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Unit 4 CORRELATIVE LEVEL CODING: • Correlative-level coding (partial response signaling) – adding ISI to the transmitted signal in a controlled manner • Since ISI introduced into the transmitted signal is known, its effect can be interpreted at the receiver • A practical method of achieving the theoretical maximum signaling rate of 2W symbol per second in a bandwidth of W Hertz • Using realizable and perturbation-tolerant filters Duo-binary Signaling : Duo : doubling of the transmission capacity of a straight binary system TEXT BOOKS Reference Text Books and websites 5. Principles Of Communication Systems-Herberet Taub, Donald L Schiling, Goutham saha,3rf edition, Mc Graw Hill 2008 6. digital and anolog communiation systems- Sam Shanmugam, John Wiley,2005 REFERNCES: 5. Digital communication- john g. Prokaris, Masoud salehi-5 th edition Mc Graw-Hill, 2008. 6. Digital communicatio- Simon Haykin, Jon Wiley, 2005
MISSING TOPICS UNIT 1 Hartley's law During that same year, Hartley formulated a way to quantify information and its line rate (also known as data signalling rate or gross bitrate inclusive of error-correcting code 'R' across a communications channel). [1] This method, later known as Hartley's law, became an important precursor for Shannon's more sophisticated notion of channel capacity. Hartley argued that the maximum number of distinct pulses that can be transmitted and received reliably over a communications channel is limited by the dynamic range of the signal amplitude and the precision with which the receiver can distinguish amplitude levels. Specifically, if the amplitude of the transmitted signal is restricted to the range of [ –A ... +A ] volts, and the precision of the receiver is ±ΔV volts, then the maximum number of distinct pulses M is given by By taking information per pulse in bit/pulse to be the base-2-logarithm of the number of distinct messages M that could be sent, Hartley [2] constructed a measure of the line rate R as: where fp is the pulse rate, also known as the symbol rate, in symbols/second or baud. Hartley then combined the above quantification with Nyquist's observation that the number of independent pulses that could be put through a channel of bandwidth B hertz was 2B pulses per second, to arrive at his quantitative measure for achievable line rate. Hartley's law is sometimes quoted as just a proportionality between the analog bandwidth, B, in Hertz and what today is called the digital bandwidth, R, in bit/s. [3] Other times it is quoted in this more quantitative form, as an achievable line rate of R bits per second: [4] Hartley did not work out exactly how the number M should depend on the noise statistics of the channel, or how the communication could be made reliable even when individual symbol pulses could not be reliably distinguished to M levels; with Gaussian noise statistics, system designers had to choose a very conservative value of M to achieve a low error rate. The concept of an error-free capacity awaited Claude Shannon, who built on Hartley's observations about a logarithmic measure of information and Nyquist's observations about the effect of bandwidth limitations. Hartley's rate result can be viewed as the capacity of an errorless M-ary channel of 2B symbols per second. Some authors refer to it as a capacity. But such an errorless channel is an idealization, and the result is necessarily less than the Shannon capacity of the noisy channel of bandwidth B, which is the Hartley–Shannon result that followed later.
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DC COURSE FILE
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GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
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Convolution Codes: Encoding, decodi
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III. To inculcate positive attitude
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7. Importance of the course and how
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DC 12: Compute the power and bandwi
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10. Course mapping with PEO’s and
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13.Micro plan : Sl. no Unit No. Tot
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14.Detailed Notes UNIT 1 : Elements
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A communication system may transmit
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the wavelength is extremely long, m
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asic elements of digital communicat
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4. Channel introduced many types of
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5. Bandwidth is another scarce reso
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Pulse Code Modulation ‣ PCM gener
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77777333333333333333333333333333333
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• The most common technique for s
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Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) : • P
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Figure 3.11 Illustration of the qua
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Quantization (nonuniform quantizer)
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Time-Division Multiplexing(TDM):
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Let m n where T The error signal is
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3. Simplify receiver design Because
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Figure 3.27 Block diagram illustrat
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Adaptive Differential Pulse-Code Mo
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ASK, OOK, MASK: • The amplitude (
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Frequency Shift Keying: • One fre
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s t Acos 2f ct 3 Acos 2f
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QAM and QPR: • QAM is a combinati
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Generation and Detection of Coheren
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Figure 6.29 Signal-space diagram fo
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UNIT 3 Base Band Transmission And O
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• The tails of hI(t) decay as 1/|
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• precoding d b d k k k2 symbol 1
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h( t) N 1 n w n sin c t T b
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• Equalization : to compensate fo
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e n y n 2E en 2E en 2Eenxnk
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- Flexibility - Same H/W may be tim
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Interpretation of Eye Diagram:
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The set of source symbols is called
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We will usually neglect to mention
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Note that if Condition1 is satisfie
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where dmin is the minimum Hamming d
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Linear Block Codes - example 1: •
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• S null can be represented by it
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G 1 0 I | P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
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• Compared with the systematic co
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Convolutional Codes ◊ The encoder
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Convolution Codes ‣ Encoding, ‣
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x m m ''' j j 2 j Here each messa
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Representing convolutional codes: C
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- encoder state diagram for (n,k,L)
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• For this reason the non-survive
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sequence is 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 (why?). N
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Error Correction: • If there is n
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correct:1+1+2+2+2=8;8 ( 0.11) 0.88
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Motivation: Performance of Turbo Co
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Performance as a Function of Number
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General Model of Spread Spectrum Sy
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Slow and Fast FHSS: • Frequency s
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- 10 bit spreading code spreads sig
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Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Usi
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15.Additional Topics: Voice coders
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'Toll Quality' voice coders, such a
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The well-known Shannon-Hartley law
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its for a known permutation of the
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16. Question papers: B. Tech III Ye
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e received code word 110110. Commen
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17. Question Bank 1. (a) State and
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21. A Discrete Memory less Source (
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19. Unit wise Bits CHOOSE THE CORRE
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(d) 5 Answers 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.C 6
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(b) its capacity gets doubled (c) i
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(d) 6 5. The cascade of two binary
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CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER 1. The mi
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2.C 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.
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(b) H(X/Y)=1bit/message (c) H(X,Y)=
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(d) log m bits/symbol 6. Theencoder
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3. .Under error free reception, the
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Page 223 and 224: encoding the desired information an
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