EDIÇÃO 11 - Dezembro/08 - RBCIAMB

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Indicadores paraDesenvolvimentoSustentávelCO-OPERATIVEINDICATORSDEVELOPMENT AS ANINSTRUMENT FORJOINTIMPLEMENTATION OFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTABSTRACTIn this paper the hypothesis is followed that the development and use of indicators could havepositive effects on co-operations that seek to implement the vision of sustainable development. Atool called “Co-operative Indicators Development” is presented. First the methodology of Co-operativeIndicators Development is illustrated in eight steps. Additionally, positive effects of the use anddevelopment of indicators for co-operations are described.KEY WORDSCo-operative indicators, sustainable development, stakeholders engagementRESUMONeste artigo a hipótese é de que o desenvolvimento e uso de indicadores pode ter efeitos positivosem cooperações que buscam a implementação da visão de desenvolvimento sustentável. Umaferramenta chamada “Desenvolvimento de Indicadores Cooperativos” é apresentada. Primeiramentea metodologia do “Desenvolvimento de Indicadores Cooperativos” é ilustrada em oitos passos.Adicionalmente, efeitos positivos do uso e desenvolvimento de indicadores para cooperação sãodescritoPALAVRAS-CHAVEIndicadores cooperativos, desenvolvimento sustentável, participação de partes interessadasHeike KöcklerEngineer of spatial planning and PhD with a doctoralthesis on Indicators for Sustainable Development,Faculty of Spatial Planning, University of Dortmund,Germany. Assistant Professor at the Center forEnvironmental Systems Research at the University ofKassel, Germany.koeckler@cesr.de40Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais – número <strong>11</strong>
Already at the 1992 United NationsConference on Environment andDevelopment (UNCED) sustainabilityindicators were discussed as a tool tosupport the implementation of the visionof sustainable development. 1 In thispaper I follow the hypothesis that thedevelopment and use of indicators couldhave positive effects on co-operations forsustainable development that seek toimplement the vision of sustainabledevelopment. Starting from this I haveelaborated a tool I call “Co-operativeIndicators Development” presentedbelow.CO-OPERATION ANDINDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTBecause of the complexity ofsustainability the capabilities of differentactors are needed for its effectiveimplementation and co-operation isseen as a way to open up thesecapabilities. Co-operation means thevoluntary teamwork of a limited numberof different people to reach a collectivegoal. In an ideal case of a co-operationall voluntary people have equal rights inthe decision process. Furthermore thepeople joining the co-operation shouldbe willing and able to contribute toimplement those decisions.Agenda 21, one of the finaldocuments of the UNCED, identifiesdifferent actors to be relevant for theimplementation of the vision ofsustainability. Figure 1 provides anoverview of groups of these actors.If actors join a co-operation theirknowledge potentials can be openedup 2 and collective learning processescan be initiated 3 . Furthermore, differentresources for the implementation ofsustainability can be activated throughco-operation. In turn the co-operationraise acceptance of measures forsustainability by those actors beinginvolved in the co-operation. Throughtheir involvement these actors discernthe need for action. In addition, cooperationoffers a frame fornegotiations. 4As much as the importance of cooperationfor sustainability is out ofquestion, as much its implementationfaces several problems. Some of theseproblems are: a) seldom all powerfulpeople or institutions are involved; b) thepeople involved often do not manage tofind a consensus on their understandingof sustainability as the basis for commonaction; 5 c) because of the complexity ofsustainability there is on the one handthe danger of being too general, on theother hand the danger of inability to takeany decisions; d) the availability of soliddata is still weak and e) success or failureof the activities of the co-operation isoften not visible.Sustainability is a complex vision thatcovers lots of global and local issuesranging from climate change to humanhealth, from justice to biodiversity toname only a few. To achievesustainability, these issues are to beaddressed coherently.Indicators are representatives forcomplex matters of fact that are notdirectly measurable. Defining indicatorsand collecting the relevant data is thebasis for analysis and forecasts. Also, anew body of information useful fordecision making can be generatedthrough indicators. These are thefunctions of indicators in general.But indicators are more than justnumbers. J.K. Gailbraith while describingthe aura of indicators observed that: “Ifit is not counted it tends not to benoticed.” (quoted in: Mc Gillivray, Zadek1995: 3). By these words, he points outthat a society needs indicators despitetheir limitations of significance. Noindicator is able to give a full picture ofreality, but the alternative would be – touse the words of Gailbraith – not tonotice important things. Put the otherway around, one can construe hiswords to mean important things shouldbe represented by indicators. At thispoint it is important to think aboutFigure 1: Actors needed forsustainable developmentSource: based on Köckler2005: 81dezembro 20<strong>08</strong>41
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EDIÇÃO 11 - Dezembro/08 - RBCIAMB

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