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Dall'immagine al modello Note sulla cartografia geometrica in Italia ...

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ANNO I | n. 6 | NOVEMBRE - DICEMBRE 2009territorio dei tanti agrimensori e periti del suo tempo, anchese il suo avvic<strong>in</strong>amento <strong>al</strong>la rappresentazione cartograficanon deriva certo da <strong>in</strong>tenti di tipo profession<strong>al</strong>e.Leonardo non è un cartografo <strong>in</strong> senso stretto, ma si occupadi <strong>cartografia</strong> per specifiche necessità di studio e per esigenzedi an<strong>al</strong>isi, f<strong>in</strong><strong>al</strong>izzate <strong>al</strong>la progettazione territori<strong>al</strong>e o <strong>al</strong>lapianificazione di attività belliche.Per entrare più direttamente nel merito delle sue operecartografiche bisogna prelim<strong>in</strong>armente spostare l’attenzioned<strong>al</strong> mondo delle mappe a quello della rappresentazione <strong>in</strong>gener<strong>al</strong>e, cioè del disegno e della pittura, che per Leonardo nonsono semplicemente un l<strong>in</strong>guaggio per ripetere visivamentecose già note, ma, come ha osservato Giulio Carlo Argan,“sono la chiave con cui si penetra nel mondo dei fenomeni”.È <strong>in</strong>fatti dai precetti derivanti d<strong>al</strong> Libro di pittura che sirecuperano i fondamenti <strong>in</strong>novativi della sua produzionecartografica.La formula adotta da Leonardo nel rilevamento e nellarappresentazione cartografica è s<strong>in</strong>tetizzata nel precetto cheegli stesso ferma nei suoi appunti del Manoscritto L dell’Istitutodi Francia, dove egli annota: “scorta sulle sommità e <strong>in</strong> su’ latidei colli le figure di terreni e le sue divisioni e nelle cose voltea te, f<strong>al</strong>e <strong>in</strong> propria forma” (Ms. L dell’Istituto di Francia, f. 21are solved through the use of the fi rst pr<strong>in</strong>ciple of similitudebetween right-angled triangles and through the so c<strong>al</strong>led “ruleof three”. However, the most relevant contribution of this workconsist <strong>in</strong> a new method of topographic<strong>al</strong> survey<strong>in</strong>g that ismeant to solve the question of the mutu<strong>al</strong> position on the urbansc<strong>al</strong>e through a triangulation work. Such a work had <strong>al</strong>readybeen anticipated by Giovanni Fontana <strong>in</strong> his Tractatus detrigono b<strong>al</strong>istario abbreviatus […] <strong>in</strong> 1440. This essay wasrecovered and completed by diff erent Renaissance scholars, andwas furthermore ameliorated for other fi ve centuries, untilnowadays.For this triangulation, they used a goniometer divided <strong>in</strong> 48parts, still without an <strong>al</strong>idade and a compass po<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g to themagnetic North, and still with the help of a plumb l<strong>in</strong>e.Alberti fully describes his method, expla<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g how tomanufacture the adequate <strong>in</strong>strument and, step by step,how operate <strong>in</strong> order to obta<strong>in</strong> a correct survey. Moreover, heexpla<strong>in</strong>s <strong>al</strong>l the rules to follow <strong>in</strong> the observation of the angulardirections among the diff erent sites and <strong>in</strong> their registrations.Nevertheless, there are no <strong>in</strong>structions about the representationof the dimensions and the orientation of the various polygonssurveyed.The second essay, Descriptio urbis Romae, is a much moreorig<strong>in</strong><strong>al</strong> step forward. It shows how an urban plan could besketched on a map, accord<strong>in</strong>g to polar coord<strong>in</strong>ates collectedand organised with<strong>in</strong> standard tables.The <strong>in</strong>strument that enables the technicians to draw suchtables is a protractor, c<strong>al</strong>led Orizon. It is provided with agraduated radius that is h<strong>in</strong>ged <strong>in</strong> the middle of the <strong>in</strong>strumentitself, exactly as it happens <strong>in</strong> the modern, graduated circularprotractor hav<strong>in</strong>g a pivoted arm, used for measur<strong>in</strong>g ormark<strong>in</strong>g off angles.When it has represented on a sheet of paper the plan of a townmeasured through the triangulation method expla<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> theLudi, a surveyor establish <strong>in</strong> this representation the basis of acartographic system of reference: start<strong>in</strong>g from a centr<strong>al</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t,he can measure with the Orizon the polar coord<strong>in</strong>ates of everys<strong>in</strong>gle place on the graphic. We are t<strong>al</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g about distances andangles from a start<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t that can give way to the sett<strong>in</strong>gdown of a table with the name and the position of everyrepresented topographic<strong>al</strong> detail, a sort of encrypted map. Sucha table, obta<strong>in</strong>ed through a graphic<strong>al</strong> representation and notby a practic<strong>al</strong> survey on the fi eld, represents a revolutionarystep forward: the cartographer will<strong>in</strong>g to obta<strong>in</strong> another map,identic<strong>al</strong> to the orig<strong>in</strong><strong>al</strong> one, could certa<strong>in</strong>ly be able to make acopy perfectly match<strong>in</strong>g the fi rst sample.Considered from this po<strong>in</strong>t of view, the whole method suggestedby the Descriptio could appear like a mere academic exercise:the advantages of tak<strong>in</strong>g polar coord<strong>in</strong>ates as a reference areobvious at fi rst sight, as such a process <strong>al</strong>lows the creation ofa faithful reproduction from an orig<strong>in</strong><strong>al</strong> map. However, thismethod is by far more productive than a simple techniquefor a geometric<strong>al</strong> copy of a topographic<strong>al</strong> map (a copy thathttp://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_self.jpg66

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