Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
90<br />
161. Obuchowski NA, Modic MT, Magdinec M,<br />
Masaryk TJ. Assessment of the efficacy of<br />
noninvasive screening for patients with<br />
asymptomatic neck bruits. Stroke 1997; 28:<br />
1330-1339.<br />
162. Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Group.<br />
Carotid endarterectomy for patients with<br />
asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis.<br />
JAMA 1995; 273: 1421-1428.<br />
163. Moore WS, Barnett HJ, Beebe HG, Bernstein<br />
EF, Brener BJ, Brott T, Caplan LR, Day A,<br />
Goldstone J, Hobson RW 2nd, et al.<br />
Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy. A multidisciplinary<br />
consensus statement from the<br />
ad hoc Committee, American Heart<br />
Association. Stroke 1995; 26: 188-201<br />
164. Whitty CJ, Sudlow CL, Warlow CP.<br />
Investigating individual subjects and screening<br />
populations for asymptomatic carotid<br />
stenosis can be harmful. J Neurol Neurosurg<br />
Psychiatry 1998; 64: 619-623.<br />
165. Lee TT, Solomon NA, Heidenreih PA, Oehlert<br />
J, Garber AM. Cost-effectiveness of screening<br />
for carotid stenosis in asymptomatic persons.<br />
Ann Intern Med 1997; 125: 337-346.<br />
166. Derdeyn CP, Powers WJ. Cost-effectiveness<br />
of sceening for asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic<br />
disease. Stroke 1996; 27: 1944-<br />
1950.<br />
167. Yin D, Carpenter JP. Cost effectiveness of<br />
screening for asymptomatic carotid stenosis.<br />
J Vasc Surg 1998; 27: 245-255.<br />
168. Nehler MR, Moneta GL, Lee RW, <strong>Ed</strong>wards JM,<br />
Taylor LM Jr, Porter JM. Improving selection<br />
of patients with less than 60% asymptomatic<br />
internal carotid artery stenosis for follow-up<br />
carotid artery duplex scanning. J Vasc Surg<br />
1996; 24: 580-587.<br />
169. Prati P, Vanuzzo D, Casaroli M, Di Chiara A,<br />
De Biasi F, Feruglio GA, Touboul PJ.<br />
Prevalence and determinants of carotid atherosclerosis<br />
in a general population. Stroke<br />
1992; 23: 1705-1711.<br />
170. Ricci S, Flamini FO, Marini M, Antonini D,<br />
Bartolini S, Celani MG, Ballatori E, De Angelis<br />
V. The prevalence of stenosis of the internal<br />
carotid in subjects over 49: a population<br />
study [in Italian]. Epidemiol Prev 1991; 13:<br />
173-176.<br />
171. Marek J, Mills JL, Harvich J, Cui H, Fujitani<br />
RM. Utility of routine carotid duplex screening<br />
in patients who have claudication. J Vasc<br />
Surg 1996; 24: 572-577.<br />
172. Warlow CP, Dennis MS, van Gijn J, Hankey<br />
GJ, Sandercock PAG, Bamford JM, Wardlaw<br />
J. Ictus. Condotta clinica basata<br />
sull’evidenza. McGraw-Hill Libri Italia, 1998.<br />
173. Gomez CR. Carotid plaque morphology and<br />
risk for stroke. Stroke 1990; 21: 148-151.<br />
174. el-Barghouty N, Nicolaides A, Bahal V,<br />
Geroulakos G, Androulakis A. The identification<br />
of high risk carotid plaque. Eur J Vasc<br />
Endovasc Surg 1996; 11: 470-478.<br />
<strong>SPREAD</strong> – Stroke Prevention and <strong>Ed</strong>ucational Awareness Diffusion<br />
Ictus cerebrale: Linee guida italiane<br />
175. Golledge J, Cuming R, Ellis M, Davies AH,<br />
Greenhalgh RM. Carotid plaque characteristic<br />
and presenting symptom. Br J Surg 1997;<br />
84: 1697-1701.<br />
176. Leahy AL, McCollum PT, Feeley TM. Duplex<br />
ultrasonography and selection of patients for<br />
carotid endarterectomy: plaque morfology or<br />
luminal narrowing? J Vasc Surg 1988; 8:<br />
558-562.<br />
177. Lovett JK, Redgrave JNE, Rothwell PM. A critical<br />
appraisal of the performance, reporting,<br />
and interpretation of studies comparing<br />
carotid plaque imaging with histology. Stroke<br />
2005; 36: 1091-1097.<br />
178. Langsfeld M, Gray-Weale AC, Lusby RJ. The<br />
role of plaque morphology and diameter<br />
reduction in the development of new symptoms<br />
in asymptomatic carotid arteries. J Vasc<br />
Surg 1989; 9: 548-557.<br />
179. Gray-Weale AC, Graham JC, Burnett JR,<br />
Byrne K, Lusby RJ. Carotid artery atheroma:<br />
comparison of preoperative B-mode ultrasound<br />
appearance with carotid endarterectomy<br />
specimen pathology. J Cardiovasc Surg<br />
1988; 29: 676-681.<br />
180. De Bray JM, Baud JM, Dauzat M. Consensus<br />
concerning the morphology and the risk of<br />
carotid plaques. Cerebrovasc Dis 1997, 7:<br />
289-296<br />
181. Urbani MP, Picano E, Parenti G, Mazzarini A,<br />
Fiori L, Paterni M, Pelosi G, Landini L. In vivo<br />
radiofrequency-based ultrasonic tissue characterization<br />
of the atherosclerotic plaque.<br />
Stroke 1993; 24: 1507-1512.<br />
182. O’Donnell TF Jr, Erdoes L. Mackey WC,<br />
McCollough J, Shepard A, Heggerick P, Isner<br />
J, Callow AD. Correlation of B-mode ultrasound<br />
imaging and arteriography with pathologic<br />
findings at carotid endarterectomy. Arch<br />
Surg 1985; 120: 443-449.<br />
183. Sitzer M, Müller W, Siebler M, Hort W,<br />
Kniemeyer HW, Jäncke L, Steinmetz H.<br />
Plaque ulceration and lumen thrombus are<br />
the main sources of cerebral microemboli in<br />
high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis.<br />
Stroke 1995; 26: 1231-1233.<br />
184. Mathiesen EB, B?naa KH, Joakimsen O.<br />
Echolucent plaques are associated with high<br />
risk of ischemic cerebrovascular events in<br />
carotid stenosis. The Troms? study.<br />
Circulation 2001; 103: 2171-2175.<br />
185. Carra G, Visonà A, Bonanome A, Lusiani L,<br />
Peasvento R, Bortolon M, Pagnan A. Carotid<br />
plaque morphology and cerebrovascular<br />
events. Int Angiol 2003; 22: 284-289.<br />
186. Nandalur KR, Baskurt E, Hagspiel KD, Phillips<br />
CD, Kramer CM. Calcified carotid atherosclerotic<br />
plaque is associated less with ischemic<br />
symptoms than is noncalcified plaque on<br />
MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184:<br />
295-298.<br />
stesura 16 febbraio 2007<br />
187. Biasi GM, Froio A, Dietrich EB, Deleo G,<br />
Galimberti S, Mingazzini P, Nicolaides AN,<br />
Griffin M, Raithel D, Reid DB, Valsecchi MG.<br />
Carotid plaque echolucency increases the<br />
risk of stroke in carotid stenting. The ICAROS<br />
study. Circulation 2004; 110: 756-762.<br />
188. Reiter M, Bucek R, Effenberger I, Boltuch J,<br />
Lang W, Ahmadi R, Minar E, Schillinger M.<br />
Plaque echolucency is not associated with<br />
the risk of stroke in carotid stenting. Stroke<br />
2006; 37: 2378-2380.<br />
189. Gautier C, Leclerc X, Pruvo JP, Deklunder G .<br />
The role of carotid and transcranial Doppler<br />
sonography in the management of ischemic<br />
stroke. J Radiol 2005; 86: 1105-1114.<br />
190. Valton L, Larrue V, Arruè P, Géraud G, Bès A.<br />
Asymptomatic cerebral embolic signals in<br />
patients with carotid stenosis. Stroke 1995;<br />
26: 813-815.<br />
191. Markus HS, Droste DW, Kaps M, Larrue V,<br />
Kennedy RL, Siebler M, Ringelstein EB. Dual<br />
antiplatelet theraphy with clopidogrel and<br />
aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated<br />
using Doppler embolic signal detection.<br />
The CARESS trial. Circulation 2005; 111:<br />
2233-2240<br />
192. Kern R, Szabo C, Hennerici M, Meairs S.<br />
Characterization of carotid artery plaques<br />
using real- time compound B-mode ultrasound.<br />
Stroke 2004; 35: 870-875.<br />
193. Landry A, Spence D, Fenster A. Measurement<br />
of carotid plaque volume by 3-dimensional<br />
ultrasound. Stroke 2004; 35: 864-869.<br />
194. De Bray JM, Baud JM, Delanoy P, Camuzat<br />
JP, Dehans V, Descamp-Le_Chevoir J, Launay<br />
JR, Luizy F, Sentou Y, Cales P. Reproducibility<br />
in ultrasonic characterization of carotid plaques.<br />
Cerebrovasc Dis 1998; 8: 273-277.<br />
195. Handa N, Matsumoto M, Maeda H, Hougaku<br />
H, Kamada T. Ischemic stroke events and<br />
carotid atherosclerosis. Results of the Osaka<br />
Follow-up Study for Ultrasonographic<br />
Assessment of Carotid Atherosclerosis (the<br />
OSACA Study). Stroke 1995; 26: 1781-1786.<br />
196. Babikian VL, Feldmann E, Wechsler LR,<br />
Newell DW, Gomez CR, Bogdahn U, Caplan<br />
LR, Spencer MP, Tegeler C, Ringelstein EB,<br />
Alexandrov AV. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography:<br />
year 2000 update. J Neuroimaging<br />
2000; 10: 101-115.<br />
197. Sloan MA, Alexandrov AV, Tegeler CH,<br />
Spencer MP, Caplan LR, Feldmann E,<br />
Wechsler LR, Newell DW, Gomez CR,<br />
Babikian VL, Lefkowitz D, Goldman RS,<br />
Armon C, Hsu CY, Goodin DS; Therapeutics<br />
and Technology Assessment Subcommittee<br />
of the American Academy of Neurology.<br />
Assessment: transcranial Doppler ultrasonography:<br />
report of the Therapeutics and<br />
Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the<br />
American Academy of Neurology. Neurology<br />
2004; 62: 1468-1481.