganicadon <strong>modernizacia</strong> ise,rom uari ar Tqvan sakuTar <strong>kultura</strong>ze, ar miiRon <strong>da</strong>savluri Rirebulebebi,institutebi <strong>da</strong> qcevis <strong>for</strong>mebi. sinamdvileSi <strong>modernizacia</strong> aZlierebs am kulturebs<strong>da</strong> iwvevs <strong>da</strong>savleTis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>sustebas. SiZleba iTqvas, rom samyaro sul ufro <strong>da</strong>ufro modernizebuli <strong>da</strong> naklebad <strong>da</strong>savluri xdeba~.rogorc ukve iTqva, didi xnis manZilze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis kulturul faqtorebsSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebi yuradReba eTmobo<strong>da</strong>. modernizaciis subieqtebad upirvelesyovlisa saxelmwifoebi miiCneodnen, ufro sworesd ki politikuri reJimebi.Sesabamisad, politikis sfero ganmsazRvrelad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> ekonomikasTan <strong>da</strong>politikasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. magram gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebma rac ufro farTod moicves socialuriregulaciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sfero, miT ufro mkafiod gamoikveTa sakuTriv kulturulikanonzomierebebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri regulaciis specifikis gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom es specifika mniSvnelovanwilad iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebulikulturuli velis doneze.bolo sami aTwleulis manZilze modernizaciis procesSi nacionaluri <strong>da</strong>civilizaciuri TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis principi sabolood <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>samecniero literaturaSi.sazogadod, modernulobis warmoSobis ori Teoria arsebobs. isini warmoadgenenor gansxvavebul gagebas imisa, Tu riT gansxvavdeba Cveni Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTavisi winamorbedisagan. erTi gagebiT, Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong>,magaliTad, Sua saukunebis evropas Soris iseTive gansxvaveba arsebobs, rogoric Suasaukuneebis evropasa <strong>da</strong> amave periodis CineTsa Tu indoeTs Soris. sxva sityvebiT, CvenSegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba civilizaciebs Soris, romelTaganTiToeuls Tavis sakuTari <strong>kultura</strong> aqvs. meore gagebiT, adreuli saukuneebi<strong>da</strong>ndRemde arsebuli cvlilebebi Cven SegviZlia avxsnaT raRac `ganviTarebis~ msgavsiT _16
ogorc tradiciuli sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>sasruli <strong>da</strong> modernis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi. am gabatonebuliTvalTaxedviT, procesebi friad gansxvavebulad warmogvidgeba.modernulobis gagebis pirvel variants pirobiTad kulturuls uwodeben, xolomeores _ akulturuls. arsebobs <strong>kultura</strong>Ta simravle, romelTagan TiToeuls aqvsena <strong>da</strong> gamocdileba, romlebic gansazRvraven pirovnulobis, socialuri urTierTobebis,cudisa <strong>da</strong> kargis, saTnoebisa/zneobisa <strong>da</strong> uzneobis <strong>da</strong> a.S. specifikur gagebas.es modeli _ modernulobis kulturuli Teoria _ Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>savleTSimomx<strong>da</strong>r cvlilebebs axali kulturis warmoSobis safuZvelze xsnis. Tanamedroveatlantikuri samyaro aris <strong>kultura</strong> (an erTmaneTTan mWidrod <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>kultura</strong>Tajgufi), romelsac aqvs, magaliTad, pirovnebis, bunebis, kargisa <strong>da</strong> cudis sakuTari,specifikuri gageba, es <strong>kultura</strong> SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vupirispiroT sxva <strong>da</strong>narCenebs,Tavisi winamorbedi civilizaciebis CaTvliT (romelTanac, cxadia, uamravi saerToaqvs).amis sapirispirod, akulturuli Teoria am trans<strong>for</strong>macias kulturisagan ganyenebuladxsnis. am TvalsazrisiT, es cvlilebebi ar ganixileba rogorc konkretul<strong>kultura</strong>Si mimdinare procesi, aramed miiCneva movlenad, romelic SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>Sexebo<strong>da</strong> nebismier tradiciul <strong>kultura</strong>s. magaliTad, akulturuli Teoriamodernulobas ganixilavs, rogorc mravali sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizezis Sedegs: vTqvaT,mecnieruli cnobierebis zrdis, sekularuli TvalTaxedvis ganviTarebis, efeqturi/instrumentuliracionalizmis aRzevebis, faqtsa <strong>da</strong> mis Sefasebas Soris absoluturadcxadi sxvaobis <strong>da</strong> sxv. sxvagvarad, modernuloba SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vukavSiroTrogorc socialur, aseve inteleqtualur cvlilebebs: tras<strong>for</strong>maciebi, inteleqtualurisCaTvliT, ganixileba rogorc <strong>da</strong>Cqarebuli mobilurobis/cvlilebebis,populaciis koncentraciis, industrializaciis <strong>da</strong> a.S. Sedegi. yvela am SemTxvevaSimodernuloba trans<strong>for</strong>maciaTa erTobliobaa, romelic TiToeul <strong>kultura</strong>s SeuZliaganicados <strong>da</strong>, savaraudod, iZulebuli iqneba ganicados.es cvlilebebi ar aris gansazRvruli am kulturebis mdgomareobiT <strong>da</strong>, magaliTad,pirovnebis, sazogadoebis an sikeTis specifikuri gagebiT; ufro metad, esaacvlilebebi, romelsac yoveli <strong>kultura</strong>, principSi, msxverplad ewireba. magaliTad,TiToeul <strong>kultura</strong>s SeiZleba Seexos mecnieruli cnobierebis zr<strong>da</strong>, yovel religias_ sekularizacia, instrumentuli azrovnebis zr<strong>da</strong>m SeiZleba gamoiwvios sabolooaRsasruli, warmodgena metafizikurze SeiZleba Zireulad Seicvalos faqtsa <strong>da</strong> misSefasebas Soris gaCenili <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis gamo.modernuloba, am Teoriis mixedviT, gagebulia rogorc konkretuli kulturisaganganyenebuli racionaluri an socialuri procesebis Sedegi. es ar niSnavs imas, rom esTeoria ugulebelyofs im istoriul mizezebs, ris gamoc es cvlilebebi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveladwarmoSva swored am, <strong>da</strong> ara sxva civilizaciaSi, an ris gamoc am cvlilebebserTni ufro advilad eqvemdebarebian, sxvani ki _ Znelad. saqme ufro isaa, rom esprocesi ganisazRvreba ara rogorc kulturuli specifika, aramed rogorc zogadifunqcia, romelic kulturul specifikas msxverplad iwiravs.Tu am sakiTxs sxva kuTxiT mivudgebiT, es procesebi ar un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT rogorcerTi specifikuri, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli gagebis an RirebulebaTa sistemisarCevanis asaxva. socialuri ganmartebis SemTxvevaSi, ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba eniWebaiseT istoriul movlenebs, rogoricaa industralizacia, romelic gavlenas axdensRirebulebebze; magram amgvari movlenebi xSirad ar aris miCneuli konkretulsferoSi specifikuri arCevanis gamoxatulebad. rodesac saqme exeba racionaluraxsnas, is miiCneva zogadi SesaZleblobebis ganxorcielebad, romelic elo<strong>da</strong> Sesabamispirobebs ralizaciisaTvis. garkveuli pirobebSi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi mividnen im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde,17
om racionaluri azrovneba efeqturia, rom instrumentuli racionalizmi amarTlebssakuTar Tavs, rom religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi iwvevs gauTvaliswinebelnaxtomebs, rom faqti <strong>da</strong> misi Sefaseba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ramaa. am cvlilebebis ganxorcielebazogierTma RirebulebiTma <strong>da</strong> msoflmxedvelobiTma sistemam SesaZloa gaadvilos,zogierTma ki _ Seaferxos. isini (e.i. RirebulebiTi sistemebi <strong>da</strong> cvlilebaTa procesi)ar aris erTmaneTze ganuyrelad ga<strong>da</strong>jaWvuli. ufro metad, isini gansazRvrulia imiT,rac, Cveni azriT, moicavs RirebulebaTa <strong>da</strong> gagebaTa gavrcelebis mTel konteqsts.albaT, cxadia, rom bolo ori saukunis manZilze gabatonebuli modernulobisTeoriebi akulturuli xasiaTisaa. bevrma modernulobis ganviTareba, nawilobrivmainc, axsna imiT, rom Cven <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT zemoT moxseniebul savaraudo WeSmaritebaTamTeli wyeba. sxvagvarad, cvlilebebi nawilobriv axsnil iqna kulturuladneitraluri (kulturisagan ganyenebuli) socialuri ganviTarebis movlenebiTrogoricaa e.durkheimiseuli moZraoba socialuri erTobis meqanikuri <strong>for</strong>mebi<strong>da</strong>ndiferencirebuli, organuli <strong>for</strong>mebisaken. an aleqsis de tokvilis varaudi, `mcocavidemokratiis~ Sesaxeb (romelSic igi gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> moZraobas Tanasworobisaken). maqsveberis interpretaciiT, racionalizacia myari procesia, romelsac droTaganmavlobaSi yvela <strong>kultura</strong> gaivlis.magram yvelaze popularulia modernulobis mizezobrivi ganmartebebi. mxolodsocialur axsnas mivyavarT mizezamde: socialuri cvlilebebi, iseTebi rogoricaamobiluroba <strong>da</strong> industrializacia, ganapirobeben inteleqtualur <strong>da</strong> suliercvlilebs, radgan isini ubiZgeben xalxs, <strong>da</strong>Tmon Zveli Cvevebi <strong>da</strong> rwmenebi _ religiaan tradiciuli morali _ romlebic miuRebeli xdebian, kargaven ra <strong>da</strong>moukidebelracionalur safuZvels, rac gaaCnia modernulobis iseT warmodgenebs rogoricaaindividualizmi <strong>da</strong> instrumentuli azrovneba.magram SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva _ ra vuyoT modernulobis farTod gavrcelebul<strong>da</strong> popularul negatiur Teorias, romelic modernizaciis process ganixilavs ararogorc zr<strong>da</strong>s, aramed rogorc <strong>da</strong>qveiTebas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kninebas? sainteresoa, rom isinicTaviseburad akulturistebi arian. amis warmosaCenad, Cven un<strong>da</strong> ganvavrcoT zemoTmotanili ganmarteba. imis nacvlad, rom cvlilebebi ganixilos rogorc SesaZleblobaTarealizacia, negatiuri Teoria modernulobas xSirad mxolod safrTxisSemcvelad miiCnevs. magram xSirad is konkretuli kulturisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebladganixileba. modernulobas axasiaTeben rogorc perspeqtiva<strong>da</strong>kargul, safuZvelgamoclil(fesveb<strong>da</strong>kargul) movlenas, romelic qedmaRlobis gamo uaryofs a<strong>da</strong>mianuriSesaZleblobebis SezRudulobas, Cvens <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas istoriaze an RmerTze. isganusazRvrel ndobas ucxadebs aramdgrad/cvalebad a<strong>da</strong>mianur gonebas; akninebsTviTSemwynareblobas, romelic Sorsaa cxovrebis heroikuli ganzomilebisagan.modernulobis ganmartebebis udidesi nawili pozitiur <strong>da</strong> negatiur interpretaciazemodis. isini akulturulobisaken arian midrekilni. kulturuliinterpretaciebi Zlieria, magram maTi ricxvi naklebia. magaliTad, fridrix nicSeTanamedrove samecniero <strong>kultura</strong>s axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> rogorc ganpirobebuls faseulobaTaspecifikuri mTlianobiT. veberma, gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom SemogvTavaza racionalizaciisrogorc myari, kulturulad <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli Zalis Teoria, protestantuli eTikagaiazra rogorc religiur-moralur SexedulebebaTa gansakuTrebuli erToba,romelmac, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba Tanamedrove kapitalizmi.amgvarad, akulturuli Teoriebi gabatonebuli arian. es cudia. imisaTvis, romavxsnaT, Tu ratom, ufro cxa<strong>da</strong>d un<strong>da</strong> vaCvenoT, ras aniWeben es Teoriebiupiratesobas, ra gamoaqvT wina planze <strong>da</strong> ras ar aqceven yuradRebas.18
akulturuli Teoriebi midrekilni arian axsnan modernulobis tranziciaga<strong>da</strong>svla, rogorc tradiciuli rwmenebisa <strong>da</strong> maT<strong>da</strong>mi erTgulebis <strong>da</strong>kargva. es<strong>da</strong>nakargi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc instituciuri cvlilebebis Sedegi.magaliTad, mobiluroba <strong>da</strong> urbanizacia ganixilulia rogorc mizezi, romelicasustebs statikuri sasoflo sazogadoebis rwmena-warmodgenebsa <strong>da</strong> safuZvlebs. am<strong>da</strong>nakargs/cvlilebebs, SesaZloa, safuZvlad edos Tanamedrove samecniero azrisganviTareba. cvlilebebi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>debiTad iyos Sefasebuli; an piriqiT,uaryofiTad _ imaT mier, visTvisac tradicia ufro faseulia <strong>da</strong> visac mecnieruliazrovneba SezRudulad miaCnia. magram yvela es Teoria Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs erTgarkveul aspeqtSi: Zveli Sexedulebebi <strong>da</strong> maT<strong>da</strong>mi erTguleba Sesustebulia. Zvelihorizontebi, nicSeseuli warmodgeniT, gaqra.ra Cndeba am <strong>da</strong>nakargis Semdeg. codnis miRebis empiriul-mecnieruli midgomisgabatoneba amkvidrebs individualizms, negatiur Tavisuflebas <strong>da</strong> instrumentulracionalobas. isini wina planze gamodian, maT a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ~normalurad~ afaseben,radgan kacobrioba aRar aris Seferxebuli Tu <strong>da</strong>brmavebuli yalbi crurwmenebiT <strong>da</strong>cxovrebis arafrismomcemi wesiT, romelsac es rwmenebi ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>. erTxelac miTi<strong>da</strong> Secdoma gaqra. mxolod empiriuli midgomaa efeqturi codnis misaRebad. <strong>da</strong> esmaSinve cxadi gaxdeba rogorc ki, gavTavisufldebiT metafizikis monobisagan. mzardiinstrumentuli racionaloba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs maqsimalurad <strong>da</strong>vikmayofiloTsurvilebi, Cven yovelTvis mxolod gvafrTxobdnen usafuZvlo direqtiviT _SegvezRu<strong>da</strong> sakuTari Tavi. individualizmi aris normaluri/bunebrivi Sedegi a<strong>da</strong>mianismier sakuTari Rirsebis SegrZnebisa/TviTpativiscemisa, RmerTis iluzorulimoTxovnebis, yofierebis borkilebisa <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong>/RvTiuri sazogadoebrivi wesrigisgareSe.sxvagvari Sefaseba, romelic avsebs gamorCenil niuansebs, aris imis SesaZleblobis<strong>da</strong>Sveba, rom <strong>da</strong>savluri modernuloba SeiZleba emyarebodes Tavis sakuTar,originalur sulier sawyisebs <strong>da</strong> ar iyos gagebuli warmoSobili martivad <strong>da</strong>gar<strong>da</strong>uvlad _ rogorc ganviTarebis Sedegi.akulturuli Teoriis batonobis mizezebi gasagebi xdeba, rodesac vacnobierebT,rom <strong>da</strong>savlelebi saukuneebis manZilze cxovrobdnen modernulobisaken gar<strong>da</strong>mavalperiodSi, im civilizaciis gareT, romelsac qristianul samyaros vuwodebT. rTuliaicxovro cvlilebaTa periodSi <strong>da</strong> ar iyo tendenciuri. am suliskveTebiT Cven, sakmaodxSirad, SefasebiT axsnas vaxdenT xolme, romelime mxaris sasargeblod. cvlilebebiuproblemod aixsneba imiT, rom Cven `SevZeliT~ siyalbis <strong>da</strong>naxva, an <strong>da</strong>viviwyeTmniSvnelovani WeSmaritebani. kulturuli xedvis farglebSi aseTi <strong>da</strong>majerebeli<strong>da</strong>skvnebis gamotanisaTvis, saWiro iqnebo<strong>da</strong> modernulobis kompleqsuri Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTiSefaseba, imis sapirispirod, rom mas ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> qristianoba. aseT mkafio<strong>da</strong>skvnamde misvla friad rTuli (Tu SeuZlebeli ara) amocanaa.kulturuli Teoriis TvalTaxedviT, Cven sakuTar <strong>kultura</strong>s ganvixilavT, rogorcerT-erTs sxvaTa Soris, <strong>da</strong> es Cveni civilizaciis axali monapovaria, amitom gasakviriaraa, rom revoluciuri cvlilebebis pirveli Sefaseba akulturuli iyo. Cveniwinaprebis umravlesoba sxva civilizaciebs ganixilav<strong>da</strong> rogorc barbarosuls,warmarTuls an velurs. absurduli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> molodini, rom safrangeTis revoluciisTanamedroveebs, orive politikuri mxaris warmomadgenlebs, am politikurga<strong>da</strong>trialebaSi kulturuli cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong>enaxaT. im periodSi kulturulipluralizmis idea mxolod isaxebo<strong>da</strong>. magaliTad, iohan gotfrid herderisTxzulebebSi.19
magram maSinac ki, rodesac es pozicia ufro advilad misaRebi gax<strong>da</strong>, Cven, sakuTaripoziciis erTgulebis gamo, mis ignorirebas vaxdenT. es nawilobriv gamowveulia imiT,rom SefasebiTi axsna ufro <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebelia. Cven gvin<strong>da</strong> an ganvadidoTmodernuloba, an gavTaTxoT is. es nawilobriv gamowveulia SiSiTac, rom kulturulTeoria SefasebiT midgomas SeuZlebels gaxdis. ukanaskneli azri, albaT, mc<strong>da</strong>ria,magram asea Tu ise aq es garkveul rols TamaSobs.sxva faqtori, romelic biZgs aZlevs akulturul Teorias, aris materialisturimidgoma, romelic popularuli iyo socialur mecnierebebsa <strong>da</strong> istoriaSi. amkonteqstSi me vgulisxmob im interpretaciebs, romlebic ugulebelyofdnen moralur<strong>da</strong> sulier faqtorebs ufro `miwieri~ kategoriebis sasargeblod. amgvarad, zemoTCamoTvlili movlenebi _ mecnierebis ganviTareba, individualizmi, negatiuriTavisufleba, instrumentuli azrovneba <strong>da</strong> modernuli kulturis sxva mniSvnelovaniTaviseburebani _ xSirad ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc socialuri cvlilebebis, industrializaciis,udidesi mobilurobis an urbanizaciis Sedegi. aq, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, mniSvnelovaniamizezobrivi kavSirebis Tvalis midevneba, magram isini ugulebelyofilia,iseve rogorc problema, ganapirobebs Tu ara es cvlilebebi Tavad <strong>kultura</strong>Si raimecvlilebas zneobriv idealTa TvalsazrisiT. pasuxi xSirad uaryofiTia.ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, socialuri cvlilebebi, romlebmac, savaraudod, ganapiroba axalimsoflmxedvelobis Casaxva, Tavad un<strong>da</strong> iyos axsnili, es moiTxovs zogierTi a<strong>da</strong>mianurimotivaciis gaTvaliswinebas. Tu Cven ar vivaraudebT, rom industrializacia <strong>da</strong>qalaqebis sayovelTao zr<strong>da</strong> ugonurebis Semotevisas mox<strong>da</strong>. Cven gvWirdeba garkveulicodna imisa, Tu ratom iltvo<strong>da</strong> xalxi mkacrad erTi mimarTulebiT, magaliTad,warmoebaSi teqnologiis gamoyenebis zrdisaken, an mosaxleobis didi koncentraciisaken.magram xSirad Cndeba aramoraluri motivaciebi. amaSi me vgulismobmotivaciebs, romlebsac SeuZlia xalxis aqtivizeba romelime moralur/sulieridelaTan kavSiris gareSe, rogorc adre aRvniSne. rogorc Sedegi, es socialuricvlilebebi xSirad axsnilia rogorc miswrafeba simdidrisa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebisaken,ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis an sxvaTa kontrolisaken. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, yvelaferi es SeiZleba erwymodesmoralur idealebs, magram maTi arseboba saWiro araa. <strong>da</strong> amgvarad, es aramoralurikategoriebi interpretacia ganixileba rogorc sakmaod mZimed <strong>da</strong> metismetadmecnierulad miiCneva.maSinac ki, roca individualuri Tavisufleba instrumentuli azrovnebisgavrcelebad ganixileba rogorc ideebi, romelTac mniSvnelovanwilad SeuZliaTsocialuri cvlilebebis axsna, isini xSirad aramoraluri kategoriebiT ariangagebuli. am ideaTa mniSvneloba/siZliere xSirad gaiazreba ara maTimoraluri/azrobrivi mniSvnelobiT, aramed rogorc im upiratesobaTa erToblioba,romelic xalxs eboZa maTi moraluri msoflmxedvelobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vadimisa, hqon<strong>da</strong>T Tu ara maT aseTi msoflmedveloba saerTod. TavisuflebaSesaZleblobas gaZlevs, gaakeTo is, rac gin<strong>da</strong>, instrumentuli azrovnebis farTogamoyeneba nebismieri survilebis umetesobas gikmayofilebs.cxadia, nebismier SemTxvevaSi aseTi saxis interpretacia kulturuladdominirebuli xdeba. modernulobis sulieri sawyisebis kvlevis motivacia Zaliansustia. namdvilad, am sawyisebis Tun<strong>da</strong>c zogierTi momentis Secnobis SesaZleblobanuls utoldeba. <strong>da</strong> es kulturul Teoriebs dRis wesrigi<strong>da</strong>n xsnis.20
Tema III. <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologia modernuli <strong>da</strong> aramodernulikulturebis maxasiaTebelTa safuZvelze.tipologizaciis problema kulturis mecnierebebSi<strong>kultura</strong>Ta kvlevebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovansi mimarTuleba <strong>kultura</strong>Ta identifikacia,maTi tipis gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> klasifikaciaa. amitom bunebrivia im TeoriaTasimravle, romlebic <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipilogizaciis bevr sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva models gvTavazoben.gamoyofen, magaliTad, kulturis barbarosul <strong>da</strong> civilizebul, aRmosavlur <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>savlur, tradiciul <strong>da</strong> inovaciur, pirvelyofilamdel, pirvelyofil, samxedro,religiur, mecnierul, racionalur, werilobiT, u<strong>da</strong>mwerlobo <strong>da</strong> sxva uamrav tips.<strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologiis meTodologiuri safuZvelia kulturuli procesissxva<strong>da</strong>sxva koncefcia: evoluciuri, cikluri, kulturul-istoriuli versiebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.arsebobs tipologiuri Teoriebi, romlebSic ama Tu im tipis kulturis struqturulsafuZvlad miiCneva a<strong>da</strong>mianis kulturulad determinirebuli qceva, geografiuli,qronologiuri, erovnuli <strong>da</strong> sxva principebi 1 .<strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologiuri kvleva dReisaTvis kulturologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi<strong>da</strong> yvelaze aqtualuri problemis _ civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis (identurobis) _gansazRvris saSualebas iZleva. es problema scildeba wmin<strong>da</strong> samecniero interesebs<strong>da</strong> mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli saxelmwifoebriv <strong>da</strong> politikur interesebTan.civilizaciuri identurobis gansazRvra xSirad ganixileba im krizisi<strong>da</strong>n Tavis<strong>da</strong>Rwevis saSualebad, romelsac ganicdian Camoyalibebis procesSi myofisaxelmwifoebi. mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven im garemoebasac, rom <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli problemagansakuTrebiT aqtualuria e.w. mcire erebisaTvis.inovaciuroba-tradiciuloba rogorc <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologizaciis erT-erTideterminanti<strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologiuri raobis gansazRvris erTi saintereso niSni maTitradiciulobisa <strong>da</strong> inovaciurobis TvalsazrisiT gamijvnaa. rogorc iTqva,tradiciis qveS igulisxmeba socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli memkvidreobis elementebi,romlebic ara mxolod ga<strong>da</strong>ecemian Taobi<strong>da</strong>n Taobas, aramed narCundebian xangrZlividrois ganmavlobaSi, mravali Taobis cxovrebis manZilze. tradicia gansazRvravs aramarto imas, ra ga<strong>da</strong>ices memkvidreobiT, aramed imasac, Tu rogor ga<strong>da</strong>ices igi. estermini gamoiyeneba qcevis wesebisa (stuqturis) <strong>da</strong> rwmena-warmodgenebis xasiaTisTiTqmis identur <strong>for</strong>mebSi ganmeorebadobis aRsawerad <strong>da</strong> asaxsnelad. inovaciis qveSki, igulisxmeba axali teqnologiebisa <strong>da</strong> qcevis axali modelis <strong>for</strong>mirebis meqanizmi.inovaciebi qmnian winapirobas socialur-kulturuli cvlilebebisaTvis.ganasxvaveben ra <strong>kultura</strong>Ta am or tips, mecnierebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi,pirvelis qveS gulisxmoben arqaul sazogadoebebs an Zvel civilizaciebs rogorc<strong>da</strong>savlur, ise aRmosavlur kulturebs ganviTarebis kapitalizmamdel etapze.Cveulebriv, tradiciul sazogadoebebs gansazRvraven rogorc statikurs,romlisTvisac <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia diferenciaciisa <strong>da</strong> specializaciis, agreTveurbanizaciis naklebi xarisxi. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, tradiciul sazogadoebebsaRweren rogorc <strong>da</strong>myarebuls `tradiciuli~ elitis Zalauflebaze, romelic marTavsama Tu im `zeciuri man<strong>da</strong>tis~ safuZvelze. tradiciuli sazogadoeba SezRuduliakulturuli horizontebiT, romelsac tradicia amyarebs. amgvarad, termini`tradiciuli~ gamoiyeneba im sazogadoebebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT nelagar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba, romelTaTvisac <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia saqmianobis legitimacia warsulze<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. pirovneba tradiciul kulturebSi realizdeba mxolod romelime1kulturologia (kulturis istoria <strong>da</strong> Teoria). gv.56.21
korporaciisadmi misi mikuTvnebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>, umravles SemTxvevaSi, igi mkacrad arismimagrebuli ama Tu im socialur jgufTan.inovaciuri kulturebis qveS, romelsac `modernistuls~ <strong>da</strong> `teqnogenursac~uwodeben, gulisxmoben sazogadoebebs, romelTaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia mecnierulteqnikuriprogresi, Tavisufali sabazro warmoeba, konstituciuri saparlamento<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi <strong>da</strong> piradi Tavisufleba. es yovelive ki <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove<strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciisaTvis. zemoT aRniSnul elementebs SeiZleba funqciuri<strong>da</strong>tvirTva hqondeT romelime ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaSi, ris gamoc is, agreTvemodernistul sazogadoebad miiCneva. inovaciuri Tu modernistuli sazogadoebisaTvis<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia diferenciaciis, urbanizaciis, ganaTlebis maRalidone <strong>da</strong> in<strong>for</strong>maciis sayovelTaoba. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, modernistulisazogadoeba emyareba masebis farTo monawileobas, romelic ar Rebulobslegitimurobis tradiciul principebs <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebas akisrebs pasuxismgeblobasefeqturobis TvalsazrisiT. inovaciur sazogadoebas, tradiciulisagan gansxvavebiT,axasiaTebs kulturuli dinamika <strong>da</strong> orientacia cvalebadobebsa <strong>da</strong> novaciebze. misiTavisebureba <strong>da</strong> ZiriTadi faseulobaa individualizmi, rac gulisxmobs pirovnebisTavisuflebebisa <strong>da</strong> uflebebis pativiscemas, agreTve individualuri pasuxismgeblobisprincips. pirovneba ganixileba yovelgvari erTobisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad.Cvenis azriT, <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tradiciuloba an inovaciuroba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>dganisazRvreba <strong>kultura</strong>Ta xasiaTis TaviseburebiT: erTi mxriv, misi midrekilebiTtradiciaTa SenarCunebisaken, warsulisaken, meore mxriv, miswrafebiT siaxlisaken,cvlilebebisaken. <strong>kultura</strong>Ta es maxasiaTeblebi (iseve rogorc sxva <strong>da</strong>narCeni)yalibdeba rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani Tviseba, romelic mxolod nawilobriveqvemdebareba <strong>da</strong> araviTar SemTxvevaSi mTlianad ar aris gansazRvruli droiTi <strong>da</strong>sivrciTi faqtorebiT. amitom, albaT, ar iqneba swori, Tu vityviT, rom ama Tu imsazogadoebis geografiulad aRmosavluri mdebareoba <strong>da</strong> qronologiuradpremodernul xanaSi arseboba ukve sakmarisi argumentia misi tradiciulobis<strong>da</strong>samtkiceblad. modernistuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba <strong>da</strong>savleTSi SesaZlebeligax<strong>da</strong> aq manamde inovaciuri sazogadoebis arsebobis gamo, <strong>da</strong>savleTSi sazogadoebainovaciuri iyo kapitalizmamdel xanaSic. amdenad, albaT, ar aris saWiro istoriis<strong>da</strong>yofa tradiciuli <strong>da</strong> inovaciuri kulturebis xanad. isini SeiZleba droSiTanaarsebobdnen. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, un<strong>da</strong> ganvasxvaoT cneba `modernistuli~ (romelicgulisxmobs Tanamedrove etapze <strong>da</strong>savlur samyaroSi wamoqmnil kulturul tips),`inovaciuri~ kulturebisagan, rac aris kulturis Tviseba _ iyos orientirebulisiaxleze. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, xSirad tradiciul sazogadoebebis <strong>modernizacia</strong> udrisvesternizacias inovaciurobis gareSe.koleqtivisturi <strong>da</strong> individulisturi sazogadoebebiindividualizmi-koleqtivizmi erT-erTia im fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTagan,romlebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT fsiqologebi cdiloben kulturis saxis gansazRvras <strong>da</strong> mistipologizebas.koleqtivizmi gulisxmobs saerTo interesebis prioritets pirovnulTanSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT. koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi individi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d motivirebulia imjgufis Tu jgufebis interesebiT, romelTa wevricaa igi. am jgufebis wevrobatradiciulia <strong>da</strong> ara nebayoflobiTi. jgufi SeiZleba iyos didi (eri, saxelmwifo,religiuri erToba <strong>da</strong> sxv.) <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcire (naTesaoba, samezoblo, nacnobmegobarTawre <strong>da</strong> sxv.). Sesabamisad, ganarCeven e.w. `didjgufovan~ (magaliTad, ruseTi)<strong>da</strong> `mcirejgufovan~ koleqtivistur kulturebs.22
ac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Zalze gavrcelebulia zemoT motanili TvalsazrisiqarTvelTa personalizmisa <strong>da</strong> individualistobis Sesaxeb, magram, fsiqologTa mierSemoTavazebuli klasifikaciiT, `saqarTvelo warmoadgens klasikur `mcirejgufovan~koleqtivistur <strong>kultura</strong>s~, sa<strong>da</strong>c ZiriTad socialur erTeuls Seadgens naTesaoba,samegobro, nacnobTa wre <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiur cxovrebas gansazRvravs swored am jufebSiarsebuli normebi 1 . sazogadoebis wevrTa aseTi normebi saukuneTa manZilzeyalibdebo<strong>da</strong>, roca saqarTvelo (misi calkeuli nawilebi) <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli ar iyo <strong>da</strong>qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi mis farglebs gareT wydebo<strong>da</strong>. calkeuliindividis azrovnebisa <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobis sivrce zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli jgufebiTSemoifarglebo<strong>da</strong> (anu sakmaod viwro iyo) <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis ar vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> ufro didsocialur erTobaze _ saxelmwifoze an erze <strong>da</strong>, miT umetes, iseT abstraqtulnormaze, rogoricaa kanoni 2 .vfiqrobT, g.niJaraZis mier aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli sayuradReboa <strong>da</strong>, Tanac,konkretuli maxasiaTeblis <strong>da</strong>dgenis mcdeloba winga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabijia Cvenikulturis xasiaTis gansazRvris rTul gzaze, radgan igi ar warmoadgens mxoloddReisaTvis aSkara faqtis konstatacias (Tun<strong>da</strong>c kanonTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisTvalsazrisiT), aramed iZleva erTgvar gasaRebsac am maxasiaTeblis istoriuliCamoyalibebis asaxsnelad.cxadia, ar vapirebT fsiqologTa <strong>da</strong> sociologTa kompetenciis farglebSi SeWras,magram Tavs uflebas mivcemT gamovTqvaT azri, rom aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi,mkafiod ganisazRvros, ara SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturis (sazogadoebis)maxasiaTebliad <strong>da</strong> ra _ am maxasiaTeblis praqtikul gamovlinebad, realizaciad, misimoqmedebis Sedegad. sxvagvarad Tavs ver <strong>da</strong>vaRwevT aRrevasa <strong>da</strong> bundovanebas,romelic arc Tu iSviTia qarTuli kulturis xasiaTze msjelobis dros. magaliTad,g.niJaraZesTan kanonisa <strong>da</strong> yofis erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>Soreba qarTuli kulturis erTerTimaxasiaTeblis _ mcirejgufovan-koleqtivisturi xasiaTis _ gamovlinebad <strong>da</strong>Sedegad warmogvidgeba, e.jgerenaiasTan ki _ Tavad ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad (`qarTulisazogadoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSani werilobiT mocemuli normebis(kanonis) <strong>da</strong> yofis erTmaneTisagan maqsimaluri <strong>da</strong>Sorebulobaa~, _ aRniSnavs igi 3 ).Cveni azriT, pirveli midgoma ufro mkafioa <strong>da</strong> kulturis maxasiaTebelTagansazRvrisaTvis ukeTes SesaZleblobas iZleva.Cveulebriv, individualizms <strong>da</strong>savlur, koleqtivizms ki aRmosavlur maxasiaTebladmiiCneven. aseTi <strong>da</strong>yofa, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, pirobiTia. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, yuradRebasimsaxurebs Semdegi garemoeba. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom sazogadoebiskoleqtivisturi orientacia <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi, kacobriobisaTvisgacilebiT ufro reprezentatiulia, vidre individualizmi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT misufro xangrZliv droiT perspeqtivas <strong>da</strong> sivrciT ganfenilobas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi 4 .XVI saukunemde <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturebic mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiTxasiaTdebodnen, individualisturi tendenciebi mxolod amis Semdeg iCens Tavs 5 .`Sua saukuneebis <strong>da</strong>savleTi iseTive `ara<strong>da</strong>savluri~ iyo, rogorc mTeli <strong>da</strong>narCenimsoflio~, _ wers n.muzaSvili. Semdeg misi saxe Secvala renesansisa <strong>da</strong> re<strong>for</strong>maciisprocesebma, romlebic <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> `Suasaukuneobrivi koleqtivizmis citadels _saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> eklesiis simbiozs. am Widils SeiZleba individualizmisa <strong>da</strong>1 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi. _ Jurn.: epoqa (sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi). Tb., 2001, 1, gv.7.2 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.3 jgerenaia e. qarTuli sufris sociofilosofia <strong>da</strong> zogierTi sxva ram. _ gaz.: “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 27, gv.8.4surmaniZe l. individualisturi <strong>da</strong> koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi <strong>da</strong> empiriulikvlevebi). Tb., 2001, gv.7.5 Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984.23
koleqtivizmis brZolac vuwodoT~ 1 . amitom xSirad saubroben winaindustriuli sazogadoebebiskoleqtivistur xasiaTze, dRes ki koleqtivisturad miiCneven samxreT evropis,laTinuri amerikis, aziuri <strong>da</strong> afrikuli kulturebis umravlesobas. <strong>da</strong>savleTevropaSi yvelaze mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT espanur <strong>kultura</strong>s gamoar-Ceven.saqarTvelos ar hqonia urTierToba evropasTan mas Semdeg, rac iq individualisturisazogadoeba mkafiod Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. Cveni <strong>kultura</strong>, koleqtivisturiaRmosavluri (muslimuri) kulturebis garemocvaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT ruseTisaseve koleqtivisturi <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong>emata <strong>da</strong> mcirejgufovan koleqtivistur<strong>kultura</strong>d Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. amas xeli Seuwyo im mizezebma, romlebzec cota zemoTgvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari.sivrcisa <strong>da</strong> drois kulturebisamecniero literaturaSi gvxvdeba `drois kulturisa~ <strong>da</strong> `sivrcis kulturis~cnebebi. am klasifikaciiT, Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>savleTi, moderni _ drois <strong>kultura</strong>a; misimTavari maxasiaTebelia dinamikuroba, mudmivi cvalebadoba, romelic ukeTesisakengamudmebul svlad gaiazreba. Sesabamisad, arsebobs mniSvnelobaTa mobiluristruqturebi <strong>da</strong> cvalebadi <strong>for</strong>mebi. CveulebaTa azri mudmivad kiTxvis qveS dgeba <strong>da</strong>,saqmis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, icvleba. ara<strong>da</strong>savleTi, premoderni an aramoderni_ sivrcis <strong>kultura</strong>a, romelic aRbeWdilia TavianT adgilsamyofelze a<strong>da</strong>mianTa <strong>da</strong>saganTa mijaWvulobis niSniT. es aris mSvidi, statikuri inercia, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianebssimyudrovis, usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> movlenaTa prognozirebadobis ganc<strong>da</strong>s aniWebs.drois kategoria am kulturisaTvis ucxo ar aris, magram igi, iseve rogorc masTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli cvalebadoba, did rols ar TamaSobs. drois kulturis sworxazovani,swrafwarmavali droisagan gansxvavebiT, es cikluri droa, romelic wrebrunvasasrulebs gaCenas, aRsasrulsa <strong>da</strong> kvlav gaCenas Soris. sivrcis kulturisaTvis<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia myari sazogadoebrivi jgufebis arseboba, romlebic gansazRvravencalkeul individTa cxovrebas <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n sikvdilamde <strong>da</strong> romlebTanac esindividebi mWidrod arian <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. sivrcis <strong>kultura</strong> aRbeWdilia myariritualebiT, wes-Cveulebebis SenarCunebisaTvis zrunviT. es wes-Cveulebebi am saxiTmxolod am <strong>kultura</strong>Si _ am sivrceSi, am nia<strong>da</strong>gze arseboben, simyudrovisa <strong>da</strong>Sinaurulobis ganwyobas uqmnian im a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, vis Cveulebebsac isini warmoadgenen 2 .saqmis gamartiveba iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Sveba, rom droisa <strong>da</strong> sivrcis niSniT <strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>da</strong>aRmosavluri kulturebi mkafiod emijnebian erTmaneTs. v.Smidis azriT, sivrcis<strong>kultura</strong> arsebobs planetis oTx mexuTedze, TviT aRmosavleT evropis CaTvliT.ufro metic _ <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrces Soris Tavs iCens ara mxoloderTmaneTisagan geografiulad gamijnul regionebSi, aramed erTi kulturis SigniTac:magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi faSisturi <strong>da</strong>jgufeba gamodis moderniswinaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> piriqiT, iranSi XXI saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegs mravali axalgazr<strong>da</strong> uwevswinaaRmdegobas aramodernul, xist mmarTvelobas 3 .sabolood <strong>kultura</strong>Ta aseTi saxis <strong>da</strong>jgufebam:individualisturiinovaciuridroiskoleqtivisturitradiciulisivrcis1muzaSvili n. “orientaciebis” Sesaxeb. _ Jurn. “omega”, Tb., 2000, 7, gv.4.2 Smidi v. omi sivrcesa <strong>da</strong> dros Soris (leqcia, wakiTxuli 2001 wlis 15 oqtombers, iv.javaxiSvilis sax.Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi). _ gaz.: “Cveni mwerloba” 49 (75), Tb., 7-14 dekemberi, 2001, gv.2.3 Smidi v. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.2.24
SeiZleba migviyvanos aRmosavleT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis diqotomiamde. ramdenad Seesabamebarealobas am diqotomiis arseboba, ramdenad marTebulia aRmosavleT/<strong>da</strong>savleTissazogadoebaTa klasificireba rogorc aramodernuli, koleqtivisturi, tradiciuli<strong>da</strong> modernuli, individualisturi, inovaciurisa, es diskusiis msjelobis saganiiqneba, rac, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs kulturs tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> modernizaciisurTierTqmedebis gaazrebas.aRmosavleTi-<strong>da</strong>savleTi _ <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologiis safuZveli<strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis fenomenze yuradRebis gamaxvileba saWirodCavTvaleT, pirvel rigSi, imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSia tradiciulobisa <strong>da</strong>modernulobis gagebis erT-erT interpretaciasTan.<strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTi _ kacobriobis cnobierebaSi arsebuli mudmiviopozicia _ warmogvidgeba ori gansxvavebuli kulturuli sivrcis saxiT. TavisTavades <strong>da</strong>yofa, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, pirobiTia, radgan arc erTi maTgani ar warmoadgens eTnikuri(<strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, kulturuli) TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovan sivrces. metic, isiniswored erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi yalibdebian met-naklebad mkafiod gamokveTilmTlianobad. am ori samyaros tipologia <strong>da</strong> mecnieruli Seswavla mTlianad <strong>da</strong>savlurisamyaros iniciativaa. aman bevri ram gansazRvra maTze Sexedulebis <strong>for</strong>mirebisTvalsazrisiT, rac xSirad ar Tanxvdebo<strong>da</strong> arsebul sinamdviles (es gasakuTrebiTaRmosavleTze iTqmis). un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom <strong>da</strong>savleTi, aRmosavleTisagangansxvavebiT, ufro advilad aRiqmeba TavisTavad erTobad, radgan integrirebuli<strong>da</strong>savleTis tradicias xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. aRmosavleTis erTgvarovan sivrcedganxilva ki samarTlianad eqvemdebareba kritikas. aRmosavleTi moicavs muslimur,konfuciur, budistur <strong>da</strong> sxva erTobebs j.stidmani sruliad uaryofs <strong>da</strong>savleTaRmosavleTisdiqotomias. misi azriT, aRmosavleTze, aziaze ar SeiZleba saubari,rogorc raimegvar erTobaze, radgan igi Sedgeba `subkontinenturi civilizaciebisagan~:SoreulaRmosavluri, induri <strong>da</strong> islamuri 1 .miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, mainc xdeba Zalian pirobiTi maxasiaTeblebis SerCeva,romlebiTac ganasxvaveben <strong>da</strong>savlur an aRmosavlur kulturebs:socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi<strong>da</strong>savleTi aRmosavleTiganviTarebuli, urbanistuli CamorCenili, sasofloindustriuli agraruliwarmoeba rogorc bazisi ganawileba rogorc bazisipolitikuri maxasiaTeblebi<strong>da</strong>savleTi aRmosavleTisamoqalaqo, demokratiuli patriarqaluri, avtoritaruli,despoturiistoriuli maxasiaTeblebi<strong>da</strong>savleTi aRmosavleTiistorizmi aistorizmixazovani dro cikluri dro1 Стидман Дж. Миф об Азии. // Сравнительное изучение цивилизаций. Хрестоматия. М., 1998. c. 261.25
kulturul-istoriuli maxasiaTeblebi<strong>da</strong>savleTi aRmosavleTimaterializmi sulierebasekularizacia religiurobarealizmi/pragmatizmi idealizmiobieqtivizmi subieqtivizmipluralizmi monizmiracionaloba intuiciurobabunebis <strong>da</strong>morCileba bunebasTan a<strong>da</strong>ptaciadinamizmi statikurobasamarTali moralimecnieruli codna sakraluri codnaTavisufleba wesrigineba fatalizmianTropocentrizmi Teocentrizmira Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom es maxasiaTeblebi araTu mTelcivilizacias, aramed erT konkretul <strong>kultura</strong>sac ki idealurad `miesa<strong>da</strong>gos, magramTu romelime <strong>kultura</strong> met-naklebad pasuxobs erT an meore `moTxovnebs~, maincgveZleva misi tipologiurad gansazRvris saSualeba.radgan kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena <strong>kultura</strong>Ta klasifikaciis erTerTiZiriTadi safuZvelia, amitom un<strong>da</strong> SevexoT sakiTxs, romelic kulturulimaxasiaTeblis raobasa <strong>da</strong> mis <strong>kultura</strong>sTan urTierTmimarTebas exeba.kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsad SeiZleba miviCnioT ama Tu imsazogadoebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli aracnobieri Tvisebebis erToblioba, romelic amsazogadoebis warmomadgeneli TiToeuli individis qcevasa <strong>da</strong> azrovnebis <strong>for</strong>maSivlindeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia koleqtiuri fsiqikis fenomenTan. TvisebaTa es kompleqsidroSi met-naklebad ganicdis cvlilebebs, magram Tavisi ZiriTadi arsiT mdgradia <strong>da</strong>mas `erovnul~ an `kulturul xasiaTs~ uwodeben. a.baroninis ganmartebiT, erovnulixasiaTi naciis fsiqikuri wyobis komponentia, romelic ganisazRvreba rogorcrealobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gamovlinebisadmi konkretuli eTnikuri erTobis urTierTobis(<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis) sistema, gamovlenili azrovnebis myar stereotipebSi, emociurreagirebasa <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d qcevaSi 1 . rogor xdeba kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsis<strong>for</strong>mireba, Zneli saTqmelia. aq, albaT, ramdenime mniSvnelovani momenti moqmedebs,romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani ganviTarebis specifikasTan,aseve gare faqtorebis (geografiuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri) zegavlenasTan, ufro sworad, maTurTierTzemoqmedebasTan.kulturul maxasiaTeblebs <strong>da</strong>axloebiT saukunenaxevaria ikvleveneTnofsiqologebi <strong>da</strong> kulturis fsiqologebi. am maxasiaTebelTa erToba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaterminiT aRiniSneba: erovnuli (xalxis) suli, erovnuli xasiaTi, kulturuli(eTnikuri) stereotipi, naciis fsiqikuri wyoba, mentaloba <strong>da</strong> a.S. magram un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas,rom es fenomeni kvlevisaTvis mainc `mouxelTebelia~, bolomde axsnili ar aris <strong>da</strong>,SesaZloa, arc eqvemdebareba aseT axsnas. rogorc individualuri xasiaTi ar SeiZlebazustad aixsnas, aseve (<strong>da</strong> miT ufro) warmoudgenelia koleqtiuri xasiaTiserTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvra.<strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian samyaros xedviTa <strong>da</strong>masSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis adgilis gansazRvriT; bunebis aRqmiTa <strong>da</strong> masze zemoqmedebis (misiSemecnebis) xerxebiT _ magiuri, racionaluri, teqnikuri Tu sxv.; individisa <strong>da</strong>1 Баронин А.С. Этническая психология. Киев, 2000. с.254.26
koleqtivis urTierTmimarTebiT; <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT Sromisadmi; <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiTsamarTlis rogorc socialur urTierTobaTa regulatorisadmi; amqveyniurisa <strong>da</strong>imqveyniuris urTierTmimarTebiT; <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT sikvdilisadmi; religiurobis<strong>for</strong>mebiT; istoriis aRqmiTa <strong>da</strong> misi mimarTulebis gaazrebiT (progresi, wrebrunva,regresi); <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT mSoblebsa <strong>da</strong> Svilebs, Taobebs, saerTod, socialurimTelis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebs Soris <strong>da</strong> sxv.<strong>da</strong>savleTsa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs kidev mravalimaxasiaTebeli, maT Soris _ ierarqiuli urTierTobebi, in<strong>for</strong>maciis gacvlissxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wesi, araverbaluri komunikaciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>for</strong>ma. es yvelaferi naTladvlindeba ara mxolod filosofiuri Tu socialuri moZRvrebebis, an istoriuliwarsulis aRqmis analizisas, aramed yofiT <strong>da</strong> saqmian urTierTobebSic. magaliTad,<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturebi zustad gansazRvraven dros <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gvianeba <strong>da</strong>naSaulad Tu ara,araseriozul saqcielad iTvleba, aziis rig qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>gvianebiT veravis gaakvirveb,aq aCqareba saWiro ar aris. arabebi yavis smasa <strong>da</strong> saubars saqmis keTebad miiCneven,amerikelebi ki mas drois fuW flangvad Tvlian. Cinelebi <strong>da</strong> iaponelebi udides pativsscemen ierarqiul urTierTobebs, amerikelebi ki Tanasworobis xazgasmas cdiloben.amerikuli instruqciebi imasac ki iTvaliswinebs, rom aziis warmomadgenlebTanfotografirebis dros sasurvelia jdoma, raTa TvalSisacemi ar iyos simaRleSisxvaoba. iaponelebs principulad ar SeuZliaT `ara~-s Tqma, radgan es maT <strong>kultura</strong>Siuzrdelobad iTvleba, amitom molaparakebis dros isini aTasgvari zrdilobiani<strong>for</strong>miT cdiloben uaris Tqmis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebas, rasac xSirad SecdomaSi Seyavs maTi<strong>da</strong>savleli partniorebi 1 .cxadia, rom nebismieri zemoT CamoTvlili niSniT romelime kulturistipologiuri gansazRvra friad Znelia. kidev ufro rTuli warmosadgenia, rom esa Tuis <strong>kultura</strong> zustad `Cajdes~ maxasiaTebelTa mTel CamonaTvalSi. Cven mxolodromelime tipisadmi misi zogadi kuTvnilebis gansazRvra SegviZlia, isic pirobiTad.magaliTad, Tvalis erTi ga<strong>da</strong>vlebiTac aSkaraa, rom qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>s zogSemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>savluri maxasiaTeblebi miesa<strong>da</strong>geba, zogSi — aRmosavluri, xan ki arcerTi <strong>da</strong> arc meore. es bunebrivicaa, radgan <strong>da</strong>savleT-aRmosavleTis mijnazemdebareobisa <strong>da</strong> xan erTis, xan meoris orbitaSi moqcevis gamo, Cvens <strong>kultura</strong>Si`<strong>da</strong>ileqa~ rogorc erTis, ise meoris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSnebi <strong>da</strong> gamomuSav<strong>da</strong> kidevmesame — orivesgan gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi.un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom aRmosavlur <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciaTa tipologiuri gamijvnissakiTxi sabolood garkveuli ar aris. i.pavlenko aRniSnavs, rom Tu aRmosavlursazogadoebaTa buneba, ase Tu ise, gamoikveTa bolo aTwleulebis gamokvlevaTaSedegad, sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iqca <strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong>savleTad, jer kidev elisSeswavlas 2 . albaT, pavlenko sabWoTa <strong>da</strong> rus mkvlevarTa ukanaskneli aTwleulisnaSromebs gulisxbobs, Torem kiTxvaze, Tu ratom iqca <strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong>savleTad, Zaliansaintereso pasuxi aqvs gacemuli maqs vebers 3 .evropeli <strong>da</strong> rusi mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom evropulma (<strong>da</strong>savlurma)civilizaciam gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula kacobriobis istoriaSi, romelic aricnobs sxva civilizacias esoden masStaburi, msoflio wesrigis ganmsazRvreligavleniT. Tu XIX saukunemde, Spenglerisa <strong>da</strong> toinbis kval<strong>da</strong>kval, kidev SeiZlebamsoflio istoriis <strong>da</strong>nawevreba calkeul, erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebel1Почепцов Г.Г. Теории коммуникации. М.-Киев, 2001, с.600-603.2 Павленко Ю.В. Происхождение цивилизаций: Альтернативные пути. – В кн.: Альтернативные пути к цивилизации.Коллект. монография, под ред. Н.Н.Крадина, А.В.Коротаева, Д.М.Бондаренко, В.А.Лынши. М., 2000, с.127.3 Вебер М. Протестантская этика и дух капитализма. – Избранные произведения. М., 1990, с. 61-344.27
civilizaciaTa istoriebad, SemdgomSi, swored evropis mier inicirebulmatrans<strong>for</strong>maciebma erTiani sakacobrio istoria Teoriuli<strong>da</strong>n praqtikul sferoSiga<strong>da</strong>itana.mkvlevarTa azriT, es roli ganpirobebuli iyo evropuli civilizaciis unikaluriSinagani TaviseburebebiT, romelTac gansazRvres misi sicocxlisunarianoba <strong>da</strong>eqspansia, socialur-kulturul niSebSi Canergvisa <strong>da</strong> ucxo kulturul garemoSiga<strong>da</strong>rCenis unari. mecnierTa nawili ZiriTad Taviseburebad miiCnevs antikur epoqaSiCamoyalibebul polisis struqturas, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong>aRmosavleTis struqturul-tipologiur gansxvavebas. polisi orientirebuli iyomoqalaqis kerZo sakuTrebasa <strong>da</strong> Tavisufali bazris institutebze, rac principuladucnobi iyo aRmosavleTis nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis 1 . mas <strong>da</strong>efuZna evropulifeo<strong>da</strong>lizmi avtonomiuri qalaq-komunebiT, romlebic politikur brZolaSi<strong>da</strong>moukidebel subieqtebad gamodiodnen, rac agreTve ucnobi iyo sxvacivilizaciebisaTvis. Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> erTiani mwkrivi antikuri polisi<strong>da</strong>n — Suasaukuneebis saqalaqo komunebis gavliT — industriuli <strong>da</strong> postindustriulisazogadoebisaken 2 .<strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciaTa urTierTobis problemaTanamedrove etapzeXX s-is bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze didi yuradReba eqceva civilizaciaTa <strong>da</strong><strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTobis problemaTa Seswavlas. am sakiTxebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxiTikvlevs kulturologia, sociologia, saistorio mecniereba. am mimarTulebiTmimdinare kvlevaTa <strong>da</strong> miRweuli Sedegebis popularizaciaSi makoordinirebelfunqcias asrulebs `<strong>kultura</strong>TSorisi komunikaciis kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> swavlebissaerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~ (SIETAR International), romelic yovelwliurad marTavskonferenciebs, gamoscems specialur Jurnals.cnobili germaneli mecnieris karl iaspersis Teoriis mixedviT, msoflios<strong>da</strong>yofas <strong>da</strong>savleTad <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTad safuZveli e.w. `RerZul droSi~ Caeyara,sai<strong>da</strong>nac saTaves iRebs, agreTve erTiani, globaluri msoflio, rogorc im droisaTvisSoreuli perspeqtiva. swored maSin yalibdeba is ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebmac<strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis saxe gansazRvres. rogorc wesi, samecnieroliteraturaSi es maxasiaTeblebi Semdeg opoziciur wyvilebad jgufdeba: individualizmi-koleqtivizmi,inovaciuroba-tradiciuloba, racionaloba-intuiciuroba,Tavisufleba-wesrigi, neba-fatalizmi, anTropocentrizmi-Teocentrizmi, materializmi-suliereba,pragmatizmi-idealizmi, obieqtivizmi-subieqtivizmi, dinamizmi-statikuroba,istorizmi-aistorizmi <strong>da</strong> sxv. aRmosavleTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTi urTierTSeRwevadnigaxdnen, pirvel rigSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTis arealSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c aRmocen<strong>da</strong> didicivilizaciebi, maT Soris evropulic.rac Seexeba maxasiaTebelTa <strong>da</strong>jgufebas opoziciur wyvilebad, Tavis droze,p.sorokini miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom aseTi diqotomiuri sqemebis gar<strong>da</strong>uval nakls warmoadgenserTi tipis farglebSi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulisocialur-kulturuli warmonaqmnebis Tavmoyra, agreTve did Tu mcire erTobaTaspecifikis gamokveTis sirTule. Cveni azriT, es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis swored mcirekulturebze, romelTa ricxvs miekuTvneba qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong> romelTa1 Васильев Л.С. Восток и Запад в истории (Основные параметры проблематики). – В кн.: Альтернативные пути кцивилизации, с.104.2 Драгунский Д.В., Цымбурский В.Л. Генотип европейской цивилизации. – В журн.: Политические исследования, М., 1991,№ 1, с.7-8.28
tipologizeba diqotomiuri sqemebis mixedviT Znelad xerxdeba, miT umetes, Tu isinicivilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonaSi mdebareoben.isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom Znelia diqotomiuri sqemis `SenarCuneba~ erTi kulturis/civilizaciismTeli istoriis manZilze, amitom saWiro xdeba <strong>da</strong>matebiTi determinantebisSemotana 1 .<strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTi TviTidentifikacias erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi axdenen.swored civilizaciaTa urTierTobis procesSi gamoikveTeba TiToeuli kulturisidenturoba. am procesSi xdeba faseulobaTa ga<strong>da</strong>rCeva _ dromoWmulis mniSvnelobis<strong>da</strong>kargva <strong>da</strong> drois Sesabamis faseulobaTa aqtualizacia 2 .rogorc amerikeli mkvlevari j.stidmani aRniSnavs, <strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTimudmivad urTierTqmedeben, iTviseben erTmaneTis faseulobebs, amdidrebenerTmaneTs. aRmosavleTTan urTierTobam didi gavlena iqonia evropuli civilizaciisCamoyalibebaze 3 .d.Saieganis azriT, <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis didi kulturebis SeqmnawarsulSi arsebul civilizaciaTa nayofieri dialogis Sedegi iyo 4 .a.pirenis sityviT, evropelTa Sexebam islamTan es ukanaskneli maTTvis `ucxos~WeSmarit gansaxierebad aqcia, romlis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, Sua saukuneebi<strong>da</strong>nmoyolebuli, SemarTuli iyo mTeli evropuli civilizacia. pireni miuTiTebsmuslimuri aRmosavleTis rolze evropuli civilizaciis CamoyalibebaSi: VIIsaukuneSi, islamis Semotevis Sedegad, <strong>da</strong>iwyo evropuli kulturis centrisga<strong>da</strong>nacvleba xmelTaSuazRvispireTi<strong>da</strong>n (romelic arabul provinciad iqca)CrdiloeTisaken. <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> romauli tradicia <strong>da</strong> saTave <strong>da</strong>edo TviTmyofadromanul-germanul civilizacias. evropa iqca did qristianul Tanamegobrobad,aRmosavleTi ki — misTvis kulturuli TvalsazrisiT ucxo, `sxva~ samyarod 5 .erTi sityviT, aRmosavleTi iyo is `sxva~, romelic <strong>da</strong>exmara <strong>da</strong>savleTs (evropas)sakuTari raobis gansazRvraSi. aRmosavleTis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebis, misi gansazRvris fonze<strong>da</strong>savleTma, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia kritikuli TviTrefleqsia,SeimuSava sakuTari maxasiaTeblebic, gansazRvra sakuTari saxe.<strong>da</strong> mainc, zemoT CamoTvlili opoziciuri wyvilebi, iseve rogorc <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong>aRmosavleTis nebismieri maxasiaTebeli, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, asaxavs <strong>da</strong>savlelTa warmodgenassakuTar Tavsa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavlelebad wodebul ara<strong>da</strong>savlelebze. es <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebasamecniero literaturaSi orientalizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. miCneulia, rom massafuZveli 1312 wels Caeyara, roca venis saeklesio krebam <strong>da</strong>adgina arabuli,berZnuli, Zvelebrauli <strong>da</strong> siriuli enebis kaTedraTa Seqmna parizis, oqs<strong>for</strong>dis,boloniis, avinionisa <strong>da</strong> salamankas universitetebSi.XIX s-is Sua xanebisaTvis evropaSi soliduri codna <strong>da</strong>grov<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTisSesaxeb, magram igi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, Zveli periodiT Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong>. Seiswavlebo<strong>da</strong>Zveli wignebi, xelnawerebi, materialuri kulturis Zeglebi. Sesaswavl qveyanaSiCasul evropel mkvlevars eWvi ar eparebo<strong>da</strong> Tavis `wignismier~ codnaSi, magramrealoba sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> warmodgenisagan, adgilobrivi mkvidrni —literaturuli saxeebisagan. faqts axsna Wirdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> isic moiZebna: aborigenTaga<strong>da</strong>gvareba <strong>da</strong> odesRac didebuli kulturis <strong>da</strong>knineba. <strong>da</strong>savleTis orientalisturi1 Ерасов Б.С. О статусе культурно-цивилизационных исследований. – В сб.: цивилизации и культуры. Вып.1. Россия иВосток: цивилизационные отношения. М., 1994, с.15.2 Василенко Н.А. Источники и механизмы согласия в межкультурном диалоге. – В сб.: Цивилизации и культуры. Вып.3. М.,1996, с.406.3 Steadman J.M. The Myth of Azia. N.Y., 1969, p.26-27.4 Shayegan D. The Challenges of To<strong>da</strong>y and Cultural Identity. – East Asian Ciltural Studies. V-VI, 4, Tokyo, 1977, p.36-37.5 cit.naSromi<strong>da</strong>n: Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.71.29
skolebis <strong>da</strong>msaxurebaa Zveli civilizaciebis Seswavla, evropis biblioTekebSi Zvelixelnawerebis Tavmoyra <strong>da</strong> maTi katalogebis gamocema, kvlevis meTodikis SemuSaveba,aRmosavleTis qveynebSi sakuTari warsulisadmi interesis gaRviveba. amave dros,orientalizmi, rogorc samecniero mimarTuleba, asaxavs evropelTa <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebasaRmosavleTis rogorc pasiuri `obieqtisadmi~, romlis miRwevebi Soreul warsulSi<strong>da</strong>rCa. e.saidis sityviT, orientalizmi gacilebiT mets gveubneba TviT <strong>da</strong>savleTze,vidre aRmosavleTze 1 .XVIII s-is bolosa <strong>da</strong> XIX s-is <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, evropuli civilizaciiT inteleqtualTanawilis imedgacruebam gaacxovela interesi aRmosavleTis, rogorc mdi<strong>da</strong>rikulturis mxaris mimarT, romlisganac <strong>da</strong>savleTs bevri ram un<strong>da</strong> eswavla, Tu sur<strong>da</strong>Tavi <strong>da</strong>eRwia momakvdinebeli meqanicizmisa <strong>da</strong> materializmisaTvis; aqac interesissagnad gvevlinebo<strong>da</strong> ara aRmosavleTi TavisTavad, aramed <strong>da</strong>savleTisaTvis misigamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.orientalizmi ganasaxiereb<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTisadmi evropelTa aqtiur<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas. e.saidis sityviT, orientalizmma `Seqmna~ iseTi aRmosavleTi,romelic mTlianad gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTisagan <strong>da</strong> xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong> myari niSnebiT _religiuriT, enobriviT, kulturuliT. uzogadesi gansazRvrebiT, aRmosavleTi _ esiyo aRmosavleli a<strong>da</strong>mianis saxli, sa<strong>da</strong>c is cxovrob<strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur kom<strong>for</strong>tSi,aRmosavluri despotizmis pirobebSi, aRmosavluri fatalizmis grZnobiT 2 .kolonializmis epoqis <strong>da</strong>sasrulTan erTad, <strong>da</strong>savleTi axali realobis winaSeaRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, waawy<strong>da</strong> ra politikurad gaaqtiurebuli <strong>da</strong> mebrZoli aRmosavleTisgamowvevas.<strong>da</strong>savlur orientalizmze reaqciis saxiT gvevlineba ara<strong>da</strong>savlel xalxTamcdeloba, gaiazron sakuTari kulturis originaluroba, xazi gausvan socialuri <strong>da</strong>kulturuli arsebobis sakuTari wesis ara mxolod Tanasworobas, aramedupiratesobas evropulTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. aTwleulebis manZilze yalibdeba met-naklebimecnieruli Rirebulebis mqone araerTi koncefcia, magaliTad, leopold sengorissaxelTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli negritiudi — moZRvreba negro-afrikuli civilizaciisTviTmyofadobis Sesaxeb, romlis sulierebasTan, grZnobadobasTan, uSualobasTanorganuli kavSiris gareSe <strong>da</strong>savleTis meqanikuri cxovrebis wess gar<strong>da</strong>uvali <strong>da</strong>Rupvaemuqreba. ganviTarebis sakuTari gzis <strong>da</strong>sabuTebas, progresis <strong>da</strong>savluri modelisalternativis Seqmnas cdiloben laTinoamerikeli mkvlevrebi, gansakuTrebiT,`gaTavisuflebis filosofiis~ mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic TavianTmiznad acxadeben kontinentis evropocentristuli istoriis <strong>da</strong>Zlevas. isiniaRniSnaven, rom XV saukuni<strong>da</strong>n Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> evropuli civilizaciisuniversalurobis idea, romelic dRes kulturuli imperializmis saxiT vlindeba. amasmosdevs laTinuri amerikis qveynebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis amerikanizacia. mzardierTgvarovnebis logikas `gaTavisuflebis filosofia~ upirispirebs universalizmisaxal models, romelic <strong>kultura</strong>Ta mravalferovnebis ideas emyareba 3 .zemoT saubari gvqon<strong>da</strong> imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iqca kulturis fenomenimecnieruli <strong>da</strong> politikuri <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis obieqtad. <strong>da</strong>savleTSiganaTlebamiRebulma <strong>da</strong>, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iq momuSave aRmosavlelma mkvlevrebmalaparaki <strong>da</strong>iwyes <strong>da</strong>savluri orientalizmis krizissa <strong>da</strong> misi principebis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvis1 Said E. Orientalizm, p.118.2 Said E. Orientalizm, p.104.3 Петякшева Н.И. Трактовка феномена конкисты в латиноамериканской «философии освобождения». – В сб.: IbericaAmericans. Культуры Нового и Старого Света XVI-XVIII вв. в их взаимодействии. СПб., 1991, с.49-54; ДеменчонокЭ.В. Историко-культурная драма прошлого и проблема «Латинская Америка-Запад» в современнойлатиноамериканской философии. – Там же, с.54-59.30
aucileblobaze 1 . e.saidma saWirod miiCnia istoriuli azrovnebis — orientalizmisfilosofiur-istoriuli safuZvlis — binaruli opoziciebi<strong>da</strong>n (`voluntarizmi _determinizmi~, `<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoeba — aziuri sazogadoeba~ <strong>da</strong> a.S.) polimorfuliobieqtebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis nairgvari variantebis mravalganzomilebian analizzega<strong>da</strong>svla, evropocentristuli universalizmis Secvla mravalganzomilebianimidgomiT, evropuli istorizmis Sesatyvisad <strong>da</strong>lagebuli masalis `<strong>da</strong>Sla~ <strong>da</strong>xelaxali <strong>da</strong>lageba 2 . a.abdel-maleki ki aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom aRmosavleTis xalxTa zewolam<strong>da</strong> socialur mecnierebebSi momx<strong>da</strong>rma Zvrebma ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli Seasrulaorientalizmis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnaSi Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad 3 .tradiciuli orientalizmis kritikosebs momxreebi TviT <strong>da</strong>savlelTa SorisacgamouCndnen (j.stidmani, j.gudi <strong>da</strong> sxv.).XX s-is bolo meoTxedSi erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> ori tendencia: erTi mxriv,kulturis globalizaciis perspeqtiva, meore mxriv, ara<strong>da</strong>savluri samyarosgaaqtiureba <strong>da</strong> msoflios e.w. `fragmentacia~. Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erTZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iqca globalizaciisa <strong>da</strong> partikularizmis tendenciaTaurTierTqmedeba, rig SemTxvevebSi ki _ <strong>da</strong>pirispireba 4 . bipolaruli msofliosdemontaJma, rac Sedegad mohyva sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> `civi omis~<strong>da</strong>srulebas, dRis wesrigSi <strong>da</strong>ayena axali msoflios saxis sakiTxi, kerZod, misi erTiTu mravalpolusianobis perspeqtiva. es problema, politikurTan erTad, kulturissferosac moicavs.<strong>da</strong>savleli mecnierebi sul ufro mets laparakoben msoflios ara<strong>da</strong>savluricentrebis Camoyalibebis, islamuri fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmis safrTxis, konfuciurisamyaros eqspansiis Sesaxeb. <strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros kulturul-civilizaciurioponentis rolSi aqtiurad gamodis yofili `mesame samyaro~ 5 , romlis sivrcezemniSvnelovani procesebi mimdinareobs. igi ramdenime struqturul zonad <strong>da</strong>iSala,Camouyalib<strong>da</strong> sakuTari CrdiloeTi <strong>da</strong> samxreTi.`vin icis, iqneb XXI saukuneSi orientalizaciis procesma, rogorc gabatonebulmatendenciam, Secvalos modernizaciis procesi? wynari okeanis auzSi <strong>for</strong>mirebadisamyaro pretenzias acxadebs alternatiuli civilizaciuri centris rolisSesrulebaze axal, postmodernul msoflioSi~, _ kiTxulobs a.neklesa 6 .`wynari okeanis auzSi <strong>for</strong>mirebadi samyaros~ mzard perspeqtivas Seexos.hanTingtonic Tavis cnobil naSromSi. man aRniSna <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis rolisgaoreba ara<strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciebTan mimarTebaSi: erTis mxriv, <strong>da</strong>savleTipolitikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> samxedro Zlierebis mwvervalzea <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad,warmatebiT axerxebs sakuTar kulturul faseulobaTa gavrceleba-<strong>da</strong>nergvas<strong>da</strong>narCen msoflioSi; meore mxriv ki, igi sul ufro mzard winaaRmdegobas awydebaara<strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciebis mxriv, romlebSic aSkarad SeimCneva `sakuTarikulturuli fesvebisaken mibrunebis~ procesi 7 . erTni cdiloben <strong>modernizacia</strong>svesternizaciis gareSe, meoreni ver axerxeben am ukanasknelis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebas,mesameni ki konfrontaciul gzas irCeven.1ix.: Abdel-Malek A. Orientalism in Crisis. – Abdel-Malek A. Civilizations and <strong>Social</strong> Theory. Albany, 1981, p.73-96; Said E.Orientalism. L., 1978 <strong>da</strong> sxv.2 Said E. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.127-128.3Abdel-Malek A., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.88.4 Празаускас А.А. Этнонационализм, многонациональное государство и процессы глобализации. – В журн.: Политическиеисследования. М., 1997, № 2, с.42.5termini “mesame samyaro” 1952 w. <strong>da</strong>amkvidra frangma mkvlevarma alfred sovim “mesame wodebis” analogiiT— im wodebisa, romelmac Tavis droze <strong>da</strong>amxo arsebuli msoflwesrigi. sovis azriT, ignorirebul“mesame samyaros” momavalSi SeeZlo sul sxva adgilis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba msoflioSi.6 Неклесса А. Конец цивилизации..., с.78.7hanTingtoni s. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba? gv. 10-11.31
XX saukunis manZilze iyo mcdelobebi _ SeeerTebinaT `<strong>da</strong>savluri teqnika <strong>da</strong>aRmosavluri morali~, `muSaoba <strong>da</strong> locva~, mecniereba <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianuri faseulobani,racionalizmi <strong>da</strong> humanizmi. mwvave problemam — SesaZlebelia Tu ara sxva civilizaciamaiTvisos <strong>da</strong>savluri teqnologia <strong>da</strong> moaxerxos misi trans<strong>for</strong>mireba sakuTarRirebulebaTa Sesabamisad — cnobil amerikel mkvlevar m.melkosTan Semdegiinterpretacia SeiZina: `Tu CineTma SesZlo induri budizmis trans<strong>for</strong>mireba ise, romigi ufro <strong>da</strong>osizms <strong>da</strong>emsgavsa, ratom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom XXI saukuneSi igimoaxerxebs <strong>da</strong>savluri teqnologiebisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri ideebis trans<strong>for</strong>mirebas ise,rom isini Cinur <strong>kultura</strong>s Seesatyvisebodnen?~ 1mkvlevarTa nawili saubrobs `ekleqtikuri msoflios~ Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb,romelic moicavs <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciebs <strong>da</strong> romlis<strong>da</strong>saxasiaTeblad xSirad mimarTaven `msxvilad <strong>da</strong>Wrili salaTis~ an `nakuwebisaganSekerili sabnis~ meta<strong>for</strong>as. es meta<strong>for</strong>ebi Caenacvla `sadnobi Rumelis~ saxeliTcnobil Teoriul winamorbeds, romliTac aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong> amerikuli kulturis xasiaTi,Camoyalibebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturuli tradiciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebisa <strong>da</strong>urTierTSerwymis Sedegad. axali saxeliT monaTluli fenomeni ki gulisxmobs aramTlian, erTian <strong>kultura</strong>s, aramed eTnikur kulturul elementTa narevs.`ekleqtikuri msoflios~ liderad jer kidev rCeba <strong>da</strong>savleTi, magram aziurwynarokeanuriregioni zustad reagirebs civilizacia-lideris nebismierwarumateblobaze <strong>da</strong> cdilobs mis gamoyenebas Tavis sasargeblod. swored igi SeiZlebamogvevlinos liberaluri <strong>da</strong>savleTis principebis mTavar metoqed 2 .meore nawili ar iziarebs amgvar xedvas. magaliTad, a.dirliki miiCnevs, rom aziurwynarokeanuriregioni warmoadgens geoekonomikur sistemas, romlis saTaveebTanidgnen aRmosavleT aziaSi SeWrili evropelebi <strong>da</strong> amerikelebi. misive azriT, dRes amsistemis farglebSi mimdinare procesebi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia ukve aRmosavleT azielebismier iniciativis xelSi aRebasTan, rasac mosdevs `kvazikonfuciuri menejerulikapitalizmis~ mier aSS <strong>da</strong> kana<strong>da</strong>Si sakuTari niSebis Seqmna. amis Sedegad civilizacialiderikargavs sakuTari sistemis funqcionirebis mniSvnelovan rgolebze kontrols,romelic <strong>da</strong>savleTis samyaroSi CarTul ucxo kulturul erTobaTa warmomadgenlebisxelSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis 3 .amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, yuradRebas iqcevs kidev erTi garemoeba: Tu XIX saukunesa <strong>da</strong>XX s-is pirvel naxevarSi ara<strong>da</strong>savluri warmomavlobis imigrantebi, xvdebodnen ra<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis `sadnob RumelSi~, iRebdnen <strong>da</strong> iTvisebdnen samoqalaqosazogadoebis <strong>kultura</strong>s, axla isini arc cdiloben Camoyalibebul socialur garemoSia<strong>da</strong>ptirebas, aramed qmnian diasporebs, tradiciul Rirebulebebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebul, metnaklebad<strong>da</strong>xSul lokalur erTobebs, romlebic cxovroben pirvel rigSi sakuTari <strong>da</strong>mxolod Semdeg _ maspinZeli qveynis normebis Sesabamisad. amasTan, isini, rogorc wesi,iReben <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveSevrdomobas <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmnian (cvlian) <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebissocialur garemos 4 .CineTisa <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, aRmosavleT aziis gar<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>savleTis civilizaciuroponentad xSirad ganixilaven muslimur samyaros. xSirad saubroben bipolarizmisaxali <strong>for</strong>mis — <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> islamis samyaros <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis Sesaxeb. <strong>da</strong>savleTisgamowvevis pasuxad muslimuri samyaros gamococxlebis erT-erT <strong>for</strong>mad gvevlineba1 Melko M. World Systems Theory: Faustian Delusion. – Comparative Civilizations Review, 1994, 30, p.11-12.2 Цымбурский В. Сколько цивилизаций? (С Ламанским, Шпенглером и Тойнби над глобусом ХХ1 века. – В журн.: т.5, № 3(Россия и ее южные соседи). М.., 2001, с.186.3 Цымбурский В. Сколько цивилизаций? ..., с.186.4Иноземцев В.Л., Кузнецова Е.С. Глобальный конфликт XXI в. Размышления об истоках и перспективахмежцивилизационных противоречий. – В журн.: Политические исследования. М., 2001, № 6, с.137.32
islamistebis gaaqtiureba, romlebic Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis gziT fiqroben<strong>da</strong>savluri faseulobebiT `mowamluli~ sazogadoebis reislamizacias, amave dros,mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong> teqnikis uaxlesi miRwevebis gamoyenebas <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrovesazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Casmas islamis konceptualur CarCoebSi. maTi<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi sam ZiriTad punqtad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: 1.nostalgia (swored islamma Seitana <strong>da</strong>savleTSi civilizacia); 2. <strong>da</strong>savleTisRirebulebaTa mankierebisa <strong>da</strong> `ormagi stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis~ mxileba (zneobrivi principebis<strong>da</strong>cvas igi mxolod sxvebisagan moiTxovs); 3. islamis apologia 1 .globalizaciis procesi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia <strong>da</strong>savluri cxovrebis wesis,maskulturisa <strong>da</strong> azrovnebis tipis eqspansiasTan. kulturis globalizaciavesternizaciis, ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki — amerikanizaciis <strong>for</strong>mas iRebs, rasacsaTanado reaqcia mohyveba nacionalizmis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>for</strong>mis gaZlierebis saxiT.istoriulad Camoyalibebuli kulturebi warmoadgenen a<strong>da</strong>mianis yofis,RirebulebaTa <strong>da</strong> normaTa ierarqiis, TviTSegnebis safuZvels. a<strong>da</strong>mians aSinebskulturuli fesvebis <strong>da</strong>kargvisa <strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, anomiis anu fsiqologiuridezorientaciis safrTxe. xSirad es nayofier nia<strong>da</strong>gs qmnis fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmisaTvis.vesternizaciis process Tan sdevs eTnikuri miTebis, mogonebebisa <strong>da</strong> tradiciebisgamococxleba. maT pirispir ki, dgas globaluri, kosmopolituri <strong>kultura</strong>, romelic,konkretul istoriul identurobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli eTnikuri kulturisagangansxvavebiT, moklebulia `mexsierebas~.vfiqrobT, globalizaciis Tanamedrove interpretaciebSi ga<strong>da</strong>WarbebiT fasdebaintegraciuli procesebis mniSvneloba. magram naTelia, rom Soreul perspeqtivaSic kimsoflios mravalferovneba ar waiSleba. rogorc i.krasini aRniSnavs, `msoflio mu<strong>da</strong>mmravalferovani iyo, magram yovelTvis iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, rom SeiZleba misigaerTmniSvnelianeba. iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> nairnairi sqemebi, <strong>da</strong> Tumca bevri realoba maTSi ar`jdebo<strong>da</strong>~, igulisxmebo<strong>da</strong>, rom integraciisa <strong>da</strong> konvergenciis Sedegad msofliohomogenuri gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> es <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis farglebSi moxdebo<strong>da</strong>~ 2 .magram suraTi gacilebiT rTulia. cxadia, miswrafeba <strong>da</strong>savluri nimuSebisa <strong>da</strong>stan<strong>da</strong>rtebisaken dResac didia <strong>da</strong> mas zurgs umagrebs <strong>da</strong>savleTis teqnologiuriupiratesoba. Cvens Tvalwin garegnuli ieri icvala mravalma aratradiciulmasazogadoebam, Tumca maT ar uRalatiaT TavianTi Zireuli principebisaTvis,romlebic SeuTavsebelia <strong>da</strong>savlur individualizmTan. afrikul tomTa beladebiprezidentebad iqcnen, indoneziaSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> parlamenti, ganviTarebadi qveynebisumravlesobaSi deklarirebulia xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>yofis principi. mkvlevarTa nawiliamas ubralo mimkriad miiCnevs <strong>da</strong> misi axsnisaTvis Semdeg martiv mizezs gvTavazobs:<strong>da</strong>savluri kreditebisa <strong>da</strong> investiciebis mopovebis umTavres pirobas warmoadgensdemokratiuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaken svlis <strong>for</strong>maluri niSnebis arseboba.tradiciul sazogadoebaTa liderebi <strong>da</strong>savluri principebis Sesabamisad iqcevianmxolod <strong>da</strong>savleTis saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobaSi, saSinao sakiTxebisga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisas ki tradiciul stereotipebs emyarebian 3 .erTi sityviT, saubaria globaluri (<strong>da</strong>savlur Targze aWrili) kulturis mxolod<strong>for</strong>mebis kopirebaze, rac Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT iolad xdeba. magram am <strong>for</strong>mebis safuZvlebisaukuneTa manZilze yalibdebo<strong>da</strong>. dRes <strong>da</strong>savluri mo<strong>da</strong>, moxmarebis sagnebi, garTobis1sanikiZe g. islamizmi, fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmi, integrizmi, tradicionalizmi — cnebaTa ganmartebisaTvis. —sag.saq.saministros sagareo politikis kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> analizis centris biuleteni, 7 (16), Tb., 1999, gv.42-43.2 Актуальные вопросы глобализации (Круглый стол «МЭ и МО»). – В журн.: Мировая экономика и международныеотношения, М., 1999, № 5, с.42.3 Иноземцев В.Л., Кузнецова Е.С. Глобальный конфликт XXI в., c.135.33
industria farTo<strong>da</strong>a gavrcelebuli iqac, sa<strong>da</strong>c samoqalaqo sazogadoebis xsenebac kiar aris.afrikuli warmoSobis mkvlevarma a.a.mazruim yuradReba miaqcia <strong>da</strong>savlurikulturis mimzidvelobisa <strong>da</strong> misadmi agresiuli ganwyobis urTierT<strong>da</strong>Srevebas<strong>da</strong>savleTTan ara<strong>da</strong>svluri samyaros urTierTobis procesSi: `mosuli (<strong>da</strong>savluri —n.C.) <strong>kultura</strong> iwvevs erTdroulad aRfrTovanebasa <strong>da</strong> zizRs, mibaZvis survilsa <strong>da</strong>protestis grZnobas~ 1 . sul ufro aSkarad ikveTeba ara<strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciaTamiswrafeba sakuTari saxis, sakuTari faseulobebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisaken. `Cven vcxovrobTara mxolod mTlian samyaroSi, aramed `samyaroebis samyaroSi~ 2 , sa<strong>da</strong>c mimdinareobspasuxis Zieba globalizaciis gamowvevaze.iraneli mecnieris, Teiranis universitetis profesor d.Saieganis azriT, esgamowveva principulad gansxvavdeba warsulSi <strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedebisagan,radgan saqme exeba socialuri <strong>da</strong> individualuri yofis organizaciis amosavalprincipTa totalur SeuTavseblobas. <strong>da</strong>savleTisaTvis esaa istoriuli evoluciis,grZnobadi <strong>da</strong> zegrZnobadi samyarosgan gancalkevebuli sulis, nebis primatisa <strong>da</strong>raodenobriv maxasiaTeblebze samyaros <strong>da</strong>yvanis principebi. iq <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebulisamyaros sekularizacia niSnavs mis despiritualizacias, bunebis ukiduresobieqtivacias, sai<strong>da</strong>nac gamomdinareobs scientizmi <strong>da</strong> teqnicizmi. Zireuladgansxvavebulia aRmosavlur civilizaciaTa principebi. istoria aq wmin<strong>da</strong>Tawmin<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>uSualod ukavSirdeba esqatologias. a<strong>da</strong>mianuri instinqtebi <strong>da</strong> vnebani ar miiCnevaistoriis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad, _ rogorc islamSi, ise induizmSi maT<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli adgili mieCinebaT, an kidev isini aRiqmeba mZime tvirTad,romlisganac gaTavisuflebaa saWiro.d.Saiegani Tvlis, rom <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis, rogorc universaluris,<strong>da</strong>mkvidreba an angrevs sxva <strong>kultura</strong>Ta eTikur <strong>da</strong> esTetikur faseulobebs, an <strong>da</strong>yavsisini `adgilobriv koloritamde~. <strong>kultura</strong>Ta sinTezi ucxo RirebulebaTa zewolispirobebSi SeuZlebelia, radgan motanili faseulobebi diametrulad sawinaaRmdegoaadgilobrivisa. es moaswavebs <strong>da</strong>grovil memkvidreobaze uaris Tqmas, <strong>da</strong>moukidebelazrovnebaze, qcevasa <strong>da</strong> qmedebaze xelis aRebas, sabolood ki — uaris Tqmas sakuTarTavze. `Tu aRmosavlur samyaros ara aqvs sxva arCevani, gar<strong>da</strong> `aSkara gamowvevis~,`garduvali bedisweris~ miRebisa, rac <strong>da</strong>savleTTan Segueba-morgebaSi gamoixateba,maSin es iqneba aRmosavluri civilizaciebis tragikuli aRsasruli. esaa yofierebisori tipis mkacri Setakeba, romelTa Soris kompromisi SeuZlebelia~, — askvnismkvlevari 3 .`Tanamedrove muslims ar SeuZlia, ar awarmoos mudmivi jixadi (wmin<strong>da</strong> omi) aramxolod sakuTar TavTan, raTa SeinarCunos saRi goneba <strong>da</strong> sulieri sijansaRe, aramedTavis garemomcvel samyarosTanac, raTa <strong>da</strong>icvas winaparTa didebuli sulieri <strong>da</strong>mxatvruli memkvidreoba <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>sces igi momaval Taobas~, _ wers s.nasri 4 .niSandoblivia saudis arabeTis princis gancxadebac, romelic s.hanTingtonsmohyavs: `ucxouri importi mSvenieria lamazi nivTebis an maRalteqnikuri sagnebissaxiT. magram socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri institutebis importi SeiZleba1 Mazrui A. World Federation of Cultures: an African Perspective. N.Y., 1976, p.457.2 Актуальные вопросы глобализации, с.42.3 Shayegan D. The Challenges of To<strong>da</strong>y and Cultural Identity. – East Asian Cultural Studies. Tokyo, 1977, 4, p.35-36.4 Наср С.Х. О столкновении принципов западной и исламской цивилизаций. –В кн.: Сравнительное изучение цивилизаций.Под ред. Б.С.Ерасова, с.481-482.34
momakvdinebeli aRmoCndes... islami CvenTvis mxolod religia ki ara, cxovrebis wesia.Cven, saudelebs, gvsurs modernizeba, magram ar vsaWiroebT vesternizebas~ 1 .<strong>da</strong>savlur samyarosTan muslimuri aRmosavleTis urTierTobis Sedegebisa <strong>da</strong>perspeqtivebis SefasebaSi gacilebiT naklebradikaluria iraneliliteraturaTmcodne, doqtori abdulhusein zarinkubi, romelmac 1974 welsgamoaqveyna wigni friad niSandoblivi saTauriT: `arc <strong>da</strong>savluri, arc aRmosavluri _a<strong>da</strong>mianuri~. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi mkveTrad uaryofiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisa, igimiiCnevs, rom SeuZlebelia iranuli kulturis <strong>da</strong>konserveba, misi SenarCuneba Zvelitradiciebis farglebSi. igi un<strong>da</strong> viTardebodes, iTvisebdes axals _ aucilebelsa <strong>da</strong>sasargeblos. problemas qmnis ara <strong>da</strong>savluris aTviseba _ es istoriuliaucileblobaa, radgan kapitalistur ekonomikasTan erTad xalxis cxovrebaSi iWrebagarkveuli kulturuli faseulobani, _ aramed <strong>da</strong>savleTis winaSe qedis moxra,cxovrebis ucxo normebis Tavsmoxveva. sad aris gamosavali? mecnieris azriT,ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols Seasrulebs iranuli kulturis istoriuli gamocdileba, romelmacSesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> enis, literaturisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis SenarCuneba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxiszewolis pirobebSi. un<strong>da</strong> viamayoT imiT _ <strong>da</strong>sZens mkvlevari _ rom iranuli <strong>kultura</strong>arc aRmosavluria, arc <strong>da</strong>savluri, igi a<strong>da</strong>mianuria 2 .cxadia, <strong>da</strong>skvna, cota ar iyos, ucnauria, magram sakiTxis <strong>da</strong>sma sainteresoa: sxvairaneli mkvlevrebi, maT Soris, zemoT naxsenebi d.Saiegani iranuli kulturisaRmosavlurobas eWvqveS ar ayeneben. Tumca, rogorc Cans, arsebobs sxva Tvalsazrisic.cnobili istorikosi <strong>da</strong> literaturaTmcodne, Teiranis universitetis profesoriislami noduSeni aRniSnavs, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic mu<strong>da</strong>mzemoqmedeb<strong>da</strong> iranis istoriaze, aris misi mdebareoba aRmosavleTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTsSoris. geografiam gansazRvra CvenTvis erTaderTi gza _ wonasworobis SenarCuneba,anu sakuTar safuZvelze myarad dgomis unari, askvnis igi 3 .vfiqrobT, ganxiluli poziciebi sainteresoa CvenTvisac: rogorc <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT,iranelebi xazs usvamen <strong>da</strong>savleTsa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTs Soris TavianT yofnas (CveniTvalsawieri<strong>da</strong>n, iranuli <strong>kultura</strong> calsaxad aRmosavluria), Cveni mkvlevrebis nawiliki <strong>da</strong>JinebiT cdilobs qarTuli kulturis an mxolod <strong>da</strong>savluri, an mxolo<strong>da</strong>Rmosavluri maxasiaTeblebis moZiebas.ara<strong>da</strong>savlel mkvlevarTaTvis, cxadia, miuRebelia mtkiceba, rom Tu arakoloniuri eqspansia, aRmosavleTis yvela qveyana, iaponiis CaTvliT, dRes TiTqmis XVsaukunis doneze iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. yvelaferi axali <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove aRmosavleTSi<strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n movi<strong>da</strong>, vesternizaciisa <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis procesis Sedegad, <strong>da</strong>aRmosavleTi yovelive (an TiTqmis yovelive) amiT mSvenivrad sargeblobs. amTvalsazrisiT, swored kolonializmma <strong>da</strong>aaxlova aRmosavleTi <strong>da</strong>savleTTan 4 .sapirispirod, aRmosavleli mkvlevrebi cdiloben <strong>da</strong>asabuTon, rom Rirebulebani<strong>da</strong> miRwevebi, romlebiTac ase amayobs Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>savleTi, arc aRmosavluri, maTSoris, muslimuri sazogadoebebisaTvisaa ucxo, zog SemTxvevaSi ki es ukanasknelniwinac uswreben <strong>da</strong>savlelebs. magaliTad, a.a.mazrui aRniSnavs, rom Tumca qalTamdgomareoba muslimur qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis mZafri kritikis sagania, magram,<strong>da</strong>savleTisagan gansxvavebiT, am qveynebSi qals yovelTvis gaaCn<strong>da</strong> qmrisgan1hanTingtoni s. <strong>da</strong>savleTi — unikaluri, ara universaluri. — kreb.: kulturis istoriisa <strong>da</strong> TeoriissakiTxebi, X, Tb., Tsu gamomc., 2001, gv.185.2 Китаянов Д.С. Иран и Запад: история и современный диалог. – В кн.: Восток-Запад: Притяжение, отталкивание. М., 1998,с.32-33. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom iranis islamuri revoluciis ideologebi am lozungs <strong>da</strong>esesxnenzarinkubs <strong>da</strong> igi Semdegnairad ga<strong>da</strong>akeTes: arc aRmosavluri, arc <strong>da</strong>savluri _ islamuri.3 iqve, gv.9.4 Васильев Л.С. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.107.35
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli sakuTrebis ufleba, rac, vTqvaT, britanelma qalebma mxolod 1870wels miiRes. muslimuri samarTali aseve Tanabrad cnob<strong>da</strong> rogorc vaJebis, iseqaliSvilebis memkvidreobiT uflebebs, bevr <strong>da</strong>savlur qveyanaSi ki cota xnis winqalebs aseTi ufleba ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T. did britaneTSi qalebma saarCevno ufleba 1928 welsmiiRes, aSS-Si — 1920 wels, safrangeTSi — 1971 wels; am droisaTvis bevr muslimurqveyanaSi (irani, erayi, pakistani <strong>da</strong> sxv.) qalebi arCevnebSi monawileobdnen. ufrometic — pakistanSi, bangladeSSi, TurqeTSi qalebi ikaveben premier-ministris postebs,aSS-s ki arasdros hyolia qali-prezidentio, <strong>da</strong>sZens a.a.mazrui.misi azriT, kulturebi/civilizaciebi un<strong>da</strong> fasdebodes ara mxolod umaRlesmiRwevaTa mixedviT, aramed mankierebaTa <strong>da</strong> Seubraleblobis xarisxiT, romlisTvisacisini swiraven sakuTar Tu sxva xalxebs. am TvalsazrisiT, islams ufro Zlieriimuniteti aqvs nacionalizmis, komunizmis, rasizmis, genocidis winaaRmdeg. Tumuslimur samyaroSi <strong>da</strong>savlurze Zlieria politikuri Zalmomreoba, <strong>da</strong>savleTSigacilebiT masStaburia quCis Zaladoba. <strong>da</strong>savluri liberaluri demokratiauzrunvelyofs ekonomikis maRalmwarmoeblurobas, mosaxleobis farTo monawileobasmarTvaSi, magram <strong>da</strong>savlurma pluralizmma warmoSva rasizmi, faSizmi, genocidi.<strong>da</strong>savleTma mets miaRwia yovelive saukeTesos realizaciaSi, rac a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebaSia,aRmosavleTma — a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebis yvelaze cudi mxareebis SezRudvaSi. zogierTia<strong>da</strong>mianuri kriteriumiT (stabiluri ojaxi, socialuri Zalmomreobisagan <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong>sxv.), muslimuri samyaro win uswrebs <strong>da</strong>savleTs. yovelive amis gamo, a.a.mazruis<strong>da</strong>skvniT, kacobriobam un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyenos ara mxolod <strong>da</strong>savleTis, aramed aRmosavleTis,kerZod, muslimuri samyaros gamocdilebac 1 .aqve <strong>da</strong>vZenT, rom am <strong>da</strong> zogierT sxva SemTxvevaSic Tavad sakiTxis amgvari <strong>da</strong>yenebaufro saintereso <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovania rogorc `pasuxi~ <strong>da</strong>savleTis `gamowvevaze~, vidremotanili magaliTebis realobasTan Sesabamisoba.samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia ori urTierTsapirispiro tendencia<strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros urTierTobaSi. erTis mxriv, <strong>da</strong>savluriRirebulebebi, masobrivi kulturis saxiT, farTod vrceldeba mTel msoflioSi. ammovlenas `koka-kolonizaciisa~ <strong>da</strong> `hamburgerizaciis~ efeqtis saxeliT ixsenieben.saqme ufro Sorsac midis. rogorc e.saidi aRniSnavs, Tanamedrove arabuli samyaro aSSspolitikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul satelitad gvevlineba. mimdinareobs gemovnebisfarTomasStabiani stan<strong>da</strong>rtizacia, rac gamoixateba ara mxolod tranzistorebiT,jinsebiTa <strong>da</strong> koka-koliT, aramed aRmosavleTis kulturuli saxeebiT, romelTacfarTod avrcelebs masobrivi sain<strong>for</strong>macio saSualebebi <strong>da</strong> romlebic ukritikodmoixmareba masobrivi auditoriis mier. amis paradoqsuli Sedegi isaa, rom arabisakuTar Tavs holivudis mier SemoTavazebuli saxiT aRiqvams 2 . azieli studentebi (<strong>da</strong>profesorebi) kvlav amjobineben, moikalaTon amerikel orientalistTa ferxTiT,Semdeg ki adgilobriv msmenelebs gaumeoron kliSeebiT gajerebuli orientalisturidogmebi 3 .meore mxriv, XX s-is 50-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n saTaves iRebs aRmosavlur kulturebTan<strong>da</strong>savleTis urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesi movlena. Tu aqamde<strong>da</strong>savleTi Tavis msoflaRqmas amdidreb<strong>da</strong> aRmosavluri<strong>da</strong>n nasesxebi esTetikuri Tudekoratiuli elementebiT, am droi<strong>da</strong>n evropulenovani aRmosavleli mwerlebismasobrivi SemoWris Sedegad `Seiqmna sruliad axali tipis literatura —orbunebovani, orcnobierebiani, organzomilebiani... miviReT aRmosavluri1 Mazrui A.A. Islamic and Western Value. – Foreign Affairs, N.Y., 1997, vol.76, 5, p.118-132.2 Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.322.3iqve, gv.323-324.36
warmoSobis evropuli mwerloba, romlis filosofiur-mxatvrulma koncefciamsruliad ga<strong>da</strong>asxvafera msoflios mTliani literaturuli procesebi~ 1 . mecnierebimiuTiTeben axali tipis mxatvruli azrovnebis Camoyalibebaze, romelic aRniSnulia`metisurobis~, Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>savleTSi aRmosavleTis yofnis niSniT 2 . magaliTad,inglisur literaturul premiebs xSirad iReben inglisurenovani ucxoeli mwerlebi,frangul literaturaSi sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba arabuli warmoSobis avtorebi.erTi sityviT, aRmosavleTis mier evropuli literaturuli sivrceebis <strong>da</strong>pyrobistendencia zoga<strong>da</strong>d mTeli Tanamedrove evropuli literaturis mkveTrimaxasiaTebelia. sul raRac erTi saukunis win ki gansxvaveba aRmosavlur <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlurazrovnebas Soris imdenad didi iyo, rom pirveli Cineli <strong>da</strong> iaponeli mTargmnelebi kiar Targmnidnen, TiTqmis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n werdnen evropul romanebs 3 .aRniSnuli procesi mxolod literaturis sferos ar exeba.TviT kulturuli konvergenciis Teoriis momxreebi, romlebic Tvlian, rommimdinareobs kulturis globaluri homogenizacia transnacionalur korporaciaTazegavleniT (`koka-kola~, `makdonaldsi~ <strong>da</strong> sxv.), aRniSnaven, rom `msoflioproduqciis~ mwarmoebel korporaciaTa saqmianoba warmatebulia imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>cisini a<strong>da</strong>ptirdebian adgilobriv <strong>kultura</strong>sTan. `importior~ qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>savluri<strong>da</strong>wesebulebani Tu moxmarebis saSualebani sxva socialur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> kulturulfunqciebs asruleben, vidre samSobloSi. `sonis~ prezidentma akio moritam amprocesis aRsaniSnavad SemogvTavaza termini `glokalizacia~ (globalizacia+lokalizacia),anu `orive mxares yureba~ 4 .mecnierebi saubroben kardinalur mijnaze, romelsac miadga kacobrioba <strong>da</strong>romlis iqiT istoria, rogorc Cans, kalapots icvlis. `dominirebadma civilizaciamZlierebis piks miaRwia <strong>da</strong> globaluri gax<strong>da</strong>, magram igi namdvil sulier katastrofasganicdis. qristianuli <strong>kultura</strong> — am supercivilizaciis macocxlebeli wyaro —Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan adgils uTmobs axal realiebs, cnobierebis organizaciis sxva <strong>for</strong>mebs,~ —wers a.neklesa 5 .2001 wlis miwuruls gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> ukiduresi memarjvene amerikeli politikosispatrik biukenanis wigni friad niSandoblivi saTauriT: `<strong>da</strong>savleTis sikvdili: rogoremuqreba Cvens saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> civilizacias mosaxleobis kleba <strong>da</strong> imigrantTaSemosevebi~ (Patrick J.Buchanan. The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and ImmigrantInvasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization). sxvaTa Soris, am wignis publikacia 11seqtembris teraqtebis gamo ga<strong>da</strong>ido, Tumca igi jer kidev zafxulSi mzad iyogamosacemad. avtori <strong>da</strong>savluri samyarosa <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, aSS-saTvis friad samwuxarosamomavlo perspeqtivas xatavs: 2050 wlisaTvis aSS mesamexarisxovan qveynadga<strong>da</strong>iqceva, evropis TeTrkaniani mosaxleobisa <strong>da</strong> iaponelebis ricxvi katastrofulad<strong>da</strong>iklebs, sabolood ki, isini sulac gaqrebian aziisa <strong>da</strong> afrikis muslimuri qveynebisdemografiuli Semotevis Sedegad. ganaxldeba islamis zewola evropis qveynebze, racukve iyo istoriaSi, magram misi Sedegebi amjerad gacilebiT tragikuli iqnebaevropelTaTvis. arc ruseTis momavali esaxeba biukenans naTel ferebSi: CineTigandevnis mas cimbiri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> Soreuli aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n, muslimuri samyaro ki _kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> centraluri azii<strong>da</strong>n. qristianTa _ kaTolikeTa, protestantTa <strong>da</strong>1 ebraliZe T. or <strong>kultura</strong>s Soris. — gaz. “Cveni mwerloba” (saliteraturo CanarTi gazeTisa “axali epoqa”),23 (49), 8-15 ivnisi, 2001, gv.3.2 Прожогина С.В. Литература магрибинцев во Франции: продолжение диалога культур Востока и Запада. – В кн.: Восток-Запад: Притяжение, отталкивание. М., 1998, с.178.3 ebraliZe T. <strong>da</strong>sax naSr., gv.3.4 Питерсе Я.Н. Глобализация и культура.- В кн.: Этнос и политика. Автор-составитель А.А.Празаускас. М., 2000, с.322.5 Неклесса А. Конец цивилизации..., с.74.37
marTlmadidebelTa _ ricxvi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan Semcirdeba. erT-erT TavSi _ `amerikisdeqristianizacia~ _ biukenani <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebis demografiuli krizisis mTavarmizezad qristianuli sarwmunoebis <strong>da</strong>qveiTebas miiCnevs <strong>da</strong> acxadebs, rom ukve isaxebaaxali aTeisturi civilizacia, romelic safuZvels uryevs <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>kultura</strong>s.globalistebi msoflios kulturul gaerTgvarovnebasa <strong>da</strong> inglisuri enissayovelTao gavrcelebas winaswarmetyveleben. `ori-sami Taobis Semdeg sazogadoebismxolod yvelaze gaunaTlebel wevrebs ar ecodinebaT inglisuri... Tqveni ena xdebaraRac, razec ilaparakeben saxlSi, megobrebis wreSi, is, garkveulwilad, kulturulidialeqti iqneba <strong>da</strong> ara komunikaciis mTavari saSualeba~, _ ambobs inglisuriliteraturis amerikeli mkvlevari j.benseni 1 . am mtkicebis sapirispirod, isevlingvistebi miuTiTeben, rom rac ufro meti sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva erovnebis a<strong>da</strong>miani miiRebsmonawileobas inglisuri enis funqcionirebaSi, miT meti leqsikuri erTeuli Seva masSisxva enebi<strong>da</strong>n, gaCndeba gramatikuli inovaciebi, Seiqmneba inglisuri enis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaversia <strong>da</strong> maTze mosaubreebs sul ufro metad gauWirdebaT erTmaneTis gageba.<strong>da</strong>savlel mkvlevarTa nawili (e.gelneri <strong>da</strong> sxv.) aRniSnavs, rom samecniero <strong>da</strong>teqnikuri codna SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos individTa mier yoveldRiur praqtikaSi,ise, rom ar gamomdinareobdes misi kulturi<strong>da</strong>n, ar warmoadgendes misi kulturisnawils. Semecnebis xerxi ar emyareba religias, <strong>kultura</strong>s, civilizaciurRirebulebebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qimiuri <strong>for</strong>mulebi an planetaTa ganlagebiscodna ar gvixsnis, rogor vicxovroT, rogor aRvzardoT bavSvebi, Tayvani vceTRmerTebs. mravalma ara<strong>da</strong>savlurma <strong>kultura</strong>m SeiZleba aiTvisos mecnierebisTanamedrove Sexedulebani, Semecnebisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis racionaluri meTodebi, <strong>da</strong>savlurcivilizaciad trans<strong>for</strong>mirebis gareSe 2 .jer kidev a.toinbi miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom erTmaneTSi ar un<strong>da</strong> avurioT socialuricxovrebis ekonomikuri, politikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli aspeqtebi, romelTagan pirvelors Seexo unifikacia (<strong>da</strong> ara erToba), mesame ki, gacilebiT ufro Rrma <strong>da</strong>fun<strong>da</strong>menturia, vidre pirveli ori.globalistTa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli pluralizmis momxreTa kamaTSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> msoflioskulturuli momavlis kidev erTi, ase vTqvaT, neitraluri versia — kulturiskreolizaciis Teoria, romlis avtoria martinikeli frangulenovani mwerali,mTargmneli <strong>da</strong> filosofosi eduard glisani. <strong>kultura</strong>Ta <strong>da</strong> xalxTa urTierT-Sexvedrasa <strong>da</strong> SeRwevaSi igi xe<strong>da</strong>vs kacobriobis arsebobis axal <strong>for</strong>mas. msoflioSiarsebul situacias igi aRniSnavs terminiT `kreolizacia~; misi azriT, es aris mudmiviprocesi, romelic ganapirobebs identurisa <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebulis warmoSobas. un<strong>da</strong>SeveguoT im azrs, rom Cven SevicvlebiT sxvebTan Sexvedris Sedegad, amasTan, arc erTimxare ar <strong>da</strong>kargavs sakuTar bunebas <strong>da</strong> ar gaiTqvifeba kulturul magmaSi, _ wersglisani. igi Tvlis, rom siaxle patara qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n mova, romelTac ara aqvT arckoloniuri warsuli, arc mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli tradiciebi. maT naklebadeSiniaT `statusis~ gaqrobis an <strong>da</strong>kargvisa. erT-erT aseT regionad igi karibiskunZulebs miiCnevs, sa<strong>da</strong>c, misi azriT, gamomuSavdeba <strong>da</strong> yalibdeba urTierTobaTaTanamedrove modelebi, arsebobs <strong>kultura</strong>Ta mravalferovnebisa <strong>da</strong> erTobis mZlavripotenciali. amdenad, karibis kunZulebi kreolizaciis nimuSad iqceva, Tumcakreolizacias ganicdis mTeli <strong>da</strong>narCeni msoflioc. kacobriobis arsebobis1 wiklauri m., edilaSvili m. de<strong>da</strong>miwa arasodes iqneba nacrisferi. — gaz. “Cveni mwerloba”, Tb., 2001, 16(40), gv.3.2Левашова А.В. Современная международная система: глобализация или вестернизация. – В журн.: Социальногуманитарныезнания, М., 2000, № 1, с.264.38
Tanamedrove ganzomilebani scildeba erovnulobis CarCoebs, romlebiswinaaRmdegobis gawevas cdiloben 1 .mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli tradiciebis mqone qveynebi <strong>da</strong> xalxebi kicdiloben, TavianTi misia sxvagvarad <strong>da</strong>inaxon <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>asabuTon. Cexi mwerali m.kunderaaRniSnavs: `me vxe<strong>da</strong>v patara xalxebis istoriul misias Tanamedrove msoflioSi,romelic didi saxelmwifoebis anabaraa <strong>da</strong>rCenili, es ukanasknelni ki cdiloben mis`gamoWras~ sakuTar Targze. patara xalxebi, mudmivad eZieben ra sakuTar saxes <strong>da</strong>ibrZvian TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis, xels uwyoben imas, rom msoflio winaRudges saSinel unifikacias, SeinarCunos tradiciaTa siWrele <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wesismravalferovneba, a<strong>da</strong>mians ki gaaCndes samSoblos jadosnuri grZnoba~ 2 .amerikanizaciis <strong>for</strong>miT mimdinare globalizaciis process SeSfoTebiT adevnebenTvals TviT <strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros warmomadgenlebic. XX s-is 90-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSiaSS wamoayena kulturul RirebulebaTa Tavisufali gacvlis idea, rasac didi kamaTimohyva. safrangeTi <strong>da</strong> kana<strong>da</strong> SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamdnen imis gamo, rom maT emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>amerikuli kulturuli produqciiT walekvisa <strong>da</strong> amerikuli cxovrebis wesismoZalebis safrTxe. 1993 w. evrokavSirma, safrangeTis wina<strong>da</strong>debiT, uari TqvaTavisufal gacvlaze kulturis sferoSi.`Cven globalizaciis atmosferoSi vcxovrobT, rac ganapirobebs ideaTastan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciasa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wesis gaerTgvarovnebas — pirvel rigSi, amerikulimodelis Sesabamisad.кшyvela, visTvisac Zvirfasia sakuTari istoria, tradiciebi, ena,filosofia <strong>da</strong> religia, SeSfoTebulia aRniSnuli tendenciiT, _ wer<strong>da</strong>evroparlamentSi safrangeTis deputati katrin lalumieri 3 . msofliosstan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciis perspeqtivis sapirispirod, sul ufro mets laparakobenkulturuli mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb.mkvlevarTa azriT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom pluralistur `samyaroTa samyaroSi~iarsebebs ara erTi, aramed ramdenime civilizaciur-kulturuli centri, romelTaurTierTobaSi gaCndeba problema erTi, istoriulad Camoyalibebuli simboloTaeni<strong>da</strong>n sxva <strong>kultura</strong>Ta <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa somboloebis enebze Targmnisa. s.hanTingtonissityviT, Tvalsawier momavalSi ar Camoyalibdeba erTiani universaluricivilizacia <strong>da</strong> TiToeul arsebul civilizacias mouwevs sxvebTan Tanaarseboba.<strong>kultura</strong>Ta <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa Tanaarsebobis perspeqtiva gansakuTrebiTmtkivneul Temad iqca 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis Semdeg, romlebicSefasebul iqna rogorc ori planetis Sejaxeba erT planetaze, civilizaciaTa adrenawinaswarmetyvelevi Sejaxeba, modernis Sejaxeba aramodernTan <strong>da</strong> winaremodernTan,romlis aRmsrulebelni TviT modernis iaraRebs iyenebdnen <strong>da</strong> maT modernisavewinaaRmdeg mimarTavdnen. <strong>da</strong>savleli mkvlevrebi imedovneben, rom es Tavzar<strong>da</strong>mcemiqmedeba biZgs miscems sxvagvari msoflios Seqmnas, romelSic sivrciTi <strong>da</strong> droiTikulturebi aRar moindomeben erTmaneTis ganadgurebas. es axali msoflio aRar iqnebamartooden droiTi kulturis sul ufro mzardi <strong>da</strong> mZlavri aRmavlobis imedze _ imkulturisa, romelic gamanadgureblad moqmedebs sivrciT kulturebze 4 .1 Культурная креолизация мира. – В журн.: Label France (Информационный журнал МИД Франции), № 38, январь, 2000, с.39.2 ix.: Хольцер Я. Была или не была? (Существовала или нет центральная Европа: чешские споры о центральноевропейскойментальности малого народа). – В журн.: Политическая наука, № 4 (Регионализация посткоммунистической Европы),М., 2001, с.76.3 Лялюмьер К. Борьба за культурное многообразие. – В журн.: Label France (Информационный журнал МИД Франции), №38, январь, 2000, с.25.4 Smidi v. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.2.39
Tema IV. <strong>modernizacia</strong> _ <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebiserT-erTi etapiam etapze <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT ganvixilavT modernizaciis im gagebas, romlis mixedviT<strong>modernizacia</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis (civilizaciis) ganviTarebis konkretulietapisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erTobliobaa, romelicun<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes zoga<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis konteqstSi, amcivilizaciis winamorbed kulturul <strong>for</strong>mebis TaviseburebebTan uSualo kavSirSi.aqve SevexebiT <strong>da</strong>savleTSi modernuli sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis istoriulperipetiebs, visaubrebT winamorbedi istoriuli realobis Sesaxeb, <strong>modernizacia</strong>sganvixilavT, rogorc <strong>da</strong>savluri tradiciis gagrZelebas, <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebisganviTarebis erT-erT etaps.<strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>modernizacia</strong>universaluri civilizaciis gaCenis SesaZleblobis mesame <strong>da</strong> yvelaze farTodgavrcelebuli argumenti mdgomareobs wamodgenaSi, rom igi aris modernizaciisyovlismomcveli procesis Sedegi, romelic jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<strong>modernizacia</strong> moicavs industrializacias, urbanizacias, wera-kiTxvis mcodneTamzard procents, ganaTlebas, simdidres <strong>da</strong> socialur mobilurobas, samuSaoadgilebis gamravalferovnebas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xvewas. swored XVIII saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>wyebulisamecniero <strong>da</strong> teqnologiuri codnis uzarmazari eqspansiis Sedegia is, rom dResSegviZlia vakontroloT <strong>da</strong> CamovayaliboT Cveni garemo sruliad axali saxiT.<strong>modernizacia</strong> revoluciuri procesia, romelic mxolod sazogadoebebisprimitiuli<strong>da</strong>n civilizebul mdgomareobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlas Tu SegviZlia Seva<strong>da</strong>roT, anucalkeuli civilizaciebis gaCenas tigrosisa <strong>da</strong> evfratis auzebSi, nilosisa <strong>da</strong> indisxeobebSi 5000 wlis win. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Sexedulebebi, faseulobebi, codna<strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> di<strong>da</strong>d gansxvavdeba tradiciuli sazogadoebisagan. <strong>da</strong>savleTi pirvelimoderniz<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> modernuli kulturis aTvisebis avangardSia. vinai<strong>da</strong>n sxvasazogadoebebi iTviseben ganaTlebis, muSaobis, simdidrisa <strong>da</strong> klasobriviorganizaciis msgavs <strong>for</strong>mebs, aqe<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom<strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>kultura</strong> universalur msoflio <strong>kultura</strong>d iqceva.is, rom mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi arsebobs modernul <strong>da</strong> tradiciul kulturebsSoris kamaTs aRar iwvevs. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos modernulikulturis matarebeli sazogadoebebi erTmaneTs ufro hgvanan, vidre tradiciulikulturis matarebeli xalxebi. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, samyaro, sa<strong>da</strong>c zogierTi sazogadoebamaRal doneze modernizebulia, xolo sxvebi _ kvlav tradiciuli, ufro naklebaderTgvarovania, vidre samyaro, romlis yvela sazogadoeba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Tanabradmodernizebulia. magram raRa vuyoT im samyaros, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvela sazogadoebatradiciuli iyo? aseTi samyaro xom ramdenime aseuli wlis win arsebob<strong>da</strong>. iyo iginaklebad homogenuri, vidre, rogorc fiqroben, iqneba sayovelTaod modernizebulimomavali msoflio? albaT, ara. `minis (dinastiis) CineTi... ueWvelad, ufro axlos iyovaluas (<strong>da</strong>nastiis) safrangeTTan~, ambob<strong>da</strong> brodeli, `vidre mao Ze dunis CineTi _mexuTe respublikis safrangeTTan.~<strong>da</strong> mainc, arsebobs ori mizezi, ris gamoc modernuli sazogadoebebi ufro SeiZlebaerTmaneTis msgavsni iyvnen, vidre tradiciuli sazogadoebebi. pirveli mizeziaintensiuri urTierTqmedeba modernul sazogadoebebs Soris, romelic, SeiZleba, verwarmoSobs saerTo <strong>kultura</strong>s, magram aadvilebs mokle droSi teqnikis, gamogonebebis,Cveulebebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas erTi sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi, Tanac im doniT, romliTac es40
warmoudgenelia tradiciul samyaroSi. meore mizezi isaa, rom tradiciulisazogadoeba <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia soflis meurneobaze, modernuli sazogadoeba kimrewvelobaze, romelic SeiZleba moicavdes meurneobis sistemas _ xelosnobi<strong>da</strong>n<strong>da</strong>wyebuli, klasikuri mZime mrewvelobis gavliT, rTul teqnologiebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuliindustriiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli. soflis meurneobis sistema <strong>da</strong> misi Tanamdevi socialuristruqtura ufro <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia bunebriv garemoze, vidre mrewvelobis sistema. igiicvleba nia<strong>da</strong>gisa <strong>da</strong> klimatis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> SeiZleba gamoiwvios miwis flobis,sazogadoebrivi wyobisa <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>for</strong>mis warmoSoba. vitfogelishidravlikuri civilizaciis Teoriis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, soflis meurneoba, romelic<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia masStaburi sairigacio sistemebis mSeneblobasa <strong>da</strong> funqciobaze, xelsuwyobs centralizebuli <strong>da</strong> biurokratiuli politikuri xelisuflebis warmoSobas.sxvanairad ar xdeba. mdi<strong>da</strong>ri nia<strong>da</strong>gi <strong>da</strong> kargi klimati xSirad xels uwyobs masiurisaplantacio meurnebis gaCaRebas <strong>da</strong> misi Tanamdevi socialuri wyobis Camoyalibebas,romelic moicavs mdi<strong>da</strong>ri miwaTmflobelebis mcirericxovan <strong>da</strong> plantaciaSi momuSaveglexebis, monebis Tu ymebis did fenas. masStaburi soflis meurneobis porobebSiSeiZleba gaCndes <strong>da</strong>moukidebel glexTa sazogadoeba. mokled, sasoflo-sameurneosazogadoebebSi sazogadoebrivi wyoba ganpirobebulia bunebrivi garemoTi.mrewveloba nakleba<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli bunebriv garemoze. industriul organizaciaSiarsebuli gansxvavebebi ki ufro <strong>kultura</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> socialur wyobaSi arsebuli sxvaobebiTun<strong>da</strong> iyos gamowveuli, vidre geografiuli mizezebiT; aqe<strong>da</strong>n pirveli SeiZlebagar<strong>da</strong>iqmnas, magram ukanaskneli _ arasdros.maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, modernul sazogadoebebs bevri ram aqvT saerTo. magram arian ki isiniaucileblad erTgvarovanni? am kiTxvaze <strong>da</strong>debiTi pasuxi gamomdinareobs mosazrebi<strong>da</strong>n,rom modernuli sazogadoeba un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emsgavsos mxolod erT — <strong>da</strong>savlurmodels, rom modernuli civilizacia igive <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciaa. Tumca, essavsebiT mc<strong>da</strong>ri msjelobaa. <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizacia warmoiSva VIII-IX saukuneebSi <strong>da</strong>Tavisi individualuri niSan-Tvisebebi Semdgom saukuneebSi SeiZina. misi modernizebamox<strong>da</strong> arauadres XVII-XVIII saukuneebisa. <strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong>savleTs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>gacilebiT ufro adre, vidre igi modernuli gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>savleTis mTavari niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic mas sxva civilizaciebisgan ganarCeven, win uswrebs <strong>da</strong>savleTis<strong>modernizacia</strong>s.ra niSan-Tvisebebi hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebas aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi,sanam is modernizdebo<strong>da</strong>? sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mecnierma sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairi pasuxi gasca amkiTxvas, isini gansxvavdebian detalebSi, magram aRiareben ZiriTadi institutebis,Cveulebebis <strong>da</strong> rwmena-warmodgenebis erTobliobas, romlebic savsebiT kanonzomieradSeiZleba miviCnioT <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis safuZvlad. esenia:klasikuri memkvidreoba. rogorc mesame Taobis civilizaciam, <strong>da</strong>savleTma bevriram SeiTvisa winamorbedi civilizaciebisgan, gansakuTrebiT ki, klasikuricivilizaciisagan. klasikuri civilizaciis memkvidreoba mravalferovania: berZnulifilosofia <strong>da</strong> racionalizmi, romauli samarTali, laTinuri ena <strong>da</strong> qristianoba.muslimurma <strong>da</strong> marTlmadideblurma civilizaciebmac bevri ram aiTvises klasikuricivilizaciisagan, magram Seu<strong>da</strong>reblad naklebi, vidre <strong>da</strong>savleTma.kaTolicizmi <strong>da</strong> protestantizmi. <strong>da</strong>savluri qristianoba _ Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveladkaTolicizmi, Semdeg kaTolicizmi <strong>da</strong> protestantizmi _ warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong>savluricivilizaciis istoriulad umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTebels. Tavisi arsebobis TiTqmismTeli aTaswleulis manZilze is, rac <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis saxeliT aris cnobili,<strong>da</strong>savleT saqristianod iwodebo<strong>da</strong>; arsebob<strong>da</strong> erTobis kargad ganviTarebuli grZnoba<strong>da</strong>savleTis qristian xalxebs Soris, romlis meSveobiT isini Tavs ganasxvavebdnen41
Turqebis, mavrebis, bizantielebisa <strong>da</strong> sxvebisagan; swored RvTisa <strong>da</strong> oqrosgulisaTvis gavidnen <strong>da</strong>savlelebi kontinenti<strong>da</strong>n msoflios <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad XVIsaukuneSi. re<strong>for</strong>macia <strong>da</strong> kontrre<strong>for</strong>macia, <strong>da</strong>savleT saqristianos gayofaprotestantul CrdiloeTad <strong>da</strong> kaTolikur samxreTad <strong>da</strong>savleTis istoriis asevegansakuTrebuli Strixia, romelic sruliad ucxo iyo aRmosavluriorTodoqsiisaTvis <strong>da</strong> saerTod ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> laTinuri amerikis sinamdvileSi.evropuli enebi. ena, religiis Semdeg, rigiT meore, yvelaze mniSvnelovanifaqtoria, romelic erTi kulturis xalxs meorisgan ganasxvavebs. <strong>da</strong>savleTi sxvacivilizaciaTa umravlesobisagan gamoirCeva enebis mravalricxovnebiT. hindi,man<strong>da</strong>rini, rusuli <strong>da</strong> TviT arabuli TavTavianTi civilizaciebis ZiriTad enebad arianmiCneuli. <strong>da</strong>savleTma memkvidreobiT laTinuri miiRo, magram erebis Camoyalibebiskvalobaze warmoiSva erovnuli enebic, romlebic romanul <strong>da</strong> germanul enaTa vrceljgufebSi moeqcnen. XVI saukunisaTvis maT, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, miiRes TavianTi dRevandelisaxe.sasuliero <strong>da</strong> saero xelisuflebis gayofa. <strong>da</strong>savleTis mTeli istoriis manZilzeeklesia, Semdeg ki eklesiebi, saxelmwifosagan gancalkevebiT idga. RmerTi <strong>da</strong> keisari,eklesia <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo, sasuliero avtoriteti <strong>da</strong> amqveyniuri ZalauflebagamokveTil dualizmad gvevlineba <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>kultura</strong>Si. mxolod indurcivilizaciaSi Tu iyo religia <strong>da</strong> politika ase gamokveTilad gamijnulierTmaneTisagan. islamSi RmerTi keisaria, CineTsa <strong>da</strong> iaponiaSi keisari RmerTia;marTlmadideblobaSi RmerTi keisris umcrosi partnioria. eklesiisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifosgamijvna <strong>da</strong> maTi perioduli <strong>da</strong>pirispireba, romelic esoden <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciisaTvis, sxva erTobebSi ar fiqsirdeba. Zalauflebebis aseTmagamijvnam, u<strong>da</strong>vod, didi biZgi misca <strong>da</strong>savleTSi Tavisuflebis ideis ganviTarebas.kanonis batonoba . civilizebul cxovrebaSi kanonis uzenaesoba romaelebisganmiRebuli memkvidreobaa. Sua saukuneebis moazrovneebma SeimuSaves bunebiTisamarTlis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, monarqebs eniWebo<strong>da</strong>T Zalauflebisganxorcielebis ufleba, risi Sedegicaa inglisSi samoqalaqo kodeqsis tradiciisCamoyalibeba. XVI <strong>da</strong> XVII saukuneebSi, absolutizmis batonobisas, kanonis uzenaesobaufro irRveo<strong>da</strong>, vidre <strong>da</strong>culi iyo, magram idea xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>morCilebisa gareSezRudvebisadmi ZalaSi rCebo<strong>da</strong>: `Non sub homine sed sub Deo et lege~ (`ara kacis, aramedRvTisa <strong>da</strong> kanonis qveSevrdomoba~). kanonis uzenaesobis tradiciam safuZveli Cauyarakonstitucionalizmsa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebs, maT Soris, kerZo sakuTrebis uflebas,ukanonobis winaaRmdeg brZolas. sxva civilizaciaTa umravlesobaSi kanoni gacilebiTnakleb rols TamaSob<strong>da</strong> cnobierebisa <strong>da</strong> qceves CamoyalibebaSi.socialuri pluralizmi. tradiciulad, <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoeba pluralisturiiyo. rogorc doiCi SeniSnav<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>savleTs gamoarCevs `sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva avtonomiuri jgufisarseboba <strong>da</strong> simyare, romlebic ar arian <strong>da</strong>myarebuli sisxlismier naTesaobaze anqorwinebaze~. VI <strong>da</strong> VII saukuneebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli, aseT jgufebs Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveladwarmoadgendnen monastrebi, samonastro ordenebi, gildiebi, SemdgomSi evropisaraerT kuTxeSi maT moicves mravali sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gaerTianeba <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba.gaerTianebaTa pluralizms SemdgomSi klasobrivi pluralizmi <strong>da</strong>emata. <strong>da</strong>savleTevropuli sazogadoebebis umravlesobaSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Zlieri <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli aristokratia, soliduri fena glexobis saxiT <strong>da</strong> mcirericxovani,magram mniSvnelovani klasi vaWrebisa. evropul sazogadoebaTa umravlesobaSifeo<strong>da</strong>luri arsitokratiis Zliereba mTavari mizezi iyo imisa, rom iq absolutizmisfexis mokideba SeuZlebeli xdebo<strong>da</strong>. evropuli pluralizmis gageba diametruladsapirisporoa samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saRaribis, aristokratiis sisustisa <strong>da</strong>42
centralizebuli biourokratiuli imperiebis siZlierisa, romlebic ruseTis <strong>da</strong>CineTis realobaSi arsebob<strong>da</strong>, iseve rogorc TurqeTis samflobeloebsa <strong>da</strong> sxvaara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebebSi.warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi. socialurma pluralizmma imTaviTve misca<strong>da</strong>sabami kerZo sakuTrebas, parlaments <strong>da</strong> sxva institutebs, romlebSic warmodgeniliiyo aristokratiis, samRvdeloebis, vaWrebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva fenebis interesebi. amorganoebSi warmomadgenlobis <strong>for</strong>mebi, modernizaciis kval<strong>da</strong>kval, gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnenTanamedrove demokratiul institutebad. absolutizmis periodSi zogi maTganisaerTod gaauqmes an mniSvnelovnad SezRudes. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad aseTi SemTxvevebisa, esinstitutebi mTavar saSualebas warmodgen<strong>da</strong> politikur cxovrebaSi xalxis farTomonawileobis uzrunvelsayofad. arc erT Tanamedrove civilizacias ar aqvswarmoamdgenlobiTi organoebis arsebobis msgavsi aTaswlovani gamocdileba. jerkidev IX saukuni<strong>da</strong>n adgilobriv doneze, italiis qalaqebSi, <strong>da</strong>iwyo moZraobaTviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, romelic Semdgom CrdiloeTiT gavrcel<strong>da</strong>, `aiZuleb<strong>da</strong> raepiskoposebs, adgilobriv baronebs <strong>da</strong> sxva warCinebulebs, burJuebisTvisacgaeziarebinaT, <strong>da</strong> xSirad, bolos mTlianad <strong>da</strong>eTmoT Zalaufleba~. saxalxowarmomadgenlobas nacionalur doneze SemdgomSi <strong>da</strong>emata avtonomiurobis xarisxiadgilobriv doneze, rac arnaxuli movlenaa msoflios sxva regionebisaTvis.individualizmi. <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis bevrma zemoT CamoTvlilma elementmabiZgi misca individualizmis, pirovnebis uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis ideas, racunikaluri movlenaa civilizebuli sazogadoebebisaTvis. individualizmi ganviTar<strong>da</strong>XIV-XV saukuneebSi; XVII saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>savleTSi mox<strong>da</strong> Tavisufali arCevanis uflebisaRiareba, rasac doiCi `romeo <strong>da</strong> julietas revolucias~ uwodeb<strong>da</strong>. yvelaa<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis Tanabari uflebebi (`uRatakesi kacic inglisSi iseve imsaxurebssicocxles, rogorc umdidresi~), Tu sayovelTaod ar xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>, xazi maincgansakuTrebiT esmebo<strong>da</strong>. individualizmi meoce saukuneSi arsebul civilizaciebsSoris <strong>da</strong>savleTis erT-erT gamorCeul niSan-Tvisebad rCeba. am sakiTxTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul erT-erTi gamokvleviT, romelSic 50 qveynis monacemebi iyowarmodgenili, individualizmis umaRlesi indeqsis mqone qveyanaTa pirveli oceulimoicav<strong>da</strong> yvela <strong>da</strong>savlur qveyanas, portugaliis <strong>da</strong> aseve israelis gamoklebiT.individualizmisa <strong>da</strong> koleqtivizmis meore kroskulturuli gamokvlevis avtormaaseve xazi gausva <strong>da</strong>savleTSi individualizmis dominirebas, <strong>da</strong>narCen msoflioSiarsebuli situaciisgan gansxvavebiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c ufro koleqtivizmi ikveTeba <strong>da</strong> aRniSna,rom `Rirebulebani, romlebic <strong>da</strong>savleTSi umniSvnelovanesia, <strong>da</strong>narCen msoflioSiyvelaze naklebmniSvnelovania~. <strong>da</strong>savlelebica <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlelebic isev <strong>da</strong> isevindividualizms miiCneven <strong>da</strong>savleTis mTavar ganmasxvavebel niSnad.zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebi ar warmoadgens <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciisganmasxvavebeli niSnebis amomwurav CamonaTvals. arc imis Tqma msurs, rom esmaxasiaTeblebi <strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis <strong>da</strong> yvelgan arsebob<strong>da</strong>. ra Tqmaun<strong>da</strong>, es ase ar yofila: <strong>da</strong>savleTis istoriaSi araerTi despotia cnobili, romelicugulebelyof<strong>da</strong> kanonis uzenaesobas <strong>da</strong> auqmeb<strong>da</strong> warmomadgenlobiT organoebs.zemoT CamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebebis miCneva <strong>da</strong>savleTis maxasiaTeblebad aseve arniSnavs, rom isini sxva civilizaciebSi ar arsebobs. cxadia, arsebobs. magaliTad,yurani <strong>da</strong> SariaTi warmoadgenen muslimuri sazogadoebebis ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblobazaa; iaponias <strong>da</strong> indoeTs, <strong>da</strong>savleTis msgavsad, aqvT klasobrivi sistema (<strong>da</strong>,savaraudod, swored amis gamo arian isini oradori didi ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoeba,romlebic demokratiul mTavrobas irCeven nebismieri vadiT). saTiTaod aRebuli, arcerTi es niSan-Tviseba ar iyo unikaluri mxolod <strong>da</strong>savleTisaTvis, mxolod maTi43
erToblioba qmni<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis gansxvavebul saxes. es ideebi, tradiciebi <strong>da</strong>institutebi ufro mZlavrad iyo warmodgenili <strong>da</strong>savleTSi, vidre sxvacivilizaciebSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, isini qmnian mTavar, mudmiv birTvs <strong>da</strong>savluricivilizaciisa. swored maTgan gamomdinareobs <strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong>savluroba <strong>da</strong> aramodernuloba. amavdroulad, isini warmoadgenen faqtorebs, romlebmac <strong>da</strong>savleTssaSualeba misca modernizebuliyo <strong>da</strong> am procesis avangardSi Camdgariyo msofliomasStabiT.universaluri civilizacia: mniSvnelobebixSirad amtkiceben, rom Tanamedrove samyaro mowmea `universaluri civilizaciis~Sobisa (es termini v.s.naipols ekuTvnis). ras gulisxmoben am terminSi? naipolis ideazoga<strong>da</strong>d gulisxmobs kacobriobis kulturul gaerTianebas, mTeli msoflios xalxebismier saerTo faseulobebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, orientaciebis, tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong>institutebis gaziarebas. ufro zustad, es SeiZleba gulisxmobdes siRrmiseul,magram umniSvnelo, an mniSvnelovan, magram arasiRrmiseul mxareebs, an sulac _umniSvnelosa <strong>da</strong> ze<strong>da</strong>piruls.pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs aqvTgarkveuli ZiriTadi Rirebulebani _ rogoricaa, magaliTad, mkvlelobisborotebasTan gaigiveba; saerTo sabazo institutebi _ magaliTad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxiTwarmodgenili ojaxis instituti. sazogadoebaTa umravlesobas erTmaneTis msgavsi`moraluri kodeqsi~ aqvs — elementaruli zneobrivi warmodgena imaze, Tu ra ariskargi <strong>da</strong> ra aris cudi. Tu `universaluri civilizaciis~ cnebaSi es azria Cadebuli, igiRrma <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovania, magram, amave dros, es arc axalia <strong>da</strong> arc aqtualuri. is faqti,rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebs aqvT ramdenime saerTo fun<strong>da</strong>menturi Rirebuleba <strong>da</strong> instituti mTeliistoriis ganmavlobaSi, SeiZleba gvixsnides a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevis garkveul konstantebs,magram mas ar ZaluZs Suqi mohfinos an axsnas istoria, romelic savsea a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevaSimomx<strong>da</strong>ri cvlilebebiT. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, Tu mTeli kacobriobisaTvis saerTouniversaluri civilizacia arsebobs, maSin ra termins viyenebT kacobriobis didikulturuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebebis aRsaniSnavad, rasebis gar<strong>da</strong>? kacobrioba iyofaqvejgufebad — tomebad, erebad <strong>da</strong> ufro farTo kulturul erTobebad, romelTaccivilizacia ewodeba. Tu civilizaciis cneba ayvanilia mTeli kacobriobis aRmniSvnelgagebamde, maSin an udidesi kulturuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebis _ kacobriobis _ aRmniSvneliaxali termini un<strong>da</strong> gamovigonoT, an un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom es didi, magram arakacobriobis masStabis mqone <strong>da</strong>jgufebebi gaqreba. magaliTad, vaclav haveli,amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom ` Cven axla vcxovrobT erT globalur civilizaciaSi~ <strong>da</strong> rom igi sxva`araferia, Tu ara Txeli saburveli~, romelic `faravs an malavs <strong>kultura</strong>Ta, xalxTa,religiaTa samyaroebis udides mravalferovnebas, istoriul tradiciebsa <strong>da</strong>istoriulad Camoyalibebul Sexedulebebs; yvelaferi es, garkveuli azriT, missafarqveSaa moqceuli~. `civilizaciis~ terminisaTvis globaluri mniSvnelobisminiWeba, xolo im didi kulturuli erTobebis `kulturis~ an `subcivilizaciis~saxeliT moxsenieba, romlebic yovelTvis civilizaciebad iwodebo<strong>da</strong>, mxolod <strong>da</strong>mxolod terminebis semantikur aRrevas Tu gamoiwvevs.meore, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom `universaluri civilizacia~ SeiZlebagamoiyenebodes im elementebis aRsaniSnavad, romelTa arseboba <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeliacivilizebuli sazogadoebebisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qalaqebi <strong>da</strong>ganaTlebuloba — is, rac ganarCevs maTgan pirvelyofil sazogadoebebsa <strong>da</strong>barbarosebs. es, cxadia, terminis meTvramete saukuniseuli gagebaa, romeliccivilizaciis mxolobiT ricxvs gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong> romlis mixedviT, universaluri44
civilizacia perspeqtivis saqmea, anTropologebisa <strong>da</strong> pirvelyofili sazogadoebebisbediT Sewuxebuli xalxis saubedurod. am gagebiT, civilizacia, kacobriobis istoriismsvlelobis kvalobaze, Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT farTovdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi (mxolobiT ricxvSi)gavrceleba Tavsebadi iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva civilizaciis (mravlobiT ricxvSi) arsebobasTan.mesame, termini `universaluri civilizacia~ SeiZleba aRniSnavdes warmodgenebs,faseulobebsa <strong>da</strong> doqtrinebs, romlebic saerToa bevri a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis <strong>da</strong>savlurcivilizaciaSi <strong>da</strong> zogierTebisaTvis _ sxva civilizaciebSi. amas SeiZleba `<strong>da</strong>vosis<strong>kultura</strong>~ vuwodoT. yovelwliurad aTasamde bankiri, biznesmeni, saxelmwifo moxele,moazrovne Tu Jurnalisti mTeli rigi qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n ikribeba msoflio ekonomikur<strong>for</strong>umze <strong>da</strong>vosSi, SveicariaSi. TiTqmis yovel maTgans aqvs universitetis diplomisabunebismetyvelo <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi, biznesSi, samarTalSi, isiniikvleven sityvebsa Tu ricxvebs, Tavisuflad floben inglisur enas, <strong>da</strong>saqmebuliarian saxelmwifo organoebSi, korporaciebsa <strong>da</strong> aqtiur saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSiCambul samecniero <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi, xSirad mogzauroben sakuTari qveynis sazRvrebsgareT. isini, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, iziareben saerTo warmodgenebs indvidualizmze, sabazroekonomikasa <strong>da</strong> politikur demokratiaze, rac <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia <strong>da</strong>savluricivilizaciis sazogadoebisaTvis. `<strong>da</strong>vosis xalxi~ akontrolebs, faqtobrivad, yvelasaerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>wesebulebas, mravali qveynis mTavrobas <strong>da</strong> msoflios ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>samxedro potencialis met wils. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, `<strong>da</strong>vosis <strong>kultura</strong>~ uaRresadmniSvnelovania. meore mxriv, ramdeni a<strong>da</strong>miani iziarebs am <strong>kultura</strong>s msofliomasStabiT? <strong>da</strong>savleTs gareT, albaT, 50 mln-ze naklebi, anu msoflios mosaxleobis 1procenti. igi sakmaod Sors aris imisgan, rom universaluri <strong>kultura</strong> iyos, <strong>da</strong>liderebs, romlebic ekuTvnian `<strong>da</strong>vosis <strong>kultura</strong>s~, yovelTvis rodi aqvT myari<strong>da</strong>sayrdeni sakuTar sazogadoebebSi. rogorc hedli buli aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, `es saerTointeleqtualuri <strong>kultura</strong> mxolod elituri movlenaa: bevr sazogadoebaSi misifesvebi friad myifea... saeWvoa, rom igi Seezrdeba imas, rasac saerTo zneobrivprincipebs, saerTo faseulobebs uwodeben <strong>da</strong> rac esoden gansxvavebulia saerTointeleqtualuri kulturisagan.~meoTxe, miRebuli azria, rom <strong>da</strong>savlur warmodgenaTa sistemebisa <strong>da</strong> popularulikulturis sayovelTao gavrceleba mTels msoflioSi universalur civilizaciasqmnis. es mosazreba arc Rrmaa <strong>da</strong> arc mniSvnelovani. kulturuli siaxleebicivilizacii<strong>da</strong>n civilizacias ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong> mTeli istoriis manZilze. erTicivilizaciis wiaRSi gaCenil inovacias, rogorc wesi, meore civilizacia iTvisebs.Tumca aq laparakia teqnikur siaxleebze, romlebsac ar mohyveba didi kulturuligar<strong>da</strong>texebi an siaxleebi; isini warmavalia, <strong>da</strong> ar cvlian mimRebi civilizaciisZiriTad <strong>kultura</strong>s. am siaxleebs recipienti civilizacia iTvisebs egzotikurobis aniZulebis gamo. gasul saukuneebSi <strong>da</strong>savlur samyaros periodulad ga<strong>da</strong>uvli<strong>da</strong> xolmeCinuri <strong>da</strong> induri kulturis garkveuli elementebiT gamowveuli enTuziazmis talRa.XIX saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis kulturuli siaxleebi popularuli gax<strong>da</strong> indoeTsa <strong>da</strong>CineTSi, radgan iq SeimCneo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi loialuroba. mosazreba, TiTqospopularuli kulturisa <strong>da</strong> samomxmareblo saqonlis mTels msoflioSi gavrceleba<strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis triumfia, aufasurebs kidec Tavad <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>kultura</strong>s.<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis arsia Magna carta (Tavisuflebis didi qartia), <strong>da</strong> ara Magna Mak(didi sendviCi). is faqti, rom ara<strong>da</strong>savlelma SeiZleba es ukanaskneli miirTvas, sulacar niSnavs, rom misTvis misaRebia sxva faseulobebic.es srulia<strong>da</strong>c ar gamoxatavs ara<strong>da</strong>savlelis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi.sadRac axlo aRmosavleTSi eqvsiode axalgazr<strong>da</strong> SeiZleba jinsebSi iyos gamowyobili,koka-kolas svamdes, reps usmendes, amave dros ki, locvebs Soris, romelTac isini45
meqisaken pirSeqceuli aRavlenen, bombs amzadebdnen amerikuli samgzavroTviTmfrinavis asafeTqeblad. 1970-ian <strong>da</strong> 1980-ian wlebSi amerikelebi yovelgvari`iaponizirebis~ gareSe moixmardnen milionobiT iaponur manqanas, televizors,kameras <strong>da</strong> eleqtronul xelsawyos, metic _ es yvelaferi iaponiisadmi antagonisturi<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis fonze xdebo<strong>da</strong>. mxolod gulubryvilo ampartavnoba Tuafiqrebinebs <strong>da</strong>savlelebs, rom ara<strong>da</strong>savlelebi `vesternizdebian~ <strong>da</strong>savlurisaqonlis SeZenis Sedegad. marTlac<strong>da</strong> sasaciloa, rodesac <strong>da</strong>savlelebi TavianTcivilizacias aigiveben SuSxuna sasmelebTan, gaxunebul jinsebTan <strong>da</strong> sendviCTan.universaluri popularuli kulturis ufro <strong>da</strong>xvewili versia yuradRebasamaxvilebas ara samomxmareblo saqonelze, ara koka-kolaze, aramed mediasa <strong>da</strong>holivudze. amerikis gavlena msoflio kinoze, televiziasa <strong>da</strong> konoproduqciazeaRemateba kidec amerikis poziciebs saaviacio mrewvelobaSi. 1993 wlis monacemebismixedviT, 100 yvelaze popularuli filmi<strong>da</strong>n 88 amerikuli iyo. ori amerikuli <strong>da</strong> orievropuli organizacia dominirebs globaluri masStabiT axali ambebis mopovebasa <strong>da</strong>gavrcelebaSi. aq erTmaneTisgan un<strong>da</strong> gavmijnoT ori movlena. pirveli _ esaasayovelTao moTxovnileba produqciaze, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia siyvarulTan,seqsTan, ZaladobasTan, idumal ambebTan, gmirobasTan, simdiresTan; agreTve mogebazeorientirebuli kompaniebis (pirvel rigSi, amerikuli) unari _ gamoiyenon esmoTxovnileba sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad. Zalian cotaa an saerTod ar arsebobsargumenti imis sasargeblod, rom vifiqroT, TiTqos globaluri komunikaciissaSualebaTa gasayovelTaoebas gamoewvios mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi a<strong>da</strong>mianTawarmodgenebsa <strong>da</strong> rwmenaSi. `garToba~, ambob<strong>da</strong> maikl vlaxosi, `sulac ar niSnavskulturuli saxis Secvlas.~ meore: a<strong>da</strong>mianebi siaxleebs aRiqvamen imTaviTvegansazRvruli Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong> Tvalsawieris pozicii<strong>da</strong>n (e.i. Taviseburad). `erTi <strong>da</strong>igive vizualuri gamosaxulebis gadmocema planetis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxeSi~, amtkicebskiSore mahbubani, `sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanair aRqmas iwvevs. <strong>da</strong>savleTSi aplodismentebiTSexvdebian mfrinavi raketebiT baR<strong>da</strong>dis <strong>da</strong>bombvis kadrebs, xolo sxvebi <strong>da</strong>inaxaven,rom feradkaniani erayelebi <strong>da</strong> somalelebi, TeTrkaniani serbebisagan gansxvavebiT,ufro metad isjebian <strong>da</strong>savleTis mier — sagangaSo signalia yvela TvalsazrisiT.~globaluri kavSiris saSualebebi <strong>da</strong>savluri gavlenis yvelaze mniSvnelovaniTanamedrove gamoxatulebaa. Tumca, es ukanaskneli saSualebas aZlevs ara<strong>da</strong>savlursazogadoebaTa populist politikosebs, lanZRon <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturuliimperializmi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>razmon TavianTi sazogadoebebi gaqrobis piras myofi sakuTarikulturebis erTianobis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis. globalur komunikaciaTasferoSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis gavlenis masStabebi <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaTamtruli <strong>da</strong> uaryofiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis mTavar wyarod (mizezad) gvevlineba. metic,1990-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaTa <strong>modernizacia</strong>m <strong>da</strong>ekonomikurma ganviTarebam ganapiroba adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> regionuli mediaindustriisgaCena, romlis muSaoba gaTvlili iyo iqauri sazogadoebebis gemovnebaze. magaliTad,1994 wels, CNN International <strong>da</strong>adgina, rom mas hyav<strong>da</strong> 55 milioniani potenciurimayurebeli, anu msoflio mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1 procenti (saocaria, rom esraodenoba emTxveva `<strong>da</strong>vosis kulturis~ matarebeli xalxis raodenobas), mismaprezidentma ki ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom inglisurenovanma ga<strong>da</strong>cemebma, sabolood, SeiZlebabazris mxolo 2-4 procenti Seadginos. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, regionuli (e.i. civilizaciuri)telekompaniebi <strong>da</strong>iwyeben ga<strong>da</strong>cemebs espanurad, iaponurad, arabulad, frangulad(<strong>da</strong>savleT afrikisaTvis) <strong>da</strong> sxva enebze. `globalur re<strong>da</strong>qcias~, sami mkvlevris<strong>da</strong>skvniT, `kvlav ewinaaRmdegeba babilonis godoli~. ronald dors moyavsdiplomatiur wreebsa <strong>da</strong> sazogado moRvaweebSi globaluri inteleqtualuri46
kulturis gaCenis STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi magaliTi, Tumca sabolood midis avtoritetul<strong>da</strong>skvnamde, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia komunikaciebis intensifikaciis gavlenasTan:`rogorc wesi [xazgasma avtoris], komunikaciebis SemWidroebam <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xvewam un<strong>da</strong>uzrunvelyos safuZveli urTierTobaTa <strong>da</strong>TbobisaTvis naciebs Soris, sul cota _saSualo klasebs Soris, an, Tun<strong>da</strong>c, diplomatiur wreebSi~, Tumca, <strong>da</strong>sZens igi, `wesiyovelTvis ar wesobs.~ena. nebismieri kulturisa Tu civilizaciis mTavari elementi aris ena <strong>da</strong> religia.Tu universaluri civilizacia iqmneba, maSin un<strong>da</strong> SeimCneodes universaluri enisa <strong>da</strong>universaluri religiis Seqmnis tendenciebi. msgavsi mosazreba xSirad gvesmis enasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. `msoflio enas inglisuri warmoadgens~, rogorc es `uol stritjornalis~ re<strong>da</strong>qtorma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>. aq SeiZleba ori ram vigulixmoT, romelTaganmxolod erTi Tu amarTlebs mosazrebas universaluri civilizaciis arsebobis TugaCenis Taobaze. SeiZleba, es niSnavdes, rom msoflios mosaxleobis mzardi nawililaparakobs inglisurad. araviTari mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs am mosazrebissasargeblod, <strong>da</strong> yvelaze ufro sando monacemebi, romelic, marTalia, ver iqneba sulzusti, sruliad sawinaaRmdegos gviCvenebs. sam aTwleulze ufro xangrZlivi periodis(1958-1992 ww.) monacemebi metyvelebs, rom enis moxmarebis saerTo suraTi bolo wlebSimsoflioSi kardinalurad ar Secvlila, sagrZnoblad Semcir<strong>da</strong> inglisurad,frangulad, germanulad, rusulad <strong>da</strong> iaponurad molaparake xalxis wili, mcire klebaSeimCneva man<strong>da</strong>rinis dialeqtze molaparake xalxis saerTo wilisa, mateba _ indurad,malai-indoneziurad, arabulad, bengalurad, espanurad, portugaliurad <strong>da</strong> sxvaenebze molaparake xalxisa. 1958 wels saerTaSoriso enebs Soris (romelzec, sul cota,1 milioni a<strong>da</strong>miani laparakobs) inglisurad molaparakeTa procentuli maCvenebelimsoflios mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 9.8 precents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1992wlisaTvis misi wili 7.6 procentamde Semcir<strong>da</strong> (ix. cxrili 3.1).wyaro: procentuli monacemebi gamoTvlilia prof.sidni s.qiulbertis (q.sietlisvaSingtonis universiteti, fsiqologiis kaTedra) mier Tavmoyrili masalissafuZvelze. yovelwliuri gamocema World Almanac and Book of Facts gvawvdis monacemebs,Tu ramdeni a<strong>da</strong>miani saubrobs enebze, romlebze molaparakeTa ricxvi milionia anmilions aWarbebs. qiulbertis monacemebSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> rogorc mSobliur, asevearamSobliur enaze molaparake xalxi. masalebi Segrovebulia mosaxleobis aRwerebis,SerCeviTi <strong>da</strong> saeTero gamokiTxvebis, aseve mosaxleobis zrdis maCveneblebis <strong>da</strong>skolebis mixedviT.xuT ZiriTad evropul enaze (inglisuri, franguli, germanuli, portugaliuri,espanuri) molaparakeTa raodenoba, 1958 wlis monacemebiT, msoflios mosaxleobissaerTo raodenobis 24.1 procents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1992 wlisaTvis am maCvenebelma 20.8procentamde iklo. 1992 wels, uxeSad rom viangariSoT, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT orjer metia<strong>da</strong>miani laparakob<strong>da</strong> Cinurad (msoflios mosaxleobis 15.2 procenti), vidreinglisurad, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiT kidev 3.6 procenti saubrob<strong>da</strong> Cinuris sxva versiebze (ix.cxrili 3.2).erTis mxriv, ena, romelic msoflios mosaxleobis 92 procentisaTvis ucxoa, veriqneba msoflio ena. Tumca, meore mxriv, Cven SeiZleba mas ase vuwodoT, radgan es arisena, romelsac msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enobrivi jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturebis xalxi iyenebserTmaneTTan urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myarebisaTvis, anu is realurad msoflios lingua franka-a_ lingvisturi termini rom moviSvelioT, farTo saurTierTobo enas warmoadgnes. Tua<strong>da</strong>mianebs surT erTmaneTTan urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myareba, un<strong>da</strong> gamonaxon saamiso47
saSualeba. garkveul etapze maT, SeiZleba, mimarTon profesionalebs, romlebicTavisuflad floben or an met enas Tarjimnobisa <strong>da</strong> mTargnelobiTi saqmianobisaTvis.Tumca es friad mouxerxebelia, mas didi dro <strong>da</strong> xarji sWirdeba. swored amis gamo,istoriis ganmavlobaSi Cndebo<strong>da</strong> lingua frank-ebi: laTinuri antikur <strong>da</strong> Suasaukuneebis samyaroSi, franguli _ <strong>da</strong>savleTSi ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi,zvahiluri _ afrikis mraval kuTxeSi, inglisuri _ msoflios umravles adgilebSi XXsaukunis meore naxevarSi. diplomatebs, biznesmenebs, mecnierebs, turistebs <strong>da</strong> maTmosamsaxure personals, aseve samgzavro TviTmfrinavis pilotebs <strong>da</strong> sahaerodispetCerebs sWirdebaT mosaxerxebeli saSualeba urTierTobisaTvis, romelicamJamad inglisuris meSveobiT xorcieldeba.am azriT, inglisuri msoflios <strong>kultura</strong>TSorisi urTierTobis saSualebaa, iseverogorc qristianuli kalen<strong>da</strong>ri warmoadgens msofliosaTvis drois gansazRvrissaSualebas, arabuli ricxvebi _ Tvlis saSualebas, metruli sistema ki _ umetesimsofliosaTvis _ gazomvis safuZvels. am gagebiT, inglisuri enis gamoyenebainterkulturuli urTierTobis sferos moicavs; igi iTvaliswinebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva,erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli kulturebis arsebobas. lingua franka enobrivi <strong>da</strong>kulturuli gansxvavebebis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis, <strong>da</strong> ara maTi mospobis saSualebaa. igiurTierTobis xerxia, <strong>da</strong> ara sakuTari meobisa <strong>da</strong> garkveuli sazogadoebisadmikuTvnilebis gansazRvris saSualeba. rodesac iaponeli bankiri <strong>da</strong> indonezielibiznesmeni erTmaneTs inglisurad elaparakebian, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom romelimemaTgani gaingliselebuli an vesternizirebulia. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT germanulad <strong>da</strong>frangulad molaparake Sveicarielebze, romlebic erTmaneTTan ufro inglisuradlaparaks amjobineben, vidre romelime maT saxelmwifo enaze. aseve, indoeTSi, nerusgegmebis sawinaaRmdegod, inglisuris, rogorc <strong>da</strong>mxmare-saurTierTobo enisSenarCuneba miuTiTebs indoeTSi mcxovrebi ara-hindis enaze molaparake xalxissurvilze, SeinarCunon sakuTari ena <strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>, aramed imis saWiroebaze, romindoeTi mravalenovan sazogadoebad <strong>da</strong>rCes.rogorc wamyvanma mkvlevarma-lingvistma joSua fiSmenma aRniSna, ufrosavaraudoa, lingua franka-d anu farTo saurTierTobo enad (LWC) iqces is ena, romelicnakleba<strong>da</strong>a gaigivebuli konkretul eTnikur jgufTan, religiasa Tu ideologiasTan.warsulSi inglisuri ena <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo zemoT xsenebul faqtorebTan. bolo drosigi `deeTnizebuli (an minimalurad eTnizebuli)~ gax<strong>da</strong>, rogorc es warsulSi aqaduri,arameuli, berZnuli Tu laTinuri enebis SemTxvevebSi mox<strong>da</strong>. `inglisurs, rogorc<strong>da</strong>mxmare (meorad) enas, kargi bedi <strong>da</strong>hyva, ris <strong>da</strong>sturicaa is faqti, rom arc erTi misiwyaro _ arc britanuli <strong>da</strong> arc amerikuli, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT bolo meoTxedi saukunismanZilze, ar ganixileba farTod <strong>da</strong> aSkarad eTnikur <strong>da</strong> ideologiur konteqstSi~[xazgasma avtoris]. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, inglisuri enis gamoyeneba <strong>kultura</strong>TSorisurTierTobebSi xels uwyobs <strong>da</strong> aZlierebs kidec cakleul xalxTa kulturulidenturobebs. swored imis gamo, rom xalxs surs sakuTari kulturis SenarCuneba, sxvakulturis warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobisas igi iyenebs inglisur enas.mTel msoflioSi inglisurad molaparake xalxi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanair inglisurzesaubrobs. inglisuri avtoqtonizebulia <strong>da</strong> iZens adgilobriv Seferilobas, riTicSordeba britanul <strong>da</strong> amerikul inglisurs, ukidures SemTxvevebSi _ imdena<strong>da</strong>c ki,rom maT ukve aRar esmiT erTmaneTis, iseve, rogorc es Cinuri enis dialeqtebisSemTxvevaSi xdeba. nigeriuli inglisuri pijini, induri inglisuri <strong>da</strong> inglisuris sxvavariantebi Serwymulni arian TavianT maspinZel kulturebs; savaraudod, maTidiferencirebis procesi momavalSi ufro gaRrmavdeba, ise, rom isini ga<strong>da</strong>iqcevian48
inglisuris monaTesave, magram sxva (calke) enebad, iseve, rogorc laTinuri<strong>da</strong>naRmocendnen romanuli enebi. Tumca italiuri, franguli <strong>da</strong> espanuri enebisagangansxvavebiT, es inglisuri<strong>da</strong>n nawarmoebi enebi sazogadoebis mxolod mcire nawilismier iqneba gamoyenebuli, an kidev maT gamoiyeneben, umTavresad, calkeulilingvisturi jgufebis urTierTobebSi.swored msgavs procesebs SeiZleba mivadevnoT Tvali indoeTSi. magaliTad,arazusti cnobebiT, 1983 wels iq, 733 milionian mosaxleobaSi, 18 milioni inglisuradmolaparake a<strong>da</strong>miani cxovrob<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1991 wlisaTvis, 867 milioniani mosaxleobi<strong>da</strong>n20 milioni metyveleb<strong>da</strong> inglisurad. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, indoeTis mosaxleobaSi inglisuradmolaparakeTa wili Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mdgradi iyo (2-4 procentis farglebSi). viwro elituriwreebis gareT inglisuri ena lingua franka-s funqcias arc asrulebs. `simarTle isaa, romrodesac vinme kaSmiri<strong>da</strong>n kaniakumarisken (indoeTis naxevarkunZulis yvelazesamxreTi wertili) miemgzavreba, kavSiri, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, hindis, <strong>da</strong> ara inglisuri enismeSveobiT xorcieldeba~, — acxadebs niu delis universitetis inglisuri enis oriprofesori. metic, induri inglisuri TavisTavad iZens araerT gamorCeulmaxasiaTebels: igi induizebul iqna, ufro zustad ki man, sivrcis cvlilebiskvalobaze, lokaluri Tvisebebi SeiZina. inglisuri erwymis indur <strong>kultura</strong>s iseve,rogorc es warsulSi mox<strong>da</strong> sanskritTan <strong>da</strong> sparsul enasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.istorii<strong>da</strong>n cnobilia, rom enis ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba asaxav<strong>da</strong> Zalebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebasmsoflioSi. yvelaze farTod gamoyenebadi enebi _ inglisuri, man<strong>da</strong>rini, espanuri,franguli, arabuli, rusuli — arian an iyvnen imperiul saxelmwifoTa enebi, romlebicmondomebiT cdilobdnen imas, rom am enaze sxva xalxebic ametyvelebuliyvnen.cvlilebebi ZalTa TanafardobaSi gavlenas axdens enebis gamoyenebaze. `britaneTis <strong>da</strong>amerikis koloniurma, savaWro, industriulma, samecniero <strong>da</strong> finansurma ZalauflebamsagrZnobi <strong>da</strong>Ri <strong>da</strong>amCnia umaRles saganmanaTleblo sistemas, saxelisuflommarTvelobas, vaWrobasa <strong>da</strong> teqnologias msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxeSi~. britaneTi <strong>da</strong>safrangeTi moiTxovdnen maTi enebis gamoyenebas koloniebSi. Tumca <strong>da</strong>moukideblobismopovebis Semdeg yofil koloniaTa umravlesoba, garkveuli aqtiurobiTa <strong>da</strong>sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva warmatebiT, Seeca<strong>da</strong> imperiuli enis Secvlas adgilobrivi eniT. sabWoTakavSiris zenitSi yofnis dros rusuli ena saerTaSoriso enas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> praRi<strong>da</strong>nmoyolebuli hanoimde. ruseTis Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>mcrobis paralelurad, aRiniSnarusulis, rogorc meoradi enis gamoyenebis Semcireba. rac Seexeba kulturis sxvaelementebs, mzard zewolas Tan sdevs rogorc mSobliur enaze molaparakeTaTviT<strong>da</strong>jerebuloba, ise stimuli sxvebisaTvis _ aiTvison igi. berlinis kedlis<strong>da</strong>ngrevis Semdgom Tabru<strong>da</strong>mxvev periodSi germania moiazrebo<strong>da</strong> axal gigantad,SeimCneo<strong>da</strong> tendencia, rom inglisurad sufTad molaparake germanels saerTaSorisoSexvedrebze germanulad elaparaka. iaponiis ekonomikurma Zlierebam stimuli miscaiaponuris swavlas araiaponelTa mier; CineTis ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>winaurebac igivetendenciebs ganapirobebs. Cinuri ena aqtiurad ikavebs inglisuris dominanturpozicias hong-kongSi. miecaT ra gasaqani CineTis sazRvars gareT mcxovreb CinelebssamxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi, Cinuri ga<strong>da</strong>iqca enad, romelzec iwarmoeba regionisumravlesi saerTaSoriso biznes-garigebebi. sxva civilizaciebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<strong>da</strong>savleTis zegavlenis <strong>da</strong>kargvis Tanadroulad, inglisuris <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>savluri enebisgamoyeneba sxva sazogadoebebSi <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebaTa Soris urTierTobebSinel-nela Sesustdeba. Tu garkveul etapze, Sorul momavalSi, CineTi Caenacvleba<strong>da</strong>savleTs, rogorc msoflios wamyvan civilizacias, inglisuri <strong>da</strong>Tmobs poziciebsman<strong>da</strong>rinis, rogorc saerTaSoriso enis pirispir.49
koloniebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis brZolisa <strong>da</strong> misi mopovebis fonze,adgilobrivi enebis xelSewyoba <strong>da</strong> imperiuli enebis Seviwroeba nacionalisturielitebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>savleli kolonistebisagan sakuTari Tavis gansxvavebisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTariidenturobis gansazRvris erTi-erTi <strong>for</strong>ma iyo. <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg,meores mxriv, am sazogadoebaTa elitebs sur<strong>da</strong>T sakuTari Tavis gancalkevebasakuTarive sazogadoebebisagan. inglisuris, frangulis Tu sxva <strong>da</strong>savluri enissrulyofilad floba swored amis saSualebas iZleo<strong>da</strong>. amis Sedegia is, romara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaTa elitebs <strong>da</strong>savlelebTan <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTTan ufro eiolebaTurTierToba, vidre sakuTar sazogadoebasTan (igive situacia iyo XVII-XVIII saukuneebisevropul qveynebSi, romelTa aristokratebs advilad SeeZloT frangul enazekontaqtis <strong>da</strong>myareba erTmaneTTan, xolo sakuTari qveynis salaparako enas verflobdnen). ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebebSi ori saxis tendencia SeimCvneva. erTi mxriv,inglisuri sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sauniversiteto doneze, raTagamouSvan momzadebuli kadrebi, romlebic SeZleben savaWro <strong>da</strong> samomxmareblo(biznesi...) sferoSi saerTaSoriso konkurenciis pirobebSi nayofier moRvaweobas.meore mxriv, socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri zewola iwvevs adgilobrivi enebis SemosvlassayovelTao xmarebaSi. CrdiloeT afrikaSi arabuli frangul enas enacvleba,pakistanSi urdus ena saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo doneze uwevs konkurenciasinglisurs, adgilobrivenovani mediis saSualebebi Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT enacvlebainglisurenovan mediis saSualebebs indoeTSi. movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba jer kidev1948 wels iwinaswarmetyvela indoeTis ganaTlebis komisiam, rodesac acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom`inglisuris gamoyeneba... xalxs or nawilad yofs: mcirericxovan mmarTvelebad <strong>da</strong>mravalricxovan marTulebad. mmarTvelebi ar floben umravlesobis enas <strong>da</strong>,Sesabamisad, ver ugeben mas. ormoci wlis Semdeg inglisuris, rogorc elitis enismdgradobam gaamarTla winaswarmetyveleba, rom es gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> `arabunebrivisituaciis Seqmnas iq arsebuli demokratiis pirobebSi, romelic <strong>da</strong>myarebuliasrulwlovanTa saarCevno uflebebze... inglisurad molaparake indoeTi <strong>da</strong>politikurad aqtiuri indoeTi sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro Sordeba erTmaneTs~, es ki iwvevs`<strong>da</strong>Zabulobas inglisuris mcodne mmarTvel umciresobasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCen mraval milionsSoris, romelic SeiraRebulia saarCevno xmis uflebiT <strong>da</strong> romelic ar flobsinglisurs. ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebebSi demokratiuli institutebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisa<strong>da</strong> xelisuflebaSi iqauri xalxis ufro farTod warmodgenis fonze, <strong>da</strong>savluri enebismoxmareba iklebs, xolo adgilobrivi enebi sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.sabWoTa imperiisa <strong>da</strong> civi omis <strong>da</strong>sasrulma <strong>da</strong>Cagruli Tu <strong>da</strong>viwyebuli enebissayovelTao gavrceleba <strong>da</strong> gamococxleba gamoiwvia. mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi iqnagatarebuli yofil sabWoTa respublikaTa umravlesobaSi tradiciuli enebisasaRorZineblad. estonuri, latviuri, litvuri, ukrainuli, qarTuli <strong>da</strong> somxuriamJamad <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa nacionalur (saxelmwifo) enebs warmoadgenen.msgavsi enobrivi gamococxleba mox<strong>da</strong> muslimur respublikebSi: azerbaijanma,yirgizeTma, TurqmeneTma <strong>da</strong> uzbekeTma yofili rusi mCagvrelis `kirilicas~ SriftiTavianTi Turqi naTesavebis <strong>da</strong>savluri SriftiT Secvales, sparsulenovanmatajikeTma ki arabuli anbani SemoiRo. meores mxriv, serbebi amjerad TavianT enasufro serbuls uwodeben xolme, vidre serbul-xorvatuls <strong>da</strong> TavianTi kaTolikemtrebis <strong>da</strong>savluri anbani rusi naTesavebis anbaniT Secvales. maT msgavsad,xorvatebic amJamad TavianT enas xorvatuls uwodeben <strong>da</strong> cdiloben gawmindon igiTurquli <strong>da</strong> sxva ucxoenovani sityvebisagan. am dros ki `Turquli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> arabuli<strong>da</strong>nnasesxebi sityvebi _ balkaneTze TurqeTis imperiis 450 wliani arsebobis enobrivi<strong>da</strong>naleqi _ kvlav popularobas iZens~ bosniaSi. ena ga<strong>da</strong>ewyoba <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>sxvaferdeba50
imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iTxovs amas identurobis sakiTxi, civilizaciuriSeferiloba. didi Zalebis ngrevis nia<strong>da</strong>gze Rrmavdeba babilonizaciis procesi.religia. universaluri religiis Camoyalibebis albaTobis procenti di<strong>da</strong>d araRemateba universaluri enis Camoyalibebis Sansebs. meoce saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasruliaRiniSna mTels msoflioSi religiaTa sayovelTao aRorZinebiT. igi moicav<strong>da</strong>religiuri TviTSegnebis gaZlierebas <strong>da</strong> fun<strong>da</strong>mentalisturi moZraobebisgaaqtiurebas, ramac, Sesabamisad, gaaZliera religiaTa Soris gansxvavebani. esmaicn<strong>da</strong>mainc ar gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> msoflios mosaxleobis religiuri kuTvnilebis mkveTrcvlas. konfesiur mikuTvnebulobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli monacemebi kidev ufrofragmentuli <strong>da</strong> arasandoa, vidre enebisa. 3.3 cxrilSi mocemuli maCveneblebisayovelTaod cnobilia. es <strong>da</strong> sxva monacemebi imaze metyvelebs, rom am saukuneSisxva<strong>da</strong>sxva religiis mimdevarTa xvedriTi wili mkveTrad ar Secvlila. yvelaze ufromasStaburi iyo `arareligiurTa~ an `aTeistTa~ saxelis qveS klasificirebuli 0.2procentis (1900 w.) gazr<strong>da</strong> 20.9 procentamde 1980 wlisaTvis. savaraudod, esmaCvenebeli asaxav<strong>da</strong> mkveTr cvlilebas religiis sazianod; 1980 wels religiurigamoRviZeba mxolod iwyeb<strong>da</strong> Zalebis mokrebas. Tumca aramorwmuneTa 20.7 procentamdemateba zustad emTxveva `Cinuri xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebis (tradiciulireligiebis)~ klebas: 1900 w. igi 23.5 procents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1980 wels ammaCvenebelma 4.5 procentamde <strong>da</strong>iwia. am maCvenebelTa Tanabari zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kleba imazemiuTiTebs, rom komunizmis mosvlasTan erTad Cinuri xalxuri religiis mimdevariuzarmazari masa aTeistebad iqca.cxrili uCvenebs gasuli 80 wlis ganmavlobaSi ori didi prozelituri religiis,qristianobisa <strong>da</strong> islamis proporciebis zr<strong>da</strong>s msoflio mosaxleobaSi. 1900 wels<strong>da</strong>savleT qristianebi msoflio mosaxleobis 26.9 procents Seadgendnen, xolo 1980wels _ 30 procents. mulismTa wilma kidev ufro sagrZnoblad moimata: 1900wlisaTvis _ 12.4 procenti, 1980 wlisaTvis _ 16.5 procenti, xolo sxvaTa gamoTvliT,1980 wlisaTvis 18 procentsac ki gautol<strong>da</strong>. meoce saukunis bolo aTwleulSimniSvnelovnad gazar<strong>da</strong> islamisa <strong>da</strong> qristianobis mimdevarTa ricxvi afrikaSi,qristianobas gansakuTrebuli warmatebebi hqon<strong>da</strong> samxreT koreaSi. swrafadmodernizirebad sazogadoebebSi, Tu tradiciul rwmenas ar ZaluZs a<strong>da</strong>ptirebamodernizaciis moTxovnebTan, izrdeba qristianobis an islamis gavrcelebis albaToba.aseT sazogadoebebSi neoklasikosi ekonomistebi, demokratiis jvarosnebi antransnacionaluri korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebi <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis mTavargmirebad ki ara, aramed misionerebad arian warmodgenili. qalaqSi <strong>da</strong>saxlebulebisa <strong>da</strong>saSualo ganaTlebamiRebulTa pirveli Taobis fsiqologiur, emociur, moralur Tusocialur moTxovnilebebs verc a<strong>da</strong>m smiti <strong>da</strong>akamyofilebs <strong>da</strong> verc Tomas jefersoni;ieso qristes amis ukeTesi Sansi aqvs, Tumca igi maT, SeiZleba, saerTod ar SexvdeT.sabolood, gamarjvebuli mainc muhamedi rCeba. qristianoba vrceldeba, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, amsarwmunoebaze moqceviT, islami _ moqceviTa <strong>da</strong> gamravlebiT. qristianobam Tavis piks1980-ian wlebSi miaRwia (30 procenti), erT adgilze gaCer<strong>da</strong>, axla ki ukve klebulobs,xolo 2025 wlisaTvis, albaT, 25 procents miuaxlovdeba. gamravlebis maRaliprocentis gamo, msoflioSi muslimTa xvedriTi wili momavalSi kidev ufrogaizrdeba, saukuneTa gasayarze 20 procentamdec ki ava, ramdenime wlis SemdegqristianTa raodenobas ga<strong>da</strong>aWarbebs, xolo 2025 wlisaTvis 30 procentsacgautoldeba.51
universaluri civilizacia: wyaroebiuniversaluri civilizaciis cneba <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis kuTvnilebaa. XIXsaukunis idea `TeTri kacis sazrunavis~ Taobaze amarTleb<strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlursazogadoebebze <strong>da</strong>savleTis politikur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur batonobas. XX saukunismiwuruls ki universaluri civilizacia gamarTlebas uZebnis sxva sazogadoebebze<strong>da</strong>savleTis kulturul gavlenasa <strong>da</strong> maT mier <strong>da</strong>savluri wes-Cveulebebisa <strong>da</strong>institutebis upirobod aTvisebis aucileblobas. universalizmi <strong>da</strong>savleTis iaraRiaara<strong>da</strong>savlur kulturebTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebisaTvis. rogorc xSirad xdeba xolmemarginaluri <strong>da</strong> rwmenaSecvlili a<strong>da</strong>mianebis SemTxvevaSi, erTiani civilizaciis ideisyvelaze didi <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi <strong>da</strong>savleTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli xalxia, rogoricaa naipoli<strong>da</strong> fuad ajami, romelTaTvisac es cneba savsebiT <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli pasuxia mTavarkiTxvaze: `vin var me?~ `TeTri kacis negri~ — ase uwo<strong>da</strong> erTma arabma moazrovnem aseTmigrantebs. universaluri civilizaciis idea naklebad imsaxurebs mowonebas sxvacivilizaciebSi. ara<strong>da</strong>savleli <strong>da</strong>savlurs xe<strong>da</strong>vs imaSi, rasac <strong>da</strong>savleliuniversalurad miiCnevs. rasac <strong>da</strong>savlelebi nayofier globalur integraciasuwodebenen (magaliTad, msoflio mediis gavrceleba), ara<strong>da</strong>savlelebi gmoben, rogorcsaZulvel <strong>da</strong>savlur imperializms. <strong>da</strong>savlelebi msolios mTlianobaSi aRiqvamen,sxvebi ki am mTlianobaSi safrTxes xe<strong>da</strong>ven.universaluri civilizaciis Camoyalibebis varaudi emyareba erT-erTs samimosazrebi<strong>da</strong>n imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom SeiZleba es moxdes: pirveli ukavSirdeba I TavSiganxilul mosazrebas, rom sabWoTa komunizmis kraxi moaswaveb<strong>da</strong> istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruls<strong>da</strong> mTel msoflioSi liberaluri demokratiis sayovelTao gamarjvebas. es argumentigamomdinareobs civi omis periodis mc<strong>da</strong>ri warmodgeni<strong>da</strong>n imis Taobaze, romkomunizmis erTaderTi alternativa liberaluri demokratiaa <strong>da</strong> pirvelis kvdomameoris gasayovelTaoebas iwvevs. Tumca, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, avtoritarizmi, nacionalizmi,korporatizmi <strong>da</strong> sabazro komunizmi (rogorc CineTSia) uamravi <strong>for</strong>miTaawarmodgenili dRevandel msoflioSi. gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia is faqti, romsamoqalaqo ideologiis samyaros miRma misi uamravi religiuri alternativa arsebobs.Tanamedrov samyaroSi religia xalxis erT-erTi, SesaZloa erTaderTi mamoZravebeli<strong>da</strong> makonsolidirebeli Zalaa. namdvili ampartavneba iqneba imis Tqma, rom radgansabWoTa komunizmi <strong>da</strong>eca, <strong>da</strong>savleTma mTeli msoflio xelSi Caigdo <strong>da</strong> rom muslimebi,Cinelebi, indoelebi <strong>da</strong> sxvebi aRfrTovanebiT aitaceben <strong>da</strong>savlur liberalizms,rogorc erTaderT arCevans. samyaros civi omis droindeli <strong>da</strong>yofa warsuls Cabar<strong>da</strong>.ufro mniSvnelovani — eTnikuri, religiuri <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri <strong>da</strong>yofa jer kidevarsebobs <strong>da</strong> konfliqtis axal kerebs warmoSobs.meore: gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom xalxTa gacxovelebuli urTierTqmedeba(ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d _ vaWroba, investiciebi, turizmi, media, eleqtronuli kavSirissaSualebebi) warmoqmnis saerTo msoflio <strong>kultura</strong>s. transportisa <strong>da</strong> komunikaciebisteqnologiurma winsvlam marTlac ufro ioli <strong>da</strong> iafi gaxa<strong>da</strong> fulis moZraoba,tvirTis ga<strong>da</strong>zidva, a<strong>da</strong>mianebis ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba, codnis, ideebisa <strong>da</strong> warmodgenebisgavrceleba. eWvi ar aris, rom arsebobs intensiuri saerTaSoriso moZraoba amsferoebSi, magram eWvs iwvevs am moZraobis Sedegebi: zrdis Tu amcirebs igikonfliqtis SesaZleblobas? warmodgena, TiTqos igi amcirebs omis albaTobas xalxebsSoris, sul mcire, ar mtkicdeba, faqtebi sawinaaRmdegos metyvelebs. saerTaSorisovaWroba gafarTov<strong>da</strong> 1960-ian <strong>da</strong> 1970-ian wlebSi, aseve civi omis <strong>da</strong>srulebis SemdegaTwleulSi. magram 1913 wels saerTaSoriso vaWrobis masStabebs sarekordomaCveneblebi hqon<strong>da</strong>, xolo ramodenime weliwadSi erebi erTmaneTs umagaliToduswordebodnen. Tu saerTaSoriso vaWrobas aRniSnul situaciaSi ar SeeZlo omis52
Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba, maS, rodis SeZlebs? faqtebi ar metyvelebs im mosazrebissasargeblod, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba mSvidobas uwyobs xels. 1990-iani wlebisSefaseba kidev ufro metad ayenebs eWvqveS aRniSnul ideas. erT-erTi gamokvlevaSiaskvnian, rom `aqtiuri vaWroba SeiZleba sakmaod Zlier gamTiSvel Zalad mogvevlinossaerTaSoriso politikaSi~, <strong>da</strong> rom `aqtiuri saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobebi,TavisTavad, ver moxsnis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas, ver uzrunvelyofs seriozulsaerTaSoriso stabilurobas~. meore naSromi amtkicebs, rom ekonomikuri<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis maRali done `SeiZleba iyos mSvidobis <strong>da</strong>mamyarebeli an omisgamCaRebeli, rac <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia momavali vaWrobis perspeqtivebze.~ ekonomikuri<strong>da</strong>moukidebloba xels uwyobs mSvidobas mxolod maSin, `rodesac saxelmwifoebimoelian savaWro urTierTobebis maRali donis SenarCunebas uaxloes momavalSi~. Tusaxelmwifoebi ar elian TanamSromlobis (urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis) perspeqtivas,Sedegad, savaraudod, oms viRebT.vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> komunikaciebis uZlureba _ uzrunvelyon mSvidoba <strong>da</strong> Tanxmoba _Seesabameba socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi gamokvlevebis Sedegebs. socialurfsiqologiaSi arsebuli gansxvavebulobis Teoriis mixedviT, xalxi sakuTar TavsgansazRvravs swored imiT, riTac ganirCeva sxvisgan konkretul konteqstSi: `a<strong>da</strong>mianiganixilavs Tavs im maxasiaTeblebiT, romlebic ganarCevs erTs meore a<strong>da</strong>mianisagan,gansakuTrebiT, Tavisive Cveul socialur garemoSi... aTobiT sxva profesiis mqoneqalTa sazogadoebaSi qali-fsiqologi Tavis Tavs gansazRvravs, rogorc fsiqologi,xolo aTobiT mamakaci-fsiqologis garemocvaSi _ rogorc qali~. a<strong>da</strong>mianebigansazRvraven TavianT meobas imis meSveobiT, rac ar arian. vinai<strong>da</strong>n intensiurikavSiris saSualebebis, vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> mogzaurobebis Sedegad civilizaciaTaSorisiurTierTqmedeba gaaTmagebulia, xalxi ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebssakuTar civilizaciur identurobas. ori evropeli — germaneli <strong>da</strong> frangi,urTierTobisas erTmaneTs ganarCeven, rogorc frangs <strong>da</strong> germanels. xolo orievropeli — germaneli <strong>da</strong> frangi, <strong>da</strong> ori arabi — saudeli <strong>da</strong> egvipteli, erTmaneTSiurTierTobisas TaviaT Tavs gansazRvraven evropelebad <strong>da</strong> arabebad.CrdiloafrikelTa imigracia safrangeTSi frangebs Soris arakeTilganwyobas iwvevs,amave dros, amaRlebs evropel kaTolike polonel emigrantTa mimReobis xarisxs.amerikelebi iaponur investiciebs gacilebiT uaryofiTad xvdebian, vidre msgavsimasStabis kanadur <strong>da</strong> evropul investiciebs (romlebic masStabiT pirvels aRemateba).swored amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> donald horovici: `nigeriis aRmosavleTSiibo SeiZleba iyos... ibo overi an ibo onitSa. lagosSi igi, ubralod, iboa. londonSi isnigerielia, niu-iorkSi — afrikeli.~ sociologiis kuTxiT, globalizaciis Teoriamsgavs <strong>da</strong>skvnas gvTavazobs: `swrafad globalizebad msoflioSi, romelic xasiaTdebaistoriulad uprecendento civilizaciuri, sazogadoebrivi Tu sxva saxisurTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT <strong>da</strong> misi sayovelTao gaazrebiT, SeimCneva civilizaciuri,sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri TviTSegnebis gamwvaveba.~ religiaTa globaluriaRorZineba~, `siwmindesTan <strong>da</strong>bruneba~ warmoadgens pasuxs samyaros, rogorcmTlianobis gaazrebaze.Tema V. <strong>modernizacia</strong> <strong>da</strong> globalizaciasakiTxis SesawavlisaTvis aucilebelia cneba globalizaciis warmoSobis <strong>da</strong>samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli definiciebis ganxilva. amis Semdgom un<strong>da</strong> moxdesglobalizaciis, rogorc procesis ganviTarebis gaanalizeba. yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> mieqces53
imas, rom Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad ekonomikuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebulma procesma Semdgoma<strong>da</strong>mianisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela doneze met-naklebad SeaRwia (zoga<strong>da</strong>digulisxmeba sami done: ekonomika, politika <strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>). globalizaciis kulturuldoneze gaSlam gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi gamoiwvia uaRresad saintereso <strong>da</strong>urTierTsapirispiro procesebis warmoSoba. sakiTxis <strong>da</strong>smis ZiriTadi mizani sworedglobaluri procesebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare winaaRmdegobebis gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> warmodgenaa.XX saukune kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro saintereso periodia,igi gamoirCeva didi ZvrebiTa <strong>da</strong> msoflio wesrigis swrafi cvalebadobiT.sainteresoa, rom XX saukune moeswro tipur feo<strong>da</strong>lur imperiebs, maT rRvevasa <strong>da</strong>axali saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebas, msoflio mniSvnelobis ramdenime revolucias,or msoflio oms, romlebmac samyaros Semdgom ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> saxis CamoyalibebaSididi roli iTamaSa.esa Tu is epoqa, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebamsoflwesrigis niSniTac. gansxvaveba aris ara marto geografiul sazRvrebSi(magaliTad, portugaliis msoflio batonoba Secvala espaneTis batonobam), aramedsaxelmwifoTa <strong>da</strong>jgufebis xasiaTSic. Tu cnobil politolog s.hanTingtons<strong>da</strong>vesesxebiT, msoflio istoria icnobs Semdegi saxis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebebs, romlebicgansazRvraven msoflios saxesa <strong>da</strong> sazRvarTa gavlebis princips: iyo periodi, rocasazRvrebi gadio<strong>da</strong> im teritoriaTa Soris, romelsac esa Tu is mmarTveli flob<strong>da</strong>,mTavar rols asruleb<strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegoba mmarTvelebs Soris, anu saxelmwifoTaSorisiurTierTobis dominanti mmarTvelis neba iyo. aman Camoayaliba eri-saxelmwifoebi.safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg sazRvrebi swored ama Tu im eris gansaxlebis arealsmihyvebo<strong>da</strong>. konfliqtebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispirebac erebs Soris mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>, anu dominantiiyo eri-saxelmwifo. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg sazRvarTa gavleba ideologiurmakuTvnilebam gansazRvra, erebi gaerTiandnen ideologiis niSniT, msoflwesrigisdominantic ideologia gax<strong>da</strong>. samyaro <strong>da</strong>iyo or nawilad. erT mxares iyo nacionalsocialisturisamyaro, romelic warmodgenili gaxl<strong>da</strong>T, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, italiisa <strong>da</strong>germaniis saxiT, <strong>da</strong>narCeni msoflio ki moicav<strong>da</strong> or ideologiur banaks _liberalursa <strong>da</strong> komunisturs. saerTo mtris arsebobam isini gaaerTiana, magram araideologiuri, aramed wmin<strong>da</strong> praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, radgan aucilebeli iyonacizmis <strong>da</strong>marcxeba. misi ganadgurebis Semdeg sazRvari gaivlo liberalurdemokratiasa <strong>da</strong> komunizms Soris. mas `rkinis far<strong>da</strong>~ ewo<strong>da</strong>, xolo <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas _`civi omi~. komunizmis marcxma es sazRvaric moSala. msoflio, am TvalsazrisiT,erTian sivrced gar<strong>da</strong>iqmna.`civi omis~, rogorc msoflwesrigis gaqrobam <strong>da</strong> komunizmis istoriad qcevamwarmoSva uamravi gansxvavebuli mosazreba momavali msoflwesrigis Sesaxeb:magaliTad, frensis fukuiama Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>, rom kacobriobam SeabijaganviTarebis axal fazaSi, romelsac, SeiZleba, `istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruli~ ewodos, radgankacobriobis erTma didma nawilma miaRwia evoluciuri ganviTarebis umaRlessafexurs <strong>da</strong> Seqmna a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebisa <strong>da</strong> moTxovnilebebisaTvis yvelaze ufroSesaferisi, misaRebi sazogadoebrivi organizacia _ liberalur-demokratiulimmarTveloba. f.fukuiama ar gamoricxav<strong>da</strong>, rom igi iqceo<strong>da</strong> kacobriobis organizaciisukanasaknel <strong>da</strong> ucvlel <strong>for</strong>mad. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c f.fukuiamasaTvis istoria aris erTianievoluciuri procesi yvela xalxisa <strong>da</strong> yoveli drois erTobliobaSi, amdenad, igimiiCnevs, rom erebis, kulturebis umravlesoba sabolood aRiarebs demokratias,rogorc mmarTvelobis erTaderT legitimur <strong>for</strong>mas. am nia<strong>da</strong>gze Seiqmneba`postistoriuli samyaro~.54
meore saintereso mosazrebaa istoriis `civilizaciuri xedva~. am midgomiswarmomadgenlis s.hanTingtonis azriT, kacobriobis gamyofi umniSvnelovanesisazRvrebi kulturuli niSniT iqneba ganpirobebuli. moxdeba msgavsi kulturis mqoneer-saxelmwifoTa <strong>da</strong>axloeba. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom sabolood kulturis dominantobaSeniSna Tavad f.fukuiamamac. misi TqmiT, liberaluri demokratiis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis gzazemTavari <strong>da</strong>brkolebis saxiT win moiwevs <strong>kultura</strong>.dReisaTvis <strong>kultura</strong>s, rogorc sazogadoebaTa gamijvnis safuZvels, yvelaze didi<strong>da</strong>tvirTva eniWeba.ukanasknel xanebSi farTo interesis sagania msoflios `globalizaciis~ problema.Cveni mizania gavaanalizoT, Tu ras niSnavs `globalizacia~, sai<strong>da</strong>n iRebs saTaves <strong>da</strong> raaris misi warmoSobis safuZveli, ganviTarebis ra kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba, saiTmiemarTeba, saiT mihyavs samyaro?civi omis <strong>da</strong>srulebiTa <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa imperiis <strong>da</strong>SliT saqarTvelo Caeba msoflioSimimdinare globalur procesSi, romelic sabWoeTis <strong>da</strong>Slamde ganviTarebis garkveuletapze avi<strong>da</strong>. srul <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas saqarTvelom, Tu ar CavTvliT zogierTxanmokle periodebs, rogoric iyo mag. giorgi brwyinvales periodi, TiTqmis aTisaukunea ver miaRwia, xolo ukanaskneli samasi wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvlo ruseTisizolaciis qveS imyofeba. saqarTvelom rusuli karCaketiloba <strong>da</strong>Zlia <strong>da</strong> cdilobsmsoflioSi mimdinare procesebSi CaerTos rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli subieqti.Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs globalizaciis procesi. <strong>modernizacia</strong> iqcaganviTarebis mimarTulebad, romelic msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>kultura</strong>m sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvara<strong>da</strong>Riqva <strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, sxvadsaxvagvari reaqcia hqon<strong>da</strong>. <strong>modernizacia</strong>Tanamedroveobis gamowvevaa; zogierTi ara<strong>da</strong>savluri qveynisaTvis <strong>modernizacia</strong>igivdeba vesternizacia-amerikanizaciasTan, anu isini miiCneven, rom Tuki sazogadoebassurs modernizaciis procesSi CarTva, aucilebeli <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>uvalia <strong>da</strong>savluri,konkretulad, amerikuli kulturiT sakuTari kulturis Canacvleba, anugar<strong>da</strong>uvalia amerikanizacia. es ukanaskneli ki originaluri kulturebis warmomadgenelTaTvismiuRebelia; aman xeli Seuwyo sakuTari kulturisaken mibrunebas, anulokalizacias. zogierTi kulturisaTvis ki, <strong>modernizacia</strong> anu gaTanamedroveobaamerikanizaciis gareSec misaRwevia; <strong>da</strong> kidev mesame _ globalizaciis procesSimodernizaciis miRweva SesaZlebelia sruliad umtkivneulod, ori kulturiselementTa SereviT.am procesebi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelo sagrZnoblad <strong>da</strong>Sorebuli iyo. rogorc zemoTmogaxseneT, globalizaciis procesi manam, sanam saqarTvelo sabWoTa sivrceSi iyoCaketili, ganviTarebis garkveul etapze avi<strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, <strong>da</strong>grov<strong>da</strong> amprocesi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare gamowvevebis winaaRmdeg pasuxis gacemis araerTgvarovanigamocdileba. amitom sainteresoa, Tu romeli saxis pasuxia saqarTvelosaTvis ufromisaRebi, ra problemebze <strong>da</strong> niuansebze un<strong>da</strong> gamaxvildes yuradReba globalizaciisepoqaSi.`globalizaciis maxi<strong>da</strong>n ar arsebobs erovnuli gamosavali, magram arsebobstransnacionaluri gamosavali~. regionalizacia aris saSualeba transnacionalurizesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnisa; zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnismizezi <strong>da</strong> mizani politikisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis sferoebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs, magramsaSualeba aris kulturuli urTierTmsgavseba; dReisaTvis msoflioSi zesaxelmwifoebrivorganizmSi integracia moaxerxes evropis qveynebma; evropa aris aramxolod geografiuli ganzomileba, aramed zesaxelmwifoebrivi sazogadoeba; misierTianobis safuZvelia demokratia; anu evrokavSirSi aRmoCndnen <strong>da</strong> Sesvlis uflebaeZlevaT im qveynebs, romlebic iRvwian sakuTar sazogadoebaSi demokratiulobis55
xarisxis gazrdisaTvis, anu evrokavSiri warmoadgens modernizaciis Sedegs, radgan<strong>modernizacia</strong> gulisxmobs sazogadoebis ganviTarebas demokratiuli niSnebiT.saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gezi am mimarTulebiT aqvs aRebuli <strong>da</strong> cdilobsglobalizaciis gamowvevas pasuxi evrokavSirSi integraciiT gasces. SesaZlebeliaiTqvas, rom saqarTvelos magaliTze sazogadoebis <strong>modernizacia</strong> emTxvevaglobalizaciis process.imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom moaxerxos <strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaSi integracia,aucilebelia sazogadoebis modernizeba <strong>da</strong> demokratizacia. geopolitikurimdebareoba iZleva saqarTvelos globalur procesebSi CarTvis saSualebas; arsebobsekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri proeqtebi, romelSic mas Tavisi funqcia aqvs. aqe<strong>da</strong>ngamomdinare, saqarTvelos mouwevs globalur <strong>kultura</strong>sTan Sexeba, radganTanamedrove etapze politikis, ekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis urTierTganpirobebulobisxarisxi sakmaod gaizar<strong>da</strong>.modernizaciisa <strong>da</strong> demokratizaciis procesi ara<strong>da</strong>savlur tradiciul qveynebSipirvelive <strong>da</strong>rtymas <strong>kultura</strong>s ayenebs; maTTvis demokratizaciis procesi kulturistrans<strong>for</strong>maciasa <strong>da</strong> SecvlasTan aris pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSi. amis gamo umravlesiara<strong>da</strong>savluri qveynis reaqcia sakmaod mZafria; rodesac saubars iwyebendemokratiaze, a<strong>da</strong>mianis Tavisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> uflebebze, maT miRebaze sakuTarsazogadoebaSi, amosavali wertili <strong>kultura</strong>a.amdenad, mimaCnia, rom Cems mier wamoWrili problemis kvleva interesmoklebuli arun<strong>da</strong> iyos, radgan Tanamedrove etapze kulturis roli sakmaod izrdeba. iuneskosprogramis _ `msoflio kulturuli proeqti~ _ direqtoris d.p.Saferis statiaSi`axali msoflio sistemisaken kulturuli perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT~ naTqvamia, rommsoflio miiwevs ekonomikuri saukuni<strong>da</strong>n kulturuli saukunisaken. naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, romganviTarebis problemaTa ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta SeuZlebelia kulturis faqtorisgaTvaliswinebis gareSe. sxvagvarad msoflios mowyobis nebismieri proeqtiganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis. d.Saferis azriT, axali msoflio sistemis agebissafuZvelia kulturuli Teoriuli tradiciis gaTvaliswineba, kulturisadmiholisturi midgoma, istoriis kulturuli interpretaciis gaazreba, yvelazemdgradi kulturuli faseulobebis ganmtkiceba. un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT, rom msoflioSevi<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis im stadiaSi, romelsac bevri mkvlevari gansazRvravs rogorc<strong>kultura</strong>Ta <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa Sejaxebas.rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, <strong>da</strong> rasac qvemoT warmodgenili kvleva ufro TvalnaTels gaxdis,Tanamedrove globalizaciis epoqaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba <strong>kultura</strong>s. mosazrebebi<strong>da</strong> Teoriebi kulturis globalizaciis Sesaxeb iseTive swarfi tempiT icvleba <strong>da</strong>viTardeba, rogorc Tavad procesi. imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom, rogorc erT-ereTmamcire <strong>kultura</strong>m, moaxeros Tanamedrove procesebisaTvis fexis awyoba <strong>da</strong> ar CamorCesmas, aucileblad mimaCnia procesis gaanalizebis, axali Teoriebisdmi yuradRebismudmivi miqceva. sakiTxisadmi midgomis amosavali wertili aris is, rom yvela me<strong>da</strong>lsori mxare gaaCnia. Cveni azriT, ar SeiZleba globalizaciis procesis calsaxad<strong>da</strong>debiTad an uaryofiTad Sefaseba. es procesi Seicavs rogorc pozitiur, asevenegatiur Tvisebebsac. erTis mxriv acxadeben, rom globalizacia mimarTuliagaerTgvarovnebisaken <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wesis stan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciisaken, rac TavisTavadgulisxmobs <strong>kultura</strong>Ta originalobis gaqrobas. meores mxriv, arsebobensazogadoebebi, romelTaTvisac globalizacia warmoadgens ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong>msoflioSi sakuTari adgilis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis karg saSualebas, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d es exebaTmcire kulturebs. amdenad, aucilebelia ganxilul iqnes sxvadsxva sazogadoebis<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>da</strong> reaqcia globalizaciisadmi, radgan igi xels Segviwyobs ukeT56
gavaanalizoT procesis arsi, SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gavarad mkveTrad gamovyoT saqarTvelosaTvisTu ra SeiZleba aRmoCndes <strong>da</strong>debiTi <strong>da</strong> ra uaryofiTi, radgan is racmisaRebia erTisaTvis, miuRebelia meoresTvis. sxvaTa gamocdilebis gaanalizeba <strong>da</strong>Seswavla saSualebas mogvcems CamoyaliboT globalizaciisadmi sakuTari midgoma. esaucilebelia, radgan Cven politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri kursi swored mTavariglobalizatoris, Tu SeZleba ase iTqvas, <strong>da</strong>savleTisaken gvaqvs aRebuli. es ki niSnavsimas, rom `macivars mohyveba haqslic~, anu politikis, ekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis<strong>da</strong>Soreba SeuZlebelia, ar SeiZleba politikur-ekonomikur kavSirs ar moyvesurTierToba kulturis doneze. am mxriv sakiTxs arTulebs is, rom erTis SexedviTerTian <strong>da</strong>savleTSi sakmaod didi <strong>da</strong> rTuli winaaRmdegobebi gaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT evropasa<strong>da</strong> amerikas Soris, rogorc ikveTeba kulturis doneze maT Sorisac sakmaod didigansxvaveba yofila, radgan evropis zogierTi qveynisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>globalizaciis procesSi ameriki<strong>da</strong>n importirebuli <strong>kultura</strong>. kvlevis aqtualobasesec amtkicebs, radgan politikis doneze gancxadeba Cveni <strong>da</strong>savluri orientaciisSesaxeb gasagebi <strong>da</strong> misaRebia, magram meore mxriv, Tuki Cven Sevxe<strong>da</strong>vT amas mecnieruliTvaliT, gaurkvevelia ras niSnavs <strong>da</strong>savluri orientacia _ kari gavuRoT yvelafersrac modis mTlianad <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n, anu aSS-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> evropi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> miviRoT igi, Tu un<strong>da</strong>ganvasxvavoT amerikuli <strong>da</strong> evropuli.rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, problema mcire kulturebisaTvis, maT Soris saqarTvelosaTvis,sakmaod bevr saintereso <strong>da</strong> aqtualur sakiTxebs moicavs. SevecadoT ganvsazRvroT,Tu ras niSnavs `globalizacia~, sai<strong>da</strong>n iRebs saTaves <strong>da</strong> ra aris misi warmoSobissafuZveli, ganviTarebis ra kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba, saiT miemarTeba, saiTmiyavs samyaro?<strong>da</strong>viwyoT imiT, rom `eri-saxelmwifo aRar iqneba efeqturi Zala: igi Zalian pataraadidi problemisaTvis <strong>da</strong> Zalian didi _ patara problemebisaTvis~ (arturSleizingeri; amerikeli istorikosi). es aris <strong>for</strong>mula, romelic kargad miesa<strong>da</strong>gebo<strong>da</strong>~civi omis~ Semdgom, gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi myof msoflios, radgan aSkara iyo, romideologiaTa konfliqtis epoqis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg warmoudgeneli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> erisaxelmwifosqceva (Tu <strong>da</strong>bruneba) msoflio wesrigis ganmsazRvrelad; magram sruliadgaurkveveli rCebo<strong>da</strong> is, Tu ras an vis un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ekavebina misi adgili. Tuki<strong>da</strong>vakvirdebiT am periodis samecniero Tu publicistur statiebs, <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, romSesaval sityvebSi aseTi gamoTqmebi figurirebs: `msoflio gagiJ<strong>da</strong>~, `es fantastikurimsoflioa~, `kacobriobam ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Seabija~. swavlulebi TiTqos,SeSinebulni, ufro ki gaocebulni arian.SemoTavazebul iqna uamravi <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari Teoria momavali msoflio wesrigisSesaxeb: istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruli, civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba, marqsizmis aRorZineba. erTerTmamaTganma msoflioSi mimdinare process globalizacia uwo<strong>da</strong>. es mox<strong>da</strong> 1983wels. amerikelma mecnierma t.levitma am terminiT calkeul produqtTa bazrebisgaerTianeba <strong>da</strong>axasiaTa. manamde arsebob<strong>da</strong> mondializmis anu globalizmis cneba,romelic 70-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n postindustriuli civilizaciis mTels planetazegavrcelebas axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong>. amis Semdeg terminma ufro Rrma Sinaarsi SeiZina <strong>da</strong> iqcacnebad, romelic msoflioSi arsebul process gamoxatavs. Tavad procesisgansazRvreba imdenivea, ramdeni moazrovnec Seexo mas.Cvenc, Cvenis mxriv, ar CamovrCebiT moazrovneTa did laSqars <strong>da</strong> vecdebiT misiSinaarsis gansazRvras samecniero literaturaSi arsebul definiciebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT.Tavad cneba `globalizacia~ modis sityvi<strong>da</strong>n global, rac franguladsayovelTaos, mTlians, saerTos niSnavs, aqe<strong>da</strong>n, cnebac, advili misaxvedria,`gasayovelTaoebas~ aRniSnavs.57
axla oriod sityva imaze, Tu ris `gasayovelTaoebazea~ saubari. marTalia, cnebasTav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad mxolod ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva hqon<strong>da</strong>, magram dRes igi ukve,faqtobrivad, cxovrebis yvela sferos moicavs. rodesac vambobT yvelafers,vgulisxmobT doneebs: ekonomikurs, politikursa <strong>da</strong> kulturul-religiurs.yvelaze zoga<strong>da</strong>d, globalizacia aris procesi, romelic msoflios <strong>da</strong>viwroebasaxdens. de<strong>da</strong>miwas `patara didi sofeli~ SeiZleba ewodos. es aris erTiani `msofliosazogadoeba~. am sityvaTwyobaSi Tu sityvaTSeTanxmebaSi germaneli filosofosiu.beki sityva `msoflios~ gansxvavebulobis, mravalferovnebis mniSvnelobas aniWebs,xolo `sazogadoebas~ _ araintegrirebulobis. amitom, gamodis, rom msofliosazogadoeba aris erTianobis gareSe arsebuli mravalferovneba. u.beki ganasxvavebsglobalizms, globalurobasa <strong>da</strong> globalizacias. aRniSnuli gansxvavebis mizania<strong>da</strong>amsxvrios politikurisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivis teritoriuli orTodoqsuloba,romelic pirveli modernis proeqtSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong> erovnul saxelmwifos<strong>da</strong> miiRo kategorialur-instituciuri absolutis statusi.globalizmi _ es aris msoflio bazris batonobis gageba. mas globalizaciismravalmxrivoba (politikuri, kulturuli, ekologiuri <strong>da</strong> sxva) <strong>da</strong>yavs mxolodsameurneo ganzomilebamde <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>narCens mxolod mis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSiwarmoadgens. globalizmi iZleva imis saSualebas, rom, SeiZleba magaliTad, germania,marTo ubralo sawarmosaviT.ramdena<strong>da</strong>c `msoflio~ <strong>da</strong> sityvaTSeTanxmeba `msoflio sazogadoeba~ aRniSnavsgansxvavebebs, mravalferovnebas, xolo `sazogadoeba~ _ araintegrirebuleobas,amitom msoflio sazogadoebis cnebis qveS SesaZloa vigulisxmoT erTianobis gareSemravalferovneba.msoflio sazogadoeba warmoadgens ara megasazogadoebas, romelic Tavis TavSiaerTianebs <strong>da</strong> aqrobs yvela nacionalur sazogadoebas, aramed mravalferovnebiTgamorCeul <strong>da</strong> integracias <strong>da</strong>uqvemdebarebel msoflio horizonts, romelic iRebamaSinve, roca is iqmneba <strong>da</strong>, amasTan, inarCunebs komunikaciisa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebisTavisuflebas.axalia ara marto yoveldRiuri cxovreba <strong>da</strong> qmedebani, romlebic gascdnenerovnul-saxelmwifoebriv sazRvrebs <strong>da</strong> qveynebi urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis qseliT<strong>da</strong>fares, aramed isic, rom aRar arsebobs sazogadoebis, Sromisa <strong>da</strong> kapitalisgarkveul adgilze mijaWvuloba.globalizaciaSi ar igulisxmeba msoflio saxelmwifos arseboba; ufro zustad:esaa msoflio sazogadoeba msoflio saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> msoflio mTavrobis gareSe.laparakia globalurad dezorganizebuli kapitalizmis gafarToebaze, vinai<strong>da</strong>n arcekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> arc politikuri TvalsazrisiT, ar arsebobs hegemoni xelisufleba <strong>da</strong>internacionaluri reJimi.erTi sityviT, globaluri niSnavs erTian sivrces, mas ufro geografiuli<strong>da</strong>tvirTva eniWeba. globalizmi aris am sivrceSi msoflio bazris gabatonebisgamomxatveli cneba. rac Seexeba globalizacias, es aris procesi, anu is, racglobalizmiT gajerebul globalur msoflioSi xdeba <strong>da</strong> mimdinareobs, anuglobalizacia aris cocxali, dinamiuri <strong>da</strong> mimdinare procesi, romelmac msoflioaxal wesrigamde un<strong>da</strong> miiyvanos.SesaZloa, dResdReisobiT, globalizacia Tavad warmoadgens msoflio wesrigs,radgan uaxloes momavalSi swored misgan momdinare gamowvevebze mouwevssazogadoebebs pasuxis gacema.globalizaciis Sesaxeb Seqmnili Teoriebi iseTive swrafi tempiT viTardeba,rogorc Tavad procesi. Tuki Tqven gaxsniT am procesis erT-erT <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel58
saSualebas _ internets _ <strong>da</strong> saZiebelSi CawerT sityvas `globalizacia~, TqvensTvalwin gaixsneba saSualod 4 mln veb-gverdi.globalizacia <strong>da</strong>myarebulia a<strong>da</strong>mianTa urTierTobaze, ufro sworad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvasazogadoebaTa urTierTobaze. ese igi, roca saubaria globalizaciaze, igulisxmeba amTu im sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa gasayovelTaoeba. xolo sazogadoebam TavisiRirebulebebi sayovelTaod rom aqcios, saWiroa igi sxva sazogadoebebs gaacnos <strong>da</strong>gauTavisos, risTvisac saWiroa kontaqti. ese igi, logikurad mivediT <strong>da</strong>skvnamde, romglobalizaciis pirveli aucilebeli piroba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebis, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxavakulturuli erTobis urTierTobaa.imisaTvis, rom msjeloba ganvagrZoT, saWiroa globalizaciis saTave romelimeistoriul epoqas <strong>da</strong>vukavSiroT. am mxriv mecnierTa azri iyofa. erTi nawili miiCnevs,rom globalizaciis saTaveebi saZiebelia XV saukuneSi, igi ukavSirdeba didgeografiul aRmoCenebs, rodesac de<strong>da</strong>miwis macxovrebelTa umetesobam moaxerxaurTierTgacnoba. mkvlevarTa am jgufis azriT, es iyo pirveli faqti msofliosxalxTa urTierTobisa, swored am periodSi xdeba kulturul RirebulebaTa pirvelimasobrivi gacvla.mecnierTa meore nawili Tvlis, rom globalizacia aris XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze<strong>da</strong>wyebuli movlena, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli mniSvnelovan aRmoCenebTan sabunebismetyvelomecnierebaTa <strong>da</strong>rgSi <strong>da</strong> msoflios ganawilebis erTi etapis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebasTan.mesame nawili ki miiCnevs, rom globalizacia XX saukunis meore naxevris movlenaa,radgan misi safuZvlebi saZiebelia in<strong>for</strong>maciuli epoqis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi.aucileblad miviCnevT, SemogTavazoT konkretul mecnierTa varaudebi; esvaraudebi u.bekis naSromSia warmodgenili:avtori <strong>da</strong>sawyisi Temamarqsi me-15 s. Tanamedrove kapitalizmiuolerstaini me-15 s. msoflio kapitalisturi sistemarobertsoni 1870-1920w.w. mravalwyobianobagidensi me-18 s. <strong>modernizacia</strong>perlmuteriaRmosavleTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTisglobaluri civilizacia<strong>da</strong>sasrulira Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, sakamaToa, romeli <strong>da</strong>skvnaa ufro misaRebi, radgan yovel maTganssakuTari, met-naklebad <strong>da</strong>majerebeli <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba aqvs.imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT am winaaRmdegobaSi <strong>da</strong> CvenTvis ufro advili SeiqmnessakuTari <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTeba, oriode sityviT SevexoT im istoriul periodebs,rodesac <strong>da</strong>savleTs mWidro urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong> sxva samyarosTan.pirveli intensiuri Sexeba mas aRmosavleTTan hqon<strong>da</strong>. es iyo antikur xanaSi,rodesac erTmaneTs ebrZo<strong>da</strong> berZnuli <strong>da</strong> sparsuli samyaro. am samyaroTaurTierTobam gamoiwvia sruliad axali kulturuli erTobis _ elinisturi samyaros_ warmoSoba, rac mTlianad gamoxatuli iyo berZnuli <strong>da</strong> araberZnuli (sparsuli <strong>da</strong>sxva) a<strong>da</strong>T-wesebis, kulturul faseulobaTa gacvla-gamocvliT. Tuki Sedegebis mxrivvimsjelebT, am periodis Semdeg (Tu ar CavTvliT jvarosnul omebs), RirebulebaTaurTierTgacvlis mxriv, msgavsi nayofieri Sedegi samyaroTa urTierTobas aRarhqonia. aleqsandre makedonelis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg, marTalia, imperia <strong>da</strong>iSala,magram axlo aRmosavleTSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> samyaro, romelic arc sparsul-aRmosavluriiyo <strong>da</strong> arc berZnul-<strong>da</strong>savluri, igi am samyaroTa urTierTobis Sedegi gaxl<strong>da</strong>T.rodesac kulturul RirebulebaTa gasayovelTaoebazea saubari, un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyosramdenime istoriuli epoqa. Tu Sedegebze mxolod <strong>da</strong>savleTTan mimarTebaSi59
visaubrebT, msgavsi SemTxveva ramdenimea: elinisturi epoqa, safrangeTis revolucia<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg, komunizmis periodi. yovel maTgans Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewodospirovnebaTa saxeli: elinisturs _ aleqsandre makedonelis, safrangeTis revolucias_ napoleonis, xolo komunizmis periods _ stalinis. safrangeTis revoluciaTamamad CaiTvleba evropul revoluciad, rac Seexeba komunizms, es ideologia<strong>da</strong>savleTSi aRmocen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis mTel evraziaSi gavrcel<strong>da</strong>. arc makedoneli, arcnapoleoni <strong>da</strong> arc stalini im kulturis uSualo warmomadgenlebi ar iyvnen, romlissaxeliTac moqmedebdnen. ara<strong>da</strong>, ra gasakviric ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, romes sami pirovneba-epoqa <strong>da</strong>savleTis saxis erT-erT ganmsazRvrel faqtorad iqca.kerZod, makedonelma SeZlo is, rac Tavad berZnebma ver SeZles, anu moaxerxa berZnulisamyaros gaerTianeba, romelic gax<strong>da</strong> safuZveli erTiani <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturisa.napoleonma frang ganmanaTlebelTa ideebi zogadevropulad aqcia <strong>da</strong> safuZveli<strong>da</strong>udo erTiani evropis Camoyalibebas, stalinma komunizmis gaZlierebiT Camoayalibabanaki, romlis winaaRmdeg brZolac SeiZleba CaiTvalos napoleonis epoqaSi <strong>da</strong>wyebulievropis konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciis saboloo Camoyalibebis procesad; komunizmis winaaRmdegbrZola iqca evropuli integraciis erT-erT <strong>da</strong>maCqarebel movlenad.samive movlenaSi Cans `gasayovelTaoebis~ niSnebi, magram `globalizaciaze~saubari jer kidev adrea, radgan pirvel SemTxvevaSi mxolod ori sazogadoebisurTierTobazea saubari, meore SemTxvevaSi es urTierToba ver gasc<strong>da</strong> evropissazRvrebs, xolo mesame SemTxvevaSi komunizmi, rogorc sayovelTao ideologia, TavadmSobelma <strong>da</strong>savleTma uaryo. magram samive maTgans, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, didiwvlili miuZRvis faseulobaTa im sistemis CamoyalibebaSi, ris gasayovelTaoebazecdRes aris saubari. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs liberalur-demokratiuli ideologia,romelic moicavs ekonomikur, politikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul sferoebs.liberalur-demokratiuli ideologia aris <strong>da</strong>savlur faseulobaTa sistema,aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, `globalizacia~ <strong>da</strong>savluri movlenaa. swored <strong>da</strong>savluriideologiis Camoyalibebas ukavSirdeba `globalizaciis~ procesis <strong>da</strong>wyeba.<strong>da</strong>savluri cnobierebiT, `progresi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonia~. xoloprogresi marto rwmeniT, anu gonebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. ideologia iZlevaamqveyniuri keTildReobis etalons. am SemTxvevaSi ki <strong>da</strong>savluri ideologia, rogorcTavad <strong>da</strong>savleTi fiqrobs, erTaderTia, romelic iZleva kargi cxovrebis garantias. am<strong>da</strong>skvnamde <strong>da</strong>savleTi im logikiT mivi<strong>da</strong>, rom Zlierebisa <strong>da</strong> keTildReobisaTvissaWiroa Zlieri ekonomika, xolo amis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod im wesebis <strong>da</strong>cviT,romelsac liberaluri demokratia gvTavazobs.sanam uSualod `globalizaciis~ doneTa ganxilvaze ga<strong>da</strong>vidodeT, gvsurs erTfaqtze gavamaxviloT yuradReba. msjelobas Jan-Jak rusos sityvebiT <strong>da</strong>viwyebT:`yvelaze Zlieri ar aris ise Zlieri, rom mu<strong>da</strong>m batoni iyos, Tu Tavis Zalas uflebad,xolo morCilebas movaleobad ar gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis~. dRes Zlierad msoflios swored<strong>da</strong>savleTi evlineba, amitom es ukanaskneli yvelanairad cdilobs, dRevandeliZliereba gamoiyenos imisaTvis, rom Zala uflebad aqcios, xolo morCileba kimovaleobad, raTa yovelTvis dominantad <strong>da</strong>rCes. kerZod, igi cdilobs Seqmnassamyaro, sa<strong>da</strong>c TviTon moTamaSe arbitris rolSi iqneba. <strong>da</strong>savleTi cdilobs,msoflios TamaSis sakuTari wesebi ukarnaxos. `globalizaciis~ idea aris is, rom<strong>da</strong>savluri Rirebulebani _ demokratia, kanonis uzenaesoba, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTapativiscema, Riaoba _ anu liberaluri demokratia aqcios msoflio ideologiad.`globalizaciis~ <strong>da</strong>savlur xedvas kargad gamoxatavs am saukunis ormocian wlebSia<strong>da</strong>minis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis miRebis istoria. misi ganxilvis dros,<strong>da</strong>savleTis mecnierTa erTma jgufma, kerZod, amerikis anTropologTa asociaciam,60
melvil herskovicis xelmZRvanelobiT, warmoadgina memorandumi, romlis mixedviTac,saWiro iyo im faqtisaTvis yuradRebis miqceva, rom yovel sazogadoebaSi TavisuflebaTaviseburad esmiT. rogorc blez paskali ambob<strong>da</strong>, `is, rac alpebs aqeT WeSmaritebaa,alpebs iqiT sicruea~. memorandumi emyarebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>for</strong>mulas: `a<strong>da</strong>miani Tavisufalia imSemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas SeuZlia icxovros Tavisuflebis im gagebiT, romelic missazogadoebaSia miRebuli~. maTi azriT, Rirebulebebsa <strong>da</strong> faseulobebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<strong>kultura</strong>Si sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xasiaTi aqvT, amitom, yoveli mcdeloba _ Camoyalibdes isinimxolod erTi romelime kulturis warmodgenebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, xels uSlis a<strong>da</strong>mianisuflebaTa aseTi deklaraciis gavrcelebas mTel kacobriobaze. oficialuri<strong>da</strong>savleTisaTvis es memorandumi miuRebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maT miiRes deklaracia,romelic mxolod <strong>da</strong>savlur Rirebulebebs efuZneba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,`globalizacia~, anu deklaraciis gasayovelTaoebis mcdeloba <strong>da</strong>savluri movlenaa.sanam uSualod Tanamedroveobaze ga<strong>da</strong>vidodeT, oriode sityviT ekonomikuri`globalizaciis~ Temas SevexoT. <strong>da</strong>savlel mecnierTa didi nawili msoflio istoriasaRiqvams, rogorc erT mTlian process. am mecnierTagan un<strong>da</strong> gamovyoT isini, vincmsoflio istoriis amosaval wertilad ekonomikas miiCneven. sainteresoamsoflsistemuri midgoma, romelic `analebis~ skolis warmomadgenelma fernarbrodelma <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis istoriis mkvlevarma imanuel valerstainma Camoayalibes. amukanasknelis wignSi `Tanamedrove msoflsistema~ kargad aris Camoyalibebulimsoflistemuri TvalTaxedva, romlis mixedviTac, msoflsistema aris ara msofliosistema, aramed esaa sistema, romelic warmoadgens samyaros.msoflsitemuri midgomisaTvis amosavalia ufro didi organizmebis gamoyofa,vidre socialur-istoriuli organizmia, magram amosavali wertili aris ara <strong>kultura</strong>,aramed ekonomika. pirveli msoflsistemebi msoflio imperiebia, romlebicwarmoadgens ara mxolod samyaroebs, aramed warmoebis wessac. es msoflio imperiebiTavis Tavs gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis axal msoflio sistemad, anu msoflekonomikad. warmoebis wesismixedviT, valerstaini gamoyofs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva msoflsistemas <strong>da</strong> aRiarebs, romTanamedrove msoflsistema, anu kapitalisturi msoflekonomika, erTaderTia,romelic ara mxolod ga<strong>da</strong>rCa, aramed ajoba sxva socialur sistemebs, `Seisruta raisini~.80-iani wlebis miwuruli<strong>da</strong>n gamoikveTa msoflsistemuri midgomis momxreTa mierkacobriobis istoriis orgvari xedva: pirvelis mixedviT, msoflio yovelTviswarmoadgen<strong>da</strong> erTian msoflsistemas, xolo meoris mixedviT, msoflio yovelTvis iyogaxleCili ramdenime msoflsistemad. k.Ceiz-<strong>da</strong>nma pirvelis momxreebs `monoli-Tistebi~ uwo<strong>da</strong>, xolo meoreT ki _ `<strong>da</strong>mnawevreblebi~.`monoliTistebis~ azriT, ukanaskneli 5 aTasi wlis manZilze (rac arsebobskalasobrivi sazogadoeba) mTeli Zveli samyaro warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> erTian msoflsistemas,axali samyaro ki, XV saukunis bolomde meore msoflsistema iyo. XV saukuneSi es erTi`naprali~ Seavso amerikis aRmoCenam. am Tvalsazrisis warmomadgenlebi ariana.g.franki, s.amini, J.abu-lughodi. yoveli maTganisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia metnakleba<strong>da</strong>gresiuli antievropeizmi.`<strong>da</strong>mnawevreblebis~ warmomadgenelia k. Ceiz-<strong>da</strong>ni, romelic gamoyofs msoflsistemaTasxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tips, Semoaqvs cneba `zemsoflsistema~, romliTac aRiniSneba evrazia.rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, msoflistema Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs `globalizacias~.`monoliTistebi~ aRiareben kapitalisturi msoflekonomikis, rogorc erTianimsoflsistemis, dominantobas <strong>da</strong> Tvlian, rom kapitalizmis safuZvlebi saZiebelia araerT romelime sazogadoebaSi, romelsac valerstaini `nacionalur saxelmwifoebs~uwodebs, aramed swored maT urTierTobaSi. maTi azriT, kapitalizmis safuZvlebi61
saZiebelia im teritoriaze, romelic moicavs CrdiloeT afrikas, axlo aRmosavleTs,indoeTis nawils, centralur <strong>da</strong> samxreT azias, swored aq iyo protokapitalisturielementebi. ese igi, maTi azriT, safuZveli aRmosavleTia, xolo Semdeg xdeba`aRmosavleTis <strong>da</strong>cema~ <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis ayvaveba. momavalSi mosalodnelia aRmosavleTisxelaxali ayvaveba, Sesabamisad, Tu dRes dominanti <strong>da</strong>savleTia, xval aRmosavleTigaxdeba.Tema VI. Tanamedrove modernizebuli msoflio sazogadoebaglobalizaciis gamowvevebis winaSeglobalizaciis kvlevisas erT paradoqss vawydebiT: kvlevis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde geCveneba,rom masze mkafio warmodgena gaqvs, xolo kvlevisas ufro bundovani xdeba misi arsi.gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom arsebobs uamravi samecniero naSromi, saJurnalo statia<strong>da</strong> Teoria globalizaciis Sesaxeb, mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, winaswar SemogTavazodsqema, romlis CarCoebSic gavagrZelebT kvlevas.sqema, romelsac warmogidgenT, SemuSavebul iqna 1999-2002 wlebSi wlebSiCatarebuli kvlevis Sdegad. igi ganaxorciela bostonis universitetma <strong>da</strong>ekonomikuri kulturis Semswavlelma institutma (ISEC). kvlevas xelmZRvanelobdnenpiter l. bergeri (sociologi, ISEC-is direqtori) <strong>da</strong> samuel p. hanTigtoni(politologi, harvardis universitetis profesori). mkvlevarTa jgufebma msofliosaTobiT qveyanaSi Caatares <strong>da</strong>kvirveba kulturis globalizaciis dinamikaze.Catarebuli samuSaos Sedegad piter l. bergerma gamoyo oTxi mimarTuleba, romlissaSualebiTac vrceldeba globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> esenia:1. <strong>da</strong>vosuri <strong>kultura</strong>, anu saerTaSoriso biznes-<strong>kultura</strong>;2. `mak-msoflio~ <strong>kultura</strong>, anu masobrivi samomxmareblo <strong>kultura</strong>;3. inteleqtualTa saerTaSoriso saklubo <strong>kultura</strong>;4. axali religiuri moZraobebi.imisaTvis, rom mimarTulebaTa aseTi <strong>da</strong>yofa mkafio <strong>da</strong> TvalsaCino gaxdes, maTufro safuZvlianad ganvixilavT.arsebobs ganviTarebadi, zr<strong>da</strong>di globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong> igi xasiaTiTa <strong>da</strong>warmomavlobiT amerikulia. Cilelma istorikosma klaudio velizim mas uwo<strong>da</strong> `angloamerikulicivilizaciis elinisturi stadia~ _ stadia, romelic ar SeiZleba gagebuliqnas, rogorc `imperializmi~. antikuri samyaro berZnulad iqca swored maSin, rocasaberZneTs imperiuli SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. dRes, marTalia, aSS udides Zalasflobs, magram, rogorc Tavad amerikelebi miiCneven, aSS ar cdilobs sakuTarikulturis Tavs moxvevas sxva sazogadoebebisaTvis. adrec <strong>da</strong> axlac ena did rolsTamaSob<strong>da</strong> kulturis gavrcelebaSi. elinizmis periodSi mTavar enas warmoadgene<strong>da</strong>`koine~ _ ubralo xalxis salaparako ena; dRes igive rols arsulebs inglisuri,amerikuli inglisuri ena. igi warmoadgens mzardi globaluri kulturis `koines~. masuaxles momavalSi konkurenti Znelad Tu gamouCndeba. milionobiT a<strong>da</strong>miani saubrobsinglisur enaze, magram maTi umravlesoba inglisur enas internetSi Ziebisa <strong>da</strong> ukeTesisamuSaos mosaZebnad swavlobs, <strong>da</strong> ara originalSi Seqspirisa <strong>da</strong> folkneris wasakiTxad.ucxo enis gamoyeneba ukvalod ar qreba. enas aqvs kulturuli plastebi, rogorccnobier, aseve normatiul <strong>da</strong> emociur donezea.mzr<strong>da</strong>d globalur <strong>kultura</strong>s aqvs SesaZlebloba, gavrceldes rogorc elitarul,aseve farTo fenebze. SeasZloa, elitarul doneze kulturis gavrcelebis yvelazemTvari saSualeba aris is, rasac s.hanTingtonma <strong>da</strong>osuri <strong>kultura</strong> uwo<strong>da</strong> (saxelwodeba62
momdinareobs Sveicariuli qalaqis saxeli<strong>da</strong>n); am saxelwodebiT ganisazRvrebawamyvani saqmiani <strong>da</strong> politikuri wreebis saerTaSoriso <strong>kultura</strong>, romlis ZiriTadimamoZravebeli Zala, iseve rogorc ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> teqnologiuri globalizaciisa,saerTaSoriso biznesia. am kulturis matareblebad moiazrebian ara marto isa<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic xSirad <strong>da</strong>dian <strong>da</strong>vosSi, aramed isinic, visac surs iyos amsazogadoebs wevri <strong>da</strong> ar aris, an jer ar aris.msoflioSi arsebobs biznesSi Cabmuli axalgazrdebis sazogadoebaTa mTeli qseli(iapi-internacionali _ abreviatura, romelic modis young urban professional-<strong>da</strong>n),romlebic kargad saubroben inglisurad, Sesabamisad icvamen <strong>da</strong> erTobian, aseve,SeiZleba iTqvas, azrovneben inglisurad. maT Soris gamosayofia ori mimarTuleba: amaxalgazrdebis nawili sruli kosmopolitia; meore nawili ki cdilobs erTdroulador samyaroSi icxovros: ar CamorCes globalur saqmian <strong>kultura</strong>s, magram sakuTaripiradi cxovreba orientirebuli aqvs gansxvavebul kulturul faseulobebze.globalur <strong>kultura</strong>Si arsebobs kidev erTi elitaruli seqtori, romelic xSiraderTvis saqmian <strong>kultura</strong>s, xSirad ki upirispirdeba mas. es aris <strong>da</strong>savluriinteligenciis globalizacia, romelsac bergerma uwo<strong>da</strong> inteleqtualTa saklubo<strong>kultura</strong> (faculty club culture). misi gavrceleba xdeba saxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gziT: akademiuristruqturebiT, fondebiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebiT. igi qmnis sakuTar bazars_ es aris ideebi, qcevis normebi, romlebic Seqmilia <strong>da</strong>savleli, kerZod, amerikeliinteleqtualebis mier, rogorebic arian a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi,specialistebi <strong>da</strong> sxvani.<strong>da</strong>vosur <strong>kultura</strong>s <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualTa saklubo <strong>kultura</strong>s aqvs centri <strong>da</strong>periferia. gansxvaveba am or <strong>kultura</strong>s Soris aris is, rom <strong>da</strong>vosuri kulturiscentrebi mxolod <strong>da</strong>savleTSi ar aris ganlagebuli. iseTi didi biznes-centrebi,rogorebicaa tokio, hong-kongi, singapuri iseTsave imave rols asruleben. xolointeleqtualTa saklubo kulturis centri mxolod <strong>da</strong>savleTSi, kerZod, amerikaSia.ase, rom mTavar globalizatorad, am mimarTulebiT, dRes amerika miiCneva.aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikeli inteleqtualebis mier SemoRebuli cxovrebisjanmrTeli wesi <strong>da</strong> misi ganxorcielebis c<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTSi TavisTavadi movlenaa <strong>da</strong>pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong>niSnulebas emsaxureba. sxva kulturebSi ki mas sxva <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba aqvs,kerZod, es aris am sazogadoebis mier demokratiulobis xarisxis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebismcdeloba. amis magaliTia samxreT afrikaSi Tambaqos wevis sawinaaRmdegokanonmdeblobis Seqmna, maSin roca Sidsis virusma samxreT afrikaSi katastrofulzRvars miaRwia. sigaretis sawinaaRmdego kanonmdebloba, bergeris azriT, sworedinteleqtualTa saklubo kulturisaken swrafviT iyo gamowveuli <strong>da</strong> ara xalxisjanmrTelobaze zrunviT.jeims hanteri saubrobs im kosmopolitebze, romlebic Zalzed advilad moZraobenmTeli msoflios masStabiT <strong>da</strong> originaluri kulturis gavlenas ar ganicdian. es xalxigvxvdeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso korporaciebSi,evangelistur misiebSi. eseni arian globalizatorebi.rodesac saubaria <strong>da</strong>vosuri kulturisa <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturisTaviseburebebze, aucileblad mimaCnia yuradReba gavamaxvilo rusi mecnieris,saerTaSoriso gamokvlevaTa centris direqtoris a.i. utkinis mier SemoTavazebulimosazrebaze. igi miiCnevs, rom globalizaciis procesi or etapad iyofa. pirveli etapiXIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze un<strong>da</strong> veZioT, xolo meore etapi _ XX saukunis 70-ianiwlebis bolos. maT Soris wyalgamyofia meore msoflio omi <strong>da</strong> misi momdevnoaTwleulebi. XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi globalizaciis meore talRas, utkinis azriT,safuZveli <strong>da</strong>udo SeTanxmebam, romelic cnobilia `vaSingtonis konsensusis~ saxeliT.63
1980-ian wlebSi sami yvelaze Zlieri ekonomikuri instituti, romelic ganTavsebuliiyo aSS de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi _ aSS finansTa saministro, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi <strong>da</strong>msoflio banki _ mividnen SeTanxmebamde, rom saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ZiriTadixelSemSleli piroba iyo sabaJo sistemebi. `vaSingtonis konsensusi~ moicavs msofliovaWrobis reorganizaciis aT rekomen<strong>da</strong>cias, romelic SemuSavebul iqna ekonomistj.viliamsonis mier.kerZo biznesis racionalizaciis SesaZleblobis safuZvelze Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> `oqroskorsetis~ wesi, romelic iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n garkveuli kanonebismixedviT moqmedebas; kerZod: kerZo seqtori iqceva ekonomikis ganviTarebis,ekonomikuri aRmavlobis ZiriTad saSualebad; un<strong>da</strong> moxdes inflaciis <strong>da</strong>bali donismxar<strong>da</strong>Wera; SenarCunebul iqnes fasebis stabiluroba; saxelmwifos biurokratiuliaparatis roli mcirdeba; aseve mcirdeba importze ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi; ucxour investiciebzeSezRudvebi ixsneba; xdeba saxelmwifo kuTvnilebaSi arsebuli sawarmoebisprivatizeba; es zrdis imports; aseve adgilobrivi industria gaxsniliamsofliosaTvis <strong>da</strong> sxva. utkinis TqmiT, `oqros korsetis~ wesis gansakuTrebulobaisaa, rom igi iTvaliswinebs `yvelasaTvis erT zomas~; utkini miCnevs, rom swored esiwvevs sxvadsxva qveyanaze socialur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul zewolas, rasac,TavisTavad, araerTgvarovani pasuxebi mohyveba. magram kompensaciad miiCneva is, rom`oqros korsetis~ miRebis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba warmoeba, ekonomikuri Semosavali. ociwlis win malaizielis saSualo Semosavali iyo 350 dolari weliwadSi, magram `oqroskorsetSi~ CaTreuli malaizieli axla weliwadSi 5000 dolars iRebs.politikur sferoSi, acxadebs utkini, `oqros korseti~ amcirebs xelisuflebissaTaveebTan mdgom partiebs Soris arsebul gasxvavebebs. kerZod, aviRoT aSSdemokratebi <strong>da</strong> respublikelebi, maTi samoqmedo gegma, mizani <strong>da</strong> warmodgenilisaxelmwifo mowyobis gegma ar scdeba `oqros korsetis~ wesebs, amitom maT Sorisarsebuli winaaRmdegoba mcirea: imdenad mcire, rom samxreT koreaSi 1999 welsarCevnebSi gamarjvebis Semdeg kim te dJunma vaSingtonSi elCad mowinaaRmdege partiislideri gagzavna. es ukanasknelic <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> im motiviT, rom gansxvaveba ammimarTulebiT <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, maT Soris mcire iyo.yvela qveyana ver axerxebs `oqros korsetis~ saboolood SenarCunebas <strong>da</strong> morgebas.zogierTi qveyana mxolod nawilobriv irgebs mas (egvipte, indoeTi); zogierTipirvelive Sedegis mware gamocdilebis gamo ixsnis mas (ruseTi, malaizia); mesamenicdiloben, oqros korseti sakuTar nacionalur <strong>kultura</strong>s moargon <strong>da</strong> ise miiRon(iaponia, germania, safrangeTi); arseboben iseTebic, <strong>da</strong>sZens utkini, romelnicmiiCneven, rom korsetSi Tavis Seyofa arc Rirs <strong>da</strong> ukeTesad miiCneven, rom mxolodbunebriv resursebs miendon (saudis arabeTi, irani); arseboben kidev iseTisazogadoebebi, romelnic yvelafers gaiReben imisaTvis, rom korsetis mkacr wesebsa<strong>da</strong> kanonebSi ar aRmoCndnen (kuba, su<strong>da</strong>ni, korea); isini, vinc korsetis wesebs aRiareben,miiCneven, rom visac surs materialuri progresis miRweva, aucileblad mouwevs amwesebis Sesruleba. mis <strong>da</strong>sturad korsetis momxreebs moyavT faqtebic. kerZod, isinixazs usvamen viwro regionebis ganviTarebas: CrdiloeT italia, samxreT korea, Sanxaisteritoria, tel-avivi israelSi, beiruTi libanSi, bangalori indoeTSi _ yvelamaTgani miekuTvneba msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis korifeTa ricxvs,`kibernetikul tomebs~, romlebic cxovroben Sedgenili gegmis mixedviT.`oqros korsetis~ mowinaaRmdegeni erTnairad reagireben masze <strong>da</strong> miiCneven, romisini sakuTari kulturis mixedviT, sakuTari siswrafiT ivlian, radgan korsetiZalzed determinizebulia. isini svamen kiTxvas _ ratom ar SeiZleba, Seikribonxelaxla <strong>da</strong> Seqmnan axali, naklebad amkrZalavi modeli? razec msoflios Zlieri64
nawilisgan mkacri pasuxi miiRes _ Tuki Tqveni <strong>kultura</strong> ver SeZlebs warmodgenilismiRebas... es mxolod samwuxaroa. magram mTavari aris is, rom dRevandeli msofliosglobaluri sabazro ekonomika Seqmnilia udidesi istoriuli Zalebis mier, romlebmacSecvales urTierTobis, investirebis stili <strong>da</strong> msoflios aRqmac ki. Tuki Tqven gsurTwin aRudgeT am cvlilebebs, Tqven amiT mxolod Tavs moityuebT <strong>da</strong> sxva araferi.globaluri kulturis gavrceleba xdeba, agreTve masobrivi kulturissaSualebebiT (adi<strong>da</strong>si, makdonaldsi, levisi, mtv <strong>da</strong> sxva). mas mxolod ze<strong>da</strong>pirulixasiaTi aqvs. `globalizacia~ _ es aris movlena, romelic erTgvarovanisamomxmareblo kulturis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. erTgvarovneba ki misaRebia`masisaTvis~. xose ortega i gaseti gasuli saukunis oc<strong>da</strong>aTian wlebSi wer<strong>da</strong>, romevropa dRes yvelaze did kriziss ganicdis, ramac SeiZleba moicvas xalxebi, erebi <strong>da</strong>kulturebi. misi TqmiT, es aris `masebis amboxi~. masas igi axasiaTebs rogorcfsiqologiuri rigis movlenas. `a<strong>da</strong>miani-masa~ isaa, visac ar SeuZlia, rogorc kargi,aseve cudi mxriTac Seafasos Tavi; vinc Tavis Tavs aRiqvamas `iseTad, rogoricaayvela~ <strong>da</strong> sulac ar ganicdis amas. mas moswons iyos iseTi, rogoricaa yvela.ortega i gaseti am krizisis <strong>da</strong>sawyiss XIX saukuneSi xe<strong>da</strong>vs. jer kidev maSiniwinaswarmetyveles hegelma, kontma, nicSem `masebis amboxi~, romelic mas Semdeg sulufro gaZlier<strong>da</strong>. a<strong>da</strong>miani-masa _ es aris pirovneba, romelsac ar gaaCnia Semoqmedebisa<strong>da</strong> Sefasebis unari. igi iRebs yvelafers iseTad, rogorc awvdian. amis gamo, masazezegavlenis moxdena advilia.neoliberaluri msoflwesrigis pirobebSi individis sulieri <strong>da</strong> kulturulimsoflSegneba ganicdis saerTaSoriso sakomunikacio saSualebaTa zewolas. filmebis,Souebisa <strong>da</strong> serialebis globaluri auditoriis gaCena <strong>da</strong> maTi zegavlena programebisSinaarsze uprecedento movlenaa. media orientirebulia popularul <strong>da</strong> masobriv<strong>kultura</strong>ze <strong>da</strong> masobrivi cnobierebi<strong>da</strong>n devnis alternatiul <strong>for</strong>mebs. mayurebelTa<strong>da</strong> msmenelTa reitingisaTvis mebrZoli mediis saSualebaTa saqmianoba gansazRvruliaekonomikuri interesiT, <strong>da</strong> ara inteleqtualuri SinaarsiT. <strong>kultura</strong> ganixileba,rogorc globaluri auditoriisa <strong>da</strong> globaluri in<strong>for</strong>maciuli sazogadoebismiRwevis saSualeba.globaluri kulturis Camoyalibebis centrSia interneti. garemocva, romelSicqveyanas, <strong>kultura</strong>s uxdeba arseboba, did gavlenas axdens mis CamoyalibebaganviTarebaze,radgan ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifos urTierToba aqvsgansxvavebuli kulturis mqone erTobebTan. urTierTobisas xdeba kulturulRirebulebaTa gacvla, erTobis cnobiereba ganicdis mudmiv trans<strong>for</strong>macias.iyo periodi, rodesac msoflio ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> erTian sivrces <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>yofiligaxl<strong>da</strong>T patara samyaroebad; erebi xalxebi <strong>da</strong> kulturebi ar icnobdnen erTmaneTs, arhqon<strong>da</strong>T urTierToba, Sexeba, ramac ganapiroba mravali originaluri kulturis, erisaxelmwifosCamoyalibeba.dRes msoflio gaxsnilia, igi erTian sivrces warmoadgens. arsebobs farTosain<strong>for</strong>macio saSulebebi, telefoni, sahaero transporti, kosmosuri sadgurebi <strong>da</strong>,rac mTavaria, interneti. maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myarebaaTasobiT kilometris <strong>da</strong>SorebiT. yoveldRiurad internetis meSveobiT igzavnebamilionobiT imeili, cifruli foto, wignis moculobis teqstebi, xmovani <strong>da</strong> videofaili. audionakadi SesaZlebels xdis berlinis radiosadguris mosmenas niu-deliSi<strong>da</strong> piriqiT. internetis `CeT-rumi~ <strong>da</strong> sadiskusio jgufebi virtualuri saqalaqoSexvedris centrebia, sa<strong>da</strong>c aTasobiT a<strong>da</strong>miani erTmaneTs uziarebs sakuTar azrs;TamaSoben, ibmeba megobrobis Zafebi, ideba biznes-garigebebi. yvela a<strong>da</strong>mianuri65
urTierToba, romelic SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>myardes skolaSi, quCaSi, kafeSi, qarxanaSi,internetSic xorcieldeba.interneti xels uwyobs globaluri kulturis Seqmnas, acxadebs saerTaSorisomarketinguli firma IDC-s vice-prezidenti gigi vangi (Gigi Wang). am saxis ukanasknelicvlileba iyo ga<strong>da</strong>svla lokaluri<strong>da</strong>n erovnul ekonomikaze, rasac Tan sdev<strong>da</strong>ga<strong>da</strong>svla rkinigzi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> radio<strong>da</strong>n avtomobilsa <strong>da</strong> televizorze. axla xdeba ga<strong>da</strong>svlaerovnuli ekonomiki<strong>da</strong>n globalur ekonomikaze, rasac mosdevs sahaero transporti <strong>da</strong>interneti.boloniis universitetis istoriis profesori devid elvudi (David Elwood) miiCnevs,rom interneti ar qmnis globalur <strong>kultura</strong>s, aramed mxolod aCqarebs movlenebs <strong>da</strong>qmnis am fenomenis erT-erT Sres. globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> didi biznesia <strong>da</strong> misi saTaveSeiZleba moiZebnos industriis iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa sporti, filmebi,fotografia, musika <strong>da</strong> aviaxazebi. yovelive amis Tavi <strong>da</strong> Tavia aSS gasarTobiindustriis mier masobrivi kulturis unikaluri <strong>da</strong> mzardi moculobiT gamogoneba,warmoeba <strong>da</strong> gavrceleba. d.elvudis TqmiT, 1996 wels aSS filmebma, satelevizioproduqciam, kompiuterulma teqnikam, wignebma <strong>da</strong> kulturis sxva <strong>for</strong>mebma ga<strong>da</strong>aWarbasahaero <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi produqciis eqsports, <strong>da</strong> am mxriv pirveli adgili <strong>da</strong>ikava. amisSemdeg inglisuri ena iqca ara mxolod globaluri komerciis, aramed saerTaSorisoteqnologiisa <strong>da</strong> garTobis ena<strong>da</strong>c.kacobriobam Seabija ganviTarebis axal epoqaSi, es aris sain<strong>for</strong>macio epoqa,interneti aris masobrivi kulturis farTod gavrcelebis saSualeba. afrikelimkvlevari qalis fari<strong>da</strong> miuale-manenjis (Fri<strong>da</strong>h Muyale-Manenji) TqmiT, globalizaciauzarmazar gavlenas axdens <strong>kultura</strong>ze, igi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gziT zemoqmedebs xalxiskulturul qcevaze. a<strong>da</strong>mianebi icvlian cxovrebis wess. koka-kolas ritmuli reklamaismis qveynierebis nebismier wertilSi, im soflebSic ki, sa<strong>da</strong>c arsebobs sasmeli wylisproblema.in<strong>for</strong>maciulma epoqam ganapiroba is, rom kulturebi <strong>da</strong>uaxlovdnen erTmaneTs;tradiciul simboloTa gverdiT gaCn<strong>da</strong> internacionaluri mniSvnelobis simboloebi<strong>da</strong> popularuli sistemebi.sainteresoa, rom es yvelaferi xdeba ze<strong>da</strong>pirulad, anu yvelafrisgaucnobiereblad miRebas axdens masa, romelsac monawileoba ar miuRia Tavisikulturis originaluri Rirebulebebis SeqmnaSi, masa, romelsac gacnobierebulic kiar aqvs, Tu ras niSnavs Zireuli gansxvaveba kulturebs Soris, amitom masze didgavlenas axdens reklama. mediis zemoqmedebiT kulturis miReba zustad iseTivemovlenaa, rogorc reklamiT raRac nawarmis farTo masisaTvis gacnoba. reklamaSiSeqmnili samyaro imdenad mimzidveli <strong>da</strong> macduria, rom aucileblad axdensmomxmarebelze gavlenas. momxmarebeli ki dRes aris masa, romelic imdenad gaZlier<strong>da</strong>,rom, marTalia, Tavad ver qmnis, magram elitas, romelsac SemoqmedebiTi unari aqvs,karnaxobs imas, Tu ra un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnas, karnaxobs mo<strong>da</strong>s. dRes iqmneba is, rac moswonsyvelas, yvela ki `masaa~, iqmneba is, raSic masa ufro met Tanxas ixdis.f.fukuiamas TqmiT, dRes saubari SeZleba mxolod globalur samomxmareblo<strong>kultura</strong>ze, romelic vrceldeba makdonaldsisa <strong>da</strong> koka-kolas msgavsi kompaniebismeSveobiT 1 . magram, saerTod, <strong>kultura</strong> ufro metia, vidre samomxmareblo bazari, esukanaskneli aris ze<strong>da</strong>piruli aspeqti, <strong>kultura</strong>s ki aqvs siRrme, romelic gavlenas1 (erT saintereso faqtze min<strong>da</strong> SevaCero Tqveni yuradReba; ruan<strong>da</strong>Si momx<strong>da</strong>ri genocidis Semdeg ararsebob<strong>da</strong> aranairi infrastruqtura, aranairi wesrigi, qveyana srul qaosiT iyo moculi.gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias, romelic gaemgzavra misiis Sesasruleblad am qveyanaSi, erTisaintereso faqtis momswre gax<strong>da</strong>: maTze ufro adre ruan<strong>da</strong>Si Casvla “koka-kolas” warmomadgenlebmamoaxerxes)66
axdens imaze, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba xalxi erTmaneTs. swored amitom kulturebi jerkidev inarCuneben individualurobas. misive TqmiT, 60-ian wlebSi azia aSS-s Sehyureb<strong>da</strong>rogorc modernizaciis models. gabatonebuli iyo mosazreba, rom <strong>da</strong>savleTi flobsmowinave sakomunikacio teqnologiebs, romelTa meSveobiTac advili SesaZlebeliiqnebo<strong>da</strong> kulturis gavrceleba. magram swored iman, rom am sakomunikaciosaSualebebma azias <strong>da</strong> sxva sazogadoebebs ufro mkveTrad <strong>da</strong>anaxa is gansxvaveba,romelic maTi kulturebis ZirebSia saZiebeli <strong>da</strong>, romlis gafermkrTalebac ki ZalianZneli, TiTqmis miuRwevelia. amas isic emateba, rom aziisa <strong>da</strong> sxva ara<strong>da</strong>savlurisazogadoebebi sul ufro did yuradRebas aqceven amerikaSi mimdinare urbanulxrwnasa <strong>da</strong> ojaxis <strong>da</strong>cemas. es ki ise<strong>da</strong>c arsebul ufskruls sul ufro aRrmavebs.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom in<strong>for</strong>maciulma <strong>da</strong>axloebam mxolod moCvenebiTi globaluri<strong>kultura</strong> Seqmna, romelic misaRebia masisaTvis. masas, SesaZloa, didi survilichqondes, rom miiRos <strong>da</strong> icxovros ucxo kulturisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli wesebiT,magram es ver moaxerxos, radgan sakuTari <strong>kultura</strong> ar miscems amis saSualebas. sworedes ganasxvavebs masas elitisagan, radgan elita iRebs ara imas, rac surs, aramed imas,risi miRebac mis pirovnebas SeuZlia. ufro sworad, elitas imis miRebis surviliuCndeba, rac misi kulturisaTvis aris misaRebi <strong>da</strong> amas igi akeTebs ara ise, rommoaxdinos sakuTaris, Zireulis uaryofa, radgan elita Tavi<strong>da</strong>n bolomde SeigrZnobs<strong>kultura</strong>s, masas ki es grZnoba ar gaaCnia, swored amitom misTvis globalurisamomxmareblo <strong>kultura</strong> ukve niSnavs mTlianad kulturis globalizacias, radgankulturis meti siRrme masas ar aintresebs. swored amis eSino<strong>da</strong> x.ortega i gasetisjer kidev XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, rodesac acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom gaqrebian beThovenisa <strong>da</strong>mocartis msmenelebi. es SiSi dResac arsebobs _ SiSi imisa, rom masebis gaZlierebaTavisTavad moaxdens kulturuli originalurobis gaqrobas. masa moiTxovs kom<strong>for</strong>ts,mas ara aqvs mizani, rasac cxovrebas Seswiravs, misi mizania kom<strong>for</strong>tuli cxovreba, masmxolod is surs, rom iyos yvelas msgavsi.aseve didi roli ekisreba globaluri kulturis gavrcelebaSi evangelisturprotestantizms. ingliseli sociologi devid martini didi xnis ganmavlobaSiikvlev<strong>da</strong> am sakiTxs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zusta, rom msoflioSi am religiis mimdevari 250 milionamdea<strong>da</strong>miania. am religiis miReba iwvevs garkveul cvlilebebs ojaxur urTierTobebSi,seqsualur gamovlinebebSi, bavSvTa aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>, rac yvelaze mTavaria, saqmisadmi<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi, rac TavisTavad gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze saerTod.globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> mimarTulia a<strong>da</strong>mianebis individualizaciisaken <strong>da</strong>tradiciebisgan <strong>da</strong> erTobebisagan maTi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaken. individualizacia un<strong>da</strong>ganixilebodes, rogorc socialur-fsiqologiuri procesi, romelic empiriulgamoxatulebas povebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevasa <strong>da</strong> cnobierebaSi, <strong>da</strong>moukideblad im ideisagan,romelic am a<strong>da</strong>mianebs SesaZloa hqodeT amis Sesaxeb. sxva sityvebiT, individualizaciarogorc empiriuli gamovlineba, aucileblad gansasxvavebelia `individualizmisagan,rogorc ideologiisagan. msgavsi midgoma momgebiania imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c gvexmarebaavxsnaT, Tu riT aris mimzidveli axali globaluri <strong>kultura</strong>. rogorc ukve cnobilia,<strong>modernizacia</strong> angrevs tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> koleqtiuri sulis mefobas <strong>da</strong> individs xdisufro TviTmyofads. es ki niSnavs gaTavisuflebas. axal globalur <strong>kultura</strong>s bevriaqvs saerTo modernizaciis procesTan. dRevandel dRes ki msoflios mraval kuTxeSikidec emTxvevian erTmaneTs.modernizaciis adreul etapze a<strong>da</strong>mianebs uCndebaT meti Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> axaliSesaZleblobebis aRtacebuli grZnoba. amitom axali globaluri <strong>kultura</strong>momxiblavia maTTvis, vinc afasebs pirovnul Tavisuflebas <strong>da</strong> cdilobs mis srulad67
ealizebas. amiT globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> Zalzed waagavs elinizmis epoqas, rodesacgaizar<strong>da</strong> individebis miswrafeba `srulyofilebisaken~.mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, oriode sityviT Tavad modernizaciis cnebasacSevexoT. am terminiT sociologiaSi aRniSnaven tradiciuli, sasoflo, agrarulisazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n sekularul, industriul, urbanistul sazogadoebadtrans<strong>for</strong>macias. modernuli sazogadoeba industriuli sazogadoebaa. sazogadoebismodernizeba, upirveles yovlisa, mis industrializacias niSnavs. istoriulad,modernuli sazogadoebis aRzeveba mWidrod iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli industriulisazogadoebis warmoSobasTan. modernulobis yvela ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli/niSani<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia cvlilebaTa erTobliobasTan, romelmac ori saukuniT adreganapiroba industriuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba. termini `industrializacia~ <strong>da</strong>`industriuli sazogadoeba~ gacilebiT mets gulisxmobs, vidre ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>teqnologiuri komponentebia, romlebic mis arss warmoadgenen. industrializmicxovrebis wesia, romelic moicavs Zireul ekonomikur, socialur, politikur <strong>da</strong>kulturul cvlilebebs. industrializaciis yovlismomcveli gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis Sedegadsazogadoeba xdeba modernuli. <strong>modernizacia</strong> aris uwyveti <strong>da</strong> usasrulo procesi.istoriulad, <strong>modernizacia</strong> saukuneebs moicavs, Tumca, arsebobs <strong>da</strong>Cqarebulimodernizaciis magaliTebi. orive SemTxvevaSi, <strong>modernizacia</strong> ar aris erTjeradimonapovari. rogoric ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos ganviTarebis done, yovelTvis arseboben`CamorCenili~ regionebi <strong>da</strong> `periferiuli~ jgufebi. es aris modernul sazogadoebaSi<strong>da</strong>Zabulobisa <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebis mudmivi safuZveli. modernizaciis procesi arSemoifargleba erTi calkeuli qveynis Sinagani ganviTarebiT. is un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodesglobaluri masStabiT, radgan <strong>modernizacia</strong> gavrcel<strong>da</strong> Tavisi warmoSobis adgili<strong>da</strong>n_ <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n _ <strong>da</strong> mTeli msoflio moicva. ganviTarebis araTanabari donis mqonenaciebis arseboba msoflio saxelmwifoTa sistemaSi arastabilurobis fun<strong>da</strong>menturielementia.<strong>modernizacia</strong>s ori ZiriTadi faza aqvs. misi ganviTarebis garkveul momentamdemodernistuli ideebi progresulad iTvleba, Tumca mas SeiZleba Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveladwinaaRmdegoba Sexvdes. modernizaciis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli winaaRmdegobebi, SesaZloa,xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong> mwvave iyos, magram, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d isini ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis.Tumca, garkveuli momentis Semdeg <strong>modernizacia</strong> iwvevs mzard ukmayofilebas. esnawilobriv gamoiwvia modernuli sazogadoebis adreuli warmatebisa <strong>da</strong>dinamizmisagan didi Sedegebis molodinma. jgufebs erTobebSi mzardi moTxovnebiuCndebo<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> am moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro rTuldebo<strong>da</strong>. ufro<strong>da</strong>sabuTebulad, <strong>modernizacia</strong>m ganviTarebul doneze msoflio masStabiT moitanaaxali socialuri <strong>da</strong> materialuri sirTuleebi, romlebic safrTxes uqmni<strong>da</strong>ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> eqspansias, romelsac modernuli sazogadoeba efuZneba. meorefazaSi, modernuli sazogadoeba uamravi problemis pirispir aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. am problemaTaga<strong>da</strong>Wra, umravles SemTxvevaSi, aRematebo<strong>da</strong> tradiciuli eri-saxlemwifosSesaZleblobebs. amave dros, msoflios dRevandeli saxis ganmsazRvrel dominirebadfaqtorad rCeba araTanabari siZlierisa <strong>da</strong> konfliqturi interesebis mqonesuverenul er-saxelmwifoTa sistema.modernuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia XVIII saukuneSi momx<strong>da</strong>r ordid cvlilebasTan (ZvrasTan) politikur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur sferoSi. orive maTgani imfarTo cvlilebebis nawilia, romlebmac, renesansisa <strong>da</strong> re<strong>for</strong>maciis Semdeg,<strong>da</strong>savleTi ga<strong>da</strong>iyvana ganviTarebis axal, <strong>da</strong>narCeni samyarosagan gansxvavebul, etapze.cvlilebaTa es modeli gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> individualizmsa <strong>da</strong>, saboloo jamSi,sekularizms, rac protestantul memkvidreobas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. cvlilebebi gamoixata68
aseve mecnierebis ganviTarebaSic. cvlilebebma am orive mimarTulebiT XVIII saukunisbolos kulminacias miaRwia. pirvelma modernma ganapiroba politikuri revoluciebisafrangeTsa <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT amerikaSi. meore ki, romelic mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> teqnologiuriinovaciebisaTvis xelsayrel viTarebaSi, did britaneTis industriuli revoluciiserT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi iyo.amerikisa <strong>da</strong> safrangeTis revoluciebma <strong>da</strong>afuZnes modernuli sazogadoebispolitikuri tipi _ konstituciuri <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli. es niSnavs ara imas, romamieri<strong>da</strong>n yvela mTavrobas amgvari xasiaTi hqon<strong>da</strong>, aramed imas, rom aqe<strong>da</strong>nmoyolebuli, praqtikulad yvela moazrovnisaTvis cxadi gax<strong>da</strong>, rom axla politikursistemebs aRar un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong>T pretenzia legitimurobaze, Tu is ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>myarebuli konstituciurad gamoxatul `xalxis nebaze~.Tavi VII. vesternizaciisa <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis cnebaTaurTierTmimarTebisTviserT-erTi didi problemaa globalizaciisa <strong>da</strong> vesternizaciis urTierTmimarTeba.Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> ori Tvalsazrisi:pirvelis mixedviT, globalizacia aris ufro farTo procesi, vidre vesternizacia;amasTan erTad, globalizacia praqtikulad TanabarmniSvnelovania modernizaciisa;am Sexedulebas mxars uWeren a.gidensi, r.robertsoni, m.olbrou, u.konoli.aRmosavleT aziis qveynebma <strong>da</strong>amtkices, rom industrializacia SesaZlebeliavesternizaciis gareSe.meore midgomis mixedviT, globalizacia mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod <strong>da</strong>savlurimodernizmis globalur difuzias warmoadgens. <strong>da</strong> igi mimarTulia veternizaciisgafarToebis, <strong>da</strong>savluri kapitalizmisa <strong>da</strong> institutebis gavrcelebisaken. ammimarTulebas mxars uWeren s.amini <strong>da</strong> l.bentoni. r.gilpini miiCnevs, rom msofliointernacionalizacia aris amerikuli msoflio wesrigis gavrcelebis produqti.a.kalinikosi <strong>da</strong> rigi mecnierebisa TanamedroveobaSi xe<strong>da</strong>ven <strong>da</strong>savluri imperializmisaxal fazas, romelSic nacionalurma xelisuflebebma Seasrules monopolitikurikapitalis agentebis roli. amerikeli Teoritikosis h.gleizeris azriT,globalizacia aris gavrceleba <strong>da</strong>savleTis mier regulirebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciisa <strong>da</strong>gasarTobi saSualebebisa, romlebic garkveul efeqts axdens im qveynebisfaseulobebze, romelbSic es in<strong>for</strong>macia aRwevs. CexeTis prezidentma vaclav havelmawarmoadgina ubralo beduinis saxe, romelic zis aqlemze <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli samosis qveSjinsebs atarebs. mas xelSi radiomimRebi <strong>da</strong> koka-kola uWiravs. koka-kola <strong>da</strong> jinsi,marTalia, naklebmniSvnelovania, magram radiomimRebi <strong>da</strong> televizori ukve didmniSvnelobas iZens, radgan maTi saSualebiT beduini iRebs in<strong>for</strong>macias, romelicaucileblad axdens gavlenas beduinis pirvelsawyis Rirebulebebze. rodesac saubariakulturis globalizaciaze, saubaria <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis, kerZod, amerikulikulturis gavlenaze msoflios sxva civilizaciebze.Tema VIII. <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>kultura</strong>Ta warmomadgenlebisTvaliT <strong>da</strong>naxuli samomavlo perspeqtivarogorc <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, globalizacia Tanamedrove movlenaa, magram es ar niSnavs, romdRes mimdinare procesebis msgavsi istoriis ganmavlobaSi ar xdebo<strong>da</strong>. globalurmovlenebi adrec aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>; istoriaze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT, SesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba,rom saqarTvelo mudmivad CarTuli iyo globalur procesebSi (nebismieri axlo Tu69
Soreuli mezobeli, romelsac hqon<strong>da</strong> msoflio imperiad qcevis pretenzia, met-naklebyuradRebas aqcev<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos, mis geografiul mdebareobas); Sesabamisad, zemoTwarmodgenili msjelobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTeba, rommaSindel samyaroSi mimdinare globalur procesebSi monawileoba gax<strong>da</strong> qarTulisazogadoebis Camoyalibebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis erT-erTi safuZveli; globaluriprocesebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare gamowvevebis mudmivoba ganapiroba geografiulmamdebareobam, ramac saqarTvelos garkveuli funqcia mianiWa; saqarTvelos winaSearsebuli gamowvevebi ori saxisa iyo: gamowveva, romelic am funqcii<strong>da</strong>n momdinareob<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> gamowveva, romelze gacemul pasuxsac am funqciis <strong>da</strong>brunebamde mivyavdiT.Cveni azriT, globalizaciis pirobebSi modernizaciis gamowvevebze arsebobs oripasuxi Tu ganviTarebis Sedegi _ lokalizacia <strong>da</strong> multi<strong>kultura</strong>lizami;lokalizaciis farglebSi ganixileba iseTi movlena, romelsac mecnierebaSiglokalizacia ewo<strong>da</strong>. `globalurad~ _ niSnavs mraval adgilze erTdroulad, anutranslokalurad~. koncernebi `koka-kola~ <strong>da</strong> `soni~ sakuTar strategiebs`globalur lokalizacias~ uwodeben, radgan isini miiCneven, rom globalizacia arniSnavs <strong>da</strong> moiTxovs msoflios yvela kuTxeSi qarxana-fabrikebis aSenebas, arame<strong>da</strong>ucilebelia isini am Tu im kulturis nawilad iqcnen, anu `koka-kola~, `makdonaldsi~Tu `soni~ konkretuli kulturis moTxovnebs iTvaliswinebs menejmentSi.lokalizacis procesi iwvevs regionalizacias; magaliTad aviRoT iaponia,romelic garkveul geografiul garemoSi <strong>da</strong> sazRvrebSi iqca lider qveynad; igiaxdens sakuTari kulturis reklamirebas <strong>da</strong> gavrcelebas; taivanis magaliTze, sin-xuanmaikl siao globalizaciis procesSi gamoyofs sam mimarTulebas _ amerikanizacia,evropeizacia <strong>da</strong> iaponizacia. misive TqmiT, taivanuri <strong>da</strong> iaponuri kulturebi Zalze<strong>da</strong>xlos arian erTmaneTTan; 1990-ian wlebSi taivanSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> axali gamoTqma ha-ri-zu(`iaponiis TayvanismcemelTa Taoba~), romelic asocirdeba yvelaferi iaponuriTaRtacebasTan. ha-ri-zu-s warmomadgenlebma, SesaZloa, iaponiis arc istoria icodnenkargad <strong>da</strong> arc politikur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba; es Taoba Seiqmna iaponiis miersakuTari kulturis propagandis Sedegad; sin-xuan maikl siao aRniSnavs, romtaivanuri kulturis iaponurTan siaxlovem taivanze vesternizaciis gavlenaSeasusta; ufro zustad: iaponias taivanSi aqvs mravali sakabelo satelevizio arxi;iaponurma melodramebma warmatebiT moaxdina <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis, cxovrebis wesislokalizacia anu a<strong>da</strong>ptireba adgilobrivTan <strong>da</strong> ise ga<strong>da</strong>sca igi taivanel mayurebels;anu taivani <strong>da</strong>savlur Rirebulebebs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, iaponur wnexSigamovlils iRebs; iaponuri <strong>kultura</strong> ki imdenad axloa taivanurTan, rom taivanuri<strong>kultura</strong> absoluturad Ria aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> globaluri kulturis miRebisaTvis ise, romglobalur <strong>kultura</strong>s ar mouxdenia adgilobrivi kulturis ga<strong>da</strong>sxvafereba. msgavsgavlenas, ambobs sin-xuan maikl siao, iaponuri <strong>kultura</strong> sxva Crdilo <strong>da</strong> samxreTaRmosavleT aziis kulturebzec axdens. anu, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iaponurma <strong>kultura</strong>mlokalizaciis Sedegad moaxerxa garkveuli saxis regionalizacia, am regionSi igiwarmoadgens wamyvan sazogadoebas, rac imis saSualebasac iZleva, rom misi msgavsikulturebi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebebi advilad iReben globaluri kulturis Taviseburebebs<strong>da</strong> sakuTari kulturis originalobis <strong>da</strong>kargvis gareSe axerxeben <strong>modernizacia</strong>s.<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi min<strong>da</strong> aRvniSno, rom mizani msjelobisa, romelsac me SemogTavazebT, araris <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTeba; is ufro globalizaciis gamowvevaze saqarTvlos mier gasacemipasuxis Ziebaa.amjerad min<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove saqarTvelos geografiul garemos Sevexo. iaponiismagaliTze ganvsazRvreT, rom regionalizaciis miRweva kulturulad monaTesavemezoblis gareSe, romelic gaxdeba regionSi wamyvani qveyana, SeuZlebelia; anu70
egionalizaciis process sWirdeba meTauri, medroSe; rodesac vsaubrobT regionSiwamyvan qveyanaze, aq ar igulisxmeba raime politikuri an ekonomikuri zewola,regionalizacia kulturis niSniT gamoricxavs Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebas, imperiul zraxvebs.kulturuli niSniT regionalizaciis procesi <strong>da</strong>myarebulia sazogadoebaTakulturul msgavsebaze; igi bunebrivi <strong>da</strong> Seuqcevadi procesia, romelic TavisTavadmimdinareobs; gansxvavebis saxiT gavixseneb regionalizacias ideologiis niSniT;msgavsi erToba sabWoTa kavSiris saxiT arsebob<strong>da</strong>; misi <strong>da</strong>Slis erT-erTi mizeziswored kulturuli mravalferovneba <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuloba gax<strong>da</strong>.lokalizaciis <strong>da</strong> regionalizaciis saintereso Teorias gvTavazobs ukrainelimecnieri _ politologi, nobelis premiis laureati robert aqselrodi;saerTaSoriso konferenciaze: `Tanamedroveobis xelaxla gaazreba~ man ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, romuaxloesi oci wlis manZilze kacobrioba SeeCexeba Semdeg potenciur safrTxeebs:1. samxedro <strong>da</strong> sain<strong>for</strong>macio teqnologiebis swrafi ganviTareba;2. erTa politikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> religiuri TviTidentifikaciis problema;3. mniSvnelovani resursebis (sakvebi, wyali, navTobi) ukmarisoba msoflio masStabiT;4. gavlenisa <strong>da</strong> Zlierebis centrebis ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba;5. gaZlierdeba ganxeTqileba mdi<strong>da</strong>r <strong>da</strong> Rarib qveynebs Soris <strong>da</strong> warmoiSobafinansuri arastabiluroba;6. demografiuli krizisi.u<strong>da</strong>voa, rom am gamowvevebs sWirdeba adekvaturi pasuxi, acxadebs r.aqselrodi <strong>da</strong>miiCnevs, rom globalizmis ignorireba ar SeiZleba. magram globalizmi mxolodnawilia didi procesisa, romelsac globalizacia ewodeba. Tu globalizmi gamoiyenebamxolod erT ganzomilebasTan, ekonomikasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, globalizacia, germanelipolitologis ulrix bekis TvalsazrisiT, moicavs sxva aspeqtebsac, rogorebicaa:politikuri, ekologiuri, socialuri, kulturuli, civilizaciuri. dRevandelobisumniSvnelovanesi problema isaa, rom globalizmi win uswrebs globalizacias.zenacionaluri monopoliebi, romelTac mokavSired hyavT aSS, TavianT pirobebskarnaxoben msoflios, xolo saerTaSoriso institutebi ver axerxeben amazereagirebas. konfliqtebis <strong>da</strong>regulirebaSi ususuria xolme gaero. Teoriula<strong>da</strong>c ki ararsebobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis urTierTTanaarsebobis <strong>for</strong>mebi.saeklesio organizaciebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo liderebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n imis oficialurimtkiceba, rom tradiciuli religiuri konfesiebi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebi urTierTmimarTtolerantebi arian <strong>da</strong> eyrdnobian saerTo sakacobrio Rirebulebebs, mxolod kvamlisfar<strong>da</strong>a, romelsac advilad arRveven fun<strong>da</strong>mentalistebi.r.aqselrodi mizanSewonilad miiCnevs politkosebis, mecnierebis, samoqalaqosazogadoebis aqtivistebis Zalisxmevis gaerTianebas imisTvis, raTa SeiqmnassaerTaSoriso institutebi, romlebic Seamcireben globalizmis negatiur Sedegebs.aravisaTvis ar aris saidumlo is faqti, rom ekonomikuri globalizacia aviwroebs <strong>da</strong>meore planze ga<strong>da</strong>aqvs globalizaciis is procesebi, romelTa mizania gansxvavebulicivilizaciebis Rirebulebebis mudmivi <strong>da</strong>axloeba maTi universalizaciismimarTulebiT. mas, SeiZleba, kacobriobisaTvis araprognozirebadi Sedegebi mohyves.ukraineli mecnieri ayalibebs globalizaciis procesis umtkinveulod ga<strong>da</strong>qcevisgzebs. is aRniSnavs, rom pirvel etapze un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyos ara erTiani, universaluriideisaTvis SekavSireba, aramed un<strong>da</strong> moxdes gansxvavebul politikur, kulturul,religiur <strong>da</strong> nacionalur jgufTa gaerTianeba, romlebic win aRudgebian imfaseulobebze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmas, romlebic mocemul situaciaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania.mecnieri aRniSnavs ukrainis rols momavalSi. is <strong>da</strong>sZens, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTi qveynismcire ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebisa, kargad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli maTi71
geopolitikuri mdebareoba _ sakuTari <strong>da</strong> msoflio interesebis Sesabamisad.mecnieris azriT, ukrainam un<strong>da</strong> gaataros <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli sagareo politikuri kursi<strong>da</strong> ar <strong>da</strong>iwyos im gaerTianebebis karebze kakuni, sa<strong>da</strong>c aravis sWirdeba: natoSi <strong>da</strong>evrokavSirSi. ukrainelebi Raribebi <strong>da</strong> Tanac bevrni arian <strong>da</strong> axlo momavalSi amorganizaciaSi maT aravin elis. aqselrodis azriT, ukraina un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes mizidulobiscentri balkaneTis qveynebisTvis, rumineTisTvis, bulgareTisTvis, samxreT kavkasiissaxelmwifoebisTvis, moldovisa <strong>da</strong> yazaxeTisTvis. ukrainelebma un<strong>da</strong> moawyoncivilizebuli saxelmwifo evropuli nimuSis mixedviT, sa<strong>da</strong>c adgili ar eqnebaavtoritarizms. aqselrods Rrmad swams, rom am mimarTulebiT ukrainis perspeqtivaimedismomcemia. mecnieris azriT, ukrainelebma un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zlion TavianTiprovincializmi <strong>da</strong> globalizaciis epoqaSi msoflioSi arsebuli problemebisga<strong>da</strong>WraSi TavianTi wvlili Seitanon.am Teoriis mixedviT, aRmosavleT evropis teritoriaze un<strong>da</strong> Camoyalibdes axaliregioni, romlis organizatori <strong>da</strong> lideri un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes ukraina; mis wevradsaqarTveloc moiazreba.ukrainis meTaurobiT aRmosavleT evropaSi axali regionis Seqmna, SeiZleba iTqvas,warmoudgenelia; pirvel rigSi Tavad ukraina ar warmoadgens Zlier demokratiulsazogadoebas (arc ekonomikurad <strong>da</strong> arc politikurad), romelsac Seswevs unari,konkurencia gauwios evrokavSirs, radgan Tavad aqselrodis mier CamoTvlilsaxelmwifoTa umravlesobis mizani evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaa, maTgan bulgareTi <strong>da</strong>rumineTi ukve wevrebi arian; meores mxriv, miviCnevT, rom Tavad evropas, sabWoTakavSirTan urTierTobis gamocdilebiT, aRar un<strong>da</strong> sWirdebodes aRmosavleT evropaSiraime alternatiuli regionis Seqmna.aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi regionis Seqmnas ver moaxerxebs verc erTikavkasiuri qveyana; TurqeTi TviTon cdilobs gaxdes evrokavSiris wevri; erTaderTi,visac, SesaZloa, garkveuli survili hqondes regionis Seqmnisa, aris ruseTi; dsT, CveniazriT, warmoadgens ara globalizaciis gamowvevebze gacemul pasuxs <strong>da</strong> bunebriverTobas, aramed ruseTis imperiisa <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris gadmonaSTs; igi imTaviTveganwirulia <strong>da</strong>SlisaTvis; anu saqarTvelosaTvis am mimarTulebas <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirisalternatiuli regionis Ziebas realuri safuZveli ar aqvs.am msjelobis amosavali wertili aris is, rom `globalizaciis maxi<strong>da</strong>n ar arsebobserovnuli gamosavali, magram arsebobs transnacionaluri gamosavali~.regionalizacia aris saSualeba transnacionaluri zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebisSeqmnisa. zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnis mizezi <strong>da</strong> mizani politikisa <strong>da</strong>ekonomikis sferoebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs, magram saSualeba aris kulturuliurTierTmsgavseba. dReisaTvis msoflioSi zesaxelmwifoebriv organizmSi integraciamoaxerxes evropis qveynebma. evropa aris ara mxolod geografiuli ganzomileba,aramed zesaxelmwifoebrivi sazogadoeba. misi erTianobis safuZvelia demokratia. anuevrokavSirSi aRmoCndnen <strong>da</strong> Sesvlis ufleba eZlevaT im qveynebs, romlebic iRvwiansakuTar sazogadoebaSi demokratiulobis xarisxis gazrdisaTvis, anu evrokavSiriwarmoadgens modernizaciis Sedegs, radgan <strong>modernizacia</strong> gulisxmobs sazogadoebisganviTarebas demokratiuli niSnebiT. sakiTxis am mimarTulebiT kveleva marTebuladmimaCnia, radgan saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gezi am mimarTulebiT aqvs aRebuli <strong>da</strong>cdilobs globalizaciis gamowvevas pasuxi evrokavSirSi integraciiT gasces.mecnierebaSi miRebulia azri, rom saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>savluri orientaciagamowveulia qarTuli kulturis <strong>da</strong>savluri xasiaTiT. uamravi mosazreba gamoiTqvaimis Sesaxeb, Tu ra niSnebis gamo SeiZleba CavTvaloT <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis wevrad.ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, am mimarTulebiT kvleva aucilebelia, magram miviCnev, rom sakiTxis72
imgvarad <strong>da</strong>sma, rom saqarTvelo aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> iyos an <strong>da</strong>savluri, an aRmosavluricivlizaciis Semadgeneli nawili, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia ganviTarebisgezis <strong>da</strong> mimarTulebis gansazRvra, ar aris marTebuli. qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>SiaRmosavluri kulturis niSnebis arseboba sulac ar niSnavs, rom qarTulisazogadoeba ver moaxerxebs <strong>modernizacia</strong>s <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli saxelmwifos aSenebas, an<strong>da</strong>savleTSi integracias. amis naTeli magaliTebi msoflioSi uamravia: iaponia,romelic sruliad sxva samyaros warmoadgens, magram moaxerxa demokratiis miRebainstitutebisa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebis doneze, ise, rom kulturulioriginaloba arc <strong>da</strong>ukargavs. Cveni azriT, globalizacia globalur msoflioSisakuTari adgilis, funqciis povnis saSualebas iZleva. qarTuli kulturis yofna<strong>kultura</strong>Ta gzagasayarze SeiZleba iyos <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis CveniT<strong>da</strong>interesebis mizezi. Zalzed aqtualuria msoflioSi <strong>kultura</strong>Ta dialogis procesi;arseboben erTmaneTisagan mkveTarad gansxvavebuli kulturebi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>savlur<strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur civilizaciebs ganekuTvnebian. qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>s aqvs saSualeba metnaklebad,saerTo ena gamonaxos rogorc <strong>da</strong>savlur, aseve aRmosavlur kulturebTan.<strong>kultura</strong>Ta dialogis procesSi sasazRvro 1 kulturebs didi mniSvnelobamieniWeba; niSnadoblivia, rom evrokavSirSi baltiispireTis qveynebisgaerTianebisTanave samive maTgani iqca evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebislobistad; Tavad evropis mxri<strong>da</strong>nac swored baltiis qveynebs <strong>da</strong>evalaT Cveni<strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong> kuratoroba garkveul sakiTxebSi, magaliTad, patrulis samsaxurisSeqmnaSi instruqtorebi swored baltiis qveynebis warmomadgenlebi arian;baltiispireTis qveynebi ufro advilad SeZleben saqarTvelosTan saubaras, radganigive gza maT sul axlaxan gaiares. SeiZleba imis <strong>da</strong>Svebac, rom saqarTvelo gaxdesSuamavali evropasa <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs Soris, radgan evropas azerbaijanTan<strong>da</strong> somxeTTan saubari saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n ufro gauadvildeba. amis safuZvlad mimaCniarogorc istoriuli Tanacxovrebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli <strong>kultura</strong>Tagarkveuli urTierTmsgavseba, aseve ekonomikur doneze urTierTsaWiroeba(azerbaijanuli navTobis transportireba).imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom moaxerxos <strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaSi integracia,aucilebelia sazogadoebis modernizeba <strong>da</strong> demokratizacia. geopolitikurimdebareoba iZleva imis saSualebas, rom saqarTvelo Caebas globalur procesebSi;arsebobs ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri proeqtebi, romelSic saqarTvelos Tavisifunqcia aqvs. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mouwevs globalur <strong>kultura</strong>sTanSexeba.sainteresoa ganvixiloT f.fukuiamas, mier SemoTavazebuli meTodologia. misiTqmiT, demokratiis konsoli<strong>da</strong>cia moxdeba oTx doneze: ideologia, rogorc rwmenaimisi, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis saukeTeso <strong>for</strong>maa; institutebi, romelicmoicavs konstituciebs, sasamarTlo <strong>da</strong> partiul sistemebs, sabazro struqturebs <strong>da</strong>a.S; mesamea samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, romelic saxelmwifosagan gamocalkevebuli <strong>da</strong>demokratiul politikur institutebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli spontanurad warmoqmnili1sasazRvro ewodeba <strong>kultura</strong>s, romelic civilizaciaTa sazRvarze, maTi Sexebis arealSi mdebareobs.aseT kulturebs axasiaTebs: struqturirebis <strong>da</strong>bali xarisxi; Sinagani <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba <strong>da</strong>winaaRmdegobani; <strong>kultura</strong>Si sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva istoriuli epoqis fenomenTa Tanaarseboba; arqaul (Zvel)fenomenTa mudmivi gamococxleba; identifikaciis problemis gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba <strong>da</strong>mtkivneuloba. sasazRvro kulturebi asruleben Suamavlis, Tarjimnis funqcias civilizaciebsSoris. sazRvruloba ganixileba rogorc lokalur <strong>kultura</strong>Ta garkveuli saxeobis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeligansakuTrebuli istoriul-kulturuli Tviseba, civilizaciuri procesis gansakuTrebuli tipi, <strong>da</strong>ara ganviTarebis etapi. es procesi droSi gaWimulia <strong>da</strong> SeiZleba ramdenime aTaswleulsac kimoicavdes. amdenad, sazRvruloba droebiTi ki ara, mudmivi mdgomareobaa.73
socialuri struqturebis samyaroa; igi saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n manipulirebas naklebadeqvemdebareba; meoTxe done aris <strong>kultura</strong>; igi yvelaze Rrmaa <strong>da</strong> moicavs iseTmovlenebs, rogoricaa ojaxis struqtura, religia, moraluri Rirebulebebi;demokratiuli institutebis sayrdeni aris jansaRi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, xoloTavad samoqalaqo sazogadoebis winamZRvaria <strong>kultura</strong>. f.fukuiamas azriT, <strong>da</strong>savleTisamarTliani socialuri wyobis aSenebas cdilobs zemo<strong>da</strong>n qvemoT, anu amosavaliwertilia pirveli <strong>da</strong> meore done; xolo aRmosavluri kulturebi mesame <strong>da</strong> meoTxedoni<strong>da</strong>n iwyeben <strong>da</strong> miemarTebian zeviT. modernizaciisa <strong>da</strong> demokratizaciis procesiara<strong>da</strong>savlur tradiciul qveynebSi pirvelive <strong>da</strong>rtymas <strong>kultura</strong>s ayenebs; maTTvisdemokratizaciis procesi kulturis trans<strong>for</strong>maciasa <strong>da</strong> SecvlasTan aris pir<strong>da</strong>pirkavSirSi. amis gamo maTi reaqcia sakmaod mZafria; rodesac saubars iwyebendemokratias, a<strong>da</strong>mianis Tavisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> uflebebze, maT miRebaze sakuTarsazogadoebaSi, amosavali wertili <strong>kultura</strong>a.fri<strong>da</strong> maial-manenji Tavis naSromSi: `globalizaciis efeqti afrikul <strong>kultura</strong>ze,<strong>da</strong>naxuli afrikeli qalis TvaliT~, aRniSnavs, rom globalizaciam didi gavlena iqoniaafrikeli xalxis yofaze, konkretulad ki sociumSi qalis rolze. globalizaciam,romlis mizania globaluri bazrisaTvis <strong>da</strong> misi ZalebisaTvis yvela qveynis ekonomikisfarTod gaxsna, uzarmazari gavlena iqonia afrikel xalxze <strong>da</strong> aiZula isini SeecvalaTcxovrebis gza <strong>da</strong> wesi. globalizaciis procesma ubiZga afrikul qveynebs, moexdinaTucxouri investiciebis deregulacia, importis liberalizacia, Sesust<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifokontroli. amis Sedegad, qalebi, romlebic am kontinentze did rols asrulebdnenfermerobasa <strong>da</strong> industriaSi, ucxouri kapitalis Semodinebisa <strong>da</strong> sawarmoebSi axalimarketingis <strong>da</strong>nergvis Semdeg umuSevrebi <strong>da</strong>rCnen <strong>da</strong> iZulebuli gaxdnen, miemarTaTqveynebis gareT vaWrobisaTvis. isini gavidnen qveyni<strong>da</strong>n, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c bavSvebsmSoblebis zrunva <strong>da</strong>akl<strong>da</strong>T. globalizaciis kidev erTi Sedegi afrikaSi ojaxisrRveva aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. statiis avtori aRniSnavs, rom qalebis ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n gasvlis SemdegbavSvebi aRar sxdebian buxris irgvliv <strong>da</strong> aRar usmenen im moTxrobebs, romlebicaswavlian sakuTari Rirebulebebis pativiscemas, erTianobas, mSvidobas, siyvaruls. esaRar xdeba TviT agrarul mxareebSic ki, romelsac kargad ergebo<strong>da</strong> aseTi garemo.afrikaSi kaci, qali Tu bavSvi _ yvela CarTulia ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis, TiToeulidRisaTvis sakvebis mosapoveblad brZolaSi. avtoris TqmiT, afrikul musikasa <strong>da</strong>cekvaSi Warbobs oblobis, tkivilis, omisa <strong>da</strong> narkotikebis Temebi. es ganeitral<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>savluri maikl jeqsonis musikiT. axalgazrdoba adgilobriv musikas <strong>da</strong>savlursamjobinebs. <strong>da</strong>savluri modis mixedviT Seicvala varcxnilobis stili, fexsacmeli <strong>da</strong>tansacmeli. globalizaciis wyalobiT, afrikaSi <strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gafarTov<strong>da</strong> didikompaniebi, romelTac adgilobriv sawarmoebze iafad Semoitanes TavianTi produqcia<strong>da</strong> amiT mravali adgilobrivi sawarmo aiZules <strong>da</strong>xuruliyvnen. ufro xSirad kaci rCebaumuSevari, vidre qali. mox<strong>da</strong> ojaxSi rolebis gacvla _ kaci Sin, qali _ gareT. kacizrunavs bavSvebze <strong>da</strong> saojaxo saqmeebze. mravali bavSvi, gansakuTrebiT ki gogonebi,iZulebuli gaxdnen, swavlisaTvis Tavi <strong>da</strong>enebebinaT, rasac, bunebrivia, didi gavlenaeqneba maT momavalze.rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, globalizaciis mier motanilma axalma realobam uzarmazarigavlena iqonia afrikuli kulturis Strixebze, maT tradiciebze. mox<strong>da</strong>Rirebulebebis ga<strong>da</strong>faseba <strong>da</strong> rRveva. safrTxe Seeqmna afrikul TviTmyofadobas, rac,ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, miuRebelia sazogadoebisaTvis. amis gamo fri<strong>da</strong> maial-manenji miiCnevs,rom `CrdiloeTma un<strong>da</strong> Secvalos ganviTarebis koncefcia. ekonomikuri winsvla,kulturuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri samarTlianobis gareSe, ver iqneba Cveni ganviTarebisideali. aucilebelia, rom ganviTarebis done ganisazRvros a<strong>da</strong>mianTa cxovrebis74
doniT, rac aisaxeba sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris ukeTes ganaTlebasa <strong>da</strong>janmrTelobaSi. es mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aris SesaZlebeli, Tu qalsac <strong>da</strong> kacsacTanabari uflebebi aqvT, Teoriula<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong> praqtikula<strong>da</strong>c. CrdiloeTs mniSvnelovanirolis Sesruleba ekisreba am procesSi. arasodes un<strong>da</strong> iqnes <strong>da</strong>Svebuli is, racSezRu<strong>da</strong>vs xalxis usafrTxoebas, identurobis grZnobasa <strong>da</strong> Rirsebas. afrikam un<strong>da</strong>iswavlos sakuTari xalxis gansxvavebuli azris pativiscema. amave dros, CrdiloeTmayuradReba un<strong>da</strong> miaqcios afrikeli xalxis gamonaTqvams: `Sen ar SeiZleba icode <strong>da</strong> vergauZRvebi mezoblis saxlis saSinao saqmeebs~ZiriTadi problema, rac globalurma <strong>kultura</strong>m afrikul sazogadoebas Seuqmna,momdinareobs Semdegi<strong>da</strong>n: <strong>da</strong>viwyoT imiT, rom globaluri <strong>kultura</strong>, afrikul<strong>kultura</strong>sTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, aris meti SesaZleblobebis mqone, igi ufro Zlieria; Zalagamoixateba imaSi, rom globalur <strong>kultura</strong>s, rogorc erTi saxis niSan-TvisebebiserTobliobas, romelic cdilobs garkveuli Rirebulebebis mTel msoflioSi<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas, zurgs umagrebs politikurad <strong>da</strong> ekonomikurad Zlieri sazogadoeba.globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> materialuri TvalsazrisiT uzrunvelyofilia, rasac, CveniazriT, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. amis naTeli <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa zemoT moyvanilimagaliTi; materialuri uzrunvelyofis gamo afrikaSi <strong>da</strong>irRva ojaxis Zvelitradicia, ramac, SesaZloa, gamoiwvios mTeli kulturis ga<strong>da</strong>gvareba, radganafrikuli kulturis safuZveli ojaxia; fri<strong>da</strong> maiale-manenjis statiis wakiTxvisSemdeg Cndeba ganwyoba, rom afrikeli dilemis winaSe dgas: an materialuri minimumisuzrunvelyofa, an kulturis saxis SenarCuneba. sainteresoa is faqti, rom ammagaliTis mixedviT, originalur <strong>kultura</strong>ze gavlenas axdens ara globaluri<strong>kultura</strong>, aramed ekonomika, anu transnacionaluri korporaciebi; aq ar aris saubariimaze, rom kargad reklamirebuli globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> moqmedebs. amis mixedviTSeiZeleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom <strong>da</strong>svleTi<strong>da</strong>n globalizaciiis procesSi moemarTeba erTianisistema, warmodgenili sami mimarTulebiT: ekonomika, politika <strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>. samivemaTgani erTmaneTzea ga<strong>da</strong>jaWvuli. <strong>kultura</strong> gansazRvravs politikisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikismarTvis wesebs, Tavad politika <strong>da</strong> ekonomika zemoqmedebas axdens <strong>kultura</strong>ze. XIXsaukunis iaponuri <strong>kultura</strong> isev iaponuria, magram politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikurizemoqmedebis gamo, igi gansxvavdeba XVIII saukunis iaponuri kulturisagan. garezewolis Sedegad man ganica<strong>da</strong> trans<strong>for</strong>amacia; demokratizacia <strong>da</strong> <strong>modernizacia</strong>iaponiam, fukuiamas meTodologiis mixedviT, ganica<strong>da</strong> zevi<strong>da</strong>n qveviT, anu iaponiam,pirvel rigSi, irwmuna demokratiiuli faseulobani, amis Sedegad ki moxerx<strong>da</strong>institutebis <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, ramac ganapiroba kulturistrans<strong>for</strong>macia, ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> ara Secvla. iaponuri <strong>kultura</strong> tradiciuli<strong>kultura</strong>a, magram ar warmoadgens Caketil mTlianobas. Sintoizmi saSualebas iZleva,iyo erTdroulad Sintoisti <strong>da</strong> qristiani, an budisti, an kidev muslimi. anu iaponur<strong>kultura</strong>s aqvs unari, rom miiRos gare<strong>da</strong>n mosuli <strong>da</strong> aqcios igi iaponurad,<strong>da</strong>uqvemdebaros sakuTar <strong>kultura</strong>s. yuradRebas gavamaxvileb iaponur samzareuloze:<strong>da</strong>osuri biznes-kulturis Tanmdevia `fast-fudizacia~ _ swrafi kvebis <strong>kultura</strong>,radgan `dro fuli Rirs~; aman ganapiroba msoflios `makdonaldizaciis~ perspeqtiva;magram mox<strong>da</strong> ise, rom `fast-fudizaciamac~ iaponiaSi adgilobrivi xasiaTi miiRo.swrafi kvebis bazarze dRes warmodgenilia hamburgerebi, iaponuri suSi, gyidon-i(lambaqi brinjiTa <strong>da</strong> xorciT) <strong>da</strong> Cinuri warmoSobis bulioni ramen. gare<strong>da</strong>n mosulihamburgeris gaCenam gamoiwvia adgilobrivi, sakuTari kulturisaTvis<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli sakvebi nawarmis win wamoweva; iaponiam moxerxa lokalizeba.sainteresoa, rom msgavsi procesebi saqarTveloSic ganviTar<strong>da</strong>; igivemakdonaldizaciam saqarTveloSic garkveuli lokalizeba ganica<strong>da</strong>. es zustad is75
procesia, rasac glokalizacia <strong>da</strong>erqva: mraval adgilze erTdroulad, <strong>da</strong> amasTanerTad, gansxvavebulad. Tavad restoran `makdonaldsis~ <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba, rogorccnobilia, swrafi kvebaa. <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebSi am restoranSi a<strong>da</strong>miani saSualod 7-9wuTs Cerdeba; ara<strong>da</strong>svlur qveynebSi `makdonaldsma~ sxva <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba SeiZina.saqarTvloSi igi warmoadgens ara marto swrafi kvebis obieqts, aramed igi <strong>da</strong>svenebisa<strong>da</strong> garTobis adgilicaa. skolis moswavleebi, studentebi, bebia-babuebi Svili-SvilebTan erTad, Seyvarebuli wyvilebi xSirad <strong>da</strong>dian iq `drois satareblad~. amasTanerTad, `makdonaldsis~ gverdiT saqarTveloSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> uamravi e.w. `sacxobebi~ <strong>da</strong>erovnuli sakvebis warmoebis wertilebi. isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom qarTul kulinariaSi`fast-fudizaciisaTvis~ <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli sakvebi nawarmis povna arcTu ise ZneliaRmoCna<strong>da</strong>. tradiciuli xaWapurisa <strong>da</strong> lobianis, kartofilisa <strong>da</strong> xorcis RvezelisgverdiT gaCn<strong>da</strong> misi msgavsi axali `sasusnavebi~, magaliTad, rogoric aris brinjisa <strong>da</strong>xorcis Sereuli farSiT momzadebuli Rvezeli, bostneulis Rvezeli, romelsac`bostneulis samarxvo pica <strong>da</strong>erqva~ <strong>da</strong> sxva mravali. sxvagvarad, <strong>da</strong>savlurihamburgerebis Semosvlam safuZveli misca adgilobrivi kulinariis trans<strong>for</strong>macias,Tanamedroveobaze morgebas <strong>da</strong> axali qarTuli kerZebis Seqmnasac ki. amasTan erTadun<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvloSi `makdonladsze~ ufro swrafad kveba swored zemoTnaxseneb `sacxobebSia~ SesaZlebeli.SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom am SemTxvevaSi, globalur <strong>kultura</strong>sTanmimarTebaSi qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> axerxebs sakuTaris, originaluris win wamowevas, racimis mimaniSnebelia, rom qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>s, rogorc tradiciulsa <strong>da</strong> originalurs,aqvs saSualeba ar gaiTqvifos globalur <strong>kultura</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> moaxerxos lokalizeba;SesaZloa, kulinaria ar TamaSobs ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols, magram igi kulturis erT-erTimniSvnelovani artefaqtia.qarTuli samzareulos magaliTze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom globalizacia `makdonaldizaciasTan~ar igivdeba (`es erovnuli katastrofa arc saqarTvelos emuqreba,vinai<strong>da</strong>n metad avtoritetul qarTvel eqspertebs mravalsaaTiani moxsenebis wakiTxvaSeuZliaT imis Taobaze, Tu rogor yvela parametrebiT <strong>da</strong>jabna qarTulma xinkalma <strong>da</strong>xaWapurma hamburgeri <strong>da</strong> Cisburgeri~), Tumca qarTulma samzareulom ganica<strong>da</strong> `fastfudizacia~, rac TavisTavad globalizaciis Sedegia <strong>da</strong> Tanac sakmaod sasargebloc.`makdonaldizacia~, `fast-fudizacia~ masobriv-samomxmareblo globalurikulturis elementebia; rodesac vsaubrobT globaluri masobrivi kulturisa <strong>da</strong>adgilobrivi qarTuli kulturis urTierTobaze, aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT<strong>da</strong>savluri _ evropuli <strong>da</strong> amerikuli _ satelevizio, kino <strong>da</strong> Sou-biznesis sxva saxiselemetTa zemoqmedebis xarisxi. ramdenime welia saqarTveloSi, ufro zustadTbilisSi, regularulad ewyoba sxvadsxva musikaluri festivali, Camodian msoflioSicnobili Semsruleblebi, gaixsna satelevizio arxebi, arsebobs sakabelo televiziebi,romlebic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis arxebis Tvalyuris devnebis saSualebas iZleva.globaluri <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi kulturis urTierTobaze saubrisas <strong>da</strong>, saerTod,saqarTveloSi globalizaciis procesze msjelobisas, Cveni azriT, un<strong>da</strong>gaviTvaliswinoT, rom bolo wlebSi qarTuli sazogadoeba, faqtobrivad, <strong>da</strong>iyo ornawilad: Tbilisi, romelTan erTa<strong>da</strong>c SeiZleba kidev ramdenime qalaqis warmodgena(baTumi, quTaisi, foTi) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCeni saqarTvelo. zemoT CamoTvlil qalaqebsurTierToba aqvT, ara marto qalaqis <strong>da</strong> qveynis farglebSi, aramed sazRvargareTac.arsebobs in<strong>for</strong>maciis adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> met-naklebad uwyveti saSualebebi:satelevizio arxebi, radiosadgurebi <strong>da</strong> beWdviTi gamocemebi. <strong>da</strong>narCeni saqarTveloam yvelafers, SeiZleba iTqvas, TiTqmis moklebulia. ar arsebobs safostomomsaxureba, anu Jurnal-gazeTebi ar miewodebaT Tavis droze; ganicdian in<strong>for</strong>maciis76
naklebobas; aqvT eleqtroenergiis problema; aRar vsaubrob kulturul cxovrebaze.raionebi Caketil sivrceebad iqcnen, siaxle TiTqmis ar xdeba, rac xels uSlisganviTarebas.arsebobs mosazreba, rom globalizaciaze saubari SeiZleba iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c saSualowliuri Semosavali aRemateba 5000 aSS dolars. zemoT Cven ukve visaubreT, romkulturis globalizacia _ es aris globaluri <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi kulturebisurTierTobis procesi. globalizaciis dros <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n moemarTeba <strong>kultura</strong>,romelic uzrunvelyofilia politikuri <strong>da</strong>, pirvel rigSi, ekonomikuri saSualebebiT;amitom globaluri kulturis gamowvevebze adekvaturi pasuxis gasacemad mxolod<strong>kultura</strong> ar aris sakmarisi, saWiroa am kulturis materialuri uzrunvelyofac.am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Tavisi qveynis magaliTze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, saubrobs safrangeTisdeputati evroparlamentSi katrin lalumieri. Tavis naSromSi `brZola kulturisaTvis~is aRniSnavs, rom globalizaciis procesi iwvevs ideaTa stan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciasa<strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wesis gaerTgvarovnebas, amerikuli modelis mixedviT. misgancxadebaSi sainteresoa erTi aRiareba: safrangeTs eSinia Tavisi enisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis<strong>da</strong>kargvis. is xazs usvams globalizaciis gavlenas safrangeTze, gansakuTrebiTkulturisa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis sferoze. magaliTad mohyavs kinoindustria. kinos, romelicpirvelad safrangeTSi gaCn<strong>da</strong>, frangebi miudgnen rogorc garTobisa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebissferos, <strong>da</strong> is meorexarisxovnad miiCnies. amis paralelurad, aSS-m Seqmna holivudi <strong>da</strong>momavali giganturi audiovizualuri industriis safuZveli, saTanado gavrcelebissistemiT. lalumieri aRniSnavs, rom aSS, audiovizualuri industriiT, kinokulturiT,maskulturiT emuqreba safrangeTs. igi amas win un<strong>da</strong> aRudges Tavisikulturis Tanamedroveobis Sesaferisi organizaciaTa (gavrcelebis <strong>da</strong> popularizaciissaSualebebiT) mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT. sabolood lalumieri erT rCeva-rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciasiZleva: kargad organizebuli ekonomikuri saqmianoba un<strong>da</strong> emsaxurebodes kulturulSemoqmedebas <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> aZlevdes mas axal SesaZleblobebs ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> ayvavebisTvis.rogorc <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, safrangeTma igrZno amerikuli kulturis moZaleba, racfrangebma metad mtkivnulad aRiqves. dRes safrangeTi erT-erTi im qveyanaTagania,romelic mkacr uars acxadebs globalizaciaze <strong>da</strong> mas aRiqvams, rogorcamerikanizacias. amis sapirispirod, safrangeTi miubrun<strong>da</strong> sakuTar <strong>kultura</strong>s <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>iwyo misi farTo masStabiT reklamireba, raTa gvian, magram mainc SeZlos sakuTarioriginaluri <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuli kulturis SenarCuneba. amis mixedviT, SeiZleba<strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofis gareSe lokalizacia <strong>da</strong> sakuTarikulturis SenarCuneba gamoricxulia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, survili saSualebas ver<strong>da</strong>emTxveva <strong>da</strong>, SesaZloa, sazogadoeba aRmoCndes igive mdgomareobaSi, rogoricf.m.manenjim afrikis magaliTze <strong>da</strong>xata.rodesac vsaubrobT kulturis ekonomikur uzrunvelyofaze <strong>da</strong> mxolod amSemTxvevaSi mis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenaze, Cndeba kiTxva: <strong>da</strong>savlur _ evropul <strong>da</strong> amerikul _<strong>kultura</strong>s, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, mis ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs Znelad Tu gauwevenkonkurencias <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobas sxva sazogadoebebi; xom ar niSnavs es, romekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebi ganwirulni arian kulturuligaerTgvarovnebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli imperializmis batonobisaTvis?! Cveni azriT,<strong>kultura</strong> ganwirulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sazogadoeba sami-oTxi Taobis ganmavlobaSiekonomikuri ganviTarebis nulovan niSnuls ver gasc<strong>da</strong>; magram sainteresoa, romglobalizacia Tavad sTavazobs sazogadoebebs `Semamsubuqebel garemoebebs~;transnacionaluri korporaciebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi <strong>da</strong> fondebi,romelTac garkveuli miznebiT uwevT konkretul qveyanaSi moRvaweoba, garkveul77
saSualebas iZlevian am mimarTulebiT. aviRoT faqti qarTuli sinamdvili<strong>da</strong>n:qarTuli xalxuri cekvis ansambli `erisioni~ msoflioSi popularuli swored masSemdeg gax<strong>da</strong>, rac frangulma organizaciam <strong>da</strong>afinansa. erToblivi proeqtis mizanswarmoadgen<strong>da</strong> msoflios Sou-biznesis bazarze siaxlis Setana <strong>da</strong> mogebis naxva.erToblivi proeqtiT orive mxare mogebuli <strong>da</strong>rCa biznesis TvalsazrisiT, xoloqarTuli cekva ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong> warmatebis Semdeg safexurze avi<strong>da</strong> 1 .sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturebis urTierTobis Sedegad kulturuli artefaqtistrans<strong>for</strong>macis TvalsazrisiT meore kargi magaliTia suxiSvilebis ansamblis mierwarmodgenili Sou `asa-farTi~. maT mier filarmoniaSi gamarTuli koncerti ornawilad iyofa: pirveli klasikuri qarTuli xalxuri cekvebiTaa warmodgenili, xolomeore ganyofileba absoluturad ucxoa, im gagebiT, rom nacionaluri baletismocekvaveebi scenaze tradiciuli qarTuli tansacmliT ar gamodian; qalebs SarvlebiacviaT <strong>da</strong> Tavze kacis, ufro zustad, yaraCoRelis qudebi axuravT, mamakacebi Sav<strong>for</strong>mebSi arian gamowyobilni, tanze `kapiSoniani~ maisurebiT; maTi moZraobebi,marTalia, qarTuli cekvi<strong>da</strong>n aris aRebuli, magram sruliad uCveuloa; qarTultradiciul dol-garmonTan erTad, ismis eleqtronuli musikis hangebi, gamoyenebuliaaratradiciuli <strong>da</strong>sartymeli instrumentebi. anu iliko suxiSvilma (umcrosma)qarTul cekvebSi Seitana sxva kulturisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSnebi. Cveni interesissagans ar warmoadgens imis garkveva, Rirebulia Tu ara `asa-farTi~, rogorcqoreografiuli xelovnebis nimuSi, ubralod, igi qarTuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturisurTierTobis Sedegia.gvin<strong>da</strong> kvlav `erisions~ <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT; ansamblis gastrolebis win mox<strong>da</strong> Sousreklamireba. sareklamo klipis Sinaarsis moyoliT Tavs ar SegawyenT, mxolod xazsgavusvamT imas, rom is aris franguli sareklamo klipi, romelic <strong>da</strong>mzad<strong>da</strong> qarTulicekvis popularizaciis mizniT. es klipi warmoadgens frangebisaTvis mosayol qarTulmiTs. arsebiTad Secvlili araferia. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom musikas <strong>da</strong>tradiciul sacekvao ileTebs <strong>da</strong>matebuli aqvs Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT Seqmniliefeqtebi; anu frangebis winaSe warsdga absoluturad qarTuli `genia rokviTganfenili~.kidev erTi magaliTi: sul axlaxans erTi saintereso <strong>da</strong> sagulisxmo faqti mox<strong>da</strong>.qarTuli teleseriali `mglebis xorumi~ iyi<strong>da</strong> aSS erT-erTma satelevizio arxma.marTalia, am filmis Sinaarsi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Janri amerikulia,magram igi qarTuli `boevikia~ <strong>da</strong> ara amerikuli. igi saintereso gax<strong>da</strong>amerikelebisaTvis, radgan filmis istoria moTxrobilia maTTvis ucxo qveynis Sesaxeb<strong>da</strong> mTxrobelic am qveynis warmomadgenelia. amas emateba isic, rom msgavsi Janristeleserialis ga<strong>da</strong>Reba amerikaSi imaze gacilebiT Zviri <strong>da</strong>jdebo<strong>da</strong>, vidre `mglebisxorumis~ Sesyidva, Targmna <strong>da</strong> reklamis gakeTeba.zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis mixedviT SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom amerikeli <strong>da</strong>frangi Sou-biznesmenebis interesis sferoSi moxv<strong>da</strong> qarTuli kulturis artefaqtebi,anu masobrivi kulturis gavrceleba ar aris calmxrivi procesi; Tu saqarTvloSiSemodis evropuli <strong>da</strong> amerikuli masobrivi <strong>kultura</strong>, aseve saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>naceqsportirdeba kaulturis garkveuli artefaqtebi, Tan iseT doneze, rom didovaciasac iwvevs (igive `erisioni~ <strong>da</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c is, rom qarTul xalxur simRerebsmRerian frangebi, iaponelebi, amerikelebi <strong>da</strong> sxva). anu konkretuli adgilobrivikulturebi Tavis TavSi atareben imis saSualebas, moaxerxeben Tu ara globalur<strong>kultura</strong>sTan konfliqtis gareSe urTierToba-morigebas <strong>da</strong> sakuTari originalobis1 qarTvelebis warmatebas, albaT imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom manamde “suxiSvilebis” ansambls msofliomasStabiT hqon<strong>da</strong> aRiareba.78
araTu SenarCunebas, aramed gavrcelebasac. magram iqi<strong>da</strong>n Semosuli maskulturisnimuSTa niaRvari masSi vrceldeba, Cveni kulturis nimuSebi ki mxolod Zalian viwromomxmarebels miewodeba.<strong>kultura</strong>Ta Soris urTierTobaSi did rols TamaSoben pirovnebebi, romelTabiografias SesaZloa ewodos globaluri, radgan arseboben a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebicibadebian erT sazogadoebaSi, ganaTlebas iReben sxvagan, sxva qveyanaSi qmnian ojaxs <strong>da</strong>ase Semdeg. maTi cxovreba, SeiZleba iTqvas, transnacionaluria. zemoT Cven ganvixileTglobaluri kulturis gavrcelebis saSualebebi. <strong>da</strong>vosuri <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong>inteleqtualTa saklubo <strong>kultura</strong> xels uwyobs pirovnebis biografiis globalizebas.biznesmenebs, sagareo uwyebis TanamSromlebs, diplomatebs, saerTaSoriso safinansoTu samoqalaqo institutebis warmomadgenlebs xSirad uwevT cxovreba sxva<strong>da</strong>saxvaadgilze. amis Sedegad pirovnebebi axerxeben, Rrmad gaicnon maTTvis ucxo <strong>kultura</strong>.gacnobis Semdeg arsebobs ori SesaZlo Sedegi: pirovneba axdens <strong>kultura</strong>TamaxasiaTeblebis mkveTr gamijvns <strong>da</strong> meore, pirovnebisaTvis misaRebia <strong>kultura</strong>TaSerwyma; ufro TvalnaTeli rom gaxdes, SemogTavazebT ramdenime sxvadsxva kulturiswarmomadgeneli inteleqtualis Teorias. TiToeul am a<strong>da</strong>mians SeiZleba ewodosglobalizebuli biografiis mqone.sainteresoa warmoSobiT afrikeli, kerZod, senegaleli mecnieris leopoldsengoris biografia <strong>da</strong> Teoria senegali safrangeTis kolonia gaxl<strong>da</strong>T. l.sengori iyokaTolike, miiRo brwyinvele <strong>da</strong>savluri ganaTleba, ico<strong>da</strong> Teologia, muSaob<strong>da</strong>safrangeTis xelisuflebaSi, iyo `zRvispira qveynebis~ deputati, muSaob<strong>da</strong> vicespikeradsafrangeTis nacionalur krebaSi <strong>da</strong> bolos gax<strong>da</strong> senegalis pirveliprezidenti. es imitom movyeviT, rom xazi gagvesva imisaTvis, Tu ra axlo kavSirihqon<strong>da</strong> mas <strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciasTan, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom igi <strong>da</strong>savlurifaseulobebiT cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. magram saintereso is aris, rom es <strong>kultura</strong> ar qceula misSinagan <strong>kultura</strong>d, radgan sengorisaTvis <strong>da</strong>savleTi ar iqca etalonad. amas mowmobsis, rom cxovrebis ukansaknel wlebSi l.sengorma Seqmna Teoria zango-afrikulikulturis TviTmyofadobis Sesaxeb. misi ocneba iyo sinTezireba <strong>da</strong>savluri Rrmakonceptualizmisa <strong>da</strong> afrikuli naTeli warmosaxvisa. igi ocnebob<strong>da</strong> momaval evroafrikaze,romelic iqnebo<strong>da</strong> winamorbedi kacobriobis erTian <strong>kultura</strong>ze<strong>da</strong>yrdnobili msoflio civilizaciisa. l.sengori <strong>da</strong> misi momxreebi, imaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,rom afrikuli civilizaciac civilizaciaa <strong>da</strong>, amasTan erTad, originaluri <strong>da</strong>TviTmyofadi, ufro Sors wavidnen, maTi azriT, <strong>da</strong>savluri, manqanis msgavsicivilizacia aucileblad ganwirulia kraxisaTvis, Tu ar mox<strong>da</strong> misi organuli sinTeziafrikul mgrZnobiare, uSualo a<strong>da</strong>mianur sulTan. gaCn<strong>da</strong> iseTi cnebebi, rogoric arisafrikeli evropeli, <strong>da</strong> evropeli afrikeli. afrikeli absoluturad sawinaaRmdegoaevropelisa. am <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis ganviTarebam ganapiroba ori erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegopirovnebis Camoyalibeba. afrikeli <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> evropels. evropeli _ es arisinJineri, pragmatikosi, romelic ganuwyvetel eqspluatacias uwevs bunebas, TavisTavs <strong>da</strong> Tavis msgavsebs; mu<strong>da</strong>m, rogorc manqana, isea, Tvlis fuls. samyaros Seicnobs<strong>for</strong>muliT, mecnierebiT, gonebiT. afrikeli ki aris poeti, lirikosi; igi bunebasaireklavs, gamoxatavs <strong>da</strong> masTan urTierTobas amyarebs cekviT, xelovnebiT, suliT,grZnobiT. afrikaSi idiliuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaa bunebasTan, koleqtivizmi,urTierT<strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong> urTierTTanagrZnoba, evropaSi ki _ socialuri antagonizmi,konfliqtebi, agresia, a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier a<strong>da</strong>mianis diskriminacia.am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa aSS-Si moRvawe afrikeli mkvlevris ali mazruispozicia, romelic <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur Rirebulebebze msjelobs <strong>da</strong> cdilobs<strong>da</strong>amtkicos, rom, erTis mxriv, pasuxi kiTxvaze _ arsebobis romel wess mivyavarT79
cxovrebis ufro maRal donemde, sruliad ar aris calsaxad <strong>da</strong>savleTis sasargeblo,meores mxriv ki, is Rirebulebebi, romliTac ase amayobs <strong>da</strong>savleTi, sulac ar aris<strong>da</strong>savluri warmoSobis, an kidev aRmosavleTSi <strong>da</strong>savleTze adre <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>.rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, am ori avtorisaTvis cxovrebis mxolod <strong>da</strong>savluri stilimisaRebi ar aris, isini upiratesobas afrikuls aniWeben, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, romcxovrebis ekonomikuri done <strong>da</strong>savleTSi gacilebiT maRalia. swored es ganasxvavebskulturebs, msoflaRqmebs. TiToeuli maTgani sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva moments ayenebs win.erT-erTi mosazreba SemogvTavaza pakistanelma mecnierma muhamed tahir-alqadrimstatiaSi `kulturis globalizacia?~ al-qadri kulturuli integraciismomxrea, xolo amosavali wertili aris is, rom arsebobs zogadsakacobrio faseulobani,esenia: warmatebisa <strong>da</strong> miRwevebis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi, moqmedeba <strong>da</strong> muSaoba, materialurikom<strong>for</strong>ti, praqtikuloba <strong>da</strong> efeqturoba, mecniereba <strong>da</strong> teqnologia, Tavisufleba<strong>da</strong> individualuri arCevani, individualuri iniciativa <strong>da</strong> sxva elementebi,anu saSualeba <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Soris dialogis gamarTvisa, radgan al-qadris azriT,kulturuli urTierTqmedebis miRweva maT Soris dialogis gareSe SeuZlebelia. Tumcaamas esaWiroeba umravlesobis <strong>da</strong> umciresobis mxri<strong>da</strong>n integraciisaTvis garemosSeqmna. aq Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba umravlesobas.kulturuli urTierTqmedebis safuZvelia kulturuli Riaoba. Cven mzad un<strong>da</strong>viyoT yvela <strong>kultura</strong>Si arsebuli problemebis, prioritetebisa <strong>da</strong> moTxovnebismosmenisTvis, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, es <strong>kultura</strong> umravlesobis saxiTaa warmodgenili, Turomelime eTnikuri umciresobis kuTvnileba, acxadebs al-qadri.amis Semdgom al-qadri saubrobs muslimuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebismsgavsebaze. avtonomia, ganaTleba, sicocxlisunarianoba, morali, sulieri kmayofileba,samuSao eTika, socialuri harmonia, globaluri perspeqtivebi <strong>da</strong> ekologiuricvlilebebi _ es is ZiriTadi safuZvlebia, romlebzec, misi TqmiT, SeiZlebamulti<strong>kultura</strong>lizmis <strong>da</strong>myareba. a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebi kidev erTi faqtoria, romelsackulturi globalizaciis procesi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>efuZnos. islami aris fuZemdebeli <strong>da</strong>saukeTeso mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiisa, acxadebs, al-qadri.misi TqmiT, Zalzed mniSvnelovania <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Soris arsebul msgavsebebzeyuradRebis gamaxvileba, <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, gansxvavebebis realisturi <strong>da</strong> demokratiuliSefaseba. ar SeiZleba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis xelovnurad miReba.rogorc Cans, al-qadri ukmayofiloa islamisadmi <strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT.<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebas ar aqvs islamis WeSmariti suraTi. is icnobs mxoloddRevandel Sexedulebas, romelic misive mediiTaa miwodebuli. swored esaa imismizezi, rom nebismieri mcireodeni incindenti, romlisganac negatiuri <strong>da</strong>skvnaSeiZleba iyos gamotanili, gaSuqebulia <strong>da</strong> propagandirebulia mediiT <strong>da</strong> mis irgvlivfarTo debatebi imarTeba, maSin rodesac, aTasobiT pozitiuri faqtori uaryofilia<strong>da</strong> amis Sedegad SeuZlebelia xidis gadeba kulturebs Soris.am msjelobaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, al-qadri acxadebs, rom kulturuli mravalferovnebisa<strong>da</strong> realuri integraciis naklebobis asaxsnelad eTnocentrizmi ar gamodgeba.eTnocentrizmi _ es aris sxva kulturis gansja sakuTari stan<strong>da</strong>rtebiT. arcuni<strong>kultura</strong>lizmi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvets am sakiTxs, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c is yvela eTnikur <strong>kultura</strong>s erTmTlianobad aqcevs.am problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta sami mimarTulebiTaa saZiebeli.esenia:1. multi<strong>kultura</strong>lizmi;2. pluralizmi;3. globalizacia.80
ogorc Cans, globalizacia al-qadrisaTvis warmoadgens multikulturulimsoflio sazogadoebis Seqmnis saSualebas, rac misTvis misaRebia mxolod imSemTxvevaSi, Tu <strong>da</strong>savleTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n gaTvaliswinebul iqneba mcire sazogadoebebisa <strong>da</strong>kulturebis interesebic.rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, arsebobs sazogadoebebi, romelTaTvisac globalizaciisprocesi <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Serevas niSnavs <strong>da</strong> es procesi maTTvis ar warmoadgensraime saSiSroebas, piriqiT _ maTTvis globalizaciis gamowvevebi misaRebia;eduard glisani _ martinikeli mwerali <strong>da</strong> filosofosi _ kulturis`kreolizaciis~ Teoriis avtoria. <strong>kultura</strong>Ta <strong>da</strong> xalxTa urTierTSexvedrasa <strong>da</strong>SeRwevaSi igi xe<strong>da</strong>vs kacobriobis axal <strong>for</strong>mas, <strong>da</strong>myarebuls sakuTar tradiciebsa <strong>da</strong>fesvebze, oRond gamdidrebuls sxva xalxTa kulturuli tradiciebiT. misTvisamosavalia `urTierTobis~ cneba, romelic upirispirdeba kulturul dominirebas anmulti<strong>kultura</strong>s (es ukanaskneli kulturul mravalferovnebas enacvleba).ramdenime wlis win gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> misi romani `sartoriusi~, romelic batatus tomsexeba. es aris Tanamedrove igavi aradominirebaze. Tumca batatus xalxis arsebobadrosa <strong>da</strong> sivrceSi mkafio<strong>da</strong>a gansazRvruli (Zv.w. 500 weli, centraluri afrika),magram batatu miTiuri tomia. msoflios sWirdeba aseTi miTi, radgan batatu im xalxisgansaxierebaa, romelsac ar surs iyos nimuSi sxvebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> mimarTavs maT ara<strong>da</strong>samorCileblad, aramed TanaarsebobisaTvis.`urTierToba~, ~kreolizacia~, ~universaloba~ _ es cnebebi urTierTSemavsebelia.`universaloba~ _ esaa Tanamedrove msoflio mTeli misi mravalferovnebiT <strong>da</strong> qaosiT.qaosi ubralod uwesrigoba ki ar aris, aramed movlenaTa gansazRvrisa <strong>da</strong> msofliosgonivruli marTvis SeuZleblobaa. `urTierToba~ aRniSnavs, pirvel rigSi, movlenaTatransversalur, <strong>da</strong> ara mizez-Sedegobriv Tanafardobas.mwerali ga<strong>da</strong>WriT ilaSqrebs terminis `kreoluri <strong>kultura</strong>~ winaaRmdeg. misiazriT, situacias msoflioSi gacilebiT ufro Seesabameba termini `kreolizacia~. esaris mudmivi procesi, romelic ganapirobebs identurisa <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuliswarmoSobas. `kreoluri <strong>kultura</strong>~ ki is terminia, romelsac multilingvizmi <strong>da</strong>multieTnikuri sawyisi dogmisa <strong>da</strong> nimuSis rangSi ayavs, amitom igi miuRebeliaavtorisaTvis, romelic yovelgvari nimuSis winaaRmdegia.SekiTxvaze, xom ar niSnavs `msoflio qaosis~ pozitiuri mniSvnelobiT xmareba imis<strong>da</strong>viwyebas, rom qaosi iwvevs urTierTobis gawyvetas <strong>da</strong> babilonis godolis Senebas,mwerali pasuxobs: me vgulisxmob, rom Cven ar SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>gegmva <strong>da</strong> ganWvreta. CvenmaCarevam samyaro ufro rTuli gaxa<strong>da</strong>. amieri<strong>da</strong>n Cven xeli un<strong>da</strong> aviRoT msofliosmarTvis ambiciur survilze. un<strong>da</strong> SeveguoT im azrsac, rom Cven SevicvlebiT sxvebTanSexvedris Sedegad. amasTan, arc erTi <strong>da</strong> arc meore mxare ar <strong>da</strong>kargavs sakuTar bunebas<strong>da</strong> ar gaiTqvifeba multikulturul magmaSi. es yvelaferi Znelad gaiazreba <strong>da</strong> kidevufro Znelad xorcieldeba, magram swored es udebs zRvars `msoflio qaoss~.mwerlis azriT, karibis kunZulebi is regionia, sa<strong>da</strong>c gamomuSavdeba <strong>da</strong> yalibdebaurTierTobaTa Tanamedrove modelebi. aq arsebobs <strong>kultura</strong>Ta mravalferovnebisa <strong>da</strong>erTobis mZlavri potenciali. karibis kunZulebi kreolizaciis nimuSad iqceva. Tumcakreolizacias ganicdis mTeli <strong>da</strong>narCeni msoflioc. mwerali Tvlis, rom kacobriobisarsebobis Tanamedrove ganzomilebani scildeba erovnulobis CarCoebs, romlebicwinaaRmdegobis gawevas cdiloben.e.glisanis azriT, siaxle patara qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n mova, romelTac ar aqvT arckoloniuri warsuli, arc mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli tradiciebi. maT naklebadeSiniaT statusis gaqrobis an <strong>da</strong>kargvisa. Cven un<strong>da</strong> SeveCvioT azrs msoflios aseTi81
organizaciis Sesaxeb, sa<strong>da</strong>c sruliad gansxvavebuli urTierToba iqneba centrsa <strong>da</strong>periferias Soris; yvela iqneba erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros centric <strong>da</strong> periferiac.rogorc aqe<strong>da</strong>n Cans, globalizacia misaRebia imisaTvis, visac ar gaaCnia sakuTari,ukve mkacrad Camoyalibebuli, TviTmyofadi <strong>kultura</strong>. magram is, vinc amgvarikulturis warmomadgenelia, ewinaaRmdegeba am process.Cvens mier ganxiluli Teoriebis avtorebi ara<strong>da</strong>savluri samyaroswarmomadgenlebi arian. yoveli maTgani aRiarebs globaluri kulturis aRmavlobas;aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, isini cdiloben, moZebnon Tanamedrove procesebTan SeguebamorigebissaSualebebi. samive maTgani kargad icnobs <strong>da</strong>svalur <strong>kultura</strong>s, amitommaTTvis advili <strong>da</strong>sanaxia sakuTar <strong>da</strong> ucxo <strong>kultura</strong>s Soris arsebuli sxvaoba, Tumsgavseba. Tumca, rig semTxvevebSi, maTi Sexedulebani ufro <strong>da</strong>savleTis `gamowvevaze~pasuxia, vidre realobis obieqturi Sefaseba.rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, Tanamedrove msoflioSi kulturis roli ufro <strong>da</strong> ufroizrdeba. un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom Tavad kulturis xasiaTi ganapirobebs sazogadoebis<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas globalizaciis mimarT. kerZod, zemoT moyvanili TeoriebismixedviT, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturis warmomadgeneli inteleqtualebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarsaxels arqmeven kulturis globalizaciis process: globaluri kulturisgavrceleba, makdonaldizacia, koka-kolonizacia, hamburgerizacia, fast-fudizacia,vesternizacia, amerikanizacia, kreolizacia _ yvela es aris sxvadsxvagvari axsna,gageba msoflioSi mimdinare erTi procesisa, romelsac yvelaze zoga<strong>da</strong>dglobalizacia ewodeba globalizaciis process sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs, xolo is, Turas <strong>da</strong>arqmevs mas sazogadoeba, gamoxatavs konkretuli sazogadoebis<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas procesisadmi. glisanis mier SemoTavazebuli cneba `kreolizacia~ar aRniSnavs mxolod karibis kunZulebze mimdinare process. es mxolod<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaa mis mimarT: xalxi, visac ar gaaCnia Rrma istoriuli warsuli <strong>da</strong>tradiciebi, umtkivneulod miiRebs globalur <strong>kultura</strong>s <strong>da</strong> moxdeba sazogadoebismodernizeba. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili gansazRvreba Seiqmna <strong>da</strong> Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>globalizaciis gamowvevebisa <strong>da</strong> masze gacemuli pasuxebis Sedegad.rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, globalizaciis gamowvevebma ganapiroba kulturebis miersakuTari `fesvebisaken~ mibruneba, lokalizeba kulturuli niSniT. sazogadoebaTaSoris axlo <strong>da</strong> mudmivma urTierTobebma ufro naTelyo maT Soris arsebuligansxvavebebi, ramac ganapiroba sakuTari kulturis maxasiaTebelTa sistematizacia<strong>da</strong> mkveTrad gansazRvra, ise, rogorc es afrikuli kulturis magaliTze l.sengormagaakeTa. l.sengors axali araferi uTqvams, ubralod axleburad, sistemuri saxiTwarmoadgina afrikuli kulturis maxasiaTeblebi <strong>da</strong> misi gansxvaveba <strong>da</strong>savlurikulturisagan.lokalizacia ganapirobebs kulturuli niSniT msoflios mravalpolusianobas.msoflio sazogadoebaSi Tanaarseboben originaluri kulturebi. sazRvrebisgafermkrTalebam, Sor manZilze mgzavrobis problemis moxsnam, mudmivi kontaqtissaSualebebma ganapiroba is, rom a<strong>da</strong>miani sakuTar kulturul centrs aRar scildeba,miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad fizikuri <strong>da</strong>Sorebisa, mas sakuTar saxlTan mudmivi <strong>da</strong> uwyveti kontaqtiaqvs; es ki a<strong>da</strong>mianebs kulturuli asimilaciisgan icavs. magaliTad, amerikaSi, kerZod,niu-iorkSi <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli Cinelebis erTi nawili ise amTavrebs cxovrebas, rominglisuri enis swavlac ki ar sWirdeba, radgan Cinur samyaros ar scdeba, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vadimisa, rom SesaZloa mTeli amerika moiaros. globalizacia qmnis erT metad aqtualurgamowvevas, es aris multi<strong>kultura</strong>lizmi; anu sazogadoeba, qveyana warmodgeniliiqneba multikulturuli erTobiT. magaliTad, CineTi aris ara marto geografiulsazRvrebSi moqceuli politikur-ekonomikuri erTeuli, aramed warmosaxviTi82
sazogadoebaa, kulturuli niSniT erTiani <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuli samyaro, romelicganfenilia de<strong>da</strong>miwis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva teritoriaze _ CineTi CineTSi, CineTi amerikaSi,CineTi ruseTis teritoriaze. es gamowveva ufro did problemebs jerjerobiT<strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebs uqmnis.zemoT warmodgenili analizis Sedegad, SesaZlebelia garkveuli <strong>da</strong>skvnebisgakeTeba.Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs globalizaciis procesi. misi proeqtirebaTav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad mox<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTSi. globalizacia ar warmoadgens <strong>da</strong>savleTis,konkretulad amerikis samoqmedo gegmas. igi bunebrivad warmoSobili procesia.msoflioSi mimdinare modernizaciis procesma, romlis saTavec <strong>da</strong>savleTi iyo,ganviTarebis garkveul dones miaRwia. msoflio Zalzed mWidrod <strong>da</strong>saxlebul sofels<strong>da</strong>emsgavsa, sa<strong>da</strong>c yovel mosaxles urTierTTan aqvs kontaqti. mWidro kontaqtmagamoaaSkarava sazogadoebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi. <strong>da</strong>ingra miTi <strong>da</strong>savlurimodernizaciis, rogorc ganviTarebis erTaderTi aucilebeli pirobis Sesaxeb.globalizacia araerTgvarovnad aRiqmeba sazogadoebaTa mier. igi yvela donezemisaRebia iseTi kulturebisaTvis, romelTac ar aqvT warsuli, es is kulturebia,romlebic axla yalibdebian, amitom maTTvis advilia yovelive axlis miReba.globalizacia miuRebelia kulturebisaTvis, romelTac aqvT warsuli, is, racSeqmnilia maT mier, raSic warmodgenilia maTi suli, cnobiereba, mentaliteti. radgankulturebi, romelTac dRes globalur, viwro samyaroSi uwevT arseboba <strong>da</strong> aqvTZalzed mWidro kontaqtebi, odesRac erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad Camoyalibdnen.maT TanamedroveobisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli urTierToba <strong>da</strong>iwyes maSin, rodesacwarmoadgendnen zr<strong>da</strong>srul erTobebs. anu is, rac ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> maT qcevas,Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> manamde, sanam erTmaneTs safuZvlianad gaicnobdnen. es pirveladobasayuradReboa, radgan erT <strong>kultura</strong>s ar SeuZlia raime cvlileba Seitanos meorekulturis siRrmiseul, pirvelad SreSi. Tanamedrove etapze mWidro urTierTkavSiri<strong>da</strong> Sexeba ki ar aaxlovebs kulturebs, aramed aRrmavebs maT Soris arsebulgansxvavebebs.globalizacia mravalmxrivi procesia. Tu Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad gamowvevebi mxolod<strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareob<strong>da</strong>, Tanamedrove etapze mas ara<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturebicqmnian. <strong>da</strong>, rac yvelaze mTavaria, ukve saubaria ara<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturebis mierganxorcielebul kontrSetevebze.saqarTvelo globalur procesebSi maSin Caeba, rodesac TiTqmis gamoxatuli iyokonturebi, Tu sad gamoCndebo<strong>da</strong> globalizaciis ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> mZlavri mowinaaRmdegeebi.Cven SevecadeT, msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturebiswarmomadgenel inteleqtualTa mier SemoTavazebuli Teoriebisa <strong>da</strong> mosazrebebissaSualebebiT garkveuli warmodgena Segveqmna globalizaciisadmi saerTo <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisSesaxeb. rogorc Cans, SesaZlebelia, gamovyoT zoga<strong>da</strong>d ramdenimemimarTuleba, romelTa CarCoebSic gavanawilebT kulturis globalizaciis mimarTsazogadoebaTa <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebs:1. globaluri kulturis sruli uaryofa;2. adgilobrivi kulturis globaluri kulturiT Secvla;3. adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> globaluri kulturis Tanaarseboba sagrZnobi <strong>da</strong> mkveTri SerevisgareSe;4. adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> globaluri kulturebis TaviseburebaTa sinTezi.Zalzed sainteresoa, Tu romeli maTgania saqarTvelosaTvs misaRebi. didi sjabaasiimis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos gaaCnia istoriuli wasuli, tradiciebi, saerTodTviTmyofadi <strong>kultura</strong>, ar aris saWiro. warsulis mqone kulturebisaTvis globaluri83
kulturiT sakuTaris Canacvleba miuRebeli <strong>da</strong> warmoudgenelia, radgan es niSnavssakuTaris, TviTmyofadisa <strong>da</strong> originaluris <strong>da</strong>kargvas. <strong>kultura</strong> imdenad arissazogadoebis sisxlSi gamj<strong>da</strong>ri, rom misi revoluciuri Secvla drois moklemonakveTSi SeuZlebelia. saqarTvelosaTvis sakuTari kulturis globalurikulturiT Canacvleba warmoudgenelia. es Cven kargad <strong>da</strong>gvanaxa Tun<strong>da</strong>c kulinariazegakeTebulma kvlevam, sa<strong>da</strong>c qarTulma xinkalma sagrZnoblad <strong>da</strong>sjabna hamburgeri. es,ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ar niSnavs globaluri kulturis srul uaryofas. zoga<strong>da</strong>d rom vTqvaT,globaluri kulturis sruli uaryofa SeuZlebelia, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi ki _warmoudgeneli, radgan saqarTvelo cdilobs <strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaSi integracias,rac modernizacis gareSe warmoudgenelia. politikisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis sferoSiwarmatebis miRweva <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur yai<strong>da</strong>ze sazogadoebis mowyoba kulturis donezeurTierTobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. es urTierToba ki iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebaSigarkveuli saxis cvlilebebs, sxva <strong>kultura</strong>sTan adptirebas <strong>da</strong> morigeba-Seguebas.globaluri kulturis srul uaryofas saqarTvelo verc moaxerxebs <strong>da</strong>, Cveni azriT,arc un<strong>da</strong> iyos aucilebeli <strong>da</strong> saWiro. <strong>modernizacia</strong>, f.fukuiams TqmiT, sazogadoebaSicvlilebebs oTx doneze iwvevs _ ideologia, institutebi, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba<strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>. saqarTvelom globaluri kuluturis talRa un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyenos modernizacisaTvis,anu Tu saqarTveoloSi ise, rogorc msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva adgilze,globaluri kulturis gavrceleba <strong>da</strong>emTxva <strong>modernizacia</strong>s an gamoiwvia igi,globalizacia saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>debiT procesad un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos. globaluri<strong>kultura</strong>, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, vrceldeba iseTi saSualebebiT, romelTacs.hanTingtonma <strong>da</strong> p.bergerma ~<strong>da</strong>osuri <strong>kultura</strong>~ <strong>da</strong> ~inteleqtualTa~ saklubo<strong>kultura</strong> uwodes.rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, msoflioSi arsebobs biznesSi Cabmuli axalgazrdebissazogadoebaTa mTeli qseli, romlebic kargad saubroben inglisurad, Sesabamisadicvamen <strong>da</strong> erTobian, aseve, SeiZleba iTqvas, azrovneben inglisurad. maT Sorisgamosayofia ori mimarTuleba: am axalgazrdebis nawili sruli kosmopolitia; meorenawili ki cdilobs erTdroulad or samyaroSi icxovros: ar CamorCes globalursaqmian <strong>kultura</strong>s, magram sakuTari piradi cxovreba orientirebuli aqvs gansxvavebulkulturul faseulobebze.globalur <strong>kultura</strong>Si arsebobs kidev erTi elitaruli seqtori, romelic xSiraderTvis saqmian <strong>kultura</strong>s, xSirad ki upirispirdeba mas. es aris <strong>da</strong>savluri inteligenciisglobalizacia, romelsac bergerma uwo<strong>da</strong> inteleqtualTa saklubo<strong>kultura</strong> (faculty club culture). misi gavrceleba xdeba saxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gziT:akademiuri struqturebiT, fondebiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebiT. igi qmnissakuTar bazars _ es aris ideebi, qcevis normebi, romlebic Seqmilia <strong>da</strong>savleli,kerZod, amerikeli inteleqtualebis mier, rogorebic arian a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<strong>da</strong>mcvelebi, specialistebi <strong>da</strong> sxvani.`inteleqtualTa saklubo <strong>kultura</strong>~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>osuri <strong>kultura</strong>~ aris saqarTveloSisazogadobis ganviTarebis erT-erTi garanti <strong>da</strong> safuZvelia im cvlilebebisa, romelicaucileblad un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldes institutebisa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo saozgadoebis doneze.anu SesaZlebelia, saqarTveloSi globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis procesierTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>emTxves. amdenad globaluri kulturis suli uaryofa, Cveni azriT, romcSegveZlos, <strong>da</strong>debiTi Sedegis momtani ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos.arsebobs SiSi imisa, rom modernizaciis procesi uaryofs warsuli<strong>da</strong>n SemorCeniltradiciebs, spobs maT <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mians met Tavisuflebas sTavazobs. bevrisaTvis estradiciisgan gaTavisufleba kulturis originalobisa <strong>da</strong> TviTmyofadobis <strong>da</strong>kargvasniSnavs. amitom xSirad <strong>modernizacia</strong> uaryofiTad fasdeba <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba cdilobs84
mis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebas, ubrundeba sakuTar <strong>kultura</strong>s. TavisTavad sakuTari kulturisakenmibruneba kargicaa <strong>da</strong> aucilebelic, magram aman ar un<strong>da</strong> miiRos garemosaganizolaciis saxe. izolacia gamoiwvevs karCaketilobas, rasac SesaZloa sazogadoebisstatikur mdgomareobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svla moyves (magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia ori koreis <strong>da</strong>uaxloes warsulSi ori germaniis Se<strong>da</strong>reba). rogorc Cans, rac ar un<strong>da</strong> didi <strong>da</strong> Zlieriiyos <strong>kultura</strong>, gamoricxulia gare samyarosTan urTierTobisa <strong>da</strong> siaxleTa miRebisgareSe misi ganviTareba. TviT iseTi didi <strong>kultura</strong>, rogoricaa CineTi, romelsacTavisuflad SeiZleba ewodos civilizacia, ver uaryofs amas. igi cdilobs gare<strong>da</strong>nSesuli siaxleebi marTvadi gaxados, miiRos is, rac surs. amitom uwodes CineTismagaliTs ~marTvadi globalzacia~.axlis miReba ar niSnavs Zvelis uaryofas <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis procesi ar aristradiciebisgan gaTavisufleba. k.tompsoni miiCnevs, rom kulturuli memkvidreoba <strong>da</strong>Tanamedrove a<strong>da</strong>mianis yoveldRiuri cxovreba absoluturad <strong>da</strong>ukavSirebeliaerTmaneTTan, CemTvis ufro misaRebia S.eizenStadtis mosazreba. misi TqmiT, rac arun<strong>da</strong> didi iyos kontrasti ~tradiciul~ <strong>da</strong> ~Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebebs Soris,warmatebuli <strong>modernizacia</strong> SesaZlebelia mxolod tradiciuli elementebisregulaciaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. amis naTeli <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa iaponiis magaliTi, romelzecCven zemoT gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari. msjelobis mizania <strong>da</strong>majerebeli gaxados <strong>da</strong>skvna, romlismixedviTac globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavad globalizacia ar warmoadgens iseTsaSiSroebas, rogora<strong>da</strong>c igi saqarTveloSi aRiqmeba, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom igiidealuria <strong>da</strong> yuradRebis miqcevas ar saWiroebs.globalur <strong>kultura</strong>sTan urTierToba saqarTvelos aucileblad mouwevs. am<strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTobas un<strong>da</strong> moyves raime Sedegi. saqarTvelos mier globalurikulturis sruli uaryofa iseve miuReblad <strong>da</strong> uaryofiTad mimaCnia, rogorcadgilobrivi kulturis globaluri kulturiT Canacvleba.adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> globaluri kulturis urTierTobas Teoeriulad, SeiZleba, isSedegebi mohyves, romelze<strong>da</strong>c Cven zemoT gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari. esenia: konfrontacia,simbiozi, sinTezi. magram SesaZlebelia, <strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedeba ar mividesromelime am tipis realizaciamde <strong>da</strong> Semoifarglos mxolod kulturul RirebulebaTaurTierTgacvliT, romelic intesivobiTa <strong>da</strong> xarisxiT Camouvardebazemonaxseneb tipebs.pasuxebi <strong>da</strong>savleTs <strong>da</strong> <strong>modernizacia</strong><strong>da</strong>savleTis eqspansiam ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebis modernizeba <strong>da</strong> vesternizirebagamoiwvia. am sazogadoebebis politikuri <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualuri liderebispasuxi <strong>da</strong>savleTis Semotevaze samgvari iyo: 1) orives _ modernizaciisa <strong>da</strong>vestrenizaciis _ uaryofa, 2) orives miReba, 3) erTis miReba <strong>da</strong> meoris uaryofa.uaryofa. 1542 wli<strong>da</strong>n _ <strong>da</strong>savleTTan pirveli kontaqtis <strong>da</strong>myarebi<strong>da</strong>n _ XIXsaukunis Sua xanebamde iaponia <strong>da</strong>savleTis mkveTri uaryofis gziT midio<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>Svebuliiyo modernizaciis mxolod SezRuduli <strong>for</strong>mebi, magaliTad, sabrZolo masalebisSeZena, xolo <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis importi, maT Soris yvelaze gamorCeulad _qristianobisa, sastikad ikrZalebo<strong>da</strong>. XVII saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>savlelebi saerTod gamoaZevesqveyni<strong>da</strong>n. ukompromiso <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas bolo moeRo 1854 wels, rodesac kapitanmaperim ZaliT <strong>da</strong>arRvia iaponiis karCaketiloba, 1868 wels meiZis restavracias mohyvaaqtiuri mcdelobebi, gaeziarebinaT <strong>da</strong>savleTis gamocdileba. ramdenime saukunismanZilze CineTic cdilob<strong>da</strong>, xeli SeeSala modernizebisa <strong>da</strong> vesternizebis seriozulimcdelobebisaTvis. 1601 wels qveyanaSi SeuSves qristiani misionerebi, Tumca 1722wlisaTvis isini sagul<strong>da</strong>gulod gamoaZeves iqi<strong>da</strong>n. iaponiisgan gansxvavebiT, CineTis85
karCaketilobis politika mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebuli iyo CinelebiswarmodgeniT sakuTar Tavze, rogorc msoflios centrze, agreTve yvela sxva xalxzeCinuri kulturis upiratesobis mtkice rwmeniT. CineTis izolacia, iseve, rogorciaponiisa, <strong>da</strong>savleTis iaraRis meSveobiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>, romelic 1839-1842 wlebisopiumis omis dros gamoiyena inglisma. rogorc magaliTebi<strong>da</strong>n vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, XIX saukuneSi<strong>da</strong>savluri saxelmwifoebi Sanss ar utovebdnen ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebebs,ganexorcielebinaT absoluturad karCaketili politika.meoce saukuneSi momx<strong>da</strong>rma winsvlam satransporto <strong>da</strong> sakomunikacio saSualebaTasferoSi, agreTve globalurma urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebam ganze dgoma did fufuneba<strong>da</strong>qcia. modernizaciis, iseve rogorc vesternizaciis sruli uaryofa naklebadrealuria im msoflioSi, romelic dRiTidRe sul ufro Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong> urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulixdeba. aseTi fufunebis ufleba mxolod patara, izolirebulmasasoflo Temma Tu SeiZleba misces Tavs, romlis miswrafebebi saarsebo minimumis iqiTar midis. `mxolod yvelaze eqstremisti fun<strong>da</strong>mentalistebi~, _ wers <strong>da</strong>niel faipsiislamTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, `uaryofen rogorc <strong>modernizacia</strong>s, ise vesternizacias. isinimdinareSi yrian televizorebs, krZalaven majis saaTis tarebas, uars acxadebenSi<strong>da</strong>wvis Zravis moxmarebaze. magram maTi samoqmedo gegmis ararealuroba msgavsjgufebs mimzidvelobas ukargavs; zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki (magaliTad, ien izalakanoSi, sa<strong>da</strong>Tis mkvlelebi, meqas meCeTze Tav<strong>da</strong>msxmelebi, <strong>da</strong>yvas zogierTi <strong>da</strong>jgufebamalaiziaSi) — xelisuflebasTan sisxlian SetakebebSi gancdilma marcxma mogvianebiTmaTi TiTqmis ukvalod gaqroba gamoiwvia.~ ukvalod gaqroba — aseTia sruli uaryofispolitikis zogadi perspeqtiva meoce saukunis miwuruls. fanatizmi, toinbis sityviTrom vTqvaT, ubralod, arasicoclisunariani arCevania.qemalizmi. meore SesaZlo pasuxi <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi aris toinbiseuli herodianizmi,anu rogorc modernizaciis, ise vesternizaciis miReba. aseTi pasuxi gamomdinareobswarmodgeni<strong>da</strong>n, rom <strong>modernizacia</strong> sasurveli <strong>da</strong> aucilebelia, <strong>da</strong> rom adgilobrivi<strong>kultura</strong> SeuTavsebelia <strong>modernizacia</strong>sTan, amitom masze uari un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, an igi un<strong>da</strong>ganadgurdes. sazogadoeba srulad un<strong>da</strong> vesternizdes, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdeswarmatebiT modernizeba. <strong>modernizacia</strong> <strong>da</strong> vesternizacia aZlierebs urTierTs <strong>da</strong>isini Tanadroulad un<strong>da</strong> warimarTon. msgavsi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba gamoxatuliamecxramete saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasrulis zogierTi iaponeli <strong>da</strong> Cineli moazrovnismsjelobebSi, romelTa mixedviT, modernizaciisaTvis saWiroa, rom maTma sazogadoebebma<strong>da</strong>iviwyon TavianT istoriuli enebi <strong>da</strong> aRiaron inglisuri, rogorcsaxelmwifo ena. es Sexeduleba, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ufro <strong>da</strong>savlur wreebSi iyopopularuli, vidre ara<strong>da</strong>savlur elitebSi. misi mTavari principia: `Tu gin<strong>da</strong>warmatebas miaRwio, Cvennairi un<strong>da</strong> gaxde; es erTaderTi gamosavalia~. argumenti kiisaa, rom `[ara<strong>da</strong>savlur] sazogadoebaTa religiuri Rirebulebebi, zneobrivi normebi<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi wyoba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ucxoa, Tu ara mtruli,industrializmis Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> tradiciebisadmi.~ aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ekonomikuriganviTareba moiTxovs cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis mkveTr <strong>da</strong> Zireulreorganizacias, <strong>da</strong>, xSirad, Tavad am civilizaciis xalxis mier arsebobis saazrisisxelaxla gaazrebas.~ igive azrs imeorebs faipsi islamze msjelobisas:`anomiis Tavi<strong>da</strong>nasarideblad, muslimebs mxolo erTi gza <strong>da</strong>rCeniaT, radgan <strong>modernizacia</strong> vesternizaciasgulisxmobs... islami ar gvTavazobs alternatiul gzas modernizebisaTvis...sekularizmis <strong>da</strong>Tmoba warmoudgenelia, Tanamedrove mecniereba <strong>da</strong> teqnologiamoiTxovs misi Tanamdevi saazrovno procesebis gaTavisebas; igive situaciaapolitikur institutebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiTac. Sinaaarsic iseve un<strong>da</strong> iyos aTvisebuli,rogorc garegnuli <strong>for</strong>ma. <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis pirveloba imTaviTve un<strong>da</strong> iyos86
gaTavisebuli, raTa misgan iswavlo(n). evropuli enebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri saganmanaTleblo<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi savaldebuloa, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom es ukanasknelni marTlac xelsuwyoben Tavisufal azrovnebasa <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofil cxovrebas. muslimebi mxolodmaSin miaRweven iseT mdgomareobas, roca SesaZlebeli iqneba teqnikuri siaxleebisaTviseba <strong>da</strong> Semdgom ganviTareba, Tu isini upirobod miiReben <strong>da</strong>savlur models~.samoci wliT adre, vidre es sityvebi <strong>da</strong>iwerebo<strong>da</strong>, mustafa qemal aTaTurqi msgavs<strong>da</strong>skvnamde mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> otomanTa imperiis nangrevebi<strong>da</strong>n axali TurqeTi Seqmna, didiZalisxmeva gaswia rogorc misi vesternizebis, aseve modernizebisaTvis. am kursisarCeviTa <strong>da</strong> muslimuri warsulis uaryofiT aTaTurqma TurqeTi `gaxleCil qveynad~aqcia, romlis sazogadoeba muslimuri iyo Tavisi religiiT, memkvidreobiT,CveulebebiT <strong>da</strong> institutebiT, magram hyav<strong>da</strong> mmarTveli elita, romelsac ganzraxulihqon<strong>da</strong> misi gaTanamedroveoba, <strong>da</strong>savlur yai<strong>da</strong>ze mowyoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTTan yofna. XXsaukunis bolosaTvis ramdenime qveyana adgas qemalistur gzas, isini cdilobenSecvalon ara<strong>da</strong>savluri identuroba <strong>da</strong>savluriT. maTi mcdelobebi gaanalizebuliameeqvse TavSi.re<strong>for</strong>mizmi. uaryofa gulisxmobs sazogadoebis izolirebis uimedo mcdelobasTanamedrove cvalebad samyaroSi. qemalizmi niSnavs Znel <strong>da</strong> mtkivneul gzassaukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli kulturis ngrevisa <strong>da</strong> misi Canacvlebisa sxvacivilizacii<strong>da</strong>n Semotanili (nasesxebi) kulturiT. mesame gza gulisxmobsmodernizaciis Sexamebas adgilobrivi kulturis umTavresi faseulobebTan,CveulebebTan <strong>da</strong> institutebTan. rasakvirvelia, es mimarTuleba yvelaze ufropopularuli iyo ara<strong>da</strong>savlur elitebs Soris. CineTSi cinis dinastiis mmarTvelobisbolo xanebSi aqtualuri iyo devizi `ti-iongi~: Cinuri swavleba _ fun<strong>da</strong>menturiprincipebisaTvis, <strong>da</strong>savluri swavleba _ praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis.~ iaponiaSi esiyo `vakon, iosei~ (iaponuri suli, <strong>da</strong>savluri teqnika~). 1830-iani wlebis egvipteSimuhamed alim sca<strong>da</strong> `teqnikuri modernizaciis Catareba seriozuli kulturulivesternizaciis gareSe~. Tumca es mcdeloba kraxiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>; britaneTma aiZula igi,uari eTqva mTel rig re<strong>for</strong>mebze, romlebic modernizaciisaken iyo mimarTuli. amisSedegad, rogorc ali mazrui SeniSnavs, `egviptes ar ewera iaponiis bedi teqnikurimodernizaciisa kulturis vesternizaciis gareSe, arc aTaTurqiseuli bedi teqnikurimodernizaciisa kulturis vesternizaciis saSualebiT~. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSijamal al-din al-avRanma, muhamed abdulam <strong>da</strong> sxva re<strong>for</strong>matorebma kvlav scadesislamisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroveobis urTierTmorgeba, amtkicebdnen ra `islamis TavsebadobasTanamedrove mecnierebasTan <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri azrovnebis saukeTeso momentebTan~,cdilobdnen muslimuri <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba moeZebnaT Tanamedrove ideebisa <strong>da</strong> institutebis(iqnebo<strong>da</strong> es samecniero, teqnikuri Tu politikuri _ konstitucionalizmi <strong>da</strong>warmomadgenlobiTi mTavroba) misaRebad safuZvlis momzadebisaTvis.~ es ukve farTore<strong>for</strong>matoruli moZraoba iyo, romelic, midio<strong>da</strong> ra qemalizmis gziT, ara martomoderniziaciisken iswarfvo<strong>da</strong>, aramed zogierTi <strong>da</strong>savluri institutis aTvisebis-Tvisac iyo mzad. aseTi saxis re<strong>for</strong>mizmi muslimuri elitebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmiyvelaze gavrcelebuli pasuxi iyo ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1870-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n1920-ian wlebamde, sanam igi ar waawy<strong>da</strong> gamowveveas jer qemalizmis, xolo mogvianebiT_ fun<strong>da</strong>mentalisturi <strong>for</strong>mis ufro <strong>da</strong>xvewili re<strong>for</strong>mizmis mxri<strong>da</strong>n.uaryofis politika, qemalizmi <strong>da</strong> re<strong>for</strong>mizmi efuZneba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva warmodgenasimis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris SesaZlebeli <strong>da</strong> ra _ sasurveli. uaryofis politikisaTvisorive _ <strong>modernizacia</strong>c <strong>da</strong> vesternizaciac _ arasasurvelia <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebelia orivesuaryofa. qemalizmisaTvis orive _ <strong>modernizacia</strong>c <strong>da</strong> vesternizaciac _ sasurvelia,87
ukanaskneli mniSvnelovania, gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom mis gareSe pirvelisganxorcieleba ararealuria, <strong>da</strong> orive SesaZlebelia. re<strong>for</strong>mizmisaTvis <strong>modernizacia</strong>sasurveli <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebelia yovelgvari Zireuli vesternizebis gareSe, romelic,amavdroulad, arasasurvelicaa. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, uTanxmoebaa uaryofis politikasa <strong>da</strong>qemalizms Soris modernizaciisa <strong>da</strong> vesternizaciis sasurvelobis Taobaze, aseveqemalizmsa <strong>da</strong> re<strong>for</strong>mizms Soris imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad realuria <strong>modernizacia</strong>vesternizaciis gareSe.cxrili 3.1 swored am mimarTulebebs gamosaxavs. `uarmyofeli~ A wertilze<strong>da</strong>rCeba; qemalisti diagonals mihyveba B wertilamde; re<strong>for</strong>matori horizontalsgauyveba C wertilamde. ra gziT wavidnen sinamdvileSi sazogadoebebi? ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,yovel ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebas ganviTarebis sakuTari gza aqvs, romelic, SesaZloa,SesamCnevad gansxvavdebodes mocemuli sami prototipuli marSrutisagan. mazruiimasac amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom egvipte <strong>da</strong> afrika D wertilis mimarTulebiT wavi<strong>da</strong>: es iyo`kulturis vesternizaciis mtkivneuli procesi teqnikuri modernizaciis gareSe.~ Tumodernizaciisa <strong>da</strong> vesternizaciis nebismier ZiriTad <strong>for</strong>mas ganvixilavT, rogorcara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebis pasuxs <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi, maSin gamogviva mrudi -Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad vesternizacia <strong>da</strong> <strong>modernizacia</strong> erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia:ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoeba iTvisebs <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis TiTqmis yvela elements,amave dros, SeimCneva modernizaciis neli procesi. Tumca, rogorc ki <strong>modernizacia</strong><strong>da</strong>Cqardeba, vesternizaciis intensivoba klebulobs <strong>da</strong> iwyeba adgilobrivi kulturisaRorZineba. Semdgomi <strong>modernizacia</strong> ukve cvlis civilizaciur balanss <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong>ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaTa Soris <strong>da</strong> aZlierebs sakuTar <strong>kultura</strong>ze mijaWvulobas.maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, cvlilebaTa adreul stadiaze <strong>modernizacia</strong> vesternizaciissaSualebiT xorcieldeba. Semdgom etapebze <strong>modernizacia</strong> devesternizaciis gziTmidis <strong>da</strong> ganapirobebs adgilobrivi kulturebis gamococxlebas ori saxiT:sazogadoebriv doneze, <strong>modernizacia</strong> aviTarebs ekonomikas, jars, axdenssazogadoebis politikur konsoli<strong>da</strong>cias, aniWebs am sazogadoebis wevrebs TavianTikulturisadmi rwmenasa <strong>da</strong> TviT<strong>da</strong>jerebulobas. individualur doneze, <strong>modernizacia</strong>sTan axlavs gaucxoebisa <strong>da</strong> anomiis grZnoba, radgan irRveva tradiciulikavSirebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis normebi, rasac pirovneba mihyavsidenturobis krizisamde, romelzec pasuxs religia iZleva.es zogadi hipoTezuri modeli iTvaliswinebs rogorc socialur mecnierebaTaTeoriebs, ise istoriul gamocdilebasac. <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT mimoixilavs ra `ucvlelobisTeorias~, rainer baumi askvnis, rom `a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier idealuri mmarTvelobisa <strong>da</strong>idealuri pirovnuli avtonomiis mudmivi Zieba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>for</strong>miT vlindeba cakleulkulturebSi. am mxriv multikulturuli <strong>da</strong> homogenuri msofliosaken swrafva arikveTeba. piriqiT, rogorc Cans, is sistemebi, romlebic Camoyalibdnen ganviTarebisistoriul <strong>da</strong> adre-modernul safexurebze, kvlav ucvlela<strong>da</strong>a SenarCunebuli.sesxebis Teoria, SemuSavebuli frobeniusis, Spenglerisa <strong>da</strong> bouzmanis mier, xazsusvams sazRvrebs, romelTa farglebSi civilizacia-recipientebi SerCeviTadiTviseben sxva civilizaciebis elementebs, axdenen maT a<strong>da</strong>ptirebas, gar<strong>da</strong>qmnasa <strong>da</strong>asimilacias <strong>da</strong> amiT uzrunvelyofen TavianTi kulturebis umTavresi Rirebulebebis_ `paideumi~ _ ga<strong>da</strong>rCenas. msoflios TiTqmis yvela ara<strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciaarsebob<strong>da</strong>, sul cota, erTi, zogi ki ramdenime aTasi weli. arsebobs araerTi magaliTisxva civilizaciaTagan sesxebisa, sakuTari arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. mkvlevrebiaRniSnaven, rom CineTis mier indoeTisgan budizmis aTvisebas ar gamouwvevia CineTis`induizacia~. Cinelebma igi TavianT miznebsa <strong>da</strong> saWiroebebs Seusabames, Cinuri<strong>kultura</strong> ki Cinuri <strong>da</strong>rCa. Cinelebs SeuZliaT Seadginon qronologiuri CamonaTvali88
<strong>da</strong>savleTis warumatebeli mcdelobebisa, qristianul rjulze moeqciaT isini. TuCinelebi rodesme isesxeben raimes qristianobi<strong>da</strong>n, albaT, Secvlian mas ise, rom igiTavsebadi gaxdes Cinuri kulturis ZiriTad elementebTan. analogiurad, muslimmaarabebma aiTvises, <strong>da</strong>afases <strong>da</strong> gamoiyenes `elinuri memkvidreoba ukiduresadutilitaruli miznebisaTvis. iyvnen ra ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>interesebulni garkveuligaregnuli <strong>for</strong>mebis an teqnikuri mxareebis aTvisebiT, maT icodnen, Tu rogorugulebeleyoT berZnuli filosofiuri azris nebismieri elementi, romelicewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> yuranis fun<strong>da</strong>menturi normebiTa <strong>da</strong> swavlebiT <strong>da</strong>dgenil`WeSmaritebas~. iaponiamac msgavsi gza gaiara. VII saukuneSi man ganaxorciela Cinurikulturis importi <strong>da</strong> sakuTari nebiT, `yovelgvari ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikurizewolis gareSe, gar<strong>da</strong>qmna igi~ ufro maRal civilizaciad. `momdevno saukuneebSierTmaneTs enacvlebo<strong>da</strong> kontinenturi gavlenisagan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi izolaciisa (rocaxdebo<strong>da</strong> adrindel nasesxeb elementTa ga<strong>da</strong>rCeva <strong>da</strong> sasargeblos SeTviseba) <strong>da</strong>kontaqtisa Tu kulturuli sesxebis periodebi~. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi iaponurma<strong>kultura</strong>m SeinarCuna TviTmyofadi saxe.qemalistTa mozomili msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebiSeiZleba modernizdnen vesternizebis gziT, ar mtkicdeba. ukiduresi qemalistebiswarmodgena, TiTqos ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebi un<strong>da</strong> vesternizrdnen, raTaSemdgomSi modernizdnen, ar gamodgeba sayovelTao `receptad~. Cndeba kiTxva:arseboben Tu ara iseTi ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c lokaluri <strong>kultura</strong> iseaferxebs modernizaciis process, rom es <strong>kultura</strong> Zireulad un<strong>da</strong> amoiZirkvos <strong>da</strong>Seicvalos <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturiT? Teoriulad, es ufro SesaZlebelia <strong>da</strong>srulebul,vidre instrumentul kulturebSi. instrumentuli kulturebi `xasiaTdeba saboloomiznebisagan gancalkevebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli Sualeduri miznebis vrceli arealisarsebobiT. es sistemebi advilad ganaxldeba, afarebs ra cvlilebas tradiciis safars.aseT sistemebs ZaluZT ganaxleba ise, rom arc gamoamJRavnon Zireuli cvlilebebiTavianT socialur institutebSi. piriqiT, siaxle Zvelis <strong>da</strong>viwyebas emsaxureba~.<strong>da</strong>srulebuli sistemebi, piriqiT, `xasiaTdeba mWidro kavSiriT Sualedur <strong>da</strong> saboloomiznebs Soris... sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo, xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> a.S. warmoadgenensagul<strong>da</strong>gulod SekavSirebul, kargad Sekrul sistemas, romelic gamsWvaluliareligiiT, rogorc Semecnebis saxelmZRvanelo proncipiT. aseTi sistemebi yovelTvismtrulad iyvnen ganwyobilni siaxlisadmi~. apteri iyenebs am kategoriebs afrikultomebSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri cvlilebebis analizisaTvis. aizenStadtma Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi meTodisgamoyenebiT gaaanaliza aziis didi civilizaciebi <strong>da</strong> msgavs <strong>da</strong>skvnebamde mivi<strong>da</strong>.Sinagan cvlilebebs `mniSvnelovnad aadvilebs socialuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong>politikuri institutebis avtonomia~. am mizeziT, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro instrumentulixasiaTis iaponuri <strong>da</strong> induri sazogadoebebi ufro advilad <strong>da</strong> adre <strong>da</strong>adgnenmodernizaciis gzas, vidre konfuciuri <strong>da</strong> muslimuri sazogadoebebi. maT ufro metiunari gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa sesxebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi gamoyenebisa sakuTarikulturis ganmtkicebisaTvis. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Cinurma <strong>da</strong> muslimurmasazogadoebebma an uari Tqvan rogorc <strong>modernizacia</strong>ze, ise vesternizaciazec, anorive miiRon? arCevani arc ase SezRudulia. iaponiasTan erTad, singapuri, taivani,saudis arabeTi <strong>da</strong>, naklebad, iranic Tanamedrove (modernul) sazogadoebebadgar<strong>da</strong>iqmnen yovelgvari vesternizaciis gareSe. sainteresoa, rom Sahis mcdelobebma,qemalistur kurss gahyolo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ganexorcielebina orive _ <strong>modernizacia</strong>ca <strong>da</strong>vesternizaciac, mZafri anti<strong>da</strong>savluri, magram ara antimodernuli reaqcia gamoiwvia.CineTic aSkara re<strong>for</strong>mistul gzas <strong>da</strong>adga.89
muslimur sazogadoebebs garkveuli siZneleebi Sexv<strong>da</strong>T modernizaciis gzaze,amitom faipsi, im Tvalsazrisis <strong>da</strong>sasabuTeblad, rom vesternizacia modernizaciisaucilebeli pirobaa, miuTiTebs winaaRmdegobaze islamsa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroveobas Sorisekonomikur sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa kapital<strong>da</strong>bandeba, memkvidreobis kanoni <strong>da</strong> qalisSromis ufleba. magram igi mainc eTanxmeba maqsin rodinsons imasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rom`ar arsebobs araviTari <strong>da</strong>majerebeli argumenti imisa, rom muslimurma religiam xeliSeuSala muslimur samyaros Tanamedrove kapitalizmis gziT ganviTarebaSi~. faipsiamtkicebs, rom islami <strong>da</strong> <strong>modernizacia</strong> arc sxva sakiTxebSi ewinaRmdegebianerTmaneTs. morwmune muslimebs ZaluZT ganaviTaron mecniereba, nayofierad imuSaonqarxnebSi an gamoiyenon <strong>da</strong>xvewili iaraRi. <strong>modernizacia</strong> ar moiTxovs aranairpolitikur ideologias an iseT institutebs, rogoricaa arCevnebi, saxelmwifosazRvrebi, samoqalaqo organizaciebi. arc <strong>da</strong>savluri cxovrebis sxva <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeliniSnebia aucilebeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. rogorc mrwamsi, islamiakmayofilebs menejmentis konsultantsac <strong>da</strong> glexsac. SariaTi arafers ambobsmodernizaciis Tanamdev iseT cvlilebebze rogorica ga<strong>da</strong>svla soflis meurneobi<strong>da</strong>nmrewvelobaze, moZraoba sofli<strong>da</strong>n qalaqisken Tu socialuri uZraobis socialurimobilurobiT Secvla. igi ar exeba arc iseT sakiTxebs rogoricaa sayovelTaoganaTleba, komunikaciis <strong>da</strong>Cqarebuli saSualebebi, transportis axali saxeobebi Tujan<strong>da</strong>cva.yvelaze radikali antivesternistebi <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi kulturebis aRorZinebismomxreebic ki uyoymanod iyeneben Tanamedrove teqnikas _ eleqtronul fostas,kasetebs Tu televizias — sakuTari ideebis propagandisaTvis.erTi sityviT, <strong>modernizacia</strong> aucileblad ar niSnavs vesternizacias. ara<strong>da</strong>savlursazogadoebebs SeuZliaT <strong>da</strong> SeZles kidec modernizeba sakuTari kulturis uaryofisa<strong>da</strong> yvela <strong>da</strong>savluri Rirebulebis, institutisa Tu Cveulebis aTvisebis gareSe. esukanaskneli, albaT, SeuZlebelicaa: ra <strong>da</strong>brkolebebic ar un<strong>da</strong> Seuqmnanara<strong>da</strong>savlurma kulturebma <strong>modernizacia</strong>s, isini verc ki Seedreba im sirTuleebs,romlebic vesternizaciis process eRobeba. bavSvuri gulubryviloba iqnebo<strong>da</strong>gvefiqra, aRniSnavs brodeli, rom <strong>modernizacia</strong>, anu `erTi civilizaciis triumfi~,SeiZleba, sawin<strong>da</strong>ri gaxdes istoriuli kulturebis mravalricxovnebis mospobisa,romlebic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi xorcs isxamdnen msoflios did civilizaciebSi.amis nacvlad, <strong>modernizacia</strong> aZlierebs am kulturebs <strong>da</strong> amcirebs <strong>da</strong>savleTis Zalas.msoflio xdeba sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro modernuli <strong>da</strong> naklebad <strong>da</strong>savluri.Tema IX. `mcire kulturebi~ <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis problema.qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> modernizaciis problemasTan mimarTebaSirodesac mcire kulturebis modernizaciis sakiTxs vexebiT, dgeba tradiciiskategoriis gamoyenebis aucilebloba, radgan, umetes SemTxvevaSi mcire kulturebis<strong>modernizacia</strong> ganixileba rogorc am <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tradiciis <strong>da</strong>kninebis xarjzeganxorcielebuli procesi, rac am <strong>kultura</strong>Ta TavisTavadoebis <strong>da</strong>kargvas utoldeba.<strong>modernizacia</strong>m `antitradiciuli~ xasiaTi, albaT, ara<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturebismodernizaciis gaanalizebis Sedegad miiRo, radgan am sazogadoebaTa <strong>modernizacia</strong>,umetesad adgilobrivi tradiciebis <strong>da</strong>Trgunvis xarjze xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebis konsteqstSi ki <strong>modernizacia</strong> swore<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>savluritradiciis gagrZelebasa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas niSnavs.rac ar un<strong>da</strong> didi iyos kontrasti `tradiciulsa~ <strong>da</strong> `Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebebsSoris, warmatebuli <strong>modernizacia</strong> SeiZleba moxdes tradiciuli regulaciis zogierT90
elementze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. es imas niSnavs, rom `Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebis warmatebulifunqcionireba di<strong>da</strong>d aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli Sesabamisi tradiciuli winapirobebisarsebobaze, Tanamedrove sistemaSi maT CarTvaze <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebaze.amitom aucilebelia:1. ga<strong>da</strong>ixedos tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> cvalebadobis Tanafardoba, Catardes mocemulitradiciuli sazogadoebis im ZalTa/faqtorebis analizi, romlebic xels uwyobencvlilebebis process <strong>da</strong> imaTic, romlebic abrkoleben mas. Sesabamisad un<strong>da</strong>gaanalizdes am faqtorTa adgili regulaciis zogad struqturul <strong>da</strong> kulturulsistemaSi;2. gamovlindes gansxvaveba im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebic axasiaTebs/Tan axlavsTavad tradiciul wesrigs <strong>da</strong> romlebic scildebian am farglebs <strong>da</strong> iwvevensazogadoebis ganaxlebas;3. gamovlindes gansxvaveba im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebic xels uwyobensazogadoebis Semdgom ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong> romlebic am unars Zirs uTxrian;4. gamovlindes tradiciul sistemaze Tanamedrove cvlilebebis zemoqmedebiszogadi xasiaTi;5. ganisazRvros, ramdenad SeuZlia sazogadoebas gamoimuSaos Tavis sakuTarmemkvidreobaSi unari ga<strong>da</strong>Wras es problemebi; an miaRwios amas axal pirobebTana<strong>da</strong>ptaciiT Tavisi centraluri institutebisa <strong>da</strong> faseulobiT-azrobriv sferoSimniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe (an maTi trans<strong>for</strong>maciiT) (S.N. Eisenshtadt).qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> modernizaciis problemasTan mimarTebaSiam leqciebze SevecdebiT kursis manZilze miRebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciisa <strong>da</strong> codnissafuZvelze movaxdinoT qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri (tradiciuli Tuinovaciuri, individualisturi Tu koleqtivisturi) raobis gansazRvra; aseveqarTuli kulturis konteqstSi Tavs movuyriT miRebul codnas <strong>kultura</strong>Sitradiciisa <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis urTierTqmedebis/proporciis Sesaxeb; <strong>modernizacia</strong>sTanmimarTebaSi qarTuli kulturis Taviseburebebis gaanalizebas wina (VIII)TemaSi motanili xuTi punqtis safuZvelze. vecdebiT gavarkvioT qarTulisazogadoebis modernizebulobis xarisxi. amisaTvis, kursis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,mimovixilavT ukanaskneli ori saukunis saqarTvelos istorias; visaubrebTTanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis fonze qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>Si momx<strong>da</strong>r (anmosalodnel) cvlilebebze. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, <strong>da</strong>vsaxavTT qarTuli kulturisganviTarebis SesaZlo variantebs.qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri kuTvnilebiskvlevis zogierTi Tanamedrove mimarTulebaeTnologTa mier mopovebuli masalebiT didi xania cnobilia, rom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xalxibiologiur aqtebsac ki (Jestebi, Tavis <strong>da</strong>Weris manera, sakvebis miReba, moZraoba,avadmyofoba, sikvdili <strong>da</strong> a.S.) sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad ganaxorcielebs, <strong>da</strong> am gansxvavebaTasafuZveli <strong>kultura</strong>a.arsebobs <strong>kultura</strong>Ta nairgvari klasifikacia, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kriteriumze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiTSemoTavazebulia <strong>kultura</strong>Ta sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipologiuri modeli. Cveulebriv, kulturisraobaze msjeloben iseTi parametrebis mixedviT, rogoricaa gaxsniloba—karCaketiloba, originaluroba—imitaciuroba, tradiciuloba—inovaciuroba <strong>da</strong> a.S.ukanasknel wlebSi kulturuli identurobis problemis kvlevaSi, humanitarebTanerTad, aqtiurad CaerTnen fiziologebi, fsiqologebi, geografebi <strong>da</strong> neirobiologebi.91
fiziologebis mier SemoTavazebulia Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciurilateralizaciisa <strong>da</strong> misgan gamomdinare sivrciTi orientaciis gaTvaliswinebakulturuli identurobis sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis 1 . hemisferoTa funqciurilateralizacia niSnavs a<strong>da</strong>mianis fsiqikuri procesebis organizaciaSi tvinisnaxevarsferoTa gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT monawileoba. rogorc aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, Tavistvinis funqciur lateralizacias, sqesobriv <strong>da</strong> asakobriv TaviseburebebTan erTad,eTnikuri Taviseburebebic gaaCnia, romlebic urTierTqmedeben garemosTan,<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli arian socialur-kulturul faqtorebze <strong>da</strong>, Tavis mxriv, zegavlenasaxdenen sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze 2 .hemisferoTa funqciuri lateralizacia nawilobriv kulturulad determinirebulia.sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebs Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba Tavistvinis funqciur asimetriaSi, sivrceSi orientaciis procesis organizaciisTvalsazrisiT 3 .zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiTa <strong>da</strong> fiziologTa mier SemoTavazebulimeTodis gamoyenebiT qarTuli kulturis raobis kvlevis pirveli Sedegebi friadsayuradReboa, Tumca isini jerjerobiT gamoqveynebuli ar aris <strong>da</strong> amitom maTzesityvas ar gavagrZelebT.2000 wlis seqtemberSi neirobiologi, profesori volf zingeri moxsenebiTwarsdga germanel istorikosTa dReze aaxenSi, romelic 43-jer Catar<strong>da</strong>. man miuTiTaaRqmisa <strong>da</strong> mogonebaTa procesebze, rogorc kvlevis erTnairad saintereso saganzeneirobiologebisa <strong>da</strong> istorikosebisaTvis. pirvelni mas ikvleven rogorc tvinisfunqcionirebis erT-erT sferos, magram, v.zingeris azriT, am kvlevaTa SedegebimniSvnelovania istorikosebisTvisac: isini warsulis rekonstruqciisaTvis iyenebenteqstur <strong>da</strong> grafikul wyaroebs, romelTa umravlesoba swored aRqmis,interpretaciisa <strong>da</strong> mogonebebis Sedegia. mecnieris azriT, wyaroTa sandoobisxarisxze msjelobisas istorikosebs marTebT tvinis funqcionirebis kvlevis SedegTagaTvaliswineba, kerZod, maT mxedvelobaSi un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis cnobierebagaresamyaro<strong>da</strong>n Semomavali signalebis farTo speqtri<strong>da</strong>n arCevs mxolod imaT,romelTac is elis, romlebic gamosadegia am rTul samyaroSi ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis. swore<strong>da</strong>m mciredi<strong>da</strong>n iqmneba Semdeg msoflios suraTi 4 .fsiqologebisa <strong>da</strong> geografebis mier <strong>da</strong>muSav<strong>da</strong> e.w. mentaluri rukis koncefcia,romelic geograf r.m. dounzisa <strong>da</strong> fsiqolog d.sTeas saxelebs ukavSirdeba.mentaluri ruka ganimarteba rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianis subieqturi Sinagani warmodgenagaremomcveli sivrcis nawilze, am nawilis a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier Seqmnili gamosaxuleba.mentaluri rukis cneba mniSvnelovania saistorio mecnierebisTvisac, radgana<strong>da</strong>mianTa jgufebi Tu erTobebi aseve qmnian istoriuli <strong>da</strong> kulturuli TvalsazrisiTspecifikur warmodgenebs garemomcveli samyaros sivrciT struqturaze. kulturologiisaTvissayuradReboa ama Tu im sazogadoebis (kulturis) warmodgenasivrceze, gamoxatuli teqsturad Tu gamosaxulebaTa saxiT — magaliTad, werilobiTwyaroebSi, rukebsa <strong>da</strong> naxatebze 5 .1 mayaSvili m., sama<strong>da</strong>Svili i., azmaifaraSvili T., SaianTan Sai a.T. Tavis tvinis funqciuri lateralizaciiseTnikuri Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb. _ Jurn.: axali paradigmebi, 1, Tb., 1998, gv.155; mayaSvili m. Tavistvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri asimetria a<strong>da</strong>mianis sivrciT orientaciaSi. disertacia biologiurmecn. doqtoris samecn. xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 1998.2mayaSvili m. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.6.3iqve, gv.130.4 Шенк Ф.Б. Ментальные карты: Конструирование географического пространтсва в Европе. – В журн.: Политическая наука,№ 4 (Регионализация посткоммунистической Европы), М., 2001, с.6.5 iqve, gv.8.92
im determinantTagan, romlebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT axdenen <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologizebas,erT-erTi sainteresoa fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. SevexebiT zogierT maTgans,romelTa gaanalizebisa <strong>da</strong> maT konteqstSi qarTuli kulturis raobis gaazrebissayuradRebo mcdelobani samecniero literaturaSi gvxvdeba.fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTa erToblioba Cvens saistorio wyaroebsa <strong>da</strong>literaturaSi xSirad aRiniSneba sityviT `xasiaTi~. qarTvelTa xasiaTis pirvelyvelaze srul aRweras vaxuSti bagrationTan vxvdebiT. mis mier aRniSnulfsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTagan zogierTi momdevno xanis mecnierTa ganxilvaanalizissagnad iqca, amitom srulad movitanT vaxuStiseul <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebas: `xolokacni amis queynisani arian... mxneni muSakni, WirTa momTmenni, cxensa ze<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mxedrobasa Sina kadnierni, mkvircxlni, mswraflni; salaSqroTa Sina axovanni,saWurvelT moyuareni, amayni, laRni, saxelis meZiebelni esreT, rameTu TvisTasaxelTaTvis ara rideben queyanasa <strong>da</strong> mefesa Tvissa, stumarTa <strong>da</strong> ucxoT moyuareni;mxiarulni, ukeTu orni anu samni arian, ararai SeiWirvian; uxuni, arca Tvissa <strong>da</strong> arcasxvisas krZalaven; saunjeTa ara mmesvelni; gonierni, mswrafl-mimxdomni, mCemebelni,swavlis moyuareni. urTierTis mimyolni, sikeTis <strong>da</strong>mswavlelni <strong>da</strong> mimgebelni,sircxvilis mdevarni, keTil-borotzed adre mimdrekni, Tavxedni, didebis moyuareni,Tualmgebni <strong>da</strong> moTakileni~ 1 .qarTuli kulturis fsiqologiuri raobis gansazRvris mcdelobas vxvdebiTk.kapanelis naSromSi `qarTuli kulturis suli~, Tumca avtori operirebs arakulturis, aramed temperamentisa <strong>da</strong> sulis cnebebiT: `Cveni temperamenti qaluri <strong>da</strong>isteriulia: tragedias qarTuli suli ar icnobs; rac un<strong>da</strong> cu<strong>da</strong>d mimdinareobdescxovreba Cvens garSemo, Cven mainc ocnebebsa <strong>da</strong> imedebSi varT~. `qarTuli suliisteriuli <strong>da</strong> paTetiuria, arasistematuri~. `qarTveli fsiqologiurad akrobati <strong>da</strong>Jonglioria~ 2 .araracionalizmi, romelsac k.kapaneli qarTuli kulturis maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs(erTTavad ocnebebsa <strong>da</strong> imedebSi yofna) tipuri ara<strong>da</strong>savluri niSania. rogorc Tavadk.kapaneli ambobs, `aRmosavleTi grZnobis qveyanaa: sisxlis intensiuri moZraobagulis saSualebiT gonebas ebrZvis~ 3 . es savsebiT Seesabameba imave avtoris mierqarTuli kulturis Sefasebas sxva niSnebis mixedviTac. kerZod, sxva naSromSik.kapaneli aRniSnavs, rom `Soreuli warsuli<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelo ganicdi<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTisgavlenas. qarTuli literatura <strong>da</strong> xalxuri metyveleba erTnairad atarebs <strong>da</strong>Rsmuslimanur-arabuli kulturis gavlenis. `vefxistyaosani~ aTargulia muslimanurarabulikulturis ideologiur <strong>da</strong>zgaze. droTa viTarebaSi qarTuli suli Caiketaaziuri cxovrebis degra<strong>da</strong>ciis pirobebSi. saqarTvelo istoriulma aucileblobam<strong>da</strong>ayena muslimanur qveynebTan erTad degeneraciis gzaze~ 4 . mxolod XIX saukunis<strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n Semodis `qarTuli kulturis aRmosavleTur wyobaSi <strong>da</strong>savleTuri<strong>kultura</strong>~, romelic mxolod Soreuli naSTis saxiTRa SemorCeniliyo 5 .qarTvelTa kulturuli raobis sakiTxze msjelobisas k.kapaneli aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>:`qarTul ZarRvebSi moZraobs sisxli Cqari, ryevadi TiTqmis yvela aRmosavluri rasis<strong>da</strong> tomis: gadmodiodnen ra aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze azielebi,1batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. — qarTlis cxovreba, IV, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili yvelaZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb., 1973, gv. 45.2kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, gv. 328-330.3kapaneli k. qarTuli literaturis socialuri genezisi. _ iqve, gv. 108.4iqve, gv.98-99.5iqve, gv.108.93
tovebdnen rogorc TavianT zne-Cveulebebs <strong>da</strong> stils, agreTve fiziologiurelementebs, ujredebs, sisxls~ 1 .sainteresoa, ratom mxolod azielebi (Tumca, cxadia, maTi ricxvi meti iyo <strong>da</strong>maTTan kontaqti _ xangrZlivi)?zogi mkvlevris azriT, mfarvelis Zieba qarTuli kulturis ara<strong>da</strong>savlurobis erTerTimkafio niSania. `araferia ufro araevropuli, an ara<strong>da</strong>savluri, vidre kargi`patronis~ Tu `mfarvelis~ Zieba, romlis kalTasac amoefarebi, _ wers g.nodia. _`<strong>da</strong>savlurobis~ TviT ideisTvis ganmsazRvrelia a<strong>da</strong>mianis Tavisufleba, misipasuxismgebloba, misi arCevani, <strong>da</strong> Semdeg misi aqtivoba, Sroma, mimarTuli am arCevanisgansaxorcieleblad. es aqtivoba, Sroma, upirveles yovlisa, niSnavs ZalisxmevassakuTari cxovrebis mosawyobad <strong>da</strong> sakuTari Tavis Sesaqmnelad~ 2 .vfiqrobT, g.nodias <strong>da</strong>skvna metismetad kategoriulia. niSnavs Tu ara mfarvelisZieba pasuxismgeblobis sxvisTvis ga<strong>da</strong>barebas? iqneb, es swored sakuTar Tavzepasuxismgeblobis aRebaa (moZebnili `mfarvelis~ gamo), is arCevania, romlis uflebaa<strong>da</strong>mianis TavisuflebaSi Sedis <strong>da</strong> romlis ganxorcielebas swore<strong>da</strong>c zemoT naxsenebi`Sroma <strong>da</strong> aqtivoba~ sWirdeba?sad ganTavsdeba qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTa mixedviT?qarTuli kulturis fsiqologiuri raobis gansazRvrisaTvis g.gaCeCilaZegvTavazobs resentimentis _ mexsierebaSi motivtive `mtanjvel mogonebaTa~ _maxasiaTebels, romelsac garkveuli funqcia ekisreba kulturis sistemaSi. amsistemaSi, aRniSnavs g.gaCeCilaZe, resentimenti aris toinbiseuli `gamowvevisa <strong>da</strong>pasuxis~ analogi. masze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT ganasxvaveben `sircxvilisa~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>naSaulis~kulturebs. pirveli tipis <strong>kultura</strong> pirovnebaze socialuri kontrolis orientiradsircxvilis kategorias iyenebs (ra azris arian Cems Sesaxeb sxvebi), meore _ sindisisa(rogor gamoviyurebi Cemi TviTSefasebis samsjavroze) 3 .am ori tipis gamijvna Znelia, radgan maT Soris sazRvrebi gamWvirvale ufroa,vidre Seuvali. <strong>da</strong> mainc, garkveuli pirobiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT, mecnierebi iyenebenam maxasiaTebels <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologizaciasTvis: aRmosavluri kulturebi(iaponuri, Cinuri, arabuli) sircxvilis kulturebad miiCneva, <strong>da</strong>savluri (evropuli,amerikuli) _ <strong>da</strong>naSaulisa 4 .rogorc g.gaCeCilaZe aRniSnavs, bunebrivia, rom aRmosavlur-<strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>kultura</strong>Tagzajvaredinze mdebare saqarTveloSi, rogorc sarkeSi, ise irekleba`sircxvilisa~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>naSaulis~ <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologia 5 . <strong>da</strong>naSaulis kulturisklasikur nimuSad miaCnia mkvlevars `galobani sinanulisani~, amave kulturi<strong>da</strong>ngamoxmobil gmirebad _ vaJas joyola, alu<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mindia. amave dros, qarTul<strong>kultura</strong>Si a<strong>da</strong>miani fasdeba movaleobasTan anu rolebriv funqciasTan misiSesatyvisobis safuZvelze, movaleobaTa arsis matarebeli ki sircxvilis <strong>kultura</strong>a. amtipis kulturis, rogorc erTi medlis, or mxared miaCnia g.gaCeCilaZes adre Suasaukuneebis `SuSanikis wameba~ <strong>da</strong> renesansuli `vefxistyaosani~, igive tipis1kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, iqve,gv.330.2nodia g. winaTqma krebulisaTvis “Wkua vaisagan”, Tb., 1994, gv.IV.3gaCeCilaZe g. Ressentiment-is (“mtanjvel mogonebaTa”) erTi gamoZaxilis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> gamo. _ gaz. “axali 7dRe”, Tb., 2001, 13-19 aprili, gv.14-15.4ix. Jurn. “ogonioki<strong>da</strong>n” gadmobeWdili Jurnalist a.nikonovis interviu fsiqologiis mecn. doqt.t.stepanenkosTan: aRmosavleTi _ <strong>da</strong>savleTi: sircxvilis <strong>kultura</strong> mtyuanobis winaaRmdeg. _ gaz.“saqarTvelos respublika”, 17-18. 10. 2001.5 gaCeCilaZe g. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr.94
gamovlinebas xe<strong>da</strong>vs XVII-XVIII ss. qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> askvnis, rom `am inerciiscxovelmyofeloba ar ganelebula XIX-XX saukunebSic~ 1 .amgvarad, g.gaCeCilaZis mixedviTac, qarTuli kulturis adgili kvlav aRmosavlur<strong>kultura</strong>Ta Soris iZebneba, Tumca Tavad mkvlevari <strong>da</strong>skvnisagan Tavs ikavebs, mxolodsavsebiT samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom `kulturis am meqanizmebis gaTvaliswinebisgareSe impresionizmis doneze rCeba qarTuli kulturisa <strong>da</strong> mentalobis analizisyvelaze warmatebuli cdebi rogorc literaturis istoriaSi, ise kulturisfilosofiaSi~ 2 .g.niJaraZem qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis gansazRvra sxva maxasiaTebliTsca<strong>da</strong>, kerZod, mimarTa germaneli fsiqiatris kreCmeris mier SemoTavazebulpirovnebaTa `fsiqiatriul~ klasifikacias, romelic Semdgom ga<strong>da</strong>tanil iqnakulturebzec. miCneul iqna, rom yoveli <strong>kultura</strong> ganamtkicebs garkveuli tipisganwyobebsa <strong>da</strong> qcevebs <strong>da</strong> xels uSlis sxvaTa <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas. yovel <strong>kultura</strong>SimiRebuli normebisa <strong>da</strong> faseulobebis kompleqsi midrekilia ama Tu im `fsiqiatriuli~mimarTulebiT _ paranoiduli, katatoniuri Tu isteroiduli. magaliTad, amerikul(aSS) <strong>kultura</strong>s paranoidul tips miakuTvneben, laTinuramerikul kulturebs _katatoniurs <strong>da</strong> a.S. g.niJaraZis azriT, qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> isteroidul tipsganekuTvneba. misi ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSania emociis ufro intensiurigamoxatva, vidre gancdis siRrmes Seesabameba. qarTuli kulturis isteroidulixasiaTis yvelaze mkafio gamoxatulebad mkvlevari miiCnevs Cveni kulturis `bazur~ritualebs _ panaSvidsa <strong>da</strong> sufras 3 . masve mocemuli aqvs am ukanaskneli ritualisfriad saintereso analizi. gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia qarTuli sufris (rogorc misimimdinareobis, aseve menius) ritualuri xasiaTi.ritualizebisaken midrekileba aseve aRmosavlur <strong>kultura</strong>Ta maxasiaTebladiTvleba. aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom g.gaCeCilaZis azriT, qarTuli kulturismidrekileba yofiTobis ritualizebisaken mkafio gamovlinebaa movaleobasTanmimarTebaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis Sefasebis tradiciisa (sircxvilis <strong>kultura</strong>), xolo <strong>da</strong>krZalvisceremoniali <strong>da</strong> Wama-smis rituali amis TvalsaCino <strong>da</strong>sturia. Tumca <strong>kultura</strong>Tagzajvaredinze yofnis faqti aqac mJRavndeba: `Tama<strong>da</strong> qarTul sufraze <strong>da</strong>sadRegrZelos poetika Tavi<strong>da</strong>n bolomde nasazrdoebia `sircxvilisa~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>naSaulis~poetiki<strong>da</strong>n gamoxmobili aqsesuarebiT~ 4 .movaleobisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis niSniT sxvagvarad afasebs qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>sk.kapaneli, romlis azriT, `Cvens ers ufro afeqtebi amoZravebs, vidre movaleoba~,sai<strong>da</strong>nac gamomdinareobs, cota ar iyos, ucnauri <strong>da</strong>skvna imis Taobaze, rom `qarTul<strong>kultura</strong>s axrCobs, originalobas umcirebs <strong>da</strong> nebisyofas usustebs `uCemoT vinimRereToba~... Cveni kulturis provincializmi <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> logikurad personalizmiT.socialuri, koleqtiuri arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> TviTSenaxvis instinqti CvenSi ar moqmedebs;qarTveli piradi interesebis TvalsazrisiT uyurebs yovlgvar sazogado saqmes,yovelgvar istoriul moZraobas~ 5 .individualizmi-koleqtivizmi erT-erTia im fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTagan,romlebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT fsiqologebi cdiloben kulturis saxis gansazRvras <strong>da</strong> mistipologizebas.koleqtivizmi gulisxmobs saerTo interesebis prioritets pirovnulTanSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT. koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi individi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d motivirebulia im1 gaCeCilaZe g. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr.2 iqve.3 niJaraZe g. qarTuli sufra kulturul konteqstSi. _ gaz. “ganaxlebuli iveria”, Tb., 2000, 8-9, gv.12.4 gaCeCilaZe g. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr.5 kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, gv.327-328.95
jgufis Tu jgufebis interesebiT, romelTa wevricaa igi. am jgufebis wevrobatradiciulia <strong>da</strong> ara nebayoflobiTi. jgufi SeiZleba iyos didi (eri, saxelmwifo,religiuri erToba <strong>da</strong> sxv.) <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcire (naTesaoba, samezoblo, nacnobmegobarTawre <strong>da</strong> sxv.). Sesabamisad, ganarCeven e.w. `didjgufovan~ (magaliTad, ruseTi)<strong>da</strong> `mcirejgufovan~ koleqtivistur kulturebs.rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Zalze gavrcelebulia zemoT motanili TvalsazrisiqarTvelTa personalizmisa <strong>da</strong> individualistobis Sesaxeb, magram, fsiqologTa mierSemoTavazebuli klasifikaciiT, `saqarTvelo warmoadgens klasikur `mcirejgufovan~koleqtivistur <strong>kultura</strong>s~, sa<strong>da</strong>c ZiriTad socialur erTeuls Seadgens naTesaoba,samegobro, nacnobTa wre <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiur cxovrebas gansazRvravs swored am jufebSiarsebuli normebi 1 . sazogadoebis wevrTa aseTi normebi saukuneTa manZilzeyalibdebo<strong>da</strong>, roca saqarTvelo (misi calkeuli nawilebi) <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli ar iyo <strong>da</strong>qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi mis farglebs gareT wydebo<strong>da</strong>. calkeuliindividis azrovnebisa <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobis sivrce zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli jgufebiTSemoifarglebo<strong>da</strong> (anu sakmaod viwro iyo) <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis ar vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> ufro didsocialur erTobaze _ saxelmwifoze an erze <strong>da</strong>, miT umetes, iseT abstraqtulnormaze, rogoricaa kanoni 2 .vfiqrobT, g.niJaraZis mier aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli sayuradReboa <strong>da</strong>, Tanac,konkretuli maxasiaTeblis <strong>da</strong>dgenis mcdeloba winga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabijia Cvenikulturis xasiaTis gansazRvris rTul gzaze, radgan igi ar warmoadgens mxoloddReisaTvis aSkara faqtis konstatacias (Tun<strong>da</strong>c kanonTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisTvalsazrisiT), aramed iZleva erTgvar gasaRebsac am maxasiaTeblis istoriuliCamoyalibebis asaxsnelad.cxadia, ar vapirebT fsiqologTa <strong>da</strong> sociologTa kompetenciis farglebSi SeWras,magram Tavs uflebas mivcemT gamovTqvaT azri, rom aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi,mkafiod ganisazRvros, ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturis (sazogadoebis)maxasiaTebliad <strong>da</strong> ra _ am maxasiaTeblis praqtikul gamovlinebad, realizaciad, misimoqmedebis Sedegad. sxvagvarad Tavs ver <strong>da</strong>vaRwevT aRrevasa <strong>da</strong> bundovanebas,romelsac arc Tu iSviTia qarTuli kulturis xasiaTze msjelobis dros. magaliTad,g.niJaraZesTan kanonisa <strong>da</strong> yofis erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>Soreba qarTuli kulturis erTerTimaxasiaTeblis _ mcirejgufovan-koleqtivisturi xasiaTis _ gamovlinebad <strong>da</strong>Sedegad warmogvidgeba, e.jgerenaiasTan ki _ Tavad ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad (`qarTulisazogadoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSani werilobiT mocemuli normebis(kanonis) <strong>da</strong> yofis erTmaneTisagan maqsimaluri <strong>da</strong>Sorebulobaa~, _ aRniSnavs igi 3 ).Cveni azriT, pirveli midgoma ufro mkafioa <strong>da</strong> kulturis maxasiaTebelTagansazRvrisaTvis ukeTes SesaZleblobas iZleva.Cveni Tvalsazrisis sasargeblod, albaT, isic metyvelebs, rom g.niJaraZessaSualeba aqvs imsjelos zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli maxasiaTeblis funqciobasa <strong>da</strong> rolzeqarTuli kulturis istoriaSi, an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ganixilos igi istoriulWrilSi. kerZod, igi miuTiTebs am maxasiaTeblis moqmedebis a<strong>da</strong>ptaciur Rirebulebaze<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis arqonis pirobebSi: es iyo erT-erTi faqtori, romlis meSveobiT CvenSevinarCuneT TviTmyofadoba, ena, kulturuli faseulobebi 4 . es sistema morgebuli1 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi. _ Jurn.: epoqa (sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi). Tb., 2001, 1, gv.7.2 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.3 jgerenaia e. qarTuli sufris sociofilosofia <strong>da</strong> zogierTi sxva ram. _ gaz.: “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 27, gv.8.4 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.96
iyo viTarebas, roca `qveynis umniSvnelovanes problemebs gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> agvareb<strong>da</strong>(cu<strong>da</strong>d Tu kargad) viRac, gareSe Zala, morCilebisa <strong>da</strong> loialobis safasurad~ 1 .marTlac, Cvens istoriaSi friad xangrZlivia periodi, roca gareSe Zala ganageb<strong>da</strong>qveynis beds, Tanac, rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, ara erTi Zala <strong>da</strong> ara mTlianiqveynisa, aramed sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Zala _ calkeuli qarTuli politikuri erTeulebisa. aseTviTarebaSi, albaT, marTebulia saubari ara `movaleobis grZnobisa~ <strong>da</strong> `koleqtiuriarsebobisa <strong>da</strong> TviTSenaxvis instinqtis~ ararsebobaze (k.kapaneli), aramed sworedmcirejgufovani koleqtivis winaSe pasuxismgeblobaze, anu movaleobisa <strong>da</strong>pasuxismgeblobis sivrcis siviwroveze. aqe<strong>da</strong>nve gamomdinareobs g.niJaraZis mieraRniSnuli gawafuloba pirovnebaTaSoris urTierTobaSi, individualururTierTobaTa <strong>da</strong>myarebis, partnioris gulis mogebis Cvevebi <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, sajaroqcevis CvevaTa deficiti.<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebulia<strong>da</strong>ptaciuri meqanizmi, cxadia, veRar imuSavebs, amitom qarTuli kulturis winaSeaxal viTarebasTan Seguebis amocana dgas.axla <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT individualizmi-koleqtivizmis niSniT <strong>kultura</strong>Ta(sazogadoebaTa) <strong>da</strong>savluroba-aRmosavlurobis gansazRvris problemas. Cveulebriv,individualizms <strong>da</strong>savlur, koleqtivizms ki aRmosavlur maxasiaTeblad miiCneven.aseTi <strong>da</strong>yofa, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, pirobiTia. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, yuradRebas imsaxurebs Semdegigaremoeba. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom sazogadoebis koleqtivisturi orientacia<strong>da</strong>, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi, kacobriobisaTvis gacilebiT ufro reprezentatiulia,vidre individualizmi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis ufro xangrZliv droiT perspeqtivas<strong>da</strong> sivrciT ganfenilobas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi 2 . XVI saukunemde <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturebicmkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT xasiaTdebodnen, individualisturitendenciebi mxolod amis Semdeg iCens Tavs 3 .`Sua saukuneebis <strong>da</strong>savleTi iseTive `ara<strong>da</strong>savluri~ iyo, rogorc mTeli <strong>da</strong>narCenimsoflio~, _ wers n.muzaSvili. Semdeg misi saxe Secvala renesansisa <strong>da</strong> re<strong>for</strong>maciisprocesebma, romlebic <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> `Suasaukuneobrivi koleqtivizmis citadels _saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> eklesiis simbiozs. am Widils SeiZleba individualizmisa <strong>da</strong>koleqtivizmis brZolac vuwodoT~ 4 . amitom xSirad saubroben winaindustriulisazogadoebebis koleqtivistur xasiaTze, dRes ki koleqtivisturad miiCneven samxreTevropis, laTinuri amerikis, aziuri <strong>da</strong> afrikuli kulturebis umravlesobas.<strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi yvelaze mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT espanur <strong>kultura</strong>sgamoarCeven.saqarTvelos ar hqonia urTierToba evropasTan mas Semdeg, rac iq individualisturisazogadoeba mkafiod Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. Cveni <strong>kultura</strong>, koleqtivisturiaRmosavluri (muslimuri) kulturebis garemocvaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT ruseTisaseve koleqtivisturi <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong>emata, mcirejgufovan koleqtivistur <strong>kultura</strong>dCamoyalib<strong>da</strong>. amas xeli Seuwyo im mizezebma, romlebzec cota zemoT gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari.holandieli fsiqologis g.hofstedes mier SemoTavazebulia kidev erTimaxasiaTebeli kulturis saxis gansasazRvrad, anu, rogorc Tavad mecnieri uwodebs,`kulturuli ganzomileba~; esaa maskulinoba-feminobis maxasiaTebeli 5 . maskulinuri1niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.2surmaniZe l. individualisturi <strong>da</strong> koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi <strong>da</strong> empiriulikvlevebi). Tb., 2001, gv.7.3 Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984.4muzaSvili n. “orientaciebis” Sesaxeb. _ Jurn. “omega”, Tb., 2000, 7, gv.4.5 ix.: surmaniZe l. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 84-86; niJaraZe g. qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong>: qaluri, mamakacuri, bavSvuri. _Jurn.: dro mSvidobisa, Tb., 2001, 2, gv.79-82.97
(mamakacuri) kulturebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis socialurirolebis mkveTri gamijnva; normirebulia mamakacuri <strong>da</strong> qaluri profesiebi <strong>da</strong>saqmianobis sferoebi; qalis cxovreba ufro mkacra<strong>da</strong>a reglamentirebuli, vidremamakacis, <strong>da</strong> wesis <strong>da</strong>rRvevisaTvis mas mamakacze ufro mZime sasjeli elis;sazogadoebas msWvalavs mamakacuri faseulobani, fasobs yvelaferi didi, masStaburi<strong>da</strong> Zlieri; warmatebis demonstrireba karg tonad miiCneva; azrovneba racionalurobisakeniswrafvis. feminur kulturebSi pirveladia is faseulobani, romlebic,tradiciulad, qalis rols ukavSirdeba: Tavm<strong>da</strong>bloba; kom<strong>for</strong>ti <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culoba;sxvebze _ gansakuTrebiT, sustebze _ zrunva; orientacia urTierTobebze <strong>da</strong> arasaqmeze; lamazad miiCneva ara `yvelaze didi~, aramed patara <strong>da</strong> koxta; mniSvnelovaniaromelime jgufisadmi kuTvnileba; azrovneba intuitiurisaken ixreba. g.hofstedesmier Catarebuli gamokvlevebiT, Tanamedrove ganviTarebul kulturebSi maskulinobismaRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva iaponia, romelsac mosdevs germanulenovanikulturebi. feminurobis maCvenebliT pirveloben skandinaviis qveynebi <strong>da</strong> holandia 1 .Tumca miCneulia, rom maskulinoba-feminurobis done <strong>kultura</strong>Si met-naklebad myaria,igi mainc SeiZleba Seicvalos konkretuli socialur-politikuri garemoebebiszegavleniT. magaliTad, omebi, politikuri krizisebi <strong>da</strong> msgavsi movlenebi gmirebismoTxovnilebas badebs <strong>da</strong> maskulinobis Rirebulebas zrdis 2 , magram Zneli saTqmelia,ramdenad myaria aseTi koniunqturiT gamowveuli cvlileba <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, cvlis Tu araigi kulturis maskulinur Tu feminur xasiaTs.maskulinuri <strong>da</strong> feminuri kulturebis gar<strong>da</strong>, arsebobs Sereuli tipis kulturebi.g.niJaraZis azriT, qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> swored am ukanasknelTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba.masSi Tanaarseboben maskulinuri <strong>da</strong> feminuri niSnebi, romelTa ucnaur kombinaciasganapirobebs Cveni kulturis erTgvari infantilizmi.fsiqologTa interesis sferos scildeba imis kvleva, ganviTarebis romelietapi<strong>da</strong>n iCens Tavs es infantilizmi, bavSvuroba, survili _ <strong>da</strong>vrCeT bavSvad, romelsacmudmivad sWirdeba de<strong>da</strong>. saerTod, es (<strong>da</strong> sxva) kulturuli ganzomilebebiistoriul WrilSi aravis ukvlevia. aseTi samuSaos Catarebas, albaT, istorikosTa <strong>da</strong>fsiqologTa erToblivi Sroma <strong>da</strong>sWirdeba, romelTagan pirvelebis mier moZiebulfaqtebsa Tu movlenebs (miRebuls ara mxolod istoriul xdomilebaTa qronologiuririgis gaxsenebiT, aramed saistorio wyaroTa analizis <strong>da</strong> sxva monacemebis SejerebisgziTac) meoreni kulturis fsiqologiuri kvlevis meTodebis momarjvebiTgaiazreben.jerjerobiT ki, fsiqologTa mier mxolod is aRiniSneba, rom `sazogadoeba anmaskulinuri un<strong>da</strong> iyos, an feminuri; infantilur sazogadoebas mxolod <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuliqveynis statusiT SeuZlia arseboba~, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs <strong>da</strong>skvna, romCveni sazogadoeba am TvalsazrisiTac un<strong>da</strong> Camoyalibdes, anu gansazRvros sakuTarisaxe. magram aq Ria rCeba sakiTxi: ramdenad cnobieria kulturuli ganzomilebebisCamoyalibebis procesi, ramdenad SesaZlebelia am procesebis mizanmimarTuli marTva?rac Seexeba individualizmi-koleqtivizmisa <strong>da</strong> maskulinoba-feminurobismaxasiaTebelTa urTierTmimarTebas, literaturaSi gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisissapirispirod, g.hofstede aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> maskulinobis individualizmTan, xolo femi-1g.niJaraZe saintereso garemoebaze miuTiTebs: skandinaviis qveynebis mosaxleobis didi nawili,ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, mrisxane vikingebis STamomavlebi arian (ix.: niJaraZe g. qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong>..., gv. 80).rogorc Cans, maskulinoba-feminobis xarisxi pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSi ar aris cxovrebis wesTan, an kidevsimyariT ar xasiaTdeba <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT advilad eqvemdebareba cvlilebas.2 surmaniZe l. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 85.98
nurobis koleqtivizmTan gaigivebis umarTebulobas <strong>da</strong> imas, rom koleqtivisturisazogadoeba SeiZleba iyos maskulinuri <strong>da</strong> piriqiT 1 .civilizaciisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTeblad miCneulialingvisturi tradicia _ gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba sityva-logosisadmi 2 ,romelic jer kidev Zvel samyaroSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvragansxvaveba uZveles civilizaciaTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Soris. induri, Cinuri Tu antikuri(berZnul-laTinuri) civilizaciebi mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen sityvisadmi<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis niSniT.evropuli lingvisturi tradicia istoriulad saTaves iRebs berZnul-laTinurisagan.igi Tavis TavSi aerTianebs or gansxvavebul Stos: <strong>da</strong>savleTevropuls,romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia, pirvel rigSi, romanul-germanul samyarosTan, <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTevropuls,romelic berZnul-bizantiur samyaros ukavSirdeba. <strong>da</strong>savleTevropulilingvisturi tradicia laTinurenovani <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, erTiani iyo mTeliromanul-germanul-kelturi evropisaTvis XV-XVI saukuneebamde, ris Semdeg <strong>da</strong>iywomxolod <strong>da</strong>savleT evropisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli saintereso cvlilebebi 3 . aRmosavleTevropultradicias ki adreuli etapi<strong>da</strong>nve axasiaTebs ganStoebis tendenciaadgilobrivi enebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturebis safuZvelze. magaliTad, qarTuli <strong>da</strong> somxurilingvisturi tradiciebi TiTqmis warmoSobisTanave <strong>da</strong>Sordnen berZnul-bizantiurwyaros ara mxolod <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis saxiT, aramed enis bunebasTan <strong>da</strong> literaturulwerilobiT<strong>kultura</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakiTxebis mimarT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiTac.savaraudoa, rom am TvalsazrisiT qarTuli lingvisturi tradiciis SeswavlasayuradRebo Sedegebs mogvcems misi tipologiuri raobisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciurikuTvnilebis gansazRvris kuTxiT.civilizaciaTa tipologiur maxasiaTebels warmoadgens misi komunikaciurobisxarisxi. igi gansazRvravs civilizaciis dinamikurobas an adinamikurobas 4 . isic un<strong>da</strong>iTqvas, rom es maxasiaTebeli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva drosa <strong>da</strong> regionSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvaradmoqmedebs. erTi <strong>da</strong> igive civilizacia (<strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>) SeiZleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva periodSikomunikaciisTvis mzaobas (Riaobas) an <strong>da</strong>xSulobas amJRavnebdes. es rig faqtorebzea<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. aseve, civilizacia (<strong>kultura</strong>) erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave periodSi SeiZlebaSerCeviTad komunikaciuri iyos, anu Ria _ romeliRac <strong>kultura</strong>sTan urTier-TobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xSuli _ sxvebisaTvis. qarTuli kulturis istoriis periodebi <strong>da</strong>,mTlianad, es istoria am TvalsazrisiTac Sesaswavlia.erT-erTi ZiriTadi parametri, romlis mixedviTac civilizaciaTa TeoriebisumravlesobaSi civilizaciebi erTmaneTisagan imijneba, religiaa. swored am niSniTa<strong>da</strong> masze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli sxva maxasiaTeblebiT ganasxvaveben <strong>da</strong>savlur, qristianulmarTlmadideblur,muslimur, konfuciur <strong>da</strong> sxv. civilizaciebs. amave parametrsefuZneba saqarTvelos aRiareba <strong>da</strong>savluri (evropuli) an aRmosavleT qristianulicivilizaciebis nawilad, razec zemoT gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari.rogorc cnobilia, qristianul-marTlmadideblurma sarwmunoebam didi roliSeasrula saqarTvelos istoriaSi. mas <strong>da</strong>efuZna qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong>, romlis saxisCamoyalibebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur qristianul samyaroSi<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul normebs. rigi mizezebis gamo, romelTa Soris umTavresi iyosaqarTvelos politikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri garemo, marTlmadideblobaerovnulobasTan gaigiv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>cva qveynis `gamoxsna-aRdgomis~ problemas1 surmaniZe l. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.86.2 ix.: Алпатов В.М. Культурные фреалф и лингвистические традициию – В сб.: Цивилизации. Вып.3. М., 1995, с.128-133;Бокадарова Н.Ю. Европейская цивилизация: национальные культуры и языковые нормы. – iqve, gv. 133-140.3 Бокадарова Н.Ю. <strong>da</strong>sax.naSr., gv.134.4 Сванидзе А.А. К проблеме преемственности и взаимосвязи цивилизаций.- В сб.: Цивилизации. Вып.3. М., 1995, с.199.99
<strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong>. erTmorwmune mokavSiris, Semdeg ki mfarvelis Zieba saukuneTa manZilzesaqarTvelos sagareo politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo. politikuriorientaciis sakiTxi CvenSi kulturuli orientaciis problemad trans<strong>for</strong>mir<strong>da</strong>,islamur samyarosTan mravalsaukunovani <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis pirobebSi ki am arCevanmamiiRo, agreTve religiur-kulturuli arCevanis saxe 1 .SemTxveviTi ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos is faqti, rom qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi Cvenimahmadiani mezoblebi umTavresad sarwmunoebrivi Sinaarsis matarebeli saxelebiTixseniebian: `musulmanni~ (`istoriani <strong>da</strong> azmani SaravandedTani~), `musurmanni~ (basiliezosmoZRvari), `mohmadianni~ (iqve), `islemTa eri~ (iqve), `islemni~ (`istoriani <strong>da</strong>azmani...`), `sarkinozni~ (iqve), Tumca gvxvdeba eTnikuri saxelebic 2 .aRniSnul sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, niSandoblivia saqarTvelos demokratiulirespublikis cnobili moRvawis gr.lorTqifaniZis Tvalsazrisi. `saqarTveloskulturuli <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri orientacia mtkiced iyo mimarTuli evropisaken. espolitika qarTveli xalxis tradiciul-istoriuli swrafvaa, _ aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> igi. _aziaSi SeWrili saqarTvelo Tavis saqristiano kulturiT mu<strong>da</strong>m ufro evropis nawilswarmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, vidre aziisas. saqarTvelos Segnebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aqvs, rom jerjerobiTyovel SemTxvevaSi yvelaze uaresi evropa saukeTeso azias sjobia~ 3 .magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTia politikuri <strong>da</strong>, Tun<strong>da</strong>c, sarwmunoebriviorientacia, meore ki _ ama Tu im civilizaciisadmi kuTvnileba, romelic, politikur<strong>da</strong> ekonomikur interesebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli kavSirebisagan gansxvavebiT, xangrZlividrois manZilze yalibdeba <strong>da</strong> warmoadgens mravali sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva garemoebis (zogjer _SemTxveviTisac) Sedegs. ingliseli mecnieri a.smiti aRniSnavs, rom religiuriidenturoba SeiZleba aZlierebdes sxva, maT Soris civilizaciur, identurobebs, <strong>da</strong>SeiZleba asustebdes maT 4 .s.semionovis azriT, religiuri parametris miCneva civilizaciis ZiriTadmsazRvrelad, rac farTo<strong>da</strong>a gavrcelebuli istoriul-filosofiur literaturaSi,<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia meTodologiur reduqcionizmTan <strong>da</strong> saTaves evropocentrizmi<strong>da</strong>niRebs: ukanaskneli saukuneebis <strong>da</strong>savleTevropuli civilizaciis ZiriTadimaxasiaTebeli aRiarebulia yvela civilizaciis umTavres determinantad 5 . magram esmaxasiaTebeli Znelad Tu gamodgeba sasazRvro civilizaciebisa Tu kulturebisaTvis,romlebic warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis, CrdiloeTis <strong>da</strong> samxreTissamyaroTa aTaswlovani urTierTqmedebis Sedegs.mkvlevari aRniSnavs CvenTvis sayuradRebo kidev erT garemoebas: konfesiuradWrel regionebSi araiSviaTad yalibdeba kulturuli erTobebi, romlebic mravalisaukunis manZilze arsebobs. kulturuli memkvidreobiToba aq mJRavndeba arareligiur sferoSi, aramed kulturis esTetikur <strong>da</strong> eTikur aspeqtebSi, miTologiaSi,fsiqologiasa <strong>da</strong> xasiaTSi 6 .kulturisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis mTavar determinantad religiis aRiarebis kritikiTXX s. 50-ian wlebSi, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, gamovi<strong>da</strong> amerikeli kulturologif.begbi, romelic xazgasmiT miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom religia zecivilizaciuri fenomeni kiara, misi erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad. amitom savsebiT1 kacitaZe k. orientirebi, gv.4.2 dondua v. “vefxistyaosani” <strong>da</strong> qarTveli istorikosebi. _ wignSi: saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi(rusTavelis 800 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili krebuli). Tb., 1968, gv.239.3 lorTqifaniZe gr. <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelo. _ wignSi: lorTqifaniZe gr. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb.,Tsu gamomc., 1995, gv.156-157.4 Смит А. Национальная идентичность и идея европейского единства. – В сб.: Актуальные проблемы Европы: экономика,политика, идеология, М.: ИНИОН, 1993, вып.1, с.120.5 Семенов С.И. Компаративные лонгитюдные исследования..., с.35.6 iqve.100
unebrivia, rom qristianuli samyaros (ara civilizaciis) ori nawili arsebiTadgansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTqristianuli civilizacia met msgavsebasamJRavnebs aRmosavlur (muslimur) civilizaciasTan, vidre <strong>da</strong>savlurqristianulTan(evropulTan) 1 .amdenad, religiuri parametri ver CaiTvleba umTavres ganmsazRvreladcivilizaciuri kuTvnilebis <strong>da</strong>dgenis gzaze. amis naTelsayofi magaliTebi sxvaadgilas ukve movitaneT (ix. TaviIV, $ 1) <strong>da</strong> axla sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT.rac Seexeba <strong>da</strong>savluri (evropuli) civilizaciisadmi Cvens kuTvnilebas, un<strong>da</strong>aRiniSnos, rom TviT evropaSi Tanaarsebobs identurobis ramdenime Sre _ evropuli,<strong>da</strong>savleTevropuli, aRmosavleTevropuli; erovnuli; religiuri. germanelipolitologis v.vaidenfeldis sityviT, evropis istoria _ esaa diferenciaciisa <strong>da</strong>unifikaciis istoria 2 . arsebuli mravalferovnebis gacnobiereba evropuli kulturiserT-erTi safuZvelia. evropisadmi kuTvnilebis Segneba emyareba evropeli xalxebiserToblivi kulturuli ganviTarebis gamocdilebas, interess saerToevropuliistoriisadmi, saerTo tradiciebisa (politikuri <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi) <strong>da</strong> saerTomemkvidreobis (religiuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli) arsebobas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, rogorcmecnierebi aRniSnaven, evropuli integracia aseT warmatebas ver miaRwev<strong>da</strong>, rom araevropel inteleqtualTa Taobebis Zalisxmeva, romelTac SeZles saerTo warsulis,awmyosa <strong>da</strong> momavlis Rrma Teoriuli gaazreba <strong>da</strong>, misi demonstrirebiT, evropelxalxTa orientireba erTiani evropisadmi kuTvnilebaze 3 . swored inteleqtualTaZalisxmeviT `Seikera~ evropel xalxTa kulturebis `nakuwebisagan~ <strong>kultura</strong>Taevropuli ojaxis `erTiani sabani~.ramdenad monawileobdnen qarTvelebi am muSaobaSi? sakmarisi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> Tu araqarTvel inteleqtualTa erTi nawilis ramdenimesaukunovani mcdeloba imisaTvis, romqarTveli iseve myarad axerxebdes evropasTan TviTidentificirebas, rogorc,magaliTad, skandinavieli an italieli? vfiqrobT, gagviWirdeba am kiTxvebze <strong>da</strong>debiTipasuxebis gasacemad saWiro argumentebis moZieba.saqarTvelos civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis problemisaTvis erT-erT sayuradRebosakiTxs warmoadgens socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri urTierTobebis dinamikis Seswavla <strong>da</strong>maTi tipologiuri raobis gansazRvra <strong>da</strong>savlur, bizantiur <strong>da</strong> aRmosavlursistemebTan mimarTebaSi. am mxriv dRevandel mkvlevar-istorikoss solidurimemkvidreoba xvdeba winamorbedTa Sromebis saxiT, romlebSic, mdi<strong>da</strong>ri faqtobrivimasalis analizis safuZvelze, friad sayuradRebo <strong>da</strong>skvnebia Camoyalibebuli.mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iv.javaxiSvilis, s.janaSias, n.berZeniSvilis gamokvlevebi,romelTac safuZveli Cauyares Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebis socialurekonomikuriistoriis Seswavlas, rac Semdgom maTma mowafeebma ganagrZes. mkvlevarTa<strong>da</strong>skvniT, feo<strong>da</strong>lizmis aRmocenebi<strong>da</strong>n XIII saukunemde saqarTveloSi arsebulisocialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri institutebi (miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba _ sruliaducnobi aRmosavluri samyarosaTvis, SeuvalobiT <strong>da</strong>culi didi feo<strong>da</strong>lurisamflobeloebis arseboba, socialuri struqtura <strong>da</strong> sxv.), mTlianad feo<strong>da</strong>lurisistema did tipologiur msgavsebas amJRavnebs evropulTan, kerZod, frangulTan(`paraleluri ganviTareba~). SemdgomSi es msgavseba Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan gaqra, Tumca arCamoyalibebula tipologiuri msgavseba aRmosavluri (islamuri) samyaros socialur-1 Bagby Ph. Culture and History, p.176.2 cit. naSromi<strong>da</strong>n: Зотова О.М. Идея европейского единства и национальная идентичность. – Вестник Московского унта,сер.18. Социология и политология. М., 1999, № 3, с.154.3 Зотова О.М. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 162.101
ekonomikur sistemebTan. aRniSnuli garemoeba <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi saqarTveloscivilizaciuri kuTvnilebis Teziss umagrebs safuZvels.qarTuli feo<strong>da</strong>lizmis evropulTan msgavsebis gaqroba, rasac safuZveli XIIIsaukuneSi Caeyara, fasdeba rogorc `qarTuli istoriis drama <strong>da</strong> specifika~ 1 .batonymobis qcevam qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri sistemis umTavres safuZvlad,socialuri infrastruqturis umniSvnelovanesi elementis _ vaWar-xelosnuriqalaqisa <strong>da</strong> mesame wodebis _ ganadgurebam <strong>da</strong> politikuri sistemi<strong>da</strong>n mismagauCinarebam ganapiroba <strong>da</strong>savleTTan msgavsebis moSla <strong>da</strong> aRmosavluri politikuriRirebulebiTi orientaciis mimarTulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>xra 2 .a.joxaZem yuradReba miaqcia friad mniSvnelovan garemoebas: Cveni politikurielitis suliskveTeba Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan aRmosavluri gax<strong>da</strong>, magram goneba Tavs mainc<strong>da</strong>savleTis (qristianuli samyaros) nawilad moiazreb<strong>da</strong>. gvian SuasaukuneebSi`aRmosavluri suliskveTebis qarTvel Tava<strong>da</strong>znaurobas qveSecneulad aRmosavleTTanintegracia sur<strong>da</strong>, integraciis es procesi karga Sorsac iyo wasuli, magramreligiuri sxvaoba aRmosavleTTan kanonieri qorwinebis sanqcias ar iZleo<strong>da</strong>~ 3 .swored es <strong>da</strong>edo safuZvlad ruseTisaken swrafvas, rac gaazrebuli iyo rogorcevropasTan <strong>da</strong>axloeba. `rusi Cinovnikis <strong>da</strong> jariskacis mundirma qarTul zepursazogadoebas qristianuli <strong>da</strong>savleTis nairsaxeobis iluzia Seuqmna. gajiutebulmacnobierebam ver SeniSna, rom rusuli saxelmwifo monRolur administraciulsistemaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobili despotia iyo, romelsac bizantiuri ornamentebi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>savluri aqsesuarebi amkob<strong>da</strong>~ 4 .<strong>da</strong>axloebiT igives wer<strong>da</strong> Tavis droze gr.lorTqifaniZe: `aziuri saqarTvelosevropuli suli mu<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong>savleTisken iswrafvo<strong>da</strong>. am swrafvaSi XVIII saukunis boloserekles saqarTvelom TiTqos evropis surogati ruseTSi pova~ 5 .SemoTavazebuli Tvalsazrisi friad sainteresoa, magram gveCveneba, rom igiTavisaufali ar aris calmxrivobisa <strong>da</strong> sakiTxis gamartivebisagan. mxolod religiurisxvaoba aSoreb<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos aRmosavleTisagan? arsebob<strong>da</strong> raime safuZveli, racaRmosavleTTan `kanonier qorwinebas~ SesaZlebels gaxdi<strong>da</strong>?an kidev, sainteresoa, mainc ram ganapiroba `cnobierebis gajiuteba~? iqneb,bizantiasTan xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong> mWidro kontaqtis gamocdilebam, romelic didi xnisganmavlobaSi qarTvelTaTvis <strong>da</strong>savleTad moiazrebo<strong>da</strong> (muslimur aRmosavleTTanmimarTebaSi) <strong>da</strong> romlis memkvidred SemdgomSi Tavi ruseTma gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>? Tavadbizantia ki mxolod elinizmisa <strong>da</strong> laTinizmis memkvidre ar iyo. misTvis<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo naxevra<strong>da</strong>Rmosavluri _ ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, sasanuri sparseTisagannasesxebi _ politikuri institutebi, monarqis xelisuflebis centralizaciis,zekanonierebisa <strong>da</strong> sakralizaciis CaTvliT. yovelive aman didi gavlena iqoniabizantiasTan kontaqtSi myofi yvela xalxis ganviTarebaze, maT Soris, cxadia, Cvenipolitikuri sistemis <strong>for</strong>mirebazec. swored bizantias umadlian es xalxebisaxelmwifoebriobis <strong>for</strong>maso, aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> r.lan<strong>da</strong> 6 .Tavis droze niko nikolaZe miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> Cveni saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis bizantiurxasiaTze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aziuri despotiebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli mravali1 joxaZe a. sikvdili bizantiurad. _ gaz. “rezonansi”, Tb., 2001, 23-24.01.2 iqve.3 joxaZe a. sikvdili bizantiurad. _ gaz. “rezonansi”, Tb., 2001, 23-24.01.4 iqve.5 lorTqifaniZe gr. <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelo. _ wignSi: lorTqifaniZe gr. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb.,1995, gv.156.6 Ланда Р. Межцивилизационные связи и историческое взаимодействие народов Черноморья. – В журн.: Центральная Азияи Кавказ, М., 2000, № 1 (7), с.205-206.102
niSniT iyo aRbeWdili: `Cveni qveyana ... bizantiis wes-wyobilebiT imarTebo<strong>da</strong>. Cvenyvelani erTob axlo videqiT aziasTan, erTob vemonebodiT mis magaliTs, mis xasiaTs.es xasiaTi erTianad, upiratesad, despotis pirad SexedulebebSi, pirad survilSi,nebaSi, TviT-mnebelobaSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>. despots bizantiaSi imperatori erqva, CvenSi_ mefe, sxvagan _ mTavari, magram saqmiT, SinaarsiT yovelgan erTi <strong>da</strong> igive Tvisebahqon<strong>da</strong>: is iyo marto, <strong>da</strong> meti ara iyo-ra~ 1 .rac Seexeba bizantiis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT neli sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong>, Semdgom,misi <strong>da</strong>cemis mizezebs, aseTebad xSirad saxeldeba bizantiuri saxelisuflebo <strong>da</strong>samarTlebrivi institutebis specifika, ganviTarebuli biurokratiuli aparati,saxelmwifo marTvis ukiduresi centralizacia, <strong>da</strong>savluri (`klasikurad~ miCneuli)feo<strong>da</strong>luri institutebis neli ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> sxv. 2 magram bizantinologTa nawiliamgvar axsnas arasworad miiCnevs <strong>da</strong> umTavres mniSvnelobas sagareo faqtors aniWebs.m.i.siuziumovi, g.g.litavrini <strong>da</strong> sxvebi aRniSnavdnen, rom bizantiis imperiapermanentul omSi iyo Cabmuli, romelic yovelwliurad nTqav<strong>da</strong> uzarmazar a<strong>da</strong>mianur<strong>da</strong> materialur resursebs. aseT pirobebSi imperiis xelisufalni iZulebulni iyvnen,nebismieri saSualebiT SeenarCunebinaT stabiluroba, moexdinaT arsebuli wyobilebiskonservireba. did socialur re<strong>for</strong>mebs SeeZlo <strong>da</strong>erRvia socialuri wonasworoba.sagareo faqtori hipertrofirebul rols iZen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saSinao faqtorad iqceo<strong>da</strong> 3 .Tavis mxriv, bizantiuri saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri institutebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebaCvenSi xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> ufro mWidro integracias bizantiur civilizaciasTan,ramdena<strong>da</strong>c bizantiuri (aRmosavlurqristianuli) civilizaciis miRwevaTa aTvisebisprocesi ufro swrafi <strong>da</strong> efeqturi iyo im qveynebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c arsebob<strong>da</strong> an yalibdebo<strong>da</strong>mmarTvelobis centralizebuli <strong>for</strong>ma 4 .roca qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis <strong>da</strong>cemis mizezTa Ziebisas CvenSi bizantiurimodelis arsebobasa <strong>da</strong> mis uaryofiT rolze vmsjelobT, iqneb, marTebuli iyos metiyuradRebis miqceva igive sagareo faqtoris mniSvnelobaze. iqneb, civilizaciaTamijnaze yofnam CvenTanac ganapiroba am faqtoris hipertrofirebuli roli <strong>da</strong> misisaSinao faqtorad trans<strong>for</strong>macia, rogorc es bizantis SemTxvevaSi mox<strong>da</strong>?sxva saqmea, rom bizantiis <strong>da</strong>cemis Semdeg CvenSi bizantiuri yaidissaxelmwifoebriv-politikuri institutebi SenarCun<strong>da</strong>, romlebSic sul ufroZlierdebo<strong>da</strong> aRmosavluri elementebi. mogvianebiT ki maT kargad moergo `bizantiuriornamentebiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri aqsesuarebiT <strong>da</strong>mSvenebuli~ rusuli mmarTvelobis wesi.ase yalibdeba saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo aparatis funqciobis zemoT naxsenebiaziuri stili, romelic Cveni ara<strong>da</strong>savlurobis erT-erT yvelaze mkafiogamoxatulebad saxeldeba 5 .dRes saqarTvelo aRiqmeba gaurkvevli mikuTvnebulobis saxelmwifod, romelicimyofeba TviTgamorkvevis procesSi <strong>da</strong> ganicdis zemoqmedebas: 1) <strong>da</strong>savluricivilizaciis mxri<strong>da</strong>n; 2) <strong>da</strong>savlursa <strong>da</strong> slavur-marTlmadideblur civilizaciebsSoris gaxleCili ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n; 3) <strong>da</strong>savlursa <strong>da</strong> islamur civilizaciebs SorisgaxleCili TurqeTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. Cveni sazogadoebis erTi nawili iRebs ama Tu imcivilizaciis gavlenas, anu <strong>da</strong>sayrdeni <strong>da</strong> gamtaria misTvis, xolo meore nawili,1 nikolaZe n. bulgaria. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t.14, Tb., 1997, gv. 222-223.2 ix.: Сюзюмов М.Я. Некоторые проблемы исторического развития Византии и Запада. – В сб.: Византийский временник,т.35, М., 1973, с.4.3 Сюзюмов М.Я. Историческая роль Византии и ее место во всемирной истории. – В сб.: Византийский временник, № 29,М., 1968, с.44; Литаврин Г.Г. Геополитическое положение Византии в средневековом мире в VII-XII вв. – В кн.:Византия между Западом и Востоком. Опыт исторической характеристики. СПб., 1995, с. 16.4 Оболенский Д. Византийское содружество наций. М., 1998, с.299.5 niJaraZe g. Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba politikuri qcevis aspeqtSi. _ gaz.: “ganaxlebuliiveria”, Tb., 2000, 1-2, gv.11.103
piriqiT, ewinaaRmdegeba mas <strong>da</strong> Tavis mxriv eqceva sxva civilizaciis Tu kulturisgavlenis qveS 1 .Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba cifrebsa <strong>da</strong> sttistikur monacemebSiarsebobs mosazreba, rom globalizaciis procesi qmnis iseT gamowvevebs, romelicukavSirdeba ojaxuri tradiciebis cvlilebas, Sobadobis Semcirebas; es problemebi,rogorc Cans, modernizaciis procesis Tanmdevia.f.fukuiamas TqmiT, modernizaciis procesma gamoiwvia `didi SeSfoTeba~, rac 60-ian wlebSi ganviTarebul industriul qveyanaTa safuZvels, sayrdens Seexo.socialuri SeSfoTeba gamowveuli iyo ori saxis teqnologiuri gar<strong>da</strong>qmniT. erTimxriv, mox<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>svla industriuli sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n in<strong>for</strong>matikis samyaroSi, sa<strong>da</strong>cfizikuri Sroma Secvala gonebrivma. meore mxriv, gamoCn<strong>da</strong> biomedicinis artefaqtebi(laT. artefaqtum _ xelovnurad Seqmnili), magaliTad, preparatebi, romelTasaSualebiTac SesaZlebelia sqesobrivi kavSiris gareSe cocxali organizmebis Seqmna.am garemoebam Secvala <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba mamakacsa <strong>da</strong> qals Soris <strong>da</strong> qalis socaluriaqtivoba ganviTarebul qveynebSi gazar<strong>da</strong>. man didi zegavlena moaxdina ojaxurRirebulebebze, aRzr<strong>da</strong>ze. am procesis Sedegebs, f.fukuiamas azriT, `Cven mxolo<strong>da</strong>xla vxvdebiT <strong>da</strong> vatyobT. SesaZloa, SeSfoTebis talRam sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebssxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros ga<strong>da</strong>uara, magram Sedegebi yvelgan saerToa~ 2 .aRniSnulma talRam didi gavlena moaxdina, agreTve Sobadobaze. ganviTarebulqveynebSi Sobadobam iklo. safrangeTSi <strong>da</strong>registrirebulia yvelaze TvalSisacemicifrebi Sobadobis SemcirebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.ganviTarebul qveynebSi Sobadobis kleba weliwadSi 1% Seadgens, rac erTi Taobiscxovrebis ganmavlobaSi 30%-mde adis. es ki sakmaod didi cifria. rac Seexeba saSualoasaks, igi ganagrZobs zr<strong>da</strong>s. XXI saukunis Sua wlebSi evropis macxovrebelTa saSualoasaki miaRwevs 60 wels. iseT sazogadoebaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c biologiurad aqtiurmacxovrebelTa umravlesoba warmodgenilia an Zalze axalgazrdebiT, an ZalzexanSiSesulebiT. iaponia <strong>da</strong> evropa aRmoCndebian iseTi ganviTarebadi qveynebisgaremocvaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c saSualo asaki gansazRvrulia istoriuli normis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>biologiurad aqtiuri sazogadoebis ZiriTadi nawilis asaki 20 weli iqneba, Tavad ki amzRvars di<strong>da</strong>d gascdebian. aseTma demografiulma cvlilebam politikuri SedegebicgamoiRo <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebul qveynebS imigrantTa roli gaizar<strong>da</strong>. imigrantebi kiwarmodgenili arian yvelaze Raribi <strong>da</strong> kulturulad gansxvavebuli qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n.f.fukuiama saubrobs safrangeTsa <strong>da</strong> aSS Soris arsebul politikur<strong>da</strong>pirispirebaze <strong>da</strong> miiCnevs, rom diplomatiuri krizisis safuZveli safrangeTisglobalizaciis gamowvevebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSia saZiebeli. f.fukuiama askvnis,rom globalizacia, romelic frangebma Seafases rogorc maTi kulturuliRirebulebebis arealSi amerikis Carevis, SeRwevis mcdeloba, faqtobrivad, arismodernizaciis universaluri procesis niSani. SesaZloa, amerikelebi am procesSi, sxvaqveynebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, adre Caebnen, magram sxva <strong>da</strong>narCenebic male aRmoCndebian igiveprocesis zemoqmedebis qveS 3 . ganviTarebis am xaziT, postindustriuli qveynebisganviTarebis saerTotraeqtoria mimarTulia multikulturuli sazogadoebebisSemnisaken. es ki ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobisaTvis, romlebsac sakuTariistoriuli Rirebulebebi aqvT, sakmaod Zneli misaRebia. aSS kulturuligansxvavebuloba, romelic evropelTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n mudmivi kritikis sagania, Zalian male1 aSkareli n. saqarTvelo cvalebad samyaroSi. _ gaz. “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 7-9 noemberi, 9-12 noemberi.2 Фукуяма Ф. Париж-Вашингтон: общая судьбаю .. ИноСМИ.ru.3 Фукуяма Ф. Париж-Вашингтон: общая судьбаю .. ИноСМИ.ru.104
iCens Tavs postindustriuli ganviTarebis qveynebSi. 50 wlis win TeTri saxlismaspinZlebi Riad saubrobdnen amerikaze, rogorc `qristianul qveyanaze~; dRes TavadbuSic ki, moerideba Riad aseT fomulirebas.rogorc aRvniSneT, multi<strong>kultura</strong>lizmi, pirvel rigSi, <strong>da</strong>savlur samyarosemuqreba, amis mizezi ki ganviTarebis maRali donea. sxva kultturis warmomadgenlebi<strong>da</strong>savleTSi swored finansuri uzrunvelyofis mizniT Cadian. kulturulproblemebTan erTad, emigracia politikur-ekonomikur problemebsac qmnis; Raribiqveynebi<strong>da</strong>n Casuli xalxi iafi muSaxelia; amis gamo <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebSiadgilobrivebs, SesaZloa, garkveuli problemebi SeeqmnaT samsaxuris Sovnis mxriv.magram yvelze mTavari sul sxvaa, rac bolo periodSi xSirad iCens xolme Tavs.magaliTad, safrangeTma miiRo kanoni, romelmac akrZala Cadris tareba safrangeTSi;demokratiuli proncipebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, safrangeTSi mcxovrebma muslimebma didiwinaaRmdegoba gauwies am kanons. maT aiZules safrangeTis mTavroba <strong>da</strong> sakuTarqveyanaSi miaRebines kanoni, romelic, pirvel rigSi, kulturul-religiuri niSniTgansxvavebulobas usvams xazs. am nabijiT muslimurma samyarom safrangeTSi frangebiaiZula eRiarebinaT islamis Zala. anu multi<strong>kultura</strong>lizmis Sedegad frangulmasazogadoeam kanonmdeblobis dros un<strong>da</strong> gaiTvaliswonos arafranguli, araevropuli<strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros warmomadgenelTa moTxovnebi. msgavsi problemebisaqarTvelos jerjerobiT ar exeba, radgan saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs iseTiekonomikuri done, romelic did imigraciul procesebs ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>.aucilebelia, yuradReba mieqces imas, rom modernizaciis xarisxis zr<strong>da</strong>ganapirobebs zemoT ganxiluli problemebis zr<strong>da</strong>sac. f.fukuiama acxadebs, romuaxloesi wlebis ganmavlobaSi aSS <strong>da</strong> safrangeTs kvlav emuqreba imigrantTa miReba.bevri iqneba <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli am qveynebze, kerZod, Tu rogor moaxerxeben isiniimigrantTa integracias sakuTar istoriul <strong>kultura</strong>Si.globalizacia namdvilad aris Sinagani procesi, romelic gagrZeldeba uaxloesiaTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. ase rom, XXI saukunis postindustriul qveynebs <strong>da</strong>sazogadoebebs mouwevT Sejaxeba amerikuli kulturis im elementebTan, romelTacdRes evropelebi miuReblad miiCneven, askvnis igi.modernizaciisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis process ori _ rogorc pozitiuri, asevenegatiuri mxare aqvs. qalis socialuri aqtivobis gazr<strong>da</strong>m gamoiwvia Sobadobis kleba.yvelaze metad <strong>da</strong>berebis procesi Tavs iCens ganviTarebul qveynebSi, aqtiurimosaxleobis Sevseba ki xdeba sxva kulturis qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n mosuli imigrantebiT.arsebobs problemebi, romelic mosdevs modernizaciis <strong>da</strong>debiT process; amitomsainteresoa, Tu ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi. suraTis kargadwarmoCenisaTvis mizanSewonilad miviCnevT warmogidginoT statistikuri monacemebi.saqarTvelommarTvelobis <strong>for</strong>ma saprezidento respublikamdebareoba aRmosavleTis grZedis 40’ <strong>da</strong> 47’CrdioloeT ganedis 41’ <strong>da</strong> 44’teritoriis farTobi 69 700 km/kvmosaxleoba (2002 wlis 4 602 aTasi kaciaRweris mixedviT)mosaxleobis simWidrove66 a<strong>da</strong>miani km/kv-ze105
de<strong>da</strong>qalaqisaxelmwifo enareligiuri aRmsareblobasxva religiuri jgufebierovnuli umciresobebigaeroSi Sesvlis TariRierovnuli valutamTliani Si<strong>da</strong> produqti(erT sulze 2002w.)lari/aSS dolarisgacvliTi kursi (2002 w)sicocxlis xangrZlivoba<strong>da</strong>badebisas (2002 w.)TbilisiqarTulimarTlmadideblobamahmadianebi, somxuri monofizitebi, ebraelebi,kaTolikebi, baptistebi <strong>da</strong> iezidebiafxazebi, azerbaijanelebi, osebi, rusebi, somxebi1992w. 31 ivlisilari1626 lari1.8 larimamakaci 68 weliqali 75 weliam monacemebis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia garkveuli suraTis <strong>da</strong>xatva: saqarTvelowarmoadgens mcirericxovan, patara teritoriaze gansaxlebul qveyanas; miuxe<strong>da</strong>vadlaris kursis ganmtkicebisa (2004 wlis noembris monacemebiT, igi aSS dolarTanSeadgen<strong>da</strong> 1,80), igi sakmaod Raribia, Tumca sicocxlis xangrZlivoba arcTu ise<strong>da</strong>balia; qveyanaSi cxovroben sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva religiuri aRmsareblobisa <strong>da</strong> erovnebiswarmomadgenlebi; warmovadgenTT maTi raodenobis procentul maCvenebels.მოსახლეობის ეროვნული შემადგენლობა(მოსახლეობის აღწერების მონაცემებით)მთელი მოსახლეობაათასი კაციპროცენტობით მთელმოსახლეობასთან1979 1989 2002 1979 1989 20024993,2 5400,8 4371,5 100 100 100ქართველი 3433,0 3787,4 3661,2 68,8 70,1 83,8აფხაზი 85,3 95,9 3,5 1,7 1,8 0,1ოსი 160,5 164,1 38,0 3,2 3,0 0,9რუსი 371,6 341,2 67,7 7,4 6,3 1,5უკრაინელი 45,0 52,4 7,0 0,9 1,0 0,2აზერბაიჯანელი 255,7 307,6 284,8 5,1 5,7 6,5სომეხი 448,0 437,2 248,9 9,0 8,1 5,7ებრაელი 28,3 24,8 3,6 0,6 0,5 0,1ბერძენი 95,1 100,3 15,2 1,9 1,9 0,3ქურთი 25,7 33,3 20,8 0,5 0,6 0,5rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, wlebis manZilze qarTvelebis procentuli maCvenebeli izrdeba; es,pirvel rigSi, sxva erovnebis xalxTa migraciis Sedegad mox<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> ara Tavad qarTvelTaraodenobis zrdis xarjze; aqve un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom 1989 wels mudmivi mosaxleobisraodenoba iyo 5 401 aTasi, xolo 2002 wlis aRweriT igi Semcir<strong>da</strong> 4 372 aTasamde. milionze106
meti a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>naklisi arcTu mcirea. sainteresoa, Tu ram gamoiwvia kleba _sikvdilianobis zr<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> Sobadobis Semcirebam, Tu migraciulma procesebma.pirvel rigSi, <strong>da</strong>vakvirdeT mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis maCvenebels:წლებიშობადობა, მოკვდაობა და მოსახლეობის ბუნებრივი მატებასულ, ათასიდაიბადა გარდაიც-ვალაბუნებრივი მა-ტება, კლება(-)მოსახლეობის 1000 კაცზედაიბადა გარდაიც-ვალა1980 89,4 43,3 46,1 17,6 8,5 9,11985 97,7 46,1 51,6 18,5 8,7 9,81990 92,8 50,7 42,1 17,1 9,3 7,81991 89,1 52,4 36,7 16,3 9,6 6,71992 72,6 54,9 17,7 13,4 10,2 3,21993 61,6 57,5 4,1 12,0 11,2 0,81994 57,3 50,3 7,0 11,8 10,4 1,41995 56,3 49,1 7,2 11,9 10,4 1,51996 55,0 48,0 7,0 11,9 10,4 1,51997 54,0 47,6 6,4 11,9 10,5 1,41998 51,5 47,3 4,2 11,5 10,5 1,01999 48,7 47,2 1,5 10,9 10,6 0,32000 48,8 47,4 1,4 11,0 10,7 0,32001 47,6 46,2 1,4 10,8 10,5 0,32002 46,6 46,4 0,2 10,7 10,7 0,0ბუნებრივიმატება,კლება(-)rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, Sefardeba mokv<strong>da</strong>obasa <strong>da</strong> Sobadobas Soris wlebis manZilzeuaryofiTi Sedegisaken iklebs. Cvens xelT arsebuli ukanaskneli oficialurimonacemi 2002 wlisaa, romlis mixedviTac Sefardeba nulis tolia.sruli suraTis <strong>da</strong>saxatad <strong>da</strong>vakvirdeT Sobadobis klebis gamomwvev mizezebs.mizezi SesaZlebelia iyos qorwinebis raodenobis kleba, abortebis mateba, CvilbavSvTa sikvdilianobis zr<strong>da</strong>:ქორწინება1995 2000 2002ქალი კაცი ქალი კაცი ქალი კაციდაქორწინებულია, სულ 21481 21481 12870 12870 12535 12535ganqorwineba1989 7,4 aTasi2000 1.9 aTasi2001 2,0 aTasi2002 1,8 aTasi107
კონტრაცეპტივების გავრცელება1990 1995 2000 2001 2002კონტრაცეპტივების გავრცელება, ერთეული 6353 5181 7865 8755 8143აბორტები1995 2000 2001 2002აბორტების რაოდენობა სულ, ათასი 34.9 9.5 9.7 8.8მინი-აბორტი 8.6 5.4 5.3 5.1ჩვილ ბავშვთა სიკვდილიანობა1990 1995 2000 2001 2002გოგო 813 645 444 451 449ბიჭი 1097 955 656 647 653სულ 1910 1600 1100 1098 1102rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, droTa ganmavlobaSi iklebs qorwineba, aseve ganqorwineba.sabednierod, moiklo Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianobamac, amasTan erTad, iklebsabortebis raodenobac, rac, albaT, kontraceptivebis moxmarebis zrdiTaa gamowveuli<strong>da</strong> TavisTavad <strong>da</strong>debiTi movlenaa, magram mTlianobaSi mokv<strong>da</strong>vobisa <strong>da</strong> SobadobisSefardeba uaryofiTisaken ixreba. es procesi aqtualuria imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>cpir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSia aqtiuri mosaxleobis procentul maCvenebelTan. aqtiurimosaxleobis raodenoba ki, rogorc zemoT <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, mniSvnelovania rogorcganviTarebadi, aseve ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvisac.<strong>da</strong>vakvirdeT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebas wlebisganmavlobaSi:1989 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003შრომისუნარიანზე უმცროსი 1423,0 1059,5 1037,7 1015,7 996,3 987,5 959,3შრომისუნარიანი 3039,3 2767,4 2743,9 2721,2 2697,3 2678,9 2685,1შრომისუნარიანზე უფროსი 938,5 678,0 688,2 698,3 707,8 705,1 698,215 წლის და მეტი ასაკის მოსახლეობის განაწილებაეკონომიკური აქტიურობის მიხედვით 2002 წელსქალებიკაცებიეკონომიკურად აქტიური მოსახლეობაეკონომიკურად არააქტიური მოსახლეობა108
mosaxleobis Semcireba, pirvel rigSi, migraciis Sedegia, radgan Sobadobisa <strong>da</strong>mokv<strong>da</strong>vobis Sefardeba jerjerobiT ar aris im doneze gauaresebuli, rom msgavsiSedegi gamoeRo.<strong>da</strong>vakvirdeT mosaxleobis gare migracias:მოსახლეობის გარე მიგრაციის სალდო(ათასი კაცი)1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002-140,9 -142,6 -127,2 -123,1 -123,1 -39,2 -36,3 -35,2 -31,2 -29,1rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari, migraciismxriv, Zalzed arasaxarbielod gamoiyureba. es ki, Cveni azriT, pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSiasocialur problemebTan. samwuxaroa is faqti, rom imigrantTa TiTqmis absoluturumravlesobas swored aqtiuri mosaxleoba warmoadgens. 1998 wli<strong>da</strong>n migraciisprocentuli maCvenebeli sagrZnoblad mcirdeba, Tumca, rogorc zemoT <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, amprocesebma gamoiwvia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis TiTqmis milioniT Semcireba, racsaqarTvelos msgavsi qveynisaTvis sakmaod didi cifria.statistikuri monacemebi kargi saSualebaa sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis<strong>da</strong>naxvisaTvis. rogorc Cans, iseTi sakiTxebi rogoricaa qorwineba, Sobadoba,mosaxleobis migracia <strong>da</strong> sxva pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSia globalizacii<strong>da</strong>n momdinaregamowvevebTan. sazogadoebaSi, romelic <strong>modernizacia</strong>s ganicdis, mimdinareobsgarkveuli socialuri cvlilebebi. <strong>modernizacia</strong> iTvaliswinebs, magaliTad, qalissocialuri rolis gaaqtiurebas, rac <strong>da</strong>debiTad xasiaTdeba, magram erTis SexedviT<strong>da</strong>debiT process Tan axlavs uaryofiTic _ qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiurebaiwvevs qorwinebis asakis zr<strong>da</strong>s, Sobadobis klebas. es ukanaskneli ki sazogadoebas<strong>da</strong>berebiT emuqreba. sazogadoebaSi aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sevseba globalizaciispirobebSi xdeba emigrantTa xarjze. emigracia ki niSnavs ucxo kulturis Semosvlas.globalizacia qmnis imis saSualebas, rom ar moxdes ucxo kulturis matarebelTaadgilobriv <strong>kultura</strong>sTan asimiliacia, isini inarCuneben TviTmyofadobas, ufrometic cdiloben sakuTari kulturuli moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebasa <strong>da</strong>aRiarebas.saqarTvelo, SesaZloa, am mxriv katastrofis winaSe ar imyofebodes, magramyurdRebamisaqcevia is, rom ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri problemebis gamo, romelicsabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg warmoiSva, iklebs yvelanairi maCvenebeli _qorwineba, Sobadoba minusebisken mieqaneba. saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n migraciis gamomwvevimizezic swored ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri problemebia <strong>da</strong> ara, vTqvaT ganaTlebismiReba an biznesi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is problemebi, rac ganivaTarebul qveynebSimodernizaciis procesma gamoiwvia, saqarTveloSi mxolod ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialurisiduxWiris gamo Seiqmna. qorwinebisa <strong>da</strong> demografiuli sakiTxis <strong>da</strong>Rmasvlagamowveulia ara qalis socialuri rolis gazrdiT (sabWoTa kavSiris dros ufro metiqali iyo <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli saqarTveloSi, vidre axla, es ki imis bralia, rom Semcir<strong>da</strong>samuSao adgilebi), aramed imiT, rom saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo Tu teritoriulimTlianobis <strong>da</strong>sacavad warmoebulma omma, aseve Seqmnilma kriminogenulma situaciamSeiwira swored is Taoba, romlis saSualebiTac un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo genofondis zr<strong>da</strong>.amas emateba ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri problemebi <strong>da</strong> saxeze gvaqvs qorwinebisa <strong>da</strong>Sobadobis kleba, mosaxleobis Semcireba.saqarTvelo warmoadgens multieTnikur saxelmwifos. multi<strong>kultura</strong>ze saubari,Cveni azriT, gamoricxulia, radgan aq mcxovreb erovnebebaTa umravlesobas, didi xnis109
Tanacxovrebis gamo, yofier doneze saerTo Tvisebebi Camouyalib<strong>da</strong>T, msgavsi iyoCacma-<strong>da</strong>xurvis stili, stumar-maspinZlobis, pirovnebis Rirsebis Sefasebis, is, rasacvaJa-fSavela ‘’kai ymas’’ uwodeb<strong>da</strong> msgavsia qarTvelebis, afxazebis, osebis, somxebisa<strong>da</strong> azerbaijanelebisaTvis. geografiulma mezoblobam am mxriv didi roli iTamaSa.saqarTveloSi mWidrod <strong>da</strong>saxlebulni ar arian istoriulad ucxo kulturiswarmomadgenlebi <strong>da</strong>, jerjerobiT, sazRvrebis gaxsnas ar moyolia emigraciis talRiszr<strong>da</strong>, rac aseve ekonomikur sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba. statistikuri monacemebi kargisaSualebaa sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis <strong>da</strong>naxvisaTvis. rogorc Cans, iseTisakiTxebi rogoricaa qorwineba, Sobadoba, mosaxleobis migracia <strong>da</strong> sxva pir<strong>da</strong>pirkavSirSia globalizacii<strong>da</strong>n momdinare gamowvevebTan. sazogadoebaSi, romelic<strong>modernizacia</strong>s ganicdis, mimdinareobs garkveuli socialuri cvlilebebi.<strong>modernizacia</strong> iTvaliswinebs, magaliTad, qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiurebas, rac<strong>da</strong>debiTad xasiaTdeba, magram erTis SexedviT <strong>da</strong>debiT process Tan axlavsuaryofiTic _ qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiureba iwvevs qorwinebis asakis zr<strong>da</strong>s,Sobadobis klebas. es ukanaskneli ki sazogadoebas <strong>da</strong>berebiT emuqreba. sazogadoebaSiaqtiuri mosaxleobis Sevseba globalizaciis pirobebSi xdeba emigrantTa xarjze.emigracia ki niSnavs ucxo kulturis Semosvlas. globalizacia qmnis imis saSualebas,rom ar moxdes ucxo kulturis matarebelTa adgilobriv <strong>kultura</strong>sTan asimiliacia,isini inarCuneben TviTmyofadobas, ufro metic cdiloben sakuTari kulturulimoTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebasa <strong>da</strong> aRiarebas.110
CULTURE AND MODERNIZATIONSummaryIvane TsereteliKetevan KakitelashviliTOPIC 1. BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMSThe first topic aims to interpret the basic concepts and terms, which will be used in theframework of the course. These terms deal with the problems and description of developments,which are connected with the process of modernization in different regions, thus in different culturalspaces. The problems of intercultural contacts and its various <strong>for</strong>ms (assimilation, confrontation,symbiosis, synthesis, cultural conflict, cultural shock, diffusion), the role and place of tradition in theprocess of modernization, problems of interconnection of tradition and modernization, the questionof identity in non-Western cultures in the light of significant changes accompanied withmodernization shall be discussed through the course.As the process of modernization has arisen and developed on two levels, that are culture andcivilization, it is necessary to define these two phenomena. The study and analysis of theseprocesses should be based on these concepts.As the phenomenon of culture is concerned, its two aspects must be mentioned:1. Culture, as an universal determinant of humanity;2. Culture, as the basis of differences and borders between distinct societies.According to the first approach, culture is a result of an unique ability of Homo Sapiens –biological and social being. This factor differs humans from other biological kinds.Man is genetically (biologically) determined to create, reproduce and transmit culture.Realization of these unique abilities is possible only during the social practice, in connection withexperience of preceding generations, together with the process of socialization.Apart from this, culture is represented as a complex of values, patterns of behavior andstan<strong>da</strong>rds, which regulate people’s interrelations and their attitudes towards the nature and society.Thus, culture is a complex of social heritage, providing the succession of social experience.The second aspect of culture implies that man’s ability to create and to pass culture is realizeddifferently in particular societies. These differences are caused by specific conditions ofdevelopment and the history of the concrete social group. Hence, we can speak about the peculiarmodels of the world, each created by separate culture.Culture is the main characteristic, by means of which the representatives of diverse societiesdifferentiate themselves from others.Thus, culture can be defined as:• Determinant of social behavior;• Determinant of individual knowledge and interpretations;• Mechanism of self-identification;• Regulator of social life;• Translator of social experience;• A<strong>da</strong>ptation mechanism.111
In the framework of this course the concept of “society” will be used as a synonym of culture,as we interpret the cultural and social levels of human activity as the equal spheres of human life.Definition of the concept of civilization is based on its local-historical interpretation. According tothis viewpoint, civilization is a cultural super system, embodying cultures, which are similar bycertain characteristics. Civilization is the widest level of cultural identity. The cultures, which are themembers of the concrete civilization, are different, but the degree of their difference from culturesof other civilizations is deeper.In the first chapter, concepts of identity (cultural and civilizational), tradition, cultural conflict,cultural shock, diffusion of cultures and other <strong>for</strong>ms of cultural interaction (confrontation, symbiosis,synthesis) are discussed.TOPIC 2. THE CONCEPT OF MODERNIZATION. THEORY OF MODERNIZATIONModernization, in a broad sense, implies the permanent process of establishment of a new<strong>for</strong>ms of thinking and technologies. In this sense, modernization is a continuous and open-endedprocess and it is not a once-and-<strong>for</strong>-all-time achievement. In a narrow sense, in sociology this termis used to mark the trans<strong>for</strong>mation of traditional, rural and agrarian society into secular, industrialand urban one.Nowa<strong>da</strong>ys, the process of modernization is not confined to the internal development ofindividual states. It can be seen on a global scale, as modernization extends outward from itsoriginal Western base to take in the whole world.The modernization within the framework of this course is considered as:1. One of the stages in the development of western community. At this stage we'll discuss in detailthe conception of modernization, according to which modernization is a complex ofsociocultural signs characteristic to a specific phase of the western community (civilization)development. This complex should be discussed in general, in the context of the westernsociety development, in direct relations with the peculiarities of the cultural <strong>for</strong>ms preceedingthis civilization.2. The unity of social and cultural signs which, due to the modern stage’s specific development ofworld societies, became the characteristic of other non-Western cultures and civilizations.Several chapters of this course are devoted to the contemporary cultural processes, derived bythe modernization of non-Western societies.In the same chapter are discussed the most important factors of modernization in social,cultural, political, economic and institutional spheres, as well as the controversial and contradictoryresults of world’s modernization processes.The evolution of the theory of modernization since M. Weber up to <strong>da</strong>te is analyzed. Thecultural, acultural and negative theories of modernization are examined.112
TOPIC 3. TYPOLOGY OF CULTURES ON A BASIS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERNAND NON-MODERN CULTURES.In this chapter some models of cultures’ typology are considered from the viewpoint of theirattitude to modernity and nоn-modernity. These models are: a collectivistic or individualistic,traditional or innovative types of culture, the cultures of space and time. Characteristics of suchcultures are examined as well.Eventually, such grouping of cultures may lead us to East-West dichotomy. Does the existenceof such dichotomy correspond to the reality? is the classification of East/West societies asnonmodern, collectivistic, traditional and modern, individualistic, innovational, reasonable? – thesewill be a subject of discussion.TOPIC 4. MODERNIZATION – ONE OF THE STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEWESTERN COMMUNITY.We shall try to discuss the notion of modernization in details, according to which modernizationis a sum of sociocultural signs, which characterizes a specific phase of the Western community(civilization) development. This complex should be considered in general, in the context of theWestern society development, in direct relations with the peculiarities of the cultural <strong>for</strong>mspreceeding this civilization.Besides, the roots of modernization in Western civilization and distinctive features of theWestern society, due to which the appearance of modern society became possible, are discussed.We also argue historical peripheries of establishing a modern society in the west, we’ll talk ofmodernization as a continuation of the western tradition, − one of the phases in the Westernsociety’s development.TOPIC 5. GLOBALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION.It is necessary to argue the problem of arising of the concept of globalization and itsdefinitions. The globalization as a process must also be analyzed. It should be mentioned that theprocess determined by economic factors have spread in all levels of life (generally there are threelevels: economics, politics and culture). Globalization of culture leads up to the contrast processesin the different societies. For the number of societies the process of modernization is closelyconnected with the spread of the global culture, modernization is possible only in the atmosphereof globalization.TOPIC 6. CONTEMPORARY MODERNIZED WORLD SOCIETY AND THE CHALLENGES OFGLOBALIZATION.In the process of globalization studies we collide with the paradox: be<strong>for</strong>e we start to explorethis phenomenon, it seems that we are aware of it; however during the study it’s essence becomesvague.Taking into the consideration a vast number of scientific papers, articles and theories aboutglobalization, we think it will be helpful to set a framework <strong>for</strong> future researches.This framework was developed in 1999-2002, as a result of the research which had beencarried out by the Boston University and Institute of Study of Economic Culture (ISEC). Theresearch was conducted under the supervision of Pitter L. Berger (sociologist, director ISEC) and113
Samuel P. Huntington (professor of the Harward University). The dynamics of globalization ofculture were observed by the groups of scientists in several countries. As a result of researches,Pitter L. Berger outlined four directions of global culture’s extension:• Davos culture, or international business - culture;• “Mc-global” culture, or mass consumed culture;• International faculty club culture;• New religious movements.The growing global culture is distributed both at elite, and at wide layers. Probably, the mainway of culture’s distribution at an elite level is the one, named by Huntington as Davos culture. Theinternational culture of leading business and political groups is defined by this term. The driving<strong>for</strong>ce of this culture, like economic and technological globalization is international business. Therepresentatives of this culture are not only the people who visit Davos quiet often, but the ones,who aim to be the member of this community, but yet are not those.In global culture there is one more elite sector, which often accompanies business culture, oropposes it. This sector is the globalization of the Western intellectuals, which was named byBerger as the Faculty Club Culture. Its distribution occurs by various ways: by means of academicstructures, funds, non-governmental organizations, etc. It creates its own market – consisting ofideas, norms of behavior created by Western, namely, American intellectuals, such as experts,human rights watchers, etc.The Protestantism plays an important role in distribution of global culture. This subject hasbeen explored <strong>for</strong> a long time by David Martin, English sociologist. He estimated that the number offollowers of this religion is 250.000. The practice of this religion is followed by certain changes infamily structure, education and especially in attitude to business, wich has definite effects on theeconomics as a whole.The global culture aims to allocate man from it’s community and traditions and contributes totheir individualization. Traditions and collective spirit is destroyed by modernization, thus theindividual becomes more self-sufficient. This leads up to the individual independence. The newglobal culture has much in common with the process of modernization. To<strong>da</strong>y in many parts of theworld these two processes coincide with each other.At an early stage of modernization people are excited by the new opportunities and the feelingof freedom. There<strong>for</strong>e, the new global culture is attractive to those who appreciates personalfreedom and aims to realize it.TOPIC 7. MODERNIZATION AND WESTERNIZATION: THE INTERRELATION OF CONCEPTS.One of the main problems is the interrelation of two concepts, that are modernization andglobalization. Generally, ther exist two viewpoints:According to the first one, globalization is the wider process than westernization. In addition,globalization is equal to modernization. This viewpoint is supported by A. Giddens, R. Robertson,M. Elbrow and U. Konol. On example of the countries of Eastern Asia it became obvious thatmodernization is possible without westernization.According to the second approach, globalization is only a global diffusion of the Westernmodernism. It aims to expanse westernization – e.g. Western capitalism and institutes. Thisviewpoint is shared by A. Amin and L. Benton. R. Gilpin considers that world’s internalization is aproduct of the distribution of the American world influence. A. Kilinikos and some other scientists114
consider that modern stage of development is a new phase of western imperialism, where nationalgovernments have played the role of monopolitical capital’s agents. According to an Americantheorist H. Gleizer, globalization is a spread of the Western in<strong>for</strong>mation and entertainment sources,which affects on the countries of the non-Western world.TOPIC 8. THE MODERN WORLD ACCORDING TO WESTERN AND NON-WESTERN WORLD.The interrelations of global and local cultures lead up to the certain results. Each concretesociety has it’s specific relations with unfamiliar and new culture. There<strong>for</strong>e, the answers ofWestern and non-Western societies to the challenges of globalization are interesting <strong>for</strong> us. In thischapter the theories of Western and non-Western intellectuals are discussed.In our opinion, there are two answers to the challenges of globalization or result of it’sdevelopment, namely - localization and multiculturalism. Within the framework of localization, thephenomenon, called glocalization, is discussed. The concept "global" means “simultaneously inmany places”, or “translocally”.The global culture is supported by the strong society, which aims to strengthen the certainrules all over the world. The global culture is backed by the strong economic system. This is themost important factor. For example, due to the lack of finances, the family traditions are destroyedin Africa, it actually leads up to the trans<strong>for</strong>mation of the whole culture, based on the familytradition. This case is quiet interesting due to the fact, that according to this viewpoint, originalculture is influenced by economics and transnational corporations, and global culture does not takepart in it. Certainly, it does not mean to ignore well advertised global culture’s influence. We canconclude that the process of the Western globalization is an united system, consisting of threeparts: economics, politics and culture; All these parts are connected with each other. The rule ofthe management of politics and economics is determined by culture. On the other hand, they affectgreatly on culture. Japan’s culture of the 20 th century is Japanese, however due to the political andeconomic influences, nowa<strong>da</strong>ys it differs greatly from the Japanese culture of the 18 th century. As aresult of external influence it has gone through a great trans<strong>for</strong>mation. According to Fukyiama’smethodology, Japan has gone through modernization and democratization from up to down; thus,Japan had believed in democratic values on the first stage, and, as a result of it, civil society andother institutions were <strong>for</strong>med. As this was the determinant factor in trans<strong>for</strong>mation anddevelopment, the Japanese culture has not been changed. The Japanese culture is a traditionalculture, but it is not a closed one. Shintoism enables to be a Shintoist and the Christiansimultaneously, or either Buddhist and the Muslim. The Japanese culture is able to receiveexternal influences and trans<strong>for</strong>m them. However, Japan subordinates them to the own culture.This had an effect on Japanese kitchen: The business-culture of Davos is followed by the “Fast-Foodization” as “time is money”; this is caused by the total “McDonaldization”. However, “Fast-Foodization” in Japan has accepted a local character. The market of “fast feed” is full ofhamburgers and the Japanese and Chinese dishes as well. The appearance of hamburgers onJapan’s market have given stimulus to the development of local products and dishes, representingJapanese culture. Thus, Japan has managed to localize in this sphere.According to the widespread opinion, we are able to deal with the process of globalization,when the average revenue exceeds 5000 USD. We have already mentioned, that globalization ofculture is a process of mutual relations between global and local cultures. In the process ofglobalization the Western culture is backed by political and, first of all, with economic factors.115
There<strong>for</strong>e, only culture itself is insufficient to deal with the global culture; financial support andmaterial maintenance of this culture is also necessary.Due to the experience of his country, Katrin Lalumier the representative of France in EuropeanParliament, states in the article “The War <strong>for</strong> Culture”: The process of globalization is followed bythe stan<strong>da</strong>rdization of ideas and unification of the way of life by the American stan<strong>da</strong>rd.France has realized, that the French people have painfully felt the approach of the Americanculture. Nowa<strong>da</strong>ys, France is one of the countries, which rejects globalization, perceiving it asAmericanization. France has turned back to the roots of own culture and has begun to advertise iton a large scale. Thus, France aims to save it’s original culture. We can conclude, that withouteconomic maintenance, localization and preservation of own culture is impossible.It is interesting, that "facilitating circumstances" are offered to the societies by globalization;transnational corporations, international organizations and various funds, carrying out activities inthe concrete country, usually offer several opportunities in this direction. To clarify thisphenomenon, we can take example from the Georgian reality: the national Georgian <strong>da</strong>nce group“Erisioni” became popular all over the world after it was financed by the French organization; Thepurpose of the project was an offering something new to the world business, leading up to theprofit. From the point of view of business, the joint project has appeared to be successful <strong>for</strong> bothsides. Besides this, the Georgian <strong>da</strong>nces have achieved new success.As the answer to the challenges of globalization, Leopold Sengor’s (well-known Africanscientist), theory about the originality of the Negroid-African culture is quite interesting. Hedreamed about synthesis of the Western conceptualism and African imagination. He dreamed offuture Euro-Africa, which would become the predecessor of the world civilization, based on unitedculture of mankind. He considered that African civilization is an unique civilization. Leopold Sengorand his supporters concluded without organic synthesis with sensible, human African spirit, theWestern civilization is doomed to failure. There have appeared concepts like “the African-European” and “European-African”. The African opposes to the European. The European is anengineer, pragmatist, who continuously exploits nature, himself and beings like him. Through all hislife he works as a machine, counting money. He perceives world by means of <strong>for</strong>mula, i.e.consciousness. But the African is a poet; the nature is displayed and expressed by him. Theattitude towards the nature is idealistic. There is a reign of collective soul, mutual aid andinterconsistency; apart from Europe – where social antagonism, conflicts, aggression anddiscrimination of the man by the man are taking place.The Pakistan scientist Muhammad Tahir-Al-Qadri has offered his viewpoint in the article“Globalization of Culture?”. Al-Qadri is the supporter of cultural integration, thus he is the followerof the idea about universal values, namely: the stan<strong>da</strong>rds of success and achievement, activitiesand occupation, material com<strong>for</strong>t, practicality and efficiency, science and technology, freedom andindividual choice, individual initiative and other elements. All these are sources to carry out adialogue between cultures. According to Al-Qadri’s opinion, the cultural interaction is impossiblewithout dialogue. It is necessary to integrate majority and minority, in order to conduct a dialogue,but special resources are required <strong>for</strong> this. In this case, the main responsibility is assigned to themajority. Al-Qadri is dissatisfied with West’s attitude towards Islam. The western society does nothave the right image of Islam. It is familiar with Islam through contemporary viewpoints, create<strong>da</strong>nd provided by it’s own media sources.Al-Qadri declares, that <strong>for</strong> an explanation of cultural diversity and <strong>for</strong> real integration,ethnocentrism is incompatible. Ethnocentrism is a judgment about other culture by means of ownstan<strong>da</strong>rds. Uni-culturalizm is also unable to solve this problem, as it trans<strong>for</strong>ms all ethnic culturesinto one whole.It is necessary to search <strong>for</strong> the decision of this problem in three directions:116
1. Multiculturalizm;2. Pluralizm;3. GlobalizationIt is clear, that globalization, described by Al-Qadri, is a source of multicultural is a source ofcreation of multicultural world (global) society. This viewpoint is supported by him, unless theinterests of small societies and cultures will be considered by the West.Several years ago was published Glisan’s novel, called “Sartorius”, which tells about the tribeof Batatu. It is the modern fable about non-domination. Though the existence of nationality, calledBatatu, is clearly determined in time and space (500 AD, Central Africa), is still mythical tribe. Suchmyth is necessary <strong>for</strong> the world, as Batatu is embodiment of those people, who does not wish to bea sample <strong>for</strong> others and addresses to them not with the purpose of subjection, but <strong>for</strong> coexistence.The concepts like “relation", "creolization", "universality" - fill each other. "Universality" is amodern world with its diversity and chaos. The chaos is not simply disorder, but it is impossibility ofevents’ definition and the lack of the world’s reasonable management. "Relations" call <strong>for</strong>transversality, instead of causal-investigatory of events.According to Glisan’s opinion the novelty will come from the small countries, which haveneither colonial past, nor strongly expressed national traditions. They are not afraid ofdisappearance or loss of the status. We should get accustomed to the new structure of the world,where the relations between centre and periphery will be absolutely different from the present.Everything at the same time will be both centre, and periphery.According to the abovementioned factors, globalization is tolerated by people who don’t havetheir own, original culture. The representatives of the last one are against of this process.The authors of these theories are the representatives of non-Western world. Each of themrecognize successive development of global culture. There<strong>for</strong>e, they try to find means ofa<strong>da</strong>ptation to the modern conditions. All of them are aware of the Western culture, there<strong>for</strong>e it iseasy <strong>for</strong> them to perceive differences and similarities between their and other cultures. However,there are number of cases, which can be perceived as their responses to the "challenges" of theWest, rather than as objective estimation of reality.As we have mentioned above, the turn of cultures to their own roots and the localizationaccording to cultural characteristics were caused by the challenges of globalization. The close andconstant relations between societies have revealed several existing differences between them,which called <strong>for</strong>th definition and systematization of own culture’s characteristic features. L.Sengorhas made it on an example of the African culture. He has presented the characteristics of theAfrican culture and it’s differences from the Western one.Localization leads up to the multiple world. In global community original cultures are coexistingwith one another. Due to the transparency of borders, the solve of various problems, connectedwith travel, the facilities of constant connection have call <strong>for</strong>th the fact, that nowa<strong>da</strong>ys one does notleave the frameworks of their own culture, despite of physical distance, they have constant andcontinuous contact with their houses. This factor protects them from cultural assimilation. Forexample, in the USA, namely in New York, some Chinese are able to pass around whole their lifesuccessfully without English, as they do not tear away from the Chinese world, while travelingaround the whole USA. Multiculturalism is the main challenge of globalization. Thus, society or thecountry will be presented as a multicultural unity. For example, China is not only political andeconomical unity, in determined geographical borders, but it is also an imaginary society, with it’scultural sings, which is scattered in various territories of globe. Thus we can talk about China inChina, China in America, China in Russia. These challenges led to the various problems <strong>for</strong> theWestern countries.117
TOPIC 9. “MINOR CULTURES” AND THE PROBLEM OF MODERNIZATION.GEORGIAN CULTURE AND THE PROBLEMS OF MODERNIZATION.In the case of minor cultures’ modernization, we should mention several categories, especiallytradition, as in numerous cases, modernization of minor cultures are discussed as a process,conducted at the expense of disparaging the traditions of these cultures, equal to losing their ownpeculiarity.Nowa<strong>da</strong>ys, modernization bares an “anti-traditional” character, especially in case of analyzingthe nonwestern cultures’ modernization, as the modernization of these communities wasconducted at the expense of suppressing local traditions. Within the context of the westerncommunity, modernization means extension of western traditions and its development.However there is a great contrast between “traditional” and “modern” communities, successfulmodernization can take place, if it is based on some elements of traditional regulation. Thussuccessful functioning of the “modern” community depends on the existence of relevant traditionalpreconditions, their introduction and use into the modern system.That’s why it is necessary:1. To review correlation of tradition and variability, to conduct analysis of the present traditionalcommunity <strong>for</strong>ces, which facilitate the process of changes and of those, which impede it.Correspondingly, the place of these factors should be analyzed in the general structural andcultural system of regulation.2. To reveal difference among the changes, which accompany to the traditional order andwhich leave these limits and cause renewal of the community.3. To disclose the differences between the changes, which promote further development of thecommunity and which undermine this ability. 1154. To reveal a general character of impact of modern changes on the traditional system.5. To determine how community can work out within its own heritage and it has an ability tosolve these problems; or to reach this through the a<strong>da</strong>ptation to new conditions of its centralinstitutions and without important changes in the sphere of values and ideas (or theirtrans<strong>for</strong>mation). (S.N.Eisenshtadt).On the basis of discussed in<strong>for</strong>mation, we have tried to determine typological (traditional orinnovational, individualistic or collectivistic) essence of Georgian culture; to analyze correlation oftradition and modernization, peculiarities of the Georgian culture, to find out the degree ofmodernization of the Georgian society. We have overviewed the history of Georgia during the lasttwo centuries; changes, that have influenced Georgian culture on the background of ongoingprocesses in the modern world. Thus, we have outlined the possible variants of the development ofGeorgian culture.It is necessary to admit, that during the Soviet period Georgia was excluded from the worldprocesses. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it has appeared face to face with theproblems of globalization. There<strong>for</strong>e it is interesting to work out the best way <strong>for</strong> Georgia to dealwith the processes of globalization and which nuances should have been underlined. On thebackground of the ideas of the western and non-western thinkers, we have tried to examine theGeorgian reality.There is no national way out the challenges of globalization, there is only the transnational wayout. Regionalism – this is a creation of transnational, supranational unities. The creation oftransnational and supranational unities are caused by economical and political factors and suchunities are based on cultural similarities. Nowa<strong>da</strong>ys, only the European countries are united in118
supranational structures. Democracy is the basis <strong>for</strong> the European union. The members of theEuropean union are the countries, which aspire to the growth and strengthening of democracy.European union is the result of modernization, as the modernization is the development of asociety with attributes of democracy. Georgia tries to find out the answer on the challenge ofglobalization through the integration in European Union.Modernization and westernization are inevitable processes <strong>for</strong> the societies aiming to integratein the Western unity The geopolitical position of Georgia enables it to join global processes;Georgia has it’s own function in a number of economic and political projects. Hence, Georgia willface the global culture.Above mentioned processes of localization has been developed in Georgia as well as in otherparts of the world. Even the process of “McDonaldization” has gone through the certain localizationin Georgia. This is just the process, which was defined as glocalization: in many places but in adifferent kind. The purpose of is a fast food; in the West one usually spends 7-9 minutes in thisrestaurant; in non western countries McDonald’s has changed it’s profile; in Georgia it is not only aplace <strong>for</strong> fast feed, but also it is used <strong>for</strong> entertainment; schoolchildren, students, grandmothersand grandfathers together with their grandchildren go there <strong>for</strong> amusement. The process of“McDonaldization” was accompanied by the appearance of the national “fast-food” units. There arenumber of national dishes useful <strong>for</strong> fast food objects. Thus, the occurrence of westernhamburgers has stimulated trans<strong>for</strong>mation of local cookery, its a<strong>da</strong>ptation to the contemporarysituation and creation of new Georgian dishes.In this case the Georgian culture has managed to preserve its original character. Cookery isnot a decisive factor, but it is one of the important artifact of the Georgian cultureIt is difficult to image the replacement of the national culture by the global one. But it certainlydoes not mean complete denying of the global culture. The way of integration into the Westernsociety lays through the modernization, thus rejecting of the global culture is impossible <strong>for</strong>Georgia. And it is not necessary either.Georgia will not be able to get rid of the global culture.The statistical <strong>da</strong>ta are given, in which the changes taking place in the Georgian society <strong>for</strong>last years are fixed.119
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