CHUNG, SOONKYU, Ph. D. Mechanisms by Which Conjugated ...

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Yamasaki, M., Kitagawa, T., Chujo, H., Koyangi, N., and Yamada, K. (2004) Physiological difference between linoleic acid on the immune function of C57BL/6N mice. J. Agri. Food. Chem. 52:3644-3648. Yamaski, M., Ikeda, A., and Oji, M. (2003) Modulation of body fat and serum leptin levels by dietary conjugated linoleic acid in Sprague-Dawley rats fed various fat-level diets. Nutrition 19:30-35 Yanagita, T., Wang, Y.M., Nagao, K., Ujino, Y., and Inoue, N.(2005) Conjugated linoleic acid-induced fatty liver can be attenuated by combination with docosahexaenoic acid in C57BL/6N mice. J. Agri. Food Chem. 53:9629-33. Yki-Jarvinen, H. (2004) Thiazolidinediones. N. Engl. J. Med. 351:1106-1118 Yu, Y., Correll, P.H., Vanden, J.P. (2002) Conjugated linoleic acid decreases production of pro-inflammatory products in macrophages: evidence for a PPAR gamma-dependent mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1581:89-99. Yuan, M., Konstantopoulos, N., Lee, J., Hansen, L., Li, Z.W., Karin, M., and Shoelson, S.E. (2001) Science 293:1673-1677 Zande, E. and Karin, M. (2001) Bridging the gap: composition, regulation and physiological function of the IκB kinase complex. Mol Cell Bio. 19:4547-4551. Zhang, J., Fu, M., Cui, T., Xiong, C., Xu, K., Zhong, W., Xiao, Y., Floyd, D.,Liang, J., Li, E., Song, Q., and Chen, Y.E. (2004) Selective disruption of PPARgamma 2 impairs the development of adipose tissue and insulin sensitivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 10703–10708 Zhang, H., Halbleib, M, Ahmad, F, Manganiello, V, and Greensberg, A. (2002) Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates lipolysis in differentiated human adipocytes through activation of extracellular signal-related kinase and elevation of intracellular cAMP. Diabetes 51: 2929-2935. Zimmerman, R., Strauss, J., Haemmerle, G., Schoiswohl, G., Birner-Gruenberger, R., Riederer, M, Lass, A., Neuberger, G, Esienhaber, F., Hermetter, A.L., and Zechner, R. 2004. Fat mobilization in adipose tissue is promoted by adipose triglyceride lipase. Science 306: 1383-1386. Zimmet, P., Albert, K.G., and Shaw, J. (2001) Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 414:782-787. 151
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CHUNG, SOONKYU, Ph. D. Mechanisms b
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MECHANISMS BY WHICH CONJUGATED LINO
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APPROVAL PAGE This Dissertation has
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I also would like to thank The Univ
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IV. PREADIPOCYTES MEDIATE LPS-INDUC
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LIST OF FIGURES ix Page Figure 1.1.
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Figure 4.7. LPS-induced NFκB activ
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in animals and some humans (reviewe
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CLA is potentially effective in: 1)
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Anti-adipogenic Mechanisms of CLA T
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2005). Chapter II of this dissertat
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Figure 1. 2. Multiple mechanisms by
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In contrast, studies conducted in a
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activation. Similarly, Chen et al.
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Central Hypothesis and Specific Obj
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CHAPTER II TRANS-10, CIS-12 CLA INC
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of MEK/ERK signaling by trans-10, c
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Materials and Methods Materials All
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the cultures for additional 12 h. A
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precipitated with ethanol, dried, a
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or for 30 min with 10 µM isoproter
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either 30 µM cis-9, trans-11 CLA o
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dependent effects of CLA on the pho
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Rapamycin Blocks CLA’s Increase i
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Figure 2. 2. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA a
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Figure 2. 6. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA i
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Figure 2. 8. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA-i
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Discussion Feeding mixed CLA isomer
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in lipolysis may occur via an ERK-d
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espectively, by the MEK inhibitor U
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Furthermore, the CLA-mediated incre
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proteins. Inhibition of NFκB activ
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Sopasakis et al. 2004) and insulin
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antibodies for anti-glyceraldehydre
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pM of human insulin in the presence
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were (accession #NM000600) sense (5
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Transfection efficiency was examine
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treatment (Brown et al. 2004), we d
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myotubes (Sinha et al. 2004; Weiger
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controls was found in cytosol (Fig
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Depletion of NFκB p65 by RNAi Atte
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eports of cytokine-mediated insulin
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Figure 3. 2. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA i
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Figure 3. 6. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA-i
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Figure 3. 8. Specific depletion of
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Figure 3. 10. Working model: Trans-
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Based on our working model (Fig 3.1
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mRNA levels of TNF-α (Fig. 3). How
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humans (Riserus et al. 2004a), and
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most likely not impairing the diffe
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1) decreased adipogenic gene expres
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adipocytes from WAT in inflammation
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differentiation, cultures of SV cel
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Immunoblotting and 4MUrea-SDS-PAGE
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Page 119 and 120: AD90 cultures treated with LPS. Con
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.1. List of human-gene speci
Page 123 and 124: Figure 4.2. Primary cultures of new
Page 125 and 126: Figure 4.4 LPS induction of cytokin
Page 127 and 128: Figure 4. 6. LPS suppresses PPARγ
Page 129 and 130: Figure 4. 8. Inhibitors of NFκB at
Page 131 and 132: Discussion Adipose tissue is a sour
Page 133 and 134: To determine if non-adipocytes othe
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Page 137 and 138: epression of NFκB target gene expr
Page 139 and 140: EPILOGUE The “Obesity epidemic’
Page 141 and 142: Apart from our initial goal for thi
Page 143 and 144: Concerning membrane specific recept
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Page 149 and 150: Chen, C., Koh, A.J., Datta, N.S., Z
Page 151 and 152: Diradourian, C., Girard, J., and Pe
Page 153 and 154: Granlund, L., Juvet, L.K., Pedersen
Page 155 and 156: Imamura, M., Inoguchi, T., Ikuyama,
Page 157 and 158: Loscher, C.E., Draper, E., Leavy, O
Page 159 and 160: Piper, R.C., Hess, L.J., and James,
Page 161 and 162: Sinha, S., Perdomo, G., Brown, N.F.
Page 163: Vanden Berghe, W., Vermeulen, L., D
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