anTropologia — momavlis mecniereba?!
anTropologia — momavlis mecniereba?!
anTropologia — momavlis mecniereba?!
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ssip ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da<br />
eTnologiis instituti<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> <strong>—</strong><br />
<strong>momavlis</strong> <strong>mecniereba</strong>!<br />
samecniero konferenciis moxsenebaTa krebuli<br />
gamomcemloba `universali~<br />
Tbilisi 2008
ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis humanitaruli fakultetis arqeologiisa<br />
da eTnologiis institutis eTnologiis departamentisa<br />
da ssip ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da<br />
eTnologiis institutis saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis<br />
eTnologiis ganyofilebebis mier 2007 wlis 28-30<br />
ivniss TbilisSi mowyobili konferenciis: “anTropo-<br />
logia – <strong>momavlis</strong> <strong>mecniereba</strong>!” moxsenebaTa krebuli<br />
gankuTvnilia humanitaruli fakultetebis studentebisTvis<br />
da eTnologia/anTropologiis sakiTxebiT<br />
dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.<br />
redaqtorebi:<br />
ist. mecn, doqtori n. mindaZe<br />
ist. mecn. doqtori q. xuciSvili<br />
recenzentebi:<br />
ist. mecn. doqtori m. xidaSeli<br />
ist. mecn. doqtori e. nadiraZe<br />
grifi miniWebulia ssip ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa<br />
da eTnologiis institutis samecniero sab-<br />
Wos mier (oqmi #4 2008 wlis 17 aprili)<br />
© anYTropologia, krebuli, 2008<br />
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2008<br />
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30<br />
E-mail: universal@internet.ge<br />
ISBN 978-9941-12-345-0<br />
4
edaqtoreb<br />
ebisgan<br />
winamdebare wigni warmoadgens Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis eTnologiis departamentisa da<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis<br />
saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis eTnologiis ganyofilebebis<br />
mier TbilisSi .2007w. 28-30 ivniss organizebuli<br />
samecniero konferenciis “<strong>anTropologia</strong> –<br />
<strong>momavlis</strong> mecnie-reba!” moxsenebaTa krebuls.<br />
konferenciis mowyobis aucilebloba ganapiroba<br />
dargis irgvliv Seqmnilma mdgomareobam. dasavleT<br />
evropasa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
miiCneva humanitarul <strong>mecniereba</strong>d, romelic<br />
adamians Seiswavlis socialuri, kulturuli da fizikuri<br />
ganzomilebebis mixedviT, xolo kvlevis<br />
umniSvnelovanes elementad eTnologiuri midgomebi<br />
warmogvidgeba. amave dros arsebobs anTropologiis<br />
gagebis gansxvavebuli tradiciebi (magaliTad, franguli<br />
skola <strong>anTropologia</strong>s sociologiis qvedargad<br />
aRiarebs, anglosaqsonuri tradiciiT igi oTxi dargisagan<br />
Semdgari polidisciplinuri <strong>mecniereba</strong>a da<br />
sxv.). gansxvavebuli midgoma iyo Camoyalibebuli<br />
sabWoTa sivrceSi, sadac terminiT – <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
mxolod fizikuri <strong>anTropologia</strong> aRiniSneboda.<br />
postsabWoTa periodSi gafarTovda misi mniSvneloba.<br />
magram arsebobs, rogorc terminologiuri, aseve<br />
meTodologiuri xasiaTis sirTuleebi da gaugebrobebi.<br />
konferenciis mizani iyo specialistebs emsjelaT<br />
anTropologiis arsze, Tanamedrove etapze mecnierebis<br />
sistematizaciis sxvadasxva midgomebze,<br />
eTnologia-anTropologiis kavSirsa da memkvidreobiTobaze,<br />
anTropologiuri disciplinebis ganviTarebisa<br />
da swavlebis perspeqtivebze. sakiTxis mniSvnelobas<br />
zrdis qarTul samecniero da saswavlo sivrceSi<br />
arsebuli viTareba, rodesac xSiria terminologiuri<br />
gaurkvevlobis Tu Targmanis problemebis Se-<br />
5
degad gaCenili paralelizmi. konferenciis msvlelobaSi<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa da<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis<br />
TanamSromelTa garda monawileoba miiRes<br />
ilia WavWavaZis universitetis, baTumis rusTavelis<br />
sax. universitetis, baTumis samecniero-kvleviTi<br />
centris, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis, saSualo<br />
skolebis warmomadgenlebma. diskusiebi mwvaved da<br />
sainteresod warimarTa, rac vfiqrobT aisaxa kidec<br />
warmodgenil krebulSi. rig SemTxvevebSi statiebis<br />
avtorTa Tvalsazrisi erTmaneTis sapirispiroa.<br />
migvaCnia, rom maTi dabeWdva saSualebas miscems<br />
mkiTxvels Tavad Seafasos argumentTa marTebuloba<br />
da daskvnaTa safuZvli-anoba. vfiqrobT, krebuli<br />
saintereso iqneba dainteresebuli sazogadoebisTvis,<br />
gansakuTre-biT im axalgazrdebisTvis, romlebic<br />
axla iwyeben mecnie-rebis safuZvlebis aTvisebas da<br />
<strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta siste-mebSi garkvevas.<br />
ist. mecn. doqtori nino mindaZe<br />
ist. mecn. doqtori, prof. qeTevan xuciSvili<br />
6
kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
(amerikuli tradicia)<br />
7<br />
Knino abakelia<br />
zogadi gansazRvrebiT <strong>anTropologia</strong>, romelic<br />
berZnuli sityvebisgan antropos (adamiani) da logos (goneba,<br />
codna) Sedgeba, gulisxmobs <strong>mecniereba</strong>s adamianis<br />
warmomavlobasa da evoluciaze. dasavleT evropis<br />
qveynebsa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
humanitaruli <strong>mecniereba</strong>a adamianis Sesaxeb<br />
mis yvela gamovlinebaSi. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
qveynebSi <strong>anTropologia</strong> biologiur <strong>mecniereba</strong>d iyo<br />
warmodgenili, romelic adamianisa da adamianuri<br />
rasebis warmomavlobas, fizikur organizaciasa da<br />
evolucias Seiswavlida.<br />
kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> amerikul tradicia-<br />
Si anTropologiis (mravaldargiani disciplinis)<br />
ganStoebaa; zogadad igi <strong>mecniereba</strong>a kacobriobaze<br />
da amerikul universitetebSi igi oTxi (an zogan<br />
xuTi) dargiT aris warmodgenili. es ganStoebebia:<br />
kulturuli da socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong> (an sociokulturuli<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>), anTropologiuri lingvistika,<br />
arqeologia, fizikuri an (igive biologiuri)<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> da gamoyenebiTi (anu igive praqtikuli<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>)(1).<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva xalxis aRwerilobebi<br />
jer kidev herodotesTan gvxvdeba, <strong>anTropologia</strong>,<br />
rogorc <strong>mecniereba</strong> SedarebiT axal dargad<br />
iTvleba. igi Caisaxa XIX saukunis dasarulsa da XX<br />
saukunis dasawyisSi eTnologiis bazaze da iTvleba,<br />
rom iyo erTgvari reaqcia evropul kolonializmze.<br />
sxva socialuri mecnierebebisgan gansxvavebiT<br />
anTropologiis sfero ufro farToa.Mmas ainteresebs<br />
adamianebi dedamiwis yvela kuTxeSi, maTi Tanamedrove<br />
da uZvelesi yofa, adamianTa uSualo winaprebidan<br />
dRevandel adamianamde, ainteresebs cvlilebebi dro-
Si da sxv.<br />
anTropologebi eZeben pasuxebs mravalferovan<br />
da ulev kiTxvebze. mag.: rodis, sad da ratom gaCndnen<br />
adamianebi dedamiwaze rogor da ratom icvlebian<br />
isini droSi rogor da ratom gansxvav-deba adamianuri<br />
populacia garkveuli fizikuri niSnebiT<br />
anTropologebs, aseve ainteresebT Tu rogor da ratom<br />
gansxvavdebian Zveli da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi<br />
azrovnebis stiliTa da qceviT.<br />
A<strong>anTropologia</strong>s msoflio-istoriuli interesebis<br />
garda, gaaCnia sxva mecnierebebisgan mkveTrad ganmasxvavebeli<br />
niSani _ holizmi anu yovlismomcveloba,<br />
rac gulisxmobs mravalmxriv midgomas adamianebis<br />
mimarT. anTropologebi swavloben ara marto adamian-<br />
Ta mravalferovne-bas, aramed adamianuri gamocdilebis<br />
mraval aspeqtsac, anu holizmi gulisxmobs mravalmxriv<br />
midgomas adamianis SeswavlaSi da yvela<br />
faqtoris gaTvaliswinebas, romelsac zegavlena aqvs<br />
adamianis azrovnebasa da qcevaze. mag.: adamianTa jgufis<br />
an sazogadoebis aRwerisas anTropologs SeuZlia<br />
ganixilos: Sesaswavli adgilis istoria, fizikuri<br />
garemo, ojaxuri cxovrebis organizacia, enis<br />
zogadi niSnebi, jgufis dasaxlebis modeli, politikuri<br />
da ekonomikuri sistemebi, religia, xelovnebis<br />
stili, samosi. yvela es damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba<br />
SeiZleba aRiweros cal-calke, damoukideblad,<br />
magram anTropologTa umravlesoba cdilobs gaigos<br />
da axsnas fizikuri da socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva<br />
aspeqts Soris arsebuli kavSirebi.<br />
warsulSi anTropologebi individualurad<br />
cdilobdnen yofiliyvnen holistebi da moecvaT mravali<br />
sagani. dReisTvis, iseve, rogorc sxva mraval<br />
disciplinaSi, imdeni informacia dagrovda, rom<br />
anTropologebSic SeimCneva tendencia yuradReba miapyron<br />
erT Temas an erT romelime regions. Sesabamisad,<br />
zogi anTropologi Cveni preistoriuli winapris<br />
fizikur maxasiaTeblebs ikvlevs, zogi garemos bio-<br />
8
logiur efeqts swavlobs adamianTa mosaxleobaze.<br />
sxvebi yuradRebas adamianTa garkveuli jgufis mravalferovan<br />
wes-Cveulebebze amaxvileben. specializaciis<br />
miuxedavad, anTropologiis disciplina inarCunebs<br />
misTvis damaxasiaTebel holistur orientacias<br />
im TvalsazrisiT, rom erTad arsebuli mravali gansxvavebuli<br />
specialoba SesaZleblobas iZleva axsnas<br />
warsulisa da awmyos mravali aspeqti.<br />
Aamgvarad, anTropologebis interesebis sferoSi<br />
Sedis adamianTa jgufis an sazogadoebis tipuri maxasiaTeblebi<br />
da saukuneebis manZilze maTi varirebis<br />
mizezebi.<br />
anTropologiiis calkeuli dargebi sxvadasxva<br />
sferoze fokusirdeba: sxvadasxva dargis anTropologi<br />
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva tipur Taviseburebaze<br />
koncentrirdeba da amaxvilebs yuradRebas. zogi maTgani<br />
populaciis biologiur an fizikur maxasiaTeblebs<br />
ikvlevs; sxvebi kulturul Taviseburebebs. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, arsebobs anTropologiis sagnis 2<br />
farTo klasifikacia: biologiuri (fizikuri) <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
da kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong>. kulturuli<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> sam mTavar qvedargad iyofa: arqeologiad,<br />
lingvistikad da eTnologiad (zogjer am<br />
dargs kulturuli anTropologiis saxeliTac moixsenieben).<br />
am oTxi dargis ganivi Wrili iZleva gamoyenebiT<br />
an praqtikul <strong>anTropologia</strong>s.<br />
Bbiologiuri igive fizikuri <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
ikvlevs sakiTxTa or gamokveTil wres: pirveli kompleqti<br />
moicavs kiTxvebs adamianTa gaCenasa da maT<br />
ganviTarebaze. interesTa am wres, (adamianTa) paleontologia<br />
ewodeba. sakiTxTa meore wre exeba adamianTa<br />
populaciebis biologiuri sxvaobebis Seswavlas<br />
(mas adamianTa variaciuloba ewodeba).<br />
Aadamianis evoluciis rekonstruqciisTvis paleontologebi<br />
swavloben miwaSi Camarxul gaqvavebul<br />
namarxebs an anabeWdebs, romlebic adamianebs an maT<br />
winaprebs ekuTvnoda. paleontologebma aRmosavleT<br />
9
afrikaSi aRmoaCines adamianis msgavsi arsebebis namarxi,<br />
romlebic 3 milioni wlis winaT cxovrobdnen.<br />
am aRmoCenis mixedviT SesaZlebeli gaxda savaraudo<br />
daTariReba, Tu rodis unda daewyoT Cvens winaprebs<br />
(or fexze) gamarTuli siaruli da sxv.<br />
Ppaleontologebi kvlevaSi iyeneben geologiur<br />
informaciasac klimaturi monacvleobis, garemos,<br />
mcenareebisa da cxoveluri populaciebis Sesaxeb.<br />
ufro metic, paleontologebis interesTa sferoSi,<br />
aseve, Sedis ZuZumwovarTa Soris uaxloesi naTesavebis<br />
qceva da evolucia. mag.: maimunebis, adamianis<br />
msgavsi maimunebis, romlebic, aseve, primatebis<br />
jgufSi Sedian. anTropologebs, fsiqologebs da<br />
biologebs, romlebic specializdebian primatebis<br />
kvlevaSi primatologebi ewodebaT.<br />
Bbiologiuri anTropologiis kvlevis meore<br />
mTavari sfero aris adamianTa variaciulobis Seswavlaa.<br />
gamokvleva imisa, Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdeba<br />
Tanamedrove populacia biologiuri an fizikuri<br />
niSnebiT. yvela cocxali (dRes arsebuli) xalxi<br />
erT saxeobas Homo sapiens-s miekuTvneba, radgan yvela<br />
warmatebulad jvardeba. Dda mainc, adamianTa populaciebi<br />
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian. mkvlevarebi, romlebic<br />
adamianur variacias ikvleven svamen amgvar<br />
kiTxvebs: ratom aris zogi xalxi ufro maRali,<br />
vidre sxva rogor eguebian adamianebi garemo<br />
pirobebs yvela xalxi erTnairad arCevs ferebs mag:<br />
eskimosebi ufro ukeT uZleben yinvas vidre sxvebi,<br />
muqi kanis pigmentacia ki ukeT icavs tropikuli<br />
mzisgan da sxv. biologiuri anTropologebi iyeneben<br />
sul mcire sam sxva disciplinas: adamianTa genetikas,<br />
biologias (garemo efeqtebis kvleva da misi zemoqmedeba<br />
mosaxleobis Taviseburebebze) da epidemiologias<br />
(Tu rogor da ratom avaddeba sxvadasxva<br />
populacia gansxvavebulad) da sxv.<br />
Kkulturuli anTropologiis sagania kulturuli<br />
universaliebi da variaciebi warsulsa da<br />
10
awmyoSi. magram ra aris kultura anTropologis-<br />
Tvis kultura garkveuli populaciis an sazogadoebis<br />
azrovnebis Cveulebriv wessa da qcevas exeba.<br />
ufro metic, is adamianis Tanmdevi Tvisebaa.<br />
socialuri jgufis kultura moicavs _ mis<br />
enas, religiur rwmena-warmodgenebs, sakvebis arCevans,<br />
musikas, muSaobis Cvevebs, genderul rolebs,<br />
bavSvis aRzrdas, saxlebis mSeneblobas da mraval<br />
naswavl qcevasa da ideas, romelic farTod gaziarebuli<br />
an Cveulebrivia jgufisTvis. kulturuli<br />
anTropologiis sam mTavar ganStoebas warmoadgens: 1.<br />
arqeologia (anu gardasul kulturaTa kvleva, upiratesad<br />
maTi materialuri naSTis meSveobiT) 2.<br />
anTropologiuri lingvistika (anu enebis anTropologiuri<br />
kvleva) da 3. eTnologia (arsebuli anu Tanamedrove<br />
kulturebis kvleva) romelic kulturuli<br />
anTropologiis saxelwodebiTac moixsenieba.<br />
Aarqeologia warsulSi mcxovrebi xalxis ara<br />
marto yofasa da wes-Cveulebebs Seiswavlis da cdilobs<br />
mis rekonstruqcias, aramed kulturul cvlilebebsac<br />
ikvlevs. igive istorikosisTvisac aris<br />
damaxasiaTebeli, magram arqeologi drois siRrmeSi<br />
midis. istorikosebi mxolod im sazogadoebebs exebian,<br />
romlebmac werilobiTi wyaroebi datoves da amitom<br />
ifarglebian kacobriobis istoriis mxolod bolo<br />
5 aTasi wliT. adamianTa sazogadoebebi ki arsebobdnen<br />
milionze meti wlis winaT da mxolod mcire<br />
nawils gaaCnda bolo 5000 wlis manZilze damwerloba.<br />
yvela im sazogadoebisTvis, romelsac damwerloba<br />
ar gaaCnda, arqeologia Tavis Tavze istoriis<br />
funqcias iRebs.<br />
arqeologTa umravlesobis interesebis sferos<br />
preistoria warmoadgens damwerlobamde-li, istoriamdeli<br />
dro. magram TviTon arqeologiaSi, rogorc<br />
dargSi aris specialoba, romelsac istoriul arqeologias<br />
uwodeben, romelic ufro mogviano xanis<br />
periodis (damwerlobis mqone) xalxebs swavlobs.<br />
11
Ees specialoba, Zveli sazogadoebebis kvlevisas<br />
gulisxmobs rogorc arqeologiuri, ise istoriuli<br />
meTodebis gamoyenebas, radgan masSi orgvari:<br />
arqeologiuri da istoriuli informaciaa.<br />
xalxis yofis cvlilebis gasagebad droSi, arqeologebi<br />
velze agroveben masalas. ganaTxari masala<br />
maT safuZvels aZlevs dasvan sxvadasxva sakiTxi;<br />
sad, rodis da ratom ganviTarda adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
iseTi Tavisebureba, rogorc iaraRis ke-<br />
Tebaa sad, rodis da ratom warmoiSva miwaTmoqmedeba<br />
pirvelad sad, rodis da rogor daiwyes adamianebma<br />
pirvelad cxovreba qalaqebSi<br />
Aarqeologebi ganaTxari masalis garda iyeneben<br />
sxva disciplinebis teqnikasa da aRmoCenebs.Aadrindeli<br />
iaraRebis sabuTebis mosapoveblad<br />
arqeologebi iyeneben geologiasac, romelic maT<br />
karnaxobs Tu sad aris adrindeli adamianis<br />
dasaxlebis aRmoCena SesaZlebeli eroziisa da miwayrilebis<br />
mixedviT. daTariRebisas arqeologebi<br />
ganaTxar masalas amuSaveben im procesiT, romelic<br />
pirvelad qimiam ganaviTara. xolo imis gasagebad Tu<br />
rodis aRmocenda pirveli qalaqebi arqeologma SeiZleba<br />
istorikosebis, geografebis da sxva informacia<br />
gamoiyenon. Ggarda amisa, isini Zalian xSirad<br />
iyeneben axali an axlo warsulis informacias Soreuli<br />
warsulis gasagebad.<br />
anTropologiuri lingvistika _ kulturuli<br />
anTropologiis kidev erTi ganStoebaa. lin-gvistika<br />
ufro Zveli disciplinaa, vidre <strong>anTropologia</strong>,<br />
magram adrindeli enaT<strong>mecniereba</strong> ufro im enebze iyo<br />
koncentrirebuli, romlebsac dam-werloba gaaCndaT.<br />
anTropologma lingvistebma savele samuSao<br />
iseT adgilebSi daiwyes, sadac anTropologebi ver<br />
ixelmZRvanelebdnen leqsikoniT an gramati-kis saxelmZRvaneloTi,<br />
romlebic daexmarebodnen maT am<br />
enis SeswavlaSi. Aamis sanacvlod, maT TviTon unda<br />
SeedginaT leqsikoni da gramatikis saxelmZRvanelo,<br />
12
Semdeg ki SeeswavlaT enis struqtura da istoria.<br />
sxva anTropologebis msgavsad, lingvistebic<br />
swavloben cvlilebebs droSi. zogi anTropologi<br />
lingvisti dakavebulia enis warmoSobisa da divergenciis<br />
(dacilebis) sakiTxebiT 100 wlis manZilze.<br />
enis cvlilebsa da kavSirebs droSi istoriuli<br />
lingvistika Seiswavlis. anTropologiuri lingvistika,<br />
aseve, dainteresebulia Tu rogor gansxvavdebian<br />
Tanamedrove enebi erTmaneTisgan, gansakuTrebiT<br />
Tavisi wyobiT (konstruqciiT). Llingvistikis es<br />
sfero, Cveulebriv, cnobilia rogorc deskrifciuli<br />
an struqturuli lingvistika. xolo disciplina,<br />
romelic swavlobs enis fuqcionirebas, gamoyenebas<br />
socialur konteqstSi, sociolingvistikas uwodeben<br />
da sxv.<br />
eTnologebis interesebis sferoa dRes da<br />
uaxloes warsulSi sxvadasxva xalxis Cveulebrivi<br />
azrovneba da qmedeba Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdeba<br />
erTmaneTisgan. eTnologias dRes amerikaSi<br />
(da ara marto amerikaSi) Cveulebriv kulturul<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>s uwodeben _ igi Seiswavlis imgvar<br />
azrovnebisa da qcevis modelebs, rogoricaa saqorwino<br />
wes-Cveulebebi, naTesauri sistema, politikuri<br />
da ekonomikuri sistemebi, religia, xalxuri xelovneba<br />
da musika da sxv. Tu rogor gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan<br />
am modelebiT Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi.<br />
eTnologebi ikvleven kulturis dinamikas _ anu Tu<br />
rogor viTardeba da icvleba sxvadsxva kultura<br />
droSi. garda amisa, maTi interesebis sferoSi<br />
Semodis erTi kulturis SigniT rogori mimarTebaa<br />
rwena-warmodgenebsa da praqtikas Soris. .amgvarad,<br />
eTnologebis mizani garkveulwilad igivea, rac<br />
arqeologebisa, magram es ukanasknelni upiratesad<br />
preistoriiT ifarglebian.<br />
Kkulturuli anTropologebi Tanamedroveobisa<br />
da warsuli kulturebis socialurad Camoyalibebul<br />
tradiciebs aRweren da aanalizeben. eTnologiis<br />
13
anu kulturuli anTropologiis qvedisciplina _<br />
eTnografiaa.<br />
kvlav amerikuli klasifikaciiT, kulturul<br />
anTropologebs, romelnic specializdebian romelime<br />
sazogadoebis wes-CveulebaTa aRweraSi, eZaxian<br />
eTnografebs. maT mier adamianTa yofis modelebis<br />
aRweras eTnografia ewodeba.<br />
amgvarad, sxva sityvebiT, eTnografia erTi<br />
romelime “xalxis portretia”, erTi romelime kerZo<br />
kulturis wes-CveulebaTa, rwmena-warmodgenebis da<br />
qcevis werilobiTi aRwerilobaa, romelic velze<br />
Sekrebil informacias eyrdnoba.<br />
rac Seexeba eTnologias, igi konkretuli Temis<br />
an problemis kvlevaa or an met kultu-raSi, romelic<br />
am miznisTvis SedarebiT perspeqtivas iyenebs.<br />
eTnografia warmoadgens erTi garkveuli sazogadoebis<br />
an kulturis detalebisa da specifikis kvlevas,<br />
eTnologia SedarebiTi kvlevaa wes-Cveulebebisa da<br />
rwmena – warmodgnebisa, romelic cdilobs ganaviTaros<br />
Teoriebi kulturaTa Soris msgavseba-sxvaobaze.<br />
rogorc amerikeli mecnierebi Tvlian, kulturul<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>s Tavisi specialuri mizani aqvs<br />
gansaxorcielebeli: man unda aCvenos Tu rogor qmnis<br />
erTian mTels adamianis yofis Semadgeneli TiToeuli<br />
nawili, iqneba es ena, politika, ojaxuri cxovreba,<br />
Tu religia.<br />
garkveulwilad, sxva socialuri da bihevioristuli<br />
mecnierebebi calkeul formebs ikvlevs izolirebulad,<br />
kulturuli anTropologiis interesi ki<br />
mimarTulia iqiTken daadginos Tu ra mimarTebebSia<br />
es formebi adamianTa cxovrebis (yofis) ufro farTo<br />
konteqstSi.<br />
kulturis cvlilebis Seswavlas droSi eTnoistorikosebi<br />
awarmoeben.<br />
eTnografisa da eTnoistorikosis mier Segrovebuli<br />
da gaanalizebuli masala SeiZleba gamoiyenos<br />
mesame tipis eTnologma _ kros-kulturulma mkvle-<br />
14
varma. kros-kulturuli mkvlevari dainteresebulia<br />
kulturul TaviseburebaTa zogadi modelebiT: Tu ra<br />
aris universaluri da ra aris cvladi. mag.: ratom<br />
aris meti genderuli uTanasworoba erT sazogadoebaSi,<br />
vidre meoreSi Tu rogor aris ojaxuri Zaladoba/sisastike<br />
dakavSirebuli agresiasTan, yofis<br />
sxva sferoebTan ra Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves araprognozirebad<br />
garemoSi cxovrebasAamgvar kiTxvebze<br />
pasuxis gasacemad, am mimarTebebis asaxsnelad kroskulturuli<br />
mkvlevari iyenebs kulturaTa modelebis<br />
masalas. kros-kulturuli kvlevis Sedegebi arqeologebisTvisac<br />
sasargebloa Tu isini aRmoaCenen<br />
kulturuli variaciis indikatorebs (masalas). da<br />
sxv.<br />
anTropologTa nawili fundamentur kvlevebs<br />
awarmoebs da samecniero centrebSi muSaobs, xolo<br />
meore nawili praqtikosi anTropologebi arian mag.:<br />
Tu mkvlevari aRmoaCens, rom sazogadoebebi, romel-<br />
Sic sabrZolo saxis sportia ganviTarebuli, midrekilni<br />
arian omebis warmoebisken, am daskvnam SeiZleba<br />
mkvlevari miiyvanos axal daskvnamde, kerZod, rom<br />
erTi saxis agresias mimarTeba aqvs meore saxis agresiasTan.<br />
miRebulma codnam SeiZleba garkveuli socialuri<br />
problema aRmoaCinos da maSin fundamenturi<br />
kvleva dagvexmareba praqtikuli problemis gadaWra-<br />
Si.<br />
gamoyenebiTi an praqtikuli anTropologiis me-<br />
SveobiT oTxive dargis anTropologiuri codna<br />
cxovrebis nebismier an yvela sferoSi SeiZleba iqnas<br />
gamoyenebuli. am tipis anTropologebi Sedian sam-<br />
Tavrobo organizaciebSi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi,<br />
samedicino skolebSi, iuridiul ofisebSi, sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebis saagentoebSi, saqvelmoqmedo<br />
fondebSi da sxv.<br />
amgvarad <strong>anTropologia</strong> Tavis TavSi atarebs,<br />
rogorc humanitarul aseve socialuri mecnierebis<br />
Tvisebebsac. anTropologiis humanitaruli aspeqti<br />
15
momdinareobs survilidan gavecnoT da gavigoT sxva<br />
kulturebi (an gavugoT sxva kulturebs). humanitaruli<br />
orientaciis anTropologebi kulturas mTargmnelebiviT<br />
udgebian da cdiloben erTi kulturis<br />
simboloebi gasagebi gaxdes sxva kulturis simboloebiT.<br />
mecnieruli midgoma gulisxmobs ufro mizez-<br />
Sedegobriv axsna-ganmartebebs, Tu rogor ganaviTares<br />
calkeulma kulturebma gamorCeuli Tvisebebi, an<br />
ratom SeiZleba iyos zogierTi faqti universaluri<br />
mniSvnelobis, da ratom maxvildeba yuradReba kulturis<br />
rolze adamianis garemosTan adaptirebis<br />
kvlevisas da sxv.<br />
anTropologiis es dualisturi Tviseba: gaigos<br />
da Seafasos sxva kulturebi, rogorc mniSvnelobis<br />
mqone sistemebi da mecnieruli mcdeloba axsnas<br />
kulturebi, rogorc (meqanikuri) sistemebi vlindeba<br />
sxvadsxvanairad. mag.: eTnografebi ganasxvaveben emikur<br />
(emic) da eTikur (etic) axsnebs. es pirvelad<br />
ganasxvava qenet faiqma (1954) (2). kulturis emikuri<br />
analizi dawerilia gareT myofisTvis (“auTsaideris-<br />
Tvis”) da iZleva kulturis imgvar portretsa da<br />
mniSvnelobas, rogorc es SigniT myofs (“insaiders”)<br />
esmis. rogorc vord gudinafma SeniSna, kulturis<br />
emikuri modelis adekvaturoba SeiZleba 2 gziT<br />
Semowmdes: es ar unda iyos Zaladoba adgilobrivis<br />
grZnobebze da man unda auxsnas auTsaiders Tu ra<br />
codniT aris SesaZlebeli laparaki adgilobriv<br />
kulturaze. eTikuri analizi qmnis kulturis models<br />
kros-kulturuli kategoriebiT e.i. anTropologebis<br />
aRmoCenili zogadi kategoriebiT, romelic<br />
gamosadegia yvela kulturis aRsawerad. es ki Tavis<br />
mxriv, xels uwyobs Sedarebas kulturebs Soris da<br />
universaluri principebis aRmoCenas kulturebis<br />
struqturasa da funqciebSi.<br />
rogorc kliford girci (3) aRniSnavs, “anTropologiis<br />
mizania humanitaruli diskursis sferos<br />
gafarToeba” (1973). sxvisi yofis Ziebisas anTropo-<br />
16
logebs, rogorc zemoT iTqva, mTargmnelebs adareben.<br />
Talmudistma mecnierma iakob noiznerma (4) aRwera<br />
anTopologis roli rogorc mTargmnelisa, romelic<br />
insaideris Sexedulebebs azrians xdis auTsaiderisTvis.<br />
humanitaruli problemaa Tu rogor gavigoT<br />
sxva kulturebi. aRniSnuli midgoma Jan pol diumonmac<br />
Targmans daukavSira: interpretacia…SeiZleba<br />
exebodes sam sakmaod gansxvavebul sakiTxs: zeprsityvier<br />
CamonaTvals, azrian axsnas da Targmans<br />
sxva enidan. samive SemTxvevaSi ucxo, ucnauri, gamokveTili<br />
drosa da sivrceSi xdeba nacnobi, awmyo da<br />
gasagebi:... igi iTargmneba (1978) (5).<br />
kulturis interpretacia SeiZleba moicavdes<br />
kulturis simbolizmis, enisa da ideologiis modelis<br />
kvlevas, romelic literaturuli interpretaciis<br />
an xelovnebis kritikis analogiuria. anTropologebi,<br />
romlebic specializdebian religiis, xelovnebis,<br />
folkloris da maTi zemoqmedebis Seswavlaze<br />
kulturaSi xSirad ixrebian misi humanitaruli<br />
nawilisken. Sesabamisad, kulturul <strong>anTropologia</strong>Si<br />
maxvili keTdeba imgvar kvlevebze, rogoricaa struqturalizmi,<br />
interpretaciuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> da<br />
hermenevtuli <strong>anTropologia</strong>.<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili interpretaciuli<br />
midgomaa struqturalizmi, anTropologiuri analizis<br />
ganStoeba, romelic frangi anTropologis klod<br />
levi-strosis saxels ukavSirdeba. struqturalizmis<br />
mixedviT, kulturebis garegnuli mravalferovnebis<br />
miRma erTferovneba Zevs, romelic adamianis gonebis<br />
tendenciebis amsaxvelia ifiqros, iazrovnos kontrastebiTa<br />
da opoziciebiT iseTiT rogoricaa Savi/<br />
TeTri., qali/kaci da sxv. da meore mxriv gadawyvitos<br />
dilemebi, romlebic sapirispiro ideebiT warmoiSveba<br />
(6). am mimarTulebis meore TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia<br />
meri duglasi (7).<br />
interpretaciuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> – cdilobs<br />
axsnas Tu rogor aris azrobrivad dakavSirebuli<br />
17
kulturis yvela elementi Tavis originalur konteqstTan.<br />
interpretaciuli anTropologiis warmomadgenlebi<br />
ar exebian im ZiriTad principebs, romelnic<br />
adamianTa kulturas marTaven. amis sanacvlod,<br />
isini ganixilaven yovel kulturas, rogorc azrebis<br />
gamokveTil konfiguracias, romelic sakuTari terminebiT<br />
unda iqnas gagebuli. am midgomis cnobili warmomadgenelia<br />
kliford girci (4).<br />
hermenevtuli <strong>anTropologia</strong>: (pol rikuri) xazs<br />
usvams sxvebis gagebis rols sakuTari Tavis Sesacnobad.<br />
rikuris ideebi inkorporirebul iqna anTropologiur<br />
procesSi pol rabinovis meSveobiT, romelic<br />
exeboda ormxriv mcdelobas erTmaneTisTvis<br />
gaegoT savele muSaksa da mis informants, rac gamovlinda<br />
Semdgom, rogorc “savele muSaobis dialeqtika”<br />
(1977) (8).<br />
post-modernistuli <strong>anTropologia</strong>: ramdenadac<br />
msoflio kulturebi erTmaneTze zegavlenas axdens,<br />
tradiciuli anTropologiis warmomadgenelTa mzeram<br />
gadainacvla izolirebuli “egzotikuri” kulturebidan,<br />
romlebic dRes aRarc ki arseboben, Tanamedrove,<br />
aradasavlur, mesame msoflios tradiciebze.<br />
izrdeba interesi eTnografiuli Canawerebis mimarT.<br />
postmodernistuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> amtkicebs, rom<br />
yoveli kultura unda aisaxos, rogorc “Ria (openended),<br />
SemoqmedebiTi dialogi subkulturebs, insaiderebsa<br />
da auTsaiderebs, da sxva jgufebs Soris” (j.<br />
klifordi, 1983) (9) kulturis homogenuri sistemis<br />
uaryofiT, postmodernizmi uaryofs nebismieri<br />
anTropologiuri interpretaciis avtoritetulobas.<br />
amis sanacvlod, postmodernistebi ikvleven mniSvnelobaTa<br />
nairferovnebas yofaSi da xazs usvamen kulturuli<br />
mniSvnelobebis gamokvlevas, romelic<br />
anTropologebsa da sazogadoebis adgilobriv wevr-<br />
Ta Soris dialogs warmoSobs, rac Tavis mxriv mniSvnelobaTa<br />
simravlesa da azrTa nairferobas iwvevs,<br />
riTac aRiarebs, rom “yovelTvis SesaZlebelia al-<br />
18
ternatiuli interpretacia” (markusi, 1986) (10).<br />
evropelma filosofosebma da inteleqtualebma,<br />
rogorebic iyvnen Jak lakani (1967), miSel fuko<br />
(1977), Jak derida (1976) da pier burdio (1977) zegavlena<br />
moaxdines postmodernistul <strong>anTropologia</strong>ze.<br />
dReisTvis am mimarTulebis yvelaze gavleniani an-<br />
Tropologebi arian: jeims klifordi, jorj markusi<br />
da miSel fiSeri (11).<br />
imis nacvlad, rom mkiTxvelisTvis miecaT kulturis<br />
aRwera an sruli axsna, postmodernistuli<br />
eTnografia iZleva kulturis suraTs, romelic Riaa,<br />
gaurkveveli da cvladia” (markusi da kuSmeni, 1982)<br />
(12).<br />
tipuri postmodernistuli eTnografia emyareba<br />
dialogis models. aqve Semodis polifoniis koncepti,<br />
sxvadasxva xmis da Sexedulebis aRsawerad yovel<br />
jgufSi, romelic qmnis kulturis dinamikur bunebas.<br />
eTnologia an kognituri (SemecnebiTi) <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
sistemurad aRwers kulturas informantebis<br />
mier mocemuli aRwerilobiT da mimarTavs lingvisturi<br />
kategoriebiT analizs.<br />
amgvarad, Cveni mizani iyo post-sabWoTa periodis<br />
qarTveli studentebisTvis migvewodebina kulturuli<br />
anTropologiis, rogorc dargis, amerikuli<br />
xedva, gveCvenebina, Tu rogor iswavleba da ganisazRvreba<br />
is amerikul universitetebSi.<br />
miznebidan gamomdinare, naCvenebi iyo, rom kulturuli<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> (romelsac aseve, socio-kulturul<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>s an socialur <strong>anTropologia</strong>s<br />
uwodeben) kacobriobis holisturi kvelvaa, romelic<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSia aRiarebuli.<br />
“kulturis” anTropologiuri koncepti, rogorc<br />
cnobilia specialuri literaturidan, nawilobriv<br />
iyo reaqcia adrindel dasavlur diskursze,<br />
romelic exeboda dapirispirebas “buneba”/“kultura”.<br />
aRniSnuli diskursis mixedviT, adamianTa zogi jgufi<br />
moiazreboda “bunebis mdgomarebaSi” myofad (ve-<br />
19
lurad, primitiulad...), zogi ki – “kulturis”.<br />
kulturuli anTropologebis mtkicebiT, kultura<br />
Tavad adamianuri bunebidan gamomdinareobs,<br />
radgan adamianis Tvisebaa Seqmnas kultura da yvela<br />
xalxs ZaluZs daajgufos sakuTari gamocdilebebi,<br />
kodireba gaukeTos maT da gadasces sakuTari gamocdileba<br />
momaval Taobas. anTropologiuri Teoriebi<br />
iqmneba, rogorc konkretuli kulturebis kvlevisas,<br />
aseve, maTi sxva kulturebTan mimarTebebis gansazRvrisas<br />
kulturaTa globalur qselSi.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1. Carol R. Ember. Melvin Ember, Cultural Anthropololgy, 20 th<br />
edition, New Jersey, 2007. p.10-15; Marwin Harris; Orna Johnson,<br />
Univ. of California, Los Angeles.2007, 2-9; K.Heider, Seeing<br />
Anthropology (Cultural Anthropology Through Film) University of<br />
South Carolina, Allyn and Bacon, 2-19; Reichly H.Crapo, Cultural<br />
Anthropology, understanding ourselves and others, 3 rd Edition, Utah<br />
State University, The Dushkin publishing Group, 1993, 1-3.<br />
2. Pike K., Language in relation to a unified theory of the structure<br />
of human behavior. Vol.I. Glendale: Summer Institute of Linguistics.<br />
1954.<br />
3. Geerz C., The Interpretation of Cultures, New York: Basic<br />
Books, 1973.<br />
4. ix. Heider K., dasax. naSromi, gv. 2-19 da aseve dainteresebulT<br />
SeuZliaT ixilon: Neusner J., The Talmud as<br />
anthropology, N Y.: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America,<br />
1979.<br />
5. Dumont J.P., The headman and I: Ambiguity and ambivalence in<br />
the fieldwork experience, Austin: Univ. of Texas press, 1978.<br />
6. К.Леви-Строс, Структурная Антропология, М., 1985.<br />
7. Douglas M., Purity and danger: An analysis of conflicts of<br />
pollution and taboo, N Y., Praeger and London: Routledge and Kegan<br />
Paul, 1966.<br />
8. Rabinow P., Reflections on fieldwork in Morocco. Berkley:<br />
Univ. of California, 1977, p.39; R.Crapo, dasax. naSr. gv 44.<br />
20
9. Clifford J., On ethnographic authority, representations, I, 118-<br />
146.<br />
10. Marcus G.E. Afterword: Ethnographic writing and<br />
anthropological careers. In J. Clifford & G.E. Marcus (Eds), Writing<br />
culture (pp.262-266). Berkley: Univ. of California Press, 1986.<br />
11. R.Crapo, dasax. naSr. gv. 44.<br />
12. R.Crapo, dasax. naSr. gv. 44 _ 45; aseve ix.: Marcus<br />
G.E. and Cushman D., Ethnograpies as texts: Annnual Review of<br />
Anthropology, II, 1982, 25-69.<br />
Cultural Anthropology<br />
(American Tradition)<br />
Nino Abakelia<br />
The aim of the author was to illustrate the American approach to<br />
cultural anthropology to the Post-Soviet Period Georgian students; to<br />
show the main definitions of this field and how the Cultural<br />
anthropology is recognized and studied in American Universities.<br />
Following the goals of the article, it had been shown that Cultural<br />
anthropology (which is also called socio-cultural anthropology or<br />
social anthropology) is a holistic study of Humanity, which is<br />
recognized in the United States.<br />
The anthropological concept of “culture” in the West, as it is<br />
known, was partly the reaction on the early discourse on the<br />
opposition “nature”/ “culture”. According to the mentioned discourse<br />
some groups of human beings were considered to live in a state of<br />
nature, others - in culture.<br />
According to the arguments of anthropologists culture is in itself<br />
the nature of human beings capable to classify experiences, encode<br />
classifications symbolically and pass this knowledge to others.<br />
Much anthropological theories has been originated in studying<br />
separate cultures and much more - in aiming to show the places and<br />
attitudes of these cultures in the global culture system.<br />
21
22<br />
nino Ciqovani<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>, kulturuli<br />
k<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>,<br />
kulturis mecnierebebi: problemebi da perspeqtivebi<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>, zogadi mniSvnelobiT, adamianisa<br />
da sazogadoebis holistur Seswavlas niSnavs. igi<br />
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli rogorc humanitarul da<br />
socialur, aseve sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebTan.<br />
erik vulfma <strong>anTropologia</strong>s uwoda “yvelaze<br />
mecnieruli dargi humanitarul dargebs Soris da<br />
yvelaze humanitaruli dargi mecniere-baTa Soris”<br />
("the most scientific of the humanities, and the most humanistic of the<br />
sciences").<br />
anTropologiis, rogorc mecnierebis, Camoyalibebas<br />
ukavSireben bunebismetyvelebis ganviTarebas<br />
evropuli kolonizaciis periodSi – XVII-XX saukuneebSi.<br />
swored aqedan iRebs saTaves “primitiul sazogadoebaTa”<br />
eTnografiuli kvleva koloniuri administraciis<br />
iniciativiT. ganmanaTlebelTa naazrevSi<br />
Tavs iCens tendencia adamianTa sazogadoebis, rogorc<br />
bunebis fenomenis gagebisa, romlis qceva Seesabameba<br />
bunebis kanonebs. garkveuli azriT, koloniuri<br />
xalxebis ena, kultura, artefaqtebi Tu fsiqologia<br />
Seiswavleboda iseve, rogorc maTi flora da fauna.<br />
XIX saukunidan <strong>anTropologia</strong> TandaTan gaemijna<br />
rogorc bunebismetyvelebas, aseve wminda saistorio<br />
an filologiur dargebs (Classics da sxv.). XX<br />
saukunis dasawyisidan meore msoflio omamde socialuri<br />
da kulturuli anTropologiis ZiriTad amocanas<br />
warmoadgenda udamwerlobo xalxebis cxovrebis<br />
aRwera. am periodSi <strong>anTropologia</strong> britanuli<br />
da amerikuli skolebis ori gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT<br />
viTarde-boda. pirveli maTganis fuZemdeblebad<br />
e. teilori da j. frezeri iTvlebian. SemdgomSi<br />
britanuli socialuri anTropologiis ganviTarebaze<br />
didi gavlena iqonies b. malinovskim da a. redklif-
aunma. “amerikuli anTropologiis mamad” franc<br />
boass ixsenieben. misi studentebis pirveli Taoba<br />
warmodgenilia alfred kroeberis, robert louis,<br />
eduard sepirisa da ruT benediqtis saxelebiT. meore<br />
msoflio omis Semdeg britanuli “socialuri anTropologiisa”<br />
da amerikuli “kulturuli anTropologiis”<br />
daaxlovebam saTave daudo “sociokulturuli<br />
anTropologiis” Camoyalibebas. masze didi gavlena<br />
iqonia frangulma skolamac (e. diurqheimi, l. levibriuli,<br />
k. levi-strosi da sxv.).<br />
50-iani wlebis miwurulidan, eTnografiuli<br />
kvlevebis mniSvnelobis SenarCunebasTan erTad, TandaTan<br />
momwifda azri imis Tobaze, rom miRwevaTa miuxedavad,<br />
eTnografiul kvlevebs aklda siRrme. axali<br />
mizani Teoriaze orientirebuli midgomis Camoyalibeba<br />
iyo. daiwyo kamaTi anTropologiuri kvlevis<br />
Teoriuli safuZvlis Taobaze. mkvlevarTa nawili,<br />
kerZod, lonsbari (Lounsbury) da gudinafi (Goodenough)<br />
ielsa da pensilvaniaSi upiratesobas aniWebdnen<br />
lingvistur midgomas. girci (Geertz) da Snaideri<br />
(Schneider), talkot parsonsis gavleniT, romelic<br />
saWirod Tvlida kulturis gamijvnas socialuri<br />
sistemisa da individisagan, aqcents simboloebsa da<br />
mniSvnelobebze akeTebdnen, rac exmaureboda faseulobaTa<br />
kvlevis klakhoniseul ideas. am dros aSS-Si<br />
Zlieri iyo levi-strosis gavlena, romelmac gaavrcela<br />
da daamkvidra iakobsonisa da de sosiuris<br />
struqturalisturi ideebi naTesaobis, miTisa da ritualis<br />
kvlevaSi. uaiTingi (Whiting), spiro (Spiro) da<br />
sxvebi dainteresebuli iyvnen kulturis gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
da dacviTi funqciebiT. salinsi (Sahlins),<br />
stiuarti (Stewart), harisi (Harris), rapaporti (Rappaport)<br />
da sxvebi ufro materialisturad orientirebuli<br />
iyvnen da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen<br />
ekonomikur garemosa da faqtorebs. boasis skola,<br />
aqcentiT istoriul urTierTobebze, inarCunebda<br />
23
gavlenas arealuri kvlevis (area studies) sferoSi.<br />
Sromebis umetesobaSi aqcenti keTdeboda meTodebze,<br />
eTnografiuli kvlevebis gaumjobesebaze im mimarTulebiT,<br />
rom misi masalebi gamosadegi yofiliyo<br />
Teoriuli ganzogadebisaTvis (“Teoriulad gamosadegi<br />
aRwera” – “theoretically relevant description”).<br />
dasaxelebuli periodi aSS-Si anTropologiis<br />
aRmavlobis xana iyo. izrdeboda anTropologiis<br />
departamentTa ricxvi, iseve rogorc anTropologTa<br />
dasaqmebis bazari.<br />
swored XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan yalibdeba<br />
dargi, romlis saxelwodebad mkvidrdeba kulturis<br />
mecnierebebi/kulturis kvlevebi (Cultural ( Studies).<br />
Cveulebriv, am termins xan kulturuli anTropologiis<br />
sinonimuri, xan ki ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT<br />
iyeneben. kulturis <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta calke dargad CamoyalibebaSi<br />
didi wvlili miuZRvis amerikuli<br />
kulturuli anTropologiis warmomadgenels lesli<br />
elvin uaits, romelmac, kolegebTan seriozul<br />
kamaTSi, daasabuTa kulturis mravalmxrivi fenomenis<br />
sagangebo Seswavlis aucilebloba da dargis<br />
saxelwodebad “kulturologia” SemogvTavaza. terminis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, mis winamorbedad SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />
germaneli qimikosi-nobelianti vilhelm ostvaldi,<br />
romelic 1913 wels werda: specifikur<br />
adamianur Taviseburebebs, romlebic ganasxvavebs<br />
homo sapiensis modgmas cxovelTa yvela sxva saxeobisagan,<br />
moicavs saxelwodeba “kultura”. Sesabamisad,<br />
<strong>mecniereba</strong>s saqmianobis specifikuri adamianuri<br />
saSualebebis Sesaxeb Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewodos<br />
“kulturologia” 1 .<br />
ganagrZo da ganaviTara ra ostvaldis idea, l.<br />
uaitma 1930 Tu 1931 wels miCiganis universitetSi waikiTxa<br />
saleqcio kursi “kulturolo-giaSi”, 1949 wels<br />
ki gamosca cnobili naSromi “<strong>mecniereba</strong> kulturis<br />
1 cit wignidan: kulturologia. Tsu gamomc., Tb., 2003, gv.5.<br />
24
Sesaxeb”. misi koncefciis gavrcelebaSi didi roli<br />
Seasrula ramdenime saprogramo statiam, romelTagan<br />
gansakuTrebiT cnobilia “kulturologia” (amerikuli<br />
Jurnali “Science”, 1958), romelic Sevida socialur<br />
<strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta saerTaSoriso enciklopediaSi, da<br />
“energia da kulturis evolucia” (1943).<br />
wigniT “<strong>mecniereba</strong> kulturis Sesaxeb” l. uaitma<br />
humanitaruli codnis axali tradiciis damkvidreba<br />
daiwyo. man pirvelma scada, ganesazRvra kulturologiis<br />
Seswavlis sagani, daesabuTebina termin<br />
“kulturologiis” marTebuloba am mecnierebis aRsaniSnavad,<br />
SemoeTavazebina kulturis rogorc mTlianobis<br />
ganxilvisadmi sistemuri midgoma. sayovelTaod<br />
cnobilia uaitis azri imis Sesaxeb, rom kulturis,<br />
rogorc kvlevis calke sferos “aRmoCena” rodesme<br />
kuTvnil adgils daikavebs kopernikis heliocentruli<br />
Teoriisa da sicocxlis yvela formis ujreduli<br />
safuZvlis mignebis gverdiT 2 .<br />
Tavad terminis “kulturis kvlevebi/mecnierebebi”<br />
Semotana riCard hogartis saxels ukavSirdeba:<br />
1964 wels man birminhemSi daaarsa Tanamedrove kulturis<br />
kvlevaTa centri (Centre for Contemporary Cultural<br />
Studies).<br />
kulturis mecnierebebi Tavs uyris kulturis<br />
anTropologiis, muzeumTmcodneobis, xelovnebis<br />
istoriis, sociologiis, istoriis, filosofiis,<br />
mediis Teoriis, literaturaTmcodneobis, politikuri<br />
ekonomikis da zogierTi sxva dargis monacemebs<br />
sxvadasxva sazogadoebis kulturuli fenomenis Sesaswavlad.<br />
igi cdilobs, gaarkvios kulturis fenomenis<br />
kavSiri ideologiis, eTnikurobis, nacionalizmis,<br />
socialuri klasis, genderis da sxva sferoebSi<br />
mimdinare procesebTan. kulturis <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta interesis<br />
sagania mniSvnelobebi da praqtika, romelic<br />
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi realizdeba. magaliTad,<br />
2 iqve, gv.6.<br />
25
dRes kulturis kvlevebi/mecnierebebi ikvlevs globalizaciasTan<br />
dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, dasavleTis<br />
hegemoniisadmi winaaRmdegobis formebs da Tanamedrove<br />
msoflioSi mimdinare sxva procesebs. kulturis<br />
kvlevaTa mizania kulturis gageba mTeli Tavisi sir-<br />
TuliTa da mravalferovnebiT, agreTve socialuri<br />
da politikuri konteqstis analizi, romelSic kultura<br />
warmoCndeba.<br />
xandaxan termins kulturis kvlevebi arealuri<br />
kvlevebis (Area Studies) an regionuli kvlevebis<br />
(Regional Studies) sinonimuri mniSvenlobiT iyeneben,<br />
ramdenadac igi dakavSirebulia calkeuli kulturebis<br />
mecnierul SeswavlasTan iseT programebSi,<br />
rogorebicaa, magaliTad, islamuri kvlevebi, aziuri<br />
kvlevebi, amerikuli kvlevebi da a.S. Tumca, kulturis<br />
kvlevaTa sxva sadoqtoro programebSi (jorj<br />
meisonis universiteti, CrdiloeT karolinis<br />
grinsboros universiteti da sxv.) ar aris dakavSirebuli<br />
specifikuri kulturuli praqtikebis SeswavlasTan.<br />
mkvlevarTa umetesoba aRiarebs kulturis kvlevebis/mecnierebebis<br />
xangrZliv istoriasa da mravalmxriv<br />
memkvidreobas, Tumca es xels ar uSlis mtkicebas,<br />
rom dargi, konkretuli Sinaarsis Sesabamisi<br />
mniSvnelobiT, saTaves iRebs 1950-iani wlebidan,<br />
xolo is, rac iyo manamde, warmoadgenda erTgvar<br />
mosamzadebel samuSaosa da winapirobas kvlevisa da<br />
swavlebis calke dargad kulturis kvlevebis/<strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta<br />
CamoyalibebisaTvis. naazrevi, romelze<br />
dayrdnobiTac Camoyalibda kulturis kvlevebi, ukve<br />
arsebobda adre Seqmnil SromebSi, _ aRniSnavda raimond<br />
uiliamsi 1989 wels gamocemul naSromSi “kulturis<br />
<strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta momavali” da kulturis kvlevaTa<br />
safuZvlebs adreul saganmanaTleblo moZraobaSi<br />
eZebda.<br />
dRes kulturis kvlevebis/mecnierebebis erT-erT<br />
yvelaze avtoritetul warmomadgenlad miCneuli<br />
26
itaneli mecnieris stiuart holis 3 azriT, es<br />
dargi saTaves iRebs 1950-iani wlebidan, roca iwyeba<br />
marqsizmisa da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli evropocentrizmis<br />
rRveva da safuZveli eryeva Teziss imis<br />
Taobaze, rom ekonomikuri bazisi ganmsazRvrelia<br />
kulturuli superstruqturisaTvis; kulturis kvlevebi/me-cnierebebi<br />
warmoiSva axali memarcxeneebis<br />
marqsizmTan dapirispirebis viTarebaSi. kulturis<br />
kvlevebis Camoyalibebaze gavlena iqonia ramdenime<br />
Teoriulma mimdinareobam, romelTa nawili kulturis<br />
Teoriis farglebs miRma warmoiSva, eseni iyo feminizmi,<br />
rasizmi, genderi da xelisuflebis sakiTxi 4 .<br />
ganagrZo ra kulturuli anTropologiis tradicia,<br />
kulturis kvlevebi/mecnierebebic ori ZiriTadi<br />
skolis _ britanulisa da amerikulis _ farglebSi<br />
ganviTarda. maTgan pirveli ufro metad iyo aRbeWdili<br />
memarcxene politikuri Sexedulebebis niSniT da<br />
orientirebuli iyo “kapitalisturi masobrivi kulturis”<br />
kritikaze. maT SeiTvises farnkfurtis skolis<br />
zogierTi idea, dakavSirebuli “kulturis industriis”<br />
(masobrivi kulturis) cnebasTan. kulturis<br />
kvlevebis/mecnierebebis amerikuli versia ki ufro<br />
metad dainteresebuli iyo masobrivi kulturis<br />
aRqmis subieqturi mxariT, auditoriis reaqciiT masobriv<br />
kulturaze. gansxvaveba am ori skolis midgomebs<br />
Soris XX saukunis bolosaTvis TandaTanobiT<br />
gafermkrTalda. masobrivi kulturis pasiur momxmarebelze<br />
warmodgenas Caenacvla Tvalsazrisi, romelic<br />
xazs usvams adamianTa mier kulturuli teqstebis<br />
sxvadasxvagvar wakiTxvas, miRebasa da interpreta-<br />
3 man Secvala riCard hogarti Tanamedrove kulturis<br />
kvlevaTa centris (birminhemi) direqtoris postze.<br />
4 Hall S. Cultural Studies and its Theoretical Legacies. – The Cultural<br />
Studies Reader. 2nd ed. Ed. by Simon During. London ; New York:<br />
Routledge, 2003, pp.97-109.<br />
27
cias, rac damokidebulia mniSvnelobaze, romelsac<br />
momxmarebeli aniWebs kulturis produqts. kulturis<br />
kvlevebis/mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebma kulturis<br />
moxmareba mWidrod daukavSires kulturul identobas.<br />
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi politikuri movlena,<br />
romelmac didi gavlena iqonia samecniero wreebze<br />
rogorc aSS-Si, aseve evropaSi, vietnamis omi iyo.<br />
mecnierTa didi nawili omis mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi<br />
aRmoCnda. omma gamoiwvia studentTa da axalgazrda<br />
mecnier-pedagogTa radikalizacia, romlebic winaaRmdegi<br />
iyvnen mecnierebis gadaqcevisa samxedro-industriuli<br />
kompleqsis nawilad da gadaWriT emijnebodnen<br />
“istebliSments”. gamoCndnen avtorebi, romlebic<br />
amtkicebdnen, rom <strong>anTropologia</strong>s unda Seecvala mimarTuleba<br />
da gezi aeRo axal anti-istebliSmentze,<br />
anti-<strong>mecniereba</strong>sa da anti-kapitalizmze. Tavdapirvelad<br />
am avtorTa gavlena mcire iyo. Teoriaze orientirebuli<br />
eTnografia kvlav rCeboda ZiriTad mimar-<br />
Tulebad. magram, rogorc Seri ortneri (Sherry Ortner)<br />
1984 wels gamocemul wignSi aRniSnavda, 1960-iani<br />
wlebidan moyolebuli, aSS-sa da safrangeTSi (naklebad<br />
– inglisSi) gaZlierda radikaluri socialuri<br />
moZraobani. gaCnda kontrkultura, Semdeg – antisaomari<br />
moZraoba, cota mogvianebiT – qalTa moZraoba.<br />
maT ara marto gavlena iqonies akademiur samyaroze,<br />
aramed mis SigniT mniSvnelovani frTa Seqmnes. yvelaferi,<br />
rac arsebuli wesrigis nawils warmoadgenda,<br />
kritikis obieqti gaxda. <strong>anTropologia</strong>s brals<br />
sdebdnen kolonializmsa da imperializmTan istoriul<br />
kavSirSi. axali kriticizmis simbolod marqsi<br />
iqca 5 . ortneri saubrobs aqcentis gadatanaze tradiciuli<br />
marqsizmidan frangul struqturul marqsizmze,<br />
politikur ekonomiasa da xelisuflebis proble-<br />
5 cit. naSromidan: D'Andrade R. The Sad Story of Anthropology 1950-<br />
1999. Journal for Cross-Cultural Research, 2000, 34:3, pp.219-232.<br />
28
maze 70-80-ian wlebSi. diskusia maRal Teoriul<br />
doneze mimdinareobda, Tumca, umetesad, anTropologiis<br />
miRma. rac Seexeba <strong>anTropologia</strong>s, aq aqcenti<br />
aSkarad Seicvala: eTnografiuli da zogadad anTropologiuri<br />
kvlevis mizani gaxda ara Teoriulad<br />
gamosadegi aRwera, aramed moraluri kritika, mimar-<br />
Tuli Zalauflebis, zewolisa da dominaciis winaaRmdeg.<br />
Sesustda klasikuri marqsistuli aqcenti materialur<br />
faqtorebze.<br />
ideologiis marqsistuli cneba Seicvala Tavad<br />
kulturis, rogorc zewolis/daTrgunvis (opression)<br />
yvelaze Zlieri wyaros kritikiT. paTosi ufro hegelianuri<br />
iyo, vidre materialisturi. 6 .<br />
80-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan kulturis kvlevebi/mecnierebebis<br />
mTavar amocanad iqca dasavluri<br />
burJuaziuli kulturis Zaladobis faruli Tu<br />
aSkara gamovlinebebis – rasizmis, nacionalizmis,<br />
homofobiis, scientizmis _ kritika. Sesabamisad,<br />
eTnografiis ZiriTadi amocana gaxda dasavluri kulturis<br />
modernizebuli Zalebisadmi aradasavluri da<br />
periferiuli kulturebis winaaRmdegobis kvleva.<br />
“anti-istebliSmenturma” paTosma destruqciuli tendenciebi<br />
moitana, zogadad, <strong>anTropologia</strong>sa da, ker-<br />
Zod, kulturis kvlevebSi/mecnierebebSi. epistemiologiuri<br />
relativizmisa (ar arsebobs realuri<br />
safuZveli codnisaTvis) da moraluri midgomis (me<br />
vici, ra aris swori da samyaro unda Seicvalos Cemi<br />
am Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisad) kombinaciam didi gavlena<br />
iqonia mecnierebis am sferoze. saswavlo programebidan<br />
TandaTanobiT ganidevna kvlevis standartuli<br />
raodenobrivi meTodebis swavleba. 2000 wels r.<br />
d’andrades sityviT, dasavleTis elituri universitetebis<br />
did nawilSi kulturuli anTropologiis<br />
momaval specialistebs aRar aswavlidnen aRarc Sesa-<br />
Zleblobis modelebs (probability models), mizez-Sede-<br />
6 iqve.<br />
29
gobriv analizsa (causal analysis) da mravalganzomilebian<br />
Skalirebas (multi-dimensional scaling). arada,<br />
amgvari codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia ara mxolod<br />
kros-kulturuli kvlevebi, aramed mopovebuli Sedegebis<br />
gagebac ki. amgvar damokidebulebas kulturuli<br />
anTropologiis warmomadgenlebi imiT amarTleben,<br />
rom, TiTqos, maTi saqmea ara ganzogadeba 7 , aramed<br />
interpretacia. maTi azriT, mniSvnelobani Tvisebrivia<br />
da ara raodenobrivi. Cven ar gvWirdeba Zaladobis,<br />
dominaciis, xelisuflebis Sesaxeb Cveni<br />
ideebis testireba, Cven es yvelaferi sakuTari gamocdilebidan<br />
da iseTi avtoritetebis Txzulebebidan<br />
viciT, rogorebic arian fuko da burdie. Cven viciT,<br />
rom kulturuli diskursi ganapirobebs adamianTa<br />
mier samyaros amgvar, da ara sxvagvar interpretacias,<br />
swored samyaros amgvari aRqma maT mier aris<br />
sxvaTa mier maTi daTrgunvis ganmapirobebeli mizezic.<br />
Cven SeviswavliT im adgilebs, sadac aseTi<br />
zewola gansakuTrebiT Zlieri da mdgra-dia – gareubnebsa<br />
da getoebSi, migrantebSi, devnilebsa da<br />
adgilnacval pirebSi, koloniur xalxebSi. Cven<br />
gvinda gavaTavisufloT adamianebi reJimebisa da<br />
codnisagan, romlebic maT imonebs, amboben isini 8 .<br />
samwuxarod, XX saukunis miwuruli arc mniSvnelovani<br />
Teoriuli miRwevebiT yofila gamorCeuli.<br />
d’andrades sityviT, dRes, ZiriTadad, mimarTaven did<br />
TeoretikosTa naazrevis “amoWra-Cawebebis” (cut and<br />
paste) meTods, bevrs kamaToben, eZieben argumentebs,<br />
magram bundovani sakiTxebi kvlav bundovani rCeba.<br />
sxva ram arc aris mosalodneli, radgan empiriuli<br />
masalisa da konceptualuri ganzogadebebis Sesabamisobis<br />
dadgena aucileblad moiTxovs raodenobrivi<br />
meTodebis gamoyenebas, Teoriis Sesaqmnelad saWiroa<br />
7 kerZo SemTxvevebis ganzogadebas aucileblad Wirdeba<br />
statisticckuri monacemebis analizi.<br />
8 D'Andrade R. dasax. naSr.<br />
30
alternatiuli modelebis SemuSaveba da Semdeg maTgan<br />
ukeTesi modelebis Seqmna, rac aseve SeuZlebelia<br />
mxolod interpretaciebis doneze, rac ar unda<br />
mimzidveli da marjve Candes isini. nebismieri<br />
Teoriuli “migneba” SeiZleba warmatebiT gadaisinjos<br />
sxva “mignebis” safuZvelze, Tu igi myar empiriul<br />
safuZvels ar emyareba.<br />
samecniero literaturaSi xSirad aRiniSneba, rom<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>, bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi, sxva<br />
socialur mecnierebebze metad ganicdida politikur<br />
cvlilebaTa zegavlenas 9 . swored amitom, maSin, roca<br />
kulturis kvlevebi aRmavlobis gzaze idga, fuls<br />
izidavda da avtoritets ixveWda (XX saukunis 60-70-<br />
iani wlebi), dadga sakiTxi disciplinis seriozulobis,<br />
politikuri simpaTiebisadmi misi daqvemdebarebulobis<br />
da, Sesabamisad, kulturis kvlevebis/mecnierebebis<br />
arsis Sesaxeb.<br />
gaCnda kiTxvebi: ramdenad mowesrigebulia kulturis<br />
kvlevebi/mecnierebebi, rogorc disciplina aqvs<br />
Tu ara mas kvlevis konkretuli obieqti, sakuTari<br />
meTodologia Tu is warmoadgens yvelafers, rasac<br />
isini akeTeben, vinc sakuTar Tavs kulturis kvleva-<br />
TaAproeqtisa da praqtikis farglebSi moiazrebs<br />
mkvlevarTa azri orad gaiyo: nawili dargis “mowesrigebis”,<br />
Sesabamisad, “Caketvis” winaaRmdegi iyo,<br />
meore nawili ki warmoudgenlad Tvlida calke dargis<br />
Sesaxeb saubars misi konkretuli arsis, Zireuli<br />
poziciebis gansazRvris gareSe. mkvlevarTa nawili<br />
kulturis kvlevebs ganixilavs rogorc “codnis<br />
meTodebis kodifikacias” da institucionalizaciis<br />
mcdelobas, sxvebi xazs usvamen mis mudmiv cvalebadobas,<br />
TiTqos garkveuli sakiTxebis xelaxla dayenebis<br />
tradicias. maTi azriT, kulturis kvlevebi aris<br />
proeqti, romlis realizacia gamudmebiT dabrkole-<br />
9 D'Andrade R. The Sad Story of Anthropology 1950-1999. Journal for<br />
Cross-Cultural Research, 2000, 34:3, pp.219-232.<br />
31
ulia mudmivi fragmentaciiTa da demontaJiT 10 .<br />
Cveni azriT, am kamaTSi saintereso da sayuradRebo<br />
pozicia daikava stiuart holma, romelic Tvlis,<br />
rom kulturis kvlevebi/mecnierebebi, rogorc proeqti,<br />
usasruloa da, am TvalsazrisiT, pluralisturia,<br />
igi ar aris raime saxis gabatonebuli diskursi<br />
an meta-diskursi. es aris proeqti, romelic yovel-<br />
Tvis gaxsnilia imisaTvis, rac aqamde cnobili ar<br />
aris. magram mas aqvs raRac, rasTanac yvelaferi es<br />
dakavSirebulia, aqvs garkveuli RerZi, sayrdeni<br />
arCevanisaTvis da swored amitom kulturis kvlevebi<br />
aris es, da ara sxva ram 11 .<br />
kulturis kvlevebi diskursuli warmonaqmnia<br />
(fukoseuli gagebiT). mas ar gaaCnia martivi, erTiani<br />
warmomavloba, aramed mravali diskursi da mravali<br />
istoria aqvs. mas aqvs sxvadasxva koniunqtura da<br />
warsulis sxvadasxva momenti, moicavs mraval<br />
sxvadasxva tipis naSroms. ramdenadac kulturis<br />
kvlevebi/mecnierebebi interdisciplinuri dargia, mis<br />
farglebSi Seiswavleba sxvadasxva Teoria mecnierebis<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli sferoebidan. magaliTad,<br />
kulturis kvlevebis/mecnierebebis Camoyalibebaze<br />
didi gavlena iqonies Teodor adornos, karl marqsis,<br />
maqs horkhaimeris, pier burdies, iudiT batleris,<br />
Jak deridas, miSel fukos, zigmund froidis, antonio<br />
gramSis, iurgen habermasis, stiuart holis, Jak<br />
lakanis, raimond uiliamsis da sxvaTa Teoriebma.<br />
amrigad, kulturis kvlevebs/mecnierebebs hqonda mravali<br />
traeqtoria, yalibdeboda mravali meTodologiisa<br />
da Teoriis safuZvelze, magram, amave dros, igi<br />
yovelTvis inarCunebs mTlianobas.<br />
karolin stidmani aRniSnavs, rom kulturis kvle-<br />
10 ix. Steedman C. Culture,Cultural Studies and the Historians. – The Cultural<br />
Studies Reader. 2nd ed. Ed. by Simon During. London ; New York:<br />
Routledge, 2003, pp.46-56.<br />
11 iqve.<br />
32
vebi ar aris nostalgiuri xasiaTis, memkvidreobaze<br />
orientirebuli disciplina, romelic koncentrirebulia<br />
Zveli gzebisa da tradiciebis SenarCunebaze;<br />
igi mgZnobiarea msoflioSi mimdinare procesebisadmi<br />
12 .<br />
amave dros, s. holi Tvlis, rom kulturis kvlevebi/mecnierebebi<br />
namdvilad dgas garkveuli safrTxis<br />
winaSe, rogorc dargi, romelic mWidrod da<br />
uSualodaa dakavSirebuli realur koniunqturasTan.<br />
realobaSi momxdari cvlilebebi da mimdinare movlenebi<br />
gansazRvravs kulturis kvlevaTa Teoriuli<br />
interesis sferos, Sesabamisad, kvlevis praqtikas.<br />
amdenad, s. holis azriT, kulturis kvlevebSi<br />
mudmivi da stabiluria ”situaciuri (koniunqturuli)<br />
codna”, misi gramSiseuli gagebiT – codna, romelic<br />
ufuZneba da, amave dros, gamosadegia specifikuri da<br />
myisieri politikuri da istoriuli viTarebebisa-<br />
Tvis; stabiluria agreTve imis gacnobiereba, rom<br />
reprezentaciaTa struqtura, romelic Seadgens kulturis<br />
anbans da gramatikas, warmoadgens instruments<br />
socialuri ZalisaTvis da saWiroebs kritikul<br />
Seswavlas. swored amgvari Seswavla da kvleva qmnis<br />
risks profesiuli kvlevebisaTvis kulturis kvleveb-<br />
Si/mecnierebebSi 13 .<br />
amgvarad, dasavlel mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT,<br />
dRes dasavleTSi kulturuli anTropologiis mdgomareoba<br />
arcTu saxarbieloa. raodenobrivi meTodebis<br />
swavlebasTan erTad, TandaTan Tmoben poziciebs<br />
lingvisturi <strong>anTropologia</strong>, folklori, daRmavlobis<br />
gzazea fsiqologiuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>, religiis<br />
mecnieruli kvleva anTropologiis farglebSi<br />
gaqrobis pirasaa. Tumca perspeqtiva arc ise uimedoa.<br />
mimdinareobs kros-kulturuli kvlevebi evoluciuri<br />
fsiqologiis bazaze, agreTve kulturul sivrceTa<br />
12 Steedman C. dasax. naSr., gv.46-56.<br />
13 Hall S. dasax.naSr.<br />
33
SedarebiTi kvlevebi. axalgazrda Taoba ar aris ise<br />
Zlier moralisturad orientirebuli, rogorc maTi<br />
maswavleblebi. <strong>anTropologia</strong> damkvidrebulia kolejebisa<br />
da universitetebis kurikulumebis umravlesobaSi,<br />
kulturul <strong>anTropologia</strong>s mxars umSvenebs<br />
biologiuri <strong>anTropologia</strong> da arqeologia _ sferoebi,<br />
sadac kvlevis meTodika kargadaa damuSavebuli<br />
da aRmoCenebi grZeldeba.<br />
magram <strong>momavlis</strong> ganWvreta Znelia. rogorc<br />
d’andrade varaudobs, kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
mainc SeiZleba aRmoCndes periferiul poziciaze.<br />
sociologiaSi mimdinareobs anTropologiis analogiuri<br />
problemebis kvleva, Tanac mas meTodebisa da<br />
Teoriebis ufro farTo asortimenti aqvs. sociologebi<br />
aqtiurad iyeneben eTnografiuli kvlevebis<br />
monacemebs, Tanac am masalas da instituciur statistikas<br />
uxameben istoriul analizsa da modelirebas.<br />
socialuri fsiqologia aseve aRwevs fsiqologiuri<br />
anTropologiis sferoSi, empiriuli baza maT soliduri<br />
aqvT, amave dros, kargi meTodologebi da eqsperimentatorebi<br />
arian. socialuri fsiqologebi<br />
dainteresebuli arian fsiqikaze kulturis gavlenis<br />
kvleviT, sxva erebis warmomadgenel kolegebTan<br />
erToblivi kros-kulturuli kvlevebi fsiqologebisaTvis<br />
Cveulebrivi saqmea. CarTul dakvirvebaze<br />
damyarebuli eTnografiuli praqtika TandaTan Tmobs<br />
poziciebs, rogorc sxva dargebisaTvis mimzidveli<br />
da mniSvnelovani mecnieruli meTodi da mas warmatebiT<br />
uwevs konkurencias sxvadasxva (istoriul,<br />
instituciur, samarTlebriv, dakvirvebisa da<br />
eqsperimentis gzebiT miRebul) monacemTa analizi 14 .<br />
yvela is mkvlevari, romelic saubrobs problemebze<br />
dargis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, miuTiTebs<br />
kroskulturul da interdisciplinur kvlevebze,<br />
rogorc erTaderT perspeqtivaze kulturis kvleve-<br />
14 D'Andrade R. dasax. naSr.<br />
34
isaTvis. interdisciplinuri kvlevisa da swavlebis<br />
saWiroeba mecnierebis yvela dargSi mkafiod gamoikveTa<br />
jer kidev meore msoflio omis Semdeg, ramac<br />
asaxva hpova humanitarul da socialur <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta<br />
praqtikaSi 15 .<br />
interdisciplinuri da Sidadisciplinuri kvleva<br />
erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebuli ki ar aris, aramed<br />
erTmaneTs avsebs. specializacia Tanamedrove mecnierebis<br />
aucilebeli da pozitiuri Sedegia. amave dros,<br />
sakvlev sferoebs Soris barierebis moxsna erTmane-<br />
Tisagan ki ar mijnavs, aramed piriqiT, erTmaneTTan<br />
akavSirebs sxvadasxva <strong>mecniereba</strong>s 16 . interdisciplinuri<br />
kvleva ar niSnavs disciplinurobis dakninebas<br />
da misi rolis ugulebelyofas. rogorc j. kleini<br />
da h. uiliami aRniSnaven, “arsebobs iseTi sakiTxebi<br />
da problemebi, romlebic bevrad ufro farToa,<br />
vidre erTi romelime konkretuli disciplinis SesaZleblobebi<br />
da isini SeiZleba warmatebiT iqnas<br />
gamokvleuli interdisciplinur WrilSi 17 ”. kvlevis<br />
Tanamedrove obieqtebi hibridul kategorias ganekuTvnebian<br />
da TavianTi aseTi bunebis gamo saWiroeben<br />
interdisciplinur midgomas.<br />
Cveni azriT, interdisciplinuroba erT-erTi im<br />
15 aqve aRvniSnav, rom naTqvami naklebad exeba maSindel<br />
sabWoTa sivrces, sadac Zlier ideologizebuli<br />
socialuri da humanitaruli <strong>mecniereba</strong> moklebuli<br />
aRmoCnda dasavlur da aradasavlur samecniero sivrceSi<br />
mimdinare procesebTan kavSirSi ganviTarebis<br />
SesaZleblobas. amis Sedegebi dResac naTlad igrZnoba<br />
Cvens samecniero da saswavlo praqtikaSi.<br />
16 Frodeman R., Mitcham C., Sacks A.B. Questioning Interdisciplinarity. -<br />
Science, Technology and Society Newsletter, # 126&127 (Winter/Spring<br />
2001), pp. 1-5.<br />
17<br />
Klein J. Th., William H. N. Advancing Interdisciplinary Studies. -<br />
Interdisciplinarity: Essays from the Literature, William H. Newell, editor.<br />
New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1998, # 3, p. 3-22.<br />
35
faqtorTagani iyo, ramac xeli Seuwyo kulturis<br />
kvlevebis/<strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta damkvidrebas kvlevisa da<br />
swavlebis calke dargad. kulturis kvlevebi interdisciplinur<br />
safuZvelze aRmocenda da misi ganviTareba<br />
sxvagvarad, Tu ara interdisciplinur WrilSi,<br />
warmoudgenelia.<br />
rac Seexeba anTropologiis, kulturuli anTropologiisa<br />
da, zogadad, kulturis kvlevebis/mecnierebebis<br />
mdgomareobas CvenSi, es calke msjelobis<br />
sagania. mokled SeiZleba mxolod is iTqvas, rom<br />
jerjerobiT ver moxerxda Tavad dargis aRiarebamde<br />
misvlac ki. TiTqmis 20 we-lia grZeldeba kamaTi imis<br />
Taobaze, ra saxelwodeba Seesabameba kulturis<br />
fenomenis kvleviT dakavebul dargs. sabWoTa da<br />
postsabWoTa sivrceSi upiratesoba kulturologias<br />
eniWeba, magram, samwuxarod, Sinaarsobrivad mas<br />
Zalian mcire saerTo aqvs uaitiseul gagebasTan.<br />
kulturologia xan kulturis filosofiasTan igivdeba,<br />
xan kulturis istoriasTan, da es kamaTi yruTa<br />
dialogs hgavs. interdisciplinuri kvlevisa da<br />
swavlebis saWiroebas, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi,<br />
mxolod sityviT aRiareben; metad Zlieria swrafva<br />
disciplinaTaSorisi barierebis SenarCunebisaken.<br />
seriozuli CamorCena gvaqvs saswavlo literaturis<br />
TvalsazrisiT. iSviaTad Tu vuziarebT erTmaneTs<br />
informacias dasavleTis Tu aRmosavleTis qveynebis<br />
saswavlo-samecniero centrebSi mimdinare procesebis,<br />
agreTve samecniero literaturis Sesaxeb, romelic<br />
uzRvavi raodenobiT gamodis rogorc beWduri, aseve<br />
eleqtronuli gamocemebis saxiT. cudad vicnobT<br />
gamocdilebas, romelic kulturis kvlevebis/mecnierebebis<br />
kuTxiT dagrovda Cveni regionis msgavs<br />
mravalkulturul, mravalkonfesiur da multilingvistur<br />
regionebSi (magaliTad, balkaneTSi). ar<br />
arsebobs seriozuli dargobrivi samecniero perioduli<br />
gamocema. am fonze, Cveni CamorCena sul ufro<br />
metad izrdeba.<br />
36
Cveni azriT, upirvelesi amocana mainc disciplinaTaSorisi<br />
barierebis daZleva da kulturis fenomenis<br />
Semswavlel mkvlevarTa da institutTa Zalisxmevis<br />
gaerTianebaa. es problema sxva dargebis<br />
winaSec dgas, kulturis kvle-vebi/mecnierebebi ki<br />
amis gareSe, ubralod, ver iarsebebs.<br />
Nino Chikovani<br />
Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology, Cultural Studies:<br />
Problems and Perspectives<br />
Anthropology is the holistic study of the human beings and<br />
society. Eric Wolf once described anthropology as "the most scientific<br />
of the humanities, and the most humanistic of the sciences."<br />
As an academic discipline anthropology emerged from the<br />
development of natural sciences in the period of European<br />
colonization. Beginning from the 19 th century, anthropology grew<br />
distinct from natural history and purely historical or literary fields as<br />
well. Till the World War II it developed mainly in the framework of<br />
two different directions – Britain and American schools. Later the<br />
accent was shifted to the theoretically oriented approach.<br />
In the middle of the 20 th century the science was formed under<br />
the name of Cultural Sciences. The term was offered by Richard<br />
Hoggart, although one of the founders of the discipline, Leslie White<br />
preferred “Culturology” as the name of the field of science.<br />
Anthropology was exposed to the political processes more than<br />
other social disciplines. The problems of the essence of Cultural<br />
Studies, its subordination to the political sympathies became actual in<br />
the period of rapid upsurge of this field. It is considered that Cultural<br />
Studies as the project is endless; it does not represent the prevailing<br />
discourse or meta-discourse. It is open for unknown and unfamiliar<br />
questions. At the same time, Cultural Studies are concentrated around<br />
the definite axis. Cultural Studies are under the threat because of the<br />
close connection with real conjuncture. There exists a kind of risk for<br />
professional researches in Cultural Studies. Cross-cultural and<br />
interdisciplinary studies are the only perspective for the further<br />
development of this sphere.<br />
37
nugzar mgelaZe,<br />
vaxtang SamilaZe<br />
sociokulturuli anTropologiis sagnobrivi<br />
problemebi<br />
anTropologiis, maT Soris sociokulturuli<br />
anTropologiis sagnobrivi problemis gansazRvra,<br />
maTi mimarTeba kulturul da socialur <strong>anTropologia</strong>sTan,<br />
eTnologiasa da eTnografiasTan ara<br />
marto qarTuli humanitaruli mecnierebis Tanamedrove,<br />
aqtualuri problemaa, aramed dasavleTSi igi<br />
dResac rCeba sadiskusio sakiTxad. yofili ssrk-s<br />
respublikebsa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi<br />
eTnografiisa da eTnologiis urTierTmimarTebis<br />
specialistebisaTvis kargad cnobili dargobrivi<br />
problemebi da, rac gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa,<br />
problemebis politikuri safuZvlebi saqarTveloSi<br />
Tanmimdevrulad dasuraTda bolo droindel gulmodgined<br />
daweril monografiaSi (meliqiSvili, 2000).<br />
amjerad, namdvilad momwifda sakiTxi seriozulad<br />
vimsjeloT anTropologiis dargobriv problematikaze,<br />
raSic uTuod dagvexmareba iseTi mimarTulebebis<br />
arsis gansazRvra da saganTa definiciebis dazusteba,<br />
rogorebicaa <strong>anTropologia</strong>, kulturuli<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>, socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong> da sociokulturuli<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>.<br />
adre cneba _ <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
(Anthropology), maT Soris<br />
kulturuli (Cultural Anthropollogy) da socialu<br />
cialuri<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> (Social anthropology), eTnologia<br />
(Ethnology),<br />
eTnografia (Ethnography), folklori<br />
(Folklore), xalxTmcodneoba<br />
mcodneoba, mxareTmcodneoba ganimarteboda<br />
maTi gavrcelebis geografiuli arealebis<br />
mixedviT da eniWeboda ra maT Tanabari mniSvnelobebi,^<br />
isini gaiazreboda teritoriul, calkeul qveyanaSi<br />
damkvidrebul terminebad. magaliTad, kulturu-<br />
38
li <strong>anTropologia</strong> amerikaSi,^ socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
did britaneTSi, eTnologia da eTnografia<br />
aRmosavleT, aseve, dasavleT evropis, ise, rogorc<br />
folklori rig evropul qveyanaSi [Sdr. folskunde<br />
(Volkskunde) da fiolkerkunde (Volkerkunde). germaniaSi;<br />
Folkeminer da Folklivsforsuing - skandinaviis qveynebSi -<br />
Sveciasa da norvegiaSi (Sdr. daniaSi Folkeminder-s)] da<br />
sxva.<br />
Tavdapirvelad <strong>anTropologia</strong>m arseboba viwro<br />
mimarTulebebiT daiwyo, magram dRes igi sakmaod<br />
farTo Sinaarsis matarebel dargad Camoyalibda.<br />
eyrdnoba ra Sesadarebel proceduras, igi adamiansa<br />
da sazogadoebas faqtiurad mTlianobaSi swavlobs.<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> is dargia, romelic gansakuTrebuli<br />
seriozulobiT ekideba im aRwerilobiTi faseulobebis<br />
Sekrebas, romlebsac igi awydeba eTnografiul<br />
doneze specifikur regionebsa da xalxebSi, Tumca,<br />
xSirad, isic irkveva, rom mkvlevarebis SesaZleblobebi<br />
da faqtebisadmi damokidebuleba iseTivea, rogoric<br />
mTxrobelebis (Monagham and Just. 2000:3). bunebrivia,<br />
savele meTodikas gansakuTrebiT frTxilad unda<br />
movekidoT. anTropologi velze Cveulebriv adgilobrivi<br />
mosaxleobis ideebis registraciiTaa dakavebuli,<br />
rac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, respondentebis mier movlenebisadmi<br />
subieqturi xedvis gamoxatulebaa. es<br />
ideebi ki, romlebic anTropologiisaTvis TavisTavad<br />
mniSvnelovani da faseulia, SeiZleba, Tu igi mxolod<br />
statistikuri registraciis xasiaTs atarebs,<br />
realobas obieqturad sruliadac ar asaxavdes,<br />
Tumca, savele meTodikis teqnologiebi dRes imdenadaa<br />
damuSavebuli da aprobirebuli, rom empiriuli<br />
kvlevis sworad dagegmvis SemTxvevaSi cdomilebis<br />
xarisxi sakmaod mcirea.<br />
bevri Tvlis^ rom sakuTriv <strong>anTropologia</strong> pirvel<br />
rigSi aerTianebs iseT disciplinebs^ rogoricaa<br />
fizikuri (biologiuri) <strong>anTropologia</strong>, arqeologia,<br />
39
kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> da lingvistika. Tumca,<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi gairkva, rom es disciplina aranakleb<br />
siaxloves avlens sxva momijnave dargebTan.<br />
amdenad,^ zemoT moyvanili danawileba SeiZleba<br />
erTob pirobiTad miviCnioT.<br />
mecnierebis mier sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom<br />
eTnografi xalxTa mravalmxrivi aRwerilobiT, xolo<br />
eTnologi am xalxTa Sesaxeb zogadi konceptualuri<br />
da Teoriuli aspeqtebis SeswavliTaa dakavebuli,<br />
anTropologi ki damatebiT cdilobs adamiani Seimecnos.<br />
TiTqos marTebuli iqneba, rogorc amas zemoTac<br />
gavusviT xazi, vifiqroT, rom mecnierebis aRniSnul<br />
mimarTulebebs Soris sxvaoba ufro geografiul<br />
mijnebSia, vidre sakuTriv arsSi, magram es sul ase<br />
ar unda iyos. Tvisebrivad kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
gacilebiT farTo Sinaarsis cneba Cans, vidre<br />
socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>, rac SeiZleba ver vTqvaT<br />
eTnologiaze. amitomacaa socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
kulturuli anTropologiisagan gansxvavebiT lingvistikasa<br />
da arqeologias rom ar aerTianebs, xolo<br />
eTnografiaSi klasikuri gagebiT ar Sedis lingvistika,<br />
arqeologia, fizikuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>, Tu<br />
ra Tqma unda mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT eTnolingvistikas,<br />
eTnoarqeologiasa da sxva. Cveulebriv<br />
eTnografia istoriis dargad ganixileba. rogorc<br />
Cans, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi es SemTxveviTi faqti<br />
ar iyo da igi mizanmimarTuli idelogiuri motivirebiT<br />
unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli.<br />
pirvel rigSi, bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva. gansxvavdeba<br />
Tu ara erTmaneTisgan kulturuli da socialuri<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> sagnobrivad da, rac mTavaria,<br />
inteleqtualuri tradiciebiT<br />
termini socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong> pirvelad gamoiyena<br />
j. frezerma.<br />
kvlevis es mimarTuleba Camoyalibda XIX saukunis<br />
bolos, rogorc Tvlian adamianis Sesaxeb ufro far-<br />
To mecnierebis - anTropologiis cnebis farglebSi<br />
40
da amiT faqtiurad daupirispirda da gamoeyo fizikur<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>s. Tavdapirvelad^ socialuri<br />
anTropologiis kvlevis obiqtad iTvleboda “primitiuli<br />
sazogadoebebi’’ da „egzotikuri xalxebi’’.<br />
sakuTriv kultura ganixileboda sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis nawilad da, aqedan gamomdinare, igi socialuri<br />
anTropologiis kvlevis sagans warmoadgenda.<br />
adre, redklif-brauni gvTavazobda gagvemijna<br />
cneba eTnologia, rogorc kulturis istoriuli rekonstruqciis<br />
meTodi, termin socialuri anTropologiisagan,<br />
romelic adgenda im saerTo kanonebs,<br />
romlebic kulturul movlenebs axasiaTebda. redklif-brauni<br />
fiqrobda, rom eTnologia calkeuli<br />
xalxis Sinagan ganviTarebasa da kulturul kavSirurTierTobebs<br />
konkretul-istoriuli aspeqtiT swavlobda.<br />
am amocanis gansaxorcieleblad ki eTnologia<br />
eyrdnoboda werilobiT wyaroebs, Tu aseTi wyaroebi<br />
arsebobda, xolo Tu isini ar arse-bobdnen,<br />
maSin eTnologia mimarTavda hipoTezur rekonstruqcias,<br />
romelic ar gamodioda mocemuli xalxis konkretul-istoriuli<br />
CarCodan. magaliTisTvis redklif-brauni<br />
asaxelebda madagaskaris mosaxleobis<br />
istoriis sarekonstruqcio perspeqtivebs. anTropologiuri<br />
tipis, enis, kulturis ieris analizis<br />
safuZvelze igi varaudobda, rom ramdenime saukuniT<br />
adre madagaskarze adgili hqonda samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />
aziidan zogierTi eTnikuri jgufis migracias.<br />
am mxriv odnav sxvagvarad gvisuraTebda redklifbrauni<br />
socialuri anTropologiis amocanebs. igi<br />
Tvlida, rom socialuri anTropologiis amocana iyo<br />
ara calkeuli xalxis konkretuli istoriis rekonstruqcia,<br />
aramed kulturis ganviTarebisa da zogadi<br />
socialuri kanonebis gamovlena. amdenad, redklif-brauns<br />
miaCnda, rom eTnologia arsebuli<br />
istoriuli meTodiT swavlobda iseT konkretul faqtebs,<br />
romlebic exebodnen calkeul Zvel da Tanamedrove<br />
xalxs, maSin, roca socialuri anTropolo-<br />
41
gia eZebda da ikvlevda kacobriobisa da misi<br />
kulturis ganviTarebis zogad kanonebs.<br />
redklif-brauni cdilobda daesabuTebina, rom<br />
eTnologia socialur <strong>anTropologia</strong>s awvdida mcire<br />
da, umetesad, Seumowmebel faqtebs. socialur <strong>anTropologia</strong>s<br />
ki piriqiT - SeeZlo eTnologiis gareSe<br />
srulad funqcionaluri yofiliyo. socialuri<br />
anTropologiisadmi redklif-braunis aseTi damokidebuleba<br />
SemTxveviTi ar yofila da es mis mier<br />
gamoyenebul terminologiur aparatSic iyo asaxuli.<br />
magaliTad, Tavdapirvelad redklif-brauni sargeblobda<br />
cneba „kulturuliT’’, magram mogvianebiT igi<br />
Secvala termin „socialuri struqturiT’’ da<br />
„socialuri sistemiT’’. 1937 wels CigakoSi Semdgar<br />
seminarebze man Riad ganacxada: <strong>mecniereba</strong> kulturaze<br />
damoukidebeli saxiT warmoudgenelia. kulturis<br />
Seswavla SeiZleba mxolod socialuri sistemebiT.<br />
amitom, Tu Cven gvinda gvqondes <strong>mecniereba</strong>, es unda<br />
iyos <strong>mecniereba</strong> socialur sistemaze (Brown, 1958:XVI;<br />
Токарев, 1978:239-244).<br />
socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong> sociologiasac uaxlovdeba,<br />
magram igi kvlevis procesSi sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
meTodebiT operirebs. miRebuli ganmartebiT,<br />
socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong> esaa <strong>mecniereba</strong>, romelic<br />
swavlobs msoflio xalxebs maTi socialuri<br />
organizaciis TaviseburebaTa gamovlenis mizniT. misi<br />
kvlevis areali adre „primitiuli’’ sazogadoebis<br />
SeswavliT Semoifargleboda. amasTan, kultura ganixileboda<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis aspeqtiT<br />
(Крюков, 1988:76).<br />
zogadad Tu vimsjelebT, socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
socialur kulturas swavlobs. socialuri<br />
kultura ki istoriulad Camoyalibebuli modelirebuli<br />
qcevaa da am qcevas adamianebi droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
Cvevad ayalibebs im jgufis farglebSi, romelsac<br />
isini ganekuTvnebian. yovel jgufs sakuTari<br />
kultura gaaCnia da calke aRebuli yvela kultura<br />
42
ganumeorebeli Sinaarsis matarebelia. zogjer kulturebi<br />
emsgavseba erTmaneTs, magaliTad, mezobel<br />
xalxTa kulturebi, sxvebi ki – erTmaneTisgan sakmaod<br />
gansxvavdebian. vTqvaT, arabi nomadebisa da eskimosTa<br />
kulturebi. bunebrivia, aq erTmaneTis mezoblad<br />
gansaxlebis garda, mniSvnelovan rols geografiulad<br />
msgavsi da gansxvavebuli garemo TamaSobda.<br />
anTropologTa erTi nawili kulturas swavlobs zogadad,<br />
danarCenebi ki specifikuri kulturis analiziT<br />
interesdebian (Hunter and Whitten, 1975:2-5). kulturul<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>s ainteresebs ara marto gansxvaveba,<br />
aramed kulturaTa msgavsebac. ama Tu im xalxis<br />
yofaSi kulturis bevri elementi xSirad meordeba,<br />
msgavsia. aRniSnul msgavsebaTa Seswavla saSualebas<br />
iZleva davadginoT sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis zogadi<br />
kanonzomierebani, adamianis kulturuli ganvi-<br />
Tarebis istoriuli Taviseburebebi.<br />
Tu socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong> ZiriTadad aqcentirebulia<br />
socialuri movlenebis Seswavlaze, maSin<br />
kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong>, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT,<br />
SedarebiT farTo mniSvnelobis cnebad unda<br />
ganvixiloT. TiTqos es logikuricaa, radgan yvela<br />
SemTxvevaSi kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> da^ saerTod,<br />
kultura gacilebiT tevadi mniSvnelobis matarebeli<br />
Cans, vidre socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong> da zogadad<br />
socialuri movlena. Tumca, am Tezisis realurobisaTvis<br />
aucilebel pirobad gamoiyureba im saklasifikacio<br />
msgavsi da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis dadgena,<br />
romlebic maT Soris arsebobs, ufro zustad, unda<br />
ganisazRvros aris Tu ara es ori termini mniSvnelobiT<br />
Tanabari. Tu es asea, maSin, bunebrivia, Cven<br />
SegviZlia visaubroT maT sagnobriv identurobaze.<br />
Tu es ase araa, maSin mkvlevrebma orive mimarTulebis<br />
sagnobrivi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare usaTuod<br />
unda gansazRvron zogadad <strong>anTropologia</strong>Si maTi<br />
adgili.<br />
cneba „kulturis’’ ganmarteba^ romelsac uTuod<br />
43
ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvs^ calke saubris<br />
Temaa. dasazustebelia moicavs Tu ara igi adamianTan<br />
dakavSirebuli sameurneo, materialuri,^ sulieri da<br />
socialuri samyaros yvela im sferos, sadac adamianis<br />
inteleqti da Sroma realizdeba.^ maSin, roca<br />
socialuri faqti warmoadgens adamianis cxovrebis<br />
wesze da qcevis normebze damyarebul gamovlinebas.<br />
swored, amitom unda ganvixiloT socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
adamianis modelirebuli qcevis Semswavlel<br />
<strong>mecniereba</strong>d. zemoT dawyebuli msjelobidan gamomdinare<br />
bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva - yvelaferi is^ rac<br />
adamianis xeliTaa Seqmnili da rasac ewodeba<br />
kultura universalurad moicavs Tu ara socialur<br />
mimarTulebebs, ufro zustad, bunebaze adamianis<br />
sameurneo zemoqmedeba, materialuri Semoqmedeba da<br />
sulieri mdgomareoba yvela SemTxvevaSi aerTianebs<br />
Tu ara socialur aspeqtebs. Tu yvela sfero araa<br />
Tanabari xarisxis, ar ganixileba saerTo sibrtyeze<br />
da mkacrad diferencirebulia aspeqtebad da mimar-<br />
Tulebebad, maSin Cven ar mogviwevs saubari kulturuli<br />
anTropologiisa da socialuri anTropologiis<br />
srul identifikaciaze. specialistebi waawydnen<br />
ra msgavs sirTuleebs^ gamosavali ipoves definicia-<br />
Ta SerwymaSi^ ris safuZvelzec miviReT kombinirebuli<br />
cneba - sociokulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong>. igi<br />
warmoadgens socialuri da kulturuli anTropologiis<br />
naerTs^riTac xerxdeba erT mTlianobaSi gaviazroT<br />
yvela is faqti, romelic adamianis yofa-cxovrebasTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli.<br />
saxeli „kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong>’’ gamoiyeneba<br />
im eTnografiuli samuSaoebisadmi, romlebic<br />
orientirebulni arian iseTi garemosadmi, sadac kultura<br />
zemoqmedebs individualur gamocdilebaze,<br />
qmnis warmodgenebs xalxur cnobierebaze, Cveulebebze,<br />
gvisuraTebs xalxur institutebs (dawvr. ix.: The<br />
dictionery … 1997:17).<br />
kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> zogadad kulturasa<br />
44
da kulturebs swavlobs. termini <strong>anTropologia</strong>, ker-<br />
Zod, kulturuli li <strong>anTropologia</strong>, romelic, rogorc<br />
ukve aRiniSna, ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi, swavlobs adamianis Semoqmedebas, adamianis<br />
mier Seqmnil kulturul memkvidreobas.<br />
Cven, xSirad mogviwevs cneba „kulturisadmi’’, ise,<br />
rogorc „socialurisadmi’’ yuradRebis mipyroba,<br />
imdenad tevadi da mniSvnelovani terminebia isini<br />
sociokulturuli anTropologiisTvis. roca vambobT<br />
Tu ra aris kultura, Cven zogadad ganvmartavT mas<br />
ase: is rac adamianis xeliTaa Seqnili, an imasTan,<br />
rasTanac adamians cxovrebiseuli kavSiri gaaCnia<br />
aris kultura. magram kuolturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
ar unda iyos gagebuli, rogorc adamianis mxolod<br />
Semoqmedebis Semswavleli <strong>mecniereba</strong>, aramed, Cven<br />
masSi sxva mniSvnelobebic unda CavaqsovoT, magali-<br />
Tad, yvelaferi is, razec adamiani zemoqmedebs an,<br />
piriqiT. ufro zustad, kultura esaa urTierTzemoqmedebis<br />
safuZvelze warmoqnili socialuri, sameurneo-ekonomikuri,<br />
materialuri da sulieri produqcia.<br />
zemoqmedebebi ki mravalgvari iyo da aris –<br />
individualuri, jgufuri, kroskulturuli. amitom,<br />
kulturul kvlevebs gaaCniaT rogorc istoriuli,<br />
ise sinqronuli perspeqtivebi mravalferovani TematikiT.<br />
bolo periodSi zogad <strong>anTropologia</strong>Si gavrcelda<br />
Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac eTnologia, ise,<br />
rogorc eTnografia ganxiluli unda iqnas konkretulad<br />
ara kulturuli, an socialuri anTropologiis<br />
Tanabari mniSvnelobis cnebad, aramed sociokulturuli<br />
anTropologiis Semadgenel nawilad, ufro<br />
zustad, mis mimarTulebad. aqedan gamomdinare, am Sexedulebis<br />
mimdevrebi anTropologiisa da eTnologiis<br />
sinonimurobas sadavod miiCneven. tradiciulad<br />
ki - eTnografia (dargi empiriul doneze kroskulturuli<br />
kvlevebisa da savele teqnologiebis Sesaxeb)<br />
da eTnologia (<strong>mecniereba</strong> xalxebis cxovrebis wesis,<br />
45
adamianTa qcevasa da kulturebs Soris arsebuli<br />
kavSirebis Seswavlis Teoriul aspeqtebis Sesaxeb)<br />
dasavleTSi ganixileba rogorc kulturuli anTropologiis<br />
ori komponenti (dawvr. ix.: Mervin S.<br />
Garbarino). ufro metic, rigi avtori Tvlis, rom sagnobrivi<br />
sivrciT eTnologia ufro farToa, vidre<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>. amdenad, mkvlevarTa garkveuli<br />
jgufi, piriqiT, <strong>anTropologia</strong>s eTnologiis nawilad<br />
miiCnevs (s. lurie. Sdr. Садохин, 2005:26-27). sagnis<br />
socialur, ufro zustad, humanitarul <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta<br />
sistemaSi adgilisa da rolis gansazRvraSi arsebuli<br />
aseTi gansxvaveba aSkarad azrTa seriozuli<br />
uTanxmoebidan gamomdinareobs.<br />
fiqroben, rom terminebis „kulturulis’’ da<br />
„socialuris’’, rogorc erTiani cnebis, gamoyeneba XX<br />
saukunis 30-iani wlebidan daiwyo, magram gansxvaveba<br />
adreve arsebobda im konceptualuri uTanxmoebis<br />
farglebSi, romelsac amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan anviTarebda franc<br />
boasi. aseve xdeboda inglisSic (magaliTad, redklif-braunis<br />
Sexedulebebi socialuri anTropologiis<br />
sagnobriv arsTan dakavSirebiT), roca iq axal<br />
mimarTulebebs eyreboda safuZveli. novatorul<br />
ampluaSi gamodiodnen r. bereti, s. seligmani, v.<br />
riversi da a. heddoni. am or termins Soris<br />
gansxvavebis dafiqsirebas calkeuli mecnieri erTob<br />
mniSvnelovnad Tvlis, radgan miaCniaT, rom es iqneba<br />
stenografiuli gza eTnografiuli skolis daxasia-<br />
TebisTvis. miuxedavad amisa, dRes es ori termini<br />
aRaraa mkafiod gamijnuli. amis gamo, zogierTi<br />
anTropologi maT arc ki ansxvavebs (dawvr. ix.: The<br />
Dictionary… 1997:17), Tumca, mainc sirTuleebidan da<br />
gaugebrobebidan saukeTeso gamosavlad maT definiciaTa<br />
kombinirebuli gamoyeneba, cnebaTa Serwyma<br />
miiCnies. amdenad, sagani - sociokulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong>,<br />
rogorc amas zemoTac gaesva xazi, warmo-<br />
46
adgens socialuri da kulturuli anTropologiis<br />
naerTs, riTac moxerxda erT mTlianobaSi gagveazrebina<br />
yvela is aspeqti, romelic, rogorc diaqronul,<br />
ise sinqronul doneze adamianis yofa-cxovrebasTan,<br />
mis fenomenTanaa dakavSirebuli.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sociokulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
esaa <strong>mecniereba</strong> adamianis zogadi qcevis Sesaxeb,<br />
ufro zustad, igi swavlobs sakacobrio kulturisa<br />
da sazogadoebis arss, adamianebsa da kulturebs<br />
Soris arsebul urTierTobebs. sociokulturuli<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> adamianebs ganixilavs rogorc<br />
socialur arsebas, romelic organizebulia jgufeb-<br />
Si msgavsi da gansxvavebuli kulturuli maxasiaTeblebiT,<br />
interesdeba maTi istoriiT, droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
Camoyalibebuli cxovrebis wesiT, materialuri<br />
da sulieri niSan-TvisebebiT, pasuxebiTa da SexedulebebiT<br />
nacnob garemosa da samyaroze.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. Radcliff-Brown - A. R. Radcliff-Brown. Method in social<br />
anthropology, London, 1958.<br />
2. Radcliff-Brown - Mervin S. Garbarino. Sociocultural theory<br />
in anthropology (a short history), Chicago, 1977.<br />
3. Крюков - М. В. Крюков. Социальная организация.-Свод<br />
этнографических понятий и терминов (Этнография и<br />
смежные дисциплины, этнографические субдисциплины,<br />
школы и направления, Методы), Москва, 1988.<br />
4. meliqiSvili - l. meliqiSvili. eTnografia Tu<br />
eTnologia, Tb., 2000.<br />
5. Monogham, Just - John Monogham and Peter Just. Social and<br />
cultural anthropology (avery short introduction), Oxford,<br />
2000.<br />
6. Садохин - А. П. Садохин. Этнология, Москва, 2005.<br />
7. Токарев - С. А. Токарев. История зарубежной<br />
этнографии, Москва, 1978.<br />
8. Dictionary - The Dictionary of Anthropology, 1997.<br />
47
9. Hunter, Whitten – David Hunter and Phillip Whitten. What<br />
is anthropology.- anthropology (contemporery perspective),<br />
Boston, 1975.<br />
Nugzar Mgeladze, Vakhtang Shamiladze<br />
Problems of Socio-Cultural Anthropology as a Course<br />
The article deals with the problems of anthropology, including<br />
socio-cultural anthropology as a course, their relations with cultural<br />
and social anthropology, ethnology and ethnography. This is a topical<br />
question not only for the Georgian Humanities but remains the<br />
debatable issue in the West as well. The determination of the problem<br />
needs more clarification in Georgia. The reason is that before the 20-<br />
30s’ of the 20 th century the field was developed under the name of<br />
ethnology whereas after including Georgia within the USSR it was<br />
changed into ethnography. This fact bears not only departmental but<br />
political motivation as well. At present such definitions as ethnology,<br />
anthropology, social and cultural anthropology have become<br />
functional again. This is the reason why we have made an attempt to<br />
determine the essence of the fields in relation to the name.<br />
48
“eTnologiis krizisi“<br />
49<br />
manana SilakaZe<br />
saTauri nasesxebia karl a. novotnis statiidan,<br />
romelic 1980 wels gamoqveynda JurnalSi<br />
“Zeitschrift für Ethnologie” (gamodis 1869 wlidan). statiis<br />
avtorma dasva sakiTxi eTnologiis krizisis, misi<br />
gamomwvevi mizezebisa da daZlevis gzebis Sesaxeb.<br />
statiaSi aRniSnulia, rom ukve 50 welia (e.i. XX<br />
saukunis 30-ani wlebidan) grZeldeba eTnologiis<br />
krizisi, romelic daiwyo Zveli anTropologiis<br />
Semadgenel disciplinebad dayofiT da gamoxatuleba<br />
hpova kamaTSi am dargis saxelwodebis Taobaze,<br />
kerZod, davaSi berZnuli daboloebebis “-logia” Tu<br />
“-grafia”-s Sesaxeb (Nowotny, gv. 113). krizisis mizezad<br />
daasaxela zogierTi TeoriiT gataceba, meTodis arasrulyofileba<br />
da Sesaswavli masalisadmi midgomis<br />
siviwrove. avtors eTnologiaSi krizisis daZlevis<br />
gzad miaCnia savele samuSaoebis gafarToeba. xazgasmiT<br />
aRniSnulia, rom udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />
velze muSaobas da kvlevaSi sxva <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta gamocdilebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebas.<br />
krizisis analogiuri situacia airekla dRevandeli<br />
konferenciis Temis saxelwodebaSi “<strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
_ <strong>momavlis</strong> <strong>mecniereba</strong>!” _ !-is niSanSi.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, sityva “krizisi” berZnuli<br />
warmoSobisaa (krisis) da misi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa<br />
didi gardatexa, mkveTri cvlileba, mZime gardamavali<br />
periodi (ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, Словарь<br />
иностранных слов).<br />
Tu am TvalsazrisiT mivudgebiT, maSin gamodis,<br />
rom dResac aris krizisi, rasac mecnierebis am<br />
dargis definiciaTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoxatavs:<br />
eTnografia, eTnologia, <strong>anTropologia</strong>, kulturuli<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>, socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom krizisi iyo sabWour
eTnografiaSi XX saukunis 80-ani wlebis bolos, rac<br />
gamoikveTa im diskusiaSi, romelic gaiSala Jurnal<br />
“Советская этнография“-s furclebze eTnografiis<br />
sagnis, <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta sistemaSi misi adgilisa da<br />
meTodebis Taobaze i. bromleisa da m. kriukovis statiis<br />
Semdeg (Бромлей, Крюков). kamaTi iyo eTnografiuli<br />
mecnierebis profilirebis problemebis, meTodebis<br />
(Бромлей, Крюков; Горленко) Sesaxeb. am werils<br />
mohyva rusi eTnologebis werilebis mTeli seria.<br />
diskusia iyo principuli, gagrZelda am Jurnalis<br />
1987 wlis ## 4,5,6 da 1988 wlis #1-Si dasrulda.<br />
Sejamebis Semdeg gamoikveTa saerTo azri da iTqva,<br />
rom eTnografiis sagani aris kulturis tradiciulyofiTi<br />
aspeqtebi, romelic ganasxvavebs erT eTnoss<br />
meorisagan (ББутинов, gv. 52). eTnografiis sakvlevi<br />
obieqtia tradiciul-yofiTi kultura, rogorc eTnografiis<br />
sagnob-rivi sferos birTvi (Бромлей, gv. 47).<br />
amgvari midgoma sadReiso problemebsac exmaureba.<br />
dRes vaRiarebT, rom terminologiuri gansxvavebani<br />
arTulebs dargis definiciis unificirebas (es<br />
aRniSnuli iyo mimdinare kinferenciis cirkularSi).<br />
dResac im obieqtis _ romelsac eTnosi da eTnikuri<br />
kultura hqvia, _ Semswavlel <strong>mecniereba</strong>s sxvadasxva<br />
qveyanaSi ewodeba: eTnologia, eTnografia,<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>, kulturuli/socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>,<br />
xalxTmcodneoba (Völkerkunde, Volkskunde). am bolo<br />
dros ki erT calke aRebul qveyanaSic sxvadasxva<br />
saxeliT gvxvdeba, magaliTad, niderlandSi aris<br />
amsterdamisa da leidenis skolebi gansxvavebu-li<br />
saxelwodebebiT _ «kulturuli anTropolo-gia» da<br />
«evropisgareTa sociologia» (l. meliqiSvili, gv. 44).<br />
mecnierebis nebismieri dargis sagnobrivi sferos<br />
formireba aris istoriuli, permanentu-li<br />
procesi, gamowveuli sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebiT.<br />
samecniero disciplinaTa sagnobrivi sfero ya-<br />
50
libdeba samecniero tradiciis (sic!), mecnierebis<br />
realuri gamocdilebis safuZvelze. eTnologiis<br />
specifikas mivyavarT iqamde, rom mas ara aqvs TiTqmis<br />
arcerTi sfero, momijnave <strong>mecniereba</strong>sTan rom ar<br />
iyos kavSirSi, rac eTnikuri kulturis Taviseburebebis<br />
gamovlenisa da misi arsis Rrmad Seswavlis<br />
saSualebas iZleva.<br />
specialuri da sacnobaro literaturis mixedviT,<br />
«eTnografia aris istoriul <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta disciplina<br />
msoflios xalxTa (eTnosTa) da maT damaxasiaTebel<br />
(eTnikur) niSanTa Sesaxeb» (Бромлей, Токарев,<br />
gv- 21-44). „eTnologia _ <strong>mecniereba</strong> msoflios xalxTa<br />
Sesaxeb. cnobilia, rom es termini samecniero mimoqcevaSi<br />
Semota-nil iqna 1784 wels a. Savanis mier, magram<br />
XIX saukunis 20-30-an wlebSi gavrcelda v. edvardsis<br />
da a. m. amperis Sromebis Semdeg“ (Крюков, gv.<br />
68-70, WanturiSvili, 1993, 7).<br />
„socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong> (Social Anthropology) _<br />
<strong>mecniereba</strong>, romelic swavlobs msoflios xalxebs ma-<br />
Ti socialuri organizaciis TaviseburebaTa gamovlenis<br />
mizniT. es termini pirvelad gvxvdeba j. frezerTan,<br />
xolo am mimarTulebis kvlevis formireba<br />
ganekuTvneba XIX saukunis miwuruls. farTo gagebiT<br />
igi upirispirdeboda fizikur <strong>anTropologia</strong>s. misi<br />
ZiriTadi obieqti didi xnis manZilze iyo „primitiuli<br />
sazogadoebebi“. amasTan, kultura ganixileboda<br />
rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis aspeqti, rogorc<br />
socialuri anTropologiis sagnis nawili... aris<br />
azri, rom socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong> eTnografiis/eTnologiis<br />
identuria, magram am ukanasknelisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong> arasodes ganixilavda<br />
eTnikur erTobliobebs Tavis obieqtad...<br />
(Крюков, gv. 76).<br />
„kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> (Cultural Anthropology)<br />
farTo mniSvnelobiT aris discip-lina, romelic<br />
swavlobs kacobriobis kulturis formirebis kanon-<br />
51
zomierebebs (gansxvavebiT fizikuri anTropologiisagan),<br />
viwro mniSvnelobiT samecniero gamokvlevebi,<br />
romlebic swavloben kacobriobis kulturuli ganvi-<br />
Tarebis zogad problemebs da iyenebs uamravi sxva<br />
disciplinis monacemebs“ (Зельнов, gv. 74-76).<br />
specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi terminebi „socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>“<br />
da „kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong>“ zogan Seerwya<br />
erTmaneTs da sinonimebad iqca. amave dros, moxda<br />
arsebiTi cvlilebebi, socialuri/kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
Seiswav-lis ara marto e.w. primitiul sazogadoebebs,<br />
aramed sakacobrio kulturas, misi ganvi-<br />
Tarebis istorias (Пигалев, 337, damowmebulia l. meliqiSvilis<br />
mixedviT).<br />
tradiciulad, eTnografia da eTnologia gamijnulia<br />
rogorc aRwerilobiTi da Teoriuli disciplinebi.<br />
amasTanave, orive ganixileba istoriis <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta<br />
sistemaSi, gansxvavebiT socialuri da kulturuli<br />
anTropologiisagan, romelic sociologiaSi<br />
SeyavT. sainteresoa, rom socialur/kulturul<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>Si ar dominirebs iseTi kategoriebi,<br />
rogoricaa eTnosi, eTnikuri erToblioba, eTnografiuli<br />
jgufi, eTnikuri kultura, da Sesabamisad,<br />
iseTi integrirebuli mimarTulebebi, rogoricaa<br />
eTnobotanika, eTnolingvistika da misTanani.<br />
qarTveli mecnieris giorgi Citaias erT-erT<br />
pirvel naSromSi «qarTuli eTnologia», romelic<br />
1926 wels gamoqveynda, Camoyalibebulia dargis miznebi,<br />
amocanebi, kvlevis meTodi da principulad aris<br />
gamijnuli eTnografia da eTnologia, kerZod, eTnografia<br />
eTnologiis safuZvlad aris miRebuli<br />
(WanturiSvili, 1993, 6-13; yifiani, 1995, 17-25). sabWoTa<br />
periodSi kanonizebuli saxelwodebis Semdeg, cxadia,<br />
saqarTveloSic sityva «eTnologia» xmarebidan amovarda<br />
(amis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ix. l. meliqiSvili,<br />
2000). dResac sazRvargareTis zog qveyanaSi eTnografia<br />
deskrifciul disciplinad iTvleba, zogan _<br />
52
ara. dargis saxelwodebebi «eTnografia» da «eTnologia»<br />
evropis bevr qveyanaSia. igi asaxulia universitetebis<br />
fakultetebis, akademiebis institutebis,<br />
samecniero periodikis, calkeuli krebulebis saxelwodebebSi,<br />
statiebis saTaurebSi, maT TematikaSi.<br />
SeiZleba davasaxeloT zogierTi Jurnalis saxelwodeba,<br />
magaliTad, germaniaSi Ethnographisch-Archäologische<br />
Zetschrift /EAZ/, Europäische Ethnologie, ungreTSi gamodis<br />
Jurnali Acta Ethnographica, rumineTSi gamodis Jurnali<br />
Revista de Etnografie, xorvatiaSi arsebobs <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta<br />
akademiis Institut of Ethnology and Folklore Research. dasaxelebul<br />
disciplinaTa Soris (eTnografia/eTnologia,<br />
kulturuli/socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>) aris niuansebi,<br />
riTac isini sakvlevi obieqtisadmi midgomiT<br />
gansxvavdebian. sakvlevi obieqti ki aris adamiani _<br />
anTroposi da xalxi _ eTnosi. am obieqtis Seswavlas<br />
mieZRvna saerTaSoriso kongresebi, saxelwodebiT<br />
«anTropologiur da eTnografiul <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta<br />
saerTaSoriso kongresi», sadac am dargis sxvadasxva<br />
mimarTulebaTa farTo speqtri aris warmodgenili<br />
(g. Citaia, 1965, gv. 212-223).<br />
ramdenadac eTnologia Seiswavlis xalxs/xalxebs,<br />
eTnoss, misi saqmianobis yvela sferos, sxvadasxva<br />
kuTxiT da aspeqtiT, ukavSirdeba mraval momijnave<br />
disciplinas (istoria, arqeologia, fsiqologia,<br />
sociologia, botanika, medicina, religiaTmcodneoba,<br />
xelovnebaTmcodneoba, musikaTmcodneoba, enaT<strong>mecniereba</strong>,<br />
ekologia). maTi sinTezis, diferenciaciisa da<br />
integraciis Sedegad gansakuTrebiT gasuli saukunis<br />
70-ani wlebidan sxvadasxva mimarTulebaTa Sesabamisad<br />
samecniero literaturaSi gamoCnda terminebi:<br />
eTnobotanika, eTnozoologia, eTnogeografia, eTnolingvistika,<br />
eTnodemografia, agroeTnografia, eTnoekologia,<br />
eTnoarqeologia, eTnosociologia, paleoeTnografia,<br />
gamoyenebiTi eTnografia (Applied<br />
Anthropology, gamovida am saxelwodebis Jurnali 1941<br />
53
wels), eTno-xelovnebaTmcodneoba (Anthropology of Art),<br />
eTnomusikologia (aSS-Si gamodis 1950 wlidan saer-<br />
TaSoriso donis Jurnali „Ethnomusikology“). aqve<br />
aRvniSnav, eTnomusikologia _ eTnologiis erT-erTi<br />
mimarTuleba, romelic eTnologiis meTodebiT<br />
ikvlevs tradiciul musikalur kul-turas da gansxvavdeba<br />
musikaluri folkloristikisagan, romelic<br />
ikvlevs amave obieqts rogorc mxatvrul movlenas (m.<br />
SilakaZe, 1991). termini SemoiRo 1950 wels holandielma<br />
i. kunstma da farTod gavrcelda. amJamad, masSi<br />
integrirebulia xalxuri musikis yvela ZiriTadi<br />
aspeqti _ samusikaTmcodneo, akustikuri, folkloristuli,<br />
eTnografiuli, sociologiuri, fsiqologiuri,<br />
kulturologiuri (И. Земцовский, gv. 105). eTnomusikologia<br />
sakmaod momZlavrda da SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom damoukidebeli disciplinadac Camoyalibda.<br />
arsebobs saerTaSoriso organizacia ESEM (Europian<br />
Seminar of Ethnomusicology), romelic yovelwliurad<br />
marTavs seminars evropis romelime qveynis Sesabamis<br />
samecniero centrSi (mogaxsenebT, rom am saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciis wevrebi saqarTve-lodan arian<br />
istoriis <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta doqtorebi, prof. nino<br />
maisuraZe da prof. manana SilakaZe).<br />
mecnierebis ganviTarebis gzaze yoveli axali<br />
etapi iwyeba Sesaswavli obieqtis sferos cvlilebiT<br />
(gafarToebiT, daviwroebiT, momijnave dargTan integraciiT<br />
da sxva), faqtobrivi masalis dagrovebis, me-<br />
Todologiuri siaxleebisa da meTodebis cvlilebebis<br />
safuZvelze, ris Sesabamisadac definiciebic icvleba,<br />
zustdeba. amis mkafio magaliTia termini<br />
„folklori“, romelic adre ixmareboda farTo mni-<br />
SvnelobiT. igi Seiwavlida siZveleTa yovelgvar sferos<br />
_ Zvel wes-Cveulebebs, rwmena-warmodgenebs, xalxur<br />
sityvierebas (poezia, andazebi, zRaprebi da sxva)<br />
da mogvianebiT moicva TiTqmis mTeli sulieri kultura<br />
da materialuri kulturis zogierTi mxarec,<br />
54
Semdeg ki daiwyo am terminis mniSvnelobis daviwroeba<br />
(Гусев, gv. 3-4).<br />
evropis qveynebSi cneba „folklori“ moicavda,<br />
ara marto xalxur poetur Semoqmedebas, aramed gamoyenebiT<br />
xelovnebasac, rwmena-warmodgenebs, tradiciuli<br />
xalxuri kulturis sxva mxareebsac, xalxis<br />
mTel sulier cxovrebas (Коккьяра; Мелетинский).<br />
aseTi cvlilebebi (sakvlevi obieqtis gafar-<br />
Toeba/daviwroeba, momijnave dargebTan integracia),<br />
gvaqvs dasaxelebul disciplinebSi. ikveTeba axali<br />
problematika, axali Tematika, romelic humanitarul<br />
<strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta farTo speqtris CarTvas iTxovs. yovelive<br />
es zrdis mecnieruli kvlevis siRrmes, moi-<br />
Txovs meTodologiis gadaxedvas (Brednich).<br />
eTnologiis sagnobrivi sferos birTvia myari<br />
maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic warmoadgens eTnosebis<br />
erTmaneTisagan ganmasxvavebel Taviseburebebs, romelTa<br />
erTobliobac qmnis ganumeorebel mTlianobas,<br />
TavisTavadobas. eTnologiis sferoSi eqceva sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis is farTo veli, romelSic ufro<br />
mkafiod vlindeba eTnikuri kulturis specifika.<br />
swored es edo safuZvlad qarTuli eTnologiuri<br />
skolis fuZemdeblis g. Citaias mTavari amocanis _<br />
qarTvelTa eTnikuri Taviseburebis gansazRvras,<br />
raSic gulisxmobda „materialuri da sulieri kulturis<br />
specifikur TaviseburebaTa konkretul erTianobas“<br />
(gegeSiZe, gv. 39).<br />
eTnologiis specifikas mivyavarT iqamde, rom<br />
mas ara aqvs TiTqmis arcerTi sfero, romelic momijnave<br />
<strong>mecniereba</strong>sTan ar iyos kavSirSi, im dargebTan,<br />
rac eTnikurad gansakuTrebulis gamovlenis saSualebas<br />
iZleva. amitom aris masSi sxvadasxva mimarTulebani,<br />
romlebic warmoadge-nen eTnografiis geografiasTan,<br />
lingvistikasTan, botanikasTan, musikasTan<br />
da sxva mraval-Tan sinTezis Sedegs _ eTnogeografia,<br />
eTnolingvistika, eTnodemografia, eTnosociologia,<br />
eTnofsiqologia da sxva (Чистов, 1986, gv. 265-<br />
55
266).<br />
ramdenadac eTnologiis obieqti aris xalxi,<br />
eTnosi, faqtologiuri baza _ eTnikuri kultura,<br />
mravaldargovani da mravalaspeqtiani, mravalsaukunovani<br />
tradiciiT, amitom aris is g. Citaias sityviT<br />
rom vTqvaT, „xalxTan yvelaze axlo mdgomi, humanuri<br />
misiis matarebeli dargi“. is aris yvelaze metad<br />
erovnuli dargi (nebismieri erovnebisaTvis) am<br />
sityvis saukeTeso gagebiT. aseTad Tvlis mas araerTi<br />
avtori (cagareiSvili, gv. 99; l. meliqiSvili,<br />
gv. 34).<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, mecnierebis ganviTarebis<br />
sxvadasxva etapebze Sesaswavli obieqtis sferos<br />
cvlilebis gamo definiciebSic cvlile-bebi xdeba.<br />
definiciebis mravalgvaroba da sinonimebis simravle<br />
arTulebs zogierTi terminiT operirebas. amitom<br />
droulad mimaCnia tradiciulis gverdiT savsebiT<br />
kanonzomierad gaCenili axali terminologiis garkveva.<br />
kerZod, maTSi nagulisxmevi Sinaarsis, masStabebis,<br />
ZiriTadi principebis mkafiod Camoyalibeba, yoveli<br />
terminis, axali mimarTulebebis obieqtis, sagnis,<br />
meTodologiis, meTodikisa da amocanebis dakonkreteba.<br />
amitom kiTxvaze „<strong>anTropologia</strong> _ <strong>momavlis</strong><br />
<strong>mecniereba</strong>!“ pasuxi iqneba: eTnologia aris <strong>momavlis</strong><br />
<strong>mecniereba</strong>!<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulis gasaZliereblad SemeZlo<br />
mometana germanul enaze 2000 wels miunhenSi gamocemuli<br />
k.-h. kolis naSromi „eTnologia kulturul<br />
ucxoeTze“ (Kohl). aq ganxiluli sakiTxebi mowmobs<br />
tradiciuli principebisa da meTodebis Tanamedrove<br />
moTxovnebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis, Tanadroulobis<br />
moTxovnebis maqsimalurad gaTvaliswinebis mcdelobas.<br />
aqve aRvniSnav, rom naSromis saTaurSive<br />
„eTnologia“ aris naxsenebi, magram is paralelurad<br />
germanuli tradiciiT „folkerkunde“ aris zogierT<br />
paragrafSi gamotanili. naSromSi dasmulia iseTi<br />
sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: 1) eTnologia da misi dRevan-<br />
56
deli mdgomareoba, 2) „sazogadoebaTa gansakuTrebuli<br />
niSnebi, romelTac eTnologia Seiswavlis“, 3)<br />
eTnografiuli savele kvlevebi (sainteresoa am<br />
qveTavSi Setanili paragrafebi: eTnologia da eTnografia,<br />
mecnieruli eTnografiis winaistoriisaTvis,<br />
kartoTekuli yuTi, Zettelkasten [kartoTekuli yuTi]<br />
velisaTvis, dakvirvebis meTodebi, eTnologiuri<br />
Teoriebi).<br />
avtori xazgasmiT ayalibebs definiciebs<br />
„eTnografia“ da „eTnologia“. eTnografia miCneulia<br />
aRwerilobiT disciplinad, eTnologia – empiriuli<br />
monacemebis sistematur ganzogadebad. sainteresoa<br />
daskvniTi nawilis paragrafi „eTnologiis Tanamedrove<br />
situaciisaTvis“ (Kohl 168-172), sadac laparakia<br />
dRevandelobaSi anTropologiis gamoyenebaze. aRniSnulia,<br />
rom amerikaSi Camoyalibda sxvadasxva asociaciebi<br />
da sazogadoebebi da CamoTvlilia: Association of<br />
Black Anthropologists, Association of Latina und Latino<br />
Anthropologists, Society of Lesbian und Gay Anthropologists,<br />
Association of Senior Anthropologists, romlebic atareben<br />
kongresebs da sakuTar Jurnalebs scemen.<br />
amave avtoris dakvirvebiT, 80-iani wlebis Sua<br />
xanebidan mTel msoflioSi SeiniSneba eTnicisturi<br />
(ethnizistische) moZraoba rogorc reaqcia kulturis<br />
globalizebis procesis mimarT (Kohl 171). specialur<br />
(momijnave) disciplinaTa urTierTmimarTebis ganvi-<br />
Tarebas avtoris azriT mivyavarT iqamde, rom sazRvari<br />
Volkskunde-s, romelic dRes Europäische Ethnologie-s<br />
saxiT warmogvidgeba, sociologias (romelic Tanda-<br />
Tan kulturis mecnierebebzea orientirebuli) da<br />
klasikur eTnologias Soris TandaTanobiT iSleba,<br />
Tumca SeiZleba gulic dagvwydes, rom dargma amiT<br />
Tavisi monopoliuri adgili dakarga. faqtobrivad,<br />
es unda ganvixiloT rogorc sasargeblo movlena,<br />
romlis specifikuri meToduri safuZveli, sakiTxis<br />
dasma da kulturis Seswavlis xerxebi iseT centrSi<br />
57
aRmoCndeba, rom amavdroulad sxva samecniero disciplinebmac<br />
SeiZleba gadaiRon.<br />
rac Seexeba eTnologiis swavlebis sakiTxs.<br />
eTnologia unda iswavlebodes universitetebSi humanitarul<br />
fakultetebze (ara marto qarTvelologiur<br />
mimarTulebaze). magram yoveli mimarTulebisa<br />
da mis SigniT arsebuli qvemimarTulebebis specifikis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, dakonkretebuli, specialurad<br />
SemuSavebuli programiT (rac aisaxeba silabusSi).<br />
dasasrul, Cemi azriT, dRes eTnologiur <strong>mecniereba</strong>Si<br />
krizisi ar aris, aris axal etapze gadasvlis<br />
procesi, Tanamedrove viTarebiT nakarnaxevi axali<br />
problematikisa da Tematikis Sesabamisad. eTnologia/eTnografias,<br />
kulturul/socialur <strong>anTropologia</strong>s<br />
aqvT TavianTi kvlevis obieqti, meTodebi, Camoyalibebuli<br />
samecniero tradiciebi. es dargebi<br />
anTroposs, eTnoss Seiswavlian sxvadasva aspeqtebiT.<br />
eTnosTa specifikis, Tanamedrove msoflioSi (an romelime<br />
lokalur regionSi) arsebuli konfliqturi<br />
situaciebis mizezebis mecnieruli analizis Sedegebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT maTi aRmofxvris rekomendaciebis<br />
SemuSaveba, konfliqtebis prevenciisaTvis istoriulad<br />
arsebuli stabiluri, eTnokulturuli urTierTobebis<br />
warmoCena da win wamoweva, globalizaciis<br />
gardauval procesSi mcirericxovani erebis uflebebis<br />
dacvisaTvis rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba eTnologiis<br />
prioritetuli mimarTulebaa da, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, prerogativac.<br />
amitomac aris eTnologia <strong>momavlis</strong> mecnie-reba!<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. gegeSiZe m., giorgi Citaia, Tbilisi: „mecnier-eba“,<br />
1980.<br />
2. meliqiSvili l., eTnografia Tu eTnologia, Tbilisi:<br />
„mematiane“, 2000.<br />
58
3. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni; Seadgina mixeil Waba-<br />
Svilma, Tbilisi: „nakaduli“, 1964.<br />
4. yifiani, p., eTnologiis problemebi. Tbilisi, 1995.<br />
5. SilakaZe m., eTnomusikologiis sagani, meTode-bi<br />
da amocanebi, Tbilisi: „<strong>mecniereba</strong>“, 1991.<br />
6. Citaia g., qarTuli eTnologia, _ mimomxilveli,<br />
1926; Sromebi; III, 2001, Tbilisi: „<strong>mecniereba</strong>“, gv. 21-<br />
32.<br />
7. Citaia g., zogadi eTnografiis kursi, _ Sromebi,<br />
IV, Tbilisi: „<strong>mecniereba</strong>“, 2001, 11-63.<br />
8. Citaia g., anTropologiur da eTnografiul <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta<br />
saerTaSoriso kongresi; _ saqarTvelos<br />
<strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta akademiis macne, 1965,#2, 212-223.<br />
9. cagareiSvili T., giorgi Citaia, Tbilisi: „<strong>mecniereba</strong>“,1993.<br />
10. WanturiSvili, s., eTnologia. Tbilisi: „Tbilisis<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba“, 1993.<br />
11. Brednich Rolf W., Quellen und Methoden. In: Grundriss der<br />
Volkskunde. Einführung in die Forschungsfelder der<br />
Europäischen Ethnologie. hrs. R. W. Brednich, Berlin:Reiner,<br />
2001, 77-100.<br />
12. Kohl Karl-Heinz; Ethnologie _ die Wisseschaft vom kulterrell<br />
Fremden. Eine Einfürung, 2. erweterte Auflage, München, C. H.<br />
Beck, 2000.<br />
13. Nowotny Karl A., Die Krise der Völkerkunde, Von Karl A.<br />
Nowotny. In: Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (Organ derDeutschen<br />
Gesellschaft für Völkerkunde und Berliner Gesellschaft für<br />
Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschicgte, Band 105, Heft1<br />
und 2, 1980, Dietrich-Reimer Verlag Berlin, 113-124.<br />
14. Бромлей Ю.В. , Крюков М. В., Этнография: место в системе<br />
наук, школы, методы, - «Сов. этнография», №3.<br />
15. Бромлей Ю.В., Токарев, С. А., Этнография, - Свод этнографических<br />
понятий и терминов, Москва: «Наука», 1988, 21-41.<br />
16. Бутинов Н. А., О предмете этнографии, - «Сов.этнография»,<br />
1987, №6.<br />
17. Горленко В. Ф., Некоторые соображения по поводу статьи Ю.<br />
В. Бромлея и М. В. Крюкова, _ «Сов.этнография», 1988, 1<br />
59
18. Гусев В. Е., Эстетика фольклора, Ленинград, 1967.<br />
19. Гусев В. Е., Эстетика фольклора, Ленинград, 1967.<br />
20. Зельнов И., Культурная антропология, - Свод этнографических<br />
понятий и терминов, Москва: «Наука», 1988, 74-76.<br />
21. Зельнов И., Культурная антропология, - Свод этнографических<br />
понятий и терминов, Москва: «Наука», 1988, 74-76.<br />
22. Земцовский И. И., Этномузыкология , - Свод этнографических<br />
понятий и терминов, Москва: «Наука», 1988, 105-106.<br />
23. Коккьяра Дж., История фольклористики в Европе, Москва,<br />
1960<br />
24. Крюков М. В., Этнология, Свод этнографических понятий и<br />
терминов, Москва: «Наука», 1988,68-70.<br />
25. Крюков М. В., Социальная антропология, - Свод этнографических<br />
понятий и терминов, Москва: «Наука», 1988, 76.<br />
26. Мелетинский Е. М., О книге Дж. Коккьяры „История фольклористики<br />
в Европе“,Москва, 1960.<br />
27. Пигалев А. И., Культурология, Волгоград, 1999 (citirebulia<br />
Ll. meliqiSvilis dasaxelebuli naSromis mixedviT)<br />
28. Свод этнографических понятий и терминов, Москва: «Наука»,<br />
1988.<br />
29. Словарь иностранных слов, Изд. девятое, исправленное,<br />
Москва: «русский язык», 1982.<br />
30. «Советская этнография», 1987 №№ 3, 4, 5, 6; 1988, № 1.<br />
“Crisis of Ethnology”<br />
Manana Shilakadze<br />
The title is borrowed from the article by Karl A. Novotny,<br />
which was published in 1980 in the journal “Zeitschrift für<br />
Ethnologie” (published since 1869). The author of the article has<br />
brought forth the matter of the crisis of ethnology, its causes and ways<br />
of overcoming it. The author of the article states that the crisis of<br />
ethnology lasts that was started by division into the disciplines already<br />
50 years (i.e. since the 30es of the 20 th century). It constituted<br />
anthropology and has then found its expression in the discussion of<br />
60
the name of this field of studies, namely, whether the Greek suffix “-<br />
logy” or “-graphy” should prevail. The situation, analogical to the<br />
mentioned crisis, was reflected in the ‘!’ mark of the theme of<br />
conference: “Anthropology, a science of future!”<br />
There may be boldly remarked that the crisis took place in the<br />
Soviet Ethnography at the end of the 80es of the 20 th century. This<br />
was shaped out in the discussion spread onto the pages of the journal<br />
“Soviet Ethnography” («Советская этнография») about the subject<br />
of ethnography, its place in the system of sciences and its methods.<br />
Today we admit that terminological differences do make it<br />
complex to unify definition of the field (this was remarked in the<br />
circular of the current conference). Even today the science, studying<br />
the object which is called ethnos and ethnic culture, carries different<br />
names in different countries: ethnology, ethnography, anthropology,<br />
cultural / social anthropology, peoples studies, народоведение,<br />
Völkerkunde, Volkskunde.<br />
Formation of the subject sphere of any field of the science is a<br />
historical, permanent process, caused by social demands. The subject<br />
sphere of the scientific disciplines is being shaped on the basis of the<br />
scientific tradition (sic!), real experience of the science. Specificity of<br />
ethnology drives us to the fact that the latter has almost no such<br />
spheres that wouldn’t be linked to an adjacent science. As a result of<br />
their synthesis, differentiation and integration, especially since the<br />
70es of the last century, according to various directions, there have<br />
appeared the following terms in the scientific literature: ethno-botany,<br />
ethno-zoology, ethno-linguistics, ethno-demography, agroethnography,<br />
ethno-ecology, ethno-archeology, ethno-sociology,<br />
ethno-musicology, ethno-choreology.<br />
Each new stage on the way of development of a science<br />
begins with the amendment of the sphere of the object to study<br />
(expansion, narrowing, integration with an adjacent branch, etc.),<br />
accumulation of the factual materials, methodological novelties and<br />
changes of methods. Corresponding to these amendments the<br />
definitions change as well and become adjusted. A distinct example of<br />
the above-said is the term ‘folklore,’ which used to study any spheres<br />
of antiquity, including the whole spiritual culture and several aspects<br />
of the material culture, too.<br />
Large variety of definitions and existence of synonyms makes<br />
61
it complicated to operate with certain terms. That’s why I believe it to<br />
be purposeful to keep traditional terminology, but their essence and<br />
scales must necessarily be adjusted, there must be concretized each<br />
object, subject, methods and objectives of study.<br />
So, the answer to the question _ anthropology, a science of<br />
future! _ will be: ethnology is the science of future.<br />
Ethnology must be taught at humanitarian faculties with<br />
corresponding study programmes.<br />
62<br />
nino mindaZe<br />
qristianuli ianuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> da qarTveli<br />
xalxis Sexedulebebi adamianis Sesaxeb<br />
qristianuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> aris saRvTismetyvelo<br />
disciplina, qristiani RvTismetyvelebis moZRvreba<br />
adamianis, pirovnebis Sesaxeb, mis warmoSobaze<br />
(Sesaqme), bunebaze, misi cxovrebis mizanze, arsze,<br />
xsnaze; adamianis sxeulze, sul-ze, gonze da sxv..<br />
qristianuli anTropologiis ZiriTadi wyaroebia:<br />
biblia - Zveli da axali aRTqma, wminda mamaTa nawerebi,<br />
antikuri filosofia...<br />
qristianuli anTropologiis, rogorc yvela<br />
anTropologiuri disciplinis, Seswavlis obieqti<br />
adamiania, magram sxva disciplinebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
marTlmadidebeli adamiani, RmerTis mier Seqmnili,<br />
RmerTis mier xsnili, RvTisken mimavali ...<br />
qristianuli anTropologiis safuZveli dogmaturia.<br />
misi amosavalia _ rwmena. aseve qristianuli<br />
dogmatebis axsna wminda mamebis mier, rac damaxasia-<br />
Tebelia saRvTismetyvelo azrovnebis Camoyalibebis<br />
mTeli gzisaTvis, sadac qristianuli anTropologiis
marTlmadidebluri meTodologiac moiazreba.<br />
qristianuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> gansakuTrebul<br />
adgils uTmobs sulisa da sxeulis urTierTqmedebis<br />
axsnas. igi adamians ganixilavs erTarsebad, sadac<br />
erTobliobaSia sulieri da biologiuri sawyisi,<br />
erTad aris warmodgenili sulieri da biologiuri<br />
cxovreba. suli da sxe-uli adamianis ori nawili ki<br />
ar aris, aramed ori aspeqti misi erTarsebobisa. qalisa<br />
da mamakacis erTarsobaze miuTiTebs qalis<br />
Seqmnis bibliuri versia da swored am konteqstSi<br />
ganixilavs qristianuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> sqesTa urTierTobis<br />
sakiTxebs. [filareTi, 2004, 14]<br />
qristianuli anTropologiis fsiqologiuri nawili<br />
ki, romelsac, ,,sulis cxovreba’’-c SeiZleba<br />
ewodos, moicavs iseTi cnebebis analizs, rogoricaa<br />
goni, neba, guli, sindisi, cnobiereba, pirovneba....<br />
[lorgusi, 2003,]<br />
qristianuli anTropologiis dogmaturi safu-<br />
Zvelia adamianis Sesaqmis bibliuri Teoria, romlis<br />
mixedviT, RmerTma adamiani Seqmna miwisgan, mas sicocxlis<br />
suli STabera da cocxal arsebad aqcia _<br />
gamosaxa ufalma RmerTma adami (kaci) miwis mtveri-<br />
sagan STabera mis nestoebs<br />
sicocxlis sunTqva da<br />
iqca adami cocxal arsebad (dab. 2:7). amgvarad, adamiani<br />
SeqmnisTanve dakavSirebulia rogorc amqveniur<br />
samyarosTan, ise RmerTTan.<br />
adamiani aris meufe misTvis Seqmnili samefosi<br />
_ miwieri samyarosi. Tqva RmerTma: gavaCinoT kaci<br />
Cvens xatad, Cvens msgavsebad. epatronos zRvaSi<br />
Tevzs, caSi frinvels, pirutyvs, mTels dedamiwas da<br />
yvela qvemZroms, rac ki miwaze daxoxavs [dab.1:26].<br />
pirvelqmnili adamiani Seiqmna xatad da msgavsad<br />
RvTisa. igi mowodebuli iyo keTildReobisTvis<br />
RmerTTan erTad. RmerTma adamians aCuqa ara marto<br />
sicocxle, aramed misca mas damoukidebloba, Tavisufleba<br />
da Tavis mier Seqmili arseba, Tavisi xati da<br />
msgavsi moaTavsa samoTxeSi _ ufalma RmerTma baRi<br />
63
gaaSena edemSi, aRmosavleTSi, da dasva iq adami,<br />
romelic gamosaxa [dab. 2:8]. magram garkveuli valdebulebac<br />
daakisra aiyvana adami ufalma RmerTma da<br />
daasaxla edemis baRSi mis dasamuSaveblad da<br />
dasacavad [dab. 2:15]. amgvarad, RmerTma Sesaqmis bolo<br />
safexurze, Semoqmedebis gvirgvinad, Seqmna adamiani<br />
da daajildova ganuzomeli RirsebiT, aRmatebuli<br />
pativiT _ sakuTari xatebiT da msgavsebiT, rac imas<br />
niSnavs, rom RmerTma martoden adamians mimadla is,<br />
rac mas, da mxolod mas, _ cisa da qveynis Semoqmeds,<br />
amkobs _ azrovneba, nebisyofa, arCevanis Tavisufleba<br />
da SemoqmedebiToba [papuaSvili, 1996, 97]. magram adamianma<br />
ver gadalaxa Tavisuflebis cduneba da rogorc<br />
samyaros nawilma, am qveynis meufem, moisurva<br />
mieRo yofierebis Tavisi wili da emarTa qveyana<br />
damoukideblad _ RvTis gareSe. RvTis siyvaruls<br />
sZlia miwierma siyvarulma, siyvarulma Tavis Tavisadmi.<br />
ris Sedegadac adamianis mTavari maxasiaTebeli<br />
gaxda codva. amgvarad, pirvelqmnili adamiani iyo<br />
idealuri, sruli, realur adamianSi ki gansakuTrebul<br />
rols TamaSobs pirveli codva da misi piradi<br />
codvebi. aqedan gamomdinare, qristianuli anTropologiis<br />
problemebis sferoSi Semodis codvisa da<br />
borotebis problema. pirvelma codvam, dacemam ar<br />
daukarga adamians RmerTis xateba, Tavisufleba, sike-<br />
Te, madli. codvam mxolod daamaxinja adamianis buneba,<br />
rac gaxda mizezi xrwnisa da sikvdilisa [filareTi,<br />
2004, 10-11]. adamiani Secodebis Sedegad sulier<br />
monobaSi moxvda. am monobisgan gamosaxsnelad, Rmer-<br />
Ti Tavad movida miwaze da gankacda Ze RvTisaSi.<br />
dogma RmerTis gankacebis Sesaxeb qristeSi, qristes<br />
orbunebovneba qristianuli anTropologiis erT-erTi<br />
mTavari safuZvelia. qriste meore adamia. pirveli<br />
kaci _ miwisagan, miwieri; meore kaci _ zecieri [I<br />
kor. 15:47].. adamianis xsna SesaZlebelia qristes<br />
eklesiaSi. qriste aris eklesia. xolo qristianebi –<br />
misi wevrebi: aseve Cvenc, mravalni, erTi sxeuli varT<br />
64
qristes mier, xolo cal-calke calke erTmaneTis asoebi<br />
varT [rom. 12:5].<br />
xsnis gzaze damdgari adamianis saboloo mizania<br />
– axali ca da axali miwa _ da vixile axali ca<br />
da axali miwa, radganac uwindeli ca da uwindeli<br />
miwa gadaego, da zRva aRar aris [gamocx. 21:1]. miwaze<br />
yofnis dros adamiani rCeba mainc arasrulyofil,<br />
arasrul arsebad.. saeklesio anTropologiis mixedviT,<br />
adamianis arsis Cawvdoma SeuZlebelia mxolod<br />
amqveyniuri monacemebiT _ sayvarelno, aw Svilni<br />
varT RmrTisa, magram jer kidev ar gacxadebula,<br />
rani viqnebiT. viciT mxolod, rom roca gacxaddeba,<br />
misive msgavsni viqnebiT, vinaidan vixilavT, rogoria<br />
igi [Iioan.3:2].<br />
qristianuli anTropologiis saboloo mizania<br />
miuTiTos adamians xsnis gzaze, daayenos igi sulier<br />
amaRlebis WeSmarit gzaze, rom sabolood SeuerTdes<br />
mas vinc igi Seqmna da romlis xatisebr Seiqmna<br />
igi [qristianuli anTropologiis Sesaxeb ix.: filareTi,<br />
2004,5-18; lorgusi, 2003; internet-versiebi -<br />
www,pagez.ru/olb/01php page1 of 2; http://on. wikipedia, org/ woki/<br />
Christian antropology... ].<br />
aseTia mokled qristianuli anTropologiis<br />
kvlevis ZiriTadi sfero, mizani, misi dogmaturi<br />
safuZvlebi. amjerad, Cven mxolod adamianis Sesaqmes<br />
SevexebiT. rogorc vTqviT, tradiciuli qristianuli<br />
SexedulebiT, RmerTma adamiani Seqmna miwisgan (fizikuri<br />
sawyisi) da STabera mas suli (RvTiuri sawyisi).<br />
qristianuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> aRiarebs rogorc<br />
adamianis ornawilianobis (diqotomizmi), ise samnawilianobas<br />
(triqotomizmi). pirvelis mixedviT, adamiani<br />
sulisa da sxeulis//xorcis<br />
xorcis; xolo meoris mixedviT<br />
_ sulis, samSvinvelis da sxeulis//xorcis<br />
xorcis erTianobaa<br />
[sarjvelaZe,1990,145-149; mRvdelmTavari luka,<br />
2003; lorgusi, 2004, 13,18-23...]. es ukanaskneli umeteswilad<br />
marTlmadideblur qristianobaSia gavrcelebuli<br />
[lorgusi, 2004, 168-169] da asaxulia pavle<br />
65
mociqulis Semdeg sityvebSi: xolo TviT RmerTma<br />
mSvidobisa, dae, wmida gyoT Tqven mTeli sisruliT,<br />
da Tqveni suli da samSvinveli da sxeuli ubiwod<br />
dacul iqnes mTeli savsebiT uflis Cvenis ieso<br />
qristes mosvlisas [1 Tes. 5,23].<br />
anTropologiis sakiTxebs exeba qristianuli<br />
filosofiis TiTqmis yvela warmomadgeneli. patristikaSi<br />
es problema erT-erTi ZiriTadia. wminda mamebis<br />
zogierTi naSromi uSualod adamianis Seswavlas<br />
eZRvneba. rogorc mag., grigol noselis – kacisa<br />
SesaqmisaTÂs<br />
aqmisaTÂs, nemeseos emeselis – bunebisaTÂs kacisa...<br />
qristianuli filosofiis es moRvaweni saqarTveloSi<br />
gansakuTrebuli avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen.<br />
wminda grigol noseli, qristianuli anTropologiis<br />
erT-erTi pirveli mkvlevari, romelic miC-<br />
neulia Teologiuri mistikis fuZemdeblad... erT-<br />
erTi yvelaze ufro cnobili avtoria Zvel qarTul<br />
mwerlobaSi (WeliZe, 1989, 194; 197).<br />
ivane javaxiSvili samarTlis istoriis pirvel<br />
wignSi ganixilavs moZRvrebas adamianis bunebaze<br />
ruis-urbnisis Zeglisweris mixedviT da grigol noselis<br />
naSromis kacisa SesaqmisaTÂs Sesaxeb wers:<br />
grigol noselis Txzuleba damyarebulia Zvel ber-<br />
Znul filosofiursa da sabunebismetyvelo mwerlo-<br />
baze; misi azrebi qarTul mwerlobamac SeiTvisa da<br />
mTel saSualo saukuneebis ebis ganmavlobaSi utyuar WeS-<br />
maritebad hqonda miCneuli. grigol noselis Sexedu-<br />
lebiT, romelic amasaTanave mTeli ganaTlebuli<br />
sazogadoebis Sexeduleba iyo saSualo saukuneebSi<br />
rogorc dasavleTs evropaSi, ise aRmosavleTSiac.<br />
saxeldobr arabeTsa da sparseTSi, adamianis buneba-<br />
Si msoflios stiqionebi sufevdnen...<br />
[javaxiSvili,<br />
1982, 123].<br />
aseTive popularuli iyo nemeseos emeseli _ me-<br />
18-e saukunis damlevamde (da Semdegac) qarTvelTa<br />
Soris am Txzulebisadmi (igulisxmeba (<br />
nemeseos<br />
emeselis bunebisaTÂs kacisa n.m.) cxoveli interesi<br />
66
ar mospobila. filosofiurad moazrovne ovne qarTvelebi<br />
nemesiosis wigns didis mowiwebiT epyrobodnen, ro-<br />
gorc erTgvars enciklopedias, romelSiac Tavmoyri-<br />
li iyo Zvel berZnis filosofosTa sibrZne moZRvre<br />
re-<br />
ba kacis bunebis Sesaxeb, qristianuli TvalsazriiT<br />
gaSuqebuli. [gorgaZe, 1914, XIX-XX].<br />
grigol noselisa da nemeseos emeselis anTropologiuri<br />
Teoria ZiriTad erT princips emyareba.<br />
maT Sexedulebebs, ufro gvian iziarebs ioane damaskeli<br />
(VII-VIII ss.), romelic, imdenad popularuli iyo<br />
saqarTveloSi, rom misi zogierTi Txzuleba orjer<br />
aris naTargmni. maTi Txzulebebis popularobas saqarTveloSi,<br />
ra Tqma unda, xels uwyobda qarTvel<br />
filosofosTa: arsen iyalToelis, efTvime da giorgi<br />
mTawmindelebis, efrem mciris, ioane petriwis mier<br />
Sesrulebuli SesaniSnavi, umeteswilad Tavisufali<br />
Targmanebi.<br />
zemoxsenebul filosofosTa anTropologiuri<br />
Teoria safuZvlad daedo Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi<br />
arsebul codnas adamianis Sesaxeb. igi asaxulia<br />
sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi, rasac amjerad<br />
SevexebiT. SevecdebiT aseve eTnografiuli monacemebis<br />
safuZvelze ganvixiloT aRniSnuli sakiTxi.<br />
sulxan-saba orbelianis mixedviT, kaci dabada Rmer-<br />
Tman xatebisa da msgavsebisaebr Tvisisa, nivTebTa<br />
mier Ãorcni Semzada sulisa gonierisa da sityvie-<br />
risa STaberviTa mimniWebelma... ganmartebis ufro<br />
vrceli varianti aseTia: dabada RmerTman kaci Tvisi<br />
visi-<br />
Ta<br />
ÃeliTa xatebisaebr da msgavsebisaebr Tvisisa,<br />
qveynisagan [var. nivTebTa mier n.m] ukve Ãorcni Sem-<br />
zadna sulisa sityvierisa da gonierisa STabervisa<br />
Tvisisa mier mimniWebelman misman, romelsa-igi<br />
saR”Tod<br />
xatebad vityviT da rameTu xatebisaebr vi-<br />
Tarme gonierebasa da Tanamflobelobasa cxadhyofs<br />
(xateba R”Tisa ars moqmedeba, sibrZne da siyvaruli,<br />
romelsa Soris wmida sameba gamoisaxvis: moqmedeba –<br />
mama, sibZne – Ze da siyvaruli – suli wmida. ese ars<br />
67
xateba R~Tisa kacTa Soris, xolo msgavsebisaebroba<br />
Zalisaebrsa msgavsebasa saTnoebisasa saÃmar ars<br />
cnoba(d), viTarmed kaci usuloTaca eziareba da pir-<br />
utyvTa cxovrebisa ziar ars sityvierTa Tana monawi-<br />
le ars gonebiTa rameTu eziarebis usuloTa ukve<br />
sxeulianebiTa da oTxTa kavSiriTagan Sezavebulo-<br />
biTa, xolo nergTa amaTaca da mozardobiTiTa aRor-<br />
ZinebadobiTiTa da TeslovanebiTiTa, ese igi ars mSo-<br />
belobiTiTa ZaliTa, xolo pirutyvTaA amaT Sinaca<br />
vidremde, xolo ufrosRa wadierebiTiTa, ese igi ars<br />
gulis-wyroma, gulisTqma da mgrZnobelobiTisa mi-<br />
marTebisa moZraobisa, rameTu kbilni da Zvalni ezia-<br />
rebian qvaTa, frCxilni – nergsa da Tma – balaxsa...<br />
[orbeliani, 1991,I]. adamianis, kacis vrceli ganmarteba,<br />
romlis mxolod CvenTvis saintereso nawilia aq<br />
moyvanili, Semdegi sityvebiT mTavrdeba: kaci ars<br />
cxoveli sityvieri da aRmarTebiT mavali.<br />
avali.. rogorc<br />
Tavad sulxan-saba orbeliani aRniSnavs, misi ZiriTadi<br />
wyaro ioane damaskelis naSromia. igulisxmeba<br />
sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi gadmocema, Tavi adamianis<br />
Sesaxeb (26-e Tavi damaskelis aRniSnuli naSromis<br />
2000 wlis gamocemis mixedviT). marTlac, xSir SemTxvevaSi,<br />
igi TiTqmis zustad imeorebs damaskelis ganmartebebs.<br />
sailustraciod moviyvanT ramdenime fragments<br />
ioane damaskelis aRniSnuli Txzulebidan:<br />
amrigad... Seqmna man (RmerTma n.m.) adamiani Tavisi<br />
xatisebr da msgavsebisebr, SeZerwa ra sxeuli<br />
miwisgan da misca ra mas, sakuTari STabervis mier,<br />
moazrovne da gonismieri suli, rasac saRvTo xatad<br />
vambobT, radgan ,,xatisebroba’’ gonismierobasa da<br />
TviTuflebrivobas aRniSnavs, ,,msgavsebroba’’ ki –<br />
Zalisamebr saTnoebis msgavsebas..<br />
...gvmarTebs vicodeT, rom adamiani usuloebasac<br />
eziareba, pirutyvTa sicocxlis wilmqonecaa da<br />
azrismierTa cnobierebis wilmimRebicaa, radgan ezia-<br />
reba usuloebs sxeulebrivad da oTxi stiqionisgan<br />
Sezavebulobis gamo, mcenareebs _ zemoTqmulTa mix-<br />
68
edviTac da, agreTve masazrdoebloebiTi, zrdadobi-<br />
Ti da TeslovnebiTi anu mSoblobiTi Zalis mxriv,<br />
pirutyvebs _ yovelive amiTac da, kidev, wadilis (anu<br />
risxvisa da ndomis), grZnobadobisa da aRZvriTi<br />
moZraobis Sesabamisad [damaskeli, 2000, 361-362].<br />
amgvarad, adamiani, sabas mixedviT, metyveli,<br />
aRmarTulad mavali cxoveli, cocxali arsebaa, romelic<br />
RmerTma Tavis xatad da msgavsad Seqmna. misi<br />
xorci Semzada qveynisgan (miwisgan n.m.) var.<br />
nivTebisagan da STabera mas gonieri da sityvieri<br />
suli, swored amitom igi aris RvTis xati. igi adamians<br />
ganixilavs erTarsebad. am kuTxiT sainteresoa<br />
sulxan-saba orbelianis mier sityva gvamis erT-erTi<br />
ganmarteba: ... da arca suli oden iTqmis gvamad, arca<br />
Ãorcni, armed gvamoanad, xolo ornive Sesrulebuli<br />
igi ornive gvamad, vinadgan arca suli Tvisgan TaviT<br />
TvisiT gvam qmnil ars, arca Ãorcni, aramed Tanad<br />
ornive, rameTu sakuTrad gvamad Tvisgan TaviT Tvis-<br />
iT mdgomi arsca da saxelidebis...<br />
[orbeliani, 1991, I]<br />
sulxan-saba orbeliani, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,<br />
anTropologiuri ganmartebebis dros, ZiriTadad<br />
ioane damaskels eyrdnoba. magram ufro sityvaZunwia,<br />
gadmocemuli aqvs cnebebisa da terminebis mxolod<br />
ZiriTadi, mTavari azri, arsi... rogorc es leqisikons,<br />
ufro sworad enciklopedias Seesabameba, radgan<br />
faqtia, rom ,,qarTuli leqsikoni’’, garkveul na-<br />
wilSi, erT-gv<br />
gvarad e n c i k l o p e d i i s xasia-<br />
Tis matarebelia...<br />
rogorc Cans, avtori ,,qarTuli leqsikonis’’<br />
Sedgenisas Segnebulad ar Semofarglula mxolod,<br />
Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, leqsikografiis amocanebiT;<br />
mas, nawilobriv, miznad isic dausaxavs, rom ZiriTad<br />
cnebaTa gansazRvrebis gziT leqsikonSi warmoedgina<br />
filosofiuri codna da zogierTi sxva mecnieruli<br />
codna sinamdvilis ama Tu im mxaris Sesaxeb [frangi-<br />
Svili, 1959, 116]. maT Soris samedicino da sabunebismetyvelo<br />
codnis Sesaxebac (ix. saakaSvili, gela-<br />
69
Svili, 1956, Sengelia 1970, 197-212).<br />
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ...filosofiuri<br />
cnebe-<br />
bis ganmartebas sabas xsenebul SromaSi sistematuri<br />
xasiaTi ara aqvs, radgan leqsikonis struqtura maT<br />
ganmartebas anbanuri wesis mixedviT moiTxovs, magram<br />
maTi amokreba da Sinaarsis mixedviT dalageba, iZle-<br />
va sabas filosofiuri Sexedulebebis mTliani war-<br />
modgenis SesaZleblobas [xidaSeli, 1991, 128].<br />
igive vrceldeba sabas anTropologiur ganmartebebze.<br />
romelTagan kargad Cans, rom igi flobda<br />
Sua sukuneebis civilizebul samyaroSi arsebul<br />
anTropologiur codnas, qristianuli anTropologiis<br />
cnobil Teoriebs.<br />
sulxan-saba orbelianis mier gadmocemuli mwyobrad<br />
Camoyalibebuli anTropologiuri sistema, rom<br />
ukeT gavigoT saWirod mimaCnia moviyvano zogierTi<br />
cnebis, terminis miseuli ganmarteba.<br />
Ãorci, sabas mixedviT, cxoelT sxeulia, xolo<br />
cxoeli cocxals niSnavs, sxeuli ki aris yvelaferi<br />
is, rasac hqonan sami ganfenani: sigrZe, sivrce da<br />
siRrme, romel ars sizrqe...<br />
am SemTxvevaSic saba imeorebs ioane damaskelis<br />
ganmartebas: sxeulia is, rac samad aris ganfenili<br />
anu rasac aqvs sigrZe, sigane da siRrme [damaskeli,<br />
2000,362]. sabas ganmartebiT, RmerTma adamianis sxeuli<br />
anu Ãorcni nivTebisgan Semzada. saba nivTis or<br />
ganmartebas iZleva, romelTagan CvenTvis sainteresoa<br />
Semdegi: nivTi ewodebis oTxTa kavSirTa: miwasa,<br />
wyalsa, airsa da cecxlsa<br />
cxlsa (SevniSnavT, rom amjerad<br />
Cven mxolod sabas gnmartebebiT SemovifarglebiT da<br />
Tavs varidebT aRniSnuli cnebebis Sesaxeb sxva masalis<br />
ilustrirebas). amgvarad, saba nivTnSi, iseve,<br />
rogorc kavSirSi samyaros oTx elements, oTx stiqias<br />
gulisxmobs. samyaros am oTx stiqias sulxan–saba,<br />
asos, stuqos saxeliTac moixseniebs, am ukanasknelis<br />
ganmartebisas ki laparakobs maT Tvisebebze: stuqo,<br />
stviqo romel arian asoni pirvel Sedgmulni oTxni<br />
70
nivTni. aqvea ufro vrceli ganmarteba: stuqo ese ars<br />
oTxTa kavSirTa anaqsvni, aRsvla da moxrani, rameTu<br />
q v e y a n a<br />
grili da Ãmeli ars: w y a l i _<br />
grili da notio. wyali sigriliT eziarebis qveyanasa<br />
da notiobiT haersa; h a e r i notio da mÃurvali<br />
ars, notioebiT eziarebis wyalsa da simÃurv-liTa<br />
cecxlsa; c e c x l i mÃurvali da Ãmeli ars,<br />
simÃurvaliTa eziarebis haersa da siÃme-liTa qveya-<br />
nasa... mizanSewonilad mimaCnia aqve moviyvano ioane<br />
damaskelis ganmartebac, radgan igi anTropologiur<br />
konteqstSia gakeTebuli – sxeuli oTxi stiqionisgan<br />
Semyardeba,<br />
xolo<br />
cxovelTa sxeulebi – oTxi<br />
siTxisgan.<br />
gvmarTebs vicodeT, rom es oTxi stiqionia: miwa –<br />
mSrali da grili, wyali – grili da notio, haeri _<br />
notio da Tbili, cecxli – Tbili da mSrali. msgav-<br />
sadve arsebobs oTxi siTxec, Sesabamisad oTxi stiqi-<br />
onisa: Savi naRveli, rac Seesatyviseba miwas (radgan<br />
igi mSralia da grili); balRami, rac Seesatybiseba<br />
wyals (radgan igi grilia da notio), sisxli – hae-<br />
ris Sesatyvisi (radgan igi notioa da Tbili), yviTe-<br />
li naRveli, rac Seesatyviseba cecxls (radgan igi<br />
Tbilia da mSrali). nayofi stiqionebisgan Semyarde-<br />
ba, siTxeebi _ nayofTagan, xolo o cxovelT<br />
velTa sxeulebi<br />
_ siTxeTagan; Semdeg amaTve mimarT iSlebian isini,<br />
radgan yoveli Sedgenili imad iSleba, risganac aris<br />
Semdgari [damaskeli, 2000, 362].<br />
sulxan-saba orbeliani sxeulis Semadgenel<br />
oTx siTxesac ganmartavs, maT revmai-s uwodebs da<br />
cxovelTa, cocxal arsebaTa Semadgenlebad miiCnevs<br />
_ revmaÁ... ese arian oTxni igi asoni cxovelTani (var.<br />
kacTani n. m.): mwiTuri naRveli, romel ars s a f r<br />
a; Savi naRveli, romel ars s e v d a; f e l g a m<br />
i, romel ars b a l R a m i da s i s x l i...<br />
[orbeliani 1993, II].<br />
sxeulis oTxi stiqionisgan Semyarebis Teoria<br />
miiRo qristianulma moZRvrebam antikuri filosofi-<br />
71
isgan, xolo rogorc specialistebi aRniSnaven, am<br />
moZRvrebas qarTuli samyaro, grigol noselisa da<br />
misi Zmis basili didis Txzulebebis gziT, gaecno<br />
[WeliZe, 1989, 294]. (arsebobs gansxvavebuli azri ix.<br />
nucubiZe, 1983, 63-69)<br />
sabas ganmartebis mixedviT, nivTebisgan Seqmnil<br />
adamianis sxeuls, RmerTma gonieri da sityvieri, e.i.<br />
metyveli suli STabera _ aq aSkaraa, rom kacTa su-<br />
li igulisxmeba, radgan<br />
k a c T a s u l i<br />
aris<br />
sityvieri, arseba-gonieri, usxeulo, ucnauri, sityvie-<br />
ri da ukvdavi, arseba-wvlili, usaxo, xati da msgavsi<br />
R%Tisa.<br />
amave leqsikonSi saba sxva saxis sulebis<br />
Sesaxebac wers: _ nergnica sulierad iTqmian, rameTu<br />
aqvs maT moZraobisa da aRorZinebiTisa da Teslova-<br />
nebisa Zali. xolo s u l i p i r u t y v T a,<br />
romel ars samSvinveli, (sisxlisaobiTa da sicocx-<br />
liT(i) ganmatfelobiTi, moZraobiTi nivTierisa Zali-<br />
sa moqmedeba da grZnobis qoneba; xolo k a c T a s<br />
u l i _ sityvieri, arseba-gonieri....; s u l i a n g e<br />
l o z i _ sityvieri da gonieri da meore naTeli; da<br />
eSmaknica, romelTaca TviT daibneles Tavi Tvisi<br />
ampartavnebiT; da suli _ s u l i w m i d a _ dam-<br />
badebeli amaT yovelTa, pirveli naTeli da miuwdo-<br />
meli; qar(n)ica sulad uTqvamT...<br />
amgvarad, sabas mixedviT, arsebobs mcenareuli<br />
(nergTa), cxoveluri (pirutyvTa), adamianis (kacTa)<br />
suli. aseve suli angelozi da sxva. saba am SemTxvevaSic<br />
Tavis winamorbedi filosofosebis anTropologiuri<br />
Teoriis mixedviT iZleva ganmartebas. mag.<br />
Sdr. sulni ganiyofvian sam pirad. vity Zalsa<br />
mozardulsa da mgrZnobelsa da TÂT sulsa,<br />
romelTaÁ erTi maTgani ars mcenarÀ mozardi. da mas<br />
Sina ipovebis Zali cxovelebisaÁ TÂnier grZnobisa.<br />
da meorÀ amaTgani ars mozardi, viTar-igi igi vaÂseneT,<br />
romelsa Sina ars gangebaÁ grZnobisai. da povnil ars<br />
igi pirutyuTa Soris, rameTu ara izardebis xolo<br />
da aRorZindebis, aramed moqmedebaÁ misi ars grZnoba-<br />
72
Tagan. xolo cxovelebaÁ sruli povnil ars bunebasa<br />
Sina kacisasa, ese igi ars metyvelebaÁ, romeli<br />
izardebis da igrZnobs da ganizraxavs. da gangebaÁ<br />
ars<br />
misi gonebisa mier [noseli, 1979, 78]. noselis<br />
ganmartebis mixedviT, suli sam Zalad iyofa: mozardi,<br />
mzardi romelic mxolod mcenareebs aqvT da gadadis<br />
grZnobierSi, romelic mzard ZalasTan erTad,<br />
cxovelebs, pirutyvT gaaCniaT. amitom isini ara marto<br />
izrdebian, aramed grZnoben kidec. xolo sruli<br />
gasuliereba mxolod adamianis wolxvedria, radgan<br />
mxolod mas aqvs zrdis, SegrZnebis, mgrZnobelobis<br />
unarTan erTad metyvelebisa da fiqris (azrovnebis)<br />
unari. aqve aRvniSnav, rom grigol nose-li sulis zemoaRniSnul<br />
Zalebs zogjer sulsac uwodebs.<br />
sabas anTropologiuri Sexeduleba asaxulia<br />
mis mier ganmartebul araerT cnebebasa Tu terminSi.<br />
amjerad mxolod kidev erTi ganmar-tebis warmodgenas<br />
davjerdebiT. saqme exeba naTesavs, rac Tanamed-<br />
rove qarTuli terminologiiT ,,gvars’’ udris [xida-<br />
Seli, 1991, 127]. sabas sityviT, wers S. xidaSeli, ,,na-<br />
Tesavi’’ (gvari) sami mniSvnelobiT iTqmis, (romelTagan<br />
CvenTvis sainteresoa mxolod mesame _ logikuri<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
n.m.). pirveli umaRlesi gvari, anu gvar-<br />
Ta-gvari aris arseba...<br />
,,arsebas’’ am cnebis uzogadesi gagebiT, ar aqvs<br />
gvari. is gvarTa-gvaria, gvaria, romelic nawildeba dixoto-<br />
miuri wesiT...<br />
arseba nawildeba dixotomiis wesiT sxeulian da<br />
usxeulo movlenebad, rogorc arsebis nawilebi. ,,sxe-<br />
uliani da usxeuloÁ saxeni arian arsebisani’’<br />
,,sxeuliani’’ nawildeba sulierad da usulod<br />
da sxeuliani, arsebis saxe, warmoadgens sulieri<br />
dausulo movlenebis mimarT<br />
sulieri ganiyofeba mgrZnobelad da ugrZnob-<br />
lad. mgrZnobeli gulisxmobs ,,grZnobis mqonebels’’,<br />
e.i movlenebs sicocxlis (maT Soris cxovelebis<br />
CaTvliT), xolo ugrZnobeli mcenareebs, romlebic<br />
73
sulierad imitom iwodebian, rom aqvT ,,mozardeobiTi<br />
Zali’’.<br />
cxoveli (mgrZnobeli) iyofa sityvier da utyv<br />
movlenebad (sabas s sityviT, _ sityÂerad da usi-<br />
tyuÀlad’’....<br />
sityvieri ganiyofeba mokvdavad da ukvdavad.<br />
mokvdavi _ kacad (metyvelad) da pirutyvad, e.i.<br />
,,cxenad, ZaRlad da ege viTarad’’.<br />
,,kacis cneba ganiyofeba petred, pavled, ioaned<br />
da sxv, _ ,,romelni arian saxeni da ar Rebuloben<br />
erTmaneTisgan gansazRvrebebs...<br />
arsebis cnebis amgvari danawevreba eba warmoad-<br />
gens antikuri filosofiidan, fiidan, logikidan momdinare<br />
dixotomiis omiis magaliTs, romelic ,,porfiriusis riusis xis’’<br />
saxeliT sakmaod iyo gavrcelebuli Sua saukuneebis<br />
filosof<br />
sofiur azrovnebaSi aristoteles ,,kategorieb-<br />
Tan’’ erTad.<br />
am sqemam gavlena moaxdina agreTve qristianu-<br />
li aRmosavleTis azrovnebaze, sadac umniSvnelo<br />
cvlileba ganicada. moaxdina gavlena ioane damas-<br />
kelzec da Semovida qarTul azrovnebaSic damaske-<br />
lis Txzulebis XI_XII ss-Si Sesrulebuli Targmane-<br />
bis saxiT da aisaxa saba orbelianis leqsikonSic<br />
[xidaSeli 1991, 134-135] (sqema ix. iqve).<br />
sabas mier gadmocemuli anTropologiuri Teoria<br />
SeiZleba mokled ase CamovayaliboT: RmerTma samyaro<br />
Tanmimdevrulad Seqmna jer Seiqmna arasulieri<br />
samyaro (arseba, sxeuli), romlisganac adamiani garkveuli<br />
nawili miiRo _ rameTu eziarebis usuloTa<br />
ukve sxeulia-nebiTa da oTxTa kavSiriTagan Sezavebu-<br />
lobiT. Semdeg Seiqmna mcenareuli samyaro, romlisganac<br />
adamianma miiRo zrdis, gamravlebis unari, xolo<br />
cxovelTagan man miiRo mgrZnobeloba, SegrZnebis<br />
unari. maTgan gansxvavebiT mxolod adamians gaaCnia<br />
e.w. metyveli, cnobieri suli. saintereso da sagulisxmoa<br />
is faqti rom saba ufro konkretdeba da<br />
ganmartavs rameTu kbilni da Zvalni eziarebian qva-<br />
74
Ta, frCxilni – nergsa da Tma – balaxsa [orbeliani,<br />
1993, II]. rac garkveuli saxiT xalxur SexedulebebSic<br />
dasturdeba, rogorc i. surgulaZe aRniSnavs,<br />
kolxuri brinjaos nivTebis dekorisa da sartylebis<br />
mxatvrobis simbolikis safuZvels warmoadgens bazi-<br />
suri Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad cxovelis sxeuli<br />
ganixileba miwad xolo bewvi da rqa, maTi sezonuri<br />
cvlilebebis Sesabamisad mcenareul safarad. es idea<br />
realizebulia Zveli msoflios xalxebis miTosSi da<br />
Sesabamisad qarTvelTa miTo-simboluri azrovnebac<br />
analogiur warmodgenebs emyareba [surgulaZe, 2003,<br />
205]. rogorc cnobilia, es warmodgenebi garkveuli<br />
saxiT qristianul religiaSic aris areklili. magram<br />
arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom saba, am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
xalxur warmodgenebsac iTvaliswinebda, rogorc<br />
sxva araerTi cnebis ganmartebis dros.<br />
amjerad gvainteresebs aisaxa Tu ara qristianuli<br />
moZRvreba adamianis Sesaxeb xalxur cnobierebaSi.<br />
xalxuri ganmartebiT, adamiani sulisa da<br />
sxeulis erTianobaa. sxeuli, tani, gvami xiluli,<br />
xelSesaxebi, droebiTi da mokvdavia. e.i. materialuri<br />
fenomenia. suli ki _ uxilavia, xelSeuxebelia, ukvdavi<br />
da maradiulia. amave dros sxeuli uwminduria,<br />
suli ki _ wmindaa.<br />
xalxuri gadmocemiT, adamiani RmerTma miwisgan<br />
mozila, misca Tavisi saxe da Semdeg suli STabera _<br />
gaacocxla. es gadmocema mTel saqarTveloSi aris<br />
gavrcelebuli. cnobilia, rom pirveli adamianis miwisgan,<br />
Tixisgan Seqmnis idea uZveles da universalur<br />
anTropogenul koncefcias warmoadgens [frezeri,<br />
17-18; xazaraZe, 354], rac qarTvelTa anTropologiur<br />
SexedulebebSic aisaxa. magram arc is aris gamoricxuli,<br />
rom am codnam qristianobis gavlenac ganicada.<br />
miTumetes, rom zemoxsenebuli xalxuri gadmocema<br />
adamis Seqmnis bibliur motivs ukavSirdeba.<br />
rogorc vTqviT, adamiani, qarTvelTa tradiciuli<br />
Sexedulebis mixedviT sulisa da sxeulis<br />
erTia-<br />
75
nobaa. am erTianobaSi sicocxlis mimniWebeli sulia,<br />
romlis gareSe sxeuli kvdeba. isic cnobilia qar-<br />
Tul xalxur metyvelebaSi, sulisa da samSvinvelis<br />
gamijvnac ar momxdara (iaTaSvili, 2005, 397-398; kikna-<br />
Ze, 2005, 399; kopaleiSvili, 2004,70)<br />
imavdroulad, saqarTveloSi dasturdeba mravalsulianobis<br />
arqauli koncefcia, romlis Sesaxeb<br />
metad mniSvnelovani gamokvleva _ qarTveli xalxis<br />
religiuri azrovnebis istoriidan (mravalsuliano-<br />
bis koncefcia)<br />
vera bardaveliZes ekuTvnis, sadac<br />
detalurad aris ganxiluli xalxuri Sexedulebebi<br />
adamianis sulis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mTielTa eTnografiuli monacemebis mixedviT<br />
[bardaveliZe, 124-145].<br />
enobrivi, folkloruli da eTnografiuli monacemebis<br />
safuZvelze, man saqarTveloSi daadastura<br />
arqauli warmodgenebi adamianis ramdenime sulis Sesaxeb.<br />
romlis amsaxveli masala saqarTveloSi metnaklebad<br />
dResac gvxvdeba [bardaveliZe, 1949, 128-150].<br />
es ki erTi mxriv uZveles warmodgenaTa mdgradobaze<br />
metyvelebs, meore mxriv ki rogorc aRvniSneT, sxvadasxva<br />
droisa da kulturuli SreebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
Sexedulebebis Tanaarsebobaze xalxur<br />
cnobierebaSi.<br />
vfiqrob, qarTvelTa tradiciul anTropologiur<br />
SexedulebebSi aseve aisaxa garkveuli codna<br />
adamianis oTxelementovani agebulebis Sesaxeb. es<br />
codna humoraluri paTologiis Teoriis saxiT Sua<br />
saukuneebis qarTuli oficialuri medicinis safuZvels<br />
warmoadgenda, romlis mixedviT samyaros oTxi<br />
elementis: wylis, miwis, cecxlisa da haeris Sesabamisi<br />
– adamianis sxeulSi arsebuli oTxi siTxis: : sisx-<br />
lis, lorwos, Savi da yviTeli naRvelis<br />
wonasworobis<br />
darRveva iwvevda yovelgvar daavadebas da adamianis<br />
sikvdilsac. amjerad mxolod erT elementze –<br />
sisxlze SevCerdebiT.<br />
v. bardaveliZis mixedviT ...sisxlis, rogorc<br />
76
sasicocxlo Zalis, sasicocxlo elementis mniSvne-<br />
lobiT arsebobaze qarTveli tomebis<br />
religiur<br />
msoflmxedvelobaSi laparakobs sisxlismWamelobis<br />
gadmonaSTi [bardaveli-Ze, 1949, 128], rac mecnierma<br />
svanebis zisxoras ritualuri Wamis saxiT daadgina.<br />
zisxora svaneTSi samsxverplo saqonlis sisxlisgan<br />
damzadebul kupats ewodeba. sisxlis, sasicocxlo<br />
Zalad aRqma aseve Zvelia da damaxasiaTebelia arqauli<br />
sazogadoebebisaTvis. amasTan erTad, ar aris gamoricxuli,<br />
rom xalxurma Sexedulebam sisxlis Sesaxeb<br />
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli klasikuri medicinis<br />
gavlenac ganicada. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts,<br />
rom qarTuli karabadinebi saqarTvelos yvela kuTxe-<br />
Si da maT Soris svaneTSic farTod iyo gavrcelebuli.<br />
amis Tqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs agreTve xalxur<br />
medicinaSi zogierTi daavadebis sxeulSi dagrovil<br />
Warb sisxlTan dakavSireba da sisxlis gamoSvebis<br />
mkurnalobis farTod ga-vrcelebuli wesi.<br />
igive SeiZleba iTqvas Sexedulebaze sxeulSi<br />
arsebuli haeris Sesaxeb, romlis siWarbe, xalxuri<br />
warmodgeniT, garkveul, ufro xSirad, simsivnur daavadebas<br />
iwvevda.<br />
humoraluri paTologiis Teoriis mixedviT, sisxli<br />
sxeulSi arsebul haerTan asocirdeba.<br />
zemoxsenebulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,<br />
rom garkveuli warmodgena adamianis oTxelementovani<br />
agebulebis Sesaxeb xalxSi arsebobda da<br />
es codna qarTuli karabadinebis saSualebiT vrceldeboda.<br />
magram klasikuridan xalxurma SeiTvisa ara<br />
sistemuri codna, aramed mxolod calkeuli, misTvis<br />
misaRebi elementebi [mindaZe, 2002, 126].<br />
sainteresoa, ganasxvavebda Tu ara qarTveli<br />
xalxi sulis or saxes - cnobiersa da aracnobiers<br />
sabas sityvebiT metyvel, gonier sulsa da samSvinvels<br />
– utyv suls.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom termini _ samSvinveli<br />
77
qarTul xalxur leqsikaSi ar dasturdeba, unda<br />
vivaraudoT, rom xalxuri cnobiereba sulis or<br />
saxes mainc ganasxvavebda. xalxuri warmodgeniT, Tu<br />
suli adamianis sxeuls tovebs, adamiani kvdeba,<br />
magram saqarTveloSi dasturdeba agreTve warmodgena<br />
sulis mier adamianis sxeulis droebiTi datovebis<br />
Sesaxeb, magaliTad _ Zilis dros. am kuTxiT sainteresoa<br />
1947 wels qarTlSi TinaTin oCiauris mier<br />
erT-erTi mTxroblisgan Cawerili Semdegi sityvebi:<br />
roca adamians sZinavs, maSin suli dadis. mec roca<br />
gamomRviZebia, daqanculi vyofilvar. Turme maRvi-<br />
Zebdnen da ver vdgebodi. rogorc rame daexetebodes,<br />
ise daexeteba suli sizmarSi... [oCiauri, 1947]. aseTive<br />
axsna aqvs e.w. saRaTas _ leTargiul Zils. am drosac,<br />
xalxuri warmodgeniT, adamianis suli tovebs<br />
sxeuls da midis saiqioSi _ imqveyniur samyaroSi.<br />
swored am dros xdeba, umetesad saiqios moxilva.<br />
mogzaurobis Semdeg suli brundeba da isev Casaxldeba<br />
adamianis sxeulSi, ris Sedegadac adamiani iRvi-<br />
Zebs. e.i. Zilis dros suli adamians tovebs, magram<br />
adamiani mainc cocxalia. ismis kiTxva: Tu suli<br />
wasulia, maSin ratom aris adamiani cocxali pasuxs<br />
ki Tavad Cveni mTxroblebi gvaZleven: imitom, rom igi<br />
sunTqavs. am konteqstSi sainteresoa qarTvelTa gamo-<br />
Tqma: adamiani cocxlobs ukanasknel amosunTqvamde<br />
vamde,<br />
e.i. adamianis sicocxlis niSani misi sunTqvaa da ara<br />
misi cnobiereba, romlis suls SeuZlia adamiani datovos,<br />
magram cocxali darCes. amasve adasturebs<br />
gamoTqma _ gonebis dakargva, rac, cnobieri sulis<br />
mier sxeulis droebiT datovebas niSnavs da ara _<br />
adamianis sikvdils.<br />
am mimarTebiT metad sainteresoa sulxan-saba<br />
orbelianis mier termin fSvinvis ganmarteba _ fSvin-<br />
va mZinarisagan sulis bervaa [orbeliani, 1993, II].<br />
iv. javaxiSvili vrclad ganixilavs am terminis<br />
etimologias, semantikur vels da midis daskvnamde,<br />
rom Zvel qarTulSi Suminva sunTqvas niSnavda. igi<br />
78
imowmebs n. maris ipolites aRTqmidan moyvanil winadadebas<br />
– Sobasa mas pirvelsa SuminviT cxovelTa<br />
Seiqmnebis kaci igi mucels mas Sina dedisa Tvisisasa<br />
e.i. dedis saSvilosnoTgan axalSobili pirveli<br />
sunTqviT cxoveli Seiqmnebao.<br />
aqedanvea nawarmoebi saSuminveli, aRniSnavs mecnieri<br />
da imowmebs gr. nosels [javaxiSvili, 1960, 36-<br />
38].<br />
amgvarad, adamianis sasicocxlo suli SesaZlebelia,<br />
xalxur cnobierebaSi sxeulSi arsebul haer-<br />
Tan – sunTqvasTan, fSvinvasTan<br />
an – haeris SesunTqvasa<br />
da amosunTqvasTan asocirdeboda da mis adgilsamyofelad<br />
guli, sisxli iyo miCneuli. gulis gaCereba,<br />
ukanaskneli amosunTqva ki adamianis sicocxlis Sewyvetas<br />
niSnavda.<br />
zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, Zveli aRTqmis<br />
wignTa qarTuli Targmanebis mixedviT gakeTebulia<br />
mniSvnelovani daskvna: Zvel qarTul enaSi zmna<br />
mSvinva (//fSvinva) xmabaZviTia da sunTqvis, aRmo-<br />
fSvinvis dros warmoqmnil bgeraTa xmabaZvaa. qarT-<br />
velTa cnobierebaSi mtkiced iyo gadajaWvuli<br />
sunTqva da sicocxle, romlis SewyvetasTan erTad<br />
adamians mSvinva (//fSvinva), sunTqva uqreba.<br />
termin sulisTvisa amosavalia saerTo qarTve-<br />
luri Ziri sul: qarT. sul- ,,suli’’, megr. Sur-<br />
,,suli’’, ,,suni’’, laz. Sur-,,suli’’, ,,suni’’, svan. Sur-<br />
li-Sur<br />
Sur-iel ,,amooxvra’’.<br />
ena asaxavs eris msoflmxedvelobas, mxedvelobas, saganTa<br />
movlenaTa aRqmas. am mxriv sainteresoa, rom qar-<br />
Tulma enamac Semogvinaxa leqsika (,,suli’’, ,,samSvin-<br />
vrli’’, ,,mSvinvieri’’, ,,mberavi’’), romelic indoevro-<br />
pul da ebraul enaTa msgavsad sulsa sa da samSvinvels<br />
ukavSirebs sunTqvas, bervas, fSvinvas. am terminTa mi-<br />
marT am enebSi moqmedebs nominaciis saerTo principi.<br />
[doCanaSvili, sarjvelaZe, 2000, 49]<br />
zemoaRniSnuls savsebiT uWers mxars eTnografiuli<br />
masala.<br />
79
amgvarad, adamianis sasicocxlo suli SesaZlebelia,<br />
xalxur cnobierebaSi sxeulSi arsebul haer-<br />
Tan, qarTan – sunTqvasTan, fSvinvasTan<br />
vasTan – haeris SesunTqvasa<br />
da amosunTqvasTan asocirdeboda da mis<br />
adgilsamyofelad guli, sisxli iyo miCneuli. gulis<br />
gaCereba, ukanaskneli amosunTqva ki adamianis sicocxlis<br />
Sewyvetas niSnavda.<br />
gulTan, sisxlsa da sunTqvasTan adamianis sicocxlis<br />
dakavSireba, sisxlisa da sunTqvis sulad<br />
aRqma uZveles da farTod gavrcelebul rmwena-warmodgenebs<br />
ganekuTvneba [Sternbergi, 1936, 293-295]. rac<br />
qristianulma religiamac gaiziara.<br />
zemomoyvanilis safuZvelze SeiZleba iT-qvas,<br />
rom qarTveli xalxis empiriuli codna adamianis arsis,<br />
misi Seqmnis Sesaxeb, adamianis miwisgan Sesaqmis<br />
universaluri warmodgenebis farglebSi Tavsdeba.<br />
imavdroulad, unda vigulisxmoT, rom zemoaRniSnulma<br />
xalxurma warmodgenebma antikuri filosofiisa<br />
da qristianuli moZRvrebis garkveuli gavlena ganicada,<br />
rac vfiqrobT, rom Cans aq warmodgenili<br />
eTnografiuli masalis safuZvelze.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1 bardaveliZe _ v. bardaveliZe, qarTveli xalxis religiuri<br />
azrovnebis istoriidan (mravalsulianobis<br />
koncefcia) mimomxilveli, I, Tbilisi, 1949<br />
2. s. gorgaZe, nemeseos emeseli da misi Txzuleba ix.<br />
nemeseos emeseli, bunebisaTÂis kacisa, Tbilisi, 1914<br />
3. damaskeli _ marTlmadidebel mamaTa Sromebi I wm.<br />
ioane damaskeli, marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis<br />
zedmiwevniTi gadmocema, ori Zveli qarTuli Targmani<br />
(wm. efrem mcirisa da wm. arsen iyalToelisa)<br />
gamosacemad moamzades roman miminoSvilma da maia<br />
rafavam, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTo m. rafavam.<br />
Zveli berZnulidan Tanamedrove qarTulze<br />
Targmna, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi daurTo ediSer<br />
80
WeliZem, Tbilisi, 2000<br />
4. doCanaSvili, sarjvelaZe _ elene doCana-Svili,<br />
sofio sarjvelaZe, termin ,,mberavis’’ mniSvnelobani<br />
winaswarmetyvelTa wignebis mixedviT, enaTmecnierebis<br />
sakiTxebi, 1, Tbilisi, 2000<br />
5. iaTaSvili _ S. iaTaSvili, qarTvelTa omonimuri<br />
suli saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa gasayarze, Tbilisi,<br />
2005<br />
6. kiknaZe _ z. kiknaZe, mTavari redaqtoris SeniSvna,<br />
saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa gasayarze, Tbilisi, 2005<br />
7. kopaleiSvili _ l. kopaleiSvili, qarTveli<br />
xalxis uZvelesi sarwmunoebi erTi aspeqti, masalebi<br />
saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, Tbili-si, 2004<br />
8. lorgusi _ Лоргус Андрей, Православная антропология,<br />
Москва, 2003<br />
9. lorgusi _ Сващенник Андрей Лоргус, Душа и дух -<br />
природа и бытие, Православное учение о человеке, Москва –<br />
Клин, 2004<br />
10. n. mindaZe, tradiciuli qarTuli medicina evraziul<br />
sivrceSi, qarTveluri memkvidreoba VI, quTaisi,<br />
2002<br />
11. mRvdelmTavari luka _ mRvdelmTavari luka (voino<br />
iasenecki), suli, samSvineli, sxeuli, <strong>mecniereba</strong><br />
da religia, Tbilisi., 2003<br />
12. noseli – Tqmuli wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa<br />
grigol nosel ebiskoposisai kacisa Sesaqmisa-<br />
Tvis, romel miuwera Zmasa Tvssa petresa ebiskopossa<br />
sebastielsa, Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa, gamosacemad<br />
moamzades b. gigineiSvilma da e. giunaSvilma,<br />
Tbilisi, 1979<br />
13. nucubiZe _ S. nucubiZe, qarTuli filosofiis<br />
istoria, I, Sromebi, VIII,<br />
14. orbeliani _ sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni<br />
qarTuli, t. I, Tbilisi, 1991<br />
15. orbeliani _ sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni<br />
qarTuli, t. II, Tbilisi, 1993<br />
16. oCiauri _ oCiauri T., qarTlis eTnografiuli<br />
81
dRiurebi (xelnaweri), 1947, piradi arqivi<br />
17. papuaSvili _ nugzar papuaSvili, religiis karibWe<br />
– religiis istoriis Sesavali, Tbilisi, 1996<br />
18. saakaSvili, gelaSvili _ saakaSvili m., gelaSvili<br />
a. saqarTvelos medicinis istoria, Tbilisi, 1956<br />
19. sarjvelaZe _ s. sarjvelaZe, `sulisa~ da<br />
`samSvinvelis” aRmniSvneli leqsika Zveli aRTqmis<br />
wignis qarTul TargmanebSi, ciskari, saqarTvelos<br />
mweralTa kavSiris organo, 11, noemberi, 1990, Tbilisi<br />
20. surgulaZe _ ir. surgulaZe, sarwmunoeba uZvelesi<br />
droidan qristianobis gamocxadebamde, ir. surgula-<br />
Ze, miTosi, kulti, rituali, Tbilisi, 2003<br />
21. filareTi _ Митрополит Минский и Слуцкий Филарет,<br />
Православное учение о человеке, Москва – Клин, 2004<br />
22. frangiSvili _ a. frangiSvili, narkvevebi adamianis<br />
fsiqologiuri codnis istoriidan saqarTveloSi<br />
(XVII-XVIIIss. da XIXs. dasawyisi), Tbilisi, 1959<br />
23. frezeri _ Дж. Фрезер, Золотая ветвь, Москва, 1986<br />
24. Sengelia _ Sengelia m., qarTuli medicinis istoria,<br />
Tbilisi, 1970<br />
25. Sternbergi _ Я Штернберг, Первобытная религия,<br />
Ленинград, 1936<br />
26. WeliZe – wmida grigol noseli ,,pasuxi equsTa<br />
dReTaTvs (teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, komentarebi<br />
da leqsikoni daurTo ediSer WeliZem), saqarTvelos<br />
eklesiis kalendari, 1989, Tbilisi<br />
27. xazaraZe _ n. xazaraZe, adamianis dabadebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli qarTvelT rwmena-warmodgenebi da<br />
miwisgan adamianis Sesaqmis koncefcia, qarTveluri<br />
memkvidreoba, IV, quTaisi, 2000<br />
28. xidaSeli _ Salva xidaSeli, sulxan-saba orbelianis<br />
filosofiuri Sexedulebani da misi wyaroebi<br />
(,,sityvis konis’’ mixedviT); mixeil maxaraZe, Salva<br />
xidaSeli areopagitika da qarTuli filosofiuri<br />
azri, Tbilisi, 1991<br />
29. javaxiSvili _ iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris<br />
istoriis Sesavali, w. I, saqarTvelos kavkasiisa da<br />
82
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri<br />
problemebi, Tb., 1960<br />
30. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli samarTlis istoria,<br />
wigni pirveli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli Tormet<br />
tomad, tomi VI, Tbilisi, 1982<br />
Nino Mindadze<br />
Christian Anthropology and the Georgian People’s Views on<br />
Man<br />
Christian Anthropology is a theological subject, a theological<br />
teaching about man. Its main sources are: the Bible, the works of the<br />
Holy Fathers, Antique philosophy...<br />
The foundation of Christian anthropology is dogmatic, its point<br />
of departure being faith. The dogmatic foundation of Christian<br />
anthropology is the biblical theory of genesis of man and belief...<br />
Issues of anthropology have been touched upon almost by all the<br />
representatives of Christian<br />
Philosophy, the Holy Fathers: Gregory of Nyssa, Nemesius of<br />
Emesa, Maximus the Confessor, John of Damascus and many others.<br />
These men being active in Christian philosophy, earned special<br />
prestige in Georgia.<br />
The Anthropological theory of the philosophers, mentioned<br />
above, served as the foundation for the knowledge about man that<br />
existed in Georgia in the Middle Ages; on this theory were founded<br />
the anthropological views presented in Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani’s<br />
dictionary as well.<br />
According to Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, man, able to speak and to<br />
walk upright, is a living being created by God in his likeness and in<br />
his image. God made his flesh of the earth and breathed in his nostrils<br />
the mental and verbal soul.<br />
The Christian anthropological knowledge was reflected to<br />
ascertain extent in the popular anthropological views as well.<br />
According to folk tradition God made man of dust in his own image<br />
and in his likeness and breathered in his nostrils the breath of life.<br />
This tradition is spread all over Georgia. It is known that the idea of<br />
83
creating man of dust, clay utmost ancient and universal<br />
anthropogenetic concept [ Frazer, Khazaradze]. This view has been<br />
attested among Georgian people since ancient time [Bardavelidze,<br />
Surguladze, Khazaradze], but, over the years, it also has experienced<br />
the influence of the Christian religion. Much the more, this folk<br />
tradition is associated with the Biblical motif of Adam’s creation.<br />
At the same time the archaic concept of multispiritedness,<br />
which on the other – has also been attested in Georgia to the coexistence<br />
of the views characteristic of different periods and various<br />
cultural strata in human consciousness.<br />
rozeta gujejiani<br />
mentalobis kvlevis problema da qarTuli<br />
eTnologia<br />
mentalobis//mentalitetis kvlevis problema<br />
franguli analebis skolis warmomadgenelTa saxeliT<br />
cnobili istorikosebis ukve mesame Taobis<br />
kvlevis ZiriTadi sferoa.Mm. blokma, l. fevrma, f.<br />
brodelma, f. ariesma, J. diubim, J. le gofma da sxva<br />
istorikosebma ama Tu im istoriuli movlenis kvlevisas<br />
mTavari orientiri Sesaswavli movlenebis<br />
centrSi myofi adamianisa da adamianTa jgufisaken<br />
mimarTes, ZiriTad sakiTxad istoriis Semoqmedi adamianisa<br />
da adamianTa jgufis mentaloba aqcies. mentalobis<br />
kvlevas eZRvneba a. gureviCisa da misi mowafeebis<br />
mravali naSromi. CvenTvis mniSvnelovania am ku-<br />
TxiT Sesrulebuli qarTuli naSromebi (m. xidaSelis,<br />
n. vaCnaZis, m. CxartiSvilis, r. labaZis, g.<br />
abdalaZis, g .WeiSvilis da sxva qarTvel istorikos-<br />
Ta statiebi da monografiebi).<br />
mentalobas ZiriTadad istorikosebi ikvleven,<br />
Tumca yvela maTgani gansakuTrebul adgils uTmobs<br />
84
eTnografiul masalas, rogorc adamianisa da sociumis<br />
mTavari mentaluri maxasiaTeblebis cocxal<br />
wyaros.<br />
qarTvel eTnologTagan qarTvelTa mentalobis<br />
zogierTi elementi Rrmad da amomwuravadaa Seswavlili<br />
(m. kandelaki, 1995; 2001; 2002; a. qaldani, 1984; n.<br />
mindaZe, 2003; r. TofCiSvili, 2005, 2006 da sxva),<br />
magram bevri mentaluri maxasiaTebeli kvlavac gamosavleni<br />
da gasaanalizebelia.Aam mxriv, humanitaruli<br />
dargis samecniero disciplinebidan yvelaze met<br />
informacias swored eTnologebi floben, vinaidan<br />
adamiani da misi garemoa eTnologTa kvlevis mTavari<br />
obieqti. a. gureviCis dakvirvebiT, mentalobis problemis<br />
analizi politikur-ekonomi-kuri da sociologiuri<br />
abstraqciebis qimeruli samyarodan Semogvabrunebs<br />
istoriis miviwyebuli sagnisaken _ adamianisaken,<br />
rogorc cocxali, sulieri arsebisakenL (А.<br />
Гуревич, 1989, 89). M<br />
mentalobis CarTva da warmoCena istoriul qronikebSi<br />
aRadgens sxvadasxva drois adamiane-bisa da<br />
mTeli sociumebis (eTnosebis) centraluri msoflmxedvelobrivi<br />
Rirebulebebis, Sexedulebebis, rwmenawarmodgenebis,<br />
emociuri re-aqciebis uaRresad saintereso<br />
sistemebs, romelTa gauTvaliswineblad warmoudgenelia<br />
ama Tu im epoqis epoqalur sulsa da<br />
cxovrebis wesSi Cawvdoma da aRdgena.<br />
Mmentalobis mkvlevarni naklebs saubroben<br />
individualur mentalitetze, mentalobas ikvleven<br />
eTnikur da socialur jgufebTan mimarTe-baSi.<br />
Mmentalitetis kvlevis istoria warmoaCens, rom<br />
eTnosebisa Tu sociumebis mentaloba sakmaod myari<br />
da droSi gamZlea. igi gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli<br />
stabilurobiT da masSi cvlilebebis SemCneva mxolod<br />
drois xangrZlivi monakveTis gasvlis Semdegaa<br />
SesaZlebeli.Aam kuTxiTac, qarTul eTnologias didi<br />
asparezi da perspeqtivebi gaaCnia, vinaidan Cveni<br />
kvlevis sagani da obieqtia ara e.w. primitiuli sazo-<br />
85
gadoebebi, aramed maRali kulturis, istoriuli gamocdilebisa<br />
da mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
mqone qarTuli eTnosi. masalac mravalferovania:<br />
arqeologiuri da eTnografiu-li monacemebi, werilobiTi<br />
wyaroebi, Tanamedro-ve yofiTi realiebi da<br />
sxva. aseTi mdidari informacia uSreti wyaroa zogadad<br />
qarTuli eTnosisa da misi Semadgeneli teritoriul-eTnografiuli<br />
Temebis//jgufebis (qarTlelebis,<br />
kaxelebis, xevsurebis, svanebis, megrelebis, raWvelebis...)<br />
tradiciuli mentalobis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
anu qarTvel eTnologs SesaZlebloba aqvs<br />
tradiciuli qarTuli mentalobis (an misi lokaluri<br />
nairsaxeobebis) istoriul WrilSi ganxilvisa da<br />
ganviTarebis dinamikis gamovlenisa.<br />
qarTvelTa mentalobiT dainteresebul mkvlevars<br />
SeuZlia aRadginos arqauli sazogadoebis<br />
msoflmxedveloba (m. xidaSeli 2005), adreuli, ganvi-<br />
Tarebuli Tu gviani Suasaukuneebis qarTvelebis mTavari<br />
mentaluri Rirebulebebi, XIX_XX saukuneebSi<br />
TavCenili inovaciebi da yovelive es Seudaros Tanamedrove<br />
qarTvelis mentalitets. e.i. umdidresi saistorio<br />
wyaroebi qarTvelTa eTnikuri mentalitetis<br />
istoriul WrilSi warmoCenisa da gamowvlilviTi<br />
analizis saSualebas iZleva.<br />
amave dros, mentalobis esa Tu is maxasiaTebeli<br />
sruliad Cveulebriv yofiT pasaJebsa da niuansebSic<br />
ikveTeba. magaliTad, dResac yoveli tradiciuli qar-<br />
Tveli mTieli (svani) mamakaci eklesiis maxloblad<br />
gavlisas aucileblad quds moixdis da RvTis sadidebels<br />
warmoTqvams. es TiTqosda yofiTi niuansi misi<br />
mentalobis Semadgeneli elementia, Cveulebrivi<br />
cxovrebiseuli pasaJia. amgvari qmedebis wyaro misi<br />
tradiciuli cxovrebis wesia, risi SeTvisebac adreuli<br />
socializaciis periodSi xdeba. aseve, tradiciuli<br />
mentalitetis gamoZaxilia imereTis soflebSi<br />
dResac cocxali qcevis wesi _ mowyurebul mgzavrs<br />
qaTqaTa sufra gadafarebul tablas rom gauSlian<br />
86
da wyalTan erTad Rvinosa da purmarils miarTmeven.<br />
yofis TviT aseTi wvrilmani elementebis analizic<br />
ki migviyvans tradiciuli cxovrebis sxvadasxva<br />
aspeqtis (kulturul_sameurneo tipi, socialuri, sulieri<br />
da materialuri kultura) Semqmneli adamianis,<br />
sociumisa da eTnosis tradiciul mentalobamde,<br />
rac, cxadia, axali plastebiTa da StrixebiT gaamdidrebs<br />
da gaacocxlebs KmSralL istoriul qronikebs.<br />
istoriis Kgacocxleba ki TvalnaTliv warmogviCens<br />
sxvadassxva epoqaSi mcxovreb adamianTa (sociumTa,<br />
eTnosTa) azrovnebis wess, emociebs, gancdebs,<br />
wuxilsa Tu sixaruls, imedebsa Tu sasowarkve-<br />
Tas, tradiciebsa Tu stereotipebs da a. S.<br />
ganvixiloT Tundac zemo aWaraSi gavrcelebuli<br />
erTi istoria: cnobilia, sisxlis aRebis wesi<br />
qarTvel mTielebSi gvianobamde arsebobda. Tumca ki,<br />
qarTuli saxelmwifo Tu CveulebiTi samarTali am<br />
wess mudam ebrZoda. mterze SurisZieba aWaraSic<br />
erTgvar KRirsebis saqmedL iTvleboda, “sisxlis SeWma”L_<br />
auRebloba ki sircxvilad miiCneoda. erT-erTi<br />
SurismaZiebeli Casafrebia mosisxles saxlTan, fanjarasTan<br />
da yuri moukravs saubrisaTvis. colis SekiTxvaze,<br />
_ ar geSinia Sin mosvlis, mteri mogklavso,<br />
_ qmars upasuxnia, _ me iseTi vaJkaci mteri myavs, colis<br />
Tvalwin ar mesvriso. es gaugia fanjarasTan<br />
dadarajebul mosisxles da saocari gadawyvetileba<br />
miuRia: ori tyvia iqve fanjris rafaze dautovebia iq<br />
yofnis niSnad, TviTon ki iqaurobas garidebia sisxlis<br />
aRebazec xeli auRia. (qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali,<br />
1991, 179).<br />
Aam yofiT istoriaSi tradiciuli qarTuli mentaliteti<br />
mTeli sisruliTaa gamoxatuli: igi qarTuli<br />
rainduli kodeqsis gamoZaxilia, qalisadmi pativiscemisa<br />
da qalis maRali uflebrivi mdgomareobis<br />
amsaxvelia. mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom siuJeti<br />
tradiciuli qarTuli faseulobebis did simyaresa<br />
da gamZleobaze miuTiTebs: ramdenime saukunovanma<br />
87
mahmadianurma wnexma (aWaraSi) veraferi daaklo tradiciul<br />
qarTul mentalitets, Tavmoyrils am rigiTi<br />
qarTvelis (zemo aWarlis) msoflaRqmaSi.<br />
ZvelqarTuli mentalobis mTavari maxasiaTeblebi<br />
_ erTguleba samSoblos, mefisa da sarwmunoebisadmi<br />
_ mkafiod moCans meToTxmete saukunis xatis<br />
minawerSi, latalis Temis (svaneTi) vedrebaSi: “wmidao<br />
mTavarangelozo... adiden mefeni bagratonianni...<br />
da erTobili saqarTvelo da erTobili svanni”. ase-<br />
Tive muxtiTaa aRsavse mTiulTa locvac: “RmerTo,<br />
uSvele qveynierebasao, qveynierebaSi _ saqarTvelosao,<br />
saqarTveloSi mTiuleTsao, mTiuleTSi mleTesao”<br />
(r. TofCiSvili, 2005, 44). r. TofCiSvilis dakvirvebiT,<br />
Kam konteqstSia agreTve gansaxilveli is<br />
eTnografiuli masalac, romliTac aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mTielTa ZiriTadi, centraluri salocavebi<br />
da qarTveli mefeebi erTmaneTis moZmeebad<br />
iTvlebodnenL (r. TofCiSvili, 2005, 44).<br />
religiis udidesi, TiTqmis warmmarTveli roli<br />
da mniSvneloba qarTvel mTielTa cxovrebaSi, gamovlenilia<br />
m. kandelakis naSromebSi, sadac gaanalizebulia<br />
qarTvel mTielTa tradiciuli socialuri da<br />
sulieri yofa da gamokveTilia maTi mentalobis mravali<br />
sagulisxmo niuansi (m. kandelaki, 1995; 2001;<br />
2002…...)<br />
tradiciuli qarTuli mentalobis gamomxatvelia<br />
didi mefis Tamaris Sesaxeb arsebuli xsovna araTu<br />
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos farglebSi, aramed istoriuli<br />
saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi (tao, klarjeTi, Sav-<br />
SeTi, imerxevi, lazeTi, saingilo, agreTve kavkasions<br />
gadaRma dRevandeli balyareTisa da yaraCais nawil-<br />
Si...) da aseve, iranSi mcxovreb qarTvelebSi. “deda<br />
qarTlisa _ Tamari”L dRemde cocxali Temaa qarTvelebisaTvis.<br />
am xsovnaSi Cveni qveynis warsuliT gamowveuli<br />
siamaye da bednier mermisze ocneba erTmaneT-<br />
Sia gadajaWvuli. Llegendebi mravalferovania, magaliTad,<br />
fSauri gadmocemiT, “Tamar mefe wmindani iyo,<br />
88
zRvebze anafora daugav da ise davala zRvaze da<br />
haerSio”L(v. bardaveliZe, 1941; 128). imerxeuli legendiT<br />
”Tamarai Cveni didia; Tamarai aq yofila, es cixe<br />
iman aaSena; aq qilisai yofila, skolis Tavze da aim<br />
cixidan aq gadmofrenila” (t. futkaraZe, 2007; 60).<br />
“hoi, sixarulo, Tamar dedofalo, yvelaze lamazo,<br />
Tamar dedofalo!”L_ dRemde mRerian svanebi da a. S.<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili momentebi aris ara erTaderTi,<br />
aramed kombinacia im elementebisa, romelTaganac<br />
TiToeuli sayovelTaodaa gavrcelebuli yvelgan,<br />
sadac qarTveli cxovrobs. Tamar mefis xsovna _<br />
misi naTeli xateba, sasoebiT Semonaxuli yvela qar-<br />
Tul TemSi, _ qarTvelTa tradiciuli mentalobis<br />
ganuyofeli nawilia. masSi asaxulia xsovna qarTuli<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis oqros xanisa da gamomkrTalia<br />
imedi qveynis momavali aRmSeneblobisa. mefeebisadmi<br />
amgvari damokidebuleba cnobilia sxva erebisTvisac,<br />
magaliTad, mark bloki mogviTxrobs inglisisa da<br />
safrangeTis samefo karebis istoriebs, sadac arsebobda<br />
rwmena mefeebis saswaulebrivi niWis Sesaxeb<br />
(M. Bloch, 1973.<br />
qarTveli qalis maRal socialur statusze, mis<br />
monawileobaze saojaxo cxovrebis dagegmarebisa da<br />
marTvis sakiTxebSi, qalis qonebriv_uflebrivi daculobis<br />
Sesaxeb, sxva saistorio wyaroebTan erTad,<br />
eTnografiuli masalac mogviTxrobs. magaliTad, qar-<br />
Tuli mentalobis zogierTi mniSvnelovani elementi<br />
ikveTeba qarTvelebis tradiciul damokidebulebaSi<br />
xandazmul adamianebTan. gamokvleulia, rom qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli yofa iTvaliswinebda adamianis sicocxlis<br />
asakobrivi ciklebis fsiqo_fiziologiur Taviseburebebs<br />
da yoveli asakis adamians hqonda uflebebic<br />
da movaleobebic, asakis matebasTan erTad izrdeboda<br />
adamianis socialuri statusi da prestiJi.<br />
anu, xandazmuli adamiani tradiciul qarTul yofaSi<br />
naklebad ganicdida e. w. Suaxnis asakis kriziss da<br />
es problema ufro mowesrigebuli swored tradici-<br />
89
ul sociumSi iyo (n. mindaZe, 2003).<br />
mentalobis mravali sagulisxmo maxasiaTebeli<br />
ikveTeba qarTuli eTnologiis erT SedarebiT axal<br />
mimarTulebaSi, romelsac zogadad adamianis ekologia<br />
ewodeba: mkvlevarTa jgufi (n. mindaZe, n. CirgaZe,<br />
l. nebieriZe) gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs<br />
adamianis faqtorze tradiciuli yofis yvela sfero-<br />
Si.<br />
Mmentalobis sxvadasxva elementi vlindeba qar-<br />
Tul CveulebiT samarTalSic. swored im faqtma, rom<br />
qarTuli (svanur, xevsurul, moxeur...) CveulebiTi samarTali<br />
ZvelqarTuli kanonmdeblobis, saero da sasuliero<br />
samarTlis ZiriTad postulatebs efuZneboda<br />
da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iyo danergili qar-<br />
TvelTa mentalobaSi, ganapiroba misi sicocxlisunarianoba<br />
da paraleluri formiT Tanaarseboba carizmisa<br />
da sabWoTa okupaciis periodSi.<br />
qarTuli mentalobis bevri niSani saukuneebis<br />
miRmidan modis. jer kidev JamTaaRmwerelma gamokveTa<br />
qarTvelTa mentalobis erTi Strixi “ara ars wesi<br />
Cuen qarTvelTa ukeTu vixileT mteri, Cuen kerZo<br />
momavali, Seubmelad zurgi SemovaqcioT, da daRaTu<br />
iyos sikudili”L (JamTa-aRmwereli, 1987). qarTuli<br />
xasiaTis es Tviseba gamovlinda Cvens droSic: ruse-<br />
Tisagan inspirirebuli e. w. qarTul_afxazuri konfliqtis<br />
dros sofel kamanis TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba,<br />
maT Soris qalebic, gmirulad Seakvda Tavdamsxmelebs<br />
(separatistebs) _ arcerT qarTvels ukan ar<br />
dauxevia da, miTumetes, gaqcevaze ar ufiqria.<br />
odiTganve aTasi juris momxdurs igeriebda qar-<br />
Tveli eri: brZolebSi iRupeboda mosaxleobis didi<br />
nawili, Canagdeboda qarTuli kultura, ganaxevrda<br />
saqarTvelos teritoria da miuxedavad amisa, qarTveli<br />
eris eTnikur mentalobas mainc tolerantoba<br />
gasdevs mTavar zolad (“TaTaric Cveni Zma ari” _<br />
ambobs qarTuli folklori). XIX saukunis qarTuli<br />
aristokratiis sevdian amonakvnesSic ki _ “skviTma<br />
90
wagvarTva samSoblo”, sadac “skviTi” pirobiTad<br />
“russ”L aRniSnavda, _ ar igrZnoba siZulvili zogadad<br />
rusi erisadmi. siZulvili arc Semdgom, sisxliani<br />
sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi gaRvivebula qarTvel<br />
erSi. qarTvelebi mudam pativs scemdnen sxva erebis<br />
kulturis monapovrebs. “mtris xatis” eTnikuri Semadgenlobis<br />
cvalebadobis Sesaxeb saintereso masala<br />
ikveTeba xalxur SelocvebSi (r. xaWapuriZe, 2006).<br />
tradiciuli qarTuli mentaloba mkafiod vlindeba<br />
qarTuli sufris etiketSi: sufris gaZRolis<br />
wessa da sadRegrZeloebis TanamimdevrobaSi. qarTuli<br />
sufris saweso warmoSobas (g. gociriZe, 2004) gansakuTrebul<br />
damajereblobas hmatebs qarTuli sufris<br />
svanuri nairsaxeoba _ tradiciuli sadRegrZeloebi<br />
(//locvebi) da terminologia. tradiciuli<br />
qarTuli mentalobis droSi gamZleobisa da sicocxlisunarianobis<br />
gamoxatulebaa am wesebis arseboba<br />
barad Camosaxlebuli ekomigrantebis, qarTveli mTielebis<br />
(svanebis) TviT meore (ukve barad dabadebul_aRzril)<br />
TaobaSic, romelic sufras kvlavac<br />
ZvelqarTuli wesiT _ RvTisadmi aRvlenili locva_sadRegrZeloebiT<br />
iwyebs da amTavrebs.<br />
tradiciul mentalobasTan mWidro kavSirSia<br />
qarTuli xalxuri dReoba_dResaswaulebi, ritualebi,<br />
simbolika, xalxuri simRerebi da cekvebi da a. S.<br />
tradiciuli qarTuli mentalobis aucilebe-lia<br />
nawilia sruliad unikaluri qarTuli naTesauri sistemebi,<br />
ukiduresad Sors wasul naTesaur ganStoeba-<br />
Ta Soris dRemde Semonaxuli naTesauri urTierTobebi,<br />
mogvareTa Soris arsebuli mWidro naTesauri damokidebulebebi,<br />
qarTul gvar_saxelTa sistema (r.<br />
TofCiSvili, 2005) da sxva.<br />
mniSvnelovani masala qarTvelTa mentalobis<br />
sxvadasxva Strixis Sesaxeb ikveTeba qorwinebisa da<br />
dakrZalvis wesebSi, sasoflo_teritoriul TemTa<br />
Soris urTierTobebSi, SromiTi urTierTdaxmarebis<br />
formebSi da a. S.<br />
91
tradiciuli qarTuli mentalobis mravali elementi<br />
dResac sicocxlisunariania da Tanamedrove<br />
eTnografiuli masala, am mxriv, sakmaod saimedo daskvnebis<br />
gamotanis saSualebas iZleva.<br />
Mmentalobis kvlevis problema, anu rogorc mas<br />
zogierTi mkvlevari uwodebs _ Kkoleqtiuri reprezentacia<br />
_ kidev ufro daakonkretebs da gamokveTs<br />
tradiciul qarTul mentalobas (saazrovno sistemebs,<br />
cxovrebis wess, ZiriTad Rirebulebebsa da<br />
faseulobebs, xatebebsa da modelebs, maTSi gamovlenil<br />
inovaciebs, agreTve, Tanamedrove viTarebasac.<br />
Ggamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1. v. bardaveliZe, 1941 _ v. bardaveliZe, ivris<br />
fSavlebSi, _ enimkis moambe, t., XI, Tb.,<br />
1941.<br />
2. g. gociriZe, 2004 _ g. gociriZe, qarTuli sufris<br />
eTnosocialuri, kulturuli da religiuri<br />
aspeqtebi, _ logosi, #2, Tb.,<br />
2004.<br />
3. r. TofCiSvili, 2005 _ r. TofCiSvili, eTnoistoriuli<br />
etiudebi, wigni I, Tb., 2005.<br />
4. r. TofCiSvili, 2006 _ r. TofCiSvili, saqar-<br />
Tvelos eTnografia/eTnologia, Tb., 2006.<br />
5. m. kandelaki, 1995 _ m. kandelaki, socialuri<br />
simbolika qarTvel mTielTa tradiciul<br />
yofaSi, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1995.<br />
6. m. kandelaki, 2001 _ m. kandelaki, faseulobaTa<br />
orientaciis sakiTxisaTvis qarTvel mTielTa<br />
tradiciul yofaSi, _ analebi, I, Tb.,<br />
20011.<br />
7. m. kandelaki, 2002 _ m. kandelaki, piraduli da<br />
sazogadoebrivi qarTvel mTielTa urTi-<br />
92
erTobis tradiciul sistemaSi, _ kr., oCxari,<br />
Tb., 2002.<br />
8. n. mindaZe, 2003 _ n. mindaZe, adamianis sicocxlis<br />
asakobrivi ciklebis fsiqo-_fiziologiuri<br />
Taviseburebani da cxovrebis<br />
tradiciuli wesi, _ J., Cubini, #2, Tb.,<br />
2003.<br />
9. t. futkaraZe, 2007 _ t. futkaraZe, imerÃevis<br />
metyveli miwa_wyali, I, quTaisi, 2007.<br />
10. a. qaldani, 1984 – a. qaldani, pirovnebis socialur<br />
aRzevebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi<br />
sakiTxisaTvis, _ macne, istoriis...<br />
seria, #3, Tb., 1984.<br />
11. qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, 1991 _ qarTuli<br />
CveulebiTi samarTali, III, Tb., 1991.<br />
12. JamTaaRmwereli, 1987 – JamTaaRmwereli, aswlovani<br />
matiane, _ saqarTvelos istoriis<br />
wyaroebi, 48, Tb., 1987.<br />
13. r. xaWapuriZe, 2006 _ r. xaWapuriZe, magiur_religiuri<br />
mkurnalobis istoriidan,<br />
quTaisi, 2006.<br />
14. m. xidaSeli, 2005 _ m. xidaSeli, rituali da<br />
simbolo arqaul kulturaSi, Tb., 2005.<br />
15. M. Bloch, 1973 - M. Bloch, The Royal Touch. London,<br />
1973.<br />
16. А Гуревич - Гуревич А.Я. Проблема менталъностей в<br />
современной историографии. Всеобщая История:<br />
Дискуссии, Новые подходы, вып. I. М .1989<br />
Rozeta Gujejiani<br />
Study of Mentality and the Georgian Ethnology<br />
The study of mentality is the method founded by the French new<br />
historical school of “Annals”. This method is actual for Georgian<br />
ethnological science too. The richest information concerning the<br />
human and the society is preserved in historical chronicles. The wide<br />
rank of data about systems of central worldviews, values, beliefs,<br />
93
emotions of people and societies of various times is necessary to<br />
understand the mode of life and the soul of certain time. Their analysis<br />
provides the successful study of mentality. The importance of<br />
Georgian ethnographic data in studding traditional Georgian mentality<br />
is discussed in the paper. Different elements of mentality are fixed in<br />
historical sources and ethnological data (tales, beliefs, rites,<br />
symbolism, law, gender relations, etiquette, kinship systems, folk<br />
dances and songs, etc), which displays as well as middle ages and the<br />
19 th - 20 th centuries traditional Georgian mentality and innovations<br />
taking place during the certain periods of time.<br />
qeTevan xuciSvili<br />
eTnologiuri kvlevebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi<br />
eTnologiuri kvlevebis istoria XIX saukunidan<br />
iwyeba. disciplinis ganviTareba sxvadasxva etapebs<br />
moicavs. icvleboda rogorc meTodologiur-Teoriuli<br />
midgomebi, aseve terminologia da kvlevis<br />
Tematika. eTnologia dasavleTSi ganmazogadebel<br />
humanitarul dargad Camoyalibda. gansxvavebuli situacia<br />
iyo sabWoTa kavSirsa da socialisturi banakis<br />
qveynebSi, sadac eTnologia istoriul disciplinad<br />
miiCneoda da daqvemdebarebuli pozicia hqonda<br />
mikuTvnebuli. am zogadi midgomidan gamomdinare<br />
interesTa gansxvavebuli sferoebi Camoyalibda da<br />
Sedegad sabWoTa eTnologia sagrZnoblad daSorda<br />
mis dasavlur ekvivalents. situacia Seicvala socialisturi<br />
banakis daSlisa da sazRvrebis gaxsnis<br />
Semdgom. dRes ukve SeiniSneba ganviTarebis saerTo<br />
tendenciebis arseboba. yofil sabWoTa sivrceSic<br />
eTnologia damoukidebel disciplinad ganixileba<br />
da saxezea zogadad anTopologiuri kvlevebisadmi<br />
94
midrekileba.<br />
dargis ganviTarebis adreul etapzeve gamoikveTa<br />
gansxvavebebi disciplinis dasaxelebasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
evropis mTel rig qveynebSi da ruseTSi<br />
damkvidrda termini eTnografia/eTnologia xolo<br />
amerikasa da did britaneTSi upiratesoba termin<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>s mieniWa. Tumca, Tu dRes termini<br />
eTnologia ucnaurad da moZvelebulad JRers<br />
britaneli mkvlevarebisTvis, Crdilo amerikaSi igi<br />
ufro metad aris gavrcelebuli istoriuli mizezebis<br />
gamo. germaniaSi eTnologia “volkerkundes” Sesatyvisia<br />
da araevropeli xalxebis kvlevas gulisxmobs<br />
(Studying Peoples: 2005: 1), safrangeTSi damkvidrda<br />
termini eTnologia. 1990-iani wlebidan<br />
msoflios sxvadasxva samecniero wreebSi ufro da<br />
ufro metad ikidebs fexs termini <strong>anTropologia</strong>. am<br />
realobas garkveuli obieqturi mizezebi gaaCnia,<br />
rac XX saukuneSi paradigmebis cvlilebiTaa ganpirobebuli.<br />
eTnologia aris <strong>mecniereba</strong>, romelic ikvlevs<br />
sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis (tomis, xalxis, naciis)<br />
warmoSobas, gansaxlebas, kulturul-yofiT, socialur,<br />
socialur-fsiqologiur kavSirebs da urTier-<br />
Tobebs, xalxebis yoveldRiuri, yofiTi kulturis maxasiaTeblebs,<br />
maT eTnikur saxes. eTnografia ganvi-<br />
Tarebis pirvel etapze XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi<br />
kacobriobis kulturis erTianobis ideas emyareboda<br />
(evolucionizmi). XIX saukunis bolodan regionaluri<br />
kulturebi da maTi urTierTzegavlena Seiswavleboda<br />
(difuzionizmi, kulturul-istoriuli skola).<br />
Teoriuli eTnografiis ganviTareba XX saukuneSi e.<br />
diurqheimis, z. froidis, l. levi-brulis, b. malinovskis,<br />
a. redklif-braunis, k. levi-strosis da sxva-<br />
Ta saxelebs ukavSirdeba. termini eTnografia droTa<br />
viTarebaSi savele-eTnografiuli kvlevis meTodis<br />
saxelad iqca. eTnologia ki ganimarteba, rogorc<br />
samecniero disciplina, romelic xalxebis materia-<br />
95
lur da sulier kulturas maT kulturul-istoriul<br />
urTierTobebs swavlobs. dRes eTnologia anTropologiuri<br />
kvlevis mimarTulebaa. misi mizania kacobriobis<br />
istoriis rekonstruqcia da kulturuli<br />
invariantebis formulireba.<br />
eTnologiuri kvlevis Tematika droTa viTarebaSi<br />
cvlilebebs ganicdida, farTovdeboda kulturul-geografiuli<br />
areali, izrdeboda Temebis interdisciplinaruloba,<br />
icvleboda sabaziso cnebebi, mecnierul<br />
mimoqcevaSi mkvidrdeboda axali terminebi<br />
da kategoriebi.<br />
XIX saukune da XX saukunis pirveli naxevari<br />
xasiaTdeboda meTodologiuri midgomebis safuZvelze<br />
skolebisa da tradiciebis SeqmniT. dargis institucionalizaciis<br />
periodSi gamoikveTa ori midgomis<br />
arseboba, esenia: 1. “kacobriobis erTianobis” ideaze<br />
dafuZnebuli “universalizmi”; 2. gansxvavebebis kvlevaze<br />
orientirebuli “relativizmi”.<br />
XX saukunis meore naxevrisTvis Camoyalibda<br />
sami ZiriTadi paradigma: britanuli struqturuli<br />
funqcionalizmi (a. redklif-brauni, b. malinovski);<br />
amerikuli kulturuli da fsiqokulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
(m. midi, r. benediqti da sxv.); amerikuli<br />
evolucionisturi <strong>anTropologia</strong> (l. uaiti da j.<br />
stiuarti). XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan paradigmebis<br />
simravlesTan erTad, aSkara gaxda rigi sirTuleebis<br />
gaCena. kerZod, erTi mxriv, empiriul masalaze dafuZnebuli<br />
samecniero naSromebidan yuradReba kulturis<br />
calkeuli (umeteswilad aramaterialuri) elementebis<br />
kvlevaze gadavida. meore mxriv, axali qvedargebis<br />
gamoyofam dargs TiTqosda daakargvina saerTo<br />
paradigma da kvlav daayena terminologiuri<br />
problemebis winaSe. am periodSi moxda Zireuli<br />
cvlilebebi TeoriaSi. axalma Taobam 60-ian wlebSi<br />
axali ideebi moitana da zemoT naxsenebi paradigmebi<br />
Caanacvles simbolurma <strong>anTropologia</strong>m, kulturulma<br />
ekologiam da struqturalizmma (Ortner: 1984: 126-138).<br />
96
odnav mogvianebiT, 70-ian wlebSi, msoflioSi mimdinare<br />
procesebis gavleniT kvlev popularuli gaxda<br />
marqsistuli ideebi da Sedegad Camoyalibda struqturuli<br />
marqsizmi (safrangeTSi da, inglisSi) da politikuri<br />
ekonomia (aSS-Si da mogvianebiT inglisSi).<br />
disciplinaruli paradigmebis cvlilebasTan<br />
erTad, XX saukunis bolos kacobriobis azrovnebaSi<br />
saerTo paradigmatuli cvlilebac moxda. rac imaSi<br />
gamoixata, rom kvlevis yuradRebis centrSi adamiani<br />
_ individi moeqca. samecniero disciplinebis ganviTarebac<br />
da sazogadoebriv-politikuri aqtiurobac individis<br />
uflebebis dacvisken iqna mimarTuli. aseTma<br />
midgomam gavlena moaxdina samecniero disciplinebze,<br />
maT Soris anTropologiis ganviTarebaze. amitomac,<br />
mieniWa upiratesoba termins – <strong>anTropologia</strong> (e.i. <strong>mecniereba</strong><br />
adamianis Sesaxeb), rac sruliadac ar gulisxmobs<br />
eTnologiuri kvlevebisadmi interesis dakargvas.<br />
mxolod amosavali wertili Seicvala. ker-<br />
Zod, Tanamedrove samyaroSi adamianis (individualurisa<br />
da sazogadoebrivis) arseboba iqca Semecnebis<br />
da msoflmxedvelobis umniSvnelovanes problemad.<br />
aucilebeli gaxda sazogadoebrivi institutebisa da<br />
socialur-informaciuli procesebis “adamianuri<br />
ganzomilebis” principis aqtualizeba. Tavad es principi<br />
warmoCnda “superparadigmad”, romlis irgvliv<br />
mizanmimarTuli gaerTianebis xarjze mimdinareobs<br />
sociohumanitaruli paradigmebis integrireba (Минюшев:<br />
2004: 32).<br />
anTropocentrizmis ideis gaaqtiurebam Camoayaliba<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> dargTaSoris disciplinad,<br />
romelic ikvlevs adamianis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli<br />
saxeobis da adamianTa sazogadoebis, rogorc socialuri<br />
organizaciis gansakuTrebuli tipis biologiur,<br />
kulturul da socialur ganviTarebas. farTo<br />
gagebiT igi aris <strong>mecniereba</strong>, romelic erTianobaSi<br />
ganixilavs kacobriobis ganviTarebis kulturul da<br />
socialur aspeqtebs. anTropologebi swavloben ada-<br />
97
mianTa sazogadoebis ekonomikuri socialuri, politikuri<br />
da sulieri sferoebis ganviTarebas uZvelesi<br />
droidan dRevandelobis CaTvliT (Кравченко: 2003: 13-<br />
17).<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> ganixileba porizontalurad<br />
struqtuirebul, garkveul samecniero konglomeratad,<br />
romelzec gavlenas axdens multikulturalizmi,<br />
globalizacia da transnacionalizmi. es gavlenebi<br />
aaxloebs da aerTianebs sxvadasxva anTropologiur<br />
tradiciebs, Tumca, kvlav rCeba dialogis da TanamSromlobis<br />
saWiroeba (Boskovic, Eriksen: 2004). im qveynebSic,<br />
sadac tradiciulad eTnologiuri skolebia<br />
dominanturi, aSkaraa eTnologiuri kvlevebis gafar-<br />
Toeba zogad anTopologiuri midgomebiTa da TematikiT.<br />
kamaTi imis Taobaze, daTmo Tu ara eTnologiam<br />
poziciebi, gadaizarda kamaTSi eTnografiis irgvliv.<br />
termini eTnografia socialur da humanitarul<br />
mecnierebebSi eTnografiuli praqtikis aRmniSvnel<br />
terminad damkvidrda. disciplinis saxeli meTodis<br />
saxelad iqca.<br />
S. ortneri 80-iani wlebis anTropologiis ZiriTad<br />
simbolod praqtikas asaxelebs. igi miuTiTebs,<br />
rom Teoriuli gadanacvleba moxda struqturidan da<br />
sistemidan pirovnebasa da praqtikisken. rac SeiZleba<br />
ganxilul iqnas rogorc gadanacvleba statikursinqronuli<br />
analizidan diaqronul-procesualuri<br />
analizisken (Ortner: 1984: 158). praqtikaSi savele-eTnografiuli<br />
samuSaoebi igulisxmeba. swored savele<br />
kvleva miiCneva anTropologiuri disciplinis ganmasxvavebel<br />
maxasiaTeblad. eTnografiad wodebul savele<br />
praqtikas iyeneben kulturis kvleviT dakavebuli<br />
sxva disciplinebic. tradiciuli savele eTnografiuli<br />
kvlevebTan erTad eTnografiad miiCneva mTeli<br />
rigi praqtikebi saklaso eTnografiidan dawyebuli,<br />
sicocxlis istoriebiTa da fokus-jgufebiT damTavrebuli.<br />
amis gamo, anTropologTa winaSe kvlav dgas<br />
sakiTxi aris Tu ara eTnografia specifikuri praq-<br />
98
tika, iqca igi Tvisebrivi kvlevebis axal sinonimad<br />
da xom ar gaCnda disciplinis SigniT axli terminebis<br />
SemuSavebis saWiroeba (Melhuus, Mitchell: 2008). amas-<br />
Tan erTad, diskusiis sagania mobiluri da multilokaluri<br />
savele kvlevebis sakiTxi. ufro met praqtikul<br />
datvirTvas kvlevis moqnili formebi da<br />
meTodolo-iuri pluralizmi iZens. Tumca, ZalaSia<br />
erTwliani, an ufro meti xangrZlivobis, uwyveti, monawile<br />
dakvirvebis meTodi kvlevis sxva strategieb-<br />
Tan erTad. kiTxvebi Cndeba “velis” demarkaciasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
eTnografiuli praqtikis formaze gavlenas<br />
axdens kvlevis interesebi da miznebi, kvlevis politika,<br />
saorganizacio daqvemdebareba da finansireba<br />
(Wulff, Marcus: 2004). eTnografiuli praqtika icvleba nacionalur-regionaluri<br />
tradiciebis da asakobrivi<br />
jgufis mixedviTac.<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>anTropologia</strong>Si aqtualuria<br />
eTikuri problemebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia kvlevis,<br />
Sedegebis gamoqveynebis, anTropologTa urTier-<br />
Tobis da swavlebis eTikasTan. am mimarTulebiT<br />
imarTeba diskusiebi, konferenciebi. dargis ideologizirebisa<br />
da politizirebis Tavidan asacileblad<br />
SemuSavebulia sxvadasxva saxis konvenciebi. Tumca,<br />
sayovelTaod gaziarebuli eTikuri normebi ar arsebobs<br />
da yoveli mkvlevari Tavadaa pasuxismgebeli<br />
konkretuli kvlevebis eTikurobze.<br />
sakiTxebi romlebic dRes anTropologTa wreebSi<br />
diskusiis sagnadaa qceuli Tavad miuTiTebs<br />
disciplinis ganviTarebis tendenciebze.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis, msoflio geopolitikuri<br />
viTarebis cvlilebisa da informaciuli epoqis<br />
dadgomis gamo Seicvala disciplinis aqcentebi.<br />
ramac, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia interesTa sferoebisa<br />
da sakvlevi problemebis cvlileba. gadaisinja meTodologiur-Teoriuli<br />
midgomebi. yuradReba gamaxvilda<br />
post-koloniuri sivrcis anTropologiuri kvle-<br />
99
vebis gafarToebis aucileblobaze da am sivrcis<br />
axal konceptualur gaazrebaze (amis nimuSia k. hanis<br />
idea evraziuli sivrcis ganuyoflobis Sesaxeb).<br />
dargSi mimdinare praqtikuli cvlileba imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />
rom dargi ufro metad kosmopolituri<br />
gaxda. aseTi ideis Semdgomi ganviTarebis erT-erT safuZvlad<br />
evraziis koncepti iqca (Hann: 2003: 1).<br />
Tanamedrove tendenciebidan aRsaniSnavia yuradRebis<br />
koncentrireba adamianze da am niSniT, kompleqsuri<br />
anTropologiuri kvlevebis aqcentireba.<br />
rasac dadebiT momentebTan erTad sirTuleebic<br />
axlavs. akademiur wreebSi TiTqosda gamijnuli sferoebis<br />
arseboba, veRar akmayofilebda anTropologs,<br />
radgan ver xerxdeboda ekonomikuri adamianis, sociologiuri<br />
an politikuri adamianisagan gamijvna. sxva<br />
dixciplinebis warmomadgenelTa kvlevebic ver<br />
Tavsdebodnen tradiciulad dadgenili disciplinaruli<br />
CaroCoebis SigniT. amis gamo, adamianis Semswavlel<br />
dargTa Soris gadaulaxavi gansxvavebebi gamqralia<br />
(Клакхон: 1998: 330). aqedan momdinareobs erTi<br />
mxriv, sakiTxebis gafarToeba da kompleqsuri kvleva.<br />
meore mxriv, amis paralelurad Tematikis daviwroveba.<br />
rac ormxrivi procesia, radgan xedvis sistemuroba<br />
sakiTxis viwro konkretizaciasac gulisxmobs.<br />
dRevandeli situaciisaTvis jer kidev Zala-<br />
Sia Seri ortneris mier 80-ian wlebSi gamoTqmuli<br />
Sefaseba: “saxezea liminalobis klasikuri niSnebi:<br />
kategoriebis Seusabamoba, qaosis gamoxatuleba da<br />
antistruqtura. aseTi uwesrigoba kargi safuZvelia<br />
axali wesrigisTvis. Teoriuli orientaciis axali<br />
ZiriTadi simbolo arsebobs da esaa – praqtika, rac<br />
arc Teoriaa da arc meTodi TavisTavad, aramed, ufro<br />
simboloa, romlis saxeliTac sxvadasxva Teoriebi<br />
da meTodebi viTardebian” (Ortner:1984:126-7).<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> aris <strong>mecniereba</strong> adamianis Sesaxeb<br />
misi arsebobis mravalferovan formebSi. igi moicavs<br />
mTel rig mimarTulebebs: fizikur anTropolo-<br />
100
gias, socialur <strong>anTropologia</strong>s, kulturul <strong>anTropologia</strong>s,<br />
istoriamdel <strong>anTropologia</strong>s, filosofia-<br />
Si arsebobs qvedargi filosofiuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>.<br />
anTropologiur kvlevebad ganixileba fizikuri<br />
anTropologiis, arqeologiis, lingvistikis, eTnologiis,<br />
socialuri anTropologiisa da folkloris.tikis<br />
mimarTulebiT warmoebuli kvlevebi. dRes<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba zemoT CamoTvlil<br />
dargTa meTodebis gamoyenebiT Sekrebil<br />
monacemTa safuZvelze Tanamedrove socialuri, politikuri<br />
da ekonomikuri problemebis gadaWras<br />
(Клакхон: 1998: 340). aseT midgomas gamoyenebiT <strong>anTropologia</strong>s<br />
uwodeben. gamoyenebiTi <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
anTropologiis qvedargad ganixileba. anTropologiis<br />
sxvadasxva qvedargi romlebic wlebis manZilze<br />
damoukideblad viTardebodnen, bolo periodSi avlenen<br />
erTmaneTisaken daaxloebis tendencias, rac ormxriv<br />
xelsayreli da sasargebloa. es exeba samuzeumo<br />
eTnografias, materialuri kulturis kvlevebs,<br />
biologiur da samedicino <strong>anTropologia</strong>s, ekologiur<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>s, lingvistur da kognitiur<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>s da arqeologiur <strong>anTropologia</strong>s. holisturi<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> ganviTarebis axal fazaSi.<br />
anTropologiuri kvlvebis maxasiaTebelia erT an<br />
ramdenime geografiul arealze koncentrireba da<br />
konkretuli teritoriis mosaxleobis Seswavla.<br />
anTropologiuri kvlevebi SedarebiTi kvlevebia (rogorc<br />
diaqronul ise sinqronul WrilSi). anTropologebi<br />
cdiloben adamianTa qcevaze dakvirvebis<br />
Sedegad gascen pasuxi kiTxvebs Tu ras niSnavs iyo<br />
adamiani, ra gansazRvravs mis qcevas da ra aris adamianuri<br />
yofis universaluri faqtebi. anTropologi<br />
eTnografiuli meTodebis mcodne damkvirvebelia, romelic<br />
holisturi midgomiT swavlobs adamians da<br />
cdilobs misi qcevis interpretacias. diskusia<br />
anTropologiis kvlevis sagnis Sesaxeb periodulad<br />
aqtiurdeboda, sakvlevis Tematikis gafarToeba-Sevi-<br />
101
wrovebis kvaldakval. k. levi-strosis azriT, anTropologiis<br />
sagani aracnobieris (Cveulebebi, normebi)<br />
kvleva unda yofiliyo. m. veberi igives tradiciul<br />
qmedebebs uwodebda da anTropologiis sagnad saxavda.<br />
Tumca, dRes midgomebi Secvlilia da miiCneva,<br />
rom <strong>anTropologia</strong> samyaroze farTo humanitarul<br />
xedvas gulisxmobs da adamians istoriuli, biologiuri,<br />
lingvisturi da kulturuli perspeqtividan<br />
mTlianobaSi ganixilavs. amitomac Tanamedrove samyaroSi<br />
swored <strong>anTropologia</strong> iZens saukunis mecnierebis<br />
datvirTvas.<br />
gamoyenebuli literaturis sia:<br />
1. Кравченко А.И. Социальная антропология, М. 2003<br />
2. Минюшев Ф.И. Социальная антропология, М. 2004<br />
3. Boskovic A., Eriksen T.H., ‘Other’ Anthropologies, EASA<br />
8th biennial conference in Vienna 2004 webpage:<br />
htpp://www.easa.org<br />
4. Hann Ch. The anthropology of Eurasia in Eurasia, Max<br />
Planck Institute for social anthropology working papers, Halle<br />
2003<br />
5. Melhuus M., Mitchell J.P., Ethnography – the costs of<br />
success, EASA 10th biennial conference in Ljubljana 2008<br />
webpage: htpp://www.easa.org<br />
6. Ortner S.B. Theory in Anthropology since the Sixties,<br />
Comparative studies in Society and History, Vo;.26; No.1.<br />
Jan., 1984<br />
7. Social Anthropology is a Generalizing Science or it is<br />
Nothing, ed. by T. Ingold, Manchester, 1988<br />
8. Studying Peoples in the People’s Democracies. Socialist Era:<br />
Anthropology in East-Central Europe, Ed. by C. Hann, M.<br />
Sarkany and P. Skalnik, Halle Studies in the Anthropology of<br />
Eurasia, Vol 8, Muenster, 2005<br />
9. Wulff H., Marcus G.E., Ethnographic Practice in the Present,<br />
Invited Workshop 9, EASA 8th biennial conference in Vienna<br />
2004 webpage: htpp://www.easa.org<br />
102
Ketevan Khutsishvili<br />
Contemporary tendencies in development of ethnological studies<br />
In the article there is considered the development of<br />
ethnological paradigms from the end of the XIXth century to the<br />
nowadays. The terminological and methodical problems are<br />
discussed, as well as, the tendency of switching to the<br />
anthropological studies. The conclusion is drawn that<br />
anthropology is the discipline of the future.<br />
eTnografia skolaSi<br />
mixeil mindaZe<br />
warmogidgenT Cems koncefcias da nawilobriv ganxorcielebul<br />
gegmas romelic exeba eTnografiis dakavSirebas<br />
saqarTvelos zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebTan.<br />
yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom dRes saqarTvelos<br />
sajaro skolebi muSaoben erovnuli saswavlo gegmis<br />
mixedviT, romelic iTvaliwinebs mTeli rigi sagnebis/saganTa<br />
jgufebis swavlebas. saganmanaTleblo<br />
programis standartebs, bavSvis Sefasebis kriteriumebs<br />
da Sedegebs, romelsac unda mivaRwioT am standartebis<br />
Sesrulebisas. erovnuli saswavlo gegma<br />
aZlevs saSualebas TiToeul skolas Seavsos niSa<br />
e.w. erovnuli gegemiT gauTvaliswinebeli momsaxurebis<br />
saSualebiT. aq moiazreba sxvadasxva aRmzrdelobiTi<br />
da SemecnebiTi programa, rogorc sagakveTilo<br />
procesSi aseve mis gareTac. am tipis programa moswavles<br />
exmareba akademiuri codnis gafarToebasa da<br />
103
samoqalaqo cnobierebis amaRlebaSi, uRviZebs interess<br />
swavlisadmi.<br />
Cvenma skolam gadawyvita erovnuli gegmiT gauTvaliswinebeli<br />
momsaxureba aego erTi mTliani RerZis<br />
garSemo da Seqmna integrirebuli programa saqarTvelo_Cveni<br />
samSoblo.<br />
programa iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos TiToeuli<br />
kuTxis Rrma da yovelmxriv Seswavlas. programa moicavs<br />
sxvadasxva etaps da TiToeuli am etapis swavleba<br />
xdeba sxvadasxva specialistebis (skolis maswavleblebi<br />
da mowveulebi) saSualebiT. aqve minda<br />
davZino, rom programa iTvaliswinebs rogorc Teoriul<br />
kurss aseve praqtikul saqmianobas.<br />
minda SemogTavazoT programis Tezisebi, saqarTvelos<br />
erTi kuTxis _ imereTis magaliTze, romlis SeqmnaSic<br />
monawileoba miiRo Cveni skolis konsultantma<br />
batonma nika TuSabramiSvilma.<br />
1. zogadi kursi imereTis regionSi sicocx-lis<br />
warmoSobis Sesaxeb;<br />
2. geologiis, teqtonikis, paleoseismolo-giis,<br />
geomorfologiis, paleontologiis, paleoklimatis,<br />
paleogaremos sakiTxebi;<br />
3. imereTSi adamianis gansaxleba. anTropologiis<br />
sakiTxebi. cxovrebis wesi;<br />
4. Tanamedrove tipis adamianis gaCena. arqeologiuri<br />
da eTnologiuri monacemebi;<br />
5. eTnologiis sakiTxebi (Sinamrewveloba, folklori_poezia,<br />
xalxuri simRera);<br />
6. xelovnebis Casaxva uZveles epoqSi, misi ganvi-<br />
Tareba. xelovnebis sakiTxebi;<br />
7. samarTlis sakiTxebi (samarTlis istoriis Ca-<br />
TvliT, beqa-aRbuRa, Temis, soflis da sxv samarTali);<br />
8. xalxuri medicina, ritualebi, endemuri samkurnalo<br />
mcenareebi da sxva saSualebebi;<br />
9. imereTis ekonomiuri geografiis sakiTxebi (mag.<br />
nedleuli).<br />
104
am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb zogadi kursi wakiTxuli<br />
iqneba erovnuli muzeumis (janaSias muzeumi, Ria cis<br />
qveS eTnografiuli muzeumi, xelovnebis muzeumi, qarvasla<br />
da sxv), da sxv. bazebze.<br />
sazafxulo skola zemo imereTSi (WiaTura-<br />
saCxeris r-ebi)<br />
r<br />
1. Seiqmneba sazafxulo skolis modeli rionyvirilas<br />
auzis Semswavleli saerTaSoriso<br />
arqeologiuri eqspediciis bazas-Tan.<br />
2. yvela zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxze moswavleebi<br />
imuSaveben eqspediciis wevrebTan, mowveul<br />
konsultatebTan erTad.<br />
3. miiReben monawileobas gaTxrebSi. Zeglebis<br />
didi nawili mravalfeniania, e.i. geologiur<br />
WrilebSi warmodgenilia sxvadasxva kulturuli<br />
fenebi. zeda fenebi Seicaven eneoliTbrinjaos<br />
xanis masalebs, xolo qveda fenebi-<br />
Zveli qvis xanis industrias. geologebis,<br />
paleontologebis, eTnologisa da kulturis<br />
istoriis specialistebis mier moxdeba maTi<br />
kuTxiT moswavleTa informireba. pirvelyofili<br />
sazogadoebis yofis, tradiciebis, xelovnebisa<br />
da religiis sawyisebis, materialuri<br />
da sulieri kulturis Taviseburebebisa da<br />
mimarTulebebis kvleva.<br />
4. moswavleebi Tavad Seagroveben mosaxleo-baSi<br />
eTnografiul masalebs sxvadasva sakiTxebze<br />
(maT Soris Sinamrewvelobis, tansacmlis, Rebvis,<br />
kulinariis, xalxuri medicinis (mag. bav-<br />
Svebi Seiswavlian xalxur medicinisTvis sasargeblo<br />
da agreTve, mavnebeli mcenareebis<br />
cnobas, rac maT SeaCvevs eqstremalur pirobeb-<br />
Si cxovrebas, es codna maT waadgebaT erTmane-<br />
Tisa da TviTdaxmarebisTvis), xalxuri simReris<br />
nimuSebs da sxv.<br />
105
5. monawileobas miiReben sadazvervo samuSaoebSi<br />
(axali arqeologiuri Zeglebis aRmoCenis mizniT);<br />
6. moxdeba kaJis sabadoebze pirvelyofil adamianTa<br />
sadgom-saxelosnoebis monaxule-ba. iara-<br />
Rebis damzadeba.<br />
7. moewyoba eqskursiebi regionSi momuSave sxva<br />
arqeologiuri eqspediciebSi, agreTve, sxvadasxva<br />
arqeologiur, xuroTmoZRvrul, istoriul<br />
da bunebis unikalur Zeglebze (mag. sairxe,<br />
mRvimevis, kacxis da jruWis monastrebi, kacxis<br />
sveti, akaki wereTlis saxl-muzeumi, savane da<br />
sxv.)<br />
8. moswavleebi Tavad daamzadeben ama Tu im arqeologiuri<br />
nivTis mulaJebs, Sinamrewvelobis<br />
sameurneo iaraRebs, sakravebs da sxv.<br />
9. WiaTuris r-nSi arsebuli bunebrivi pirobebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia bavSvebis kldeze<br />
cocvaSi momzadeba, sportuli da samecniero<br />
informaciis miRebis mizniT mRvimeebSi speleologiuri<br />
Casvlebis ganxorcieleba. Sesa-<br />
Zlebelia kacxis svetze asvlebis ganxorcieleba.<br />
10. moxdeba regionis geografiis, geologiis, teqtonikis<br />
Seswavla. ekonomikur-geografiuli sakiTxebis<br />
Seswavla da sabadoebis monaxuleba<br />
(nedleuli-manganumi, marmarilos, qvisa da qvi-<br />
Sis karierebi}. Sesabamisad, bavSvebi gaecnobian<br />
WiaTuris daarsebis istorias da regionis ganviTarebis<br />
perspeqtivebs (mrewveloba, turistuli<br />
infrastruqturis perspeqtivebi geo, arqeo,<br />
speleo, agro, eko-turizmi).<br />
11. gaecnobian regionis soflis Tanamedrove yofas<br />
(meurneoba) da problemebs. warmoadgenen<br />
problemebs da maTi gadaWris gzebs. moxdeba<br />
maTi mosazrebebis profesiul wreebSi arsebul<br />
mosazrebebTan Sedareba da daskvnebis gamotana.<br />
106
12. moxdeba samuSao da saswavlo procesis foto<br />
da videokamerebze gadaReba, scenarebis Seqmna,<br />
dokumenturi, naxevrad-dokumenturi filmebis<br />
gadaReba.<br />
13. Seadgenen ruqebs (istoriuli da arqeologiuri<br />
Zeglebis, nedleulis da sxv. gavrcelebis<br />
mokle anotaciebTan da legendebTan erTad.<br />
14. sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT (geologia, arqeologia,<br />
eTnologia, folklori, xalxuri medicina<br />
da sxv.) mopovebuli masalis gaanalizebis<br />
Semdeg fakultaturi muSaobisas moxdeba qarTvel<br />
da ucxoel mecnierTa mier am sakiTxebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli masalebis moZieba (literatura,<br />
interneti), maTTan Sedareba da imis dadgena,<br />
Tu ramdenad sworad Caatara moswavlem esa Tu<br />
is kvleva da ra aris samomavlod gasaTvaliswinebeli.<br />
mosalodneli Sedegebi.<br />
1. moswavleebi miiReben srul informacias saqarTvelos<br />
erTi regionis Sesaxeb (istoria,<br />
dRevandeli realoba, samomavlo perspeqtivebi).<br />
2. SeiZenen mecnieruli kvlevis da sxva profesiul<br />
unar-Cvevebs.<br />
3. SeiZenen eqstremalur pirobebSi TviTgadarCenis<br />
Tvisebebs.<br />
4. stimuli miecemaT CaerTon sportul, Tu sxvadasxva<br />
turistul RonisZiebebSi.<br />
5. iswavlian gundur muSaobas<br />
6. zogadad gaecnobian saqarTvelos istorias,<br />
konkretul SemTxvevaSi, met-naklebad safu-<br />
Zvlianad mis erT regions, tradiciebs, adamian-<br />
Ta garemosTan adaptaciebs, adaT-wesebs.<br />
7. iswavlian erTmaneTTan da sxvebTan urTierTobebs.<br />
107
8. zogadad gaezrdebaT Tvalsawieri da gauCndebaT<br />
survili ukeT gaecnon mTlianad saqarTvelos<br />
da ara marto saqarTvelos bunebasa da<br />
istorias<br />
9. airCeven cxovrebis swori wess.<br />
10. SesaZlebelia, winaswar gansazRvron profesia.<br />
aRniSnuli aprobirebuli modelis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia<br />
iqneba saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi<br />
Michael Mindadze<br />
Ethnography in the School<br />
The paper presents the information about the teaching<br />
ethnography in the school. Tbilisi School N 161 has developed<br />
integrated program “Georgia – My Homeland”. The program aims to<br />
give pupils the ethnographic knowledge about each ethnographic<br />
region of Georgia. The program is divided into the blocks, which are<br />
taught by the teachers and invited specialists. The program consists of<br />
the theoretical as well as the practical activities. The foundation of the<br />
summer school is also planned. This teaching model is wide spread<br />
and it would be effective in Georgian educational system too.<br />
nodar SoSitaSvili,<br />
jimSer Cxvimiani,<br />
irakli baqraZe<br />
eTnografiuli muzeumi da saganmanaTleblo<br />
saqmianobis Taviseburebebi<br />
საქართველოს ეროვნულ მუზეუმში გაერთიანებული<br />
ეთნოგრაფიული მუზეუმი, რომელიც მისი დამაარსებლის,<br />
აკად. გიორგი ჩიტაიას სახელს ატარებს, ორმოცდამეორე<br />
წელს ითვლის (მისი დაარსების თარიღი 1966 წლის 27<br />
აპრილია). მიუხედავად დროის მცირე მონაკვეთისა, მისი<br />
108
პოპულარობა კარგა ხანია გასცდა ჩვენი ქვეყნის საზღვრებს,<br />
რადგანაც ეს მუზეუმი უნიკალურია თავისი ფუნქციით,<br />
დანიშნულებითა და შესაძლებლობებით. იგი სტრუქტურუ-<br />
ლად, ეროვნული მუზეუმის გაერთიანებაში 2005 წლის<br />
ბოლოს შევიდა.<br />
თბილისში, კუს ტბის ჩრდილოეთ ფერდობზე განფე-<br />
ნილ 50 ჰექტარზე წარმოდგენილია თითქმის მთელი საქართ-<br />
ველო მინიატურაში. აქ დამთვალიერებელს, – ჩვენი ქვეყნის<br />
მოქალაქეს თუ უცხოელ სტუმარს ეძლევა უნიკალური შანსი<br />
სულ რაღაც საათნახევრის განმავლობაში შეიქმნას საკმაოდ<br />
სრული წარმოდგენა საქართველოზე, ქართველი ხალხის<br />
მატერიალურ და სულიერ კულტურაზე.<br />
უნიკალურ ლანდშაფტურ გარემოში წარმოდგენილია<br />
საქართველოს თითქმის ყველა კუთხე, 70 საცხოვრებელი და<br />
სამეურნეო ნაგებობა, რვა ათასამდე ექსპონატით.<br />
ეთნოგრაფიულ მუზეუმს გარდა ზოგადი ინფორმაცი-<br />
ული და სამეცნიერო-კვლევითი დანიშულებისა, ყოველთვის<br />
ჰქონდა საგანმანათლებლო ფუნქცია. სწ-რედ ეს ფუნქციაა<br />
მსოფლიოში ამ ტიპის მუზეუმების სპეციფიკა, – როდესაც<br />
ხალხური რეწვის საგანმანათლებლო პროექტებს ზოგჯერ<br />
მოსწავლეებისა და სტუდენტებიისათვის კონკრეტული დარ-<br />
გის გაცნობისა და შესწავლის სახე აქვს, ზოგჯერ კი თემატუ-<br />
რი ფესტივალების სახეს ღებულობს. (St. Rentzhog. 2007. 168).<br />
სწორედ ამ კუთხით გააჩნია თუნდაც სხვა, ე.წ. კამერული<br />
მუზეუმისაგან განსხვავებით უნიკალური შესაძლებლობები.<br />
მიუხედავად ამ შესაძლებლობებისა, მუზეუმში არ მუშავდე-<br />
ბოდა საგანმანათლებლო პროგრამები. აქ განხორციელებულ<br />
ღონისძიებებს არ ჰქონდა ორგანიზებული, სისტემური ხასია-<br />
თი. შემოიფარგლე-ბოდა ლექცია-საუბრებისა და ექსკურსიე-<br />
ბის ჩატარებით კონკრეტული სკოლების მოსწავლეებთან.<br />
დამთვალიერებელთა მოზიდვას კოორდინაციას უწევდა სა-<br />
ხელმწიფო სტრუქტურები და ტურისტული ორგანიზაციები.<br />
სადღეისოდ მუზეუმში მთლიანად შეცვლიალია ძვე-<br />
109
ლი სისტემა. ამ ხუთი წლის წინ მუზეუმში დაიწყო საგან-<br />
მანათლებლო სფეროსთვის სისტემური ხასიათის მინიჭება,<br />
რასაც ხელი შეუწყო ზოგადად სამუზეუმო სფეროში, მსოფ-<br />
ლიოს დიდ მუზეუმებში მიმდინარე ტენდენციებმა. ამ სა-<br />
კითხთან დაკავშირებით განხორციელდა საინტერესო და სა-<br />
ჭირო პროექტი ამიერკავკასიის მუზეუმების ხელმძღვანელთა<br />
მონაწილეობით. ეს იყო 2003-2005 წლებში ამიერკავკასიის<br />
ქვეყნების მუზეუმებში მუზეუმთმცოდნეობის თანამედროვე<br />
მიმართულებათა დანერგვისა და მუზეუმების პოტენციალის<br />
გამოყენებასთან დაკავშირებით იუნესკოს ეგიდით განხორ-<br />
ციელებული პროგრამა Stage, რომელშიც ამ სტატიის ერთ-<br />
ერთი ავტორიც მონაწილეობდა. საბერძნეთში (ათენი), რუ-<br />
სეთში (იასნაია პოლიანა, ცარსკოე სელო) და საქართველოში<br />
(თბილისი, ტაბახმელა) გამართულ ტრენინგებზე განიხილე-<br />
ბოდა თანამედროვე მუზეუმთმცოდნეობის ისეთი აქტუალუ-<br />
რი საკითხები, როგორიცაა სამუზეუმო მენეჯმენტი, რესტავ-<br />
რაცია-კონსერვაციისა და მუზეუმთმცოდნეობის თანამედრო-<br />
ვე მიმართულებები: მუზეუმების მართვა, დაფინანსების მო-<br />
ძიება, მარკეტინგი და კომერციული საქმიანობა. ჩამოთვლილ<br />
საკითხებთან ერთად ერთ-ერთი აქტუალური იყო მუზეუმებ-<br />
ში ახალ დამთვალიერებელთა მოზიდვის პრობლემა, საგანმა-<br />
ნათლებლო პროგრამები და პროექტები.<br />
ასე რომ, ქვეყანაში მიმდინარე პროცესებიდან და თანა-<br />
მედროვეობის მოთხოვნებიდან გამომდინარე, აუცილებელი<br />
გახდა სამუზეუმო რეფორმა. პირდაპირ შეგვიძლია ვთქვათ,<br />
რომ ამ სფეროში მიმდინარე პროცესები ერთ-ერთი წარმატე-<br />
ბულია ქვეყანაში მიმდინარე რეფორმებს შორის. უწინარესად,<br />
პირველ ეტაპზე მოხდა საქართველოს რამდენიმე წამყვანი<br />
მუზეუმის გაერთიანება და მათ ბაზაზე ჩამოყალიბდა საჯარო<br />
სამართლის იურიდიული პირი – საქართველოს ეროვნული<br />
მუზეუმი (გენერალური დირექტორი დავით ლორთქიფანი-<br />
ძე).<br />
აღნიშნული სამუზეუმო გაერთიანების შემადგენელი ნაწი-<br />
110
ლი გახდა გ. ჩიტაიას სახელობის სალხური ხუროთმოძღვრე-<br />
ბისა და ყოფის მუზეუმი, ანუ ეთნოგრაფიული მუზეუმი ღია<br />
ცის ქვეშ. სწორედ ამის შემდეგ იწყება ახალი ეტაპი ეთნოგრა-<br />
ფიული მუზეუმის ისტორიაშიც, – საერთაშორისო გამოცდი-<br />
ლებებსა და მიღწევებზე დაფუძნებული საქმიანობა, მათ შო-<br />
რის საგანმანათლებლო სფეროშიც.<br />
გამოცდილება კი მსოფლიოს წამყვან მუზეუმებს საგანმა-<br />
ნათლებლო საქმიანობის სფეროში მრავლად დაუგროვდათ.<br />
შეიძლება დავასახელოთ ამერიკის შეერთებული შტატების<br />
სმიტსონის ინსტიტუცია, რომელიც ამ ქვეყნის წამყვანი<br />
სამეცნიერო-სამუზუმო ცენტრია. მისმა წამყანმა სპეციალის-<br />
ტებმა 2005 წლის 8-15 ოქტომბერს საქართველოს ეროვნული<br />
მუზეუმის მონაწილეობით ჩაატარეს სემინარი სამუზეუმო<br />
მენეჯმენტში (მუზეუმის მართვა. 2005), სადაც ერთი განყო-<br />
ფილება დაეთმო განათლებას და საგანმანათლებლო პროგ-<br />
რამებს. პროგრამები კი ამ სფეროში გულისხმობს ყველა ასა-<br />
კის მოსახლეობის ჩართვას ლექციების, სემინარების, ექსკურ-<br />
სიების, წარმოდგენების, ფილმების და სხვ. საშუალებით.<br />
ამავე მიზანს ემსახურება ინფორმაციის გავრცელება მედიის,<br />
წიგნების, ბიულეტენების, ჟურნალების, ვებგვერდებისა და<br />
ვიდეოპროდუქციის მეშვეობით. ეთნოგრაფიული მუზეუმის<br />
შემთხვევაში ეს არის ტრადიციული მატერიალური და სული-<br />
ერი სიმდიდრეებისადმი ყველა ასაკის მოსახლეობის ზიარე-<br />
ბა, უპირატესად კი მოსწავლეთა და სტუდენტთა. ამით ისინი<br />
თეორიულ მასალასთან ერთად დამატებით ინფორმაციებსა<br />
და ახალ წარმოდგენებს იძენენ (К. Хагсон. 2001. 160).<br />
როგორც აღვნიშნეთ, მუზეუმების საგანმანათლებლო პრო-<br />
გრამები გათალისწინებულია ყველა ასაკისა და ყველა სოცია-<br />
ლურ ჯგუფებზე. მათ შორის ინვალიდ ბავშვებთან დაკავში-<br />
რებით სამუზეუმო პრაქტიკაში დამკვიდრდა კიდეც სპეცია-<br />
ლური ტერმინი “სამუზეუმო თერაპია” (М. Пиотровски. 2002).<br />
ასეთ ბავშვებთან მუშაობის მრავალი ფორმა არსებობს თითო-<br />
ეული მუზეუმის სპეციფიკიდან გამომდინარე.<br />
111
გ. ჩიტაიას სახელობის ეთნოგარფიულ მუზემს ამ<br />
მიმართულებითაც დაუგროვდა ბოლო პერიოდში მნიშვნე-<br />
ლოვანი გამოცდილება. ამასთან, დავასახელებდით შეზღუ-<br />
დული შესაძლებლობების მქონე მოზარდთა განათლებისა<br />
და მათი საზოგადოებაში ინტეგრირებით დაკავებულ ასოცია-<br />
ცია „ანიკასთან“ ერთად განხორციელებულ აქციებს, რომელ-<br />
საც საზოგადოებაში სათანადო რეზონანსი მოჰყვა (2005 წ.<br />
ივლისი). ბოლო წლებში განხორციელებული საგანმანათლებ-<br />
ლო პროექტებიდან გამოვყოფდით მშობლების მზრუნველო-<br />
ბამოკლებული ბავშვებისათვის გამართულ საქველმოქმედო<br />
აქციებს არასამთავრობო ორგანიზაციასთან „ბავშვი და გარე-<br />
მო“ ერთად (2003 წ. ოქტომბერი), აგრეთვე საპატრიარქოსთან<br />
არსებულ სიონის სამრევლო სკოლასთან თანამშრომლობას.<br />
ამგვარად, ეთნოგრაფიულ მუზეუმში დაწყებულია<br />
საგანმანათლებლო პროგრამების შემუშავება-განხორციელება<br />
და აღნიშნულ პროგრამებზე ორიენტირებული სამეცნიერო<br />
ფუნქციის გაძლიერება. ამას მოითხოვდა სამუზეუმო საქმია-<br />
ნობის ახალ საფეხურზე აყვანის აუცილებლობა, რაც მოგვანე-<br />
ბით სათანადო დოკუმენტშიც დაფიქსირდა (მუზეუმების<br />
შესახებ. 2006. 105-109). მასში ხაზგასმულია, რომ მუზეუმის<br />
მიზანდასახული მიმართულებაა საზოგადოების სხვადასხვა<br />
ფენაზე ორიენტირებული საგანმანათლებლო პროგრამების<br />
მომზადება და დამთვალიერებელთა აუდიტორიის გაფართო-<br />
ება, სამეცნიერო მუშაობის გააქტიურება, სამუზეუმო ცხოვრე-<br />
ბის გაჯანსაღება, მუზეუმების გარდაქმნა კულტურულ-<br />
საგანმანათლებლო ცენტრებად და ცოცხალ, ქმედით ორგა-<br />
ნიზმებად (მუზეუმების შესახებ. 2006. 108).<br />
ამრიგად, ეროვნულ მუზეუმში, რომელიც თვითონ<br />
არის უკვე სერიოზული და გამორჩეული ინსტიტუცია, იმთა-<br />
ვითვე სათანადო ყურადღება მიექცა საგანმანათლებლო პრო-<br />
გრამებს და ამ მიზნით სპეციალური უჯრედიც შეიქმნა – სა-<br />
განმანათლებლო ცენტრი, რომელიც უკვე განხორციელებული<br />
და განსახორციელებელი პროექტების პარალელურად გამოს-<br />
112
ცემს საგანმანათლებლო ცენტრის მაცნეს, რომლის ერთ-ერთ<br />
ნომერში აღწერილია ეთნოგრაფიულ მუზეუმში ამჟამად მიმ-<br />
დინარე ორი საგანმანათლებლო პროექტის განხორციელებისა<br />
და მათი ავტორების (ირაკლი ბაქრაძისა და ჯიმშერ ჩხვიმია-<br />
ნის) საქმიანობის შესახებ.<br />
ქვემოთ ვისაუბრებთ ორივე პროექტის შესახებ.<br />
ეთნოგრაფიულ მუზემში არსებულ სამჭედლოს რამ-<br />
დენიმე ფუნქცია აკისრია. პირველ რიგში სამჭედლო, მასში<br />
არსებული ნივთებით, სამუზეუმო ექსპონატია. ამავე დროს<br />
სამჭედლოში მიმდინარეობს სამეცნიერო, – ექსპერიმენტული<br />
არქეოლოგიის ტიპის სამუშაო. აქცენტი გადატანილია ქართუ-<br />
ლი ტრადიციული ტექნოლოგიების შენარჩუნებასა და რიგ<br />
შემთხვევებში მის აღდგენაზე. განსაკუთრებული ყურადღება<br />
ცივი იარაღის (უპირატესად დანა-ხანჯლის) კვლევას ეთმობა,<br />
როგორც ყველაზე რთულ, ტრადიციულ და აქტუალურ<br />
სამჭედლო დარგს. სამეურნეო (ნაჯახი, დანა) თუ საბრძოლო<br />
(ხანჯალი) იარაღის დამზადებაში დიდი ყურადღება ეთმობა<br />
ე.წ. „გაშუალებით დაფოლადებას“. როგორც ნიკოლოზ რეხვი-<br />
აშვილი წერდა, „ხელადის (ნივთი, ნახელავი ი.ბ.) გაჭედვის<br />
ქართული წესი ორკეც რკინის „საპირეს“, „საგულედ“ (შუაში)<br />
დაეტანებოდა ფოლადი და შემდეგ შეუდუღებდნენ პირს. ამ<br />
სახით აგებული ხელადის ტანი „გულფოლადიანი“ იყო და<br />
შესანიშნავი „ფხა“ და მკვეთელობა ახასიათებდა. ამასთან,<br />
დრეკადობა და სიფიცხე ზომიერი ჰქონდა. მუშაობის დროს<br />
პირი „უალმასდებოდა“, გალესვა მისი იოლი იყო“ (ნ. რეხვია-<br />
შვილი. 1964. 184).<br />
ჩვენ მიერ ჩატარებულმა ცდებმა მეცნიერის სიტყვები<br />
სრულად დაადასტურა. ამ წესის ერთგვარი „ნაკლი“ ის არის,<br />
რომ იგი დიდ ცოდნას, გამოცდილებასა და რკინა-ფოლადის<br />
ზუსტ შერჩევას მოითხოვს. „გაშუალებით დაფოლადება“<br />
ფაქტობრივად „დამასკური ფოლადის“ ნაირსახეობას წარმოა-<br />
დგენს და თავისი მნიშვნელობა დღესაც არ დაუკარგავს.<br />
სხვათა შორის, სპეციალისტებიც კი ხშირად ურვენ ორ სხვა-<br />
113
დასხვა ტერმინს – „დამასკურ ფოლადსა“ და „ბულატს“,<br />
ვინაიდან ორივეს განსაკუთრებული ნახჭი ახასიათებს.<br />
ტერმინოლოგიური ძიებანი ამჯერად ჩვენს თემას სცილდება,<br />
ამიტომ მხოლოდ იმის თქმას დავჯერდებით, რომ აუცილე-<br />
ბელია ერთმანეთში არ ავურიოთ ორი თვისებრივად განსხვა-<br />
ვებული ტექნოლოგია: საგანგებო დნობის შედეგად მიღებუ-<br />
ლი ფოლადი (რუს. „булат“, ქართულად „ჯავარი“) და გახურე-<br />
ბული ლითონის ერთმანეთთან შეჭედვით მიღებული ფოლა-<br />
დი („დამასკური ფოლადი“). ამათგან ჯავარი მხოლოდ აღმო-<br />
სავლეთის ზოგიერთი ქვეყნის მონაპოვარია, დამასკური ფო-<br />
ლადი კი მზადდებოდა ყველგან, სადაც ფოლადს ამუშავებდ-<br />
ნენ.<br />
ზოგიერთი მკვლევარის (ზაქარ ნონიკაშვილი, კახაბერ<br />
ზარნაძე, ვიქტორ კუზნეცოვი) დაკვირვებით, გორდა ხმლების<br />
უმრავლესობა სწორედ ამგვარი წესით არის დამზადებული,<br />
ამიტომ გორდას ცნობილი დამღაც, შესაძლოა, სწორედ ტექ-<br />
ნოლოგიას გამოხატავდა და არა ხმლის მოყვანილობას ან<br />
ტარის ფორმას. ამით აიხსნება ისიც, რომ გორდას დამღა ზოგ-<br />
ჯერ ხანჯლებზეც გვხვდება და ისიც, რომ ერთ ხმალზე<br />
გორდას დამღის გვერდით ზოგჯერ სხვა დამღებიცაა.<br />
საზოგადოების დღევანდელი პოზიცია ქართული საი-<br />
არაღო მჭედლობის მიმართ, სამწუხაროდ, ხშირად არა-<br />
მართლზომიერია. არსებობს გავრცელებული მოსაზრება,<br />
თითქოს ქართული ხმალ-ხანჯლის ჭედვის წესი სადღეისოდ<br />
მთლიანად დაკარგულია და ამ თემაზე მუშაობაც ფუჭი საქ-<br />
მეა. მაგრამ უნდა გვახსოვდეს, რომ საქართველოს საბრძოლო<br />
იარაღის წარმოების ტრადიცია მე-20 საუკუნის დასაწყისამდე<br />
მაინც ცოცხალი იყო. უძველესი ტრადიციის მატარებელი<br />
ოსტატები ჯერ კიდევ სულ რაღაც 50-60 წლის წინ საუკეთესო<br />
იარაღს ჭედავდნენ, ისეთს, როგორითაც მრავალი ერი იამა-<br />
ყებდა. ამ ოსტატთა შესახებ შემოგვრჩა ეთნოგრაფიული<br />
გამოკვლევები, ფირები, მოგონებები, ხელსაწყოები, ჩანაწე-<br />
რები, ნამუშევრები… სადღეისოდ ყველა ობიექტური პირო-<br />
114
ბაც არსებობს, რათა ქართველმა ჩოხოსანმა საგანგებოდ მის<br />
სახელზე, მისი აღნაგობის შესაფერისი, ყველა წესის დაცვით<br />
დამზადებული დანა-ხანჯალი მოირგოს, რისი სულის<br />
ჩამდგმელიც, ცხადია, საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმი<br />
უნდა იყოს. ისიც უნდა ითქვას, რომ ყველა ხელოსანი როდი<br />
ქმნიდა ძველად შედევრს. თანაც ათიათასობით ხანჯალი<br />
გაყიდულია საზღვარგარეთ. ამიტომ ძველი ხანჯლის კარგი<br />
ნიმუშის შეძენა სულ უფრო რთული ხდება.<br />
სადღეისოდ უკვე გვაქვს რეალური, ხელშესახები შე-<br />
დეგები. სამწუხაროდ, წერილის ფორმატი საკმარისი არ არის<br />
ყველა მოძიებული და აპრობირებული ტექნოლოგიის და-<br />
წვრილებითი აღწერისათვის. წარმოგიდგენთ მხოლოდ ძვე-<br />
ლი, ხალხური წესითა და ძველებური ხელსაწყოებით მიმდი-<br />
ნარე სამუშაოების ჩამონათვალს:<br />
ჭედვით ძველი ფორმების მიღება (ხანჯალი, დანა,<br />
სხვადასხვა ზომის ლურსმანი, კვესი, ძველი დეკორის<br />
დეტალები – კამეჩის, ჯიხვის თავები, ნაგებობის ჭედური<br />
ელემენტები – ანჯამები, ურდულები, კოჭაკები და სხვ.).<br />
რკინა-ფოლადის შედუღება სამჭედლო წესით ან<br />
თითბრით.<br />
დანასა და ხანჯალზე ღარის ამოღება.<br />
ნახშირბადით გამდიდრება (ცემენტაცია).<br />
კამეჩის რქის (ტარის მასალა) გასწორება, დამუშავება,<br />
გაპოხვა.<br />
ხის ნახშირის წვის ტემპერატურის გაზრდა სხვადასხვა<br />
დანამატით (მაგ. კაკლის ნაჭუჭით).<br />
იარაღის მორთვაში:<br />
ვერცხლის სალტის გადაკვრა, შედუღება (მირჩილვა).<br />
ქართული ყალმის (შტიხელის) ფორმისა და ხმარების<br />
თავისებურება.<br />
გლუვი და ღრმა (დაღესტნური) ყალმით თხრა (გრავი-<br />
რება).<br />
მოროვროვება.<br />
115
შავი სევადის მოხარშვა და ვერცხლზე დასმა.<br />
გავარსის, გრეხილის, მავთულის გაწევა.<br />
მუშაობა გრძელდება დამცავ თიხებზე (შედუღება-<br />
წრთობაში ზოგჯერ საჭიროა საგანგებო, ცეცხლგამძლე შესა-<br />
ლესი „მიწები“); ფლუსებზე (საგანგებო ფხვნილები, გამოიყე-<br />
ნება სამჭედლო შედუღების დროს); წრთობის ძველ, მათ შო-<br />
რის წყალში წრთობის მეთოდებზე; იარაღის შავად და ლურ-<br />
ჯად დაფერვაზე; თანამედროვე წებოების (დანის ტარი, ქარქა-<br />
ში) ძველით ჩანაცვლებებზე; ალესვის ძველ წესებზე (ერბოთი,<br />
ქვით, ტყავით); კოროზიის საწინააღმდეგო ზომებზე; ლურჯი<br />
ფერის სევადზე; ხელსაწყოებისა და იარაღის ტერმინოლოგია-<br />
ზე.<br />
ხელსაყრელი მდებარეობის გამო სამჭედლო იზიდავს<br />
მრავალ მნახველს, ამიტომ საშუალება გვაქვს შევაგროვოთ<br />
მნიშვნელოვანი ცნობები ხალხური სამჭედლოსა და მჭედლო-<br />
ბის შესახებ.<br />
2007 წლის ნოემბერში, ეთნოგრაფიულ მუზეუმში,<br />
იუნესკოს ეგიდით, ბანიანი სახლების რესტავრაციასთან და-<br />
კავშირებული ვორქშოფი ჩატარდა. ერთ-ერთი თემა ნაჯახით<br />
ხის დამუშავების ტექნიკას შეეხებოდა. ამიტომ გადაწყდა<br />
ქართული ნაჯახის ტრადიციული წესით დამზადება. ნაჯახის<br />
გაჭედვას საფუძვლად დაედო ნ. რეხიაშვილის მიერ შეგროვე-<br />
ბული ეთნოგრაფიული მასალა. არჩეული იყო ცულის ჭედვის<br />
ე.წ. „ახალი“ წესი – „გაშუალებით დაფოლადება“. ფაქტობრი-<br />
ვად, ნ. რეხვია-შვილთან დაცული ცულის (ნაჯახის) დამზა-<br />
დების ძველიცა და ახალი წესიც, ორივე ძველია. ორივე ხერხი<br />
და საბოლოო შედეგი პრინციპულად არაფრით განსხვავდება,<br />
მაგრამ პირველი გაცილებით მეტ ნახშირსა და შრომას მოი-<br />
თხოვს, ამიტომ, დღეს, როცა რკინა იაფია, ხის ნახშირი და<br />
შრომა კი ძვირი, ეს წესი აღარ არის გამართლებული.<br />
,„ახალი“ წესით ჭედვის პროცესში კი უკვე ეთნოგრა-<br />
ფიული მასალის კორექტივი და შევსება მოხდა. დაზუსტდა<br />
სამუშაო ფორმები, ნაჯახის დამზადების დრო, ნახშირის საჭი-<br />
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რო რაოდენობა, პროცესის ცალკეული საინტერესო საფეხური.<br />
წარმატებულმა მუშაობამ შესაძლებელი გახადა სამ-<br />
ჭედლოს კიდევ ერთი – საგანმანათლებლო ფუნქცია შემატე-<br />
ბოდა.<br />
საგანმანათლებლო პროგრამა გათვლილია ბავშვებსა<br />
და მოზარდებზე და მიზნად ისახავს, მოსწავლეებსა და სტუ-<br />
დენტებს წარმოდგენა შეუქმნას უძელეს მეტალურგიაზე,<br />
რკინისა და სამჭედლოს მნიშვნელობაზე კაცობრიობის ისტო-<br />
რიაში. აგრეთვე ქართული სამჭედლოს იმ თავისებურებებზე,<br />
რითაც იგი სხვა ქვეყნების ტრადიციებისგან განსხვავდება.<br />
პროგრამის ფარგლებში ბავშვები არა უბრალოდ ჩარ-<br />
თულნი არიან სამუშაო პროცესში, არამედ ფაქტობრივად<br />
თვითონ წარმართავენ მას, ცხადია მჭედლის, ამ შემთხვევაში<br />
ოსტატ-პედაგოგის ხელმძღვანელობით.<br />
პროცესის შემეცნება ყველაზე მარტივი და ამასთან<br />
უნივერსალური საქმიანობით – ცეცხლის დანთებით იწყება.<br />
ბავშვები სწავლობენ ცეცხლის სათანადოდ და უსაფრთხოდ<br />
დანთებას, ეცნობიან კვარისა და სხვადასხვა ხის ჯიშის თვი-<br />
სებებს, ხის საჭრელ ეთნოგრაფიული იარაღის – წალდის, ხერ-<br />
ხის, ქართული ცულის თავისებურებებსა და მათი ხმარების<br />
წესს.<br />
მეორე ნაბიჯია ქურაში ნახშირის გაღვივება და საბერვ-<br />
ლის ამუშავება. საგანმანათლებლო ფროგრამის ფარგლებში<br />
რესტავრირდა სამჭედლოს ე.წ. ქართული ტიპის საბერველი.<br />
ქართული ორხელა საბერველი მკვეთრად განსხვავ-<br />
დება ფართოდ გავრცელებული ევროპული ტიპისგან და<br />
დღეისათვის ხალხურ ყოფაში აღარ გვხვდება. აღსანიშნავია,<br />
რომ ბავშვებისთვის ორხელა საბერველი მიმზიდველია იმით,<br />
რომ წყვილში მუშაობის საშუალებას იძლევა.<br />
ნახშირის გაღვივების შემდეგ უშუალოდ ჭედვა იწყება.<br />
თავიდან ბავშვებს კვერით მუშაობის მცირე მაგალითს ვა-<br />
ძლევთ, ვუხსნით უსაფრთხოებისა და ჩაქუჩით მუშაობის წე-<br />
სებს. შემდეგ ისინი თვითონ იღებენ ხელში იარაღს და<br />
117
ოსტატ-პედაგოგის ხელმძღვანელობით წყვილში იწყებენ<br />
გახურებული ლითონის ჭედვას. ხშირ შემთხვევაში ჭედვა<br />
შეჯიბრის ხასიათს ატარებს. აღსანიშნავია, რომ ბავშვებს ისე<br />
იტაცებთ ეს პროცესი, რომ ხშირად უარს ამბობენ ჩაქუჩის<br />
გადაცემაზე.<br />
როდესაც ყველა მოსწავლე ჭედვაში თავის ძალას<br />
გამოცდის, ოსტატი-პედაგოგი ამთავრებს მათ დაწყებულ საქ-<br />
მეს. ნახელავი მარტივი რკინის ნივთია – კვესი, საკიდი,<br />
სასანთლე და ა.შ. ხშირად ვარჩევთ კვესის მომზადებას,<br />
რადგან ეს ნივთი მოსწავლეებს კიდევ ერთ სიახლეს – ძველი<br />
წესით ცეცხლის ანთებას ასწავლის.<br />
მთელი პროცესის მანძილზე მოსწავლეებს ვესაუბრე-<br />
ბით ქართული მეტალურგიის, საბრძოლო და საყოფაცხოვრე-<br />
ბო იარაღის ისტორიაზე; ქართულ სამჭედლო მითოლოგიასა<br />
და წეს-ჩვეულებებზე; იმ ყველაფერზე, რაც სამჭედლოს ეხება<br />
და მათთვის შეიძლება საინტერესო და სასარგებლო იყოს.<br />
ახლა რაც შეეხება ეთნოგრაფიულ მუზეუმში არსებულ<br />
კერამიკულ სახელოსნოს.<br />
კერამიკული ნაწარმი უძველესი დროიდანვე უდიდეს<br />
როლს ასრულებს საზოგადოების ცხოვრებაში. დროთა განმავ-<br />
ლობაში თიხის ნაკეთობამ გარდა პრაქტიკული დანიშნულე-<br />
ბისა, შეიძინა ესთეტიკური, საკულტო და სხვა მნიშვნელობა.<br />
ყველაფერთან ერთად კერამიკული წარმოება ხელოვნების<br />
დარგად ჩამოყალიბდა.<br />
კერამიკულ წარმოებისა და ნაკეთობებისადმი ინტერე-<br />
სი დღესაც საკმაოდ მაღალია, – დაწყებული ხელთნაკეთი ნივ-<br />
თებით და უძველეს ანალოგებზე ექსპერიმენტული ცდების<br />
ჩატარებით დამთავრებული. არანაკლებ საინტერესოა კერამი-<br />
კის წარმოების ისტორიის გაცნობა.<br />
ზემოაღნიშნულმა მოთხოვნილებებმა განაპირობა ღია<br />
ცის ქვეშ მუზეუმში, საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმის სა-<br />
განმანათლებლო პროგრამის განხორციელების მიზნით მომხ-<br />
დარიყო აქ უკვე არსებული კერამიკული სახელოსნოს განახ-<br />
118
ლება და მისი ხელახლა ამოქმედება.<br />
პროგრამების მიზანი საგანმანათლებლო პროცესიდან<br />
ცოდნის მიღების გარდა, მასში მონაწილეებს უღვივებს რო-<br />
გორც თემისა თუ საგნისადმი ინტერესს, ასევე უქმნის ერთ-<br />
გვარ ემოციურ დამოკიდებულებას. ამ მიზნის მისაღწევად<br />
მუზეუმის მიერ შემოთავაზებული საგანმანათლებლო პრო-<br />
გრამები შეესაბამება დამთვალიერებელთა ინტერესებსა და<br />
შესაძლებლობებს, გამოირჩევა ფართო დიაპაზონით. მოიცავს<br />
სასწავლო კურსებს, ლექციებს, ფილმებს, კონცერტებს, ოჯახე-<br />
ბისათვის განკუთვნილ მეცადინეობებს, ექსკურსიებს, სემინა-<br />
რებსა და სხვ. (ბ. ლორდი, გ. დექსთერ ლორდი. 2006. 156).<br />
საგანმანათლებლო პროგრამის შემადგენელი ნაწილია<br />
აგრეთვე ვორქშოპი, რაც ეთნოგრაფიული მუზეუმის ე.წ. სა-<br />
წარმოო ზონაში მოწყობილი კერამიკული სახელოსნოს საშუა-<br />
ლებით ხორციელდება.<br />
კერამიკული სახელოსნოს განახლება-ამოქმედება და<br />
მისი საგანმანათლებლო, სამეცნიერო-ექსპერიმენტული საქ-<br />
მიანობისათვის მომზადება განხორციელდა პროექტის „გაცო-<br />
ცხლებული კერამიკული სახელოსნო ღია ცის ქვეშ მუზეუმში“<br />
ფარგლებში. პროექტი დაფინანსდა ფონდ „ღია საზოგადოება<br />
– საქართველოს“ მიერ.<br />
პროექტის მიზანია:<br />
მუზეუმის დამთვალიერებელთა რიცხვის გაზრდა.<br />
საზოგადოებისათვის სპეციალურად შემუშავებული<br />
საგანმანათლებლო პროგრამის შეთავაზება, მისი დაფუძნება<br />
გართობისა და შემეცნების სინთეზზე, ინტერაქტიულ და სა-<br />
მუშაო პროცესებში დამთვალიერებლის უშუალო მონაწილე-<br />
ობის პრინციპზე.<br />
ერთ-ერთი პრიორიტეტია პროგრამის განხორციელება-<br />
ში სხვა მუზეუმებისა და სასწავლო დაწესებულებების ჩართ-<br />
ვა.<br />
პროექტის ამოცანები:<br />
ეთნოგრაფიულ მუზეუმში საწარმოო ზონის ტერიტო-<br />
119
რიაზე ძველი სტილის კერამიკული სახელოსნოს ფუნქციუ-<br />
რად მუშაობა.<br />
კერამიკის წარმოების (თიხის მოპოვების, დამუშავე-<br />
ბის, კერამიკული ფორმების შექმნის, გაფორმებისა და გამო-<br />
წვის) ეტაპების წარმოდგენა.<br />
კვლევითი, ექსპერიმენტული საქმიანობა.<br />
საგანმანათლებლო პროგრამის პოპულარიზაცია და<br />
მისი შეთავაზება ზოგადსაგანმანათლებლო სკოლებისა და<br />
უმაღლესი სასწავლებლებისათვის.<br />
საგანმანათლებლო პროგრამის განხორციელებაში პარ-<br />
ტნიორი ორგანიზაციების ჩართვა.<br />
მიზნობრივი ჯგუფები:<br />
საჯარო და კერძო საშუალო სკოლების მოსწავლეები.<br />
უმაღლესი სასწავლებლების სტუდენტები.<br />
პროესიული ჯგუფები.<br />
დაინტერესებული საზოგადოების ფართო წრეები.<br />
პროგრამის შესახებ:<br />
პროგრამის მონაწილეები ეცნობიან კერამიკული წარ-<br />
მოების ისტორიას – მისი აღმოცენების, განვითარების ეტა-<br />
პებს, კერამიკის სახეობებს, სხვადასხვა კულტურებში წარ-<br />
მოდგენილ კერამიკულ ნაწარმს, მის დანიშნულებასა და<br />
როლს საზოგადების ყოფა-ცხოვრებაში, კერამიკული წარმოე-<br />
ბის ტექნოლოგიებს, უძველეს და დღემდე შემონახულ ტრა-<br />
დიციებს.<br />
უშუალოდ ჩაერთვებიან წარმოების პოცესში: ძერწავენ,<br />
გამოწვავენ და მოხატავენ სხვადასხვა ფორმის ნივთებს –<br />
ჭურჭელს, მინიტიურულ ქანდაკებებს და ა.შ. შექმნიან<br />
უძველესი ექსპონატების ანალოგებს.<br />
ამრიგად, ასეთია საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმის<br />
გ. ჩიტაიას სახელობის ეთნოგრაფიული მუზეუმის როლის<br />
დღევანდელი ხედვა. სწორედ ამ თვალთახედვით შეიქმნა და<br />
ინტერაქტიულ პრინციპზე ხორციელდება მრავალი პროექტი.<br />
ამჯერად ორ მათგანზე ვისაუბრეთ, რომელთაც წარმართავენ<br />
120
ამ სტატიის ავტორი გიდ-პედაგოგები, გნებავთ გიდ-ოსტატე-<br />
ბი.<br />
დამოწმებული ლიტერატურა<br />
1. Sten Rentzhog. Open air museum.The history and future of a<br />
visionary idea. Stokholm. 2007.<br />
2. მუზეუმების მართვა. პროგრამა. სმიტსონის<br />
ინსტიტუცია. თბილისი. 2005.<br />
3. Кеннет Хадсон. Влитятельние музей. Новосибирск, 2001.<br />
4. Отчет Государственного Эрмитажа. 2001, под. ред. М.Б.<br />
Пиотровского. С-Петербург. 2002.<br />
5. კულტურული მემკვიდრეობის სახელმწიფო პროგრამა.<br />
სამუზეუმო რეფორმის პროგრამა. კრებული მუზეუმების<br />
შესახებ. თბილისი. 2006.<br />
6. საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმის საგანმა-<br />
ნათლებლო ცენტრის მაცნე. №№ 3,4. თბილისი. 2007.<br />
7. ბარი ლორდი, გეილ დექსთერ ლორდი. სამუზე-უმო<br />
საქმის მენეჯმენტი. თარგმ. თბილისი. 2006).<br />
8. ნიკოლოზ რეხვიაშვილი. ქართული ხალხური<br />
მეტალურგია. თბილისი. 1964.<br />
Nodar Shoshitashvili, Jimsher Chkhvimiani, Irakli Bakradze<br />
Ethnographical Museum and Features of Educational<br />
Activities<br />
The process that is going on in the sphere of museums is one<br />
of the most successful among the reforms that are under way in<br />
Georgia. Educational projects and programs have become systematical<br />
in the Georgian national museum - G. Chitaia Ethnographic Museum.<br />
The priority is given to educational projects and programs. Especially<br />
effective is the project concerning to work at blacksmith and ceramic<br />
ovens. They are basically aimed at school children, students and<br />
postgraduates. One of the reasons of the success is the interactive and<br />
traditionalism in the sphere of the craft.<br />
121
122<br />
roland TofCiSvili<br />
eTnologiis swavlebis koncefcia<br />
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom mecnierebis saxelwodeba<br />
`eTnologia~<br />
ori Zveli berZnuli sityvis<br />
SeerTebis Sedegadaa miRebuli. pirveli maTgani _<br />
`eTnos~<br />
xalxs aRniSnavs, xolo meore _ `logos~<br />
ki<br />
_ moZRvrebas. amdenad, yvelaze martivi gagebiT<br />
`eTnologia~ esaa <strong>mecniereba</strong> xalxebisa da maTi<br />
eTnikuri maxasiaTeblebis bis Sesaxeb. magram SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom es mainc martivi gansazRvrebaa. cnobilia,<br />
rom yvela <strong>mecniereba</strong>s Tavisi kvlevis sagani<br />
gaaCnia. bunebrivia, eTnologiur <strong>mecniereba</strong>sac Tavisi<br />
kvlevis sagani aqvs. amave dros, xazgasmiT unda<br />
aRiniSnos, rom eTnologiis sagani da kvlevis are<br />
mudmivad farTovdeboda. amiT is mecnierebis sxva<br />
dargebisagan erTgvarad gansxvavdeba. eTnologia sxva<br />
mecnierebebisagan imiTac gansxvavdeba, rom mas Sexebis<br />
wertilebi aqvs mTel rig mecnierebebTan. eTnologiisa<br />
da sxva momijnave dargebis gadajaWviT,<br />
SerwymiT araerTi mimarTuleba gaCnda eTnologiaSi.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, eTnologiis warmoqmnidan dRemde<br />
misi kvlevis gamWvirvale Temas eTnosi, eTnikuri<br />
kultura da eTnosTaSorisi urTierTobebi warmoadgens.<br />
amitomaa, rom eTnologiis sayovelTaod miRebuli<br />
gansazRvreba arc ki arsebobs, rac sxvadasxva<br />
meTodologiuri midgomebiTacaa ganpirobebuli.<br />
eTnologias, rogorc <strong>mecniereba</strong>s, kidev erTi<br />
Tavisebureba axasiaTebs. garda eTnologiisa, is sxvadasxva<br />
saxelwodebebiT aris cnobili. sul cota<br />
xnis win is saqarTveloSi eTnografiis saxlwodebas<br />
atarebda. dasavleTSi mas kulturul anTropologi-<br />
as, socialur <strong>anTropologia</strong>s uwodeben. amave dros<br />
is sxvadasxva mimarTulebiTac ganviTarda. zogan aqcenti<br />
mis saistorio mimarTulebaze gamaxvilda, zogan<br />
_ sociologiur, filosofiur da kulturologi-
ur mimarTulebebze. erT SemTxvevaSi Tu win eTnosebis<br />
(xalxebis) kvlevam wamoiwia, meore SemTxvevaSi<br />
amosavali adamiani da adamianTa erToba (sociumi)<br />
iyo.Aamdenad, eTnologiis kvlevis sagani rTuli da<br />
araerTgvarovania.M<br />
eTnologiuri <strong>mecniereba</strong> Caisaxa rogorc `primitiuli~<br />
xalxebis (eTnosebis) Semswavleli <strong>mecniereba</strong>.<br />
Tavdapirvelad eTnologias mxolod is xalxebi da<br />
im xalxebis kultura aintereseb-da, romlebic evropelebTan<br />
SedarebiT ganviTarebis dabal safexurze<br />
idgnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi am midgomam cvlileba<br />
ganicada da eTnologiis kvlevis sferoSi ganviTarebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT dawinaurebuli xalxebic moeqcnen.<br />
ase rom, eTnologTa interesis sferoSi yvela xalxi<br />
(eTnosi) Sedis. mas xalxebi ainteresebs rogorc<br />
kulturebis Semqneli erTobebi, romelTa kulturac<br />
Taobidan Taobas tradiciiT gadaecemoda da romelsac<br />
sxvadasxva Taobebi SemoqmedebiTad amdidrebdnen<br />
da aviTarebdnen. eTnologiur <strong>mecniereba</strong>Si ZiriTadi<br />
eTnologiuri cnebebi TiTqmis ucvleli iyo: eTnosi,<br />
tomi, eri (nacia), tradicia, wes-Cveuleba, kultura<br />
(materialuri kultura, ura, sulieri kultura), asimila-<br />
cia, eTnikuri erToba, eTnikuri procesebi, eTnikuri<br />
istoria, eTnogenezi, sazogadoeba, gvari (klani, li-<br />
niji), Temi da sxv.<br />
XX saukunis dasawyisidan eTnologiis kvlevis<br />
sagani gaxda eTnosTaSorisi urTierTobebi. es urTierTobebi<br />
eTnosTa warmoqmnidan mudmivad arsebobda<br />
da amdenad eTnologias sxvadasxva xalxebis urTierTqmedeba,<br />
urTierTo-ba (mSvidobiani Tu mtruli), am<br />
xalxebis kulturaTa urTierTSeRweva ainteresebs<br />
rogorc istoriis siRrmeSi, ise TanamedroveobaSi.<br />
eTnologiis kvlevis sferoSi eTnosTa istoriulad<br />
arsebuli formebic Sedis. Tanamedrove gagebiT eTnologia<br />
swavlobs ara mxolod eTnosebis warmoSobas,<br />
maT ZiriTad Taviseburebebs da maxasiaTeblebs, eTnikuri<br />
procesebiT ganpirobebul eTnosTa urTierTo-<br />
123
ebsa da maT cvlilebebs, aramed eTnosocialur<br />
(nacionalur), eTnopolitikur, eTnofsiqologiur,<br />
eTnolingvistur da sazogadoebrivi sferos eTnonacionalur<br />
urTierTobebsa da sxva procesebs. Tavdapirvelad<br />
ki eTnologiis kvlevis sfero mxolod<br />
xalxuri kulturis Seswavla, ama Tu im xalxis<br />
socialur urTierTobaTa kvleva iyo.<br />
dReisaTvis eTnologiuri <strong>mecniereba</strong> codnis<br />
sakmaod rTul da gantotvil sistemas warmoadgens,<br />
romelTa Sorisac SeiZleba davasaxeloT: eTnikuri<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> (swavlobs eTnogenezisa da sxvadasxva<br />
xalxebis anTropofizikur ganviTarebas); eTnikuri<br />
sociologia<br />
(swavlobs eTnikuri jgufebis ganviTarebisa<br />
da funqcionirebis socialur aspeqtebs, TviTorganizaciis<br />
formebs, eTnikuri jgufebis urTierTqmedebis<br />
tipebs);<br />
eTnikuri fsiqologia (ganixilavs<br />
eTnikuri stereotipebis formirebas, eTnikur TviT-<br />
Segnebas da identifikacias); ekonomikuri eTnologia<br />
(aanalizebs eTnosebis sameurneo da ekonomikuri saqmianobis<br />
problemebs); eTnodemografia (mis ZiriTad<br />
amocanas warmoadgens demografiuli procesebisa da<br />
xalxTa ricxovnobis dinamikis kvleva); eTnikuri geo-<br />
grafia (swavlobs xalxTa geografiuli gansaxlebis<br />
sakiTxebs, maTi adgilze ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs,<br />
eTnikur teritoriebs da eTnikur sa-zRvrebs); eTnope-<br />
dagogika (sxvadasxva eTnosebis aRmzrdelobiTi da<br />
saganmanaTleblo procesebis Taviseburebebis Seswavla).<br />
eTnologiuri mecnierebis diferenciaciis es<br />
procesi jerac ar aris dasrulebuli da rogorc<br />
fiqroben, uaxloes momavalSi axali mimarTulebebis<br />
warmoqmnac ar iqneba moulodneli. rogorc zemoTac<br />
aRiniSna, sxvadasxva meTodologiur midgomebTan er-<br />
Tad es garemoebac abrkolebs da xels uSlis eTnologiis<br />
sayovelTaod miRebuli gansazRvrebis formulirebas.<br />
amrigad, eTnologiis obieqts warmoadgenen<br />
124
eTnosebi _ xalxebi da eTnologia Seiswavlis:<br />
_ eTnosebis warmoqmnas (eTnogenezs);<br />
_ eTnosebis istoriul evolucias (eTnikur<br />
istorias);<br />
_ eTnosebis Tanamedrove cxovrebas;<br />
_ Tvalmisawvdom momavalSi eTnosTa ganviTarebis<br />
SesaZlo gzebs;<br />
Tanamedrove eTnologiis konkretuli kvleviTi<br />
gamocdilebisa da samecniero mimarTulebebidan gamomdinare<br />
eTnologiis sagans mie-kuTvneba Semdegi<br />
problemebi:<br />
_ xalxTa materialuri kultura;<br />
_ xalxebis tradiciuli sameurneo yofa, meurneobisa<br />
da ekonomikis zemoqmedeba eTnosebis ganviTarebaze;<br />
_ sxvadasxva xalxebis sulieri kultura, ritualebi,<br />
rwmena-warmodgenebi;<br />
_ tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi sistemebi, xalxebis<br />
socialuri da politikuri struqturebi;<br />
_ sxvadasxva xalxebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
aRzrdisa da qcevis sistemebi;<br />
_ xalxebis uzrunvelyofis sistemebi;<br />
_ eTnosTa faseulobiTi sistemebis Sedare-ba;<br />
_ kulturaTSorisi kontaqtebis Taviseburebebi;<br />
_ xalxTa gansaxlebebi;<br />
_ TnosebSi mimdinare demografiuli procesebi;<br />
_ eTnikuri cnobiereba da TviTSegneba;<br />
_ xalxebis saxelwodebebi da TviTsaxelwodebebi<br />
(eTnonimika) da xalxTa teritoriuli danayofebis,<br />
erTeulebis aRmniSvneli terminebi;<br />
_ enobrivi qceva da misi eTnosebze gavlena;<br />
_ eTnikur interesebTan, eTnosTaSoris kavSirebTan<br />
da maT Soris konfliqtur urTierTobebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli politikuri sakiTxebi;<br />
_ eTnikuri sistemebis dinamika.<br />
amrigad, eTnologiuri <strong>mecniereba</strong> Seiswavlis<br />
eTnosTa cxovelqmedebis sxvadasxvagvar, mravalfero-<br />
125
van aspeqtebs, tradiciul (eTnikur) kulturas, maT<br />
Soris adamianTa mier eTnikuri TviTSegnebisa da<br />
eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis Secvlas. zemoTqmulidan<br />
gamomdinare eTnologiis gansazRvreba SeiZleba Semdegnairad<br />
Camoyalibdes: eTnologia _ esaa mecniere-<br />
ba, romelic swavlobs sxvadasxva eTnikuri sisteme-<br />
bis (jgufebis) warmoqmnis, funqcionirebisa da urTi-<br />
erTqmedebis kanonzonmierebebs (procesebs), maT iden-<br />
tobas, kulturuli TviTorganizaciis formebs, ko-<br />
leqtiuri qcevisa da urTierTqmedebis Tavisebureb-<br />
ebs, pirovnebisa da socialuri garemos urTierTkav-<br />
Sirs, msoflios xalxTa materialuri da sulieri<br />
kulturis Taviseburebebs, eTnikur da eTnosTa So-<br />
ris arsebul procesebs. sxvaTa Soris, saWirod migvaCnia<br />
moviyvanoT eTnologiis (maSin _ eTnografiis)<br />
is ganmarteba, romelic 1970-ian wlebSi arsebobda:<br />
`xalxis yofisa da kulturis, warmoSobis, gansaxlebisa<br />
da kulturul-istoriuli kavSiris Semswavleli<br />
<strong>mecniereba</strong>. eTnologia ikvlevs eTnikur kulturaTa<br />
saerTo da gansxvavebul formebs, maTi ganviTarebis<br />
kanonzomierebebs, imas, Tu ra wvlili Seutania kacobriobis<br />
kulturis saganZurSi ama Tu im xalxs.<br />
eTnologia imasac swavlobs, Tu ra ganapirobebs da<br />
asazrdoebs sxvadasxva xalxSi damkvidrebul zne-Cveulebebs,<br />
tradiciebs, yofa-qcevis normebs~. a. lobJaniZis,<br />
s. goroxovis da d. zaiacis ganmarteba aseTia:<br />
eTnologia samecniero disciplinaa, romelic swavlobs<br />
msoflios xalxTa msgavsebas da gansxvavebas,<br />
agreTve eTnikur procesebs, eTnosTa cxovelqmedebis<br />
sxvadasxvagvar aspeqtebs, kacobriobis istoriis<br />
mTel manZilze uZvelesi droidan dRemde masSi mimdinare<br />
cvlilebebs. s. luries martivi ganmar-teba ki<br />
aseTia: `eTnologia swavlobs eTnosis cxovrebasTan<br />
dakavSirebul yvela problemas~. s. aruTinovi da s.<br />
riJakova Semdeg ganmartebas gvTavazoben: eTnologia<br />
analitikuri <strong>mecniereba</strong>a, romelic eTnografiuli,<br />
istoriuli da sxva monacemebis safuZvelze ikvlevs<br />
126
eTnosebs rogorc mTlian jgufebs, ise maT urTier-<br />
Tobas.<br />
Tanamedrove eTnologiis sagnobrivi veli (are)<br />
sakmaod farToa da misi sxvadasxva mimarTulebebi<br />
ikveTebian monaTesave, axlo mdgom mecnierebebTan. es<br />
gansakuTrebiT iTqmis iseT mecnierebebze rogorebicaa<br />
eTnografia, istoria, kulturologia, sociologia,<br />
fsiqologia, <strong>anTropologia</strong>, politologia. yvelaze<br />
axlos is eTnografiasTanaa. swored amitomaa,<br />
rom xSirad eTnologia da eTnografia sinonimur saxelwodebebadac<br />
ixmareba. miuxedavad amisa, erTmaneT-<br />
Tan mWidrod dakavSirebuli mecnierebis es ori sfero<br />
(dargi) mainc gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. eTno-<br />
grafia aRwerilobiTi <strong>mecniereba</strong>a, eTnologia ki _<br />
Teoriuli xalxTmcodneoba.<br />
zemoTqmulidan aSkaraa, rom eTnologiuri<br />
kvlevis qronologiuri CarCo uaRresad farToa. misi<br />
interesebis sferoSi Sedis rogorc warsuli (pirvelyofili<br />
sazogadoebis istoria), ise Tanamedroveoba.<br />
vrceli qronologiuri CarCos gamo da imis gamo,<br />
rom eTnologias uSualo kavSiri aqvs Tanamedrove<br />
procesebTan (swavlobs eTnosTaSoris urTier-<br />
Tobebs, eTnikur konfliqtebs, nacionalur-kulturuli<br />
mSeneblobis sakiTxebs, gamoimuSavebs nacionaluri<br />
politikis koncefciebs) mecnierebis am dargs, SemecnebiT<br />
da Teoriul mniSvnelobasTan erTad, didi<br />
praqtikuli da gamoyenebiTi mniSvnelobac gaaCnia.<br />
eTnologias rogorc samecniero disciplinas<br />
mniSvnelovani funqciebi gaaCnia, romelTa Soris<br />
unda aRiniSnos: Teoriul-SemecnebiTi; praqtikulgamoyenebiTi;<br />
kulturul-aRmzrdelobiTi; prognostikuli.<br />
Teoriul-SemecnebiTi<br />
funqcia SidaeTnikuri da<br />
eTnosTaSoris kavSirebis, logikuri, mizez-Sedegobrivi<br />
kanonzomierebis gamovlinebaa. Teoriul-SemecnebiT<br />
funqciebs miekuTvneba samecniero hipoTezebisa<br />
da Teoriebis formirebac. monacemTa bazaze Catare-<br />
127
uli samecniero gamokvlevebis safuZvelze an adre<br />
miRebul specialur Teoriebsa da hipoTezebs ganamtkiceben,<br />
an axals qmnian.<br />
Semdegi funqcia praqtikul-gamoyenebiTia<br />
gamoyenebiTia. eTnologiis<br />
bevr problemas Teoriul-Semecne-biTTan<br />
erTad es funqcia namdvilad gaaCnia. miRebuli kvlevis<br />
Sedegebs Zalian xSirad mmarTvelobiT maregulirebel<br />
saqmianobaSi gamoiyeneben. Teoriuli kvleva-<br />
Zieba mxolod maSin iZens praqtikul mniSvnelobas,<br />
rodesac is gamoyenebuli iqneba nacionaluri politikis<br />
gamomuSavebisas, mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis koreqtirebaSi.<br />
amasTan erTad, praqtikuli rekomendaciebi<br />
SeiZleba exebodes saqmianobis, moqmedebis perspeqtiul<br />
mimarTulebebs, anda SeiZleba misi daniSnuleba<br />
Tvalmisawvdomi perspeqtivis konkretuli cvlilebebisaTvis<br />
iyos gankuTvnili. eTnologiis praqtikul-gamoyenebiTi<br />
funqcia imaSic mdgomareobs, rom<br />
eTnologia, rogorc cnobilia, adamianTa moRvaweobis<br />
mraval sferos Seiswavlis. am sferoSi ki adamians<br />
da adamianTa didsa Tu patara jgufs araerTi pozitiuri<br />
codna daugrovda, eTnosebma da eTnikurma<br />
jgufebma TanamedroveobisaTvis misaRebi eTnikuri<br />
tradiciebi Seqmnes, romelTa gacocxlebas da aRor-<br />
Zinebas mravalmxrivi mniSvneloba aqvs. bevri eTnologiuri<br />
realiis gacocxleba SeiZleba turizmis<br />
industriis ganviTarebasTanac iyos dakavSirebuli.<br />
eTnologiis mniSvnelovan funqciad iTvleba misi<br />
kulturul-aRmz<br />
aRmzrdelobiTi<br />
funqcia. es funqcia<br />
adamianebs exmareba gaerkvnen eTnikurobis rTul movlenebSi,<br />
eTnikuri Taviseburebebisa da msoflios sazogadoebis<br />
mravalgvarobis rTul movlenebSi. eTnologia<br />
faqtobrivad gasaRebs warmoadgens adamianis<br />
eTnikuri qcevis sworad gasagebad, saerTod mTlianad<br />
eTnosisa da sazogadoebis cxovelqmedebaSi. saerTod,<br />
eTnosTa Soris urTierTobis kulturis formirebaSi<br />
eTnologiis roli Seufasebe-lia.<br />
eTnologias Tanamedroveobis sasaxurSi ayenebs<br />
128
misi kidev erTi funqcia. esaa prognostikuli funqcia.<br />
eTnologiuri gamokvlevebis Rirebuleba ara<br />
mxolod imiT ganisazRvreba, ramdenad adeqvaturad<br />
asaxavs ama Tu im tendenciasa da process, aramed ima-<br />
Sic, gvaZlevs Tu ara mecnierulad dasabuTebul<br />
prognozebs. gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs eTnosTa<br />
Soris urTierTobebSi, konfliqtebSi dRes miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebebis Sedegebis winaswari gansazRvra.<br />
saerTod, prognostikuli funqcia mimarTulia axlo<br />
da Soreul perspeqtivaSi konkretuli qveynis eTnikuri<br />
da eTnosTaSorisi urTierTobebis perspeqtivebis<br />
gansasazRvrad.<br />
ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is, rom polieTnikuri<br />
saqarTvelos bolo droindeli bevri problema,<br />
maT Soris eTnikuri konfliqtebis saxeliT cnobili<br />
dapirispirebebi aris eTnolo-giuri codnis dabali<br />
donis Sedegi. cxovrebam didi xania daadastura, rom<br />
Tanamedrove pirobebSi ar SeiZleba eTnonacionaluri<br />
procesebis marTva xelis SexebiT, romelic mxolod<br />
Teoriuli codnis gareSe empiriul monacemebs eyrdnoba.<br />
amave dros, eTnokulturuli kontaqtebis da<br />
eTnosTa Soris komunikaciebis sxvada-sxva saxeebis<br />
codna SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs avxsnaT Tanamedrove<br />
eTnikuri procesebis meqanizmebi. naTelia, rom eTnologia<br />
seriozul da sistematur mopyrobasa da Seswavlas<br />
moiTxovs. mxolod aseTi midgomiT SeiZleba<br />
avxsnaT eTnikuri istoriisa da msoflios Tanamedrove<br />
suraTebis bevri `saidumlo~.<br />
zemoT eTnologiis sagnisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb<br />
imitom visaubreT, rom gveCvenebina misi didi mni-<br />
Svneloba ara mxolod Teoriul-SemecnebiTi, aramed<br />
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiTac. Tana-medrove modernizaciisa<br />
da globalizaciis pirobebSi qarTuli cnobierebisa<br />
da mentalobis SenarCuneba bevradaa damokidebuli<br />
eTnologiu-ri mecnierebis codnaze, winaparTa<br />
mier Seqmnili eTnikuri kulturis popularizaciaze,<br />
skolebsa da umaRles saswavleblebSi mis<br />
129
swavlebaze. eTnilogiis swavlebas gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs polieTnikuri qveynebisTvis. aseT<br />
qveynebs Soris saqarTvelocaa. saqarTveloSi eTnos-<br />
Ta Sorisi urTierTobebis mowesrigeba eTnologiuri<br />
codnis danergviTac aris SesaZlebeli. qveyanaSi<br />
mcxovrebma xalxebma erTmane-Tis yofa, tradiciebi,<br />
kultura, mentaloba kargad unda icodnen. Cvens mezobel<br />
CrdiloeTis saxelmwifoSi es problema kargad<br />
aqvT Segnebuli da aq umaRles saswavleblebSi<br />
`mecnieruli komunizmis~ kursebs `eTnologiis~ kursebi<br />
Caanacvles. migvaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi humanitarul<br />
fakultetebze eTnologia erT-erTi ZiriTadi<br />
disciplina unda iyos. es <strong>mecniereba</strong> CvenSi Tavidanve<br />
rogorc saistorio <strong>mecniereba</strong> ise ganviTarda. migvaCnia,<br />
rom eTnologiis, rogorc saistorio mecnierebis<br />
erT-erT mimarTulebaze dResac ar unda vTqvaT uari,<br />
oRond Sesacvleli iqneba aspeqtebi. dRemde saqarTveloSi,<br />
mcire gamonaklisis garda, eTnologia swavlobda<br />
qar-Tveli xalxis eTnikur tradiciebs, mdidar<br />
materialur da sulier kulturas, sameurneo yofas,<br />
socialur urTierTobebs. bevri problema axlidanaa<br />
gasaazrebeli, Tumca, mkvlevari am TvalsazrisiT<br />
faqtobrivad samecniero mimoqcevaSi, obieqturi<br />
pirobebidan gamomdinare, axal masalas veRar Semoitans,<br />
magram arsebuli monacemebis axleburi gaazreba<br />
SesaZlebelia da aucilebelicaa, radgan komunistur<br />
epoqaSi bevri ram mainc CarCoebSi iyo moqceuli da<br />
am CarCoebidan gamosvla axali daskvnebis gamotanis<br />
saSualebas mogvcems. eTnologiaSi mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis<br />
es aspeqti mainc ukve qarTuli eTnologiuri<br />
mecnierebis ganvlili etapia. sabednierod, mTeli<br />
XIX-XX saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli eTnologiuri<br />
mecnierebis warmomadgenlebi gulxeldakrefilni<br />
ar yofilan; cnobil qarTvel moRvaweTa da<br />
mecnierTa ZalisxmeviT ara erTi eTnografiuli realia<br />
momaval Taobebs gadaeca. yvelafers rom Tavi<br />
davaneboT, 1930-ian wlebSi didi ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
130
xelmZRvanelobiTa da kiTxvarebiT mTel saqarTvelo-<br />
Si Sinamrewvelobisa da xelosnobis Sesaxeb Sekrebili<br />
masalebis mravaltomeuli rad Rirs. eTnografiul<br />
realiebs Tavi rom davaneboT, masalebis Semkrebebma<br />
ramdeni qarTuli leqsikuri erTeuli gadaarCines.<br />
sabWoTa periodSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />
mTis istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebs mieqca. samecniero<br />
kadrebis raodenoba ubralod ar iZleoda<br />
saSualebas yvela istoriul-eTnografiul mxareSi<br />
TanabarmniSvnelovani masalebis mopovebisa. ase Tu<br />
ise gakeTebuli sakmaod bevria da wina Taobis mecnierTa<br />
dafaseba momavli Taobis saqmea. gansakuTrebiT<br />
unda aRviSnoT is garemoeba, rom garkveuli mizezebis<br />
gamo, qarTveli eTnologebisaTvis ucnobi iyo<br />
saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT moqceuli istoriuleTnografiuli<br />
mxareebis yofa, tradiciebi. dRes amis<br />
saSualeba aris, Tumca yvelafris saswrafod dafiqsirebaa<br />
saWiro, radgan qarTuli tradiciebi Zalian<br />
swrafad ikargeba, rasac Tanamedrove cxovrebis<br />
SeWrasTan erTad aqedan eTnikuri qarTvelebis intensiuri<br />
migraciac, did qalaqebSi gadasaxleba ganapirobebs.<br />
CvenSi eTnologiurma <strong>mecniereba</strong>m saistorio<br />
mimarTuleba miiRo. iyo dro, rodesac eTnologias<br />
istoriis damxmare disciplinadac Tvlidnen. dRes es<br />
ukve ganvlili etapia. yvelasaTvis cxadia, rom eTnologia<br />
sruliad damoukidebeli <strong>mecniereba</strong>a, magram<br />
istoriasTan mimarTebaSi mainc unda aRvniSnoT: xalxis<br />
istoria Semonaxulia ara mxolod werilobiT<br />
wyaroebSi, aramed mis tradiciebsa da wes-Cveulebeb-<br />
Sic, mis damokidebulebaSi garemomcve-li samyaros<br />
mimarT da rwmena-warmodgenebSi, Sromis iaraRebSi,<br />
sakvebsa da sacxovrebelSi, siZveleTa ZeglebSi, romlebic<br />
asaxulia sasaflaoebsa da nasaxlarebSi, legendebsa<br />
da epikur TqmulebebSi, xalxur simRerebsa<br />
da cekvebSi, e.i. kulturis yvela kompleqsSi, romelic<br />
eTnosma Seqmna da romelic gansxvavdeba sxva<br />
131
eTnosebis analogiuri kulturis kompleqsebisgan. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT, xalxis mier ganvlili gzis aRdgena<br />
da Seswavla mxolod eTnologiuri meTodebiT aris<br />
SesaZlebeli. marTalia, eTnologiis saSualebiT xdeba<br />
istoriis mTeli rigi momentebis aRdgena, magram<br />
visac is damxmare <strong>mecniereba</strong>d miaCnia, maT sayurad-<br />
Rebod unda iTqvas, rom eTnologias interesebi xom<br />
mxolod warsulSi ara aqvs _ mecnierebis am dargs<br />
interesebi aqvs awmyosa da momavalSic. xazi unda<br />
gaesvas imasac, rom sakuTari kvlevis meTodebis mqone<br />
dargi damoukidebeli <strong>mecniereba</strong>a.<br />
saWiroa samecniero kvlevebis, swavlebis axali<br />
mimarTulebiT, axali aspeqtebiT warmarTva, raTa is<br />
CavayenoT saqarTvelos saxelmwifos, qarTveli xalxis<br />
interesebis samsaxurSi. wina planze unda wamoiwios<br />
qarTuli eTnosisa da zogadad eTnosis raobis<br />
garkvevam, xalxTa kulturul-istoriuli urTierTobebis<br />
Seswavlam. amdenad, eTnologiur kvleva-Ziebas<br />
da, bunebrivia, swavlas kompleqsuri xasiaTi unda<br />
hqondes _ is istorizmTan erTad Tanamedroveobis<br />
samsaxurSi unda iyos Cayenebuli.<br />
sabakalavro doneze studntebma unda moisminon<br />
eTnologiis Sesavlis, saqarTvelos eTnologiis<br />
kursebi. sabakalavro doneze studentma Tu zogadi<br />
eTnologiis propedevtikuli nawili unda moisminos,<br />
magistraturaSi es unda iyos misi ZiriTadi problemebis<br />
Seswavla. zogadi eTnologiis kursi unda gaiaron<br />
Teoriuli eTnologiis kursis saxiT. es kursi<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa da ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis<br />
TanamSromelTa mier (r. TofCiSvili, q. xuciSvili, r.<br />
gujejiani) ukve dawerilia da mas ismenen rogorc<br />
baklavariatis, ise magistratu-ris studentebi. kursi<br />
eTnologiis TiTqmis yvela Teoriul problemas moicavs.,<br />
esenia: eTnologiis sagani da funqciebi; eTnologiiuri<br />
mecnierebis warmoqmna da Taviseburebebi;<br />
eTnologiis kvlevis ZiriTadi meTodebi; ZiriTadi<br />
132
eTnologiuri cnebebi; eTnologiuri Teoriebi, skolebi<br />
da mimarTulebani; eTnologiis kavSiri sxva<br />
mecnierebebTan; eTnologiisa da sxva mecnierebebis<br />
gadaakveTaze warmoqmnili mecnieruli mimarTulebebi;<br />
eTnosis Tanamedrove Teoriebi, eTnosi da eTniuroba;<br />
eTnogenezi da xalxTa eTnikuri istoria; eTnikuri<br />
erTobebi da eTnikur erTobaTa ierarqia; msoflios<br />
eTnikuri suraTi; msoflois mosaxleobis klasifikaciis<br />
ZiriTadi principebi; eTnikuri fsiqologia:<br />
eTnikuri TviTSegnebis, cnobierebis (identobis) problema;<br />
eTnikuri ganwyoba; eTnosi da buneba; eTnosi da<br />
ena; eTnosocialuri organizmi; eTnosi da eTnonimi;<br />
eTnosi da eTnikuri kultura; eris (naciis) Sesaxeb.<br />
eri da saxelmwifoebrioba; eTnikuri procesebi Tanamedrove<br />
msoflioSi; eTnosTaSorisi urTierTobebi;<br />
tradiciuli kultura da Tanamedroveoba; zogadsakacobrio<br />
materialuri kultura; socionormatiuli<br />
kultura; sulieri kultura; sakuTari saxelebis<br />
sistemebi da anTroponimiuli modelebi.<br />
sabakalavro doneze swavlisas studentebma<br />
aucileblad unda iswavlon calke disciplinebis saxiT<br />
saqarTvelos eTnologia da kavkasiis eTnolo-<br />
gia. axla studentebs xelT aqvT saqarTvelos eTnologiis<br />
mxolod mokle saleqcio kursi. maTTvis ukve<br />
gamzadbulia vrceli kursi, romlis eleqtro versiiTac<br />
sargebloben. rac Seexeba magistraturis dones,<br />
aq studentebma cal-calke, gavrcobili saxiT unda<br />
gaiaron saqarTvelos eTnologiis ukve damuSavebuli<br />
sakiTxebi, romlebic monografiebis saxiT arsebobs<br />
eTnologiis sxvadasxva sferoSi. kavkasiis eTnologiis<br />
kursis mosmena, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos eTnologiisa,<br />
savaldebulo unda iyos yvela humanitarisaTvis,<br />
maT warmodgena unda hqondeT yvela Cvens<br />
istoriul da Tanamedrove mezobelze. kavkasiis sxvadasxva<br />
xalxebis eTnikuri kulturis Seswavla dagvexmareba<br />
kavkasiel xalxebTan dRes arsebuli Tu mosalodneli<br />
mTeli rigi problemebis mogvarebaSi.<br />
133
eTnologiis kursebidan unda isminebodes agre-<br />
Tve iseTi kursebi rogoricaa: msoflios xalxTa<br />
eTnikuri istoria, qarTveli xalxis eTnikuri isto-<br />
ria (am kurss aucileblad unda ismendnen is studentebi,<br />
romlebic saqarTvelos istorias swavloben);<br />
evropis xalxTa eTnolo-gia; amerikis xalxTa eTno-<br />
logia; aRmosavleTis xalxTa eTnologia; pirvelyo-<br />
fili religiebi; religiis eTnogeografia da geogra-<br />
fia; msoflios xalxTa religiebi; msoflios xalxTa<br />
sakuTari saxelebis sistemebi; qorwineba da ojaxi<br />
Sua saukuneebis evropasa da saqarTveloSi.<br />
is, vinc momavalSi eTnologiur <strong>mecniereba</strong>s<br />
gahyveba, rom araferi vTqvaT istoriaze, man aucileblad<br />
unda miiRos zogadi warmodgena lingvistikaze,<br />
folklorze, fizikur <strong>anTropologia</strong>ze, socialur<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>ze, arqeologiaze. amave dros, vinc<br />
xalxTa Soris urTierTobebis problemebiT dainteresdeba,<br />
ver ascdeba politologiis zogadi nawilis<br />
Seswavlas, miTumetes, rodesac dRes xSirad laparakoben<br />
da weren eTnologiisa da politikis urTier-<br />
Tobebis Sesaxeb, radgan bevri problema, konfliqti<br />
msoflioSi eTnosTa Soris gaugebrobis niadagzea<br />
warmoqmnili, miTumetes am Tvalsazri-siT saqarTvelosac<br />
garkveuli problemebi aqvs.<br />
magistraturis doneze eTnologiis problemebis<br />
Seswavla unda moxdes gaRrmavebulad ama Tu im<br />
xalxTa da gansakuTrebiT qarTvelTa eTnikuri istoriis<br />
monacemebis moxmobiT. aucilebelia iseT problemebze<br />
yuradRebis miqceva, rogorebicaa: a) eTnolo-<br />
giur moZRvrebaTa istoria da b) kerZo eTnogenezis<br />
problemebi. eTnologiur moZRvrebaTa istoriidan<br />
dawvrilebiT unda Seiswavlon iseTi sakiTxebi, romlebic<br />
exeba eTnosebis Seqmnisa Tu Camoyalibebis<br />
problemebs (eTnogenezis problemebi). am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
cal-calke unda iqnes ganxiluli monogeneturi,<br />
anu religiuri Teoria; materialisturi Teoria (tomebi,<br />
tomTa gaerTianebebi, tomTa Serevebi da a. S.,<br />
134
omlis avtoria f. engelsi): l. gumiliovis Teoria<br />
xalxTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb; saxelmwifos roli da<br />
mniSvneloba erebis warmoSobaSi; erisa da enis; erisa<br />
da religiis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebi (sinqroniasa<br />
da diaqroniaSi); erTa TviTidentifikaciis sakvalifikacio<br />
niSnebi.<br />
momavali eTnologebi aucileblad unda daeuflon<br />
iseT disciplinebs rogorebicaa: velze muSao-<br />
bis meTodika, eTnosocilogia, eTnodemografia, kul<br />
ul-<br />
turuli (socialuri) anTropolo-gia, eTnologiuri<br />
mecnierebis istoria, qarTuli eTnologiis istoria,<br />
eTnosTaSorisi konfliq-tebi da maTi regulirebis<br />
gzebi, eTnolingvistika, eTnofsiqologia, eTnografi-<br />
uli muzeumTmcodneoba. amave dros, momavalma eTnologebma<br />
aucileblad unda gaiaron samuzeumo praq-<br />
tika. yovel wels ki eTnografiuli masalebis Sesakrebad<br />
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi saWiro iqneba<br />
savele-saeqspedicio samuSaoebSi studentebis Car-<br />
Tva. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani iqneba studenteTnologebis<br />
saqarTvelos iseT istoriul-eTnografiul<br />
mxareebSi muSaoba, romlebic Tanamedrove saqarTvelos<br />
sazRvrebs gareT arian aRmoCenili. magaliTad,<br />
TurqeTis saxelmwifos teritoriaze SavSeTimerxevSi,<br />
klarjeTsa da taoSi Zveli qarTuli eTnografiuli<br />
realiebis dafiqsireba friad saCqaroa,<br />
radgan isini ori mizeziT qrebian, esenia: Tanamedrove<br />
cxovrebis wesebis SeWra da qarTvelTa migraciis<br />
maRali tempi, romelic ZiriTadad didi qalaqebiskenaa<br />
mimarTuli. qarTul eTnologias samecniero mimoqcevaSi<br />
TurqeTis saxelmwifos teritoriaze<br />
mcxovrebi qarTvelebis yofisa da kulturis amsaxveli<br />
monacemebi arasdros Semoutania. studentebma unda<br />
daamuSaon qarTveli mahmadianebis tradiciebis<br />
Sesaxeb Sesabamisi Temebic. amas garda, Sesaswavlia<br />
iseTi sakiTxebic rogorebicaa maTi orenovneba; Turqul<br />
enobriv-eTnikur garemoSi eTnikuri gadarCenis<br />
mizezebi da sxva.<br />
135
qarTul eTnologias ar unda darCes yuradRe-<br />
bis miRma saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva eTni-<br />
kuri erTeulebi. saqarTveloSi mcxovreb yvela<br />
eTnoss mTeli sigrZe-siganiT unda vswavlobdeT. es<br />
problema sabWoTa periodSi, TiTo-orola gamonaklisis<br />
garda, faq-tobrivad ar muSavdeboda. moqmedi<br />
mkvlevarebis umetesoba saqarTveloSi mkvidri eTnikuri<br />
jgufebis Seswavlas faqtobrivad veRar<br />
SeZlebs. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos<br />
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi iseTi eTnosebis eTnikuri<br />
kulturis Seswavlas, rogorebic arian afxazebi, osebi,<br />
somxebi da sxvebi. sabWoTa periodSi qarTvelTa<br />
gansakuTrebul guliswyromas iwvevda is, rom ruseT-<br />
Si TiTqmis aravin ar swavlobda da ikvlevda qar-<br />
Tul enas, qarTul kulturas, saqarTvelos istorias.<br />
maT am nabijis gadadgmiT SeeZloT qarTvelTa gulebis<br />
monadireba, qarTul-rusuli urTierTobisaTvis<br />
saTanadod keTilganwyobili atmosferos Seqmna.<br />
vfiqrobT, rom sxvaTa nakvalevze Cvenc ar unda<br />
viaroT. saxelmwifoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare<br />
student-eTnologebSi am mimarTulebiT garkveuli<br />
interesi unda gavaRviZoT. sakuTari Tavis Sesacnobad<br />
ukeTesia, rom qarTvelma eTnologebma momavalSi<br />
SesaZleblobis farglebSi sxva xalxebis eTnologiac<br />
ar unda datovon yuradRebis gareSe, gansakuTrebiT<br />
es mezobel eTnosebze unda iTqvas. gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi<br />
kavkasiis xalxTa eTnologiis, evropis<br />
xalxebis eTnologiis, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis<br />
eTnologiis kursebis Seswavlas. dasavluri da sxva<br />
kulturebisaken saqarTvelos swrafva amis winapirobaa.<br />
msoflios xalxebis eTnologiis Seswavla kacobriobis<br />
istoriisa da civilizaciis Secnobis erTgvari<br />
fundametia. miiCneven, rom eTnologiuri <strong>mecniereba</strong><br />
erTgvarad internacionaluria, radgan is ara konkretulad<br />
mxo-lod romelime eTnoss, aramed yvela<br />
eTnoss swavlobs. cnobili eTnologi l. Sternbegi<br />
136
werda, rom `vinc icis erTi xalxi _ ar icis arc<br />
erTi, vinc icis erTi religia, erTi kultura _ ar<br />
icis arc erTi~.<br />
xSirad rodesac vsaubrobT ama Tu im xalxis eTnikur<br />
kulturaze (tradiciebze, wes-Cveulebebze, materialur<br />
da sulier kulturaze), Zalian bevr analogias<br />
vnaxulobT sxva xalxebis eTnikur kulturebTan,<br />
rac imis damadasturebe-lia, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
eTnosebi Tavis TavSi Caketilni arasodes ar<br />
yofilan; isini erTmaneTisagan sesxulobdnen kulturis<br />
elementebs da am elementebs ZiriTadad Taviseburad<br />
gadaamuSavebdnen. es movlena kacobriobis progresis<br />
safuZveli iyo. amdenad, eTnologias am mxrivac<br />
aqvs kvlevis farTo areali. sainteresoa qarTvelebma<br />
visgan ra SeviTviseT, qarTvelTagan ra iswavles<br />
sxvebma. es monacemebi ki udavod daexmareba<br />
TanamedroveT, gansakuTrebiT im eTnosebs, romlebsac<br />
erTmaneTSi daZabuli urTierToba da zogjer<br />
konfliqtebic aqvT.<br />
amdenad, momavalSi qveyanasa da xalxs gamoad-<br />
geba specialisti-eTnologi, eTnologi, romelsac ara mxolod<br />
sakuTari xalxis, aramed msoflios sxva xalxebis<br />
eTnologiis ZiriTadi problemebi ecodineba. ra Tqma<br />
unda, qarTveli eTnologi, upirveles yovlisa, saku-<br />
Tari xalxis eTnologiur problemebze unda iyos<br />
orientirebuli, magram srulfasovan, Tanamedrove<br />
donis mkvlevrad mis Camoyalibebas msoflios xalxebis<br />
eTnologiis codnac Seuwyobs xels. qarTuli<br />
eTnologiis ukve ganvlil etapad unda CaiTvalos is,<br />
rodesac saqarTveloSi mxolod saqarTvelos eTnologiis<br />
problemebiT iyvnen dainteresebul-ni. is ki<br />
ara da iyo tendencia, rom mecniers Tavisi sicocxlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi mxolod erT sakiTxze unda emuSava<br />
(magaliTad, ojaxis, qorwinebis, migraciis, miwaTmoqmedebis<br />
da a. S. sakiTxebze), anda is mxolod erTi<br />
romelime eTnografiuli regionis specialisti unda<br />
yofiliyo. regionalizms, viwro Tematikas sawyiss<br />
137
etapze verc erTi eTnologi ver ascdeba, magram<br />
Tvalsawierisa da masStabebis gafarToebis gareSe<br />
Tanamedrove eTnologiis winsvla warmoudgenelia.<br />
amitomac, migvaCnia, rom sauniversiteto eTnologiu-<br />
ri ganaTlebis sistemam regionalizmi da viwroTemia-<br />
noba unda daZlios da sauniversiteto ganaTlebaSi<br />
farTo speqtriT aucileblad unda CarTuli iyos<br />
msoflios xalxebis eTnologiis Seswavla. amasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, ar SeiZleba erTi ramec ar iTqvas:<br />
saqarTvelo patara qveyanaa da, Sesabamisad, sauniversiteto<br />
eTnologiur ganaTlebasa da kvlevas iseTi<br />
masStabebi ver eqneba, rogorc did qveynebSi, magram<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi da erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare,<br />
SesaZleblobis farglebSi, swavlebisa da<br />
kvlevis aRniSnuli aspeqtebiT ganxorcieleba aucilebelia.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom momavali qarTvel<br />
eTnologi, amerikis, afrikisa da samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />
aziis problemebiT dainteresdeba Tu ara, universitetis<br />
Sesabamisi specialobis studentma aucileblad<br />
unda iswavlos dasaxelebul geografiul erTeulebSi<br />
mcxovreb eTnosTa eTnikuri istoria da<br />
eTnikuri kultura. Tavis droze es barieri gadalaxa<br />
mxolod erTma eTnologma (neli bregaZe), romelic<br />
Savi zRvis dasavleTiT mcxovrebi bulgarelebiT dainteresda.<br />
amjerad bulgareTze verafers vityviT,<br />
magram momaval qarTvel eTnologTa TvalsawierSi<br />
aucileblad unda iyvnen, kavkasiis xalxebze rom<br />
araferi vTqvaT, rusebi da ukrainelebi, Turqebi da<br />
iranelebi, maxlobeli aRmosavleTisa da xmelTaSuazRvis-pireTis<br />
xalxebi.<br />
iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, universitetSi Semo-<br />
sul studentTa TiTqmis absoluturma umravlesobam<br />
ar icis ra aris eTnologia. amis mizezi kompleqsuria<br />
da erT-erTi maTgani wlebis ganmavlobaSi eTnologTa<br />
pasiuroba da inertulobacaa. es pasuxismgebloba<br />
yvela eTnologma unda gadainawilos, maT Soris,<br />
ara mxolod maT, vinc umaRles sawavlebelSi<br />
138
moRvaweobda. bunebrivia, pasuxismgebloba am striqonebis<br />
avtorsac awevs. am mZime mdgomareobis Tavidan<br />
acilebis mizniT, pirvel yovlisa, sajaro sko-<br />
lebisaTvis saCqarodaa dasaweri gasagebi da lakonu-<br />
ri eniT eTnologiis saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic<br />
uxvad unda iyos warmodgenili rogorc qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli kulturis, ise msoflios xalxebis amsaxveli<br />
sailustracio masala. rodesac saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebze<br />
vsaubrobT, ar SeiZleba ar iTqvas,<br />
rom saerTod ar gvqonda saqarTvelos eTnologiis<br />
wignic. aseTi wignebis dawera mxolod erTi romelime<br />
mkvlevaris, anda jgufis prerogativac ar unda<br />
iyos _ erT Temaze dawerili sxvadasxva wignebi<br />
erTmaneTs Seavseben.<br />
qarTuli mecnieruli eTnologiis fuZemdeb-<br />
els, akademikos giorgi Citaias studentebsa da aspirantebTan,<br />
saerTod damwyeb mkvlevarebTan muSaobis<br />
gansakuTrebuli meTodebi hqonda. saqarTvelos eTnologiisa<br />
da kavkasiis eTnologiis sauniversiteto<br />
speckursebs is saxelmwifo muzeumis eTnografiul<br />
gamofenasa da sakoleq-cio fondebSi atarebda. eTnologTa<br />
umetesobas axsovs is oTxSabaTobebi, romelsac<br />
giorgi Citaia sakuTar saxlSi saRamos rva saa-<br />
Tidan TerTmeT saaTamde atarebda. am dros aspirantebi,<br />
maZieblebi da studentebi (viszec mas Tvali<br />
ukve dadgmuli hqonda) ara mxolod zogadi eTnologiis,<br />
saqarTvelos eTnologiis, kavkasiis eTnologiis<br />
problemebs euflebodnen, aramed is Tavisi magaliTiT<br />
moqalaqeobisa da samSoblos siyvarulis,<br />
patriotizmis grZnobebsac uRvivebda. mniSvnelovan<br />
wvrTnas baton giorgisTan damwyebi eTnologebi<br />
velzec gadiodnen. wina Taobis eTnologTa zogierTi<br />
gamocdilebis gaziareba dRevandeli studentebis<br />
maswavleblebsac marTebT.<br />
statiis dasawyisSi eTnologiis saganze rodesac<br />
vsaubrobdiT, misi oTxi funqsiidan erT-erTi<br />
kulturul-aRmzrdelobiTic davasaxeleT. dRes<br />
139
evrs laparakoben imaze, rom saqarTvelo Tavisi bunebrivi<br />
da kulturuli simdidreebis gamo, saerTaSoriso<br />
turizmis erT-erT kerad unda iqces. rogorc<br />
adgilobriv, ise ucxoel turistebs qarTuli materialuri<br />
da sulieri kulturis Zeglebi, qarTuli<br />
eTnikuri kultura vin unda gaacnos Tu ara eTnologma.<br />
amitom sauniversiteto ganaTleba eTnologiis<br />
sferoSi am mxrivac unda iyos mimarTuli. bolo xans<br />
saqarTvelos ara erT umaRles saswavlebelSi axali<br />
specialoba _ `turizmis~ swavleba mkvidrdeba. eTnologiis<br />
Seaswavlis gareSe, turizmis specialisti<br />
srulyofili specialisti ver iqneba. aqve Semdegic<br />
unda iTqvas _ statiis dasawyisSi aRiniSna eTnologiis<br />
kavSirebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mecnierebebTan;<br />
isic iTqva, rom `eTnologia swavlobs eTnosis cxovrebasTan<br />
dakavSirebul yvela problemas~, amitomac<br />
sxvadasxva dargis mesveurebi rac male gaacnobiereben<br />
eTnologiis Seswavlis aucileblobas, ukeTesi<br />
iqneba, radgan xels Seuwyoben sakuTari mecnierebebis<br />
progress. es dargebia: fizikuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>,<br />
sociologia, kulturologia, fsiqologia, politologia,<br />
geografia, demografia, filologia, musikaTmcodneoba,<br />
folkloristika da rac mTavaria, istoria<br />
da arqeologia. dRes Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi<br />
momavali arqeologebi saTanadod euflebian<br />
eTnologias (iseve rogorc, eTnologebi _ arqeologias),<br />
rasac ver vityviT istoriis mimarTulebaze.<br />
samwuxarod, studenti-istorikosebisaTvis eTnologia<br />
da arqeologia savaldebulo saswavlo kursebi<br />
araa.<br />
eTnologebi CarTuli unda iyvnen agreTve<br />
eTnosTaSorisi urTierTobebis procesebis prognozirebis<br />
saqmeSi. eTnologiis erT-erTi funqcia xom<br />
prognostikuli funqciacaa. sauniversiteto eTnologiuri<br />
ganaTleba am mxrivac unda iyos orientirebuli.<br />
qarTvel eTnologebs, vinc umaRles sawavleb-<br />
140
lebSi moRvaweobs, aucileblad sWirdebaT sxva<br />
qveynebis universitetebis gamocdileba eTnologiis<br />
swavlebis koncefciis Sesaxeb. sayuradReboa, rom<br />
moskovis m. lomonosovis saxelobis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetSi istoriis fakultetze eTnologiis<br />
specialobis studentebs xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi 44<br />
sxvadasxva kursi ekiTxebaT. sankt-peterburgSi aseTi<br />
kursebis raodenoba 30-mdea. bunebrivia, am kursebis<br />
raodenoba pirdapiraa damokidebuli kadrebze. gasa-<br />
Tvaliswinebelia isic, rom did qveynebs ufro meti<br />
SesaZleblobebic aqvT. es axalgazrda kadrebis dasaqmebasac<br />
exeba. miuxedavad Cveni qveynis patara mas-<br />
Stabebisa, codnis sferoSi XX saukuneSi qarTvelebi<br />
erT-erT mowinave poziciaze viyaviT, ase iyo eTnologiaSic.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT es poziciebi qveyanam<br />
momavalSic ar unda daTmos. amis Tqmis uflebas ki<br />
is gvaZlevs, rom eTnologia dReisaTvis saqarTvelos<br />
saxelmwifos da qarTveli xalxis interesebis samsaxurSi<br />
unda CavayenoT; is xom erTaderTi <strong>mecniereba</strong>a,<br />
romelsac xeli miuwvdeba erTmaneTisgan Zalian da-<br />
Sorebul epoqebze. eTnologebs interesi aqvT ara<br />
marto istoriis siRrmeSi (eTnografiuli masalebiT,<br />
arqeologi-ur monacemebTan erTad, aRadgenen pirvelyofili<br />
sazogadoebis istoriasac), aramed awmyosa da<br />
momavalSic.<br />
eTnologiis swavlebis koncefciis SemuSaveba-<br />
Si yvela eTnologma unda miiRos monawileoba, imisda<br />
miuxedavad is universitetSi moRvawe-obs Tu sxva<br />
samecniero dawesebulebaSi.<br />
Roland Topchishvili<br />
Conception of Teachimg Ethnology<br />
In the paper there is discussed the problems of teaching<br />
ethnology in the schools and universities in Georgia. There are<br />
considered the possible and necessary ways of improving the<br />
situation. The recommendation offered to the Georgian<br />
ethnologists is to take a part in carrying out the conception of<br />
teaching ethnology.<br />
141
<strong>anTropologia</strong> da sxva mecnierebebi<br />
142<br />
maia qvriviSvili,<br />
ivane wereTeli<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> kompleqsuri <strong>mecniereba</strong>a, romlis<br />
sazRvrebSic Seiswavleba adamianis arsebobis fundamenturi<br />
problemebi. ufro konkretulad, igi gulisxmobs<br />
sazogadoebis fizikuri da socialuri maxasia-<br />
Teblebis Seswavlas. anTropologiis holisturi arsi<br />
ori TvalsazrisiT vlindeba: es aris sazogadoebis<br />
Seswavla, erTi mxriv, yvela drosa da sivrceSi,<br />
meore mxriv – yvela ganzomilebaSi (evoluciur, biofizikur,<br />
socialur-politikur, ekonomikur, kulturul,<br />
fsiqologiur da a.S.). <strong>anTropologia</strong>, amave<br />
dros, komparatiul (SedarebiT) da kros-kulturul<br />
dargTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba. igi mudmivad adarebs<br />
erTmaneTs sxvadasxva populaciisa da drois monacemebs.<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>mecniereba</strong>Si gvxvdeba anTropologiis<br />
disciplinis sistematizaciis sxvadaxva varianti.<br />
anTropologiur disciplinebad miiCneva arqeologia,<br />
eTnografia, eTnologia, folklori, lingvistika,<br />
fizikuri da socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>. anTropologiuri<br />
disciplinebis es krebuli/nakrebi drodadro<br />
farTovdeba, imatebs axal-axal dargebs: medicinis<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>, adamianis ekologia da sxv.<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli rogorc<br />
humanitarul da socialur, aseve sabunebismetyvelo<br />
mecnierebebTan. sociologebi swavloben Tanamedrove<br />
urbanul da industriul sazogadoebebs, anTropologTa<br />
savele muSaobis mizani ki, tradiciulad,<br />
winaindustriuli sazogadoebebis Seswavlaa. magram<br />
igi ar ifargleba mxolod winaindustriuli erTobebis<br />
kvleviT; es aris SedarebiTi (komparatiuli) dargi,<br />
romelic swavlobs yvela sazogadoebas – Zvelsa<br />
da Tanamedroves, martivsa da rTuls. anTroplogebs
kros-kulturuli perspeqtiva SeaqvT ekonomikis, politikis,<br />
fsiqologiis, xelovnebis kvlevaSi. isini<br />
TanamSromloben istorikosebTan, raTa istoriul<br />
faqtebsa da movlenebs socialuri da kulturuli<br />
konteqsti mouZebnon. anTropologiis Seswavlis<br />
obieqti adamianTa sazogadoebebis mravalferovnebaa<br />
(1).<br />
literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom <strong>anTropologia</strong>,<br />
rogorc samecniero kvlevis sfero, aerTianebs<br />
sakuTriv <strong>anTropologia</strong>s anu adamianis istorias<br />
(moicavs embriologias, biologias, anatomias, fsiqologias);<br />
paleontologias anu preistorias; eTnologias<br />
_ <strong>mecniereba</strong>s adamianis dedamiwaze gansaxlebis,<br />
misi qcevebisa da tradiciebis Sesaxeb; sociologias,<br />
romelic Seiswavlis adamianebis erTmaneTTan<br />
urTierTobas; lingvistikas; miTologias; socialur<br />
geografias, romelic eZRvneba bunebrivi landSaftisa<br />
da klimatis moqmedebas adamianze; demografias _<br />
statistikur monacemebs mosaxleobis Semadgenlobis<br />
da gansaxlebis, populaciis Sesaxeb; garda amisa,<br />
adamianisa da misi kulturis Semswavleli mecnierebis<br />
aRmniSvnelad gamoiyeneboda terminebi eTnografia<br />
(gaCnda germaniaSi XIX saukuneSi), eTnologia<br />
(safrangeTSi Semoitanes xmarebaSi) da <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
(samecniero literaturaSi gaCnda anglo-saqsonur<br />
qveynebSi). sakvlevi Tematikidan da meTodologiidan<br />
gamomdinare, anTropologiis klasifikacia Semdegnairad<br />
SeiZleba: filosofiuri, Teologiuri, kulturuli,<br />
biologiuri, socialuri, politikuri, iuridiuli,<br />
ekonomikuri, gamoyenebiTi da a.S.<br />
arsebobs anTropologiis gagebis ramdenime<br />
tradicia. maT Soris inglisurenovan qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
aSS-sa da kanadaSi, miCneulia, rom <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
oTx dargs moicavs:<br />
<br />
biologiuri an fizikuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>,<br />
romelic swavlobs adamians rogorc<br />
biologiur arsebas, evolucias, memkvid-<br />
143
eobiT niSnebs, adaptacias da sxv. mis<br />
qvedargebad ganixileba primatologia,<br />
osteologia, adamianis genetika da sxv.<br />
socio-kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> – konkretul<br />
sazogadoebaTa kulturuli da<br />
socialuri organizaciis, enis, ekonomikuri<br />
cxovrebis, samarTlis, konfliqtebisa<br />
da maTi mogvarebis, naTesaobisa da<br />
ojaxis struqturis, socializaciis, genderuli<br />
urTierTobebis, religiis, miTologiis,<br />
simboloebis kvleva. sxvagvarad<br />
rom vTqvaT, kulturis <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
swavlobs adamianTa sazogadoebasa da<br />
kulturas, aRwers, aanalizebs da xsnis<br />
kulturul msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas.<br />
am miz-niT, igi ori saxis saqmianobas<br />
eweva: eTnografiulsa (damyarebuls savele<br />
muSaobaze) da eTnologiurs (damyarebuls<br />
kros-kulturul Sedarebaze).<br />
eTnografia, savele muSaobis procesSi,<br />
swavlobs konkretul sazogadoebas/kulturas,<br />
agrovebs monacemebs, aanalizebs<br />
da ajgufebs maT, axdens maT klasifikacias.<br />
tradiciulad, eTnografebi cxovrobdnen<br />
Sesaswavl sazogadoebebSi da<br />
“Signidan” akvirdebodnen socialur<br />
cxovrebas, sameurneo saqmianobas, zne-<br />
Cveulebebs, tradiciebs, rwmena-warmodgenebs,<br />
politikur cxovrebas. eTnologia<br />
ikvlevs, aanalizebs da adarebs<br />
eTnografiuli kvlevis Sedegebs – sxvadasxva<br />
sazogadoebis Seswavlisas mopovebul<br />
konkretul monacemebs. am monacemebs<br />
igi iyenebs Sedarebisa da daskvnebisTvis,<br />
agreTve ganzogadebuli warmodgenis<br />
CamoyalibebisTvis sazogadoebasa<br />
da kulturaze. eTnologia cdilobs,<br />
144
konkretuli faqtebis miRma dainaxos ufro<br />
zogadi, gamoavlinos da axsnas kulturuli<br />
msgavseba da gansxvaveba, Seamowmos<br />
hipoTezebi, Camoayalibos Teoriebi<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rogor “muSaobs” socialuri<br />
da kulturuli sistemebi. eTnografiuli<br />
monacemebis garda, igi iyenebs<br />
sxva dargebis mier mopovebul konkretul<br />
monacemebsac, magaliTad, arqeologiis<br />
(arqeologiuri anTropologiis) –<br />
warsuli socialuri sistemebis rekonstruqciisaTvis<br />
(2).<br />
lingvisturi <strong>anTropologia</strong> swavlobs<br />
verbaluri da araverbaluri komunikaciis<br />
process, enis cvlilebebs drosa da<br />
sivrceSi, enis socialur funqcias, enisa<br />
da kulturis urTierTmimarTebas, enaTa<br />
struqturas, funqcias da istorias. lingvistur<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>sTan mWidrod<br />
dakavSirebuli dargebia socio-lingvistika,<br />
kognitiuri lingvistika, semiotika,<br />
diskursuli analizi da narativis analizi.<br />
arqeologiuri <strong>anTropologia</strong> ikvlevs<br />
artefaqtebis gavrcelebasa da formebs,<br />
Zveli mosaxleobis moZraobas, dasaxlebaTa<br />
tipebs, socialuri organizaciis<br />
ganviTarebas, mWidro kavSiri aqvs istoriul<br />
lingvistikasTan, fizikur <strong>anTropologia</strong>sTan,<br />
istoriasTan da sxva dargebTan.<br />
savele kvlevisa da am gziT<br />
mopovebuli masalis analizis dros iyenebs<br />
mravali sxvadasxva mecnierebis miRwevebs.<br />
umeteswilad, arqeologia damoukidebel,<br />
Tumca dasaxelebul sferoeb-<br />
Tan mWidrod dakavSirebul dargad ganixileba.<br />
145
ac Seexeba saswavlo programebs, britanul<br />
sivrceSi socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong> instituciurad<br />
gamijnulia fizikuri anTropologiisagn, romelic<br />
dakavSirebulia biologiis an zoologiis departamentebTan.<br />
igi gamijnulia agreTve arqeologiisgan,<br />
romelic dakavSirebulia Zveli istoriis (Classics),<br />
egviptologiis an sxva amgvar erTeulebTan. sxva<br />
qveynebSi <strong>anTropologia</strong> dakavSirebulia folkloris,<br />
muzeumTmcodneobis, socialuri geografiis,<br />
sociologiis, eTnikuri kvlevebis, kulturis kvlevebis,<br />
socialuri muSakis ganyofilebebTan.<br />
anTropologiis adgili aSS universitetebis<br />
programebSi amerikis anTropologTa asociaciis farglebSi<br />
mimdinare seriozuli diskusiis sagania. zog<br />
SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTdeba humanitaruli codnis<br />
sferosa da kritikul Teoriaze, sxva SemTxvevaSi –<br />
evoluciis Teoriasa da raodenobriv meTodebze. zogierT<br />
universitetSi biologiuri anTropologiisa<br />
da arqeologiis programebi anTropologiis departamentis<br />
SemadgenlobaSia, sxvagan – biologiis<br />
departamentisa.<br />
dRes sul ufro xSirad saubroben anTropologiis<br />
kidev erT mimarTulebaze – e.w. gamoyenebiT an<br />
praqtikul <strong>anTropologia</strong>ze. rogorc k. f. kotaki<br />
aRniSnavs, <strong>anTropologia</strong> ar aris spilos Zvlis<br />
koSkSi gamoketili mecnierebis egzotikuri gataceba,<br />
aramed warmoadgens holistur, komparativistul<br />
dargs, romelsac bevri ram aqvs saTqmeli sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
(3). amerikis anTropologTa asociaciis mier<br />
xazgasmiT aRiniSneba anTropologiuri kvlevebis<br />
ori ganzomileba: Teoriuli/akademiuri <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
da praqtikuli/gamoyenebiTi <strong>anTropologia</strong>. es<br />
ukanaskneli mimarTavs anTropologiis monacemebs,<br />
meTodebsa da Teoriebs Tanamedrove socialuri<br />
problemebis identificirebisa da gadawyvetisaTvis.<br />
dRes sul ufro meti anTropologi misi oTxive<br />
qvedargidan muSaobs iseT “gamoyenebiT” sferoebSi,<br />
146
ogori-caa janmrTelobis dacvis, kulturuli memkvidreobis<br />
dacvis, swavlebisa da aRzrdis, ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebisa da sxva msgavsi saqmianobiT dakavebuli<br />
saxelmwifo Tu arasamTavrobo struqturebi.<br />
izrdeba daintereseba samedicino anTropologiiT,<br />
radgan dadgenilia, rom avadmyofobani, sxva faqtorebTan<br />
erTad, gansazRvrulia sociokulturuli konteqstiTac.<br />
sxvadasxva kultura ara marto gansxvavebulad<br />
aRiqvams da gaiazrebs avadmyofobas, aramed<br />
sxvadasxva kulturaSi avadmyofobad miCneulia<br />
janmrTelobis sxvadasxva darRveva, sxvadasxva simptomi,<br />
gamomuSavebulia janmrTelobis dacvis, daavadebaTa<br />
prevenciisa da mkurnalobis gansxvavebuli<br />
sistemebi.<br />
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom ganviTarebis saerTa-<br />
Soriso saagentoebis programebi xSirad warumateblobisTvisaa<br />
ganwiruli, Tu isini ar iTvaliswinebs<br />
samizne jgufebis sociokulturul realobas, Tu<br />
ignorirebulia ganviTarebis kulturuli ganzomileba.<br />
anTropologebi, rogorc adgilobrivi kulturis<br />
eqspertebi, proeqtebis Semqmnelebs awvdian informacias<br />
specifikuri socialuri da kulturuli viTarebis<br />
Sesaxeb, rac, rogorc yvela is mkvlevari, romelic<br />
laparakobs problemebze dargis ganviTarebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, miuTiTebs kroskulturul da interdisciplinur<br />
kvlevebze, rogorc erTaderT perspeqtivaze<br />
kulturis kvlevisaTvis. interdisciplinuri<br />
kvlevisa da swavlebis saWiroeba mecnierebis yvela<br />
dargSi mkafiod gamoikveTa jer kidev meore msoflio<br />
omis Semdeg, ramac asaxva hpova humanitarul da<br />
socialur <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta praqtikaSi (4).<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. Cultural Anthropology. Ed. by Conrad Phillip Kottak. Eight<br />
edition. Michigan University, 2002.<br />
2. aSS universitetebSi umetesad gamoiyeneba termini<br />
kulturis <strong>anTropologia</strong>, britaneTSi –<br />
147
socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>. evropis zogierT<br />
qveyanaSi socio-kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
eTnologiis saxeliTaa cnobili. am terminiT<br />
inglisurenovan qveynebSi aRiniSneba sociokulturuli<br />
anTropologiis SedarebiTi aspeqtis<br />
Sem-swavleli dargi. socio-kulturuli<br />
anTropologiis qvedargebi moicavs fsiqologiur<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>s, folklors, religiis<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>s, eTnikur kvlevebs, mediisa da<br />
kibersivrcis <strong>anTropologia</strong>s da a.S.<br />
3. Cultural Anthropology. Ed. by Conrad Phillip Kottak.<br />
Eightedition. Michigan University, 2002, p.17.<br />
4. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom naTqvami naklebad exeba<br />
maSindel sabWoTa sivrces, sadac Zlier ideologizebuli<br />
socialuri da humanitaruli <strong>mecniereba</strong><br />
moklebuli aRmoCnda dasavlur da aradasavlur<br />
samecniero sivrceSi mimdinare procesebTan<br />
kavSirSi ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas.<br />
amis Sedegebi dResac naTlad igrZnoba Cvens<br />
samecniero da saswavlo praqtikaSi.<br />
Maia Kvrivishvili, Ivane Tsereteli<br />
Anthropology and Other Sciences<br />
Anthropology is a holistic, comparative and cross-cultural study of<br />
humanity. Within its framework fundamental problems and all<br />
dimensions of humanity (evolutionary, biophysical, socio-political,<br />
economic, cultural, psychological, etc.) across times and places are<br />
studied. Therefore, anthropology is deeply linked to humanitarian,<br />
social and natural sciences. It is often defined as being based on a<br />
"four-field" approach (mainly in the United States). This “four-field"<br />
approach to anthropology encompasses biological or physical<br />
anthropology, archeology, linguistics, and cultural anthropology. At<br />
the present time a number of subfields or modes have developed. For<br />
example applied anthropology refers to the application of method and<br />
theory in anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical<br />
problems. The practical application of any above mentioned subdisciplines<br />
may properly be designated as "applied anthropology".<br />
148
149<br />
qeTevan kakitelaSvili<br />
kulturis <strong>anTropologia</strong> da istoria: gadakveTis<br />
momenti<br />
1953 wels lesli p. hartlis cnobili frazis<br />
mixedviT “warsuli ucxo qveyanaa: iq adamianebi sxvagvarad<br />
cxovroben”. l. p hartlis azrs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />
cxadi xdeba kulturuli anTropologiis<br />
sakvlevi sakiTxebis aqtualoba saistorio mecnierebisTvis.<br />
am Tval-sazrisiT, sainteresoa e. w. axali<br />
istoriis mimdinareoba, romelic kontinentur evropa-<br />
Si XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebs, xolo britaneTsa da<br />
CrdiloeT amerikaSi 70-ian wlebs ukavSirdeba. es<br />
cneba yvelasaTvis kargad cnobil frangi medievistis<br />
Jak le gofis saxelTan asocirdeba. man gamosca krebuli<br />
saTauriT ‘La Nouvelle Historire’ – ‘axali istoria’.<br />
man aseve wvlili Seitana samtomiani krebulis gamocemaSi,<br />
romelic saistorio kvlevis axal problemebs,<br />
axal midgomebsa da axal miznebs exeboda. termini<br />
‘axali istoria’ pirvelad 1912 wels amerikelma<br />
mecnierma jeims h. robinsonma gamoiyena. misi gansaz-<br />
RvrebiT, “istoria moicavs im yovelives kvalsa da<br />
naSTs, rac adamians, dedamiwaze gaCenis dRidan gauke-<br />
Tebia an ufiqria”. es gansazRvreba Zalian sainteresoa<br />
kulturis cnebis anTropologiur definiciasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. winamdebare naSromi swored kulturis<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>sa da saistorio <strong>mecniereba</strong>s Soris mimarTebis<br />
sakiTxs exeba.<br />
XX saukunis 60 wlebidan humanitaruli da socialuri<br />
mecnierebebis, politikis mecnierebis, ekonomikis,<br />
geografiis, fsiqologiisa da sxva samecniero<br />
wreebSi gaizarda interesi kulturis fenomenis<br />
da, Sesabamisad, kulturis anTropologiis mimarT.<br />
aseTi mkveTrad gamoxatuli interesi saistorio mecnierebis<br />
sferoSic TvalsaCino gaxda. istorikosebi
kulturis cnebas farTo, anTropologiuri mniSvnelobiT<br />
iyenebdnen, istoriuli movlenebis axsnasa da<br />
gaazrebaSi sul ufro da ufro didi mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeboda im faseulobaTa kompleqss, romelic konkretuli<br />
jgufebis cxovrebas gansazRvravda konkretul<br />
drosa da adgilas. istorikosTa nawili, gansakuTrebiT<br />
safrangeTSi, britaneTsa da amerikis Seer-<br />
Tebul StatebSi, kulturuli anTropologebisgan sesxulobdnen<br />
koncefciebsa da ideebs. maT SeimuSaves<br />
midgoma, romelic cnobili gaxda rogorc ‘istoriuli<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>’, Tumca, britaneli kulturis<br />
istorikosis piter berkis azriT, ‘anTropologiuri<br />
istoria’ ufro Sesabamisi saxelwodeba iqneboda [2,<br />
30].<br />
rac Seexeba axal istorias, misi pozitiuri gansazRvrebis<br />
moZebna arc ise advilia. asocirdeba analebis<br />
skolasTan, kulturis istoriasTan, mentalobis<br />
istoriasTan, totalur istoriasTan, struqturul<br />
istoriasTan, reprezentaciis istoriasTan da<br />
sxv. axali istoria mxolod imasTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba<br />
ganisazRvros, rasac upirspirdeba. piter berki<br />
gamoyofs ramdenime maxasiaTebels [2], romelic axal<br />
istorias tradiciul istoriisagan ganasxvavebs da,<br />
Cveni azriT, am gansxvavebebSi ikveTeba axal istoriasa<br />
da kulturul <strong>anTropologia</strong>s Soris gadakveTis<br />
momenti.<br />
1. tradiciuli paradigmis mixedviT, istoriis<br />
interesis umTavresi sagani politika iyo. kembrijis<br />
universitetis istoriis profesoris,<br />
ser jon silis frazis Tanaxmad “istoria<br />
warsuli politikaa: politika, awmyo istoria”.<br />
politika umTavresad saxelmwifosTan<br />
iyo asocirebuli, anu is umTavresad nacionaluri<br />
da internacionaluri iyo, vidre lokaluri.<br />
marTalia, tradiciuli (rankeanuli)<br />
istoria Seicavda eklesiis, aseve samxedro<br />
istorias, magram istoriis sxva mimarTulebe-<br />
150
i, rogoricaa xelovnebis istoria, an mecnierebis<br />
istoria, marginalizebuli iyvnen da<br />
“WeSmariti” istorikosis interesebis periferiaze<br />
moiazrebodnen.<br />
axali istoria, tradiciulisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
adamianis saqmianobis yvela sferoTi<br />
interesdeboda. XIX saukunis britaneli genetikosis<br />
j. b. s. haldeinis Tanaxmad, “yvelafers<br />
aqvs istoria”, yvelafers aqvs warsuli,<br />
romelic SeiZleba aRdges da daukavSirdes<br />
warsulis sxva sferoebs (J. B. S. Haldane,<br />
Everything Has a History, 1951). ukanaskneli aTwleulebis<br />
manZilze istoriuli kvlevis sagani<br />
gaxda is sferoebi, romelTac, rogorc<br />
adre miiCneoda, ar hqonda istoria. bavSvoba,<br />
sikvdili, sigiJe/SeSliloba, klimati, ynosva,<br />
sibinZure da sisufTave, Jestebi, sxeuli, qaluroba,<br />
kiTxva, saubari/lapa-raki da siCumec<br />
ki istoriuli kvlevis obieqtebad iqcnen. rac<br />
adre ucvlelad miiCneoda, axali istoriis<br />
farglebSi ganixileba rogorc “kulturuli<br />
konstruqcia”, romelic drosa da sivrceSi<br />
ganicdis cvlilebas. aseTi midgomisaTvis<br />
implicituria kulturuli relativizmi. axali<br />
istoriis filosofiuri safuZvelia idea,<br />
rom realoba socialurad da kulturulad<br />
gansazRvrulia. istorikosebisa da kulturuli<br />
anTropologebis mier am ideis gaziarebam<br />
ganapiroba am ori disciplinis daaxloeba da<br />
maTi interesebis gadakveTa. relativisturma<br />
midgomam aseve gaafermkrTala tradiciulad<br />
arsebuli zRvari istoriis centralur da periferiul<br />
problemebs Soris.<br />
2. tradiciuli midgoma istorias ganixilavda<br />
rogorc movlenaTa Txrobas, xolo axali<br />
istoria struqturaTa analizzea orientirebuli.<br />
fernan brodeli miiCnevda, rom movle-<br />
151
naTa istoria mxolod qafia istoriis zRvis<br />
talRebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom Semdgom periodSi<br />
aseT damokidebulebas sawinaaRmdego reaqcia<br />
mohyva, struqtrebis kvlevas kvlav didi<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba.<br />
3. tradiciuli istoriisTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />
xedva “zemodan” qvemoT. is fokusirebulia didi<br />
adamianebis did saqmeebze. ka-cobriobis danarCeni<br />
nawils ki gacilebiT umniSvnelo roli<br />
hqonda miniWebuli. axali istoriis warmomadgenlebi<br />
ki “qvemodan” danaxul istorias<br />
aniWeben upiratesobas. maTTvis sainteresoa<br />
Cveulebrivi, rigiTi adamianebi da maTi socialuri<br />
gamocdileba. xalxuri kulturis istorias<br />
udidesi yuradReba mieniWa.<br />
4. tradiciuli paradigmis erT-erTi didi miRweva<br />
iyo istoriis safuZvlad dokumentebis, werilobiTi<br />
wyaroebis gamocxadeba. magram am<br />
miRwevis safasuri aRmoCnda is, rom sxva saxis<br />
wyaroebi sruliad ignorirebuli iyo. magram<br />
istorikosis kvlevis sferos gamravalferovnebam<br />
wyaroebis gamravalferovnebis sakiTxic<br />
aqtualuri gaxada da werilobiTi wyaroebis<br />
gverdiT didi mniSneloba mieniWa vizualur,<br />
zepir wyaroebs, statistikur monacemebs, yoveldRiuri<br />
moxmarebis sagnebs da a.S.<br />
5. tradiciuli paradigmis Tanaxmad, istoria<br />
obieqturia. istorikosis mizania, mkiTxvels<br />
miawodos faqtebi, anu is rac sinam-dvileSi<br />
moxda (l. ranke).<br />
berkis azriT, istoriisa da anTropologiis Sexvedris<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi iyo<br />
termin kulturis gamoyeneba mravlobiT ricxvSi da<br />
sul ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT. daaxloebiT 30<br />
wlis manZilze istorikosebis mier termin ‘kulturis’<br />
gaazrebam TandaTanobiTi cvlileba ganicada.<br />
erT dros is mxolod ‘maRal kulturasTan’ mimarTe-<br />
152
aSi gamoiyeneboda, axla ki moicavs yoveldRiur<br />
kulturasac, faseulobebsa da cxovrebis wess, rac<br />
imas niSnavs, rom istorikosebma gaiziares kulturis<br />
cnebis anTropologebis mier SemuSavebuli gansaz-<br />
Rvreba.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriokosTa samyaros<br />
gafarToebam da sxva disciplinebTan dialogma Zalian<br />
saintereso Sedegebi gamoiRo, am winsvlam Tavisi<br />
msxverpli mainc moiTxova. istorikosTa azriT,<br />
saistorio <strong>mecniereba</strong> arasodes yofila imdenad danawevrebuli,<br />
ramdenadac dRes. sxvadasxva sferos<br />
mkvlevari istorikosebi ufro advilad naxuloben<br />
saerTo enas ekonomistebTan, filosofosebTan,<br />
anTropologebTan an sociologebTan, vidre erTmaneTTan.<br />
aseT viTarebaSi, istoriis j .h. robinsonis<br />
mier SemoTavazebul gansazRvrebasTan erTad, Zalian<br />
sainteresoa amerikeli istorikosis maikl kamenis mosazreba,<br />
rom kulturis cneba, misi farTo anTropologiuri<br />
arsiT, SesaZloa, is ‘savaraudo safuZveli’<br />
aRmoCndes, romelzec moxdeba istoriisadmi sxvadasxva<br />
midgomis reintegracia. piter berki aseve miiCnevs,<br />
rom aqcentis gadatana mTlian ‘kulturebze’ sa-<br />
Sualebas gvaZlevs, Tavi davaRwioT saistorio mecnierebis<br />
fragmentacias populaciis, diplomatiis, qal-<br />
Ta, ideebis, biznesis, samxedro da sxva istoriebis<br />
specialistTa Soris (1, 2).<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1. Burke P. What is cultural History, Polity Press, 2004<br />
2. Burke P. 'Overture: The New History, its Past and its Future',<br />
in New Perspectives on Historical Writing, ed. by Peter Burke<br />
(University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University<br />
Press, 1992<br />
3. Culture Matters. How Values Shape Human Progress. L. E.<br />
Harrison, S.P. Huntington (editors), Basic Books, 2000<br />
153
Ketevan Kakitelashvili<br />
Cultural Anthropology and History: Crossing Point<br />
The article refers to the problem of interrelations between cultural<br />
anthropology and history. Since the 1960s significance of culture as<br />
explanatory variable in humanities, social and political sciences, as<br />
well as economics has increased. Accordingly, attention has moved to<br />
Cultural Anthropology, its methods and research area. Such interest<br />
has obviously revealed in History as well. Historians have become<br />
more influenced by works of anthropologists; they have begun to use<br />
term culture in broader, anthropological sense. Historians, trying to<br />
find the sense of historical events, paid more and more attention to the<br />
values defining the life and history of societies. In this regard the most<br />
interesting is one trend in 20 th century historical writing – a New<br />
History. It associates with Annales School, cultural history, history of<br />
mentalities, history of representation, structural history, and etc.<br />
154
elene gogiaSvili<br />
folkloristikis meTodebis mniSvnelobisaTvis<br />
interdisciplinuri kvlevebis sferoSi<br />
folkloristikis, rogorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis,<br />
istoriaSi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da sxvadasxva<br />
epoqaSi (me-19-21 ss.) mudmivad aqtualuria teqstis<br />
fiqsirebisa da analizis meTodebi.<br />
fiqsirebis meTodebia:<br />
• istoriuli wyaroTmcodneoba;<br />
• savele kvleva;<br />
• audiovizualuri da eleqtronuli wyaroebis (interneti,<br />
Ceti, mokle teqsturi Setyobinebebi da<br />
sxva) kvleva.<br />
teqstis analizis meTodebia:<br />
• folkloristika rogorc siZveleTmcodneoba, igive<br />
miTologiuri meTodi. es meTodi folkloristikis<br />
germanul skolaSi mTlianad uaryofilia.<br />
igi mxolod samecniero-popularuli spekulaciis<br />
saxiT ganagrZobs arsebobas ezoTerikasa da e. w.<br />
New Age moZraobaSi.<br />
• geografiul-istoriul meTodSi igulisxmeba me-19-<br />
20 saukuneebis mijnaze warmoSobili sami mimarTuleba:<br />
1) Teodor benfeis „xetialis“ anu „nasesxobis“<br />
Teoria; 2) endriu langis anTropologiuri<br />
Teoria da 3) iulios da karl kronebisa da anti<br />
aarnes e.w. „finuri meTodi“.<br />
• struqturalisturi meTodi (vladimer propi da<br />
alan dandesi).<br />
dRevandel folkloristul <strong>mecniereba</strong>Si kulturologiuri<br />
da socialuri istoriis meTodebi ufro<br />
miRebulia, vidre araistoriuli (ahistorische Methode).<br />
araistoriul meTods ganekuTvneba swored struqturalizmi,<br />
fenomenologiur-anTropo-logiuri cdebi,<br />
tipebisa da motivTa klasifikacia, formisa da sti-<br />
155
lis aRwerebi (Röhrich 2001, 525).<br />
folkloristikisa da eTnologiis meTodologiur<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebSi cneba „struqturalizmi“ meTod-<br />
Ta CamonaTvalSic gvxvdeba da Teoriebis nusxaSic.<br />
lutc rerixis statia TxrobiTi Janrebis Seswavlis<br />
meTodebis Sesaxeb struqturalizms calke <strong>mecniereba</strong>d<br />
acxadebs fsiqologiis, religiaTmcodneobis,<br />
kulturis istoriisa da literaturaTmcodneobiTi<br />
hermenevtikis gverdiT (Röhrich 2001, 517).<br />
lutc rerixma jer kidev 70-ian wlebSi daupirispira<br />
struqturalizms, rogorc araistoriul meTods<br />
istoriuli da parafsiqologiuri kvlevebi, fsiqologiuri<br />
ganmartebebi, funqcionalisturi da socialur-istoriuli<br />
sakiTxebi (Röhrich 1976, 36-43).<br />
imis miuxedavad, rom lutc rerixi maRal Sefasebas<br />
aZlevs v. propisa da alan dandesis naSromebs,<br />
struqturalizmis cneba aramarTebulad miaCnia. 1976<br />
wels, roca struqturalizmi jer kidev ar iyo gasuli<br />
samecniero modidan, rerixma Tavis monografiaSi<br />
„Tqmuleba da zRapari. folkloristika dRes“ igi<br />
Tamamad gaakritika: xandaxan struqturalisturi gamokvlevebi<br />
mogvagoneben gasuli saukunis solarul<br />
da lunarul miTologiur spekulaciebs, sadac safuZvelSive<br />
iyo mcdeloba imisa, monaTesave agebulebis<br />
moTxrobebi erTad daelagebinaT; struqturalizmi<br />
imas ityoda, rac fizikosebma da biologebma ukve<br />
gaiazres – rom Cven mxolod maSin mivagnebT realobas,<br />
roca mas gamovacalkevebTo (Röhrich 1976, 33).<br />
Tanamedrove germaneli mecnieris, rolf vilhelm<br />
brednixis SefasebiT, folkloristikas warsul-<br />
Si Zalze sustad hqonda gacnobierebuli meTodebis<br />
saWiroeba (Brednich [b] 2001, 77). mTeli saukunenaxevris<br />
manZilze yuradRebis centrSi ufro metad moqceuli<br />
iyo kvlevis obieqtebi, maTi Segroveba, gadarCena da<br />
Senaxva. ramdenadac folkloruli wyaroebis dokumentaciisTvis<br />
specialuri meTodebi iyo saWiro, amis-<br />
156
Tvis momijnave disciplinebis meTodebi gamoiyeneboda.<br />
esenia:<br />
• istoriul-filologiuri meTodi rogorc memkvidre<br />
folkloristikisa da filologiis mWidro<br />
kavSirisa me-19 saukuneSi;<br />
• geografiuli meTodi, romelic kulturuli sivrcis<br />
kvlevisas gamoiyeneba;<br />
• fsiqologiuri meTodi, romelic a. Spameris Semo-<br />
Rebulia. misi Tezisi iyo „koleqtiuri suliereba“;<br />
• sociologiur-funqcionalisturi meTodi, romelic<br />
aqcents akeTebs yofaSi zepiri gadmocemebis<br />
mniSvnelobaze.<br />
rolf vilhelm brednixi zemoTCamoTvlil meTodebs<br />
ganixilavs rogorc sxvadasxvagvari dakvirvebis<br />
saxes da kvlevis mimarTulebebs, romlebmac ver daakmayofiles<br />
moTxovna, rom saerTo jamSi folkloristikas<br />
sistematuri an homogenuri meTodebis mo-<br />
ZRvreba Seeqmna (Brednich [b] 2001, 78).<br />
folkloristikaSi literaturaTmcodneobiTikvlevebis<br />
gverdiT sul ufro xSirad ismeba funqcionalisturi<br />
sakiTxebi, agreTve Tanamedrove eTnografiis,<br />
sociologiis, fsiqologiisa da pedagogikis aqtualuri<br />
problemebi.<br />
me-20 saukunis meore naxevridan folkloristikis<br />
dasavleT evropuli skolebis orientacia tradiciuli<br />
siZveleTmcodneobidan TandaTan kritikul<br />
kulturul analizamde da yofis empiriul gamokvlevamde<br />
mivida:<br />
• mTxroblebisa (homo naran) da konteqstis Seswavla,<br />
monografiebi avtormTqmelebze;<br />
• eqsperimentuli folkloristika;<br />
• Sesrulebis tradiciis kvleva;<br />
• folkloristika rogorc cnobierebis kvleva.<br />
rolf vilhelm brednixis statiaSi „folkloristikis<br />
meTodebi“ calke Tavad aris gamoyofili<br />
157
„folkloristika rogorc cnobierebis kvleva“, romelic<br />
albrext lemanis citirebiT iwyeba: „folkloristika<br />
Tanamedroveobis kulturis analizSi gvexmareba.<br />
man yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos ukve mopovebul<br />
masalasa da dRevandelobaSi warmoqmnil komunikaciis<br />
axla formebze“ (Brednich [a] 2001, 72). rolf<br />
brednixi Tavidanve aRniSnavs, rom tradiciuli folkloristikis<br />
Seswavlis sagnebi – zRapari, Tqmuleba,<br />
legenda da sxva – Tanamedrove TxrobiT tradiciaSi<br />
sakmaod dazaralebulia.<br />
dRes folkloristika aRar ifargleba mxolod<br />
tradiciuli sakvlevi sferoTi. jer kidev aTwleulebis<br />
win gamoikveTa Tanamedroveobaze orientirebuli<br />
mimarTuleba folloristikaSi. herman bauzingerma<br />
1970-ian wlebSive didi mniSvneloba mianiWa yoveldRiur<br />
Txrobas da biografiebis Seswavlas (saubari<br />
samuSao gamocdilebaze, omis, devnisa da migraciis<br />
dros gadamxdari ambebi).<br />
folkloristika rogorc cnobierebis kvleva<br />
albrext lemanis saxels ukavSirdeba. man naratologias<br />
axali impulsebi misca. „eTnologiis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
amocanaa, - werda lemani 1978 wels, - adamianis<br />
yofisa da cnobierebis gasagebad Tavisi kvleva<br />
mimarTos warsulSic da TanamedroveobaSic. amgvari<br />
kvlevis mizania, kulturisa da socialur mecnierebebTan<br />
erTad TanamSromlobiT Tanamedrove adamianis<br />
mcdelobebis, SesaZleblobebisa da imedgacruebebis<br />
SeswavliT apovninos mas Tavisi socialuri da kulturuli<br />
identoba Tavis nawilobriv kulturul,<br />
istoriul da avtobiografiul situaciaSi“ (Brednich<br />
[a] 2001, 73).<br />
albrext lemanis yvela naSromi im adamianebTan<br />
erTad muSaobiT Seiqmna, romlebic Tavis gamocdilebas,<br />
gancdebs, mogonebebs, survilebs, siyvaruls da<br />
midrekilebebs uziarebdnen da TavianT mdgomareobaze<br />
kulturuli tradiciis gavlenas gamoxatavdnen.<br />
albrext lemanis eTnografiul-kulturologiuri<br />
158
cnobierebis analizis centrSia moqmedi da gancdebis<br />
mqone adamiani. lemani svams kiTxvas mis awmyoze da<br />
mere imaze, Tu rogor ganicdis da aRiqvams is piradad<br />
Tavisi garemos istorias da did istorias.<br />
radgan kultura mudmivad Tavisi warmoSobis pirobebidan<br />
gamomdinareobs, cnobierebis analizs istoriul<br />
argumentacias ukeTebs (Lehmann 2001, 233). lemani<br />
kvlevisTvis umniSvnelovanes wyaroebad avtobiografiul<br />
teqstebs miiCnevda.<br />
albrext lemanis TvalsazrisiT, cnobierebis kulturologiuri<br />
analizi or mosazRvre disciplinas<br />
Soris devs: uaxlesi gamocdilebis istoriis konteqstsa<br />
da eTnografiuli biografiisa da TxrobiTi<br />
formebis kvlevebs Soris (Lehmann 2001, 233).<br />
folkloristikaSi mudmivad aris mcdeloba Seswavlis<br />
sagnis socialur konteqstSi gaazrebisa<br />
(Röhrich 2001, 526).<br />
ukanasknel aTwleulSi saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani<br />
folkloristuli Sromebi gamoqveynda, romlebic<br />
tradiciul SedarebiT-istoriul, struqturalistur,<br />
geografiul-istoriul meTodebs eyrdnobian da Tumca<br />
iSviaTad, magram mainc iTvaliswineben dasavleT<br />
evropuli folkloristuli skolebis miRwevebs.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom folkloristikis qarTulma<br />
skolam me-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebidan moyolebuli<br />
fasdaudebeli naSromebi Seqmna, qarTveli mecnierebisTvis<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebi da meTodologiuri sakiTxebi<br />
nakleb popularuli Tema iyo. Tanamedrove<br />
folkloristika ki warmoudgenelia meTodologiuri<br />
gamokvlevebis gareSe _ „nebismieri kvleva, Tu mas<br />
safuZvlad ar udevs an, sul cota, dasaxelebuli<br />
mainc ara aqvs meTodi, romliTac is Sedegebamde mivida,<br />
aramecnierulia“ (Deissner 1997, 26).<br />
germaneli mecnieris hainc Silingis TqmiT, „folkloristika<br />
ar aris maincdamainc axali Teoriebis<br />
Semqmneli disciplina. rac mas marTla kargad SeuZlia,<br />
aris aRmoCena, zusti aRwera da SedarebiTi<br />
159
klasifikacia kulturuli fenomenebisa“ (Schilling 2001,<br />
567). folkloristika sakuTar Teoriebs ar qmnis, magram<br />
misi kvlevis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe<br />
vercerTi Teoria kulturis <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta sferoSi<br />
srulyofili ver iqneba. interdisciplinaruli kvlevebis<br />
farglebSi folkloristikis obieqtis Seswavlas<br />
sxva dargebic misdeven, magaliTad, zepiri istoria<br />
(Oral History), kulturis mecnierebebi (Cultural Studies),<br />
genderuli kvlevebi (Gender Studies) da sxva. evropeli<br />
da amerikeli folkloristebi samarTlian sayvedurs<br />
gamoTqvamen im mecnierTa misamarTiT, romlebic folklors<br />
araadeqvaturi formiT ikvleven. suzane hoze<br />
da barbara kirSenblet-gimbleti TavianT naSromebSi<br />
“folkloristikis krizisis” Sesaxeb weren _ imis gamo,<br />
rom sxva mecnierebebma folkloristikis obieqti<br />
TavianTi kvlevis centrSi moaqcies da Tanac araadeqvaturi<br />
meTodebiT, es bevr universitetSi Sesabamisi<br />
kaTedrebis SemcirebaSi gamoixata (Hose 2002, 71;<br />
Kirshenblett-Gimblett 1995, 201-233).<br />
am problemis gadaWrisTvis gardauvalia folkloristikis<br />
meTodebis safuZvliani codna.<br />
meTodologiur saxelmZRvaneloebze muSaobis dawyeba<br />
gadaudebeli saqmea folkloristuli kvlevebis<br />
ganviTarebisa da sauniversiteto swavlebis perspeqtivisTvis<br />
saqarTveloSi.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. Brednich, Rolf Wilhelm [a]: Methoden der Erzählforschung. In:<br />
Methoden der Volkskunde. Positionen, Quellen, Arbeitsweisen der<br />
Europäischen Ethnologie. Herausgegeben von Silke Göttsch und Albrecht<br />
Lehmann. Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, 2001. S. 57-77.<br />
2. Brednich, Rolf Wilhelm [b]: Quellen und Methoden. In: Grundriß der<br />
Volkskunde. Einführung in die Forschungsfelder der Europäischen<br />
Ethnologie. Herausgegeben von R.W. Brednich. Berlin, Reimer, 2001. S. 77-<br />
100.<br />
3. Deissner, Vera: Die Volkskunde und ihre Methoden. Perspektiven auf<br />
die Geschichte einer „tastend-schreitender Wissenschaft“ bis 1945. Mainz,<br />
Gesellschaft für Volkkunde in Rheinland-Pfalz, e.V. Deutsches Institut,<br />
Universität Mainz, 1997.<br />
160
4. Hose, Susanne: Soziales Wissen und politische Macht. Zur Geschichte<br />
der sorbischen Volksdichtung als Forschungsgegenstand. In: Zur Geschichte<br />
der Volkskunde. Personen – Programme – Positionen. Herausgegeben von<br />
M. Simon, M. Kania-Schutz, S. Löden. Dresden, Thelem bei w.e.b.-Univ.-<br />
Verl., 2002. S. 71-86.<br />
5. Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara: Ausblick. Die Krise der Folkloristik. In:<br />
Bendix, Regina: Amerikanische Folkloristik. Eine Einführung. Berlin 1995.<br />
S. 201-233.<br />
6. Lehmann, Albrecht: Bewußtseinanalyse. In: Methoden der Volkskunde.<br />
Positionen, Quellen, Arbeitsweisen der Europäischen Ethnologie.<br />
Herausgegeben von Silke Göttsch und Albrecht Lehmann. Berlin, Dietrich<br />
Reimer, 2001. S. 234-250.<br />
7. Röhrich, Lütz: Erzählforschung. In: Grundriß der Volkskunde.<br />
Einführung in die Forschungsfelder der Europäischen Ethnologie.<br />
Herausgegeben von Rolf Wilhelm Brednich. Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, 2001.S.<br />
515-542.<br />
8. Röhrich, Lütz: Sage und Märchen. Erzählforschung heute.<br />
Freiburg/Basel/Wien, Herder, 1976.<br />
9. Schilling, Heinz: Medienforschung. In: Grundriss der Volkskunde.<br />
Einführung in die Forschungsfelder der Europäischen Ethnologie.<br />
Herausgegeben von Rolf Wilhelm Brednich. Berlin. Reimer, 2001. S. 563-<br />
585.<br />
Elene Gogiashvili<br />
For the Importance of the Methods of Folkloristic in the Field of the<br />
Interdisciplinary Studies<br />
The most actual methods in folkloristic during the 19 th and 20 th centuries<br />
there has always been both the methods of discovery and text analysis.<br />
The methods of discovery:<br />
- Analysis and evaluation of source materials;<br />
- Field research;<br />
- Research of the audiovisual and the electronic sources (internet, chat,<br />
sms etc.);<br />
The Methods of the text analysis:<br />
- Folkloristic as an ancient research, the same as a „Mythological<br />
Method“;<br />
- Geographic-Historical Method (Theodor Benfey’s theory of<br />
„Transfer“, Andrew Lang’s Anthropological Theory and the „Finnic School“<br />
of Anti Aarne);<br />
- Method of Structuralism (Vladimir Propp, Alan Dundes).<br />
Today in Folkloristic there are more actual methods, methods of Culture<br />
Studies and Social History.<br />
161
162<br />
TinaTin RuduSauri<br />
kulturis sivrcobrivi gavrcelebis<br />
Teoria <strong>anTropologia</strong>Si<br />
difuzionizmi (laT.<br />
(<br />
diffusion - gavrceleba, gaJon-<br />
va) – esaa mimdinareoba <strong>anTropologia</strong>Si, romelic<br />
calkeuli xalxebis kulturis ganviTarebas xsnis<br />
ara maTi damoukidebeli evoluciiT, aramed ZiriTadad<br />
sxva xalxebis kulturul miRwevaTa sesxebiT.<br />
mecnierebma didi xnis win miaqcies yuradReba, rom<br />
kulturuli elementebi araa aucilebeli mocemul<br />
sazogadoebaSi mxolod misi evoluciuri ganviTarebis<br />
Sedegad aRmocendnen, savsebiT SesaZlebelia maTi<br />
sesxebac. swored aseTma damokidebulebam ganapiroba<br />
XIX saukuneSi difuzionizmis, rogorc kulturaTa<br />
Seswavlis meTodis gaCena, romelic gulisxmobda<br />
kulturuli movlenebis gavrcelebas xalxTa Soris<br />
kontaqtebis gziT - migracia, omebi, mogzauroba, vaWroba.<br />
difuzionistebma praqtikulad moaxdines am zogadad<br />
swori debulebis absolutizacia anu CaTvales,<br />
rom sxvadasxva xalxebs erTnairi kulturuli<br />
elementebi mxolod difuziis e.i. sesxebis sxvadasxva<br />
formis meSveobiT uCndebaT da safuZveli daudes axal<br />
mimdinareobas <strong>anTropologia</strong>Si, romelic erTgvar<br />
winaaRmdegobriv reaqcias warmoadgenda evolucionizmis<br />
Teoriaze da cnobilia difuzionizmis saxelwodebiT.<br />
difuzionizmis ukiduresi frTis warmomadgenlebi<br />
cdilobdnen kacobriobis mTeli istoria<br />
kontaqtebamde, Setakebebamde da kulturaTa sesxebagadatanamde<br />
daeyvanaT. evoluciis da, miT ufro,<br />
progresis idea maTTvis miuRebeli iyo. difuzionistebma<br />
evoluciis da erTiani istoriuli procesis<br />
ideas daupirispires kulturuli difuziis idea, rac<br />
gulisxmobda kulturis sivrcobrivi gadaadgilebasa<br />
da gavrcelebas erTi konkretuli centridan an centrebidan.<br />
maTi azriT. kulturuli ganviTarebis sava-
audo sqema ase gamoiyureba _ yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
da warmatebuli kulturuli monapovrebi<br />
iqmneba erT mocemul regionSi da Semdeg vrceldebian<br />
stiqiuri difuziis Sedegad. difuzionizmis mizans<br />
warmoadgenda zustad ganesazRvra kulturis an kulturuli<br />
elementebis sivrcobrivi gavrcelebis gzebi<br />
da mimarTulebebi, moexdina am mimarTulebebis rekonstruqcia,<br />
gamoevlina maTi warmoSobis regionebi da<br />
gadaadgilebis droiTi CarCoebi. XIX-XX saukuneebis<br />
mijnaze damoukidebel samecniero mimarTulebad difuzionizmis<br />
Camoyalibeba da misi ganviTareba dakav-<br />
Sirebulia iseTi mecnierebis saxelebTan, rogorebicaa<br />
f. ratceli, l. frobeniusi, f. grebneri, v. Smidti,<br />
v. kopersi, u. riversi da sxvebi.<br />
evolucionizmisgan gansxvavebiT difuzionizmi<br />
egzogenuri Teoriaa anu kulturis zrdas da ganvi-<br />
Tarebas gareSe faqtorebiT xsnis. aseT faqtorebad<br />
calkeuli kulturisTvis iTvleba sxvisi kulturuli<br />
inovaciebis sesxeba. difuzionistebisTvis ucxoa<br />
kulturis anTropologiu-ri gaazreba, maTTvis adamiani<br />
kulturis Semoqmedi ki ara, misi matarebelia. am<br />
mimarTulebis gansakuTrebuli damsaxureba imaSi<br />
mdgomareobas, rom maT SeimuSaves da samecniero<br />
mimoqcevaSi Semoitanes mTeli rigi principulad<br />
mniSvnelovani cneba da problema. kerZod: ucxo kulturaTa<br />
gavrcelebis gzebi da saSualebebi e. w. kulturuli<br />
komunikaciis arxebi. aseTebia: vaWroba, dapyroba,<br />
kolonizacia, migracia, mibaZva da sxva. am mimarTulebis<br />
antievoluciuri xasiaTi imaSic mdgomareobs,<br />
rom biologiur kategoriebs daupirispira<br />
kulturuli kategoriebi. Tu termini evolucia gulisxmobs<br />
biologiuri evoluciis analogias, termins<br />
~difuzia~ ar gaaCnia biologiuri analogi. igi gulisxmobs<br />
ara kulturaTa konkurencias da gamodevnas,<br />
aramed TanamSromlobas, urTierTobas da erTmaneTisgan<br />
siaxlis SeZenas.<br />
ganarCeven difuzionizmis sam ZiriTad variants:<br />
163
• invazionizmi (ing. invasion – SeWra), romelic<br />
sakuTari kulturis ganviTarebas mTlianad<br />
an upiratesad ucxo tomebis SemoWris, samxedro<br />
dapyrobebis an migraciis Sedegad<br />
Tvlis, romelsac Tan axlda ufro maRali<br />
kulturisa da teqnikis Semotana;<br />
• kulturuli centris Teoria, romlis mixedviT<br />
mowinave kultura garkveul centrSi<br />
iqmneba da misi normebisa da Rirebulebebis<br />
ganfena TandaTanobiT xdeba periferiebze.<br />
msoflio centrebad moiazreba Sumeruli<br />
civilizacia, babiloni da egvipte. ingliseli<br />
mecnierebis h. eliot-smitisa da u. j. peris<br />
azriT, arsebobda msoflios mxolod<br />
erTi kulturuli centri _ egvipte. Zveli<br />
egviptelebis mier Seqmnili kultura mTel<br />
danarCen msoflioSi gavrcelda. germaneli<br />
mecnierebis f. deliCisa da h. vinkleris<br />
azriT aseTi kulturuli centri babilonia.<br />
yvelaze Tanmimdevruli am SexedulebebSi<br />
iyo f. grebeneri, romelic Tvlida, rom materialuri<br />
Tu sulieri kulturis yoveli<br />
fenomeni istoriaSi mxolod erT adgilas<br />
da erTxel iqmneba da Semdeg vrceldeba dedamiwaze.<br />
• kulturul-istoriuli skola, romlis mosazrebiTac<br />
kultura viTardeba kulturuli<br />
inovaciebis sivrcobrivi gadaadgilebis<br />
Sedegad ara erTi, aramed ramdenime centridan<br />
e. w. ~kulturuli wreeebidan~. am Teoriis<br />
safuZvelze SemuSavda kulturuli<br />
wreebisa da kulturuli migraciis Teoriebi.<br />
difuzionizmis gavleniT Seiqmna bevri Tanamedrove<br />
sociologiuri da kulturologiuri Teoria.<br />
kerZod: modernizaciis Teoria, migrantTa akultura-<br />
164
ciis Teoria, kroskulturuli gamokvlevebi, kulturuli<br />
inovaciebis Teoria da sxva. difuzionizmi<br />
skandinaviis qveynebSi gavrcelebuli iyo istoriulgeografiuli<br />
mimarTulebis, germaniaSi – kulturuli<br />
wreebis moZRvrebis formiT, xolo amerikis Seer-<br />
Tebul StatebSi kulturuli arealebis Teoriis (ageand-area)<br />
saxiT. inglisSi man heliocentristuli mimar-<br />
Tulebis anu hiperdifuzionizmis forma miiRo, romlis<br />
yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadge-neli tur heierdalia.<br />
difuzionizmis fuZemdeblad germaneli mecnieri<br />
f. ratceli (1844-1905),<br />
1905), iTvleba romlis konceptualuri<br />
Sexedulebebi gadmocemulia mravaltomian naSromSi<br />
~anTropogeografia~. misi meore mniSvnelovani<br />
naSromia ~dedamiwa da sicocxle~. evolucionistebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, romlebic kulturas ganixilavdnen,<br />
rogorc evoluciis saerTo jaWvis erT rgols misi<br />
arsebobis konkretuli pirobebis gauTvaliswineblad,<br />
igi cdilobda Seeswavla kulturis movlenebi konkretul<br />
pirobebTan, pirvel rigSi geografiul pirobebTan<br />
kavSirSi. ratcelis kvlevis ZiriTad sferos<br />
materialuri kulturis elementebis da Sesabamisad<br />
am elementebis matarebeli xalxebis geografiuli<br />
gavrcelebis Taviseburebebi warmoadgenda. materialuri<br />
kulturis sagnebis arCeva kvlevis ZiriTad<br />
obieqtad ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom isini kulturis<br />
danarCen aspeqtebTan mimarTebaSi gacilebiT didxans<br />
Zleben da inarCuneben sakuTar formasa da gavrcelebis<br />
areals. xalxebi ratcelis azriT icvlebian,<br />
xandaxan iRupebian da qrebian, xolo sagnebi<br />
ucvlelia. sesxebis procesebTan dakavSirebiT igi<br />
fiqrobda, rom zogierTi sagani (samkaulebi, tansacmeli)<br />
iolad gadaecema xalxidan xalxs, xolo danarCenebi<br />
(aRkazmuloba, liTonis nivTebi) gacilebiT<br />
Znelad. misi azriT aseTi gadaadgilebebis Sedegad<br />
SeiZleboda gvefiqra zogadad kulturaTa sivrcobrivi<br />
gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. igi gamoyofda aseTi gadaa-<br />
165
dgilebis or dasaSveb variants: 1. erTiani kulturu-<br />
li kompleqsis swrafi da mTliani gadatana, rasac<br />
igi akulturacias eZaxda da 2. kulturis calkeuli<br />
elementebis gadatana erTi xalxidan meoreSi, TviT<br />
xalxis gadaadgilebis gareSe.<br />
kulturaTa gadaadgilebis aRsaniSnavad ratcelisTvis<br />
misaRebi iyo ganmazogadebeli cneba ~kulturuli<br />
zona~ an ~kulturuli wre~. am zonis miRma<br />
kulturuli elementebis gavrceleba aixsneboda xalxis<br />
adgilmonacvleobiT, Tumca dasaSvebi iyo gamonaklisi<br />
SemTxvevebic. sxvadasxva xalxTa kulturuli<br />
msgavsebis safuZvlad igi miiCnevda maT Soreul naTesaobas,<br />
xolo kulturuli cvlilebebis mizezad kontaqtebs.<br />
ratcelma SeimuSava difuzionizmis Teoriuli<br />
da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi _ kulturaTa<br />
urTierTzegavlenis aqcentireba, erTi an ramdenime<br />
centris arsebobis idea, kulturuli cvlilebebis<br />
axsna kulturis elementTa sesxebiT _ da Seqmna e. w.<br />
anTropogeografiuli skola, romlis Tanaxmadac ama<br />
Tu im kulturis CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebuli mni-<br />
Svneloba eniWeba geografiul garemos, romelsac<br />
adamianTa sazogadoeba egueba da masTan adaptacias<br />
axdens.<br />
difuziuri mimarTulebis erTerTi ZiriTadi Teoriaa<br />
kulturuli wreebis Teoria, romelsac warmoadgenen<br />
f. grebneri da l. frobeniusi<br />
am Teoriis Tanaxmad gansazRvrul geografiul<br />
regionebSi garkveul kulturul niSanTa erToblioba<br />
SesaZlebels xdis calkeuli ~kulturuli provinciebis~--<br />
wreebis gamoyofas. es Teoria aRmocenda<br />
germaniaSi XX saukunis dasawyisSi. ~kulturuli<br />
wre~ warmoadgens kulturis elementTa xelovnurad<br />
Seqmnil erTobliobas, romelic droSi ar viTardeba<br />
da mxolod sxva ~kulturul wreebTan~ geografiul<br />
sivrceSi urTierTobs. gansxvavebul bunebriv garemo-<br />
Si misi gadatanis SemTxvevaSi ganviTareba sxva gziT<br />
warimarTeba da Zvel kulturaTa zemoqmedebis Sede-<br />
166
gad SeiZleba aRmocendes axali kulturuli tipi. am<br />
ideebma SemdgomSi ganviTareba hpoves kulturuli<br />
migraciis TeoriaSi. ~kulturuli wreebis~ Teoriis<br />
mimdevarTa azriT, civilizaciis istoria warmoadgens<br />
kulturuli wreebis garkveul rigs, romelsac<br />
safuZvlad udevs sawyisi kultura.<br />
f. grebneri (1877-1934)<br />
1934) emxroboda kulturuli<br />
wreebis Teorias da amtkicebda, rom kulturuli<br />
elementebi praqtikulad ucvlelia da isini mxolod<br />
sivrcobrivad gadaadgildebian. mas miaCnda, rom calkeuli<br />
kulturuli elementebi erTxel da samudamod<br />
warmoiSoba garkveul adgilas da Semdeg vrceldeba<br />
sxvadasxva teritoriaze. misi azriT kultura materialuri<br />
da sulieri elementebis ubralo konglomerati<br />
an ekleqtikuri erTianobaa, romelTa damakavSirebeli<br />
safuZvlis moZebna sakmaod Znelia. grebnerma<br />
gaanaliza msgavsi kulturuli elementebis (Sromis<br />
iaraRebi, SromiTi Cvevebi, xelovnebis nimuSebi da<br />
sxva) teritoriuli ganawilebis Taviseburebebi da<br />
maTi msgavsebis xarisxi da kulturis istoriaSi gamoyo<br />
12 kulturuli wre, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia<br />
sesxebis sxvadasxva meqanizmiT. igi<br />
kulturul wreebs mWidrod akavSirebda garkveul<br />
eTnosebTan da akeTebda daskvnas, rom kulturuli<br />
cvlilebebi (akulturacia), romlebic ori eTnosis<br />
xangrZlivi kontaqtebis Sedegad Cndeba (kulturuli<br />
wreebis zeddeba), SeiZleba aixsnas axali eTnosis<br />
CamoyalibebiT, rac ewinaaRmdegeba kacobriobis eTnikuri<br />
istoriis kanonzomierebebs. grebneris azriT,<br />
Tu kulturas gadavitanT gansxvavebul bunebriv-geografiul<br />
garemoSi, misi ganviTareba sxva gziT wava<br />
da Zvel kulturebTan urTierTzemoqmede-bis Sedegad<br />
SeiZleba miviRoT axali kulturebi. am ideebma SemdegSi<br />
asaxva hpova kulturuli migraciis TeoriaSi.<br />
grebnerma avstraliisa da okeaneTis Seswavlis magaliTze<br />
mxolod civilizaciis klasobrivamdel stadiaze<br />
gamoyo 6 aseTi kulturuli wre. gansxvavebuli<br />
167
mosazreba gaaCnda cnobil avstriel arqeologsa da<br />
eTnografs o. Mmengins, romelic naSromSi ~qvis xanis<br />
msoflio istoria~, pirvelyofili sazogadoebis istorias<br />
ganixilavda rogorc sami ZiriTadi kulturuli<br />
wrisadmi kuTvnili calkeuli tomebis migraciis<br />
Sedegs. kulturis istoriis movlenebis sistematizaciisas<br />
difuziuri meTodis gamoyenebis evristikam<br />
ganapiroba difuziuri Teoriis Semdgomi ganviTareba<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>Si. grebneris mier SemoTavazebuli<br />
artefaqtebis teritoriuli ganawilebis analizis<br />
meTodika da kulturuli wreebis gamovlenis<br />
tendencia dRemde gamoiyeneba calkeul gamokvleveb-<br />
Si.<br />
l. frobeniusis (1873-1928)<br />
1928) saxels ukavSirdeba<br />
Teoria kulturis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli socialuri<br />
organizmis Sesaxeb, romelsac suli (peideum)<br />
gaaCnia. igi Tvlida, rom kulturis gadaadgilebis<br />
ori SesaZlebeli forma arsebobs: 1. kulturis damoukidebeli<br />
gadaadgileba xalxis gareSe (kulturuli<br />
migracia) da 2. eTnikuri migracia anu kulturis<br />
adgilmonacvleoba mis matarebel xalxTan erTad.<br />
adamians frobeniusis TeoriaSi meorexarisxovani<br />
adgili ukavia. kulturuli wreebis gamoyofis procesSi<br />
misTvis mniSvnelovania msgavs niSanTa garkveuli<br />
raodenobis arseboba am Tu im teritoriaze. igi<br />
kulturis biologiuri Teoriis mimdevaria anu<br />
Tvlis, rom kultura, rogorc cocxali organizmi,<br />
ibadeba, cocxlobs da kvdeba. axali kultura<br />
mxolod ZvelTan urTierTobiT da misi zemoqmedebiT<br />
ibadeba. afrikaSi amis Sesabamisad igi erTmaneTisgan<br />
ganasxvavebda ori tipis kulturas ~teluriul-eTiopur-patriarqalurs`<br />
da ~qtonur-qamitur-matriarqalurs~.<br />
teluriuli misi gansazRvriT niSnavs miwidan<br />
amozrdils, xolo qtonuri miwaSi Cazrdils. orive<br />
tipis kultura mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mcenareul<br />
samyarosTan. ~teluriuli~ afrikis savanebSi Caisaxa,<br />
xolo ~qtonuri~ saharasa da Crdilo afrikaSi. es<br />
168
kulturebi frobeniusis azriT gansxvavdeba maTSi<br />
Cadebuli tendenciebiT (ideebiT). pirveli erTgvarad<br />
miiswrafis zeviT, rac mJRavndeba sulieri da materialuri<br />
kulturebis TaviseburebaSi, romelsac axasiaTebs<br />
ximinjebiani sacxovrebeli, beRlebi, fexiani<br />
sawolebi. am kulturis `suli~ mcenaresaviT zeviT<br />
izrdeba. adamianic am kulturaSi zemoTken iswrafvis<br />
asakobrivi klasebis ierarqiul safexurebze, maTi<br />
RmerTebi miuwvdomel simaRleze binadroben, es patriarqaluri<br />
kulturaa. ~qtonuri~, matriarqaluri<br />
kultura cdilobs miwis wiaRSi Cazrdas. mas axasia-<br />
Tebs miwisqveSa sacxovreblebi, Wirnaxulis sawyobebi,<br />
miwis Rumelebi, sawoli-Wilofebi, Sexeduleba<br />
sulTa miwisqveSa samyofelis arsebobis Sesaxeb da<br />
sxva.<br />
amrigad, igi ganasxvavebda qaluri da mamakacuri<br />
sawyisis kulturebs da Tvlida rom erTi matriarqaluria,<br />
meore ki patriarqaluri. mogvianebiT man es<br />
definicia dasavluri da aRmosavluri tipis kulturebiT<br />
Secvala. aRmosavleTs misi azriT axasiaTebs<br />
~gamoqvabulis~ grZnoba, uZraoba, fatalizmi, xolo<br />
dasavleTs ~siSoris grZnoba~, dinamika, pirovnebisa<br />
da Tavisuflebis ideis arseboba.<br />
avstriaSi difuzionizmi warmodgenilia ~kulturul-istoriuli~<br />
anu ~venis~ skoliT, romlis fu-<br />
Zemdebelia v. Smidti (1868-1954).<br />
1954). mis saxelTan dakavSirebulia<br />
~Tavdapirveli monoTe-izmis Teoria~, romelic<br />
emyareboda grebneris kulturuli wreebis Teorias,<br />
kolmanis ~pigmeur~ Teorias da a. lengis mosazrebas<br />
pirvelyofil adamianebSi erTi RmerTis<br />
arsebobis gancdasTan dakavSirebiT. Smidtis ZiriTadi<br />
naSro-mia ~RmerTis ideis warmoSoba~, romelSic<br />
igi amtkicebda, rom adamianebisTvis monoTeizmi anu<br />
erTi RmerTis arsebobis grZnoba Tandayolilia da<br />
amis dasamtkiceblad iyenebda Sveicarieli biologis<br />
kolmanis Teorias, romlis mixedviTac msoflios<br />
juja mosaxleoba _ pigmeebi kacobriobis saerTo So-<br />
169
euli warsulia anu adamianebis ganviTarebas Tan<br />
axlda maTi simaRleSi zrda da Cveni winaprebi bevrad<br />
ufro tanmorCilebi iyvnen iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove<br />
pigmeebi. amasTan, pigmeebs swamT erTi Rmer-<br />
Tis arseboba da am logikiT SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom<br />
adamianebsac uxsovari droidan axasiaTebdaT mono-<br />
Teizmi, xolo religiuri azrovnebis primitiuli<br />
formebis arseboba adrindeli monoTeizmis damaxinjebis<br />
Sedegia.<br />
XX saukunis ocian wlebSi difuzionizmis popularobam<br />
kleba daiwyo. es imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom<br />
aSkarad gamoikveTa xelovnurad Seqmnili ~kulturuli<br />
wreebis~ Seusabamoba empiriuli kvlevis Sedegeb-<br />
Tan. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi difuzionizmi ufro<br />
tenedencias warmoadgenda, vidre dominant mimar-<br />
Tulebas kulturis kvlevebSi. kulturaTa gavrcelebis<br />
Taviseburebebis Seswavla amerikeli anTropologebis<br />
mier ZiriTadad indieli tomebis magaliTze<br />
xdeboda. difuziuri ideebis yvelaze mkafio warmomadgeneli<br />
aq k. uisleri (1870-1947)<br />
1947) iyo. igi calkeuli<br />
kulturuli elementis (Cveuleba, ritualebi) farTo<br />
gavrcelebas maT xandazmulobas ukavSirebda, xolo<br />
lokalur, SezRudul arsebobas axalgazrdobiT<br />
xsnida da Sesabamisad maT axladdanergilad miiCnevda.<br />
indielTa kulturuli kontaqtebis analizis Sedegad<br />
man Camoayaliba kulturuli difuziis zogadi<br />
kanoni: anTropologiur Taviseburebs gaaCniaT saku-<br />
Tari warmoSobis centridan yvela mimarTulebiT difuzirebis<br />
tendencia. Mmsgavs mosazrebas imeorebda e.<br />
sepiri. A<br />
a. krioberma mimoqcevaSi Semoitana ~stimulis<br />
difuziis~ cneba, romelic gulisxmobda im garemoebebis<br />
aRweras, romlebic ganapirobebdnen ideaTa kompleqsis<br />
danergvas axal kulturaSi. amasTan erTad,<br />
misTvis danarCeni avtorebisgan gansxvavebiT bevrad<br />
ufro mniSvnelovani iyo ara kulturis elementebis,<br />
aramed ideebis difuziis procesebis kvleva. didi<br />
170
mniSvneloba eqceoda difuziis procesebs r. diqsonis<br />
samecniero SromebSi. Mman erTmaneTisgan gamijna pirveladi<br />
difuzia _ mocemuli kulturis CarCoebSi<br />
romelime inovaciis gavrceleba da meoradi difuzia<br />
anu kulturis elementTa gadanacvleba arealis<br />
(kulturuli sivrce) sazRvrebs gareT, misi gavrceleba<br />
sxva xalxSi.<br />
britanuli difuzionizmis damaarseblad iTvleba<br />
u. riversi (1864-1922),<br />
1922), romelic cdilobda Tavi daeRwia<br />
evolucionizmisa da difuzionizmis ukiduresobebisgan.<br />
axali kulturebis aRmocenebas igi ganixilavda<br />
gadasaxlebaTa talRebis urTierTzemoqmedebis<br />
Sedegad da okeaneTis magaliTze amtkicebda, rom<br />
imigrantebis yovel axal nakads adgilobriv kulturaSi<br />
aucileblad Sehqonda sakuTari kulturuli<br />
elementebi. dasrulebuli saxe inglisurma difuzionizmma<br />
miiRo g. eliot-smitisa (1871-1937) 1937) da u. j.<br />
peris (1877-1949)<br />
1949) mecnierul Semoqmedeba-Si. am mimarTulebas<br />
xSirad ~hiperdifuzionizms~ anu ~panegvitizms~<br />
uwodeben. es ganpirobebulia maTi samecniero kvlevis<br />
sferoTi, kerZod gansakuTrebuli interesiT egviptis<br />
mimarT. eliot-smitma egviptisa da misi momijnave regionebis<br />
kvlevis Sedegad yuradReba miaqcia Zvelegvipturi<br />
kulturis zogierTi maxasiaTeblis (mag. mumificirebis<br />
tradicia) msgavsebas sxva xalxebis kulturebTan,<br />
maT Soris iseTisac, romlebic egviptisagan<br />
Zalian daSorebul teritoriebze cxovrobdnen.<br />
gansxvavebuli xalxebis saerTo kulturuli elementebis<br />
SedarebiTma analizma igi miiyvana daskvnamde,<br />
rom Zv. welTaRricxvis daaxl. IX-VIII saukuneebSi<br />
egvipteSi Casaxuli kultura mTel danarCen msoflioSi<br />
gavrcelda, aRmosavleTiT pirvel rigSi arabeTisa<br />
da sparseTis yuris, indoeTisa da ceilonis<br />
gavliT indoneziaSi da Semdgom kidev ufro aRmo-savleTiT<br />
okeaneTSi. aqedan pirveladi kulturis nimu-<br />
Sebi wynari okeanis CrdiloeTidan amerikaSi moxvdnen.<br />
aseT pirvelad kulturad eliot-smiti miiCnevda<br />
171
megaliTuri Zeglebis mSeneblobis tradicias, micvalebulTa<br />
mumificirebas, mzisa da gvelis kultis<br />
arsebobas, feiqrobas, winadacveTas, yurebis gaxvretisa<br />
da dagrZelebis xelovnebas da a. S. Ees mosazrebebi<br />
man daasabuTa naSromebSi ~adreuli kulturebis<br />
migraciebi~ da ~kacobriobis istoria~.<br />
msgavs Sexedulebebs iziarebda agreTve u. peri<br />
naSromebSi ~megaliTuri kultura indoneziaSi~ da<br />
~mzis Svilebi~. Mmisi SexedulebiT kulturis istoriul<br />
ganviTarebaSi mkafiod ganirCeva ori gansxvavebuli<br />
Sre: SemgrovebelTa da monadireTa Tavdapirveli<br />
primitiuli kultura da mSeneblobis xelovnebaze,<br />
miwaTmoqmedebasa da liTonis damuSavebaze damyarebuli<br />
maRali kultura. es ukanaskneli misi azriT.<br />
swored egvipteSi Caisaxa. perim metismetad gaafarTova<br />
pirveladi kulturuli elementebis nusxa<br />
da miakuTvna mas qvis piramidebi, sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedeba,<br />
meTuneoba, metalurgia, margalitis mopoveba,<br />
mzis kulti, miwamoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli adamianis<br />
msxverlSewirvis tradicia da sxva. misi azriT es<br />
arqauli, maRali kultura egvipteSi Caisaxa da Semdeg<br />
mTel dedamiwaze gavrcelda, am kulturebis gadamtanebi<br />
iyvnen liTonisa da Zvirfaseulobis (margaliti,<br />
firuzi) maZiebelebi, romlebic zogierT, gansakuTrebiT<br />
madneuliT mdidar adgilebSi, mkvidrdebodnen<br />
da xandaxan aborigen mosaxleobasac Seereodnen.<br />
ase aRmocenda arsebuli kulturuli mravalferovneba.Aaqedan<br />
gamomdinare naTelia, rom u. peri<br />
kulturuli ganviTarebis erTaderT SesaZleblobad<br />
sesxebas miiCnevda.<br />
difuzionizmma axali sicocxle meore msoflio<br />
omis Semdgom periodSi SeiZina, rodesac gaaqtiurda<br />
transokeanuri kontaqtebis kvlevis perspeqtivebi.<br />
am periodSi gaCnda norvegieli mecnieris, mogzaurisa<br />
da mweralis tur heierdalis (1914-2002),<br />
cnobili<br />
mosazreba amerikis aborigeni mosaxleobis<br />
transokeanuri mogzaurobebis SesaZleblobis Sesa-<br />
172
xeb. es aris mecnieri, romelic emxroba panegviptizms<br />
anu hiperdifuzionizmis Teorias, romlis Tanaxmad<br />
sakacobrio civilizaciis akvani egviptea. igi Tvlida,<br />
rom okeaneTis kunZulebis gansaxleba aRmosavle-<br />
Tidan moxda. miiCnevda, rom uZveles mezRvaurebs SeeZloT<br />
okeaneebis (maT Soris wynari da atlantis)<br />
gadalaxva da, Sesabamisad, adamianebi uxsovari droidan<br />
axerxebdnen samxreT amerikidan okeanis gavliT<br />
mogzaurobas. amiT mas surda daemtkicebina ~Zveli<br />
samyaros~ kulturuli zegavlenis SesaZlebloba kolumbadel<br />
amerikaze. heierdali ara mxolod Teoriulad<br />
ikvlevda aseT SesaZleblobebs, aramed TviTon<br />
curavda uZvelesi meTodiT damzadebuli tivebiT.<br />
heierdalis Sexedulebebi nawilobriv dadasturda<br />
1980-an wlebSi, rodesac Crd. perus teritoriaze<br />
arsebuli piramidebis gaTxrebisas, romlebic daaxloebiT<br />
900 wlis winaa aSenebuli, man aRmoaCina stela<br />
zustad iseTi tivis gamosaxulebiT, rogorsac<br />
igi am wlebis ganmavlobaSi agebda. 1993 wels kanaris<br />
kunZulebze borcvebis gaTxrebisas man aRmoaCina<br />
guanCos uZvelesi xalxis mier (romelic XV saukune-<br />
Si espanelebma amowyvites) agebuli piramidebi.<br />
zogadad rom CamovayaliboT difuzionizmis arsi<br />
SemdegSi mdgomareobs:<br />
• kulturuli elementebi mibmulia geografiul<br />
garemoze;<br />
• kulturis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi faqtorebia -<br />
sesxeba, gadatana, Sereva. amasTan, xdeba ara<br />
mxolod materialuri, aramed sulieri kulturis<br />
(ideologia, miTologia, religia) elementebis<br />
gadatana;<br />
• moZiebuli masalis sistematizeba iseTi saxiT<br />
xdeba (eTnikuri kartografireba), rom naTlad<br />
ikveTeba kulturul modelTa warmoSobis epicentrebi<br />
(eTnogenezis kerebi) da gavrcelebis<br />
gzebi;<br />
173
• yoveli kultura ganixileba masSi TviTmyofadi<br />
an nasesxebi elementebis siWarbis mixedviT.<br />
• kulturis TiToeuli elementi ganixleba, rogorc<br />
gansazRvruli geografiuli da eTnikuri<br />
warmoSobis movlena<br />
damokidebuleba am Teoriis mimarT araerTgvarovania.<br />
igi garkveuli winaaRmdegobebis Semcvelia,<br />
romelTagan erT-erTi mTavaria geografiuli faqtoris<br />
rolisa da mniSvnelobis Sefa-sebis gadaWarbeba<br />
kulturis elementebis Seqmnis procesSi da Sesabamisad<br />
adamianis, rogorc Semoqmedis, rolis daknineba.<br />
Tumca difuzionistebis ideebi praqtikulad Tanmimdevruli<br />
da produqtiulia. maT SeimuSaves kulturis<br />
elementTa Semadgeneli nawilebis Sedarebis, analizis<br />
da msgavseba-gansxvavebis dadgenis meTodebi da,<br />
rac mTavaria, daiwyes kulturis droiT-sivrcobrivi<br />
maxasiaTeblebis kvleva.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1. Белик А., Культурология: антропологические теории<br />
культур, М., 1999<br />
2. Лурье С., Историческая этнология, М., 1997<br />
3. Емельянов Ю., Основы культурной антропологии, Спб,<br />
1994<br />
4. Ember C, Ember M., Cultural Anthropology, 2004<br />
5. Lavenda R., Schultz E., Core concepts in cultural<br />
anthropology, 2005<br />
6. Scupin Raimond, Cultural Anthropology, 2006<br />
7. Wulf Ch., Handbuch historische Anthropologie, 1997<br />
Tinatin Ghudushauri<br />
Theory of Culture Spatial Dispersion in Anthropology<br />
Diffusionism (Lat. diffusio- disperse, leak out) – is a trend which<br />
explains development of culture of certain folks not by their<br />
independent evolution, but mainly by borrowing cultural<br />
174
achievements of other people.<br />
Diffusionists have put the idea of evolution and the united<br />
historical process opposite to the idea of cultural diffusion that implied<br />
spatial relocation of culture and its dispersion from one specific<br />
center, or centers.<br />
In their opinion, a possible scheme of cultural development looks<br />
like this way: the most important and successful cultural achievements<br />
originate from one specific region and disperse afterwards as a result<br />
of elemental diffusion.<br />
The goal of Diffusionism was to define the ways and directions of<br />
spatial dispersion of culture or cultural elements clearly, reconstruct<br />
these directions and identify their source regions and time frames of<br />
relocation.<br />
Establishing Diffusionism as an independent scientific direction<br />
and its development at the turn of the 20 th century is associated with<br />
names of the scientists like F.Ratzel, R. Frobenius, F. Graebner, W.<br />
Schmidt, W. Koppers, V. Rivers and others.<br />
Unlike evolutionism, Diffusionism is an exogenous theory i.e. it<br />
explains the growth and development of culture by external factors.<br />
Borrowing cultural innovations is considered to be such a factor for<br />
certain cultures. Anthropological comprehension of culture is strange<br />
for Diffusionists. For them, an individual is not the creator of culture<br />
but its carrier.<br />
The particular merit of this direction is, that they elaborated<br />
principally important notions and problems and brought them into<br />
scientific circulation, in particular: ways and means of foreign culture<br />
development, so called cultural communication channels, such as:<br />
trade, conquest, colonization, migration, imitation etc.<br />
There are three main variants of Diffusionism: Invasionism,<br />
Theory of Cultural Center, and Cultural-Historic School.<br />
Diffusionism fostered the creation of many modern sociological<br />
and culturological theories, in particular: Theory of Modernization,<br />
Theory of Migrants’ Acculturation, cross-cultural researches, Theory<br />
of cultural Innovations and others.<br />
In general, the main idea of Diffusionism is the following:<br />
Cultural elements are linked to the geographic environment;<br />
• Main factors of culture development are: borrowing,<br />
transmission and fusion. Besides, not only material, but also<br />
175
the elements of spiritual culture (ideology, mythology, and<br />
religion) are transferred.<br />
• The collected material is systemized (ethnical cartography) in<br />
a way, that source epicenters of cultural models (ethnogeny<br />
hearths) and ways of dispersion are clearly expressed;<br />
• Each culture is reviewed according to abundance of selfidentical<br />
or borrowed elements in it.<br />
• Each element of culture is reviewed as a phenomenon having<br />
specific geographic and ethnical origin.<br />
The approach toward this theory is not homogenous. It consists<br />
of certain contradictions. One of the main ones is going beyond<br />
the assessment of role and significance of a geographic factor in<br />
the process of creating elements of culture and therefore decaying<br />
the role of an individual as of the creator. However, ideas of<br />
Diffusionists are practically consistent and productive. They<br />
elaborated methods for comparing, analyzing the constituent parts<br />
of elements of culture and for defining their similarities and<br />
differences. Moreover, they started to study time-spatial<br />
characteristics of culture.<br />
lavrenti janiaSvili<br />
nacionaluri politikis koncefcia da<br />
meTodologiuri<br />
inovacia rusul eTnologiaSi<br />
me-20 saukunis bolos aSkara gaxda, rom kacobrioba<br />
Tvisebrivad axal epoqaSi Sevida, romlis safuZvelic<br />
erTi SexedviT liberaluri Rirebulebebi<br />
unda yofiliyo. Tumca male gairkva, rom perspeqtiva,<br />
TiTqos didi saxelmwifoebis interesTa prioritetuloba<br />
da Sesabamisad seriozuli konfliqtebi warsuls<br />
Cabardeboda ufro miraJia vidre realoba.<br />
eTnikuri da religiuri dapirispirebebi ”axali msofliosTvisac”<br />
ar aris ucxo.<br />
postsabWour sivrceSi momxdarma politikurma<br />
176
da ekonomikurma kataklizmebma Taviseburi daRi daasva<br />
am teritoriaze warmoqmnil axal politikur<br />
erTeulebs. damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi dadgenen<br />
dilemis winaSe ganesazRvraT politikuri orientirebi<br />
da mecnierul safuZvlebze damyarebuli ganviTarebis<br />
koncefciebi SeeqmnaT. sabWoTa kavSiris adgilze<br />
pretenzia ganacxada ruseTma. gaCnda Sesabamisi<br />
geopolitikuri Teoriac, romelic apriorad iRebs<br />
orpolusiani msoflios arsebobas, sadac dapirispireba<br />
gardauvalia. cxadi gaxda, rom ruseTi cdilobs<br />
hegemonobis SenarCunebas am teritoriaze da saTanado<br />
inteleqtualuri da materialuri resursebis mobilizaciasac<br />
axorcielebs. unda iTqvas rom, moskovi<br />
tradiciulad did mniSvnelobas aniWebs eTnopolitikuri<br />
procesebis regulirebas, rac warmoudgenelia<br />
eTnikur erTobaTa Taviseburebebis Semsawvleli<br />
mecnierebebis ganviTarebis gareSe.<br />
xalxis (eTnosis) Seswavla rusul eTnografiul<br />
skolaSi tradiciulad yuradRebis centr-Si iyo moqceuli.<br />
termini (eTnosi) ruseTSi samecniero mimoqcevaSi<br />
Semovida XX s-is pirveli naxevridan. erT-erTi<br />
pirvelTagani vinc igi gamoiyena iyo sergei Sirokogovori.<br />
eTnografiis gansakuTrebul amocanas imTaviTve<br />
warmoadgenda periferiebSi mcxovrebi SedarebiT<br />
mcire socialuri an religiuri jgufebis kvlevac.<br />
mcire subeTnikuri da eTnokonfesiuri jgufebi<br />
aseve moiazrebodnen kvlevis sagnad, magram mxolod<br />
im xalxze (eTnosebze) sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad,<br />
romelsac isini ekuTvnodnen.<br />
ukanasknel xanebSi rusul eTnologiaSi Tanda-<br />
TanobiT Semovida terminebi “kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong>”<br />
da “socialuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>”. <strong>anTropologia</strong>,<br />
rogorc <strong>mecniereba</strong> adamianis Sesaxeb bunebrivia,<br />
jer kidev gasul saukuneebSi (sabWoTa epoqamde) iyo<br />
177
moqceuli rusi mecnierebis TvalsawierSi. 18 im xaneb-<br />
Si es problematika mTels msoflioSi aqtualuri<br />
iyo. amasTanave, calke individis Seswavla misi xasia-<br />
TiT, temperamentiT, fizikuri monacemebiT, fsiqikuri<br />
wyobiT sabolood erTad aRebuli ama Tu im xalxis<br />
azrovnebis, Semoqmedebis, potencialur SesaZleblobebs<br />
asaxavs da aqedan gamomdinare maTi qcevis prognozirebis<br />
saSualebas iZleva. am tipis kvlevas, ra<br />
Tqma unda, ruseTi Tavisi geostrategiuli gaTvlebis<br />
gansaxorcieleblad xelidan ar gauSvebs. 19<br />
kulturulsa da socialur <strong>anTropologia</strong>s Soris<br />
gansxvavebas xedaven Seswavlis saganSic. kulturuli<br />
anTropologiis ZiriTad sagnad iTvleba kultura<br />
romelic gansaxierebulia, sagnebSi, sityvebsa<br />
da qmedebebSi. eTnografebi swavloben ZiriTadad mis<br />
im nawils, romelic calkeuli xalxebis specifikas<br />
warmoadgens. anTropologisaTvis ki simZimis centri<br />
SeiZleba sxva iyos, mag motocikletistebis gaerTianeba,<br />
roca is garkveuli niSnebiT da TviTSegnebiT<br />
gamoirCeva. 20<br />
me-20 s-is 90-iani wlebidan ruseTSi yalibdeba<br />
Taviseburi eTnikuri situacia, rasac mravali faqtori<br />
ganapirobebs. istoriul mravalferovnebas daemata<br />
metad specifikuri eTnomigraciuli nakadebi. amitomac,<br />
sagareo politikuri strategiis garda, ruse-<br />
Tis politikurma da samecniero wreebma imTaviTve<br />
didi adgili dauT-mes qveynis saSinao ganviTarebis<br />
strategiis Seqmnas. 1996 wels gamovida ruseTis prezidentis<br />
brZanebuleba ruseTis federaciis saxelmwifo<br />
nacionaluri politikis koncefciis Sesaxeb<br />
18<br />
Тишков В.А. Реквием по этносу: исследования по социально – культурной<br />
антропологии. М.2003; Арутюнов С.А. Рыжакова С.И. Культурная<br />
Антропология. М. 2004<br />
19 p. yifiani, eTnologiuri mecnierebis meTodologiisaTvis,<br />
qarTuli eTnologia I, Tb., 2005, gv. 67.<br />
20 Арутюнов С.А. Рыжакова С.И. Культурная Антропология. М. 2004<br />
с.15-17<br />
178
(“Концепция государственной национальной политики Российской<br />
Федерации.”).<br />
v. tiSkovi ase gansazRvravs nacionaluri saxelmwifo<br />
politikis arss ”Национальная политика" - это политика<br />
обеспечения национальных (государственных) интересов<br />
страны и российского общества на внутренной и международной<br />
арене.” 21<br />
qveynis SigniT nacionaluri koncefciis ZiriTad<br />
mizans warmoadgens sxvadasxva eTnikuri identobis<br />
mqone moqalaqeTa saerTorusul saxelmwifoSi integracia.<br />
ZiriTadi aqcenti am dros keTdeba ara am adamianTa<br />
eTnokulturuli Taviseburebebis SenarCunebaze,<br />
aramed maT srul asimilaciaze. “ Эта двойная стратегия<br />
больше отвечает интересам рядовых граждан разных национальностей,<br />
которые хотят, чтобы их дети разговаривали без акцента<br />
и писали сочинение без ошибок на русском языке, чтобы<br />
поступить в хороший вуз и получить образование”. 22 amasTan,<br />
gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo faqtorebi, romlebic xels<br />
SeuSlida amgvar “integracias” – pirvel rigSi calkeul<br />
eTnikur erTeulTa miswrafebam TviTmyofadobis<br />
SenarCunebisTvis, SeiZleba ukiduresi gamoxatulebebi<br />
miiRos (SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi, religiuri<br />
dapirispirebebi da a.S.). amave dros ruseTi rCeba<br />
qveynad sadac Zalze maRalia samuSao emigracia. Sesabamisad,<br />
sakmaod maRalia eTnikur diasporaTa aqtivobis<br />
xarisxi, rac istoriul samSoblosTan eTnikuri<br />
da religiuri kavSirebis SenarCunebisken swrafvaSic<br />
gamoixateba, rac SeusabamobaSi modis ruseTis<br />
nacionaluri politikis miznebTan. “qveynis diasporizacia<br />
unda SeCerdes. saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi ar SeiZleba<br />
diasporad iTvlebodnen, iseve rogorc diaspora<br />
ver iqneba moskovSi mcxovrebi CeCnuri an TaT-<br />
21 Тишков В. Как обновить концепцию национальной политики // Бюллетень<br />
Сети этнологического мониторинга и раннего предупреждения<br />
конфликтов, N48, 2003<br />
22 iqve<br />
179
uli Temi. sxvagvarad diasporas unda mieweros saxelmwifos<br />
mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari” 23<br />
XX saukunis bolos ganviTarebuli migraciuli<br />
procesebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani azrTa sxvadasxvaoba<br />
arsebobs sazogadoebaSi, gansakuTrebiT, masmediasa<br />
da samecniero wreebSi. erTi mxriv, xdeba sazogadoebis<br />
stereotipizacia migrantTa sawinaaRmdegod 24 , meore<br />
mxriv migraciuli politikis gansazRvrisas<br />
Zalze kargad esmiT migraciis pozitiuri roli ruseTisaTvis.<br />
25<br />
saxelmwifo migraciuli politikis SemuSavebaze<br />
garkveul zemoqmedebas sxvadasxva faqtorebi axdens.<br />
xelisuflebis nebas asruleben calkeuli saxelmwifo<br />
moxeleebi, xolo axmovaneben mediis warmomadgenlebi.<br />
zogjer mediaSi es debulebebi araadekvaturi<br />
formiT aris gamoTqmuli da sazogadoebaSi stereotipebis<br />
formirebas emsaxureboda. mag. b. jerelievski<br />
miiCnevs, rom [arakeTilganwyobil migrantebs] “SeuZliaT<br />
ara marto mowyviton umsxvilesi SavizRvispira<br />
23 iqve<br />
24 Осипов А.Г., Идеология "миграционной политики" как элемент конструирования<br />
этнической конфликтности (на примере Краснодарского и<br />
Ставропольского краев. Интернет-версия: http://www.igpi.ru/info/people/<br />
osipov/krasnodar_stavr.html; О соблюдении Российской Федерацией<br />
Международной конвенции о ликвидации всех форм расовой дискриминации<br />
Альтернативный доклад НПО. 2002 г. Интернет-версия:<br />
http://www.hro.org/docs/reps/race/ index.htm; Региональная общественная<br />
организация «краснодарский правозашитний центр», мониторинг проявлений<br />
национализма, ксенофобии и нетерпимости в Краснодарском<br />
Крае. Доклад/ Интернет-версия: http://www.hro.org/krasnodar; Э. Паин,<br />
Этнополитический экстремизм в России: социально-культурные истоки<br />
и причины неэффективности принимаемых мер противодействия Этническая<br />
ситуация и конфликты в государствах СНГ и Балтии. Ежегодный<br />
доклад Сети этнологического мониторинга и раннего предупреждения<br />
конфликтов, 2004 / Под ред. В. Тишкова и Е. Филипповой. М., 2005<br />
25 Тишков В. Закон о гражданстве, миграции и межэтнические отношения<br />
//Бюллетень Сети этнологического мониторинга и раннего предупреждения<br />
конфликтов, N41, 2002.<br />
180
porti, novorosiiski, yvela satransporto magistrals,<br />
aramed _ moaxdinon qveynis mTeli infrastruqturis<br />
paralizeba” 26 . rogorc wesi, amgvari analizi<br />
dafuZnebulia xelisuflebis umaRlesi Tanamdebobis<br />
pirTa calkeul gancxadebebze. uzarmazari<br />
safrTxis Semcvelad moiazreba strategiuli daniSnulebis<br />
obieqtebTan siaxloves “eTnikur migrantTa<br />
kompaqturi dasaxlebebi.” amgvar obieqtebad miCneulia:<br />
rkinigzis sadgurebi, federaluri gzebi, nav-<br />
Tobterminalebi, aerodromebi, sasmeli wylis sacavebi,<br />
eleqtrosadgurebi da sxv.<br />
sayuradReboa, rom migrantebs xSirad aniWeben<br />
mtruli ”erzac obieqtebis” rols, e.i. xdeba “damcavi<br />
sarqvlebis” Teoriis praqtikaSi gatareba. am Teoriis<br />
arsi mdgomareobs konfliqtis saSualebiT daZabuli<br />
situaciis ganmuxtvaSi. daZabulobis ganmuxtvisaTvis<br />
SeiZleba gamoyenon erzac obieqtebi (damcavi sarqvlebi),<br />
romlebzec miimarTeba agresia. Tu aseTi obieqtebi<br />
ar arsebobs SeiZleba maTi xelovnuri Seqmnac. 27 am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi ar iTvaliswineben, rom, sinamdvileSi, sazogadoebaSi<br />
stabilurobis SenarCuneba advildeba, Tu umciresobebi<br />
srulfasovan monawileobas Rebuloben dominanti<br />
sazogadoebis politikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi.<br />
28<br />
imavdroulad, samecniero wreebSi gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli<br />
msjelobac. Чтобы исправить негативную тенденцию<br />
нескольких последних лет, когда многие молдаване и<br />
украинцы стали предпочитать уезжать на заработки не в Россию,<br />
а в Турцию, Болгарию, Грецию или Италию, нужно внести до-<br />
26 Б. Джерелиевский, Спецназ России, №:06(68), Кубань: признак Kосово.<br />
27 Меликишвили Л., Полиэтническое общество и конфликт. Тб., 1998, с.<br />
10-11.<br />
28 l. meliqiSvili, konfliqturi situaciebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi,<br />
proeqtis avtori l. meliqiSvili, mSvidobisa, demokratiisa<br />
da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, Tbilisi, 1998, gv.1<br />
181
полнение к принятому закону о гражданстве и установить для<br />
жителей постсоветских государств облегченные режим въезда,<br />
получения права на работу и обретения гражданства. Этот вопрос<br />
имеет не только экономическое, по и политическое значение. Чем<br />
больше молдаван будет зарабатывать себе на жизнь в России, тем<br />
меньше будет антироссийских митингов в Кишиневе. 29<br />
zemoxsenebuli situaciidan gamomdinare dRis<br />
wesrigSi dadga meTodologiuri inovaciebis ganxorcieleba<br />
kulturologiur disciplinebSi, raTa rusul<br />
<strong>mecniereba</strong>s Seesrulebina praqtikuli amocanebi<br />
da amasTanave fexi aeba dasavluri skolebisTvis.<br />
inovaciebs saTaveSi Caudga humanitar mkvlevarTa axali<br />
Taoba. 30 am midgomis saprogramo dokumentad SeiZleba<br />
CaiTvalos “reqviemi eTnosze”, romelSic mocemulia<br />
sabWoTa ideologiuri paradigmis e. w. primordializmis<br />
kritika da gadmocemulia postmodernistuli<br />
anu konstruqtivistuli idea. primordialuri<br />
midgomis Tanaxmad eTnikuroba avtomaturad yalibdeba<br />
iseTi obieqturi mocemulobebis Sedegad<br />
rogoricaa _ ena, fizikuri Tvisebebi, religia, tradiciul-yofiTi<br />
da yoveldRiuri kulturis Taviseburebi.<br />
konstruqciuli midgoma ki aqcents akeTebs adamianTa<br />
mier garemomcveli realobis aqtiur SemoqmedebiT<br />
intepretaciaze. am azris Tanaxmad, obieqturi<br />
mocemulobani warmoadgens mxolod amgvari saxis interpretaciis<br />
nedleuls. erTidaigive obieqtur safu-<br />
Zvlebs adamianebma SeiZleba sxvadasxva mniSvneloba<br />
miscen TavianTi konkretuli interesebis da situaciis<br />
Sesabamisad. magaliTad, eTnikuri identobis gansazRvrisas<br />
SeiZleba aqcenti gakeTdes xan enaze, xan<br />
29<br />
Тишков В. Закон о гражданстве, миграции и межэтнические<br />
отношения //Бюллетень Сети этнологического мониторинга и раннего<br />
предупреждения конфликтов, N41, 2002<br />
30 am mkvlevarTa Soris gamoirCevian ruseTis <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta akademiis<br />
anTropologiisa da eTnologiis institutis direqtori ganaTlebiT<br />
amerikanisti v. tiSkovi da s. sokolovski.<br />
182
kulturul Taviseburebebze, xan ki religiaze da a.S.<br />
Tu Tanamedrove procesebs safuZvlad uZevs ara<br />
mxolod msoflio sistemebis da organizmebis evolucia<br />
aramed globaluri integraciis da lokaluri<br />
avtonomiis (glokalizaciis) faqtorebi, maSin logikurad<br />
ismis kiTxva, eTnografiul meTodSi (CarTuli<br />
dakvirvebis meTodi) ZiriTadad rad ar unda CaiTvalos<br />
ganwyoba dainaxo yvelaferi yvelaferSi (eZebo<br />
rac ginda). Tu mecnieri miznad daisaxavs Seiswavlos<br />
tradi-ciuli kultura, rogorc odesRac arsebuli<br />
an ZlivsRa SenarCunebuli. am SemTxvevaSi kulturis<br />
kvlevisas, igi ver xedavs sWiroebas Seiswavlos<br />
gzispira bazari, benzogasamarTi sadguri, avtobusis<br />
gaCerebis adgilmdebareoba da dasaxleba, xolo<br />
makdonaldsi da xmamaRali popmusika soflad mas<br />
aRaSfoTebs, rogorc tradiciuli kulturis safu-<br />
Zvlebis damSleli.<br />
postmodernistebs medasavleTeebsac uwodeben da<br />
maT ZiriTadad Zveli Taobis eTnologebi upirispirdebian,<br />
rogorc aranacionalur (globalur-kosmopolitur)<br />
mimdinareobaTa apologetebs. Tumca unda iTqvas,<br />
rom konstruqtivistebmac daiwyes rusul wiaRSi safu-<br />
Zvlebis Zieba da aprotesteben, rom evoluciur-pozitivisturi<br />
midgomis mimdevrebi, romlebic eyrdnobian<br />
morganis, marqsis, darvinis, spenseris, tailoris da<br />
veberis (e.i dasavlel mecnierTa) moZRvrebebs maT medasavleTeebad<br />
acxadeben, maSin rodesac postmodernizms<br />
rusuli fesvebi aqvs, igi baxtinisa da rusuli literaturuli<br />
da saxviTi avangardis saxels ukavSirdeba.<br />
konstruqtivistebis moRvaweoba bunebrivad iwvevs<br />
axali meTodebis Semotanas. isini kritikulad ucqerian<br />
e.w. tradicionalistebis midgomas praqtikos (savele)<br />
eTnografTa da e.w. Teoretikosebad dayofis Sesaxeb,<br />
Tumca maT gansakuTre-bul kritikas iwvevs ara orTodoqsalurad<br />
moazrovne Zveli Taobis eTnografiuli<br />
skola, romlis warmomadgenlebic gamowvlilviT ikvleven<br />
problemebs, aramed neofitebi, romlebic zedapi-<br />
183
uli xedviT, sakiTxebisadmi arakompententuri da Tavxeduri<br />
midgomiT xasiaTdebian. meTodologiuri aparatis<br />
Secvla maTi azriT, umtkivneulod, TaobaTa fizikuri<br />
cvalebadobis Sedegadac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes.<br />
rusuli politikuri kulturis tradiciidan gamomdinare<br />
meTodologiuri inovacia da axali meTodebis<br />
danergva imTaviTve orientirebuli iyo kvlevis<br />
Sedegebis politikuri miznebisaTvis gamoyenebisaken.<br />
erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebad, am mxriv, iTvleba<br />
nacionaluri politikis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba<br />
qveynis SigniT.<br />
swrafma teqnikurma progresma, migraciuli politikis<br />
winaaRmdegobriobam, erTaSorisi urTierTobebis<br />
gamwvavebam da mediis ideologiuri wnexisgan metnaklebad<br />
ganTavisuflebam dRis wesrigSi daayena axali<br />
meTodebis danergvis aucilebloba. ruseTis samecniero<br />
sazogadoeba cdilobs ar CamorCes dros. axali<br />
teqnologiebi farTod dainerga humanitarul mecnierebebSi,<br />
maT Soris eTnologiaSic.<br />
SeiZleba dasaxeldes ramodenime meTodi, romel-<br />
Ta Semotanac am bolo xanebSi moxda. aseTebia, magali-<br />
Tad, kontent- da diskurs-analizis da vizualuri<br />
anTropologiis meTodebi.<br />
kontent-analizis meTodebis Semotana bunebrivad<br />
ganapiroba presis ganTavisuflebam saxelmwifo zedamxedveolbisagan.<br />
kontent-analizis sfuZvels warmoadgens<br />
Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblebis raodenobrivi gamoxatuleba.<br />
mag. qsenofobiuri gamonaTqvamebis raodenobis<br />
gansazRvriT SeiZleba warmodgena Seiqmnas Semwynareblobis<br />
xarisxze. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
statistikuri damuSaveba xSirad midis garkveul gamartivebamde<br />
azrobrivi niuansebis dakargvamde. amas-<br />
Tanave, igive qsenofobiis kvlevisas masala SeiZleba<br />
Seicavdes farul ironias, muqaras, ikiTxebodes<br />
striqonebSoris da a.S amdenad kon-tent-analizis me-<br />
Todi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes rogorc damxmare.<br />
184
olo xanebSi sul ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba diskurs-analizs.<br />
diskursis kritikuli analizi warmoadgens<br />
kompleqsur meTodikas, romelic warmodgeba<br />
rasobrivi, eTnikuri da sxva warmodgenebisa da<br />
stereotipebisgan. amasTan, diskursi ganixileba, rogorc<br />
rTuli komunikatiuri movlena, romelic teqstis<br />
garda Seicavs socialur faqtorebs. calke unda<br />
aRiniSnos vizualuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>, romelic dokumenturi<br />
kinematografiisa da humanitaruli dargebis<br />
gasayarze dgas. vizualuri anTropologiis sagania<br />
yoveldRiuri yofis aRwera da fiqsireba vizualuri<br />
saSualebebiT _ fotoebiT, slaidebiT da dokumenturi<br />
eTnografiuli filmebis saSualebiT. gansakuTrebuli<br />
etapi am meTodis gamoyenebisas aris velze mopovebuli<br />
masalis damuSaveba.<br />
amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas rom inovaciebi, rusul<br />
humanitarul samecniero dargebSi korelaciaSia arsebul<br />
koniunqturasa da e.w. nacionaluri usafrTxoebis<br />
politikasTan. axali meTodebis danergva orientirebulia<br />
kvlevis Sedegebis politikuri miznebis-<br />
Tvis gamoyenebisken. mniSvnelovan mimarTulebad, am<br />
mxriv, warmogvidgeba nacionaluri politikis dagegmva<br />
da ganxorcieleba qveynis SigniT. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom drodadro ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi<br />
(mag. eTnikuri migraciebis SezRudva) TiTqos ar<br />
eTanxmeba samecniero logikas, magram, rogorc wesi,<br />
es qmedebebi myisier efeqtzea gaTvlili da saxelmwifo<br />
politikis startegiuli xazi isev maleve aRdgeba<br />
xolme. ruseTis samecniero sazogadoeba cdilobs ar<br />
CamorCes dros. rogorc axali meTodebi ise, axali<br />
teqnologiebic farTod inergeba humanitarul mecnierebebSi,<br />
maT Soris eTnologiaSic.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. l. meliqiSvili, konfliqturi situaciebi polieTnikur<br />
sazogadoebaSi, proeqtis avtori l.<br />
185
meliqiSvili, mSvidobisa, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis<br />
kavkasiuri institu-ti, Tbilisi, 1998<br />
2. p. yifiani, eTnologiuri mecnierebis meTodologiisaTvis,<br />
qarTuli eTnologia I, Tb., 2005,<br />
3. Арутюнов С.А. Рыжакова С.И. Культурная Антропология,<br />
М. 2004<br />
4. Джерелиевский Б, Спецназ России, №:06(68), Кубань:<br />
признак Косово.<br />
5. Меликишвили Л., Полиэтническое общество и конфликт.<br />
Тб., 1998.<br />
6. Тишков В.А. Реквием по этносу: исследования по социально<br />
–культурной антропологии. М.2003<br />
7. Тишков В. А. Как обновить концепцию национальной<br />
политики //Бюллетень Сети этнологического мониторинга<br />
и раннего предупреждения конфликтов, N48, 2003<br />
8. Тишков В. А.Закон о гражданстве, миграции и межэтнические<br />
отношения //Бюллетень Сети этнологического мониторинга<br />
и раннего предупреждения конфликтов, N41, 2002.<br />
9. Осипов А.Г., Идеология "миграционной политики" как<br />
элемент конструирования этнической конфликт-ности (на<br />
примере Краснодарского и Ставропольского краев. Интернет-версия:<br />
http://www.igpi.ru/info/people/osipov/krasnodar_<br />
stavr.html<br />
10. О соблюдении Российской Федерацией Международной<br />
конвенции о ликвидации всех форм расовой дискриминации<br />
Альтернативный доклад НПО. 2002 Интернет-версия:<br />
http://www.hro.org/docs/reps/race/index.htm<br />
11. Региональная общественная организация «краснодарский<br />
правозащитний центр», мониторинг проявлений национализма,<br />
ксенофобии и нетерпимости в Краснодарском Крае.<br />
Доклад/ Интернет-версия: http://www.hro.org/krasnodar.<br />
12. Э. Паин, Этнополитический экстремизм в России: социально-культурные<br />
истоки и причины неэффективности<br />
принимаемых мер противодействия Этническая ситуация и<br />
конфликты в государствах СНГ и Балтии. Ежегодный доклад<br />
Сети этноло-гического мониторинга и раннего преду-<br />
186
преждения конфликтов, 2004 / Под ред. В. Тишкова и Е.<br />
Филипповой. М., 2005.<br />
Lavrenti Janiashvili<br />
National policy and methodological innovation in Russian<br />
ethnology<br />
The problem of correlation of the innovations in humanities and<br />
national security in Russia is analysed in the paper. The data proves<br />
that the development of new methods is orientated on the using the<br />
results of the research according the political goals. From this point of<br />
view the important trend is the planning of national policy and its<br />
embodiment inside the state. The scholars community in Russia tries<br />
to follow the agenda of the time. The new methods and technologies<br />
are implemented and developed in the humanitarian sciences as well<br />
as in ethnology.<br />
187
188<br />
murman gorgoSaZe,<br />
manuCar loria,<br />
levan jayeli<br />
iuridiuli anTropologiis sagnis<br />
sakiTxisaTvis<br />
adamianis rTuli da mravalferovani buneba<br />
anTropologiur Tematikas amouwuravs xdis. anTropologiuri<br />
Tematikis erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas<br />
adamianTa sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis pirobebis,<br />
misi inteleqtisa da emocionalurobis gamovlenis<br />
formebis Seswavla warmoadgens (Рулан, 2000:7). anTropologiis<br />
am mimarTulebiT kvlevis gafarToebam SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxada iuridiul da eTnografiul, gansakuTrebiT<br />
samarTlis istoriisa da SedarebiTi samar-<br />
Tlismcodneobis monacemebis safuZvelze warmoSobiliyo<br />
rogorc anTropologiuri, aseve iuridiuli<br />
kvlevis axali mimarTuleba – „iuridiuli <strong>anTropologia</strong>”,<br />
romelsac „samarTlis anTropologiis” saxeliTac<br />
moixsenieben. iuridiul <strong>anTropologia</strong>s, rogorc<br />
interdisciplinur samecniero mimarTulebas<br />
mWidro kavSiri aqvs iseT dargebTan rogoricaa sociologia,<br />
kulturologia, istoria, filosofia da<br />
sxva.Aam humanitarul mecnierebebTan iuridiuli<br />
anTropologiis kavSiri misi sagnisa da obieqtis<br />
sirTuliTaa ganpirobebuli, iuridiul <strong>anTropologia</strong>s<br />
ainteresebs samarTalSemoqmedi adamiani, samar-<br />
Tali ki Cveulebis, zneobis, drois moTxovnis, cxovrebis<br />
sazrisis, zogadad kulturis sinTezia. amitom<br />
misi kvleva interdisciplinarul midgomas moiTxovs.<br />
Cvens qveyanaSi, da saerTod postsabWoTa sivrce-<br />
Si iuridiuli anTropologiis gansakuTrebul aqtualobas<br />
sxva faqtorebTan erTad xeli Seuwyo samar-<br />
Tlis sxvagvari, ase vTqvaT, aratradiciuli gaazrebis<br />
aucileblobamac. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is faqti,<br />
rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi samarTali, misi arsi gage-
uli da dadgenili iyo garkveuli sazogadoebrv-ekonomikuri<br />
formaciebis mixedviT da samarTlad iwodeboda<br />
kanonis rangSi ayvanili gabatonebuli klasis<br />
neba. misi cnebidan gamoiricxeboda samarTlis zogadi<br />
arsi, anu is rac masSi zogadadamianuria. amitom -<br />
sabWoTa sivrceSi samarTlis am kuTxiT kvleva<br />
faqtobrivad ar mimdinareobda, ramac warmoSva mravali<br />
kiTxva samarTlis arsis, misi efeqturi regulirebis<br />
da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.<br />
samarTlis calsaxad gagebas, romlis „gasworebasac”<br />
cdilobs iuridiuli <strong>anTropologia</strong>, xeli Seuwyo<br />
agreTve hegelis filosofiidan momdinare tendenciam,<br />
romlis mixedviTac, samarTlis normebi ukve<br />
arsebobs sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi da kanonmdebeli<br />
mxolod aRmoaCens da aZlevs mas normatiulsamarTlebrivi<br />
aqtis saxes. „cxovrebiseuli urTier-<br />
Tobebi TavisTavSi moicavs Tavis farglebsa da wesrigs”<br />
(Кленнер, 1988: 229) – aRniSnaven am mimarTulebis<br />
momxreebi. samarTlis amgvari gageba ugulvebelyofs<br />
samarTlis arsidan sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis, Sefasebis,<br />
Semoqmedebis da zogadad adamianis faqtors.<br />
arada, jer kidev romaeli iuristebi SeniSnavdnen,<br />
rom samarTlis normebi ar SeiZleba dadgindes erTeuli<br />
SemTxvevebidan gamomdinare (Дигесты Юстиниана,<br />
1996:32).<br />
yovelive amasTan erTad, samarTlis realizaciisa<br />
da samarTlebrivi regulirebis procesSi, arsebulma<br />
xarvezebma, samarTlis normebis raodenobis zrdam,<br />
misma swrafma cvalebadobam, sazogadoebis socialuri<br />
organizaciisa da samarTlebrivi yofierebis gar-<br />
Tulebam samarTlis axali ganzomilebebiT Seswavlis<br />
moTxovnileba warmoSva. izrdeba samarTlismcodneobisaTvis<br />
e.w. damxmare disciplinebis roli samar-<br />
Tlis arsis dadgenis saqmeSi. erT-erT aseT disciplinas<br />
iuridiuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> warmoadgens, romelic<br />
damoukidebeli kvlevis sferod XX saukunis 50-<br />
189
iani wlebidan yalibdeba.<br />
iuridiuli anTropologiis obieqti socialuri<br />
sinamdvilea, amiT igi emsgavseba socialur <strong>anTropologia</strong>s<br />
da mis Semadgenel nawilad gvevlineba. es bunebrivicaa,<br />
radgan socialuri sinamdvile mniSvnelovnad<br />
gamsmsWvalulia samarTlis socialuri SinaarsiT.<br />
samarTlis socialur SinaarsSi vgulisxmobT<br />
sazogadoebis socialuri struqturis gansazRvras,<br />
sxvadasxva socialur fenebs Soris privilegiis, mor-<br />
Cilebis Tu kanonTan sayovelTao Tanasworobis dadgenas,<br />
sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebis damtkicebas,<br />
saojaxo, sameurneo, korporaciuli, komerciuli, sawarmoo,<br />
religiuri, politikuri Tu sxva urTierTobebis<br />
dacva-regulirebas. amdenad, socialuri sinamdvilis<br />
mniSvnelovani nawili samarTalTanaa dakavSirebuli<br />
da igi dRiTi dRe afarToebs Tavis sazRvrebs.<br />
socialuri sinamdvilis samarTlebrivi sfero<br />
aris iuridiuli anTropologiis sagani. maSasadame,<br />
so-cialur <strong>anTropologia</strong>s da iuridiul <strong>anTropologia</strong>s<br />
kvlevis saerTo obieqti aqvT da es socialuri<br />
sinamdvilea, xolo kvlevis sagani sxvadasxva,<br />
iuridiul <strong>anTropologia</strong>s, gansxvavebiT socialurisagan,<br />
ainteresebs adamianTa qcevisa da urTierTobebis<br />
iuridiuli aspeqtebi, magram sazogadoebrivi ur-<br />
TierTobebis iuridiuli mxare zogadad iurispudenciis<br />
Sesaswavli obieqtia, am TvalsazrisiT, iuridiul<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>s da iurispudencias erTi da igive<br />
Sesaswavli obieqti aqvT, amdenad, igi SeiZleba iuridiul<br />
disciplinadac moviazroT. Uufro metic, iuridiuli<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> yalibdeba damoukidebel samecniero<br />
da saswavlo disciplinad iurispudenciis<br />
farglebSi (Нерсесян, 2000:2). amitom iuridiuli anTropologiis<br />
sagani Semdgom dazustebas moiTxovs, ker-<br />
Zod, saWiroa moinaxos is gammijnavi rac ganasxvavebs<br />
iuridiul <strong>anTropologia</strong>s sxva iuridiuli disciplinebisagan.<br />
aseTi gammijnavi adamiania, iuridiul<br />
190
disciplinebs ZiriTadad ainteresebT pozitiuri samarTali,<br />
misi qmnadoba-realizaciis sakiTxebi. aq saxelmwifos<br />
mier dadgenili samarTlebrivi normebiT<br />
SeboWili adamiania Seswavlis sagani. maSin roca<br />
iuridiuli anTropologiisaTvis amosavalia adamiani<br />
rogorc samarTalSemoqmedi goniTi arseba. amdenad<br />
iuridiuli anTropologiis sagani „iuridiuli adamiania”,<br />
ufro zustad, adamiani samarTlebrivi gamovlinebiT,<br />
samarTlebrivi ganzomilebebiT, samarTlebrivi<br />
qcevebiT. adamiani ara mxolod bio-socialuri<br />
realobis, aramed amasTanave da upiratesad sulieri<br />
da goniTi samyaros warmomadgenelia da swored es<br />
qmnis mis sakuTriv adamianurobas (kvaracxelia, 2006:<br />
14-15). igi sakuTari Tavis aRmomCenicaa da Semoqmedic.<br />
misTvis niSandoblivia is, rom igi qmnis mizniseul<br />
suraTs, romelSic Semdgom Tavadac monawileobs,<br />
rogorc am yofierebis Semqmnelic da wevric (buaCiZe,<br />
2003:5). am mizniseuli suraTis erTi didi, udidesi Tu<br />
ara, nawili samarTalia. amitom samarTals unda moe-<br />
Zebnebodes adamianis bunebidan gamomdinare metafizikuri<br />
dafuZvneba. iuridiuli anTropologiis mizani,<br />
misi sagani samarTlis am kuTxiT kvleva warmoadgens.<br />
Tu CavTvliT rom iuridiuli anTropologiis<br />
kvlevis sagani adamiania samarTlebrivi gamovlinebiT<br />
da ganzomilebebiT, maSin naTeli gaxdeba misi mWidro<br />
kavSiri (rom araferi vTqvaT mis kavSirze samarTlis<br />
istoriasTan, samarTlis sociologiasTan, SedarebiT<br />
samarTlismcodneobasTan da sxva iuridiul<br />
disciplinebTan), anTropologiis, eTnografiisa da<br />
filosofiis sxvadasxva dargebTan. anTropologiis<br />
dargebTan iuridiuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> yvelaze axlos<br />
filosofiur <strong>anTropologia</strong>sTanaa, radgan es ukanaskneli<br />
warmoadgens adamianis raobis damdgen disciplinas<br />
(mSvenieraZe, 2005:11). Sesabamisad misi kvlevis<br />
Sedegebi aucilebelia „iuridiuli adamianis” Sesaswavlad.<br />
191
ac Seexeba eTnologiasTan iuridiuli anTropologiis<br />
mimarTebas, unda aRiniSnos, rom eTnografia,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki e.w. iuridiuli eTnografia,<br />
romelsac zogierTi mkvlevari iuridiuli anTropologiis<br />
Semadgenel nawilad ganixilavs (Саидов, 2004:65),<br />
iZleva tradiciul sazogadoebebSi adamianis mier Seqmnili<br />
samarTlebrivi realobis retrospeqtul analizs<br />
da mis awmyoSi ganfenis saSualebas. mis mier Segrovebuli<br />
da klasificirebuli masala fasdaudebel<br />
samsaxurs uwevs iuridiul <strong>anTropologia</strong>s Tavisi<br />
sagnis kvlevaSi. amasTan, iuridiuli <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
ar Semoifargleba mxolod arqauli samarTlebrivi<br />
sistemebis kvleviT, sakuTari miznis miRwevisaTvis<br />
mas Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi sistemebic ainteresebs,<br />
sxvanairad adamianze, rogorc samarTalSemoqmed<br />
arsebaze, sruli suraTis warmodgena SeuZlebelia.<br />
igi ar aris samarTlis istoriis an eTnografiis<br />
damateba, misi mizania tradiciuli da Tanamedrove samarTleblivi<br />
sistemebis urTierTzemoqmedebis Semecnebis<br />
gziT adamianis samarTlebrivi yofierebis kvleva<br />
(Ковлер, 2003:23).<br />
rogorc cnobilia, samarTali warmoadgens ama Tu<br />
im eris TviTgamoxatvis erT-erT saSualebas, igi eris<br />
kulturis, tradiciis, memkvidreobis, miznebis da<br />
zogadad sulierebis dominantTa Semcveli fenomenia.<br />
masSi akumulirebulia is socio-kulturuli konteqsti,<br />
romelic uSualod kanonSi SeiZleba arc iyos dafiqsirebuli<br />
(Тишков, 2000:51-62). am konteqstebsa da dominantebs<br />
filosofiuri disciplinebi Seiswavlian, rac<br />
ganapirobebs iuridiuli anTropologiis mWidro<br />
kavSirs maTTan, gansakuTrebiT ki samarTlis filosofiasTan,<br />
im TvalsazrisiT rom igi samarTlebrivi<br />
sistemis Semqmnel ideebs ikvlevs da amiT uSualod<br />
uwyobs xels iuridiuli anTropologiis problemaTa<br />
kvlevas.<br />
maSasadame, iuridiuli anTropologiis Sesas-<br />
192
wavl obieqts socialuri sinamdvile warmoadgens,<br />
sagans ki am sinamdvilis mniSvnelovani nawilis – samarTlebrivi<br />
realobis Semoqmedi adamiani samarTlebrivi<br />
ganzomilebebiTa da gamovlinebebiT. iuridiuli<br />
anTropologiis mi-zania, tradiciuli da Tanamedrove<br />
sazogadoebebis samarTlebrivi sistemebis<br />
konkretuli iuridiul-anTropologiuri gamokvlevebis<br />
saSualebiT Seiswavlos adamianis samarTlebrivi<br />
yofierebis sulieri da RirebulebaTi Zirebi sxvadasxva<br />
pirobebsa da sxvadasxva etapebze, SeimuSaos zogadTeoriuli<br />
debulebebi samarTlis Sesaxeb, gaamdidros<br />
misi Sinaarsi axali aspeqtebiT da Sesabamisad<br />
xeli Seuwyos samarTlis realizaciisa da samarTlebrivi<br />
regulirebis procesebs.<br />
iuridiuli anTropologiis miznebidan gamomdinare<br />
SeiZleba vimsjeloT misi rogorc fundamenturi,<br />
aseve gamoyenebiTi rolis Sesaxeb. iuridiuli<br />
anTropologiis „fundamenturoba” imaSi gamoixateba,<br />
rom igi xels uwyobs samarTlis cnebisa da<br />
samarTlebrivi velis qmnadobis procesebis axsnas,<br />
xolo gamoyenebiTi, praqtikuli mniSvneloba ki isaa,<br />
rom samarTlis sulieri da RirebulebiTi Zirebidan<br />
gageba mniSvnelovnad waadgeba globalizaciiT, dinamizmiTa<br />
da integraciiT niSandebul Tanamedrove epoqas<br />
erovnuli samarTlebrivi orientaciis gakeTebaSi,<br />
riTac Tavidan avicilebT rusoseul SeniSvnas gake-<br />
Tebuls petre pirvelis mimarT, romlis mixedviTac<br />
petre pirvelma moisurva Tavisi qveSevrdomebi ingliselebad<br />
da germanelebad eqcia, nacvlad imisa, rom<br />
rusebi gaexada. petre rusebs unergavda, rom isini<br />
sxvani arian da ara is, rasac sinamdvileSi warmoadgendnen,<br />
da amiT xeli SeuSala, odesme imad gamxdariyvnen,<br />
rac SeeZloT (Jan Jak ruso, 1997:48). erTi<br />
sityviT, iuridiuli anTropologiis monacemebis gaTvaliswineba<br />
kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi mniSvnelovnad<br />
Seuwyobs xels erovnuli sulisa da erovnuli<br />
kanonmdeblobis identifikacias, rac Tavis mxriv,<br />
193
kanonebs cxovrebis wesTan mimarTebaSi ufro<br />
„mgrZnobiares” gaxdis.<br />
zogadad anTropologiis mimarT sabWoTa ideologiis<br />
uaryofiTi damokidebulebis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi<br />
filosofiuri anTropologiis problematikis<br />
kvleva-Zieba, qarTveli filosofosebis wyalobiT,<br />
nayofierad mimdinareobda, rasac ver vityviT<br />
iuridiuli anTropologiis Sesaxeb. Tumca, qarTul<br />
eTnografias kvlevis mniSvnelovani tradiciebi da<br />
miRwevebi aqvs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qarTveli filosofosebis,<br />
samarTlismcodneebis, istorikosebis,<br />
eTnografebis miRwevebs imedi unda viqonioT, rom<br />
iuridiuli anTropologiis ganviTarebisTvis saqarTveloSi<br />
noyieri niadagi arsebobs.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. buaCiZe T. filosofiuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>, Tb. ,<br />
2003.<br />
2. kvaracxelia n. adamiani da metafizika. filosofiuri<br />
Ziebani, №10, Tb., 2006.<br />
3. mSvenieraZe n. adamiani rogorc Semoqmedi goni-<br />
Ti arseba (filosofiuri anTropo-logia), Tb.,<br />
2005.<br />
4. Jan-Jak ruso, sazogadoebrivi xelSek-ruleba,<br />
Tb., 1997.<br />
5. Дигесты Юстиниана, М., 1996.<br />
6. Рулан Н. Юридическая антропологиа, М., 2000.<br />
7. Саидов А.Х. О предмете антропологии права. Государство<br />
и право, № 2, М., 2004.<br />
8. Тишков В.А. Антропология права - начало и эволюция<br />
дисциплины.- Юридическая антропология. Закон и жизнь,<br />
М, 2000 - http://www.jurant.ru/ru/books/law_and_life/.<br />
9. Ковлер А.И. антропологии права, М., 2002.<br />
10. Кленнер Г. От права природи к природе права, М., 1988.<br />
Murman Gorgoshadze, Manuchar Loria, Levan Djakeli<br />
194
On the Issue of Legal Anthropology as a Course<br />
At the beginning of the 21 st century the sciences of law and<br />
anthropology draws significant attention to the research direction<br />
known as the legal anthropology. It has been formed as the real<br />
scientific field as a result of merging anthropology and law. The<br />
history of this direction began simultaneously in several European<br />
countries in the 1860s. However, there are different viewpoints<br />
concerning its subject, objectives and methods.<br />
On the basis of the analysis of the diversity of anthropological<br />
themes the article deals with the premises of establishing legal<br />
anthropology, the objective and subjective conditions of its existence.<br />
The subject of legal anthropology is “a legal person” or a person as a<br />
social phenomenon with his legal dimensions and peculiarities. It is<br />
shown that a human being creates a specific systemic environment<br />
with his intellect and emotions for the realization of his personality.<br />
He himself participates in this process as its creator and member. Law<br />
and legal reality represents a significant part in this systemic<br />
environment. Thus the law is one of the main features of humans’<br />
social environment and their being. The study of this law from the<br />
anthropological angle and human dimensions in archaic, traditional<br />
and modern societies will make the complex layers of legal thinking<br />
more easily comprehensive which will in its turn promote: studying<br />
law issues with new aspects; enriching teaching legal issues with new<br />
contents; identifying national law and national soul; differentiating<br />
self-identical and global, etc.<br />
With the purpose of stating the specificity of the subjectmatter<br />
and the objectives of the legal anthropology as a course, the<br />
article discusses the similarities and differences as well as close<br />
connections of this direction with other academic disciplines such as<br />
law, ethnology, social and cultural anthropology, sociology,<br />
philosophy, etc.<br />
195
196<br />
Ppirimze rurua,<br />
Tamila lomTaTiZe<br />
sulieri kulturis kvleva: stereotipebi da<br />
ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi<br />
(aWaris magaliTze)<br />
sulieri kultura, rogorc adamianis mier Seqmnil<br />
garkveul RirebulebaTa da normaTa erToblioba,<br />
aris adamianuri moRvaweobis ara statikuri, aramed<br />
dinamiuri da ganviTarebadi sulieri produqti,<br />
romlis prioritetebi sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan<br />
erTad icvleba da egueba axal realobas, magram, amave<br />
dros, TviTSenarCunebis meqanizmebis meSveobiT<br />
inaxavs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze<br />
SeZenil faseulobebs. amitom sulieri kulturis<br />
istoriul WrilSi kvleva saSualebas iZleva mis<br />
geneziss gavadevnoT Tvali.<br />
zogadad kultura, rogorc adamianis arsebobis<br />
forma, viTardeba da icvleba sazogadoebis ganviTarebis<br />
kvaldakval da igi asaxavs da inaxavs qveynis<br />
cxovrebaSi mimdinare yvela cvlilebas. kultura<br />
konkretuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirebulebebi<br />
da normebia da aris adamianTa nebismieri<br />
socialuri gaerTianebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasia-<br />
Tebeli (l.surmaniZe, 2001, 38).<br />
Tanamedrove politikurma, socialur-ekonomikurma<br />
da kulturul-religiurma procesebma sazogadoebis<br />
sulier kulturaSic didi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia<br />
da dRis wesrigSi daayena am cvlilebaTa kvlevis<br />
aucilebloba. Sesabamisad, axlebur midgomas sa-<br />
Wiroebs kulturuli cvlilebebis procesebis, tradiciuli<br />
kulturis evoluciis kvleva. am mizniT movlenebis<br />
mravalmxrivi Seswavlaa saWiroa, rogorc<br />
istoriul, ise eTnosociologiur rakursSi. amitomac<br />
Tanamedrove etapze gasaazrebelia kulturis,<br />
rogorc erTi mTlianobis cvlilebaTa zogadi kanon-
zomierebebi. sulieri kultura dRes unda Seiswavlebodes<br />
ara mxolod garedan dakvirvebis meSveobiT,<br />
aramed Signidanac, kultura gamoxatuli sagnebSi,<br />
sityvebSi, moqmedebebSi da a.S., agreTve, sulier kulturaSi<br />
mimdinare Tanamedrove procesebi. icvleba<br />
Tavad adamiani, rogorc kulturis elementi da mis<br />
mier Seqmnili sazogadoebis maxasiaTeblebi.<br />
dRes, roca gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad mimdinareobs<br />
sazogadoebis religiuri da eTnikuri konstruqciebis<br />
cvlilebebi, xdeba eTnikuri stereotipebis gadaazreba.<br />
sulieri kulturis axali tendenciebis<br />
kvleva gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria aWaris magaliTze,<br />
radgan saqarTvelos es ZirZveli kuTxe saukuneebis<br />
manZilze warmoadgenda sxvadasxva eTnokulturaTa<br />
da religiur konfesiaTa Sexvedrisa da urTierTgavlenis<br />
sarbiels da xasiaTdeboda religiur rwmenaTa<br />
da kulturul faseulobaTa siWreliTa da sinTeziT.<br />
amitom aWaris sulieri kulturis istoriuli, religiuri<br />
da sxva lokaluri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
Seswavlas da misi adgilis warmoCenas zogadqarTul<br />
sivrceSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebrivi<br />
procesebis ganviTarebis tendenciebis konceptualuri<br />
gaazrebisaTvis.<br />
aWaris sulieri kultura mecnierTa araerTi Taobis<br />
interess iwvevda. saqarTvelos <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta akademiis<br />
baTumis samecniero-kvleviT institutSi Seswavlili<br />
iqna sulieri kulturis sxvadasxva komponenti,<br />
meurneobis dargebTan dakavSirebuli rwmenawarmodgenebi<br />
da wes-Cveulebebi, xalxuri religiuri<br />
azrovnebis uZvelesi plastebi da Semdgomi danaSrevebi,<br />
lokaluri Taviseburebani da a.S. tradiciulad<br />
Seiswavleboda sulieri kulturis konkretuli elementebi,<br />
rogorc cocxali socialuri funqciis movlenebi,<br />
romlebic ganviTarebis konkretul-istoriul<br />
pirobebs eqvemdebareba da aqvs cvlilebebis unari (m.<br />
gegeSiZe, 1978, 13). swored am cvlilebebis, kulturis<br />
ara mxolod, rogorc garkveul eTnokulturul ele-<br />
197
mentTa erTobliobis, aramed, amave dros, garkveuli<br />
cocxali organizmis, adamianTan erTad ganviTarebadi<br />
sasicocxlo garemos Seswavla gvesaxeba sulieri<br />
kulturis kvlevis prioritetul mimarTulebad.<br />
statiaSi yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT sulieri<br />
kulturis kvlevis ramdenime aspeqtze, rac aWaris sinamdvilisaTvis<br />
dRes metad aqtualuria. kerZod,<br />
rogoricaa: 1. eTnokulturaTa da sxvadasxva konfesiaTa<br />
urTierT da axal realobasTan adaptacia, 2.<br />
soflisa da qalaqis <strong>anTropologia</strong>Si momxdari<br />
cvlilebebi, 3. tradiciuli kulturis elementebze<br />
globalizaciis procesebis gavlena, 4. zemoTaRniSnulis<br />
fonze sulieri kulturis faseulobaTa SenarCuneba.<br />
es sakiTxebi, Cveni azriT, axlebur interpretacias<br />
saWiroebs, radganac dRes mTel msoflio-<br />
Si icvleba sulieri faseulobebi, yalibdeba axali<br />
msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia, Cndeba axali RirebulebiTi<br />
orientirebi.<br />
dRes, roca iqmneba transkulturuli sazogadoebis<br />
Tanamedrove modeli, erTi mxriv, saWiroa, SeviswavloT<br />
kultura, rogorc struqtura,^ romelic<br />
kravs eTnoss da icavs mas danawevrebisagan da, meore<br />
mxriv, Seswavlili unda iqnas kulturaTaSorisi kav-<br />
Sirebi da kulturis dinamika, rogorc^am kavSirebis<br />
erT-erTi Sedegi. am mimarTulebiT sulieri kulturis<br />
kvleva dagvexmareba davsaxoT gzebi, raTa individma<br />
Tavisi Tavi aRiqvas, rogorc garkveuli kulturis<br />
SigniT myofma, garkveuli kulturis matarebelma<br />
da amiT SeinarCunos eTnokulturuli Rirebulebebisadmi<br />
erTguleba, aseve, kontaqtebi daamyaros sxva<br />
kulturebis matarebel individebsa da xalxebTan da<br />
gamoumuSavdes saWiro SemTxvevaSi sxva xalxebis tradiciul<br />
kulturebTan saerTos gancda. eTnokonfliqtebis<br />
periodSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas da Seswavlas<br />
saWiroebs saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri<br />
jgufebis da erovnuli umciresobebis sulieri kulturis<br />
sakiTxebi, saerTos, monaTesaves, yvelasaTvis<br />
198
misaRebis gamonaxva, rac Tavis wvlils Seitans eTnokonfliqtebis<br />
mogvarebaSi. am urTierTobebis regulirebis<br />
meqanizmebis SesamuSaveblad saintereso masalas<br />
iZleva aWaris mkvidri mosaxleobisa da aWara-<br />
Si mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebis (afxazebi, osebi,<br />
berZnebi, somxebi…...) urTierTadaptaciis sakiTxebis<br />
kvleva istoriul WrilSi da Tanamedrove etapze.<br />
aWaraSi kompaqturad mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebisa<br />
da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis eTnokulturaTa<br />
mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis faqtorebis, dapirispirebisa<br />
da separatizmis ar arsebobis mizezebis Seswavla<br />
saintereso daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas mogvcems<br />
sxvadasxva xalxebsa da kulturebs Soris<br />
dialogis da amgvari transkulturuli urTierTobebis<br />
safuZvelze erTa Soris mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis<br />
SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.<br />
sulieri kulturis umniSvnelovanes elements<br />
warmoadgens religia. postkomunistur periodSi, roca<br />
sazogadoeba gaTavisuflda aTeisturi zewolisagan,<br />
es faqtori gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda. religia<br />
ukve mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs Cvens cxovrebaSi.<br />
religia mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs sazogadoebis<br />
socialur saxes, urTierTdamokidebulebis<br />
formebs sxvadasxva fenebs, Taobebs da socialur<br />
jgufebs Soris; zogierT SemTxvevaSi igi ekonomikuri<br />
Taviseburebebis ganmsazRvrelicaa. Tumca sabWoTa periodSi<br />
es zegavlena SedarebiT dafaruli da miCqmaluli<br />
iyo da Tavs iCenda yofiT tradiciebSi (dakr-<br />
Zalva, naTloba, qorwineba). am mxriv aWaraSi danarCeni<br />
saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebuli situacia iyo. aqaurTa<br />
rwmena-warmodgenebsa da wes-CveulebebSi ramdenime<br />
religiuri plastia Semonaxuli. religiaTa<br />
urTierTzegavlena sinkretuli formiT ayalibebda<br />
wes-Cveulebebs. maTSi sami religiis _ qristianobamdeli,<br />
qristianuli da muslimanuri danaSrevebi gamoiyofoda.<br />
aq Tavdapirvelad qristianoba devnida warmarTuli<br />
xanis masobriv dResaswaulebs, romlebic<br />
199
SeuTavsebeli iyo qristianul moralTan, Semdgom ki<br />
islami cdilobda daemorCilebina isini sakuTari<br />
kanonebisaTvis. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom islamma yofiT<br />
Cveulebebsa (saqorwino, dakrZalvis wesebi, naTloba<br />
da sxv.) da, saerTod, saojaxo yofaSi ufro<br />
advilad Seitana koreqtivebi, vidre sameurneo wes-<br />
CveulebebSi. sameurneo wes-Cveulebebze misi gavlena<br />
minimaluria. aWaraSi muslimanobis mier qristianuli<br />
wesebi TiTqmis mTlianad iqna gamodevnili, samagierod<br />
ufro metad SemorCa arqauli formebi. es ara<br />
mxolod imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom islami devnida<br />
yvelafer qristianul-marTlmadideblurs, sxva religiebsa<br />
da adaT-wesebSi ki naklebad ereoda, aramed<br />
imiTac, rom Tavad TurqeTis eTnografiasa da folklorSi<br />
islamuri elementebis gverdiT SemorCenilia<br />
uZvelesi kultmsaxurebisa da religiur-miTologiur<br />
rwmena-warmodgenaTa kvali. es kultebi da miTosuri<br />
arsebebi semantikur msgavsebas avlenen qarTul miTologiur<br />
samyarosTan, rasac imiT xsnian, rom Turqul<br />
miTologiasa da wes-Cveulebebze didi iyo berZnuli<br />
da im xalxebisa Tu tomebis arqaul rwmena-warmodgenaTa<br />
zegavlena, romlebic daxvdnen Turq-selCukebs<br />
mcire aziaSi an romlebTanac osmalebs urTierToba<br />
hqondaT istoriulad (Гордлевский В.А., 1960, 321-361;<br />
Курылёв В.П., 1976, 131; Еремеев Д.Е., 1971, 243). sxva xalxebTan<br />
eTnikuri aRrevisa da maTTan kulturuli kontaqtebis<br />
Sedegad Turqulma tomebma SeiTvises am<br />
xalxebis uZvelesi samiwaTmoqmedo kulturis TiTqmis<br />
yvela elementi. aman warmoSva bevri msgavsi momenti<br />
rwmena-warmodgenebsa Tu wes-CveulebebSi. SesaZlebelia,<br />
swored aseTi monaTesave rwmena-warmodgenebisa<br />
da wes-Cveulebebis arsebobis gamo islami naklebad<br />
ebrZoda Zvels, arqauls da kmayofildeboda<br />
maTTvis mxolod muslimanuri Seferilobis micemiT.<br />
iqneb, amitomac, aWaraSi XIX s-is 90-ian wlebamde<br />
islami klasikuri saxiT arc arsebobda. is sarwmunoebrivi<br />
elementebi, rac aq yofaSi gvxvdeboda, uf-<br />
200
o e.w. “xalxur islams” ganekuTvneboda da adgilobrivi<br />
wes-Cveulebebisa da islamuri elementebis SerwymiT<br />
iyo miRebuli.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, viTareba mkveTrad Seicvala<br />
posttotalitarul periodSi. moxda religiuri aRmsareblobis<br />
legalizacia da farTod gavrcelebuli<br />
orTodoqsaluri religiebis (islami, qristianoba)<br />
institutebi Caenacvlen xalxur wesebs. aWaraSi,<br />
istoriuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare,<br />
es procesebi ganicada orive religiam – qristianobamac<br />
da islammac. am fonze dRis wesrigSi dgeba<br />
religiaTa urTierT da arsebul realobasTan<br />
adaptaciis problema. aq sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze<br />
religiis gavlenis sakiTxebis Seswavla Zalian<br />
frTxil da faqiz midgomas saWiroebs, radgan garkveulwilad,<br />
calkeul SemTxvevebSi, konfesiuri kuTvnileba<br />
qmnis kulturuli identurobis problemas. paralelurad<br />
sazogadoebaSi SeimCneva qarTveli xalxis<br />
kulturuli memkvidreobis SenarCunebisaken<br />
swrafvac, rac gamoixateba tradiciuli kulturis<br />
elementebis (erovnuli tansacmeli, gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis<br />
nimuSebis da a.S.) yofaSi gamoyenebasa da<br />
uZvelesi xalxuri dResaswaulebisa da garToba-sanaxaobebis<br />
aRdgenis tendenciaSi. es ukanaskne-li Zalze<br />
mniSvnelovani faqtoria eTnokulturaTa da sxvadasxva<br />
konfesiebis urTierTadaptaciisaTvis, radgan<br />
aseTi Tanamedrove dResaswau-lebi (aWaraSi_tbeloba,<br />
kolxoba, SuamToba, selimoba, maWaxloba da sxv). saerTo-saxalxoa,<br />
ar ganekuTvneba erT romelime religias,<br />
maTSi Tanabrad monawileobs yvela konfesiuri<br />
jgufi, rac, erTi mxriv, iwvevs sazogadoebis gamTlianebas,<br />
xolo meore mxriv, aseT dResaswaulebze TiTqos<br />
xdeba warsulTan ziareba, rasac dRes didi SemecnebiTi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs. es xels uwyobs erovnuli<br />
cnobierebis wina planze wamowevas da erovnuli<br />
TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebas. es umniSvnelovanesi procesia,<br />
radgan TiToeuli eTnosis universaloba vlin-<br />
201
deba kulturaSi (zogadi gagebiT), tradiciebSi. yvela<br />
eTnosi, yvela eri arsebobs manam, sanam inarCunebs<br />
TviTmyofadobas, kulturul identurobas (М.<br />
Шилакадзе, 2007:441).<br />
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs<br />
ganicdis qalaqis eTnokultura. irRveva tradiciebi,<br />
Zlierdeba urbanizaciis tendenciebi, mimdinareobs<br />
yofis standartizacia. es globalizaciiT<br />
gamowveuli Seuqcevadi procesebia da SedarebiT aqtiurad<br />
mimdinareobs qalaqSi, sofeli ufro frTxilad<br />
ekideba inovaciebs. Tumca cvlilebebi soflis<br />
tradiciul yofaSic iWreba. aWaraSi soflis sazogadoebaSi<br />
XX saukunis 40-50-iani wlebidan socio-kulturuli<br />
procesebis transformaciis TvalsazrisiT<br />
ramdenime etapi gamoiyofa. nebismieri kuTxis Sesaxeb<br />
msjelobisas Tavs iCens rigi sakiTxebi, kerZod:<br />
socia-luri da politikuri faqtorebis roli<br />
sulieri kul-turis donis gansazRvraSi tradiciuli<br />
socialuri gaerTianeb-ebi da mmarTvelobis sistema<br />
(Temi, gvari, sofeli) Tanamedrove etapze<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebis normebi, tradiciuli<br />
institutebi da sistemebi dRes, Tanamedrove<br />
socializaciis problemebi, Rirebulebe-bis<br />
transformacia da sxva. aWaris mTis soflebidan didi<br />
migraciebis fonze mimdinareobsMmkveTri cvlilebebi:<br />
qalisa da mamakacis, TaobaTa Soris<br />
urTierdamo-kidebulebis normebSi, Seicvala<br />
sacxovrebeli piro-bebi da cxovrebis wesi,<br />
tradiciuli qorwinebis wesi, daikarga ganridebis<br />
tradicia, tradiciuli Cacmis kultura daikarga da<br />
gaxda bevrad ufro Tamami da Tavisufali,<br />
ganaTlebisa da aRzrdis tradiciulma sistemam da<br />
xalxuri medicinis sferom praktikulad amowura<br />
resursebi droSi. magram, aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
dasaflavebis wesi, samzareulo, tradiciuli<br />
meurneo-ba darCa praktikulad ucvleli.<br />
kvlevis axali perspeqtivebi isaxeba mimdina-re<br />
202
socialur-ekonomiuri procesebis paralelurad Tanamedrove<br />
qalaqSi mimdinare cvlilebebis kvlevisas.<br />
sulier kulturaSi momxdari es cvlilebebi gansakuTrebiT<br />
TvalnaTliv ikveTeba qalaqSi soflebidan<br />
migrirebulTa kulturis Seswavlisas.<br />
aWaraSi Siga migraciul procesebs _ dinebas<br />
soflidan qalaqisken mravali faqtori ganapirobebs.<br />
maTgan umTavresi soflis meurneobis warmoebis araefeqturoba<br />
da aWaris maRalmTian soflebSi ganviTarebuli<br />
stiqiuri movlenebia, ramac ekomigrantTa<br />
sakmaod didi talRa warmoSva. gamokiTxva gviCvenebs,<br />
rom sacxovrebel adgils ZiriTadad ufro icvlian<br />
cvlilebebze orientirebuli adamianebi, romlebic<br />
kargad axerxeben axal socialur-kulturul garemosTan<br />
adaptacias da axal realobaze TavianTi moTxovnilebebis<br />
morgebas. amasTan inovaciur proceseb-<br />
Tan damokidebuleba sxvadasxvanairi aqvT baTumTan<br />
axlomdebare soflebidan Camosul da aWaris mTiani<br />
regionebidan Camosul migrantebs. axlomaxlo mcxovrebni<br />
yovelTvis aqtiurad iyvnen Cabmuli qalaqis<br />
cxovrebaSi, maSin roca Soreuli soflebis mcxovrebTaTvis<br />
sxvadasxva subieqturi Tu obieqturi faqtorebis<br />
zegavleniT es urTierTobebi SezRuduli<br />
iyo. am etapze ki qalaqSi swored aseTi soflebidan<br />
CamosulTa talRa gaizarda. dRis wesrigSi dgeba<br />
qalaqSi CamosulTa axal kulturul garemoSi integraciis<br />
problema. analizs saWiroebs qalaqur garemosTan<br />
maTi adaptaciis rogorc fsiqologiuri, ise<br />
eTnosocialuri aspeqtebi. qalaqis mcxovreblebi SedarebiT<br />
tolerantulad arian ganwyobili tradiciuli<br />
kulturis normebidan gadaxris mimarT, vidre<br />
soflis mosaxleoba. qalaqur garemoSi moxvedrili<br />
migrantebis yofaSi iWreba siaxleebi: irRveva eTnikuri<br />
stereotipebi, mimdinareobs tradiciuli kulturuli<br />
Rirebulebebis metamorfoza da Cndeba axali<br />
orientirebi. upirveles yovlisa transformacias ganicdis<br />
sayofacxovrebo etiketi. adamiani ufro ori-<br />
203
entirebuli xdeba individualur miznebze, maSin, roca<br />
soflad es miznebi ufro koleqtiuri, jgufuria.<br />
soflad urTierTobis sxva formebia. aq miRebulia<br />
problemebis gadaWraSi naTesavebis, mezoblebis monawileoba.<br />
maSin, roca qalaqur garemoSi es dayvanilia<br />
TiTqmis minimumamde, amitomac soflidan Camosaxlebulebs<br />
uWirT amgvar urTierTobebTan Segueba da<br />
cdiloben SeinarCunon urTierTobis is formebi, rac<br />
damaxasiaTebelia tradiciuli sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />
ufro metic, zogjer did qalaqebSic gvxvdebian tradiciuli<br />
sofluri cxovrebis wesis matarebelni<br />
(Этносоциальные проблемы города. Под редакцией Бромлея<br />
Ю.В., М., 1986:49). msgavsi magaliTebi mravladaa baTumSi<br />
soflebidan CamosaxlebulTa yofaSi. isini cdiloben<br />
erTgvarad Seqmnan TavianT garSemo is “samyaro”, romelSic<br />
cxovrobdnen soflad (mravalsarTuliani<br />
saxlebis ezoebSi akeTeben bostnebs, rgaven mcenareebs,<br />
amravleben qaTmebs, awyoben mravalricxovan da<br />
xmaurian saojaxo dResaswaulebs da a.S.). qalaqSi<br />
adaptaciis procesi xasiaTdeba migrirebuli<br />
mosaxleo-bis mxridan damkvidrebisaken<br />
gaaqtiurebuli swrafviT da xSir SemTxvevaSi isini<br />
erTmaneTs uwyoben xels qa-laqSi sakuTari adgilis<br />
sakuTari mikrogaremos povna-Si SeiniSneba swrafva<br />
Tavisi Tavi moiazros romelime socialuri<br />
gaerTianebis wevrad es individisaTvis imde-nadaa<br />
aucilebelia, ramdenadac qalaqSi mas sxva garemo da<br />
saqalaqo cxovrebis wesi xvdeba amiT iqmneba erTad<br />
(gvaris, Temis, soflis SigniT) cxovrebis erTgvari<br />
si-mulacia, rac soflis socialuri saxis erT-erTi<br />
dama-xasiaTebeli niSania naTesavebis axlos, Tundac,<br />
erTi qalaqis fargvebSi cxovreba socialuri<br />
daculobis erTgvari formaa, roca aWaris mTiani<br />
regionebidan saxldebian saqarTvelos sxva<br />
kuTxeebSi, erTi soflis mcxovreblebi iqac<br />
kompaqturad Casaxlebas amjobine-ben.<br />
Tumca es droebiTi movlenaa, radgan TandaTano-<br />
204
iT qalaqSi tradiciuli socionormatiuli qcevis<br />
kultura gamousadegari xdeba da daviwyebas eZleva<br />
(Арутюнов С.А., Рыжакова С.И., 2004:149). maT sulier<br />
kulturaSi momxdari cvlilebebis mixedviT SeiZleba<br />
vimsjeloT tradiciul kulturaze sayovelTao globalizaciis<br />
procesebis gavlenis Sesaxeb.<br />
meore mxriv, am kulturaTa Serwymis Sedegad,<br />
marTalia, qalaqur garemoSi soflebidan migrirebulTa<br />
qcevis tradiciuli normebi, etiketi, kulturuli<br />
Rirebulebebi ganicdis zegavlenas da xdeba<br />
maTi adaptireba axal socialur-kulturul garemos-<br />
Tan, magram, amave dros, isini ufro xangrZlivad da<br />
mtkiced inaxaven tradiciuli kulturis elementebs<br />
da amiT icaven sulieri kulturis faseulobebsa da<br />
mentalitets sayovelTao globalizaciis negatiuri<br />
gavlenisagan. qalaqur garemoSi warmoqmnili am “sin-<br />
Tezuri” kulturis kvleva, romelic, erTi mxriv, inaxavs<br />
tradiciuli kulturis elementebs da, meore<br />
mxriv, SeTvisebuli aqvs siaxleebi, sulieri kulturis<br />
kvlevis saintereso da perspeqtiul mimarTulebad<br />
gvesaxeba.<br />
amrigad, dRes wina planze wamoiwia tradiciuli<br />
kulturis evoluciuri procesebis sistemuri analizis<br />
aucileblobam, es ki mis komponentebs Soris<br />
arsebuli Sinagani kavSirebis, universaluri da specifikuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebis Seswavlis safuZvelze zogadi<br />
kanonzomierebebis dadgenasa da kulturuli memkvidreobis<br />
istoriuli ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis<br />
gamokveTas gulisxmobs. amave dros, aWaris sulieri<br />
kulturis, rogorc mravalkomponentiani, mravalwaxnagiani<br />
sistemis Seswavla integralur midgomasa da<br />
interdisciplinarul kvlevas moiTxovs. mxolod asea<br />
SesaZlebeli kulturis, rogorc erTi mTlianobis<br />
kvleva. am kvlevebSi kulturuli anTropoligia monawileobs,<br />
rogorc mecnieruli analizis sistema, romelic<br />
iZleva tradiciul kulturul RirebulebaTa<br />
interpretaciisa da rekonstruqciis, sulier kultu-<br />
205
aSi mimdinare Tanamedrove procesebis mizez-Sedegobrivi<br />
kavSirebis dadgenis, eTnokulturaTa da<br />
sxvadasxva konfesiaTa urTierTadaptaciisaTvis saWiro<br />
rekomendaciebis SemuSavebis saSualebas.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. m. gegeSiZe, eTnikuri kultura da tradici-ebi,<br />
Tb., 1978.<br />
2. l. surmaniZe, individualisturi da koleqtivisturi<br />
sazogadoebebi, Tb., 2001.<br />
3. Арутюнов С.А., Рыжакова С.И. Культурная антропология,<br />
М., 2004.<br />
4. Гордлевский В.А., Избранные сочинения, т.1, М., 1960.<br />
5. Еремеев Д.Е., Этногенез турок, М., 1971.<br />
6. Этносоциальные проблемы города. Под редакцией Бромлея<br />
Ю.В. М., 1986.<br />
7. Курылёв В.П., Xозяйство и матеряльная культура турецкого<br />
крестянства, М., 1976.<br />
8. М.Шилакадзе, Глобализация и проблема культурной<br />
идентичности этноса, Археология, этнология, фольклористика<br />
Кавказа, Тбилиси, 2007.<br />
Pirimze Rurua, Tamila Lomtatidze<br />
Stereotypes of Spiritual Culture Research and Development<br />
Tendencies<br />
(After Achara example)<br />
Spiritual culture as the unity of values and norms created by a<br />
human being is not a static but dynamic and developing spiritual<br />
product of human activities priorities of which change with the<br />
development of the society and accommodate to new reality. But at<br />
the same time it maintains values adopted by the society at different<br />
stages of development through the self-preservation mechanism.<br />
Therefore, studying spiritual culture from the historical perspective<br />
enables us to observe the genesis of spiritual culture.<br />
To study the issue is especially important after the example of<br />
206
Achara. Since being one of the oldest parts of Georgia Achara has<br />
been the site of interrelations of different ethnic cultures and religious<br />
confessions and is characterized by the synthesis of religious beliefs<br />
and cultural values. Therefore, studying the spiritual culture of Achara<br />
has aroused special interest in many generations of scientists and has<br />
been regularly conducted at Batumi Scientific-Research Institute of<br />
the Georgian Academy of Sciences. A number of spiritual culture<br />
components, beliefs and habits related to different agricultural<br />
branches, ancient layers of folk religious thinking and their further<br />
formations, local characteristics, etc. have been studied but at the<br />
present stage under the conditions of rapid cultural and political<br />
changes the spiritual culture has undergone the process of breaking<br />
stereotypes and transforming cultural values. These were followed by<br />
the metamorphosis of the traditional system and it became essential to<br />
apply a new approach to research the spiritual culture and do<br />
systematic analyses of evolution processes of the traditional culture.<br />
This implies establishing general regularity on the basis of studying<br />
internal links and universal and specific characteristics existing among<br />
its components and identifying the perspective of the historical<br />
development of the cultural heritage. At the same time to study<br />
Achara spiritual culture as a multicomponent and multifunctional<br />
system requires an integral approach and interdisciplinary research.<br />
The structural analysis of the existing material will assist to determine<br />
issues of genetic-typological links and interrelations with the world<br />
civilizations. It also becomes important to study psychological aspects<br />
of the spiritual culture which will make it possible to draw very<br />
interesting conclusions on the basis of analyzing problems of both<br />
translating the existing cultural values among the generations and<br />
changing focal points of the values followed by the adaptation to new<br />
reality.<br />
207
qarTuli eTnologiuri skola<br />
208<br />
xaTuna ioseliani<br />
“eTnografias sWirdeba upirvelesad samSoblos,<br />
mis yofaze fanatikurad Seyvarebuli adamiani,<br />
sxvanairad veravin daZlevs im urTules da umZimes<br />
saqmes, romelsac udidesi movaleoba akisria _<br />
xalxis TviTmyofadi kulturis gamovlena _ ase<br />
gvaswavlida didi ivane javaxiSvili” g. Citaia<br />
eTnologiuri skolis daarsebis safuZvlad, kanonzomierad<br />
miCneulia is etapi, roca eTnosis yofacxovrebis<br />
da wes-Cveulebebis amsaxveli masalis fiqsaciasTan<br />
erTad xdeba misi Seswavla da analizi. Tu<br />
am kriteriumiT mivudgebiT qarTul eTnografiul<br />
kvlevebs, aRmoCndeba, rom is XVIII saukuneSi iRebs<br />
saTaves, mis fuZemdeblad ki vaxuSti batoniSvili<br />
gvevlineba.<br />
vaxuSti batoniSvilis “aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa”,<br />
aris pirveli mecnieruli naSromi, sadac<br />
saqarTvelos istoriasTan erTad, mocemulia saqarTvelos,<br />
misi eTnografiuli kuTxeebis aRweriloba,<br />
mdebareoba da sazRvrebi, sameurneo yofa da kultura,<br />
ZiriTadi wes-Cveulebebi, xasiaTi, Cacmis stili,<br />
iaraRis da samkaulis aRweriloba; mocemulia<br />
msgavseba-gansxvavebebi ama Tu im kuTxeebs Soris. mis<br />
naSroms Tan axlavs mis mierve Sesrulebuli 32 regionaluri<br />
feradi ruka. m. broses SefasebiT: “vaxuStim<br />
ise aRwera Tavisi samSoblo, rogorc arcerTi aziuri<br />
qveyana, garda CineTisa, ar yofila aRwerili”. anu,<br />
saxeze gvaqvs naSromi, romlis gamoc vaxuSti batoniSvili<br />
qarTul istoriografiaSi samarTlianad aris<br />
miCneuli qarTuli eTnologiuri mecnierebis winamorbedad.<br />
imave periodSi, qarTuli wes-Cveulebebis da<br />
tradiciebis SeswavliT dainteresebulni iyvnen vax-
tang, daviT, ioane da Teimuraz batoniSvilebi, romelTa<br />
naSromebic aseve didi mniSvnelobisaa.<br />
saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg, pirvel<br />
aTeul wlebSi, kavkasiisa da saqarTvelos eTnografiuli<br />
aRwerilobiT da SeswavliT, ZiriTadad,<br />
rusi mecnierebi da mogzaurebi arian dainteresebuli,<br />
rac gansakuTrebiT aqtiur xasiaTs iZens ruseTis<br />
akademiis daarsebis Semdeg (1825 w.). 1851 wels TbilisSi<br />
daarsada “ruseTis geografiuli sazogadoebis<br />
kavkasiuri ganyofileba”. qarTveli moRvaweebis ZalisxmeviT,<br />
am filialTan 1852 wels Camoyalibda “kavkasiuri<br />
muzeumi”, am muzeumis eTnografiuli kabinetis<br />
mzrunveli iyo r. erisTavi, romelTan erTadac<br />
moRvaweobdnen p. ioseliani, d. baqraZe, d. ciciSvili.<br />
male am muzeumma, romelic erovnul saqmes anviTarebda,<br />
carizmis reJimis wyalobiT, arseboba Sewyvita<br />
(1856 w.) (qarTuli..., 1978: 78). mis bazaze 1865 wels<br />
daarsda “kavkasiis muzeumi”, g. rades direqtorobiT,<br />
romelic agrovebda saukeTeso koleqciebs da maT<br />
hamburgis, laifcigis da berlinis muzeumebSi agzavnida<br />
(qarTuli..., 1978: 79).<br />
XIX saukunis II naxevari sruliad Tavisuflad<br />
SeiZleba CaiTvalos saqarTveloSi eTnografiuli<br />
kvlevebis gaSlis axal etapad, romlis ZiriTad<br />
mesveurad cnobili qarTveli sazogado moRvawe,<br />
ilia WavWavaZe gvevlineba. igi miiCnevda, rom xalxis<br />
istoriis Sesaswavlad, pirvel rigSi, qarTveli eris<br />
yofis, kulturis da Taviseburebebis Seswavla iyo<br />
saWiro. misi TaosnobiT Seiqmna jgufi, romlis warmomadgenlebic<br />
TavTavianTi kuTxeebis aRweras da<br />
Seswavlas awarmoebdnen. ilias damokidebuleba am<br />
saqmisadmi kargad Cans mis mier b. niJaraZisadmi miwerili<br />
werilis erT frazaSi, rac dResac saprogramo<br />
debuleba SeiZleba iyos yvela qarTvelisTvis. b. ni-<br />
JaraZes, romelsac Tavisi ganaTlebiT SeeZlo kariera<br />
qalaqSi aewyo, ilia werda: “Tu saqarTvelo odnav<br />
mainc giyvars, svaneTSi unda waxvide da iqedan unda<br />
209
amogvidge uRelSi" (ZiZiguri: 1919). am periodSi, saqarTvelos<br />
sxvadasxva kuTxeebis aRweras awarmoebdnen<br />
vaJa-fSavela, a. yazbegi, T. saxokia, n. xizanaSvili,<br />
b. niJaraZe, i. margiani, i. gvaramaZe, d. janaSvili,<br />
m. janaSvili, d. margiani, n. janaSia, l. dadvani da<br />
sxv. maTi Sekrebili masalebi ibeWdeboda qarTul periodul<br />
presaSi.<br />
am periodis qarTvel eTnografTa moRvawe-oba,<br />
qarTuli eTnologiuri skolis istoriis erTerT<br />
RirSesaniSnav furcels warmoadgens, TiToeuli maTganis<br />
naSroms dResac gverds ver auvlis qarTuli<br />
eTnografiis mkvlevari.<br />
am moRvaweTa muSaoba imdenad nayofieri iyo,<br />
rom saWiro gaxda koordinirebis ufro srulyofili<br />
formis gamoZebna, ramac sabolood safuZveli Cauyara<br />
“saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis“<br />
Seqmnas (1907w.). am sazogadoebis Seqmnis<br />
iniciatori da sulis Camdgmeli iyo e. TayaiSvili.<br />
sazogadoebam farTo masStabiani muSaoba gaaCaRa<br />
mTel saqarTvelosa da saqarTvelos farglebs gare-<br />
Tac. xdeboda arqeologiuri, anTropologiuri folkloruli<br />
da eTnografiuli masalebis Segroveba,<br />
Seswavla da analizi. Seiqmna muzeumi, wignTsacavi,<br />
gamodioda organoebi “saqarTvelos siZveleni” da<br />
“Zveli saqarTvelo” (qse: 1985: 182). e. TayaiSvili Tavad<br />
edga saTaveSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi<br />
mowyobil eqspediciebs, xdeboda materialuri da<br />
kulturuli Zeglebis Seswavla, fotofiqsacia, soflebis<br />
da Temebis aRnusxva, maT Sesaxeb masalis moZieba<br />
rac Semdeg mecnieruli kvlevis sagani xdeboda.<br />
am sazogadoebis muSaobas e. TayaiSvilTan erTad<br />
warmarTavdnen i. javaxiSvili, d. baqraZe, a. xaxana-<br />
Svili, n. mari, m. janaSvili da sxv.<br />
qarTuli eTnografiuli mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi<br />
garkveuli roli iTamaSa “kavkasiis istoriularqeologiurma<br />
institutma”, romelic 1917 wels daarsda<br />
ruseTis akademiis sistemaSi, akad. n. maris Ta-<br />
210
osnobiT.. marTalia, institutis dasaxelebaSi ar figurirebda<br />
termini “eTnografia”, magram kvlevis gegmebSi<br />
erT-erT umTavres amocanad swored eTnografiuli<br />
kvleva-Zieba iyo miCneuli, mTeli kavkasiis masstabiT.<br />
am institutis saTaveSi n. marTan erTad idgnen<br />
e. TayaiSvili da g. CubinaSvili, ZiriTadad swored<br />
isini warmarTavdnen institutis saqmianobas. direqtoris<br />
_ niko maris movaleobas, misi peterburgSi<br />
yofnis gamo e. TayaiSvili asrulebda. Tavdapirvelad<br />
swored man gamouyo Tavis binaSi oTaxi aRniSnul<br />
instituts, romelic Semdeg (1919w.) lermontovis q.<br />
#3-Si gadavida, xolo 40-ian wlebSi ZerJinskis #8-Si<br />
(istoriis.: 1988: 9-10).<br />
1918 wels moxda mniSvnelovani movlena _ gaixsna<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti.<br />
amrigad, XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, romelic<br />
udaod mZime xanaa saqarTvelosTvis, adgili aqvs<br />
friad mniSvnelovan movlenebs, faqtobrivad, samecniero<br />
saqmianoba saocari intensiurobiT xasiaTdeba;<br />
paralelurad ixsneba da muSaobs Tbilisis universiteti,<br />
kavkasiis saistorio da arqeologiuri instituti,<br />
saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoeba.<br />
am sami mniSvnelovani centris saTaveSi<br />
cnobili qarTveli mecnierebi da sazogado moRvaweebi<br />
dganan, romelTa rigebi TandaTan axali kadrebiT<br />
ivseba (istoriis..: 1988: 13).<br />
1921 wlidan eTnografiuli kvlevebi aqtiurdeba<br />
saxelmwifo muzeumSi, sadac muSaobas iwye-ben g. Citaia,<br />
g. nioraZe, s. makalaTia (iToniSvili: 1989: 11).<br />
qarTuli eTnologiuri mecnierebis axali da<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani etapi g. Citaias saxelTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli. misma ganaTlebam da saqmisadmi siyvarulma<br />
ganapiroba saqarTveloSi eTnologiuri mecnierebis<br />
Semdgomi ganviTareba.<br />
1922 wels g. Citaia ivane javaxiSvilis rekomendaciiT<br />
muSaobas iwyebs saxelmwifo muzeumSi, sadac<br />
211
mas xvdeba vera bardaveliZe, SemdgomSi cnobili<br />
eTnologi da misi cxovrebis Tanamgzavri.<br />
g. Citaias eTnologiuri moRvaweoba swored am<br />
periodidan iwyeba. igi qmnis axal programas da meTodologias,<br />
romelic faqtobrivad, qarTuli eTnologiis<br />
mecnierul safuZvels warmoadgens, ris Sedegadac<br />
qarTul eTnologiur <strong>mecniereba</strong>Si axali etapi<br />
iwyeba da igi swrafad viTardeba.<br />
g. Citaiam muzeumSi Tavis garSemo Semoikriba<br />
SemdgomSi cnobili eTnologebi; v. bardaveliZe, r.<br />
xaraZe, al. robaqiZe, f. qiqoZe, st. menTeSaSvili. am<br />
mcire jgufma, faqtobrivad dargi Camoayaliba da<br />
axal simaRleebze aiyvana (cagareiSvili: 1993: 30).<br />
1926 wels Citaias iniciativiT sxvadasxva muzeumebSi<br />
gafantulma koleqciebma Tavi moiyara saxelmwifo<br />
muzeumSi, aqve ganTavsda kerZo pirTa koleqciebi<br />
(cagareiSvili: 1993: 33), ramac xeli Seuwyo ara<br />
marto eqsponatebis gadarCenas, aramed maT mTlianobaSi<br />
Seswavlas da damuSavebas.<br />
muzeumSi arsebuli eTnografiuli ganyofileba,<br />
miuxedavad mZime pirobebisa 1922-1957 wlebSi awyobs<br />
42 eqspedicias saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi<br />
(cagareiSvili: 1993: 36).<br />
eTnologiuri saqmianoba mimdinareobs agreTve<br />
Tbilisis universitetSi. 1929 wels istoriis fakultetTan<br />
ixsneba arqeologia-eTnologiis kaTedra, sadac<br />
muSaobas iwyebs g. Citaia. 1934 wlidan kaTedraze<br />
samuSaod iwveven v. bardaveliZes da r. xaraZes. 1940<br />
wels calke yalibdeba eTnologiis kaTedra (cagareiSvili:<br />
1993: 53).<br />
1931 wels zemoT naxsenebi “kavkasiis istoriularqeologiuri<br />
instituti” gadakeTda “kavkasiismcodneobis<br />
institutad”, romelic niko maris gardacvalebis<br />
Semdeg (1934w.), misi saxelobis gaxda da sabolood,<br />
1936 wels ewoda akademikos niko maris saxelobis<br />
enis, istoriis da materialuri kulturis<br />
instituti (“enimki”). institutma am saxelwodebiT<br />
212
iarseba 1941 wlis maisamde, rodesac is or damoukidebel<br />
organod _ enis da istoriis institutad gaiyo<br />
(istoriis...: 1988: 16-17). 1941 wlis 8 maiss, akademiis<br />
prezidentis, akad. n. musxeliSvilis xelmoweriT gamoica<br />
brZaneba, romlis Tanaxmadac “enimki” or damoukidebel<br />
_ istoriis da enis institutad gaiyo. 1943<br />
wels istoriis instituts mieniWa ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
saxeli, 1964 wels istoriis instituts saxeli Seecvala<br />
da mas ewoda istoriis, arqeologiisa da<br />
eTnografiis instituti (istoriis..: 1988: 43).<br />
1935 wlidan aRniSnul institutSi iqmneba eTnografiis<br />
seqtori, xolo 1938 wlidan Camoyalibda<br />
eTnografiis seqcia g. Citaias xelmZRvanelobiT.<br />
amrigad, 40-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi eTnologiuri<br />
kvleva-Zieba mimdinarebs sam Zlier samecniero<br />
centrSi: “enimki”, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
da saxelmwifo muzeumi. am saqmianobis Sedegad Seiqmna<br />
mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi, moxda Zireuli<br />
cvlilebebi kvlevis meTodologiaSi, ganviTarda samuzeumo<br />
saqmianoba, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebsa<br />
da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi moewyo eqspediciebi, gaizarda<br />
mecnierTa axali Taobebi.<br />
1941 wlis TebervalSi, saqarTvelos samecniero<br />
cxovrebaSi moxda mniSvnelovani movlena _ daarsda<br />
saqarTvelos ssr <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta akademia (istoriis...:<br />
1988: 37). dRes, rodesac saqarT-velos <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta<br />
akademiis samoRvaweo asparezi, mimdinare reformeb-<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT met-naklebad SeizRuda, unda aRiniSnos<br />
im didi rolisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, romelic<br />
man Seasrula ara marto erovnuli samecniero,<br />
aramed saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis mqone dargebis<br />
ganviTarebaSi, <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta akademiis xelmZRvanelobiT,<br />
(romelic aerTianebda kvleviT institutebs), saqarTveloSi<br />
Seiqmna da Camoyalibda didi samecniero<br />
skolebi, romelTa miRwevebic dResac aRiarebiT sargebloben<br />
msoflio samecniero wreebSi. amave dros,<br />
umTavresi roli akademiam da kvleviTma institutebma<br />
213
erovnuli kulturis, yofis, enis da istoriis Seswavlasa<br />
da SenarCunebaSi Seasrules.<br />
istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutSi<br />
1981 wlamde, eTnografia warmodgenili iyo<br />
ori ganyofilebiT: saqarTvelos eTnografiis ganyofileba<br />
(xelmZRvaneli g. Citaia) da kavkasiis eTnografiis<br />
ganyofileba (xelmZRva-neli a. robaqiZe).<br />
1981 wels institutis eTnografiis nawilSi moxda<br />
reorganizacia, ris Sedegadac saqarTvelos eTnografiis<br />
ganyofileba daiyo sam nawilad: materialluri<br />
da sameurneo yofis eTnografiuli Seswavlis<br />
ganyofileba (xelmZRvaneli g. Citaia), socialur ur-<br />
TierTobaTa eTnografiuli Seswavlis ganyofileba<br />
(xelmZRvaneli v. iToniSvili) da sulieri kulturis<br />
eTnografi-uli Seswavlis ganyofileba (xelmZRvaneli<br />
T. oCiauri), amasTanave, darCa kavkasiis eTnografiuli<br />
Seswavlis ganyofileba a. robaqiZis xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
(istoriis..: 1988: 60-62).<br />
2006-2007 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare reformebma<br />
asaxva hpova samecniero sferoSic _ saqarTvelos<br />
erovnuli akademiis daqvemdebarebidan gamovidnen<br />
kvleviTi institutebi, damoukidebel sajaro pirebad<br />
daregistrirdnen da gadavidnen saqarTvelos<br />
ganaTlebis da mecnierebis saministros daqvemdebarebaSi.<br />
am proce-sebs mohyva TanamSromelTa radikaluri<br />
Semcireba da ganyofilebebis gaerTianeba, ris<br />
Sedegad istoriis da eTnologiis institutSi ori<br />
eTnologiuri ganyofileba Camoyalibda: saqarTvelos<br />
eTnologiis ganyofileba (xelmZRvaneli q. xuciSvili)<br />
da kavkasiis eTnologiuri ganyofileba (xelmZRvaneli<br />
r. TofCiSvili).<br />
cvlileba ganicada 1907 wels Camoyalibe-bulma<br />
“saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebamac”,<br />
romlis bazaze 1959 Seiqmna “saqarTvelos<br />
istoriis, arqeologiis da folkloris sazogadoeba”,<br />
romelic 1976 wels gardaiqmna “saqarTvelos saistorio<br />
sazogadoebad” (qse: 1962: 182-183).<br />
214
g. Citais da xangrZlivi muSaobis Sedegad, 60-ian<br />
wlebSi Ria cis qveS muzeumisTvis gamoiyo vakis parkis<br />
da zlotis xeobaSi 30 heqtari farTobi (cagarei-<br />
Svili: 1993: 40) da daiwyo Ria cis qveS muzeumis mSenebloba,<br />
sadac Tavi moiyara saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis<br />
materialuri kulturis amsaxvelma Zeglma.<br />
eTnografiuli muSaoba mimdinareobda agreTve<br />
regionebSic _ baTumis, soxumis da cxinvalis samecniero<br />
centrebsa da mxareTmcodneobiT muzeumebSi.<br />
dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, qarTuli eTnologiuri<br />
skolis ZiriTad centrebs warmoadgens ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
istoriis da eTnologiis instituti, Tbilisis<br />
saxelmwifo universiteti, s. janaSias saxelobis<br />
saxelmwifo muzeumi, romlis daqvemdebarebaSic<br />
imyofeba agreTve Ria cis qveS muzeumi. eTnologiuri<br />
kvlevebi mimdinareobs agreTve baTumis da quTaisis<br />
saswavlo centrebsa da mxareTmcodneobiT muzeumeb-<br />
Si.<br />
qarTuli eTnologiuri skola Tavisi arsebobis<br />
manZilze etapobrivad viTardeboda; dafuZnda sxvadasxva<br />
kvlevis centrebi, Seiqmna umniSvnelovanesi<br />
gamokvlevebi, urTierToba damyarda sazRvargareTis<br />
samecniero centrebTan da mkvlevarebTan, ramac Tavisi<br />
pozitiuri roli Seasrula dargis ganviTarebaSi.<br />
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom eTnologia saqarTvelo-<br />
Si ar aris miCneuli iseT dargad, rogorc es evropis<br />
da amerikis qveynebSia, sadac am mecnierebis “Teoriuli<br />
analizi da kvlevis Sedegebi pirdapir emsaxureba<br />
saxelmwifos momavali ganviTarebis procesebis<br />
prognozireba-marTvis saqmes” (meliqiSvili: 2000:<br />
8). am dargis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba da amocana warsulis<br />
da Tanamedrove procesebis SeswavlasTan<br />
erTad, swored samomavlo qmedebis gansazRvraa, vinaidan<br />
arc erTi <strong>mecniereba</strong> ise ar icnobs da Seiswavlis<br />
xalxs _ saxelmwifos marTvis da zrunvis obieqts,<br />
mis kulturas, yofa-cxovrebas, xasiaTs da<br />
cxovrebis wess mTlianobaSi, rogorc eTnologia.<br />
215
qarTveli eTnologebis naazrevis gaTvaliswineba da<br />
maTi CarTva saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi, udaod<br />
waadgeba qarTul saxelmwifos.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. istoriis, arqeologiis da eTnografiis instituti,<br />
“<strong>mecniereba</strong>”, Tb., 1988.<br />
2. v. iToniSvili, qarTuli eTnografiis nar-kvevebi,<br />
“<strong>mecniereba</strong>”, Tb., 1989.<br />
3. l. meliqiSvili, eTnografia Tu eTnolo-gia, Tb.,<br />
2000.<br />
4. qarTuli sabWoTa istoriografiis ZiriTa-di<br />
miRwevebi, “<strong>mecniereba</strong>”, Tb., 1978.<br />
5. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklobedia, t. 9, 1985.<br />
6. T. cagareiSvili, “giorgi Citaia”, “mecnie-reba”, 1993.<br />
7. v. ZiZiguri, besarion niJaraZe (“Tavisufali svani”),<br />
gazeTi “saxalxo saqme”, 1919w, #253.<br />
8. Робакидзе А. Пути развития Грузинской советской этнографии (1922-<br />
1982гг.), Тбилиси, 1983<br />
Khatuna Ioseliani<br />
Georgian Ethnological School<br />
Georgian Ethnological School took birth two centuries ago. The founder<br />
of Georgian Ethnological School is famous Georgian Historian and<br />
Geographer Prince Vakhushti Bagrationi.<br />
Georgian Ethnological School since the 18 th century underwent difficult<br />
but interesting way of development. The second half of the19 th century was a<br />
new stage in Georgian Ethnology development when the gathering, fixation<br />
and study of Ethnographical material took place nearly all over Georgia.<br />
Various societies, museums were founded. One of the main trends of newly<br />
founded societies and museums was the study of Ethnography. I.<br />
Chavchavadze, E. Takaishvili, N. Mar, I. Javakhishvili etc. made a significant<br />
contribution to the development of Ethnology in Georgia.<br />
Lately the main centres of Ethnological studies were Tbilisi State<br />
University and Institute of History and Ethnology. The studies carried on in<br />
mentioned centres determined further development of Ethnology in Georgia<br />
and founding of a new, developed stage by G. Chitaia.<br />
Now the main studies are carrying out at The Javakhishvili Institute of<br />
History and Ethnology, Tbilisi State University, The State Museum of<br />
Georgia, regional scientific centers and folk museums.<br />
216
217<br />
giorgi gociriZe<br />
praqtikuli eTnologiis amocanebi saqarTveloSi<br />
pirvel rigSi minda SeuerTde samecniero konferenciis<br />
„<strong>anTropologia</strong> <strong>momavlis</strong> <strong>mecniereba</strong>“, pa-<br />
Toss da Cemi azri gamovTqva sami terminis, sami definiciis<br />
Sesaxeb. esaa eTnografia, eTnologia da<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>. mimaCnia, rom yve-la am definiciis<br />
amosavali, Ziri da safuZveli aris eTnografia, saxelwodeba<br />
romelic damkvidrebuli iyo yofil sab-<br />
WoTa kavSirSi. igi samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semovida<br />
daaxloebiT XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan, maSin, roca<br />
evropaSi am terminis nacvlad xmarobdnen termin<br />
eTnologias, amerikuli <strong>mecniereba</strong> ki <strong>anTropologia</strong>s.<br />
pirvel xanebSi saqarTveloSic eTnologias ar-<br />
Cevdnen Semdeg ki eTnografias 1 .<br />
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom samecniero disciplinis<br />
saxelwodeba arsebiTad gansazRvravs mis<br />
mniSvnelobas, kvlevis ZiriTad mimarTulebas, dargis<br />
mizans da amocanebs, magram istoriuli kanonzomierebis<br />
Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis garkveul<br />
safexurze, dargi afarToebs ra Tavis Tvalsawiers,<br />
cvlis meTodikas da sakvlevi obieqtisadmi damokidebulebis<br />
principebs. ufro sworad igi ixveweba<br />
da farTovdeba, garkveulwilad ifiltreba kidec,<br />
Tumca saxelwodeba igive rCeba. xdeba isec, roca romelime<br />
dawinaurebuli konkretuli mimarTulebis saxelwodeba<br />
gavrceldeba mTel disciplinaze 2 . rogorc<br />
praqtika adasturebs saxelwodebis amgvari cvalebadoba<br />
agrovebs gadauWrel problemaTa iseT raodenobas,<br />
rom saWiro xdeba sagangebo analizis warmoeba,<br />
dargis saxelwodebis terminologiuri da cnebobrivi<br />
identobis dasadgenad 3 . me ar Sevudgebi aRni-<br />
Snul sakiTxze ufro dawvrilebiT saubars, radgan<br />
igi rogorc specialuri kvlevis sagani am bolo xanebSi<br />
gamocemul naSromebSi naTladaa asaxuli, 4 mag-
am minda gansakuTrebiT gavusva xazi im garemoebas,<br />
rom saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan moyolebuli,<br />
mas Semdeg, rac eTnografia Camoyalibda<br />
rogorc dargi, mis saTaveebTan mdgar mkvlevarebs Zalian<br />
kargad esmodaT samive definiciis _ eTnografiis,<br />
eTnologiis da anTropo-logiis mniSvneloba.<br />
akad. g. Citaiam sagangebo statia miuZRvna am problemas<br />
5 . amasTan, isic unda iTqvas, rom am skolis warmomadgenlebi,<br />
misi mowafeebi arasodes ar gascdenian<br />
Tavidan aRebul gezs, mizansa da mimarTulebas, me-<br />
Tods, romlis meoxebiTac isini ara mxolod tradiciuli<br />
xalxuri yofisa da kulturis mxolod aRwerilobas<br />
ki ar awarmoebdnen, rogorc es rusuli kolonializmis<br />
msaxurebs, raritetuli meTodiT momu-<br />
Save mecnierebs xelewifebodaT (mxedvelobaSi maqvs<br />
kovalevski, kosveni da sxvebi), aramed bazisuri da<br />
zednaSenuri movlenebis urTierTmimarTebaSi gaanalizebas<br />
axdendnen 6 . am meTodis gamoyenebiT eTnograf<br />
mkvlevars velze muSaobis dros yuradRebis miRma ar<br />
rCeboda yofaSi gamovlenili arc erTi realiis, movlenisa<br />
Tu faqtis mniSvneloba da swored amitom eni-<br />
Weba am periodSi mopovebul savele masalas pirvel<br />
wyaros mniSvneloba. yvelaferi es Tavidanve gaazrebuli<br />
hqonda iv. javaxiSvils, romelmac gasuli saukunis<br />
30-ian wlebSi specialuri jgufi Seqmna saqar-<br />
Tvelos calkeul kuTxeebSi daunjebuli zepiri istoriis<br />
anu empiruli codnis fiqsirebisaTvis. dRes<br />
am masalebis (masalebi winamrewvelobisa da xelosnobis<br />
istoriidan) ramodenime tomia gamocemuli 7 . bunebrivia,<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi daixvewa savele masalis<br />
Segrovebis meTodi da praqtika. meTodis sakiTxi<br />
dResac aqtualuria da mniSvnelovani. gansakuTrebiT<br />
polieTnikur da konfliqtur sazogadoebaSi 8 . savele<br />
muSaoba da savele praqtika rom TiToeuli eTnografisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli pirveli safexuri iyo, amas iv.<br />
javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis<br />
arqivSi daculi uamravi dRiuri, Canaweri, Canaxati<br />
218
da foto masala adasturebs; didi eTnografiuli<br />
eqspediciebis Sesaxeb ki, romlebic saqarTvelos Ti-<br />
Tqmis yvela kuTxeSi tardeboda da romelTa safuZvelzec<br />
Seiqmna saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebuli gamokvlevebi,<br />
gadmocemebia SemorCenili 9 . dRes qveyana-<br />
Si Seqmnili finansuri siZneleebis gamo, aseTi eqspediciis<br />
ganxorcieleba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. dargis<br />
ganviTareba ki amas aucileblad moiTxovs. Cvenc swored<br />
eTnografiuli samsaxuris Seqmnis sakiTxs vayenebT<br />
* . samsaxurisas, romlis praqtikac ucxoeTis<br />
mTel rig qveynebSi (amerika, israeli, avstralia) arsebobs<br />
da aq praqtikosi eTnologebi aqtiur monawileobas<br />
iReben sxvadasxva saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo,<br />
aRmasrulebel, administraciul da sameurneo organizaciebSi<br />
10 . gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa da saWiro<br />
aseTi specialistebis CarTva regionaluri mowyobisa<br />
da marTvis samsaxurSi, raTa maTi codna xalxuri gamocdilebisa,<br />
saTanadod iqnas realizebuli qveynis<br />
ekonomikuri, kulturul-sameurneo saqmianobis warmarTvaSi.<br />
imisaTvis rom ufro naTeli gavxadoT Cveni<br />
msjeloba moviyvanT ramodenime magaliTs:<br />
1. ekologiuri sfero. ekologiuri dargis specialistebi<br />
axla bevrs weren sayovelTao ekologiuri<br />
krizissa da ekologiuri disbalansis Sesaxeb.<br />
gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas sakiTxi bunebiT sargeblobis<br />
¸harmoniuli wesebis darRvevis Taobaze. esaa<br />
niadagebis erozia, tyis resursebis mkveTri Semcireba,<br />
bunebrivi wylebis daSroba, xevebisa da landSaftebis<br />
zonaluri gaCanageba. es mcire CamonaTvalia im<br />
sivrcebrivi, disbalansisa, romlis gawonasworebaSi<br />
adamianis faqtori da xalxuri codnis fenomeni gan-<br />
* sakiTxis dasmis TvalsazrisiT es Tema Cvens mier pirvelad<br />
sakavSiro JurnalSi iqna gamoqveynebuli. ix. Кантария<br />
М.В., Гоциридзе Г.Ш. О создании региональной этнографической<br />
службы Грузии, ж. Научная мисль Кавказа, 1, 2, 3, 4. 97. с.72.<br />
219
sazRvrulia. Zvelad xalxSi racionalurad iyo SemuSavebuli<br />
tyiT sargeblobis kalendaruli vadebi,<br />
wyalvardnilobis, niaRvrebis da Rvarcofebis, zvavebis<br />
Camowolis da sxva stiqiuri movlenebisagan Tavdacvis<br />
saSualebebi 11 . magaliTad, faqtia da xalxuri<br />
gonierebis araCveulebrivi magaliTi is rom mosaxleoba<br />
im adgilebSi ar saxldeboda, sadac zvavebis Camoqceva<br />
iyo mosalodneli da Tu mainc saxldebodnen,<br />
xelovnur jebirebs da simagreebs, kedlebs<br />
agebdnen 12 . amis dasturad svanuri koSkebis dasaxelebac<br />
sakmarisia, svanuri koSkebi, romlebic kuTxiT<br />
iyo mTisken mimarTuli da Suaze Cexda movardnil<br />
zvavsa Tu mewyers. es uZleveli „mTis guSagebi“ medgrad<br />
uZlebdnen drosa da „ubedurebas“ da viTarca<br />
taZarni, xelTuqmnel Zeglebad SemorCnen istorias 13 .<br />
kolxeTSic, sadac zRvis stiqias araerTxel<br />
gadaulaxavs zRvari, mosaxleoba axlo napirebTan<br />
arasodes agebda saxls. mTian zolSi ki sadac mciremiwianoba<br />
iyo, saxlebs ferdobebze agebdnen, cixe<br />
koSkebsac, vake adgilebi ki saxnav-saTesad hqondaT<br />
gamoyenebuli, Tumca ferdobebic ar rCebodaT auTvisebeli.<br />
unikaluria mesxuri terasebis mowyobis xalxuri<br />
teqnika, baqnebi, larebi, warafebi, marto maTi<br />
CamoTvlac sakmarisia am didi kulturis dasaxasia-<br />
Teblad 14 . dRes xalxuri sibrZnis es „labirinTebi“<br />
gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs da droisa da sivrcis<br />
Secnobis erTgvar mediatorebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT.<br />
2. kulturul-sameurneo gamocdileba. saqarTveloSi<br />
rTuli geografiuli ganfenilobidan gamomdinare,<br />
kulturul-sameurneo cxovreba sam vertikalur<br />
ganzomilebaSi viTardeboda. esaa mTis, mTiswineTisa<br />
da baris. amisda Sesabamisad Camoyalibda<br />
mwarmoebluri dargebis, miwaTmoqmedebis (memindvreoba,<br />
mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba) da mesaqonleobis tradiciuli,<br />
regionaluri sistemebi, romlebic TiTqmis XX<br />
saukunis 30-ian wlebamde iqna Semonaxuli. SemdegSi-<br />
220
ac, miuxedavad imisa. rom sabWoTa periodSi e.w. „industriulma“<br />
epoqam bevri ram Secvala, am sistemebs<br />
mainc ar daukargavT rentabeloba da Sinaarsi. TviT<br />
koleqtivizaciis periodSic ki glexuri meurneoba<br />
swor dagegmarebas eqvemdebareboda da agraruli<br />
kultura mkveTr degradacias ar ganicdida. es vitareba<br />
„sabWoTa meurneobebis“ pirobebSic iyo nawilobriv<br />
SenarCunebuli. amiT imis Tqma gvinda, rom<br />
TiToeuli sameurneo dargi misi specifikidan gamomdinare<br />
istoriulad dinamiur fazaSi viTardeboda da<br />
ZiriTadad erovnul gamocdilebas emyareboda. dRes<br />
ki uam-rav subieqtur da obieqtur mizezTa gamo es<br />
harmonia darRveulia. saxeze gvaqvs ekologiuri da<br />
ekonomikuri krizisebi. saerTo mdgomareoba garTulebulia<br />
xalxuri meqanizmebisadmi araswori midgomiT<br />
an saerTod maTi ugulvelyofiT. ase magaliTad,<br />
Cveni azriT ar SeiZleba iq, sadac tradiciulad memindvreoba<br />
iyo ganviTarebuli da axlo warsulamde<br />
warmatebiT mohyavdaT xorblis adgilobrivi saxeobebi<br />
(dolis puri, TavTuxi, Savfxa, dika da sxv.) Warxlis<br />
warmoeba dainergos an kidev iq, sadac mevenaxeobis<br />
klasikuri kerebi arsebobda da yurZnis unikaluri<br />
jiSebi iyo kultivirebuli. vazi amoiZirkvos da<br />
mis nacvlad sazamTro, atami da sxva xilisa Tu baR-<br />
Ceulis baRebi iqnas gaSenebuli. daculi unda iyos<br />
sarwyavi da arasarwyavi zonebis balansireba; erovnuli<br />
kulturebis aRorZineba qveynis ekonomikuri potencialis<br />
gazrdis erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebad<br />
unda iqces. ucxouri produqciis moZalebam da<br />
danergvam, ar unda gamoiwvios gamousworebeli Sedegebi.<br />
amis Taobaze cnobili eTnografi m. gegeSiZe sagangebod<br />
werda. igi erT-erT naSromSi exeboda mecxvareobis<br />
ganviTarebis Tanamedrove problemebs da<br />
myari argumentebiT asabuTebda cxvris sagazafxulo<br />
saZovrebze gadadenis tradiciuli marSrutebis upiratesobas<br />
sxva gzebTan SedarebiT 15 . sakiTxTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT kidev or magaliTs moviyvanT:<br />
221
1. genuri inJineria (axali hibriduli saxeebis<br />
seleqcireba). cnobilia, rom dRes sayovelTao globalizaciis<br />
xanaSi genur inJinerias mravali qveyana<br />
mimarTavs, miuxedavad imisa aqvT Tu ara maT didi sameurneo<br />
gamocdileba. iseTi qveynebisTvis ki sadac<br />
endemuri kulturebis aRorZinebis SesaZleblobebi<br />
arsebobs, ucxo eqsperimentebis danergva ara Tu sasurvelia,<br />
aramed gaumarTlebelic ki. aviRoT, Tundac,<br />
kartofilis warmoeba. kartofili amerikuli<br />
kulturaa da igi XIX saukunis dasawyisSi iqna Semotanili;<br />
jer ruseTSi, mere Crdilo kavkasiis gziT<br />
saqarTveloSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi moxda am kulturis<br />
sruli adaptacia da, gansakuTrebiT, mTis pirobebSi<br />
Seiqmna iseTi lokaluri kerebi, rogoricaa Rebi<br />
(raWaSi), mulaxi (zemo svaneTSi), axalcixe da<br />
axalqalaqi (mesxeTSi), da sxv. XX saukunis 80-iani<br />
wlebidan daiwyo sruliad axali hibriduli seleqcirebis<br />
gziT miRebuli kartofilis Teslis Semotana,<br />
ramac ar gaamarTla. mosaxleobam igi ar miiRo da<br />
amdenad, eqsperimenti eqsperimentad darCa.<br />
aseTi magaliTebis moyvana rogorc sakuTriv<br />
genuri inJineriis, ise zogadad eqsperimentuli meurneobis<br />
mimarT, mravlad SeiZleba. agraruli meurneobis<br />
dargis specialistebma (da ara mxolod agrarikosebma)<br />
es Zalian kargad ician. amdenad, Cven maT mimarT<br />
araviTari pretenzia ar gagvaCnia, magram gvinda<br />
sakiTxi davsvaT ase - xom ar ajobebs maTTan erTad<br />
qveynis ekonomikuri berketebis amoqmedebaSi xalxuri<br />
kulturisa da erovnuli samecniero gamocdilebis<br />
mcodne specialistebis, kerZod ki eTnografebis monawileobac<br />
iyos uzrunvelyofili<br />
2. socialuri sfero. praqtikuli eTnografiis<br />
problematika sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebis<br />
yvelaze faqiz da mniSvnelovan sferos sociallur<br />
urTierTobebsac exeba. socialur sferos mravali<br />
aspeqti gaaCnia. esaa ojaxi, qorwineba, naTesauri<br />
sistema, migraciebi da sxva. yvela es segmenti drosa<br />
222
da sivrceSi moqmedebs, Ria da daxuruli sazogadoebis<br />
mraval Tvisebriv moments avlens. erT-erTi ase-<br />
Ti aspeqti eTnokonfliqtebia. eTnokonfliqtebis socialur<br />
da politikur mizezebs ki sxvadasxva dargis<br />
specialistebi swavloben (politologebi sociologebi,<br />
fsiqologebi, eTnologebi), magram Cveni azriT,<br />
yvelaze arsebiTi mainc am problemebisadmi eTnologiuri<br />
da eTnografiuli midgomaa 16 . eTnologia<br />
flobs codnas konfliqtebis dros maregulirebeli<br />
xalxuri meqanizmebis Sesaxeb. mag. xalxur diplomatias,<br />
uxucesebis (e.w. aqsakalebis) instituts, romelic<br />
Zalian Zlieri iyo kavkasiaSi. am unikalur<br />
institutebSi vlindeba ara mxolod wminda eTnikuri<br />
kulturis, eTnofsiqologiis, TviTSegnebis da identobis<br />
WeSmariti maCveneblebi, aramed zogadsakacobrio<br />
¸harmoniuli sazogadoebis Seqmnis realuri safuZvlebi<br />
17 .<br />
eTnografi specialistis TvalTaxedvaSi gansakuTrebul<br />
adgils iWers Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis iseTi paradigmebis codnac, rogoricaa,<br />
magaliTad, saxelmwifo enis swavlebis strategia,<br />
genderuli roli yofaSi, naTesaobis sistema, aRzrdis<br />
tradiciuli wesebi da sxva. Tanamedrove viTarebaSi<br />
maTi ganviTare-bisa da regulirebis perspeqtivebi<br />
saerTo humanitaruli sivrcis Camoyalibebisa da<br />
kulturu-li integraciis samomavlo saqmes emsaxureba.<br />
amaSia praqtikuli eTnografiis ZiriTadi amocana<br />
da mizani.<br />
viTvaliswinebT ra sakiTxis sirTules, mis<br />
mravalwaxnagobriobas erT werilSi SeuZleblad migvaCnia<br />
praqtikuli eTnologiis yvela aspeqtsa da yvela<br />
problemaze SevCerdeT. is arc warmoadgenda Cvens<br />
mizans, radgan uaRresad saintereso da mniSvnelovani<br />
Temaa da ufro CaRrmavebul xangrZliv kvlevas moiTxovs..<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
223
1. g. Citaia, qarTuli eTnologia, „mimomxilveli“,<br />
tf. 1926. misive, svetebi. xelnaweri. red. v. Samila-<br />
Ze, eTnografia, saxelmZRvanelo, Sesavali, Tb.,<br />
1991. i. WanturiSvili, eTnologia, saxelmZRvanelo,<br />
Tb. 1993. p. yifiani, eTnologiis problemebi, Tb.,<br />
1995. l. meliqiSvili, eTnografia Tu eTnologia,<br />
Tb., 2000. r. TofCiSvili, saqarTvelos eTnologia/eTno-grafia,<br />
Tb., 2006.<br />
2. l. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv.4.<br />
3. iqve.<br />
4. p. yifiani, dasax.naSromi.<br />
5. g. Citaia, qarTuli eTnologia, „mimomxilveli“,<br />
tf. 1926.<br />
6. g. Citaia, dasax. naSromi.<br />
7. ix. masalebi Sinamrewvelobisa da xelosnobis istoriidan.<br />
8. l. meliqiSvili, savele muSaobis meTodi konfliqtur<br />
sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2000.<br />
9. vfiqrobT dRes XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, roca<br />
xdeba dargis ganviTarebis gzis Sefaseba, sagangebod<br />
unda iqnas Seswavlili da gamoi-ces gasul<br />
saukuneSi Catarebuli eTnografiuli eqspediciebis<br />
mokle eqskursi regionebis mixedviT.<br />
10. iqve.<br />
11. l. beriaSvili, miwaTmoqmedeba mesxeTSi (eTnografiuli<br />
masalebis mixedviT). Tb., 1973, misive,<br />
niadagebis aTvisebisa da dacvis tradi-cia saqar-<br />
TveloSi (eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT), Tb.,<br />
1989.<br />
12. l. beriaSvili, dasax. naSromi.<br />
13. g. Citaia, taZari gadarCa, gaz. soflis cxov-reba,<br />
1987, 3.IV.<br />
14. l. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSromi.<br />
15. m. gegeSiZe, eTnikuri kultura da tradiciebi,<br />
Tb., 1978.<br />
224
16. konfliqturi situaciuli polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi,<br />
red. l. meliqiSvili, Tb., 1998.<br />
17. iqve.<br />
Giorgi Gotsiridze<br />
Tasks of Applied ethnology in Georgia<br />
In the paper there is discussed the practical value of the discipline<br />
and the importance of foundation of the ethnographical service<br />
according to the worldwide practice is underlined. Such structure<br />
doesn’t exist in Georgia. There is confirmed the worth of such service<br />
to assist the further development of state’s economic activities and to<br />
provide the attendance of the specialists.<br />
225
226<br />
malxaz Toria<br />
drois aRqma: kultur-anTropologiuri xedva<br />
kultur-anTropologiur kvlevas sxvadasxva<br />
qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli tradicia da saxelwodeba<br />
aqvs. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi is arqeologiur,<br />
biologiur da lingvistur <strong>anTropologia</strong>sTan erTad<br />
zogadad anTropologiis, holisturi samecniero disciplinis<br />
Semadgeneli nawilia. evropaSi ki socialuri<br />
anTropologiis an eTnologiis saxeliT aris<br />
cnobili. kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong>, rogorc komparativistuli<br />
da kroskulturuli disciplina ikvlevs<br />
sazogadoebasa da kulturas. igi aRwers, aanalizebs<br />
da xsnis socialur da kulturul msgavsebebsa<br />
da gansxvavebebs. amerikuli tradiciis farglebSi<br />
is emyareba eTnografiis da eTnologiis mimar-<br />
Tulebebs. eTnografiuli kvleva anu calkeuli er-<br />
Tobis, sazogadoebis an kulturis Sesaxeb monacemebis<br />
Segroveba da aRwera rCeba anTropologiis im Taviseburebad<br />
(miuxedavad imisa, rom <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
pirveli eTnografebis droidan sakmaod Seicvala),<br />
romliTac is gansxvavdeba sxva socialuri mecnierebebisgan.<br />
eTnologia ki ikvlevs, aanalizebs da adarebs<br />
eTnografiuli aRweris Sedegebs ganzogadebuli<br />
daskvnebis gamotanis mizniT (Kottak 2000:11). kultura-<br />
Ta msgavsebaze Tu gansxvavebaze mravali maxasiaTeblebis<br />
safuZvelze SeiZleba vimsjeloT. erT-erTi<br />
aseTi maxasiaTebelia drois aRqma.<br />
drois gancda adamianuri arsebobis ganuyofeli<br />
nawilia da, rogorc miiCneven, drois aRqmis specifikaSi<br />
vlindeba kulturis xasiaTi. Tumca, rogorc<br />
barbara adami aRniSnavs, miuxedavad drois<br />
“yvelganmyofobisa”, drois aRqmis problemis anTropologiuri<br />
Seswavla jer kidev Camoyalibebis stadiaSia.<br />
problema ki dasavluri drois upirobo gaziarebaSi<br />
mdgomareobs. drois dasavluri aRqma aris is
gadasaxedi, romlidanac mkvlevrebi aanalizeben<br />
“sxvaTa” droebs (adami 2005: 99).<br />
samecniero kvlevebSi arsebobs e.w. droisa da<br />
sivrcis kulturebis gageba, romlis mixedviT dasavluri<br />
kulturebis garda, yvela sxva sazogadoeba indiferentulia<br />
drois mimarT. msgavsi Sexeduleba, zogadad<br />
dasavlur samecniero realobaSi miRebul, ufro<br />
didi _ “dasavleTisa da aradasavleTis” diqotomiidan<br />
gamomdinareobs. aseT dualizms emyareba, agre-<br />
Tve, “modernistuli” da “tradiciuli”, “industriuli<br />
da agraruli”, “civi da cxeli” sazogadoebebis<br />
da sxva diqotomiebi.<br />
dasavlur diskursSi diqotomiebis Camoyalibeba<br />
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli anTropologiis, rogorc<br />
disciplinis istoriasTan, romelic Seiqmna “evropuli<br />
aRmoCenebis, kolonializmis epoqis da sabunebismetyvelo<br />
mecnierebis gadakveTaze” (Monaghan and<br />
Just 2000: 1-2).<br />
pirveli anTropologebi darvinis Sexedulebebis<br />
da evropocentristuli midgomis gavleniT sxvadasxva<br />
xalxis socialuri da kulturuli evoluciis<br />
etapebis rekonstruirebiT iyvnen dainteresebuli.<br />
mogviano periodSic, roca anTropologiuri kvlevis<br />
Teoriebi da meTodebi ufro daixvewa da gamdidrda,<br />
anTropologTa yuradReba, ZiriTadad, koncentrirebuli<br />
iyo e.w. “mcire masStabis”, “teqnologiurad martiv”<br />
sazogadoebebze.<br />
h. muris azriT, is, rom <strong>anTropologia</strong> ikvlevs<br />
iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: “kultura”, “sxva kultura”,<br />
“kulturuli sxvaobani”, “cxovrebis wesi”, “socialuri<br />
sistema”, “msoflmxedveloba” da a.S. misi, rogorc<br />
disciplinis unikalobaze ar miuTiTebs. TiToeuli<br />
es problema eqskluziurad mxolod anTropologiis<br />
sakvlev sferos ar ganekuTvneba. is rasac<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>s aqcevs <strong>anTropologia</strong>d, aris ara<br />
kvlevis specifikuri sagani, aramed is Tu rogor<br />
aris, magaliTad kulturuli gansxvavebebi ierarqi-<br />
227
zebuli. <strong>anTropologia</strong>, rogorc discip-lina da<br />
praqtika im warmodegnis nawilia, romelic ganapirobebs<br />
dasavleTsa da “sxvebs” Soris urTierTobas<br />
(Moore 1999: 2). es warmodgena da “sxvebTan” urTier-<br />
Toba ki, garkveulwilad, zemoT aRniSnul diqotomiebs<br />
emyareba.<br />
diqotomiis konteqstSi “tradiciuli” kulturebis<br />
drois aRqma “dasavluri drois” gagebis alternativad<br />
ganixileba. “maTi” dro ufro cikluria,<br />
vidre xazovani, raodenobrivi, vidre xarisxobrivi,<br />
Seqcevadi, vidre Seuqcevadi, Semofarglulia tradiciiT<br />
da Tavad ar warmoadgens istoriis mamoZravebels;<br />
igi organizebulia ufro yoveldRiuri wesrigiT<br />
da praqtikuli amocanebiT, vidre saaTiT, orientirebulia<br />
ufro stabilurobaze, vidre cvlilebebze,<br />
ufro bune-bazea damokidebuli, vidre kalendris<br />
ritmze, aRiricxeba ufro bunebrivi ritmis, vidre abstraqtuli<br />
sqemebis safuZvelze” (adami 2006: 99).<br />
barbara adami ganixilavs e. evans-pritCardis<br />
da b. uorfis gamokvlevebs, romlebic dasavlurisgan<br />
gansxvavebuli drois gagebaTa klasikur analizs<br />
warmoadgenen.<br />
b. uorfis lingvisturi gamokvlevis mixedviT,<br />
romelic hopis tomis amerikeli indielebis kosmologias<br />
eZRvneba, dasavluri drois gancda daxasiaTebulia<br />
rogorc erTmimarTulebiani, uwyveti, dinamikuri<br />
mdinareba, movlenaTa rigi, romelic warsulidan<br />
<strong>momavlis</strong>ken mimarTul xazzea gamwkrivebuli. hopis<br />
tomis warmomadgenlebisTvis dro aris ara moZraoba,<br />
aramed im yvelafrisken ukan mibruneba, rac ki odesme<br />
Seqmnila. maTTvis ucxoa dasavluri abstraqtuli,<br />
sworxazovani da Tanmimdevruli drois gageba.<br />
“sxva droebis” msgavsi interpretacia xdeba e.<br />
evans-pritCardis gamokvlevaSi, romelic sudanis samxreTSi<br />
mosaxle nuerebis toms eZRvneba. avtori aRni-<br />
Snavs, rom nuerebs ar aqvT Tvis, dRisa da Ramis Soris<br />
periodebis aRmniSvneli sityvebi; maT ara aqvT<br />
228
sityva, romelic, dasavluri gagebiT, “drois” eqvivalenti<br />
iqneboda da, dasavlelebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar<br />
SeuZliaT isaubron droze, rogorc raRac realurze,<br />
romelic miedineba, SeiZleba gaflango, gaufrTxilde<br />
da a.S. (adami 2005: 101).<br />
mirCa eliade CrdiloeT amerikis indielebis<br />
drosTan damokidebulebis magaliTs am dasavluri<br />
poziciis mixedviT ganixilavs. misi azriTac, aradasavluri<br />
drois gageba cikluria da ganmeorebadi:<br />
“zogierTi indieli tomebis enebSi termini samyaro<br />
(=kosmosi) aseve gamoiyeneba weliwadis mniSvnelobiT.<br />
magaliTad, iakutebi amboben “samyaro gavida”, anu<br />
“weliwadi gavida”. es sityva miuTiTebs samyarosa da<br />
kosmiur dros Soris Sinagan kavSirze. kosmosi aRiqmeba<br />
rogorc cocxali erToba, romelic ibadeba, vi-<br />
Tardeba da weliwadis bolo dRes kvdeba, raTa axal<br />
wels isev daibados (Eliade, 73).<br />
igive adami Tvlis, rom “aucilebelia Cveuli<br />
mdgomareobidan gamosvla da “ucxos” poziciis daWera,<br />
Cveni sakuTari drois (drois dasavluri gagebis<br />
m.T.) im adamianebis TvaliT danaxva, romlebic pirobiTad<br />
warmoadgenen anTropologiuri kvlevis obieqtebs.<br />
miT ufro, rom aradasavluri drois gagebebi<br />
SeiZleba dasavleTSic iyos” (adami 2006: 101).<br />
dro mravalaspeqtiania, is mocemulia fizikur<br />
procesebsa da socialur tradiciebSi, maTematikis<br />
abstraqtul gaTvlebsa da adamianebs Soris urTier-<br />
TobebSi. mas zomaven saaTis erTeulebis, ciuri sxeulebis<br />
moZraobis, ganmeorebadi movlenebis da sakuTari<br />
sxeulis cvlilebebis safuZvelze. dro gamoiyeneba<br />
rogorc saqonlis gacvlis da momsaxurebis saSualeba,<br />
an rogorc gadaxdis forma; dro aRiqmeba, rogorc<br />
bunebis, sazogadoebis, adamianebis da maTi institutebis<br />
organizebis resursi. wuTi, saaTi, kvira,<br />
dRe, mTvaris faza, weli, Sobisa da aRdgomis dResaswaulebi,<br />
sawarmoo cikli da zrdis periodi, Taobebi<br />
da adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba _ yvelaferi<br />
229
es qmnis droiT CarCoebs da maT farglebSi adamianebi<br />
aregulireben yoveldRiur cxovrebas. am gansxvavebul<br />
“droebSi” SeiZleba “rodis drois” identificireba:<br />
rodis aris bankebi Ria, rodis unda daiZinon<br />
bavSvebma, rodis viyaviT axalgazrda d a.S. dasavlur<br />
sazogadoebebSi es “rodis” ufro kalendris da saa-<br />
Tis droiT sqemazea damyarebuli. magram, am socialuri<br />
qmedebebis da bunebrivi fenomenebis drois gansazRvrisa<br />
da droSi lokalizebis safuZvels mxolod<br />
saaTi da kalendari ar warmoadgens. “tradiciuli”<br />
da “Tanamedrove” sazogadoebebis polarizebis<br />
miuxedavad, saaTis da kalendaruli dro dasavlelebis<br />
drois aRqmis erTaderTi safuZveli ar aris. is<br />
mxolod am gagebis erT aspeqts qmnis. drois standartizirebuli<br />
sistema, ar gamoricxavs drois lokalur,<br />
konteqstze damokidebul gagebaTa arsebobas<br />
(adami 2006: 103-114).<br />
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom drois aRqma yvela<br />
sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. drois aRqmis calkeul gamovlinebas<br />
zog SemTxvevaSi universaluri faqtori<br />
udevs safuZvlad, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki kulturuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT unikaluri piroba. SesaZloa e.w. “arqauli<br />
sazogadoebebis” droisadmi damokidebuleba<br />
universalur kulturul maxasiaTeblebs efuZnebodes.<br />
magaliTad, avstralieli aborigenebis rwmenawarmodgenebi<br />
ukavSirdeba zRvisa da masTan dakavSirebuli<br />
garemos codnas. es garemoeba Tavis mxriv<br />
drois gagebazec moqmedebs (Memmott). magram, mxolod<br />
avstraliel aborigenebis drois gageba ar ukavSirdeba<br />
mzis da mTvaris moZraobis, dRisa da Ramis, sezonuri<br />
ciklebis, klimatis, floris faunis, zRvis<br />
miqcevisa da moqcevis da sxva garemo pirobebis<br />
cvlilebebis aRqmas. es e.w. “bunebrivi dro”, garemo<br />
pirobebTan damokidebuleba damaxasiaTebelia nebismieri<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis. drois aRqmis aseTi mravalgvaroba,<br />
yvela kulturaSi, socialuri cxovrebis kategoriebs<br />
da ritmebs asaxavs. Sesabamisad, “tradici-<br />
230
uli kulturebis” da dasavluri drois diqotomia ar<br />
SeiZleba oyos drois aRqmis Taviseburebis interpretaciis<br />
erTaderTi safuZveli. aseTi fundamenturi<br />
kulturuli maxasiaTeblis kvleva sxvadasxva, ukve<br />
arsebuli Tu axali, Teoriuli modelebis safuZvelze<br />
unda moxdes.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, eTnografiuli kvleva, anu,<br />
“monawile dakvirvebis” meTodi kulturul <strong>anTropologia</strong>Si<br />
“damyarebulia im martiv ideaze, rom am Tu<br />
im xalxis gamosakvlevad, saukeTeso gzaa am xalxis<br />
warmomadgenlebze xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
dakvirveba maTTan uSualo urTierTobis gziT”<br />
(Monaghan and Just 2000: 13). magram, kvlevis obieqti ara<br />
mxolod “sxva” da e.w “mcire-masStabis”, aramed dasavluri<br />
sazogadoebebic unda gaxdnen. drois aRqmis<br />
Taviseburebebis kroskulturuli Sedarebebis da interdisciplinuri<br />
kvlevis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli<br />
iqneba eTnografiuli aRweris Sedegebis unikalurobas<br />
sivrciTi da droiTi konteqsti moeZebnos. Tanamedrove<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> ki, rogorc holisturi da<br />
interdisciplinuri dargi, aseTi kvlevis saSualebas<br />
iZleva.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. adami, b. “drois aRqma” civilizaciuri Ziebani.<br />
# 3, Tbilisi, 2005.<br />
2. Barnard, A. History and Theory in Anthropology. Cambridge<br />
University Press, 2000.<br />
3. Eliade, M. The sacred and the profane. The nature of religion.<br />
New York<br />
4. Kottak, C. P. Cultural Anthropology. The University of<br />
Michigan, 2000.<br />
5. Memmott, P. Tangkic Orders of Time: an anthropological<br />
approach to time study<br />
<br />
231
6. Monaghan, J. and Just P. Social and Cultural Anthropology. A<br />
Very Short Introduction.Oxford University press, 2000.<br />
7. Moore, H. L. “Anthropological Theory at the Turn of the<br />
Century”. in Anthropological Theory Today. Edited by Moore<br />
H. L. Polity Press, 1999.<br />
Malkhaz Toria<br />
Perception of Time from Perspective of Cultural Anthropology<br />
The essence of culture is manifested in the peculiarity of the<br />
time perception. The experience of time permeates everyday life.<br />
Despite this ubiquity of time, however, there are no time specialists in<br />
anthropology. Anthropological theorizing about issues of time<br />
perception is still in the formative stage. The problem extends to the<br />
unquestioned understanding of Western time. It reaches the very base<br />
from which researchers explicate the time of “the other”. Scientists<br />
have emphasized the differences between Western and non-Western<br />
perception of time. According to this dichotomy, non-Western<br />
cultures have been constructed through its opposition to the dominant<br />
images of “Western time”. So, it is proposed that “their time” is<br />
cyclical, rather then linear, reversible rather than irreversible, etc. But,<br />
Time is multi-faceted and humans’ everyday life in every society is<br />
full of references to time. Non-Western understandings of time may<br />
exist in Western societies. So, anthropologists should extricate<br />
themselves from the natural attitude and consider as an object of<br />
anthropological attention also the Western Societies.<br />
232
233<br />
soso WanturiSvili<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> - <strong>momavlis</strong> <strong>mecniereba</strong>!<br />
Cemi statiis dasawyisSive minda ganvmarto Semdegi<br />
_ Cveni konferenciis Temaa “anTropolo-gia _<br />
<strong>momavlis</strong> <strong>mecniereba</strong>!”, boloSi gakvirvebis, Tu ki-<br />
Txvis niSniT. Cemi moxsenebis saTauric igivea - “an-<br />
Tropologia _ <strong>momavlis</strong> <strong>mecniereba</strong>!”, oRond Zaxilis<br />
niSniT. cxadia, es SemTxveviT araa – amiT me srul<br />
Tanxmobas vucxadeb Cveni samecniero konferenciis mizansa<br />
da daniSnulebas, oRond, garkveuli pirobiTobiT,<br />
romelTa Sesaxeb qvemoT mogaxsenebT. axla ki<br />
sakuTriv moxsenebis Sesaxeb.<br />
mecnierebis nebismier dargSi gansakuTrebuli,<br />
Tu gadamwyveti ara, mniSvneloba aqvs terminologiis<br />
sakiTxebs. pirvel rigSi, esaa Tu ras vgulisxmobT<br />
amaTuim terminis qveS, ra Sinaarss vdebT masSi da<br />
rogor unda gavigoT igi. rogorc cnobilia, swored<br />
es gansazRvravs mecnierebis am dargis kvlevis mimar-<br />
Tulebis sworad gagebas, misi amocanebis sworad dasaxvas.<br />
kargadaa cnobili isic, rom erTidaimave terminiT<br />
SeiZleba kvlevis sxvadasxva mimarTuleba aRiniSnebodes,<br />
terminis sxvadasxva gageba iyos da aqedan<br />
mecnierebis am dargis winaSe sxvadsxva amocanebi<br />
idges. amis SesaniSnavi magaliTia termini – <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
– Cveni Seswavlis da ganxilvis dRevandeli<br />
sagani. yvelas kargad mogvexseneba, rom dasavleTSi<br />
(amerikasa da evropaSi) sul sxva gageba hqonda mas,<br />
xolo sabWoTa sivrceSi sul sxva. mraval niuanss<br />
rom Tavi davaneboT, principuli, ZiriTadi da arsebiTi<br />
gansxvaveba, rogorc mogexsenebaT, iyo is, rom<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> sabWoTa sivrceSi mxolod fizikur<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>s, adamianis sxeuls, an sxeulis calkeuli<br />
nawilebis fizikuri agebulebis Seswavlas<br />
niSnavda, rac metad aviwroebda da aubraloebda am<br />
terminis mniSvnelobas da daniSnulebas. dasvleTel
mecnierTa azriT, rom-lebic am terminiT aRniSnavdnen<br />
adamianis Seswavlas socialuri, kulturuli da<br />
fizikuri ganzomilebebis mixedviT - es amerikis SeerTe-ul<br />
Statebsa da zogadad dasavleT evropaSi mi-<br />
Rebuli gageba-ganmartebiT. xolo Tu calke dasavleT<br />
evropas aviRebT, aqac mas sxvadasxva gageba da<br />
midgoma hqonda; magaliTad, safrangeTSi igi sociologiis<br />
dargad iyo miCneuli, xolo anglosaqsebi am<br />
terminiT polidisciplinarul <strong>mecniereba</strong>s aRniSnavdnen,<br />
romelic oTxi dargisgan Sedgeba da a.S.<br />
erTi sityviT, erTi romelime terminis qveS, mecnierebis<br />
sxvadasxva dargi, misi mniSvnelobis sxvadasxva<br />
gageba SeiZleba igulisxmebodes. imis mixedviT<br />
Tu ra Sinaarss CavdebT masSi da rogor SeTanxmdebian<br />
amis Sesaxeb am dargSi momuSave mecnierebi.<br />
rogorc mogexsenebaT, Cveni Seswavlis mecnierebis<br />
aRmniSvneli terminis gagebis patara istoria,<br />
Tumca, arc ise patara, TiTqmis oTxmocwliani periodi,<br />
Cvenc gagvaCnia. kargad mogexsenebaT is metamorfozi,<br />
romelic ganicada terminma eTnologia – eTnografiam<br />
da bolos <strong>anTropologia</strong>m qarTul eTnologiur<br />
skolaSi. Tavdapirvelad, jer kidev 1924 wels,<br />
akad. g. Citaias winadadebiT Tu xeldasxmiT, Cveni<br />
Seswavlis dargi eTnologiad iwodeboda. SemdegSi,<br />
XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan da ufro konkretulad<br />
jer 1933 wels leningradSi anTropologiis, arqeologiis<br />
da eTnografiis institutis, xolo 1937 wels<br />
mis bazaze calke eTnografiis institutis Camoyalibebis<br />
droidan, terminma “eTnografia” moicva sabWoTa<br />
sivrce da igi damkvidrda <strong>mecniereba</strong>Si.<br />
aseT pirobebSic qarTulma eTnografiulma skolam<br />
SeZlo individualuri saxis SenarCuneba da ramdenime<br />
aTeuli wlis muSaobis, didZali empiriuli da<br />
konkretuli masalis dagrovebiT, mravalwliani savele<br />
da kabineturi muSaobiT, Camoayaliba kvlevis kompleqsur-intensiuri<br />
meTodi. Tavs nebas mivcem SegaxsenoT<br />
am meTodis TviTon giorgi Citaiaseuli daxa-<br />
234
siaTeba: “eTnografiuli movlenebi Seiswavleba intensiurad,<br />
kompleqsur mTlianobaSi, bazisuri da zednaSenuri<br />
movlenebis erTianobaSi, istorizmis principis<br />
dacviT”, da Semdeg – “am meTodis TvalsazrisiT<br />
eTnografiuli dakvirvebis siRrme ufro mniSvnelovania,<br />
vidre sifarTove, mniSvnelovania mcire raionis<br />
Rrmad Seswavla, vidre eTnografiuli movlenebis<br />
gavliT dafiqsireba vrcel teritoriaze” da sxva.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, aq dasaxulia kvlevis konkretuli<br />
gzebi da meTodebi, rac, vfiqrob, yovelTvis<br />
darCeba mecnierebis da maT Soris Cveni mecnierebis<br />
amosaval debulebad ra cvlilebac ar unda ganicados<br />
misma aRmniSvnelma terminma.<br />
amasTanave, mTeli Cveni samecniero muSaobis man-<br />
Zilze Tan mogvyveboda struqturalizmis fuZemdeblis<br />
klod levi-strosis monumenturi figura. bolos<br />
am terminmac – struqturalizmi, cvlileba ganicada<br />
da igi Camoyalibda ori sxvadasxva mimdinareobis<br />
(inglisuri da franguli) aRmniSvnelad. inglisur<br />
struqturalizms “struqturuli funqcionalizmi”<br />
(redklif-brauni) ewoda, xolo franguli struqturalizmi<br />
darCa aseTive saxelwodebiT, misi Semqmnelis<br />
da mTavari warmomadgenlis klod levi-strosis saxiT.<br />
aqac kvlav terminebis gansxvavebuli gagebis da,<br />
rac mTavaria, maT mier aRniSnuli kvlevis gansxvavebuli<br />
meTodebis winaSe aRmovCndiT. saerTo inglisur<br />
da frangul struqturalizms Soris is iyo, rom<br />
struqturuli kavSirebis Seswavlis mniSvnelobas<br />
orive aRiarebda da cnobda mxolod erT romelime<br />
mTlian sistemaSi (tomi, saxelmwifo, naTesaobrivi<br />
terminologia da sxv.), xolo sxva mxriv isini principulad<br />
gansxvavdebian. neba momeciT, SegaxsenoT es<br />
gansxvavebani, rogorc terminis gansxvavebuli gagebis<br />
magaliTebi. inglisuri struqturalizmisaTvis amosavalia<br />
realuri, konkretuli erTobebi (tomi, xalxi,<br />
saxelwifo), xolo franguli struqturalizmi da pi-<br />
235
adad klod levi-strosi Seiswavlis ara realurad<br />
arsebuli mTlianis struqturas, aramed xelovnurad<br />
gamoyofil mis calke nawilebs (naTesaobrivi terminologia,<br />
folklori, miTologia da sxv.). Cven SeiZleba<br />
gansxvavebuli azri gvqondes da diskusia gavmarToT<br />
imis Sesaxeb Tu romeli gagebaa ufro mar-<br />
Tebuli da swori (me magaliTad ufro pirvels vemxrobi<br />
da igi ufro damakmayofileblad mimaCnia), magram<br />
am SemTxvevaSi mTavaria, rom terminma gansxvavebuli<br />
gageba SeiZina da kvlevis gansxvavebuli meTodebi<br />
aRniSna. da ai, dResac, Cven kvlav iseTi amocanebis<br />
winaSe aRmovCndiT - <strong>anTropologia</strong>, kulturologia,<br />
eTnologia, eTnografia, eTnologia-<strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
_ romelia amaT Soris is termini, romelic<br />
gamoxatavs Cveni Seswavlis obieqts da kvleva-Ziebis<br />
meTods, mokled, mecnierebis im dargs, romelsac vemsaxurebiT<br />
da romelic unda gadaiqces sauniversiteto<br />
kvlevis da, maSasadame, studenti axalgazrdobis<br />
Seswavlis sagnad<br />
imisaTvis, rom gaverkeT saqmis arsSi, saWiroa gaverkveT<br />
TviTon am terminebis daniSnulebaSi _ ras<br />
aRniSnavs TiToeuli maTgani, ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris,<br />
ra mniSvneloba SeiZines maT Tanamedrove sinamdvileSi,<br />
isedac xom ar moicavs romelime maTgani<br />
erTmaneTs, sad aris maT Soris gansxvaveba an saerTo<br />
da a.S.<br />
vnaxoT ras gulisxmobs termini <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
da ramdenad moicavs is kvlevis im sfe-ros, romelsac<br />
Cven SeviswavliT da vemsxurebiT. cnobilia, rom<br />
Tanamedrove evropasa da amerikis SeerTebul Stateb-<br />
Si anTopologia aris humanitaruli <strong>mecniereba</strong>, romelic<br />
adamians Seiswavlis socialuri, kulturuli da<br />
fizikuri ganzomilebebis mixedviT. sanam maT calcalke<br />
ganxilvas SevudgebiT, saWirod mimaCnia winaswarve<br />
yuradReba mivapyro zemoT warmodgenili definiciis<br />
or moments – <strong>anTropologia</strong> aris humanitaruli<br />
<strong>mecniereba</strong>, e.i. moicavs <strong>mecniereba</strong>Ta klasifika-<br />
236
ciiT im dargs, romelsac Cven vemsaxurebiT da, meore,<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> Seiswavlis adamians sxvadasxva<br />
ganzomilebiT, e.i. adamians, calke aRebuls, rogorc<br />
sazogadoebis wevrs da ara mTliand sazogadoebas.<br />
axla ganvixiloT anTropologiis Seswavlis obieqti<br />
_ adamiani calkeuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.<br />
socialuri ganzomilebiT adamianis Seswavla gulisxmobs<br />
sazogadoebis im socialuri donis dadgenas,<br />
romelSic, an romlisgan damoukidebladac adamians<br />
uxdeba yofna farTo gagebiT. yvelas kargad mogvexseneba,<br />
rom es socialuri done SeiZleba sxvadasxva<br />
iyos, Tanac Tu yovel calke aRebul SemTxveva-<br />
Si ara, mis did nawilSi mainc. Tu ufro davkonkretdebiT<br />
adamianis socialuri mdgomareoba, misi socialuri<br />
ganzomileba SeiZleba iyos maRali, saSualo,<br />
dabali. TiToeulis SeiZleba calke gradacia moepovebodes;<br />
mag., dabali socialuri done SeiZleba iyos<br />
ukiduresad dabalic, siRaribis zRvars qvemoT arsebulic<br />
da yovelgvari socialuri ganzomilebis gareT<br />
mdgomic.<br />
cxadia, amis mizezebis kvleva, misgan gamosavali<br />
gzebis Zieba an dadgena da kidev socialur ganzomilebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli sxva sakiTxebis Seswavla,<br />
sociologiis sagania, xolo <strong>anTropologia</strong>s im gagebiT,<br />
rogoradac igi zemoT iyo warmodgenili es<br />
sWirdeba calkeuli individis arsebobis garemos dasaxasiaTeblad,<br />
imis gamosavlenad Tu es individi Tavisi<br />
socialuri ganviTarebiT romel jgufs SeiZleba<br />
miekuTvnos da aqedan gamomdinare, ra socialuri Zalebi<br />
amoZravebs mas, ra miswrafebebi gaaCnia rogorc<br />
individs, vin aris is, socialuri donis ra safexurze<br />
dgas...<br />
kulturuli ganzomilebiT adamianis Seswavlis<br />
maxasiaTeblebi aris misi kulturuli ganviTarebis<br />
done mTlianobaSi da ara kulturis romelime sferoSi<br />
warmodgenili. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Ti-<br />
Toeul individs kulturuli ganviTarebis gansxvave-<br />
237
uli done gaCnia TviT erTgvarovani kulturis ama-<br />
Tuim safexurze mdgom sazogadoebaSic. SeiZleba er-<br />
Ti Zlieri iyos musikis, meore istoriis, mesame xelovnebis<br />
romelime dargis codnaSi da a.S. TiToeuli<br />
wevrisgan Sedgenili aseTi sazogadoebis saerTo<br />
kulturis donis Seswavla ki ar aris anTropologiis<br />
Seswavlis sagani da obieqti, aramed sazogadoebis<br />
calke aRebuli wevrisa, adamianisa. cxadia, es met SesaZleblobebs<br />
hqmnis TiToeuli adamianis, sazogadoebis<br />
TiToeuli wevris aramarto kulturuli ganzomilebis,<br />
rogorc anTropologiis Seswavlis erTerTi<br />
obieqtis dadgena, sxva ori ganzomilebis dadgenas-<br />
Tan erTad, kargad warmoaCens, erTi mxriv, im SesaZleblobebs,<br />
romlebic individs gaaCnia, da meore<br />
mxriv, dasaxavs gzebs am ganzomilebis Semdgomi<br />
zrdisa da warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
fizikuri ganzomilebis mixedviT, sazogado-ebis<br />
wevris Seswavla, cxadia, sxvaze metadaa anTropologiis<br />
Seswavlis sagani. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom<br />
fizikuri <strong>anTropologia</strong> sxvadasxva bunebriv-geografiul<br />
garemoSi Camoyalibebul adamianTa tipebs ganasxvavebs<br />
rasobrivi niSnebiT (evropeiduli, mongoloiduri,<br />
negroiduli da avstraloiduri). aseve, sayovelTaod<br />
aRiarebul rasobriv niSnebad miCneulia<br />
Tmis forma da mesameuli Tmis safarveli (ulvaSi,<br />
wveri). cxadia, TiToeuli am niSnis daxasiaTebas da<br />
mis mixedviT mosaxleobis klasifikacias me aq ar Sevudgebi,<br />
magram zogad debulebas imis Sesaxeb mainc<br />
aRvniSnav, rom adamianTa istoriulad Camoyalibebul<br />
jgufebs, romlebic saerTo warmoSobiT arian dakav-<br />
Sirebulni, saerTo memkvidreobiTi, morfologiuri<br />
da fiziologiuri niSnebi axasiaTebT, rac yoveli individis<br />
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos da aris anTropologiis,<br />
zemoT warmodgenili gagebiT Seswavlis sagani.<br />
bolo xanebSi eTnologia-eTnografiis, ro-gorc<br />
terminebis da rogorc mecnierebis dargis Canacvle-<br />
238
is surviliT da pretenziebiT fexi moikida terminma<br />
“kulturologia”, ufro metic, sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloc<br />
ki Seiqmna am saxelwodebiT (“kulturologia”,<br />
Tb; 2003), romelsac siaxlis pretenzia<br />
aqvs.<br />
vnaxoT ra siaxles Seicavs es Cveni kulturologia,<br />
rogorc termini da rogorc dargis aRmniSvneli<br />
cneba<br />
“kulturologia, aRniSnulia saxelmZRvanelos<br />
winasityvaobaSi, rogorc sazogadoebaTmcodneobis<br />
calke dargi, Seiqmna istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnologiis,<br />
xelovnebaTmcodneobis, istoriis, filosofiis,<br />
kulturuli anTropologiis, sociologiis,<br />
fsiqologiis miRwevaTa sinTezis safuZvelze” (kulturologia,<br />
gv.3). arsebobs humanitaruli mecnierebis<br />
kidev romelime dargi, romelic aq ar iyos dasaxelebuli<br />
es xom absurdia, es TiToeuli am dargis<br />
nivelirebaa, maTi mxolod mokle definiciebis doneze<br />
warmodgenisTvis safuZvlis momzadebaa, arafrismTqmeli<br />
sekvestrebiT studentebisaTvis gadacemis sa-<br />
Sualebaa.<br />
kidev amonaweri “kulturologiis” winasityvaobidan:<br />
“termins “kulturologia” farTo da viwro mni-<br />
SvnelobiT xmaroben. viwro mniSvnelobiT, kulturologia<br />
moicavs or ZiriTad mxares: kulturis Teoriasa<br />
da kulturologiur moZRvrebaTa istorias. far-<br />
To mniSvnelobiT, kulturologiaSi Sedis iseTi disciplinebi,<br />
rogoricaa kulturis istoria, kulturis<br />
Teoria, kultur<strong>anTropologia</strong>, kulturis Sesaxeb<br />
moZRvrebaTa istoria (cota zemoT, rogorc davinaxeT,<br />
es ukanaskneli Sedioda kulturologiis viwro<br />
mniSvnelobiT gagebaSi), Semdeg – kulturis filosofia,<br />
kulturis fsiqologia da sociologia, kulturis<br />
ekologia, gamoyenebiTi kulturologia” (iqve,<br />
gv.9). ra aris es maze metad dargis gabiabureba iqneba<br />
rogor yvelafris momcveli da universaluri yo-<br />
239
fila es “kulturologia”! ra saWiroa maSin mecnierebis<br />
sxva dargebi, isaa Turme yvelafris sinTezi da<br />
man erTma unda iboginos mecnierTa Tavebsa da universitetis<br />
kedlebSi!<br />
axla vnaxoT vin arian Cveni “kulturologiis”<br />
avtorTa winamorbedebi: eduard tailori, herbert<br />
spenseri, maklenani, luis morgani, fric grebneri,<br />
leo frobeniusi, franc boasi, bronislav malinovski,<br />
redklif-brauni, klod levi-strosi, lesli uaiti,<br />
e.i. yvela isini vinc Seqmnes da mTeli SemoqmedebiTi<br />
energia Seswires eTnologias, misi rogorc mecnierebis<br />
Camoyalibebas. ai, Turme ra xdeba! ai, Turme<br />
“kulturologiis” avtorebs ra moundomebiaT – eTnologebis<br />
mxrebze Semdgarebs, eTnologiis gamoyenebiT,<br />
misive dasamareba da misive principebis gamoyenebiT<br />
viTom axali dargis Seqmna da “eTnologiis”<br />
“kulturologiiT” Canacvleba, samwuxaroa, rom maT<br />
amaSi, SeiZleba gaucnobierebladac da vai, Tu gacnobierebulad<br />
Cveni kolega eTnolog-eTnografebic<br />
amosdgomian da recenzentobiTa Tu redaqtor-konsultantobiT<br />
maTi naRvawisaTvis gza daulociaT.<br />
yvelafris amis gvirgvini ki is aris, rom “kulturologiis”<br />
saxelmZRvanelo miZRvnilia akademikos giorgi<br />
Citaias xsovnisadmi _ im adamianisadmi, romelic<br />
mTeli Tavisi samecniero moRvaweoba da, me vityodi,<br />
cxovrebac, eTnologiis, rogorc dargis Seqmna-<br />
Camoyalibebas, qarTuli eTnologiuri skolis daarsebas<br />
da aTobiT eTnolog-mkvlevaris, mecnierisa Tu<br />
umaRlesi skolis moRvawis aRzrdas Sealia. amis iqiT<br />
cinizmi namdvilad Zneli war-mosadgenia. Tumca,<br />
aseTi cinizmis araerTi magaliTi axsovs qarTul<br />
<strong>mecniereba</strong>s, samwuxaroa, rom esec maT rigSi dgas da,<br />
amjerad maincadamainc Cvens did da Cvens Zvirfas<br />
maswavlebels Seexo.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT, me, ase vTqvaT, “piradi<br />
angariSic” maqvs kulturologebTan. wignSi “kulturologia”<br />
miTiTebuli araa 1997 wels gamocemuli<br />
240
Cemi “eTnologiis qrestomaTia”, sadac, zemoT Camo-<br />
Tvlil _ winamorbed-avtorTa Sromebis amonaridebia<br />
warmodgenili maTi biografiiTa da samecniero Semoqmedebis<br />
aRniSvna-gaanalizebiT, da, 1999 wels xelmeored<br />
gamocemuli “eTnologiis safuZvlebi”, pirveli<br />
gamocemis _ “eTnologiis” (1993) gadamuSavebuli gamocema,<br />
Turme, saqme imaSia, rom es “kulturologia”<br />
Cems mier gamocemuli “eTnologiis safuZvlebis”,<br />
Tavs nebas mivcem ganvaxcado, gadamRerebaa, oRond<br />
xelovnurad gaberili, viTom axali momentebiT Sevsebul-gamdidrebuli,<br />
da iseTi eniT gadakeTebuli,<br />
rom studentebisTvis sruliad gamousadegar-gaugebaria<br />
da menierebisaTvis axlis arafris mTqmeli.<br />
rogorc mogexsenebaT, 1993 wels me gamoveci<br />
eTnologiaSi pirveli qarTuli saxelmZRvanelo, 1997<br />
wels pirveli “eTnologiis qrestomaTia”, romelsac<br />
saerTod analogi ar moepoveba, calke maqvs gamoqveynebuli<br />
“kavkasiis xalxTa eTnologiuri Seswavlisa<br />
da eTnikuri istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi“, Cemi naSromiT<br />
“yofa da kultura V-X saukuneebis saqarTveloSi”<br />
daiwyo istoriuli eTnologiis sakiTxebis<br />
kvleva saqarTveloSi wyaroebze dayrdnobiT. saxelmZRvanelom<br />
“eTnologia” daimsaxura 2000 wlis saxelmwifo<br />
premia da kidev bevri sxva. amitom, yovelgvari<br />
yalbi mikerZoebis gareSe, pirdapir vityvi, rom<br />
eTnologiis dargis damkvidrebaSi mec mimiZRvis garkveuli<br />
wvlili, vTvlidi da axlac vTvli, rom es<br />
iyo wingadagmuli nabiji ZvelTan SedarebiT. rogorc<br />
iqna, sauniversiteto cxovrebasa da mecnierTa azrovnebaSi<br />
damkvidrda qarTvel da ara marto qarTvel,<br />
aramed mTeli sabWoTa sivrcis eTnografTa araerTi<br />
Taobis ocneba da survili _ termini “eTnologia” da<br />
dargi, romelsac igi aRniSnavs.<br />
daskvnis saxiT: Tu Cven anTropologiis im maxasiaTeblebiT<br />
warmovadgenT, rogoriTac ze-moT iyo<br />
aRniSnuli _ igi moicavs eTnolgiasac (adamianTa sazogadoebis<br />
Seswavla), eTnografia-ac (adamianTa yo-<br />
241
fiTi garemos Seswavla) da kulturologiasac (adamianTa<br />
inteleqtualuri donis Seswavla). cxadia mec-<br />
nierebis aseTi dargi mxolod <strong>momavlis</strong> <strong>mecniereba</strong><br />
SeiZleba iyos da me igi aseTad mesaxeba. Tumca<br />
vTvli, rom termi-ni “<strong>anTropologia</strong>” pirobiTad,<br />
droebiT terminad vigulisxmoT da dargis gadarCenis<br />
mizniT, samomavlod mainc, termin “eTnologias”<br />
davuWiroT mxari.<br />
me, Zalian vwuxvar, Cemi mkacri tonalobiT gamosvlis<br />
gamo, Tanac kolegebis mimarT, romelTa umravlesoba<br />
an Cemi megobaria da, ase 40 welia mainc, rac<br />
erTad mxarimxar vedeqiT da vemsaxurebodiT universitetis<br />
keTildReobis saqmes, an Cemi yofili studentebi<br />
(dRes kolege-bi) arian, romlebTanac Zalian<br />
kargi, megobruli urTierToba da simpatiebi maqvs,<br />
magram Cveni dargis aseT Sekveca-ganiavebis saSualebas<br />
aravis ar mivcemT.<br />
eTnologebo fxizlad!!!<br />
Soso Chanturishvili<br />
Anthropology – Science of the Future!<br />
The paper discusses the problems concerning the current situation<br />
on teaching anthropology in Georgian high educational space.<br />
Considering such tasks as correlation of ethnology, culturology, social<br />
and cultural anthropology, the decision is drawn that anthropology as<br />
an equivalent of ethnology, without no doubt is the science of the<br />
future.<br />
242
nino RambaSiZe<br />
eTnologia da analitikuri fsiqologia<br />
rodesac saubaria istoriuli mecnierebis im<br />
dargis Sesaxeb, romelsac eTnologias vuwodebT da<br />
romlis Seswavlis sagans adamianis arsebobisa da<br />
azrovnebis yvela sfero warmoadgens, ar SeiZleba<br />
gverdi avuaroT im faqts, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba xsenebul dargSi warmoebuli kvlevebis Sedegebs,<br />
romlebic met-naklebad gavlenas axdenen albaT<br />
yvela im dargze, romelic ama Tu im kuTxiT swavloben<br />
adamians. dRes Tqven yuradRebas SevaCerebT, Tu<br />
rogor ganapi-roba eTnologiam kerZod ki misma im mimarTulebam,<br />
romelic religiis istorias swavlobs<br />
iseTi didi, msoflio mniSvnelobis aRmoCena, romelsac<br />
iungiseuli analitikuri fsiqologia ewodeba.<br />
marTalia, analitikuri fsiqologia fsiqologiis<br />
erT-erTi mimarTulebaa, magram igi efuZneba im aRmo-<br />
Cenebs, romlebmac medicinaSic SeaRwies, SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxades ukeT zrunva adamianis fsiqikur janmrTelobaze.<br />
iungiseuli analitikuri fsiqologiis mixedviT<br />
pirovneba intrafsiqikuri ZalebiTa da xatebiTaa motivirebuli,<br />
romelTa warmoSoba adamianis evoluciis<br />
siRrmeebSi midis. adamianis aracnobieri Tandayolil<br />
sulier masalas Seicavs, romlebsac warsulSi<br />
Sors mimavali fesvebi aqvT. k. g. iungis azriT, swored<br />
es Tandayolili sulieri masala gansazRvravs<br />
zogadad adamianis swrafvas SemoqmedebiTi TviTgamoxatviTi<br />
da fizikuri srulyofisaken. `man unikaluri,<br />
udidesi samecniero interesis mqone Teoria Seqmna,<br />
romelic pirovnebis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebul sxva<br />
yvela midgomebisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba~ - we-<br />
243
en lari heili da deniel zigleri 1 .<br />
k. g. iungis azriT, pirovneba sami damoukidebeli,<br />
magram urTierTganmapirobebeli struqturisagan<br />
Sedgeba. esenia: ego - me, pirovnuli da koleqtiuri<br />
aracnobieri.<br />
koleqtiuri aracnobieri adamianis yvelaze si-<br />
Rrmiseul sferos warmoadgens da masSi mTeli kacobriobis<br />
sulieri gamocdilebaa daunjebuli. igi<br />
yvela CvenganSi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. masSi<br />
adamianis grZnobebi da azrebia Tavmoyri-li, saerTo<br />
da universaluri, rac Cveni saerTo emociuri warsulis<br />
Sedegia. swored koleqtiuri aracnobieris koncefcia<br />
aRmoCnda iungisa da freidis dacilebis Ziri-<br />
Tadi mizezi.<br />
k. g. iungi Tvlida, rom koleqtiuri aracnobieri<br />
Zlieri, arqauli fsiqikuri xatebisagan Sedgeboda,<br />
romelsac, rogorc cnobilia, arqetipebi uwoda. arqetipebi<br />
Tandayolili ideebi da mogonebebia. adamiani<br />
maTi meSveobiT Tu zemoqmedebiT movlenas Taviseburad<br />
ganicdis, aRiqvams da maTze reagirebs. maTi zemoqmedebis<br />
Sedegad adamianis qcevaSi aRqmis, azrovnebis<br />
da qmedebis universaluri modelebi iCens Tavs.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, iungi Tvlida, rom arqetipebi<br />
gvxvdeba sizmrebSi, kulturaSi, simboloebis saxiT,<br />
romlebic gamoiyeneba mxatvrobaSi, literatur-sa da<br />
religiaSi. k. g. iungi Tvlida, rom arqetipuli simboloebi<br />
mas pacientis sizmrebis analizSi exmareba 2 da<br />
Sesabamisad, pacientis mkurnalobaSi. modiT k. g. iungis<br />
naSromis `sizmrebis analizis~ mixedviT vnaxoT<br />
erTi mxriv Tu rogor xdeba erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />
arqetipuli simbolos – jvris – Seswavla<br />
fsiqoanalitikosebis mier, raTa Semdgom maT SeZlon<br />
1 Л. Хьелл, Д. Зиглер, Теории личности, Основные положения, исследования<br />
и применения, Санкт-Петербург, Москва, Харков, Минск, 2001,<br />
сс. 197-198.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 199-201.<br />
244
pacientis daxmareba rodesac igi sxvadasxva formiT<br />
iCens Tavs. meore mxriv eTnologiuri da folkloruli<br />
codna rogor aris is bazisuri codna, romlis<br />
gareSe zemoxsenebuli miznebis miRweva k. g. iungis<br />
meTodis mixedviT, albaT SeuZlebelic iqneboda. 1929-<br />
1930 wlebSi ciurixSi k. g. iungi atarebda seminarebs,<br />
romlis masalebic gamoica erT wignad saxelad `sizmris<br />
analizi~. k. g. iungi seminarisTvis garkveul<br />
Temas aZlevda mis monawileebs, kerZod, im arqetipebis<br />
Sesaxeb, romlebic Tavs iCendnen pacientis sizmrebSi.<br />
man doqtor barets sTxova eTnologiuri<br />
kuTxiT jvarze moxseneba gaekeTebina, romlis mosmenis<br />
Semdgom iungi xazgasmiT iwonebs momxseneblis<br />
eTnologiur naSroms. aRsaniSnavia, rom is vinc apirebs<br />
iungianur fsiqoTerapiaSi warmarTos sakuTari<br />
moRvaweoba, mas eTnologiaSi gamocdis Cabareba evaleba.<br />
ganixilavs ra jvars, rogorc simbolos sxvadasxva<br />
qveynis kulturaSi uZvelesi xanidan moyolebuli,<br />
doqtor bareti gviCvenebs am niSnis ganviTarebis<br />
istorias, romlis drosac, ra Tqma unda religiis<br />
istoriaSi arsebul mdidar masalas eyrdnoba. igi<br />
cdilobs warmoaCinos Tu rogor aisaxa jvris simbolo<br />
msoflio xalxebis religiur azrovnebaSi, rac,<br />
rogorc cnobilia, eTnologiis uSualo kvlevis sagans<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
asurelebi cis RmerTs anuss, tolferda jvriT<br />
warmosaxavdnen, mzes ki - dawyvilebul xazebiani sxivebiT,<br />
romlebic wreSi iyo Caxatuli. amgvar diskos<br />
asureTis mefe atarebda. preistoriul egvipteSi taus<br />
jvari martivi formis jvari iyo. igi falosis simbolod<br />
iyo miCneuli, rodesac tau jvaris Tavze wreSi,<br />
ovalSi Tavsdeba, igi crux ansata anu cxovrebis magiuri<br />
gasaRebi xdeba. Crux ansata-sagan warmoqmnili ideograma,<br />
romelic ieroglifebSi ixmareba sicocxlis,<br />
mkvdreTiT aRdgomis da ukvdavebis simboloa. fiqroben,<br />
rom ovali jvarze musikaluri instrumentis –<br />
245
sistris – simbolo unda iyos, instrumentisa, romelic<br />
isidas, dedamiwis qalRmerTis Tayvaniscemis<br />
dros ukravdnen. aseve fiqroben, rom ovali deltis,<br />
RmerTebis arsebobis adgils ganasaxierebs da amdenad<br />
kvlav isidasa da qals ukavSirdeba. amdenad, crux<br />
ansata gardaiqmna Sesaqmis simbolod. swored es jvari<br />
uWiravT xelSi egviptur monumentebze gamosaxul<br />
RmerTs, qurums, mefes. es jvari saflavzec iyo mo-<br />
Tavsebuli. savaraudod isini faloss ganasaxierebdnen,<br />
rac mkvdreTiT aRdgomis simbolo iyo. saflavis<br />
mxatvrobaSi xsenebuli jvari micvalebulTa gaRviZebas<br />
ganasaxierebs, cocxlebisaTvis ki igi sasicocxlo<br />
Zalis simbolo iyo. egvipteSi paseqisas ebraelebs<br />
karze swored taus formis jvris gamosaxvisaken<br />
mouwoda mosem. jvari Zvel egvipteSi iniciaciis<br />
ritualSi ixmareboda. masze sami dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />
unda yofiliyo inicianti gakruli, romelsac mesame<br />
dRes xsnidnen da iseT adgilze awvendnen, sadac axlad<br />
amosuli mzis sxivebi unda moxvedroda niSnad<br />
imisa, rom isini osirisisa da sibrZnis RmerTis –<br />
ToTis - mier iyvnen inicirebulni. egvipturi kulturisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli jvris meore saxeoba astrologiuri<br />
anu wreSi Caxatuli jvari solarul<br />
borbalsa da mebrZol meetles daukavSirda. saber-<br />
ZneTSi solaruli borbali apolonis emblemad iqca.<br />
mas aSureTsa da babilonSic vxvdebiT. safiqrebelia,<br />
rom svastika misgan warmoiSva. solaruli jvari far-<br />
Ted aris gavrcelebuli, maT Soris amerikis aborigeni<br />
mosaxleobis kulturaSi. igi irlandiaSi dRemdea<br />
popularuli.<br />
Crux ansata egviptidan finikielebSi, Semdeg ki<br />
mTel semitur samyaroSi gavrcelda, rogorc magiisa<br />
da winaswarmetyvelebis simbolo. igi sardiniidan<br />
iranamde, indoeTsa da afrikaSi, frigiaSi, palestinasa<br />
da mesopotamiaSi iyo gavrcelebuli. finikieleb-<br />
Tan da xeTebTan igi sicocxlis xisa da lotosis<br />
yvavilis simboloa. yvela vinc jvars iTvisebda saku-<br />
246
Tari kulturis elementTan akavSirebda. mag.: finikielebma<br />
jvari astartas gamosaxulebas da rozariT<br />
wodebul simbolos daukavSires, berZnebma sicocxlis<br />
qalRmerTs. qristianobis SemoRebis Semdeg, romauli<br />
jvris, anu iseTis SemoRebamde, romelzec ieso<br />
qriste iyo jvarcmuli Crux ansata-s xmarobdnen.<br />
svastika xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi Zalian adre,<br />
brinjaos xanidan Cndeba. amgvari jvari napovnia troaSi<br />
da Zv. w. aR. 3000 w. TariRdeba. svastika qristianebmac<br />
SeiTvises da ax. w. aR. III saukunis bolomde<br />
gamosaxavdnen. qristes monogramasTan erTad Cven mas<br />
katakombebSi vxvdebiT. indoeTsa da CineTSi igi Zv. w.<br />
V saukunemde ar Cndeba. fiqroben, rom aq igi xmelTa-<br />
SuazRvispireTidanaa Semotanili. Zv. w. aR. VIII-VII ss-<br />
Si CineTSi svastikas wreSi xataven da igi mzis da misi<br />
moZraobis simbolos ganasaxierebda, rac fsiqologiaSi<br />
libidos simboloa. Tu svastikas mklavebi<br />
saaTis mimarTulebiT moZraobs igi mamakacuri sawyisia<br />
da mzis, sinaTlis, sicocx-lis mniSvnelobis mqonea.<br />
Tu piriqiT – ganasaxierebs qalur sawyiss, sibneles<br />
da destruqcias. aRsaniSnavia, rom winaqristianul<br />
epoqaSi ubralod aRmarTuli sveti an sari<br />
jvris simbolo iyo. fiqroben, rom jvris Tayvaniscema<br />
qristianobamdec iyo gavrcelebuli. amerikis aborigenebSi<br />
jvris simbolikaSi ori ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa<br />
Serwymuli: 1. jvari, rogorc oTxi mxaris simbolo<br />
da 2. msoflio, sicocxlis da Cveni sxeulis<br />
xis simbolo.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom winaqristianuli epoqis sxvadasxva<br />
kulturebSi mravali RmerTi (atisi, odini...)<br />
jvarze Tu xeze gakvriT iRupeba, magram Semdgom<br />
kvlav aRdgeba. Tu Cven gavixsenebT, rom xe deduri<br />
simboloa, maSin gasagebi xdeba, rom miTologiuri<br />
RmerTi ubrundeba dedas, raTa kvlav daibados, raTa<br />
gaxdes ukvdavi. am SemTxvevaSi xe sicocxlis xea. Crux<br />
ansata-s ganviTarebul formad qristes monogramasac<br />
miiCneven, romelic konstantinem brZolis win ixila.<br />
247
igi sabrZolo droSad, msoflioze batonobis niSani<br />
gaxda. Cv. w. aR.-is V saukunidan Crux ansata kelturi<br />
qveynebis garda iSviaToba iyo. svastikac iSviaTad<br />
Cndeboda am periodis evropaSi. am droisaTvis laTinuri<br />
da tolferda jvari wamyvan adgils ikavebs.<br />
jvarcma, anu sxeuli jvarze pirvelad VII saukuneSi<br />
Cndeba 3 . arc qarTuli eTnologiuri masala warmoadgens<br />
gamonakliss. jvari qarTul tradiciul kulturaSi<br />
sicocxlis xec aris, samyaros centri, RvTaebebis<br />
sadgomic da borotebasTan mebrZoli niSani 4 .<br />
adreSuasaukune-ebSi ki, rogorc qristianuli simbolo,<br />
xsnis, maradiuli sicocxlis, sikvdilis da-<br />
Trgunvis kardinalur simbolod iqca.<br />
da bolos SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jvari aris samefo<br />
niSani, ukavSirdeba mzis kults. aris apoTropeuli<br />
mniSvnelobis mqone niSani, nayofierebis mopovebis<br />
magiuri saSualeba, sicocxlisa da ukvdavebis xe.<br />
jvari udaod gamoxatavs erTobis ideas, rac gansakuTrebiT<br />
Crux ansata-Si Cans da rac maradiuli dabadebis<br />
ideas ukavSirdeba. doqtor baretis eTnologiur<br />
kvlevas `sizmris analizSi~ iungiseuli Sefaseba<br />
mosdevs. igi ambobs, rom primitiul adamians orgvari<br />
aRqma aqvs. mas SeuZlia aRiqvas konkretuli suraTebi<br />
da geometriuli figurebic, rac abstraqtulia. `jvari~<br />
- ambobs igi, - `paleoliTis xanis fsiqikuri realobaa~<br />
5 . ras unda warmoadgendes es uZvelesi simbolo<br />
– kiTxulobs iqve iungi da sakuTar SekiTxvas<br />
pasuxobs. es abstraqtuli simbolo warmoSobilia<br />
iseT epoqaSi, rodesac adamianebi sagnebs konkretulad<br />
xedavdnen. mTeli istoriis manZilze jvarma _<br />
simbolom da sakralurma niSanma, ki ar ganicada deg-<br />
3 C.G.Jung, Dream Analysis, v.2, Notes of the Seminars in Analytical<br />
Psychology, Zurich, October 1929-Jun 1930, fourth edition, 1972, pp. 36-57.<br />
4 ix. i. surgulaZe, qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika,<br />
gam. `samSoblo~, Tb., 1993.<br />
5 C.G.Jung, Dream Analysis..., iqve, gv. 49.<br />
248
adireba da desakralizacia, aramed garTulda da<br />
Seivso, daitvirTa simboluri mniSvnelobebiT. igi maradiulad<br />
cocxali simboloa. jvari gamaogneblad<br />
universaluri niSania, romelic brinjaos xanidan<br />
mTel msoflioSia gavrcelebuli. is adamianSi primordialuri<br />
fsiqikis arsebobis faqts adasturebs.<br />
ajamebs ra jvris yvela im simbolur mniSvnelobas,<br />
razedac zemoT iyo laparaki, iungi aRniSnavs, rom<br />
jvari sicocxlis mimniWebeli simboloa da iqve svams<br />
SekiTxvas – ratom ratom gamoisaxeba sicocxlis<br />
mimniWebeli jvris formiT am SekiTxvas iungi Tavad<br />
amgvarad pasuxobs: misi azriT, jvari ar warmoSobila<br />
adamianis gare samyaroSi arsebuli formidan. igi<br />
primitiuli adamianis endofsiqikuri xedvis Sedegia.<br />
am xedvis mTavari maxasiaTebeli ki is aris, rom gamoxatos,<br />
ramdenadac es adamians SeuZlia, sasicocxlo<br />
energiis mTavari Tviseba, rac ara marto masSia,<br />
aramed im sagnebSic, rac misia. iungisTvis es faqti<br />
absoluturad iracionaluri iyo. igi ver xvdeboda<br />
Tu ratom aRiqva adamianma endofsiqikuri xedviT<br />
jvris formiT sasicocxlo energia. igi ambobda: `me<br />
ar vici Tu ratom aRiqmeba sasicocxlo energia<br />
jvriT, an oTxi ricxviT, magram vici, rom jvari yovelTvis<br />
manas an sasicocxlo Zalas niSnavda~ 6 . Tumca,<br />
rodesac igi endofsiqikur funqciebze saubrobs<br />
aRniSnavs, rom maT Soris pirveli mexsierebaa, anu<br />
reproduqciis unari. e.i. mexsiereba an gaxseneba pirveli<br />
endofsiqikuri funqcia, `aracnobierad qceul<br />
SinaarsTan reproducirebis unaria~ 7 . vfiqrobT, iungis<br />
mier dasmul SekiTxvaze, romelsac Tavad man ver<br />
mouZebna pasuxi da SesaZloa am pasuxTan axloc idga,<br />
TavianT axsnas qristianuli eklesiis mamebi gvaZleven.<br />
isini weren, rom warmarTuli da eklesiis miR-<br />
6 iqve, gv. 54.<br />
7 karl gustav iungi, analizuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi,<br />
sizmrebi, Tb., 1995, gv. 33.<br />
249
ma mdgari sazogadoeba maradiulad, xSirad gaucnobiereblad<br />
eZebs imis dabrunebas, rac dakarga, anu<br />
samoTxes. `...CvenTanac, saqarTveloSi intensiuri msjeloba<br />
warmoebda imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom zogierTi<br />
saeklesio realia, saeklesio siwminde (gnebavT mZime<br />
jvrebi) paralels poulobs warmarTul realiebTan<br />
(vTqvaT, e.w. warmarTul jvrebTan). zogjer amas imgvarad<br />
ganmartaven, TiTqos qristianobam es yvelaferi<br />
warmarTobidan aiRo, sinamdvileSi ki, saeklesio mo-<br />
ZRvrebis safuZvelze, absoluturad gamWvirvalea,<br />
rom Tavdapirveli saRvTo codna samoTxidan adamianis<br />
gamodevnis Semdeg mimoifanta kacobriobaSi gauazreblad,<br />
gaucnobiereblad da gamovlinda kidec<br />
stiqiurad sxvadasxva saxiT; egeve saRvTo codna, ganuzomlad<br />
aRmatebulad, kvlav daubrunda kacobriobas<br />
macxovris gankacebis Jams~ - wers e. WeliZe 8 . samoTxis<br />
xis, xe cnobadis akrZaluli nayofis gasinjviT<br />
Caidina adamianma pirveli codva. amis gamo ufalma<br />
adams da evas meore, iqve, samoTxis centrSi mdgar<br />
sicocxlis xesTan miaxloeba aukrZala da samoTxidan<br />
gaaZeva. si-cocxlis xesTan, romelsac wmida werili<br />
da wmida mamebi im jvris winasaxed miiCneven,<br />
romelzec ieso qriste gaakres 9 . swored samoTxeSi<br />
amozrdili sicocxlis xe cnobadisa iyo xe, romel-<br />
Tan dakavSirebuli akrZalva daarRvia adamma da evam<br />
da romelTa codva swored samyaros centrSi, anu samoTxis<br />
centrSi amozrdil, golgoTis jvarze – sicocxlis<br />
xis winasaxeze - gakvriT gamoixsna ieso<br />
qristem. amdenad, SesaZloa, vivaraudoT, rom qristianul<br />
swavlebaze dayrdnobiT, arqetipebSi dakarguli<br />
8 e. WeliZe, qristianoba da sazogadoeba, Jurn. `fuZe~, red.<br />
dodo (mariam) Rlonti, #6 (8) noemberi-dekemberi, 2005, gv.<br />
16.<br />
9 Толковая Библия, Т. 1, Петербург, 1904-1907, второе издание института<br />
перевода библии, Стокгольм, 1987, стр. 18; Словарь библейского богословия,<br />
изд. Жизнь с богом, Брюссель, 1974, сс. 276-277.<br />
250
samoTxis Zieba da momavali maradiuli sicocxlis<br />
winaswarmetyvelebaa asaxuli da rom adamiani Tandayolil<br />
codnas atarebs arqetipebis saxiT. amdenad,<br />
jvari yovlad universaluri simboloa, romelic maradiuli<br />
ganaxlebis da sicocxlis simbolod aRiqmeba<br />
nebismier CvenganSi.<br />
dabolos SeiZleba iTqvas, rom k. g. iungi simboloebis,<br />
ritualebis, RvTaebaTa panTeonis, kulturologiur<br />
sivrceSi maTi adgilis garkvevis gziT, cdilobda<br />
gaeanalizebina pacientis sizmrebi, naxatebi,<br />
xilvebi Tu aqtiuri warmosaxvebi da sxv. erTi mxriv,<br />
mas eTnologuri codna exmareboda pacientis mkurnalobaSi,<br />
xolo, meore mxriv, misi kvlevebi eTnologs<br />
aZlevs SesaZleblobas sazogadoebis mentalobasTan,<br />
mis cvlilebebTan Tu mdgradobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
procesebi ukeT Seiswavlos.<br />
Nino Gambashidze<br />
Ethnology and Analytical Psychology<br />
The subject of the given article is to show how ethnology on one<br />
hand able and conditioned such a world wide discovery as Jungian<br />
analytical psychology and on the other hand, how achievements of<br />
analytical psychology can help ethnologists to solve the problems of<br />
mentality, study the processes of formation religious outlook, factors<br />
of preserving religious rights, beliefs etc.<br />
As it is well known according to Jungian analytical psychology a<br />
man is motivated by intrapsychical forces and images the formation of<br />
which is going far beyond the human being’s evolution. The<br />
unconscious of a man bears genitivally inherited spiritual material.<br />
According to Jung this inherited spiritual material determines man’s<br />
creative and psychical perfection.<br />
Ego-consciousness, personal and collective consciousness,<br />
constituents of psychic structure are determining each other.<br />
Collective unconscious is the deepest sphere of personality<br />
accumulating the whole inherited spiritual experience of a mankind.<br />
C. G. Jung believed that collective unconsciousness consists of<br />
251
powerful archaic psychic images or archetypes as he named them.<br />
Under the influence of these archetypes universal models of behavior<br />
can be viewed in actions, perception and thinking of a human being.<br />
As it is also well known C.G. Jung believed that archetypes can be<br />
met as symbols in dreams and culture. These symbols are widely used<br />
in art, literature and religion. C.G. Jung believed that archetypical<br />
symbols helped him to analyze drams of his patients.<br />
C.G. Jung gave seminars at Zurich in October 1929-June1930.<br />
Analyzing a dream of a patient he asked Dr. Barrett to prepare a<br />
lecture on cross from the ethnological and historical view point. After<br />
delivering a lecture Jung expressed his opinion and said that<br />
“primordial psychical fact”, is one of the most universal and<br />
archetypical symbols. Jung had his own explanation why cross was so<br />
wide spread symbol in space and time. “My idea is”-wrote C. G. Jung-<br />
“that the symbol of the cross does not originate from any external<br />
form but from an endopsychical vision of the primitive man…the<br />
essential quality of life’s energy as it appeared not only in him but<br />
also in all his objects. It is an absolutely irrational fact to me, that vital<br />
energy should have anything to do with a cross…I don’t know why it<br />
is perceived in such a form: I only know that cross has always meant<br />
manna or life power” (C.G. Jung, “Dream Analysis”). If the cross<br />
originates from endo- psychical vision it is worth to be noted that<br />
recalling is the first endopsychical function. Thus, to our opinion holy<br />
fathers of the Christian Church can answer Jung’s question.<br />
They say: a man permanently tries to return his main loss-The<br />
Paradise- lost by eating the forbidden fruit of the Tree of Life-the<br />
prime image of the Cross; the crucifixion returned perspective of<br />
eternal life. Based on the holy fathers’ opinion we may suppose that<br />
the cross symbol and archetypes may express the memory of the<br />
paradise, unconscious desire for the lost Paradise and eternal life.<br />
Thus, the cross is one of the most universal symbols that may be<br />
percepted as an eternal life symbolism by each human being.<br />
252
253<br />
Tea qamuSaZe<br />
ekonomikuri anTropologiis ZiriTadi<br />
mimarTulebebi<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>anTropologia</strong>, rogorc mimarTuleba,<br />
socialuri anTropologiis farglebSi Camoyalibda,<br />
sadac ekonomikuri sistemis safuZvelze sazogadoebis<br />
funqcionirebis kvlevis saintereso tendenciebi<br />
daisaxa. ekonomikuri anTropologiis, rogorc<br />
calke kvlevis sferos warmodgena, erTi mxriv, am<br />
sferoSi dagrovilma informaciam, xolo meore mxriv,<br />
sazogadoebis funqcionirebis saqmeSi ekonomikis mni-<br />
Svnelobis gaazrebam gamoiwvia.<br />
ris gagebas cdiloben anTropologebi, rodesac<br />
swavloben ekonomikas aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis<br />
gacemas germaneli eTnologi kris hani terminis<br />
ganmartebiT iwyebs, sityva ekonomika berZnulidanaa<br />
nawarmoebi da oikos, ojaxs, jalabobas niSnavs. termini,<br />
romelic saojaxo saqmeebis organizebas gulisxmobda,<br />
dReisTvis sxvadasxva xalxTan da saxelmwifosTan<br />
mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba. saubaria globalur<br />
ekonomikazec, anTropologebi ekonomikas ikvleven<br />
gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi da ganviTarebis sxvadasxva<br />
safexurze, primitiuli teqnologiebsac da maRali<br />
xarisxis patentebsac.<br />
tradiciulad did kamTis iwvevda materialuri<br />
faqtoris gavlenis xarisxis dadgena zogadad socialur<br />
yofaze. fizikuri garemo da teqnologiuri sa-<br />
Sualebebi qmnian sxva institutebis arsebobis pirobebs.<br />
mag. monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa ekonomika ver<br />
uzrunvelyofs farTo mosaxleobis da iseT kompleqsuri<br />
institutis Senaxvas, rogoric saxelmwifoa,<br />
ver “daafinansebs” mZlavr religiur sistemas,<br />
romelic naratiuli saxiTaa gadmocemuli. da piriqiT<br />
Cevni ekonomika ver iarsebebda srulyofili politikuri<br />
oragnizaciis formebis gareSe (Hann, Ch.).
sazogadoebis organizaciis, misi struqturis<br />
gagebisTvis umTavresi sakiTxebia: warmoeba, ganawileba<br />
da komunikacia. swored am sakiTxebis gaazrebaSi<br />
vxvdebiT gansxvavebul midgomebs.<br />
ekonomikuri anTropologiis kvlevis fargleb-<br />
Si Camoyalibda ekonomikuri sistemebisadmi midgomis<br />
ramdenime paradigmuli Teoria. esenia: formalizmi,<br />
substancionizmi, politekonomia da kulturalizmi.<br />
formalizmi rogorc midgoma ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba<br />
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri procesebis ganzogadebisTvis.<br />
neoklasikosi ekonomistebis mTavari, kategoriebia<br />
ukmaroba, nakleboba (deficiti) da maqsimaluriA<br />
sargebeli. ekonomikuri aqtorebis gadawyvetilebaze<br />
gavlenebi gansxvavebulia arsebuli viTarebis<br />
gaTvaliwinebiT, Tumca zemoTnaxsenebi kategoriebi<br />
gansazRvraven motivacias. ganzogadeba rom movaxdinoT<br />
afrikeli pastori, avstarlieli monadire Tu<br />
Semgrovebeli da evropeli kapitalisti msgavsi tipis<br />
gadawyvetilebebs iRebs, anu akeTebs arCevans meti<br />
sargeblis misaRebad, im informaciis farglebSi, rasac<br />
igi flobs. amgvari ganzogadeba, erTgvar gamowvevad<br />
iqca anTropologebisTvis, romlebic eTnocentrizmisken<br />
ixrebodnen. isini arc ki kamaTobdnen imis<br />
Taobaze, rom industriamdel sazogadoebebSi adamiani,<br />
nakleb racionaluria Tanamedrove evropelTan<br />
SedarebiT.<br />
ras vgulisxmobT gadawyvetilebaSi, qcevaSi,<br />
romelic yovelTvis maqsimaluri sargeblis miRebazea<br />
orientirebuli individis, an jgufis qceva, gadawyvetileba<br />
erT sazogadoebaSi SesaZloa ar iyos<br />
racionaluri, xolo sxva sazogadoebisTvis absoluturad<br />
racionaluri aRmoCndes. agreTve, erTsadaimave<br />
sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebuli Sedegi SeiZleba hqondes<br />
maqsimaluri sargeblis miRebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
msgavs qcevebs. amgvarad, sargeblis miRebis safuZveli,<br />
subieqturia da sazogadoebis tipze mniSvnelovnadaa<br />
damokidebuli. formalistebis midgomiT Cveul<br />
254
mdgomareobaSi adamianebi akeTeben maqsimums TavianTi<br />
SesaZleblobidan gamomdinare, raTa moipovon upiratesoba,<br />
maqsimaluri sargebeli.<br />
e.w. primitiuli ekonomikuri sistemis an afrikuli<br />
da aRmosavluri samiwaTmoqmedo sazogadoebebis<br />
analizisas ar aris aucilebeli Tanamedrove ekonomikuri<br />
modelebis maxasiaTeblebiT visargebloT.<br />
rac Seexeba formalistur midgomas iseTi zogad ekonomikuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebisadmi, rogoricaa: resursi,<br />
moTxvnileba, arCevanis gakeTeba, imdenad zogadi da<br />
universaluria, rom yvela sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi<br />
SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli (Raymond, F. 13 ).<br />
ganzogadebis ufro dabal safexurze, anTropologebis<br />
nawili neoklasikosi ekonomistebis koncefciebidan<br />
iyneben zogierT midgomas. magaliTad,<br />
raimond firci kunZul tikopiaze kaklis xeebis, rogorc<br />
mniSvnelovani resursis ganixilvisas iyenebs<br />
iseT koncepts, rogoricaa kapitali. tomis beladi<br />
nigvzis mosavalze tabus dadebiT, faqtobrivad saku-<br />
Tari kapitalis Sevsebas uzrunvelyofs. raimond fircis<br />
daskvniT is faqti, rom am xalxs ar aqvs fulis<br />
ekvivalenti da bazari, xels ar uSliT gaakeTon racionaluri<br />
gaTvla maqsimaluri sargeblis misaRebad.<br />
substacionizmi. substancionisturi paradigmis<br />
wamoyeneba ekonomikuri anTropologiis farglebSi<br />
dakavSirebulia karl polanis (1886-1964) saxelTan.<br />
polani iyo ungreli iuristi, Jurnalisti<br />
da ekonomikis istorikosi, romelzec didi gavlena<br />
moaxdina, b. malinovskisa da sxva eTnologebis na-<br />
Sromebma. polani ar iyo praqtikosi mkvlevari. sanam<br />
igi gadavidoda amerikaSi, kolumbiis universitetSi,<br />
rogorc interdisciplinuri kvleviTi jgufis xelm-<br />
ZRvaneli, ukve mzad iyo dapirispireboda iseT<br />
mZlavr mimarTulebas, rogoradac formalizmi Camoyalibda.<br />
polanim Tavisi naazrevi Camoayaliba na-<br />
SromSi: “vaWroba da bazari adreul imperiebSi”. igi<br />
wers, rom sityva ekonomika ori mniSvnelobiT gaiaz-<br />
255
eba, erTia formalisturi, sadac neoklasikosi ekonomistebis<br />
ganmartebiT amosavali principi, deficitis<br />
pirobebSi, maqsimaluri sargebelia. meore, gansxvavebuli<br />
gageba subsatncionistebs ukavSirde-baT.<br />
maTTvis mniSvnelovania, is Tu rogor moipoveben adamianebi<br />
saarsebo saSualebebs garemomcvel samyaroSi.<br />
polani miiCnevda, rom ekonomikis amgvari gageba bevrad<br />
ukeTesad pasuxobda anTropologebis interesebs.<br />
polani formalistur midgomas bolomde ar gamoricxavda,<br />
Tvlida, rom misi gamoyenebac SeiZleboda,<br />
mxolod Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoebis<br />
Seswavlisas. substancionizmis farglebSi miiCnevdnen,<br />
rom gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri sistemebis kvlevisaTvis<br />
mecniers Sesabamisi instrumentebi da terminebi<br />
sWirdeboda, mag. industriamdeli sazogadoebis<br />
dasaxasiaTeblad, polani Semdeg terminebs gvTavazobs:<br />
urTierTgacvla da ganawileba, rac misi azriT,<br />
am tipis sazogadoebebisTvis integrirebis saSualebasa<br />
da formas warmoadgens.<br />
substanciuri koncefcia emyareba empiriul<br />
ekonomikas, adamianisa da garemos urTierTobis<br />
instituciur process, romlis Sedegad procesi: moTxovna<br />
_ miwodeba mudmivad mimdinareobs (Malinowski, b. p.<br />
10).<br />
formalistebs da substancionistebs Soris<br />
sxvaoba abstragirebis doneSia. polanis azriT, calkeuli<br />
sazogadoebis ekonomikuri sistemis Sesaswavlad<br />
gansxvavebuli koncefciebia saWi-roa. mas akritikeben,<br />
rogorc antisabazro filosofiis mimdevars<br />
da Tavisebur romantikoss arasabazro Rirebulebebis<br />
propagandisTvis. substancionistebis naklad Tvlian<br />
imasac, rom isini ar ikvlevdnen Tanamedrove industriuli<br />
sazogadoebebis ekonomikur cxovrebas. xolo<br />
polani amis sapirispirod amitkicebda, rom Tanamedrove<br />
ekonomikas ar Seswevs unari “gaigos” sxva socialuri<br />
sistema, rac anTropologebma da istorikosebma<br />
erToblivi ZalisxmeviT unda ikvlion. amdenad,<br />
256
substancionizms, rogorc midgomas didi datvirTva<br />
gansxvavebuli sazogadoebebis kvlevisas mieniWa. aRniSnul<br />
kvlevebs saetapo mniSvneloba hqonda socialur<br />
anTropolo-giaSi.<br />
politikuri ekonomia. am midgomaze gansakuTrebiT<br />
didi gavlena marqsis Teoriam moaxdina. midgomis<br />
Camoyalibebaze, bunebrivia, mniSvnelovani roli adam<br />
smitis da sxva klasikosi avtorebis ekonomikurma<br />
Teoriebmac iqonies. aRniSnuli paradigmis farglebSi<br />
ekonomika po-litikur da socialur sistemebTan<br />
mWidro kavSirSi ganixileboda. dasavlur <strong>anTropologia</strong>Si<br />
neomarqsistebi dabrundnen, rogorc parizeli<br />
inteleqtualebi, romelebic iziarebdnen marqsis<br />
koncefcias sawarmoo ZalTa Sesaxeb da rom socialuri<br />
formacia warmoebis tipzea damyarebuli. neomarqsistebi<br />
akritikeben, rogorc formalistebs, ise<br />
substancionistebs imis gamo, rom isini gamokveTil<br />
interess gacvlis mimarT iCendnen. Sesabamisad naklebi<br />
yuradReba dauTmes iseT seriozul sakiTxs, rogoricaa<br />
warmoeba. isini aseve adanaSaulebdnen substancionistebsa<br />
da formalistebs sazogadoebis ganviTarebasa<br />
da organizaciis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT dapirispirebulobis<br />
faqtoris da konfliqtis ugulvebelyofaSi.<br />
maT sapirispirod politikuri ekonomiis midgomis<br />
momxreni xazs usvamdnen imas, rom yvelaze Caketil<br />
da izolirebul sazogadoebazec ki garkveul<br />
gavlenas kapitalizmi XVI saukunidan moyolebuli<br />
axdens.<br />
politikuri ekonomiis midgomis mniSvnelovani<br />
koreqtivi, konteqstis gafarToeba iyo. maT yuradReba<br />
da Sesabamisad aqcenti calkeuli, lokaluri sakiTxebidan<br />
saerTo konteqstze gadaitanes, riTac SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom ekonomikis anTropologiuri kvlevis<br />
saintereso perspeqtivebi dasaxes.<br />
sazogadoebis ekonomikuri struqtura aris realuri<br />
baza, sayrdeni, romelzedac iuridiuli da po-<br />
257
litikuri zestruqtura aRmocendeba. warmoebis tipi<br />
gansazRvravs, zogadad socialuri, politikuri da<br />
ideuri cxovrebis xasiaTs, romlis gansazRvruli<br />
formebi socialuri azrovnebis garkveul dones Seesabameba<br />
(Marx, K.).<br />
kulturalizmi. es paradigmatuli midgoma emsaxureba<br />
mcdelobas ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi aixsnas<br />
gafarToebuli kulturuli modelebiT. Tumca, isini<br />
vinc kulturalizmis ideas iziareben aRniSnaven, rom<br />
maTTvis mTavari sakvlevi sazogadoebis lokaluri<br />
modelis gagebaa. Tavismxriv formalistebica da<br />
marqsistebic mimarTaven lokalur modelebs, magram<br />
kulturalizmi konkretuli sazogadoebis ekonomikuri<br />
modelebis miRma iudeur-qristianul tradiciul<br />
Zirebs xedavs. ekonomikuri cxovrebis kulturalisturi<br />
gaazrebis klasikur magaliTad ganixileba maqs<br />
veberis “protestantuli eTika”, sadac kapitalizmis<br />
safuZvlebi protestantul Rirebulebebsa da cxovrebis<br />
wesTan aris dakavSirebuli. verc erTi adamiani,<br />
ganviTarebis romel safexurzec ar unda iyos srulad<br />
ver gamoyofs sulier mdgomareobas ekonomikuri<br />
urTierTobebisgan (Malinowski, B.). mecnierebis nawili<br />
am mimarTulebis mkvlevarebs substancionistebis saqmis<br />
pirdapir gamgrZeleblebad miiCnevs. am midgomis<br />
yvelaze TvalsaCino naklad ekonomikuri sistemis<br />
Camoyalibeba-gansazRvraSi kulturuli faqtorisTvis<br />
gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis miniWeba miiCneva, rac garkveul<br />
safrTxesTan aris dakavSirebuli. kerZod, mecnierebis<br />
mier romelime sazogadoebis siRaribis<br />
axsna kulturuli TaviseburebebiT politikuri interesebis<br />
Sesabamisi Teoriebis Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas<br />
ganapirobebs.<br />
TiToeuli Teoriis gaCenas Tavisi istoriulkulturuli<br />
safuZveli hqonda. Tumca, garkveuli<br />
kategoriebi da midgomebi dRemde aqtualuria. gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba ekonomikuri urTierTobebis<br />
anTropologiurma kvlevebma XX saukunidan SeiZina.<br />
258
ac ganpirobebulia, erTi mxriv, saerTo ekonomikuri<br />
sivrcis arsebobiT da ganviTarebis tendenciebis dasaxvis<br />
saWiroebiT., meore mxriv, ki eTnikuri Taviseburebebis<br />
gavlenis analizis aucileblobiT.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1. Hendry, J., An Introduction ti Social Anthropology, London<br />
1999<br />
2. Hann, Ch., Social Anthropology 2000<br />
3. Carrier, J. G. A handbook of economic anthropology 2005<br />
4. Fritz R., Methodological issues in economic anthropology<br />
5. Malinowski, B. Coral Gardens and Their Magic, London,<br />
Allen & Unwil, 1935<br />
6. Marx, K. Preface to the Conversations in Colombia,<br />
Cambridge, London, 1857<br />
Tea Kamushadze<br />
The General Concepts in Economic Anthropology<br />
Economic Anthropology as a new direction developed in the<br />
field of social anthropology. From this point of view the social<br />
economic system became more important for understanding different<br />
cultures and their development. One of the reasons of its becoming<br />
more important was the huge information collected in this sphere and<br />
the other one, reanalyzed meaning of economy in functioning of<br />
society. Four paradigmatic views appeared in Economic<br />
Anthropology: Formalism, Substantives, Political economy and<br />
Culturalism. Each of them has their specific interests and focuses for<br />
studying economic system. Despite of this, they do not deny, but<br />
enriched each other.<br />
259
260<br />
nino CirgaZe,<br />
lela nebieriZe<br />
samedicino <strong>anTropologia</strong> da qarTuli<br />
eTnologiuri<br />
skola<br />
Tanamedrove anTropologiuri mecnierebis erTerTi<br />
mniSvnelovani dargi samedicino <strong>anTropologia</strong>,<br />
romelic socio-kulturul aspeqtSi Seiswavlis samedicino<br />
Teoriasa da praqtikas moicavs rogorc sabunebismetyvelo<br />
ise religiur Sexedulebebs daavadebaTa<br />
etiologiis Sesaxeb da mkurnalobis tradiciebs.<br />
yovelive es kulturis nawilia da damaxasiaTebelia<br />
adamianTa garkveuli jgufisaTvis. is icvleba<br />
kulturis cvlilebasTan erTad da SesaZlebelia<br />
iyos msgavsi sxvadasxva kulturaSi an saerTod universaluri.<br />
daavadebis Teorias ver gaigeb Tu ar ici<br />
sazogadoebis kulturuli orientacia da socialuri<br />
struqtura. medicina aris adaptaciis gamoxatuleba,<br />
garemosTan Seguebis gamovlineba, is zogadsakacobrio<br />
movlenaa. mokled rom vTqvaT, samedicino anTro-<br />
pologia Seiswavlis daavadebasTan brZolis da garemo<br />
pirobebTan Seguebis process (Culture… 1977, gv. 1).<br />
daavadeba warmoadgens ara mxolod biologiur,<br />
aramed sociokulturul fenomens. aqedan gamomdinare<br />
adamianis janmrTeloba, daavadeba da mkurnaloba<br />
ganxilul unda iqnes ara mxolod biologiur<br />
aramed sociokulturul konteqstSi, rasac samedicino<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> iTvaliswinebs da tradiciul<br />
praqtikasa da samedicino TeoriasTan erTad, tradiciuli<br />
medicinis sociokulturul aspeqtebsac ganixilavs.<br />
mag. daavadebaTa rols kacobriobis istoria-<br />
Si, daavadebis faqtors adamianis garemosTan adaptaciis<br />
procesSi, xalxuri mkurnalebis rols am Tu im<br />
sazogadoebaSi, daavadebas rogorc sanqcias da sxv.<br />
samedicino anTopologia Teoriul doneze, ro-
gorc aRvniSneT, ganixileba rogorc kulturuli<br />
anTropologiis erT-erTi dargi, amitom aq gamoyenebulia<br />
yvela is kvlevis meTodi, romelsac mecnierebis<br />
am dargis mkvlevarebi iyeneben - evoluciuri,<br />
funqcionaluri, struqturalisturi...<br />
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos cnobilma<br />
ingliselma anTropologma, eqimma da fsiqologma v.<br />
riversma Camoayaliba samedicino anTropologiis koncefcia<br />
da Seqmna naSromi - medicina, magia, religia.<br />
1950-iani wlebidan medikosebma da medicinis<br />
istorikosebma Seqmnes ramdenime naSromi samedicino<br />
anTropologiis midgomiT, maT Soris gamoirCeva h. sigeristis<br />
- medicinis istoria, sadac primitiuli medicinis<br />
sakiTxebia ganxiluli (Sigerist, 1951, gv. 105).<br />
1950-ian wlebSi talkot parsonsis naSromebis<br />
Semdeg Camoyalibda samedicino sociologia, romelic<br />
medicinas ganixilavs rogorc socialur instituts,<br />
daavadebasa da janmrTelobas ki rogorc socialur<br />
fenomens. sociologTa interesis centrSi<br />
dadga iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa - pacientisa da<br />
eqimis urTierToba, ufleba-movaleobebi, socialuri<br />
solidaroba avadmyofisadmi da sxv.<br />
1960 wels isev medikosebis, kerZod, fsiqiatr<br />
ari kievis mier gamoica naSromi - magia, rwmena da<br />
gankurneba, romelic metad sainteresoa samedicino<br />
anTropologebisaTvis.<br />
1970-iani wlebidan samedicino <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
Camoyalibda rogorc calke samecniero disciplina.<br />
am dargSi saintereso naSromebi Seqmnes mecnierebma:<br />
velinma, fosterma, alandma, parsonsma, akernaxtma...<br />
samedicino <strong>anTropologia</strong>Si ucxoeTSi dResac<br />
warmatebiT grZeldeba muSaoba da mraval mniSvnelovan<br />
gamokvlevebTan erTad Seqmnilia samedicino anTropologiis<br />
ara erTi kvlevis centri Tu sazogadoeba.<br />
samedicino <strong>anTropologia</strong>, rogorc saswavlo<br />
kursi ikiTxeba amerikul samedicino skolebSi, universitetebis<br />
im fakultetebze, sadac swavloben<br />
261
kulturul (socio-kulturul) <strong>anTropologia</strong>s.<br />
inglisur-amerikul skolebSi samedicino <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
gaxda samedicino sistemebis codnis kompleqsi,<br />
romelic arsebobda da arsebobs sxvadasxva<br />
sazogadoebebSi, swavlobs mkurnalobis formebsa da<br />
tradiciebs, avadmyofis daxmarebis meTodebs, samedicino<br />
praqtikas kulturul konteqstSi, samedicino<br />
codnis warmoSobas sxvadasxva sociokulturuli<br />
aspeqtebiT da a.S. rac afarToebs codnis sferos samedicino<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>Si da rac mTavaria realur<br />
safuZvels uqmnis samedicino tradiciebis gamoyenebis<br />
perspeqtivas praqtikaSi.<br />
ruseTSi muSaoba samedicino <strong>anTropologia</strong>Si,<br />
rogorc socialuri anTropologiis dargSi didi xani<br />
ar aris rac daiwyo. adre sabWoTa kavSirSi samedicino<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> ganixileboda sxva mniSvnelobiT<br />
da SinaarsiT. 1990-ian wlebSi mecnierebma TavianT<br />
naSromebSi warmoaCines samedicino <strong>anTropologia</strong><br />
rogorc gansakuTrebuli mimarTuleba fizikuri<br />
(biologiuri) anTropologiisa. cnobilia, rom sabWo-<br />
Ta <strong>mecniereba</strong> <strong>anTropologia</strong>s aigivebda mxolod fizikur<br />
(biologiur) <strong>anTropologia</strong>sTan. is viTardeboda<br />
sxva saxeliT da sxva moculobiT (Михель, gv. 1).<br />
didma interesma samedicino anTropologiisadmi<br />
Tanamedrove ruseTSi, SesaZlebeli gaxada momxdariyo<br />
reorganizacia am sferoSi. samamulo eTnograf-<br />
Ta tradiciulma interesma mcire xalxebis kulturuli<br />
praqtikis mimarT, xalxuri medicinis praqtikas-<br />
Tan SeTavsebiT Seqmna pirobebi samecniero msjelobisa<br />
tradiciuli sazogadoebebis samedicino praqtikis<br />
problemebze. amasTan erTad ki azrTa gacvla sociologiasa<br />
da eTnologias Soris saSualebas iZleva<br />
daiwyos laparaki janmrTelobis Sesaxeb urbanistul<br />
pirobebSi arsebul socialur jgufebSi.<br />
es gamokvlevebi marTlac saWiroa da aucilebeli<br />
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT. samedicino anTropologiis<br />
codnis sfero kidev ufro gafarTovdeba<br />
262
ara marto socialuri, aramed kulturuli gagebiTac.<br />
samedicino anTropologiis swavleba Zalian<br />
aqtualuria Tanamedrove polieTnikuri sazogadoebebisaTvis,<br />
romelTa warmomadgenelnic xSirad miekuTvnebian<br />
sxvadasxva sazogadoebas, Tavisi zogjer<br />
Zalian specifikuri SexedulebebiT janmrTelobasa<br />
da avadmyofobaze, sxeulze, sulze, imaze Tu ras<br />
niSnavs umkurnalo da daexmaro avadmyofs da a.S. samedicino<br />
anTropologiis codna mniSvnelovania<br />
anTropologebisaTvis, romelnic specialurad ikvleven<br />
sxvadasxva xalxis da socialuri jgufis kulturul<br />
praqtikas aseve eqimTaTvis, romelTac praqtikis<br />
dros saqme aqvT adamianebTan gansxvavebuli SexedulebiTa<br />
da principebiT.<br />
amerikaSi, inglissa TuU ruseTSi ver moxerxda<br />
erTi da igive samedicino standartebis Camoyalibeba<br />
mosaxleobaSi sameidicno anTropologiis mkvlevarTa<br />
azriT, es gansxvaveba gamowveuli iyo sxvadasxva sazogadoebebis<br />
damokidebulebiT daavadebebis mimarT,<br />
maTi gansxvaveuli samedicino azrovnebisa da praqtikis<br />
gamo. samedicino anTropologiis codna sasurvelia<br />
sazogadoebis yvela im wevrisaTvis, romelsac<br />
Sexeba uxdeba adamianis janmrTelobasTan, gansakuTrebiT<br />
medikosebisaTvis.<br />
anTropologTaTvis medicina aris samedicino<br />
dawesebulebaTa sistema, sadac gvxvdebian eqimebi da<br />
pacientebi, es aris gansakuTrebul sazogadoebaTa<br />
samyaro, Tavisi kulturiT, ritualebiT, qcevaTa<br />
formebiT da sxv.<br />
samedicino anTropologiis ganviTareba amJamad<br />
xdeba kvlevis axali midgomiTa da gamovlinebebiT,<br />
rogoricaa - daavadeba, janmrTeloba, mkurnaloba,<br />
wamali, sxeuli, sqesi, ganaTleba...<br />
samedicino anTropologiis terminologia Seswavlis<br />
stadiaSia. iseve rogorc yvela anTropologiuri<br />
disciplina, samedicino anTropologiis ena ar<br />
daiyvaneba zust terminebamde, magram gamomdinareobs<br />
263
praqtikuli saWiroebidan. samedicino anTropologiis<br />
ZiriTadi Sexedulebebi daiyvaneba iqamde, rom yovelgvari<br />
samedicino praqtika warmoadgens gansakuTrebul<br />
kulturul movlenas da es aris misi ZiriTadi<br />
da mTavari kredo (Михель, gv. 4).<br />
Tanamedrove anTropologebma TavianT Tematika-<br />
Si Seitanes biomedicinis axali teqnologiebis ganvi-<br />
TarebasTan dakavSirebuli ideebi da meTodebi. amas-<br />
Tan erTad axali simZlavriT dadga sakiTxi sikvdilis,<br />
avadmyofobisa, adamianis sxeulis aRqmisa.<br />
samedicino <strong>anTropologia</strong>, rogorc codnis<br />
sistema moicavs mTel rig tradiciulad sakamaTo<br />
problemebs, rac saSualebas iZleva gamoiyos masSi<br />
mTeli rigi sakiTxebisa. upirveles yovlisa, samedicino<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> Seiswavlis medicinis calkeul<br />
dargebs da TiToeuli maTgani warmodgenilia sxvadasxva<br />
sazogadoebis samedicino sistemebSi. garda<br />
amisa, es dargi ikvlevs janmrTelobis problemebs<br />
adamianTa sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi. mxedvelobaSia<br />
miRebuli iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa – daavadeba,<br />
ekologia, adaminTa qceva, reproduqciis problemebi,<br />
stresi, narkotikebis moxmareba, epidemiebi...<br />
XIX saukunis da XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTveli<br />
sazogado moRvaweebi Tu mecnierebi did yurad-<br />
Rebas iCendnen qarTuli tradiciuli medicinis mimarT.<br />
am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia il. alxaziSvilis,<br />
sp. virsalaZis, a. iaSvilis, b. niJaraZis, z.<br />
WiWinaZis, al. xaxanaSvilisa da sxvaTa Rvawli. didi<br />
damsaxureba muZRviT tradiciuli medicinis kvlevis<br />
saqmeSi kavkasiis saimperatoro samedicino sazogadoebis<br />
wevrebs: i. minkeviCs, i. pantiuxovs, i. Sablovskis,<br />
a. Surigins... maTi yuradRebis centrSi kavkasiisa, da<br />
kerZod, saqarTvelos medikur-topografiuli, samxareo<br />
paTologiis dadgena iyo. amasTanave, ama Tu im<br />
kuTxis klimatur-balneologiuri resursebis gamovlena,<br />
bunebrivi samkurnalo arsenalisa da mosaxleobis<br />
samedicino tradiciebis kvleva. maT TavianT na-<br />
264
SromebSi yuradReba miaqcies iseT sakiTxebs rogoric<br />
aris daavadebaTa etiologia, sneulebaTa gavrcelebis<br />
geografia da profesiuli daavadebani.<br />
XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi da momdevno period-<br />
Si qarTuli xalxuri medicinis Seswavlis saqmeSi<br />
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes qarTvelma eqimebma:<br />
upirveles yovlisa l. kotetiSvilma, a. gelaSvilma,<br />
m. saakaSvilma, g. TedoraZem, m. Sengeliam, b. raWveli-<br />
Svilma, p. firfilaSvilma da sxvebma. istorikosebma<br />
da eTnografebma: s. makalaTiam, T. saxokiam... maT TavianT<br />
naSromebSi yuradReba miaqcies iseT sakiTxebs<br />
rogoric aris daavadebaTa etiologia, sneulebaTa<br />
gavrcelebis geografia, profesiuli daavadebani da<br />
sxv. rac swored samedicino anTropologiis kvlevis<br />
sakiTxebs warmoadgens.<br />
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos g. Citaiasa da v.<br />
bardaveliZis Rvawlis Sesaxeb. g. Citaiam v. bardaveliZesTan<br />
erTad, safuZveli Cauyara xalxur medicinasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli unikaluri eTnografiuli masalis<br />
daunjebas. maT mier SerCeuli maRali klasis<br />
korespondentebis (m. da n. baliaurebi, d. margiani,<br />
al. daviTiani, l. daviTuliani, g. lomTaTiZe. g. zedgeniZe...)<br />
mier mopovebul iqna unikaluri savele masala<br />
saq-arTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan – xevsureTidan,<br />
svaneTidan, raWidan, guriidan, samcxe-javaxeTidan...<br />
sayuradReboa is faqti, rom v. berdaveliZem<br />
xalxuri medicinis eTnologiuri kvlevis mniSvnelovani<br />
perspeqtiva dasaxa, rac garkveulwilad Tanamedrove<br />
samedicino anTropologiuri kvlevis mimarTulebis<br />
analogiuri iyo. magram Tavisi interesebidan<br />
gamomdinare v. bardaveliZe xalxuri medicinis sakiTxebs<br />
ZiriTadad religiur konteqstSi ganixilavs. am<br />
mxriv metad sayuradReboa mis cnobil wignSi – Древнейшие<br />
религиозные верования и графическое обрядовое искусство<br />
грузинских племен is nawili, romelic bavSvTa infeqciur<br />
sneulebebs exeba. aq igi farTod mimoixi-<br />
265
lavs aRniSnul daavadebaTa istorias da im wes-Cveulebebs<br />
romelic maT ukavSirdebaT (Бардавелидзе, gv. 83-<br />
91).<br />
1980-ian wlebSi istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis<br />
sulieri kulturis eTnologiuri kvlevis ganyofilebasTan<br />
Seiqmna xalxuri medicinis eTnologiuri<br />
Seswavlis jgufi. jgufis muSaobas swored is<br />
principebi edo safuZvlad, rasac dRes samedicino<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> iTvaliswinebs. mecnierulad damuSavda<br />
– tradiciuli qarTuli samedicino kultura (mindaZe,<br />
2000), sadac qarTveli xalxis tradiciuli samedicino<br />
memkvidreoba sociokulturul konteqstSia<br />
ganxiluli, aseve saqarTvelos regionebis tradiciuli<br />
samedicino sistemebi: aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mTianeTis (mindaZe, 1981), svaneTis (burduli, 1990), samcxe-javaxeTis<br />
(CirgaZe, 2003), imereTis (nebieriZe,<br />
2006), kaxeTis tradiciuli medicinis sakiTxebi (mindaZe,<br />
CirgaZe, 2005). zemoaRniSnul monografiebTan er-<br />
Tad gamoqveynebulia mravali statia tradiciuli medicinis<br />
sxvadasxva sakiTxze.<br />
aRniSnul naSromebSi Seswavlilia da warmoCenilia<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis samedicino azrovneba<br />
da samkurnalo tradiciebi, maTi biologiuri da<br />
kulturuli Rirebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. gamovlenilia<br />
saxalxo mkurnalTa socialuri statusi da<br />
roli, maTi funqcia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionis<br />
mosax-leobaSi. aseTi kvleva xels uwyobs qarTveli<br />
xalxis yofis, sulieri kulturis mniSvnelovani<br />
mxaris gaSuqebasa da am kulturuli wris gansazRvras,<br />
romelSic SeiZleba Camoyalibebuliyo qar-<br />
Tuli tradiciuli samedicino codna.<br />
amgvarad, samedicino anTropologiuri kvleva<br />
saqarTveloSi vfiqrobT dasavleTis mecnierebis Tanadroulad<br />
daiwyo, Tumca es kvleva samedicino<br />
anTropologiis saxeliT ar moixsenieboda, sabWoTa<br />
qveynis maSindeli koniunqturis gamo.<br />
266
gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1. Бардавелидзе В.В., Древнейшие религиозные верования и<br />
графическое обрядовое искусство грузинских племен,<br />
ТБ., 1957<br />
2. burduli m., xalxuri medicina dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />
(svaneTis eTnografiuli masalis<br />
mixedviT), (sakandidato disertacia), Tb., 1990<br />
3. qarTuli xalxuri medicina, (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mTielTa eTnografiulis masalebis<br />
mixedviT), Tb., 1981<br />
4. mindaZe n., qarTuli xalxuri samedicino kultura,<br />
(sadoqtoro disertacia), Tb., 2000<br />
5. mindaZe n., CirgaZe n., qarTuli xalxuri samedicino<br />
tradiciebi, kaxeTi, I, Tb., 2005<br />
6. Михель Д.В., Медицинская Антропология, (kompiuteruli<br />
versia)<br />
7. nebieriZe l., pediatriis xalxuri tradiciebi<br />
saqarTveloSi (imereTis eTnografiuli masalebis<br />
mixedviT), (sakandidato disertacia), Tb.,<br />
2006<br />
8. Culture, Disease and Healing; Studies in Medical<br />
Anthropology, London, 1977<br />
9. Sigerist Henry E., A History Of Medicine, Oxford University,<br />
1951<br />
10. CirgaZe n., mkurnalobis xalxuri tradiciebi<br />
samcxe-javaxeTSi (eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT),<br />
(sakandidato disertacia), Tb., 2003<br />
267
Nino Chirgadze, Lela Nebieridze<br />
Medical Anthropology and<br />
Georgian Ethnological School<br />
One of the important trends of modern anthropology, medical<br />
anthropology, studies means of struggle against diseases and the<br />
process of accommodation with the conditions of human environment<br />
(with the view of health), medical theory and practice, both natural<br />
and religion ideas about etiology of diseases and traditions of<br />
medical treatment.<br />
A disease is not only a biological phenomenon, but it is also a<br />
socio-cultural one. Therefore human health, disease and its therapy<br />
should be considered not only in the biological context but in sociocultural<br />
one too.<br />
Medical anthropology, as such, took origin as a separate<br />
268
scientific discipline in the 1970s’. Work in medical anthropology is<br />
still carried out successfully in foreign countries and many scientific<br />
centers and societies have been created which lead activity in medical<br />
anthropology.<br />
Study of folk medical traditions in Georgia was started at the<br />
end of the 19 th and the beginning of the 20 th century.<br />
In the 30s’ of the 20 th century V. Bardavelidze outlined<br />
significant prospects of ethnological study of folk medicine, which<br />
took into consideration the principles of study of medical<br />
anthropology.<br />
In the 1980s’ a group was created at the Department of<br />
Ethnologic Study of Spiritual Culture of the Institute of History and<br />
Ethnology, which had to study folk medicine ethnologically.<br />
Ethnologists studying folk medicine deal not only with folk<br />
traditions of medical treatment but also with medical mentality of<br />
population of Georgia and therapeutic practice considering its sociocultural<br />
values.<br />
Thus, we can suppose that medical anthropologic study in<br />
Georgia was started in parallel with western medicine, although this<br />
study was not known under the name of medical anthropology due to<br />
the conjuncture of soviet state of that period.<br />
Sinaarsi<br />
nino abakelia<br />
kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> (amerikuli tradicia)<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7<br />
nino Ciqovani<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong>, kulturuli <strong>anTropologia</strong>, kulturis<br />
mecnierebebi: problemebi da perspeqtivebi . . . .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22<br />
nugzar mgelaZe, vaxtang SamilaZe<br />
sociokulturuli anTropologiis sagnobrivi prob-<br />
269
lemebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38<br />
manana SilakaZe<br />
“eTnologiis krizisi“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49<br />
nino mindaZe<br />
qristianuli <strong>anTropologia</strong> da qarTveli xalxis<br />
Sexedulebebi adamianis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . 62<br />
rozeta gujejiani<br />
mentalobis kvlevis problema da qarTuli eTnologia<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84<br />
qeTevan xuciSvili<br />
eTnologiuri kvlevebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94<br />
mixeil mindaZe<br />
eTnografia skolaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103<br />
nodar SoSitaSvili, jimSer Cxvimiani, irakli baqraZe<br />
eTnografiuli muzeumi da saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis<br />
Taviseburebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108<br />
roland TofCiSvili<br />
eTnologiis swavlebis koncefcia . . . . . . . . . . 122<br />
maia qvriviSvili, ivane wereTeli<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> da sxva mecnierebebi . . . . . . . . 142<br />
qeTevan kakitelaSvili<br />
kulturis <strong>anTropologia</strong> da istoria: gadakveTis<br />
momenti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149<br />
elene gogiaSvili<br />
folkloristikis meTodebis mniSvnelobisaTvis<br />
interdisciplinuri kvlevebis sferoSi . . . 155<br />
TinaTin RuduSauri<br />
kulturis sivrcobrivi gavrcelebis Teoria an-<br />
270
TropologiaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162<br />
lavrenti janiaSvili<br />
nacionaluri politikis koncefcia da meTodologiuri<br />
inovacia rusul eTnologiaSi . . . . 177<br />
murman gorgoSaZe, manuCar loria, levan jayeli<br />
iuridiuli anTropologiis sagnis sakiTxisaTvis .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188<br />
pirimze rurua, Tamila lomTaTiZe<br />
sulieri kulturis kvleva: stereotipebi da ganvi-<br />
Tarebis perspeqtivebi (aWaris magaliTze) . . 196<br />
xaTuna ioseliani<br />
qarTuli eTnologiuri skola . . . . . . . . . . . . 208<br />
giorgi gociriZe<br />
praqtikuli eTnologiis amocanebi saqarTveloSi .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217<br />
malxaz Toria<br />
drois aRqma: kultur-anTropologiuri xedva . . . .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226<br />
soso WanturiSvili<br />
<strong>anTropologia</strong> - <strong>momavlis</strong> <strong>mecniereba</strong>! . . . . . . . 233<br />
nino RambaSiZe<br />
eTnologia da analitikuri fsiqologia . . . . . 243<br />
Tea qamuSaZe<br />
ekonomikuri anTropologiis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253<br />
nino CirgaZe, lela nebieriZe<br />
samedicino <strong>anTropologia</strong> da qarTuli eTnologiuri<br />
skola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260<br />
271
Contents<br />
Nino Abakelia<br />
Cultural Anthropology (American Tradition) . . . . . . . .7<br />
Nino Chikovani<br />
Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology, Cultural Studies: Problems<br />
and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22<br />
Nugzar Mgeladze, Vakhtang Shamiladze<br />
Problems of Social-Cultural Anthropology as a Course . . . 38<br />
Manana Shilakadze<br />
“Crisis of ethnology” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48<br />
Nino Mindadze<br />
Christian Antropology and the Georgian Peoples Views of Man . .<br />
272
. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62<br />
Rozeta Gujejiani<br />
Study of mentality and the Georgian ethnology . . . . . . 84<br />
Ketevan Khutsishvili<br />
Contemporary tendencies in development of ethnological studies<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94<br />
Michael Mindadze<br />
Ethnography in the School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103<br />
Nodar Shoshitashvili, Jimsher Chkhvimiani, Irakli Bakradze<br />
Ethnographical museum and Features of educational activities . . .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108<br />
Roland Topchishvili<br />
Conception of Teaching Ethnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122<br />
Maia Kvrivishvili, Ivane Tsereteli<br />
Anthroplogy and other sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142<br />
Ketevan Kakitelashvili<br />
Cultural Anthropology and History: Crossing Point . . . . . . 149<br />
Elene Gogiashvili<br />
For the Importance of the Methods of Folkloristics in the Field of<br />
the Interdisciplinary Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154<br />
Tinatin Gudushauri<br />
Theory of Culture Spatial Dispersion in Anthropology . . . . 162<br />
Lavrenti Janiashvili<br />
National policy and methodological innivation in Russian<br />
ethnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176<br />
Murman Gorgoshadze, Manuchar Loria, Levan Djakeli<br />
273
On the Issue of Legal Anthropology as a Course . . . . . . . 187<br />
Pirimze Rurua, Tamila Lomtatidze<br />
Stereotypes of Spiritual Culture Research and Development<br />
Tendencies (case of Adjara) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195<br />
Khatuna Ioselaini<br />
Georgian Ethnological School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207<br />
George Gotsiridze<br />
Tasks of applied ethnology in Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216<br />
Malkhaz Toria<br />
Perception of Time from Persepective of Cultural anthropology . . . .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225<br />
Soso Chanturishvili<br />
Anthropology – Sicience of the Future! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231<br />
Nino Gambashidze<br />
Ethnology and Analytical Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241<br />
Tea Kamushadze<br />
The General Concepts in Economic Anthropology . . . . . . . 251<br />
Nino Chirgadze, Lela Nebieridze<br />
Medical Anthropology and Georgian Ethnological School . . 258<br />
274
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