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Fortid nr 4 2008

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lose the sense of present misery and present<br />

desertion, by recalling to the haunted cell of my<br />

brain vivid memories of times gone by. I rejoiced<br />

at my success, as I figured Camillus, the<br />

Gracchi, Cato, and last the heroes of Tacitus,<br />

which shine meteors of surpassing brightness<br />

during the murky night of the empire; – as the<br />

verses of Horace and Virgil, or the glowing periods<br />

of Cicero thronged into the opened gates<br />

of my mind, I felt myself exalted by long<br />

forgotten enthusiasm. I was delighted to know<br />

that I beheld the scene which they beheld – the<br />

scene which their wives and mothers, and<br />

crowds of the unnamed witnessed, while at the<br />

same time they honoured, applauded, or wept<br />

for these matchless specimens of humanity. At<br />

length, then, I had found a consolation. I had<br />

not vainly sought the storied precincts of Rome<br />

– I had discovered a medicine for my many and<br />

vital wounds.<br />

I sat at the foot of these vast columns. The<br />

Coliseum, whose naked ruin is robed by nature<br />

in a verdurous and glowing veil, lay in the sunlight<br />

on my right. Not far off, to the left, was the<br />

Tower of the Capitol. Triumphal arches, the falling<br />

walls of many temples, strewed the ground<br />

at my feet. I strove, I resolved, to force myself<br />

to see the Plebeian multitude and lofty Patrician<br />

forms congregated around; and, as the<br />

Diorama of ages passed across my subdued<br />

fancy, they were replaced by the modern Roman;<br />

the Pope, in his white stole, distributing<br />

benedictions to the kneeling worshippers; the<br />

friar in his cowl; the dark-eyed girl, veiled by her<br />

mezzera; the noisy, sun-burnt rustic, leading<br />

his heard of buffaloes and oxen to the Campo<br />

Vaccino. The romance with which, dipping our<br />

pencils in the rainbow hues of sky and transcendent<br />

nature, we to a degree gratuitously<br />

endow the Italians, replaced the solemn grandeur<br />

of antiquity. I remembered the dark monk,<br />

and floating figures of ”The Italian,” and how<br />

my boyish blood had thrilled at the description.<br />

I called to mind Corinna ascending the Capitol<br />

to be crowned, and, passing from the heroine<br />

to the author, reflected how the Enchantress<br />

Spirit of Rome held sovereign sway over the<br />

minds of the imaginative, until it rested on me<br />

– sole remaining spectator of its wonders.<br />

I was long wrapt by such ideas; but the<br />

soul wearies of a pauseless flight; and, stooping<br />

from its wheeling circuits round and round<br />

this spot, suddenly it fell ten thousand fathom<br />

deep, into the abyss of the present – into selfknowledge<br />

– into tenfold sadness. I roused<br />

myself – I cast off my waking dreams; and I,<br />

who just now could almost hear the shouts of<br />

the Roman throng, and was hustled by countless<br />

multitudes, now beheld the desert ruins of<br />

Rome sleeping under its own blue sky; the shadows<br />

lay tranquilly on the ground; sheep were<br />

grazing untended on the Palatine, and a buffalo<br />

stalked down the Sacred Way that led to<br />

the Capitol. I was alone in the Forum; alone in<br />

Rome; alone in the world. Would not one living<br />

man – one companion in my weary solitude, be<br />

worth all the glory and remembered power of<br />

this time-honoured city? Double sorrow – sadness,<br />

bred in Cimmerian caves, robed my soul<br />

in a mourning garb. The generations I had conjured<br />

up to my fancy, contrasted more strongly<br />

with the end of all – the single point in which,<br />

as a pyramid, the mighty fabric of society had<br />

ended, while I, on the giddy height, saw vacant<br />

space around me. 2<br />

Shelley henvendte seg altså til en offentlighet<br />

som var opptatt av apokalypsen. På denne tiden<br />

svermet man ikke bare for ruiner – man<br />

reiste rundt for å betrakte ruiner, og bygget<br />

sine egne; ruinen var blitt etablert som estetisk<br />

kategori på 1700-tallet og nådde toppen av<br />

sin popularitet i den tidlige romantikken – men<br />

det hadde ved enkelte anledninger vakt stor<br />

oppsikt at kunstnere avbildet sine omgivelser<br />

i ruiner i en mulig fremtid. I Paris hadde Hubert<br />

Robert stilt ut et maleri av en ”Forestilt utsikt<br />

over Louvres Grand Galerie i ruiner” i 1796 og<br />

etablerte dermed en sjanger som ble dyrket<br />

også andre steder, og i England var det tidligste<br />

store eksemplet Joseph Gandys ”Utsikt<br />

over Bank of Englands rotunde i ruiner” fra<br />

1798. Et mer kontroversielt bilde var Jonathan<br />

Martins ”London’s Overthrow” fra 1832, som<br />

ikke bare avbildet byen i ruiner, men som også<br />

gjorde den til åstedet for en middelaldersk religiøs<br />

apokalypse. 3<br />

Det særegne ved Shelleys apokalypse er<br />

at den ikke er fulgt av materielle ødeleggelser.<br />

Også ruin-bildene har menneskehetens<br />

fravær som tema, men menneskene har da<br />

enten vært borte svært lenge, eller det har<br />

skjedd katastrofale ødeleggelser. Hos Shelley<br />

er alt intakt, verden er forvandlet til et stilleben.<br />

Men det alt har felles, er påminnelsen om alle<br />

tings forgjengelighet, om at det ligger et punkt i<br />

fremtiden der historien, minnet og fellesskapet<br />

vil ha mistet sin mening. I vår sammenheng kan<br />

vi merke oss at dette også innebærer at alt det<br />

historikerne har gjort, vil være uten noen reell<br />

betydning for alle andre enn det siste mennesket<br />

som kan vandre langsomt omkring i Shelleys<br />

verden, lese våre bøker og se utover den<br />

verden vi beskrev, og vite at ingenting har noen<br />

verdi når menneskenes tid er over.<br />

I så måte er kanskje dagens filmapokalypser<br />

mer optimistiske, for der har jo fellesskapet<br />

gjennomgående en positiv betydning: De som<br />

holder sammen, vil seire, selv om miljøet er<br />

ødelagt. Det tidlige 1800-tallets visjoner av verden<br />

etter apokalypsen er i så måte langt mer<br />

pessimistiske enn våre egne, selv om den ikke<br />

handler om menneskenes ytre miljø, men om<br />

selve den eksistensielle følelsen av å være vitne<br />

til sin egen ettertid. Slik sett kan de være lærerike<br />

å studere for den som vil ta inn over seg<br />

alvoret i ettertidens skiftende kulturhistorie.<br />

fortid 4-<strong>2008</strong> 1<br />

Noter<br />

1 Jfr. Reinhard Koselleck, Futures past: on<br />

the semantics of historical time (1979,<br />

Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press 1985), kap. 1.<br />

2 Shelley, Mary: The Last Man (1826), her<br />

sitert etter en moderne paperbackutgave,<br />

(Wordsworth Classics: London 2004),<br />

bok 3 kap. 10, s. 369 – 69.<br />

Boken ligger også ute på nettet i fulltekst:<br />

http://www.rc.umd.edu/editions/mws/lastman/contents.htm<br />

3 Jfr. her Christopher Woodward, In Ruins<br />

(London: Vintage Books 2001): særlig<br />

s. 160ff. Mye godt stoff om ruinenes kulturhistorie<br />

finnes forøvrig i Michel Makarius,<br />

Ruins (Paris: Flammarion 2004).

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