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Work and MSDs in Japan 26 3.3.4 Spondyloarthropathies Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) represent a family of chronic inflammatory conditions which include: • Ankylosing spondylitis (AS); • Reactive arthritis (ReA)/Reiter syndrome (RS); • Psoriatic arthritis (PsA); • Spondyloarthropathy associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); • Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy (USpA). Prevalence of SpA in Japan is estimated at 0.95 per 100,000 population with incidence of 0.48 per 100,000 person-years (Hukuda, Minami, Saito, Mitsui, Matsui et al., 2001). However, recent research on the frequency of SpAs across the European population concludes that the prevalence has long been underestimated, and SpAs may have a similar prevalence rate to RA (Akkoc, 2008). Similarly, a US study estimates that there are 2.4 million Americans with SpA compared to 1.3 million Americans with RA (Helmick et al., 2008; cited in Brown, 2009). Ankylosing spondylitis is a specific progressive and chronic rheumatic disorder that mainly affects the spine, but can also affect other joints, tendons and ligaments. Its prevalence in the general population is most commonly reported to be 0.1-0.2 per cent, with a 3:1 to 2:1 male: female ratio (Dagfinrud, Mengshoel, Hagen, Loge and Kvien, 2004). Prevalence of AS in Japan is estimated at 0.65 per 100,000 population with incidence of 0.33 per 100,000 person-years (Feldtkeller and Braun, 2002). First diagnosis is often made when people are in their teens and early twenties (the mean age of onset is 26). Research suggests that there is a strong genetic component to the cause of AS. Although anyone can get AS, it affects men, women and children in slightly different ways (Dagfinrud et al., 2004). In men, the pelvis and spine are more commonly affected, as well as the chest wall, hips, shoulders and feet. Women are supposed to have a later age of onset, milder disease course, longer asymptomatic periods but more extraspinal involvement. Accurate diagnosis can often be delayed since the early symptoms are frequently mistaken for sports or work injuries. 10 Sieper, Braun, Rudwaleit, Boonen and Zink (2002) suggest an average of seven years between disease onset and diagnosis. Typical AS symptoms include pain (particularly in the early morning); weight loss, particularly in the early stages; fatigue; fever and night sweats and improvement after exercise. Again, as with RA, the temporal aspects of the disease do not make work impossible, but require good management to ensure that individuals can perform their job. 10 Information provided by an in-country expert Fit For Work? Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Japanese Labour Market
Work and MSDs in Japan Approximately half of people with SpA are severely affected whilst others report very few symptoms. AS is generally considered to be a disease in which many individuals can maintain relatively good functional capacity (Chorus, Boonen, Miedema and van der Linden, 2002), yet reported unemployment rates are three times higher among people with AS than in the general population (Boonen, Chorus. Miedema, van der Heijide, Landewé et al., 2001). Psoriatic arthritis is a form of joint inflammation affecting between 0.2 and 1 per cent of the general population (Wallenius, Skomsvoll, Koldingsnes, Rødevand, Mikkelsen et al., 2008) and between 10 and 20 per cent of individuals with psoriasis. In Japan, however, there is a 64- and 180-fold lower incidence with prevalence of PsA at between 0.1 and 1 per 100,000 population, as compared with the median incidence and prevalence in other countries (Tam, Leung and Li, 2009). When joints are inflamed they become tender, swollen and painful on movement. The joints are typically stiff after resting, early in the morning or while resting in the evening. Tissues such as ligaments, tendons around the joints may also be involved. Inflammation of tendons or muscles (such as tennis elbow and pain around the heel) is also a feature in those with psoriatic arthropathy. In approximately 80 per cent of cases the arthritis develops after the appearance of psoriasis. Men and women are considered to be equally affected, and comparative studies have showed that patients with PsA have a burden of illness which is comparable to that of patients with RA or AS (Wallenius et al., 2008). There are several features that distinguish PsA from other forms of arthritis: one pattern of inflammation is usually in the end of finger joints. Another pattern is involvement of the joints of the spine and sacroiliac joints which is called spondylitis (similar to ankylosing spondylitis). Neck pain and stiffness can occur or an entire toe or finger can become swollen or inflamed (dactylitis). There can also be a tendency for joints to stiffen up and sometimes to fuse together. Importantly the absence of rheumatoid factor in the blood helps distinguish psoriatic arthritis from rheumatoid arthritis. It is usual for the condition to develop in the teenage years. In women there may be an increased incidence following pregnancy or the menopause. As PsA affects both the skin and the joints, this has a negative impact on the quality of life of people with PsA; due to emotional problems, in fact, they may experience more pain and role limitations than patients with RA (Husted, Gladman, Farewell and Cook, 2001). A higher level of mortality compared to the general population has also been reported among people with PsA (Wallenius et al., 2008). Fit For Work? Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Japanese Labour Market 27
Page 1: Fit For Work? Musculoskeletal Disor
Page 4 and 5: Contents 4 1. Executive summary 6 2
Page 6 and 7: 1. Executive summary 6 The ‘Fit f
Page 8 and 9: Executive summary 8 the data that i
Page 10 and 11: 2. Introduction 10 2.1 The global b
Page 12 and 13: Introduction 12 2.3 International c
Page 14 and 15: Introduction 14 2.5 Structure of th
Page 16 and 17: Work and MSDs in Japan 16 Figure 3.
Page 18 and 19: Work and MSDs in Japan 18 3.2 Defin
Page 20 and 21: Work and MSDs in Japan 20 3.3 The i
Page 22 and 23: Work and MSDs in Japan 22 average t
Page 24 and 25: Work and MSDs in Japan 24 RA affect
Page 28 and 29: Work and MSDs in Japan 28 3.4 Summa
Page 30 and 31: MSDs and government 30 4.2 MSDs: Po
Page 32 and 33: MSDs and government 32 of good heal
Page 34 and 35: MSDs and government 34 Figure 4.1.
Page 36 and 37: MSDs and government 36 deliver bett
Page 38 and 39: 5. MSDs and health care professiona
Page 40 and 41: MSDs and health care professionals
Page 50 and 51: 6. MSDs and employers 50 6.1 Costs
Page 52 and 53: MSDs and employers 52 6.2 The role
Page 54 and 55: MSDs and employers 54 Occupational
Page 56 and 57: MSDs and employers 56 The most freq
Page 58 and 59: MSDs and employers 58 levels of pai
Page 60 and 61: MSDs and employers 60 • Modified
Page 62 and 63: MSDs and employers 62 Box 2. Case s
Page 64 and 65: MSDs and employers 64 lower the mor
Page 66 and 67: 7. MSDs and individuals 66 7.1 Impa
Page 68 and 69: MSDs and individuals 68 Figure 7.1.
Page 70 and 71: MSDs and individuals 70 7.2 MSDs: I
Page 72 and 73: MSDs and individuals 72 and other h
Page 74 and 75: MSDs and individuals 74 Figure 7.4.
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MSDs and individuals 76 Cont. Kaize
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MSDs and individuals 78 reported wo
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Conclusions and recommendations 80
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References 82 American Chamber of C
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References 84 Dagfinrud, H., Mengsh
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References 86 Hori, Y., Hoshino, J.
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References 88 Matsudaira, K., Hara,
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References 90 Rudwaleit, M., Gooch,
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References 92 Young, A., Dixey, J.,
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Appendix 2: Fit Note Sample 94 Sour
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Appendix 3: Benchmarking grid 96 So
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Appendix 3: Benchmarking grid 98 So
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Appendix 3: Benchmarking grid 100 O
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Appendix 3: Benchmarking grid Refer
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We provide: Research Advisory Consu
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