CHUNG, SOONKYU, Ph. D. Mechanisms by Which Conjugated ...

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play an essential role in LPS-mediated proinflammatory cytokine expression in preadipocytes and insulin resistance in human adipocytes. 107
Table 4.1. List of human-gene specific primers for qPCR Target mRNA Sense primer Antisense primer GeneBank 108 Anneal Tm AEBP-1 f-atg ggt gat gta cac caa cgg cta r-agt ggg tag atg cgg atg aaa cga NM_001129 61 123 aP2 f- cct ggt aca tgt gca gaa at r- aga gtt caa tgc gaa ctt ca NM_001442 56 169 CD68 f-gct ggc tgt gct ttt ctc g r-gtc acc gtg aag gat ggc a NM_001251 60 111 Mac-1 f-act tgc agt gag aac acg tat g r-aga gcc atc aat caa gaa ggc NM_000632 58 141 MyoD f-cgg cgg aac tgc tac gaa g r-gcg act cag aag gca cgt c NM_002478 60 172 IL-6 f- aaa tgc cag cct gct gac gaa r- aac aac aat ctg agg tgc cca tgc tac NM_000600 63 150 IL-8 f- gaa tgg gtt tgc tag aat gtg ata r- cag act agg gtt gcc aga ttt aac NM_000584 60 129 IL-1β f- cgc caa tga ctc aga gga aga r- agg gcg tca ttc agg atg aa NM_000576 60 144 TNF-α f- tct tct cga acc ccg agt ga r- cct ctg atg gca cca cca g NM_000592 60 151 Cox-2 f- agt ccc tga gca tct acg gtt t r- ccc att cag gat gct cct gtt NM_00963 58 123 APM-1 f- gca gag atg gca ccc ctg r-ggt ttc acc gat gtc tcc ct NM_004797 60 80 GAPDH f- gag aag gct ggg gct cat r- tgc tga tga tct tga ggc tg NM_002046 59 130 Size (bp)
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CHUNG, SOONKYU, Ph. D. Mechanisms b
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MECHANISMS BY WHICH CONJUGATED LINO
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APPROVAL PAGE This Dissertation has
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I also would like to thank The Univ
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IV. PREADIPOCYTES MEDIATE LPS-INDUC
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LIST OF FIGURES ix Page Figure 1.1.
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Figure 4.7. LPS-induced NFκB activ
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in animals and some humans (reviewe
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CLA is potentially effective in: 1)
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Anti-adipogenic Mechanisms of CLA T
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2005). Chapter II of this dissertat
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Figure 1. 2. Multiple mechanisms by
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In contrast, studies conducted in a
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activation. Similarly, Chen et al.
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Central Hypothesis and Specific Obj
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CHAPTER II TRANS-10, CIS-12 CLA INC
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of MEK/ERK signaling by trans-10, c
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Materials and Methods Materials All
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the cultures for additional 12 h. A
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precipitated with ethanol, dried, a
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or for 30 min with 10 µM isoproter
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either 30 µM cis-9, trans-11 CLA o
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dependent effects of CLA on the pho
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Rapamycin Blocks CLA’s Increase i
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Figure 2. 2. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA a
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Figure 2. 4. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA a
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Figure 2. 6. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA i
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Figure 2. 8. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA-i
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Discussion Feeding mixed CLA isomer
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in lipolysis may occur via an ERK-d
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espectively, by the MEK inhibitor U
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Furthermore, the CLA-mediated incre
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proteins. Inhibition of NFκB activ
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Sopasakis et al. 2004) and insulin
Page 69 and 70: antibodies for anti-glyceraldehydre
Page 71 and 72: pM of human insulin in the presence
Page 73 and 74: were (accession #NM000600) sense (5
Page 75 and 76: Transfection efficiency was examine
Page 77 and 78: treatment (Brown et al. 2004), we d
Page 79 and 80: myotubes (Sinha et al. 2004; Weiger
Page 81 and 82: controls was found in cytosol (Fig
Page 83 and 84: Depletion of NFκB p65 by RNAi Atte
Page 85 and 86: eports of cytokine-mediated insulin
Page 87 and 88: Figure 3. 2. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA i
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3. 4. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA a
Page 91 and 92: Figure 3. 6. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA-i
Page 93 and 94: Figure 3. 8. Specific depletion of
Page 95 and 96: Figure 3. 10. Working model: Trans-
Page 97 and 98: Based on our working model (Fig 3.1
Page 99 and 100: mRNA levels of TNF-α (Fig. 3). How
Page 101 and 102: humans (Riserus et al. 2004a), and
Page 103 and 104: most likely not impairing the diffe
Page 105 and 106: 1) decreased adipogenic gene expres
Page 107 and 108: adipocytes from WAT in inflammation
Page 109 and 110: differentiation, cultures of SV cel
Page 111 and 112: Immunoblotting and 4MUrea-SDS-PAGE
Page 113 and 114: activity was measured using the Dua
Page 115 and 116: macrophages and myocytes, respectiv
Page 117 and 118: cultures, insulin’s stimulation o
Page 119: AD90 cultures treated with LPS. Con
Page 123 and 124: Figure 4.2. Primary cultures of new
Page 125 and 126: Figure 4.4 LPS induction of cytokin
Page 127 and 128: Figure 4. 6. LPS suppresses PPARγ
Page 129 and 130: Figure 4. 8. Inhibitors of NFκB at
Page 131 and 132: Discussion Adipose tissue is a sour
Page 133 and 134: To determine if non-adipocytes othe
Page 135 and 136: attenuation of insulin sensitivity
Page 137 and 138: epression of NFκB target gene expr
Page 139 and 140: EPILOGUE The “Obesity epidemic’
Page 141 and 142: Apart from our initial goal for thi
Page 143 and 144: Concerning membrane specific recept
Page 145 and 146: esearch topic I would like to exami
Page 147 and 148: Berg, A.H., Lin, Y., Lisanti, M.P.,
Page 149 and 150: Chen, C., Koh, A.J., Datta, N.S., Z
Page 151 and 152: Diradourian, C., Girard, J., and Pe
Page 153 and 154: Granlund, L., Juvet, L.K., Pedersen
Page 155 and 156: Imamura, M., Inoguchi, T., Ikuyama,
Page 157 and 158: Loscher, C.E., Draper, E., Leavy, O
Page 159 and 160: Piper, R.C., Hess, L.J., and James,
Page 161 and 162: Sinha, S., Perdomo, G., Brown, N.F.
Page 163 and 164: Vanden Berghe, W., Vermeulen, L., D
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