CHUNG, SOONKYU, Ph. D. Mechanisms by Which Conjugated ...

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perilipin movement away from the lipid droplet, thereby promoting lipolysis by providing HSL access to TG stores otherwise protected by unphosphorylated perilipin (Clifford et al. 2000; Sztalryd et al. 2003). In contrast to perilipin, ADRP is found on the surface of small lipid droplets during early adipocyte differentiation, but not on large lipid droplets in mature adipocytes (Brasaemle et al. 1997). ADRP is thought to play an important role in fatty acid flux in differentiating preadipocytes and many other cell types (Heid et al. 1998) by increasing fatty acid uptake kinetics (Gao et al. 1999) and concentrating unesterified fatty acids to the lipid droplet surface (Serrero et al. 2000). Based on our data demonstrating that trans-10, cis-12 CLA causes delipidation and alters lipid droplet morphology (Brown et al. 2004), and the dynamic role perilipin and ADRP play in lipid metabolism, we examined the extent to which CLA altered perilipin and ADRP gene and protein expression and localization in primary cultures of SV cells containing newly differentiated adipocytes. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that trans-10, cis-12 CLA-mediated changes in lipid droplet morphology are associated with increased lipolysis and displacement of perilipin with ADRP on the surface of lipid droplets in human adipocytes. In contrast to the previously described MEK/ERK signaling-mediated reduction of perilipin A mRNA level (Brown et al. 2004), trans-10, cis-12 CLA-mediated induction of ADRP protein expression is mediated by a marked activation of the translational control mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. 21
Materials and Methods Materials All cell culture ware and scintillation cocktail (ScintiSafe) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Norcross, GA). [1- 14 C] oleic acid and Western Lighting Plus Chemiluminescence Substrate were purchased from PerkinElmer Life Science (Boston, MA). Gene specific primers for real time quantitative (q) PCR and NUPAGE precast gels and buffers for SDS-PAGE were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Cambrex/BioWhittaker (Walkersville, MD). Isomers of CLA (+ 98% pure) were purchased from Matreya (Pleasant Gap, PA). ADRP monoclonal antibody was purchased from Research Dignostics Inc (Flander, NJ). Perilipin and HSL antibodies were generous gifts from Dr. C. Londos and Dr. F. Kraemer, respectively. Antibodies of caveolin-1 and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Rodamine red and fluorescein isothiocyanate- conjugated IgG were purchased from Jackson Immunoresearch (West Grove, GA). Rapamycin, pertussis toxin (PTX), Calphostin C, and protein phosphatase 2 (PP2), a c- SRC kinase inhibitor, were purchased from Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA). Total and phospho-specific antibodies used to measure translational control and U0126 and LY- 294002 were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA). All the other chemicals and reagents were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO), unless otherwise stated. 22
Page 1 and 2: CHUNG, SOONKYU, Ph. D. Mechanisms b
Page 3 and 4: MECHANISMS BY WHICH CONJUGATED LINO
Page 5 and 6: APPROVAL PAGE This Dissertation has
Page 7 and 8: I also would like to thank The Univ
Page 9 and 10: IV. PREADIPOCYTES MEDIATE LPS-INDUC
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES ix Page Figure 1.1.
Page 13 and 14: Figure 4.7. LPS-induced NFκB activ
Page 15 and 16: in animals and some humans (reviewe
Page 17 and 18: CLA is potentially effective in: 1)
Page 19 and 20: Anti-adipogenic Mechanisms of CLA T
Page 21 and 22: 2005). Chapter II of this dissertat
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1. 2. Multiple mechanisms by
Page 25 and 26: In contrast, studies conducted in a
Page 27 and 28: activation. Similarly, Chen et al.
Page 29 and 30: Central Hypothesis and Specific Obj
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER II TRANS-10, CIS-12 CLA INC
Page 33: of MEK/ERK signaling by trans-10, c
Page 37 and 38: the cultures for additional 12 h. A
Page 39 and 40: precipitated with ethanol, dried, a
Page 41 and 42: or for 30 min with 10 µM isoproter
Page 43 and 44: either 30 µM cis-9, trans-11 CLA o
Page 45 and 46: dependent effects of CLA on the pho
Page 47 and 48: Rapamycin Blocks CLA’s Increase i
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2. 2. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA a
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2. 4. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA a
Page 53 and 54: Figure 2. 6. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA i
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2. 8. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA-i
Page 57 and 58: Discussion Feeding mixed CLA isomer
Page 59 and 60: in lipolysis may occur via an ERK-d
Page 61 and 62: espectively, by the MEK inhibitor U
Page 63 and 64: Furthermore, the CLA-mediated incre
Page 65 and 66: proteins. Inhibition of NFκB activ
Page 67 and 68: Sopasakis et al. 2004) and insulin
Page 69 and 70: antibodies for anti-glyceraldehydre
Page 71 and 72: pM of human insulin in the presence
Page 73 and 74: were (accession #NM000600) sense (5
Page 75 and 76: Transfection efficiency was examine
Page 77 and 78: treatment (Brown et al. 2004), we d
Page 79 and 80: myotubes (Sinha et al. 2004; Weiger
Page 81 and 82: controls was found in cytosol (Fig
Page 83 and 84: Depletion of NFκB p65 by RNAi Atte
Page 85 and 86:
eports of cytokine-mediated insulin
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 3. 2. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA i
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 3. 4. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA a
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 3. 6. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA-i
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 3. 8. Specific depletion of
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 3. 10. Working model: Trans-
Page 97 and 98:
Based on our working model (Fig 3.1
Page 99 and 100:
mRNA levels of TNF-α (Fig. 3). How
Page 101 and 102:
humans (Riserus et al. 2004a), and
Page 103 and 104:
most likely not impairing the diffe
Page 105 and 106:
1) decreased adipogenic gene expres
Page 107 and 108:
adipocytes from WAT in inflammation
Page 109 and 110:
differentiation, cultures of SV cel
Page 111 and 112:
Immunoblotting and 4MUrea-SDS-PAGE
Page 113 and 114:
activity was measured using the Dua
Page 115 and 116:
macrophages and myocytes, respectiv
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cultures, insulin’s stimulation o
Page 119 and 120:
AD90 cultures treated with LPS. Con
Page 121 and 122:
Table 4.1. List of human-gene speci
Page 123 and 124:
Figure 4.2. Primary cultures of new
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 4.4 LPS induction of cytokin
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Figure 4. 6. LPS suppresses PPARγ
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Figure 4. 8. Inhibitors of NFκB at
Page 131 and 132:
Discussion Adipose tissue is a sour
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To determine if non-adipocytes othe
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attenuation of insulin sensitivity
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epression of NFκB target gene expr
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EPILOGUE The “Obesity epidemic’
Page 141 and 142:
Apart from our initial goal for thi
Page 143 and 144:
Concerning membrane specific recept
Page 145 and 146:
esearch topic I would like to exami
Page 147 and 148:
Berg, A.H., Lin, Y., Lisanti, M.P.,
Page 149 and 150:
Chen, C., Koh, A.J., Datta, N.S., Z
Page 151 and 152:
Diradourian, C., Girard, J., and Pe
Page 153 and 154:
Granlund, L., Juvet, L.K., Pedersen
Page 155 and 156:
Imamura, M., Inoguchi, T., Ikuyama,
Page 157 and 158:
Loscher, C.E., Draper, E., Leavy, O
Page 159 and 160:
Piper, R.C., Hess, L.J., and James,
Page 161 and 162:
Sinha, S., Perdomo, G., Brown, N.F.
Page 163 and 164:
Vanden Berghe, W., Vermeulen, L., D
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