CHUNG, SOONKYU, Ph. D. Mechanisms by Which Conjugated ...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, M., Reginato, M., Shao, D., Lazar, M., and Cjatterjee (1997) Transcriptional activation by peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ is inhibited by phosphorylation at a consensus mitogen-activated protein kinase site. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 5128-5132 Adams, S.H. (2000) Uncoupling protein homologs: emerging views of physiological function. J. Nutr. 130:711-714. Ajuwon, K.M. and Spurlock, M.E. (2005) Adiponectin inhibits LPS-induced NFκB activation and IL-6 production and increases PPARγ2 expression in adipocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288:R1220-1225 Ajuwon, K.M. and Spurlock ME (2005) Palmitate activates the NFκB transcription factor and induces IL-6 and TNFα expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Nutr. 135: 1841-1846 Akira, S. (1997) IL-6-regulated transcription factors. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 29:1401–1418 Bailey, S.T., Ghosh, S. (2005) 'PPAR'ting ways with inflammation. Nat. Immunol. 6:966- 967 Bassaganya-Riera, J., Hontecillas, R. and Beitz D. (2002) Chronic anti-inflammatory mechanism of conjugated linoleic acid. Clin. Nutr. 21:451-459 Basu, S., Riserus, U., Trupein, A, and Vessby, B. (2000a) Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in men with abdominal obesity. Clin. Sci. 99:511-516 Basu, S., Smedman, A., and vessby B. (2000b) Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans. FEBS Lett. 468:33-36. Belury, M. (2002) Inhibition of carcinogenesis by conjugated linoleic acid: potential mechanisms of action. J. Nutr.132: 2995-2998. 133
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CHUNG, SOONKYU, Ph. D. Mechanisms b
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MECHANISMS BY WHICH CONJUGATED LINO
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APPROVAL PAGE This Dissertation has
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I also would like to thank The Univ
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IV. PREADIPOCYTES MEDIATE LPS-INDUC
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LIST OF FIGURES ix Page Figure 1.1.
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Figure 4.7. LPS-induced NFκB activ
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in animals and some humans (reviewe
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CLA is potentially effective in: 1)
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Anti-adipogenic Mechanisms of CLA T
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2005). Chapter II of this dissertat
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Figure 1. 2. Multiple mechanisms by
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In contrast, studies conducted in a
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activation. Similarly, Chen et al.
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Central Hypothesis and Specific Obj
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CHAPTER II TRANS-10, CIS-12 CLA INC
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of MEK/ERK signaling by trans-10, c
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Materials and Methods Materials All
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the cultures for additional 12 h. A
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precipitated with ethanol, dried, a
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or for 30 min with 10 µM isoproter
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either 30 µM cis-9, trans-11 CLA o
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dependent effects of CLA on the pho
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Rapamycin Blocks CLA’s Increase i
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Figure 2. 2. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA a
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Figure 2. 6. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA i
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Figure 2. 8. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA-i
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Discussion Feeding mixed CLA isomer
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in lipolysis may occur via an ERK-d
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espectively, by the MEK inhibitor U
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Furthermore, the CLA-mediated incre
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proteins. Inhibition of NFκB activ
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Sopasakis et al. 2004) and insulin
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antibodies for anti-glyceraldehydre
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pM of human insulin in the presence
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were (accession #NM000600) sense (5
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Transfection efficiency was examine
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treatment (Brown et al. 2004), we d
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myotubes (Sinha et al. 2004; Weiger
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controls was found in cytosol (Fig
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Depletion of NFκB p65 by RNAi Atte
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eports of cytokine-mediated insulin
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Figure 3. 2. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA i
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Figure 3. 6. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA-i
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Figure 3. 8. Specific depletion of
Page 95 and 96: Figure 3. 10. Working model: Trans-
Page 97 and 98: Based on our working model (Fig 3.1
Page 99 and 100: mRNA levels of TNF-α (Fig. 3). How
Page 101 and 102: humans (Riserus et al. 2004a), and
Page 103 and 104: most likely not impairing the diffe
Page 105 and 106: 1) decreased adipogenic gene expres
Page 107 and 108: adipocytes from WAT in inflammation
Page 109 and 110: differentiation, cultures of SV cel
Page 111 and 112: Immunoblotting and 4MUrea-SDS-PAGE
Page 113 and 114: activity was measured using the Dua
Page 115 and 116: macrophages and myocytes, respectiv
Page 117 and 118: cultures, insulin’s stimulation o
Page 119 and 120: AD90 cultures treated with LPS. Con
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.1. List of human-gene speci
Page 123 and 124: Figure 4.2. Primary cultures of new
Page 125 and 126: Figure 4.4 LPS induction of cytokin
Page 127 and 128: Figure 4. 6. LPS suppresses PPARγ
Page 129 and 130: Figure 4. 8. Inhibitors of NFκB at
Page 131 and 132: Discussion Adipose tissue is a sour
Page 133 and 134: To determine if non-adipocytes othe
Page 135 and 136: attenuation of insulin sensitivity
Page 137 and 138: epression of NFκB target gene expr
Page 139 and 140: EPILOGUE The “Obesity epidemic’
Page 141 and 142: Apart from our initial goal for thi
Page 143 and 144: Concerning membrane specific recept
Page 145: esearch topic I would like to exami
Page 149 and 150: Chen, C., Koh, A.J., Datta, N.S., Z
Page 151 and 152: Diradourian, C., Girard, J., and Pe
Page 153 and 154: Granlund, L., Juvet, L.K., Pedersen
Page 155 and 156: Imamura, M., Inoguchi, T., Ikuyama,
Page 157 and 158: Loscher, C.E., Draper, E., Leavy, O
Page 159 and 160: Piper, R.C., Hess, L.J., and James,
Page 161 and 162: Sinha, S., Perdomo, G., Brown, N.F.
Page 163 and 164: Vanden Berghe, W., Vermeulen, L., D
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