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86. For the convolutional encoder shown below draw the trellis diagram for the message sequence 110.let the first six received bits be 11 01 11 then by using viterbi decoding find the decoded sequence. 87. Explain the Direct sequence spread spectrum technique with neat diagram 88. Explain the Frequency hopping spread spectrum in detail. 89. Explain the properties of PN Sequences. 90. How pseudo noise sequence is generated? Explain it with example. 91. How DS-SS works? Explain it with a block diagram. 92. Explain the operation of slow and fast frequency hoping technique. 93. Explain about source coding of Speech for wireless communication 94. Explain the types of Multiple Access techniques. 95. Explain TDMA system with frame structure, frame efficiency and features. 96. Explain CDMA system with its features and list out various problems in CDMA systems. 21. Known gaps Subject: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Known gaps: 1. The DC as per the curriculum is not matching with the real time applications 2. This subject is not matching with the coding techniques presently using. Action to be taken: following additional topics are taken to fill the known gaps 1. Real rime applications 2. Draw backs of the each coding technique
22. Discussion Topics: Data transmission, digital transmission, or digital communications is the physical transfer of data (a digital bit stream or a digitized analog signal [1] ) over a point-to-point or point-tomultipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires, optical fibres, wireless communication channels, storage media and computer buses. The data are represented as an electromagnetic signal, such as an electrical voltage, radiowave, microwave, or infrared signal. While analog transmission is the transfer of a continuously varying analog signal over an analog channel, digital communications is the transfer of discrete messages over a digital or an analog channel. The messages are either represented by a sequence of pulses by means of a line code (baseband transmission), or by a limited set of continuously varying wave forms (passband transmission), using a digital modulation method. The passband modulation and corresponding demodulation (also known as detection) is carried out by modem equipment. According to the most common definition of digital signal, both baseband and passband signals representing bit-streams are considered as digital transmission, while an alternative definition only considers the baseband signal as digital, and passband transmission of digital data as a form of digital-to-analog conversion. Data transmitted may be digital messages originating from a data source, for example a computer or a keyboard. It may also be an analog signal such as a phone call or a video signal, digitized into a bit-stream for example using pulse-code modulation (PCM) or more advanced source coding (analog-to-digital conversion and data compression) schemes. This source coding and decoding is carried out by codec equipment. Digital transmission or data transmission traditionally belongs to telecommunications and electrical engineering. Basic principles of data transmission may also be covered within the computer science/computer engineering topic of data communications, which also includes computer networking or computer communication applications and networking protocols, for example routing, switching and inter-process communication. Although the Transmission control protocol (TCP) involves the term "transmission", TCP and other transport layer protocols are typically not discussed in a textbook or course about data transmission, but in computer networking. The term tele transmission involves the analog as well as digital communication. In most textbooks, the term analog transmission only refers to the transmission of an analog message signal (without digitization) by means of an analog signal, either as a non-modulated baseband signal, or as a passband signal using an analog modulation method such as AM or FM. It may also include analog-over-analog pulse modulatated baseband signals such as pulse-width modulation. In a few books within the computer networking tradition, "analog transmission" also refers to passband transmission of bit-streams using digital modulation methods such as FSK, PSK and ASK. Note that these methods are covered in textbooks named digital transmission or data transmission, for example. [1] The theoretical aspects of data transmission are covered by information theory and coding theory.
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DC COURSE FILE
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GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
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Convolution Codes: Encoding, decodi
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III. To inculcate positive attitude
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7. Importance of the course and how
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DC 12: Compute the power and bandwi
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10. Course mapping with PEO’s and
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13.Micro plan : Sl. no Unit No. Tot
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14.Detailed Notes UNIT 1 : Elements
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A communication system may transmit
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the wavelength is extremely long, m
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asic elements of digital communicat
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4. Channel introduced many types of
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5. Bandwidth is another scarce reso
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Pulse Code Modulation ‣ PCM gener
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77777333333333333333333333333333333
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• The most common technique for s
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Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) : • P
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Figure 3.11 Illustration of the qua
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Quantization (nonuniform quantizer)
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Time-Division Multiplexing(TDM):
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Let m n where T The error signal is
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3. Simplify receiver design Because
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Figure 3.27 Block diagram illustrat
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Adaptive Differential Pulse-Code Mo
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ASK, OOK, MASK: • The amplitude (
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Frequency Shift Keying: • One fre
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s t Acos 2f ct 3 Acos 2f
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QAM and QPR: • QAM is a combinati
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Generation and Detection of Coheren
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Figure 6.29 Signal-space diagram fo
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UNIT 3 Base Band Transmission And O
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• The tails of hI(t) decay as 1/|
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• precoding d b d k k k2 symbol 1
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h( t) N 1 n w n sin c t T b
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• Equalization : to compensate fo
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e n y n 2E en 2E en 2Eenxnk
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- Flexibility - Same H/W may be tim
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Interpretation of Eye Diagram:
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The set of source symbols is called
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We will usually neglect to mention
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Note that if Condition1 is satisfie
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where dmin is the minimum Hamming d
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Linear Block Codes - example 1: •
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• S null can be represented by it
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G 1 0 I | P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
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• Compared with the systematic co
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Convolutional Codes ◊ The encoder
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Convolution Codes ‣ Encoding, ‣
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x m m ''' j j 2 j Here each messa
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Representing convolutional codes: C
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- encoder state diagram for (n,k,L)
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• For this reason the non-survive
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sequence is 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 (why?). N
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Error Correction: • If there is n
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correct:1+1+2+2+2=8;8 ( 0.11) 0.88
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Motivation: Performance of Turbo Co
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Performance as a Function of Number
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General Model of Spread Spectrum Sy
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Slow and Fast FHSS: • Frequency s
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- 10 bit spreading code spreads sig
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Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Usi
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15.Additional Topics: Voice coders
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'Toll Quality' voice coders, such a
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The well-known Shannon-Hartley law
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its for a known permutation of the
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16. Question papers: B. Tech III Ye
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e received code word 110110. Commen
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17. Question Bank 1. (a) State and
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21. A Discrete Memory less Source (
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19. Unit wise Bits CHOOSE THE CORRE
Page 153 and 154: (d) 5 Answers 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.C 6
Page 155 and 156: (b) its capacity gets doubled (c) i
Page 157 and 158: (d) 6 5. The cascade of two binary
Page 159 and 160: CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER 1. The mi
Page 161 and 162: 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.
Page 163 and 164: (b) H(X/Y)=1bit/message (c) H(X,Y)=
Page 165 and 166: (d) log m bits/symbol 6. Theencoder
Page 167 and 168: 3. .Under error free reception, the
Page 169 and 170: 10.B Code No: 56026 Set No. 1 JAWAH
Page 171 and 172: code No: 56026 Set No. 2 JAWAHARLAL
Page 173 and 174: B) (Power required)/( Minimum Band
Page 175 and 176: A) 5 B) 4 C) 2 D) 3 3. Which of the
Page 177 and 178: Code No: 56026 Set No. 2 JAWAHARLAL
Page 179 and 180: A) maximum when the source is conti
Page 181 and 182: Code No: 56026 :2: Set No. 4 II Fil
Page 183 and 184: Code No: 07A5EC09 Set No. 2 JAWAHAR
Page 185 and 186: Cont…..2 Code No: 07A5EC09 :2: Se
Page 187 and 188: 8) For the data word 1110 in a (7,
Page 191 and 192: a) 0 bits b) 1 bit c) 2 bits d) inf
Page 195 and 196: a) increase with its certainty of o
Page 197 and 198: Code No: 07A5EC09 :2: Set No.4 10)
Page 199 and 200: Amplitude of 1v.This speech signal
Page 201 and 202: . Self Information c. Logarithmic m
Page 203: 75. What are the advantages and dis
Page 207 and 208: Applications and history Data (main
Page 209 and 210: o o Mesh network Wireless network A
Page 211 and 212: 25. STUDENTS LIST B.TECH III YEAR I
Page 213 and 214: 48 13R11A04L3 M SAI KUMAR 49 14R18A
Page 215 and 216: Group 8: 36 13R11A04K1 POLISETTY VE
Page 217 and 218: Unit 2 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation :
Page 219 and 220: Unit 3 Differential Pulse-Code Modu
Page 221 and 222: MISSING TOPICS UNIT 1 Hartley's law
Page 223 and 224: encoding the desired information an
Page 225 and 226: • f c denotes center frequency
Page 227 and 228: An interleaver installed between th
Page 229 and 230: Subject Contents 1.7. 1. Synopsis p
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