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• The most common technique for sampling voice in PCM systems is to a sample-andhold circuit. • The instantaneous amplitude of the analog (voice) signal is held as a constant charge on a capacitor for the duration of the sampling period Ts. • This technique is useful for holding the sample constant while other processing is taking place, but it alters the frequency spectrum and introduces an error, called aperture error, resulting in an inability to recover exactly the original analog signal. • The amount of error depends on how mach the analog changes during the holding time, called aperture time. • To estimate the maximum voltage error possible, determine the maximum slope of the analog signal and multiply it by the aperture time DT
Unit 3 Differential Pulse-Code Modulation (DPCM): Usually PCM has the sampling rate higher than the Nyquist rate .The encode signal contains redundant information. DPCM can efficiently remove this redundancy. e n mn mˆ n is a Processing Gain: mˆ n The quantizer output is e q n en qn qnis where prediction value. quantizati on error. The prediction filter input is m q n mˆ n en qn (3.74) (3.75) (3.77) m q mn n mn qn (3.78)
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DC COURSE FILE
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GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
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Convolution Codes: Encoding, decodi
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III. To inculcate positive attitude
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7. Importance of the course and how
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DC 12: Compute the power and bandwi
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10. Course mapping with PEO’s and
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13.Micro plan : Sl. no Unit No. Tot
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14.Detailed Notes UNIT 1 : Elements
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A communication system may transmit
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the wavelength is extremely long, m
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asic elements of digital communicat
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4. Channel introduced many types of
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5. Bandwidth is another scarce reso
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Pulse Code Modulation ‣ PCM gener
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77777333333333333333333333333333333
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• The most common technique for s
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Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) : • P
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Figure 3.11 Illustration of the qua
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Quantization (nonuniform quantizer)
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Time-Division Multiplexing(TDM):
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Let m n where T The error signal is
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3. Simplify receiver design Because
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Figure 3.27 Block diagram illustrat
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Adaptive Differential Pulse-Code Mo
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ASK, OOK, MASK: • The amplitude (
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Frequency Shift Keying: • One fre
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s t Acos 2f ct 3 Acos 2f
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QAM and QPR: • QAM is a combinati
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Generation and Detection of Coheren
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Figure 6.29 Signal-space diagram fo
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UNIT 3 Base Band Transmission And O
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• The tails of hI(t) decay as 1/|
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• precoding d b d k k k2 symbol 1
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h( t) N 1 n w n sin c t T b
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• Equalization : to compensate fo
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e n y n 2E en 2E en 2Eenxnk
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- Flexibility - Same H/W may be tim
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Interpretation of Eye Diagram:
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The set of source symbols is called
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We will usually neglect to mention
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Note that if Condition1 is satisfie
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where dmin is the minimum Hamming d
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Linear Block Codes - example 1: •
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• S null can be represented by it
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G 1 0 I | P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
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• Compared with the systematic co
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Convolutional Codes ◊ The encoder
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Convolution Codes ‣ Encoding, ‣
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x m m ''' j j 2 j Here each messa
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Representing convolutional codes: C
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- encoder state diagram for (n,k,L)
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• For this reason the non-survive
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sequence is 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 (why?). N
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Error Correction: • If there is n
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correct:1+1+2+2+2=8;8 ( 0.11) 0.88
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Motivation: Performance of Turbo Co
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Performance as a Function of Number
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General Model of Spread Spectrum Sy
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Slow and Fast FHSS: • Frequency s
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- 10 bit spreading code spreads sig
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Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Usi
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15.Additional Topics: Voice coders
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'Toll Quality' voice coders, such a
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The well-known Shannon-Hartley law
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its for a known permutation of the
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16. Question papers: B. Tech III Ye
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e received code word 110110. Commen
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17. Question Bank 1. (a) State and
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21. A Discrete Memory less Source (
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19. Unit wise Bits CHOOSE THE CORRE
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(d) 5 Answers 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.C 6
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(b) its capacity gets doubled (c) i
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(d) 6 5. The cascade of two binary
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CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER 1. The mi
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2.C 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.
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(b) H(X/Y)=1bit/message (c) H(X,Y)=
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(d) log m bits/symbol 6. Theencoder
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Page 171 and 172: code No: 56026 Set No. 2 JAWAHARLAL
Page 173 and 174: B) (Power required)/( Minimum Band
Page 175 and 176: A) 5 B) 4 C) 2 D) 3 3. Which of the
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Page 179 and 180: A) maximum when the source is conti
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Page 183 and 184: Code No: 07A5EC09 Set No. 2 JAWAHAR
Page 185 and 186: Cont…..2 Code No: 07A5EC09 :2: Se
Page 187 and 188: 8) For the data word 1110 in a (7,
Page 191 and 192: a) 0 bits b) 1 bit c) 2 bits d) inf
Page 195 and 196: a) increase with its certainty of o
Page 197 and 198: Code No: 07A5EC09 :2: Set No.4 10)
Page 199 and 200: Amplitude of 1v.This speech signal
Page 201 and 202: . Self Information c. Logarithmic m
Page 203 and 204: 75. What are the advantages and dis
Page 205 and 206: 22. Discussion Topics: Data transmi
Page 207 and 208: Applications and history Data (main
Page 209 and 210: o o Mesh network Wireless network A
Page 211 and 212: 25. STUDENTS LIST B.TECH III YEAR I
Page 213 and 214: 48 13R11A04L3 M SAI KUMAR 49 14R18A
Page 215 and 216: Group 8: 36 13R11A04K1 POLISETTY VE
Page 217: Unit 2 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation :
Page 221 and 222: MISSING TOPICS UNIT 1 Hartley's law
Page 223 and 224: encoding the desired information an
Page 225 and 226: • f c denotes center frequency
Page 227 and 228: An interleaver installed between th
Page 229 and 230: Subject Contents 1.7. 1. Synopsis p
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