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MSDs and government 30 4.2 MSDs: Policy However, direct medical costs represent only a smaller portion of the total burden of the disease. Further societal burden is associated with the indirect cost of lost productivity resulting from ill-health. Although few surveys have considered the indirect societal costs of MSDs in Japan, a recent study estimates the indirect economic burden of disease in Japan (excluding medical costs) to be JPY 3.3 trillion a year, highlighting chronic pain (including neck, shoulder, back and joint pain) as a major contributor to that burden at JPY 372 billion per year (ACCJ, 2011a). On the example of RA, Igarashi, Igarashi, Kikuta, Tanaka, Hoshi, Inoue et al. (2010) find that societal costs of disease increase progressively with worsening RA: 2,896,248 for those with higher score of disease severity EQ-5D score (>0.8) and 1,329,398 for those with the lower score (
MSDs and government must contract an occupational physician, while those with staff of 1,000 or more are obliged to provide such a specialist full-time. Occupational physicians are responsible for on-site safety inspections, education of employees and provision of annual health check-ups. In addition, under the Labour Standards Act employers are made responsible for financial damage caused by work-related accidents, covering medical costs and damages for lost wages and disability, or an annuity for bereaved families. Because back pain accounts for a significant proportion of industrial accident claims (85 per cent in 2010), a number of strategies have been developed to prevent its occurrence and progress has been made in blue-collar industries (Koda, 2006). 11 A number of preventative measures, such as the development of industry guidelines and ergonomic assistance have been put in place to prevent such accidents, and workers are able to claim Worker’s Accident Compensation Insurance which covers all medical costs should such an accident occur in the workplace. These regulations focus mainly on the prevention of industrial accidents and the provision of adequate compensation for employees injured in the workplace. Occupational health and safety standards are high and the annual accident rate across all industries is now 2.0 (per 1,000 workers) compared to 5.0 in 1989. Some experts have challenged the validity of these statistics, drawing attention to the discrepancies between MHLW data and data recorded by the Japanese Industrial Safety and Health Association. 12 However, this level of progress is not mirrored in white-collar industries where recognition of MSDs caused not by accidents, but by long-term working conditions, remains low (Inaoka, 2006). 13 Non-injury related back pain and upper limb disorders account for only 2.4 per cent of total work related diseases (MHLW, 2010b). It is often difficult for the employee to prove the link between the workplace and the condition, and as such, applications for Workers Accident Compensation Insurance are uncommon, meaning these cases are absent from the official statistics on work-related diseases. A culture of presenteeism and a reluctance to use sick leave mean that the actual impact of MSDs on workplace productivity could be severely underestimated. In recent years occupational health and safety strategies in Japan have begun to recognise the interplay between physical, psychological and social factors and to emphasise the maintenance 11 The Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association provides summaries of industrial accident statistics in English: www.jisha.or.jp/english/statistics/index.html 12 Expert interview 13 Expert interview Fit For Work? Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Japanese Labour Market 31
Page 1: Fit For Work? Musculoskeletal Disor
Page 4 and 5: Contents 4 1. Executive summary 6 2
Page 6 and 7: 1. Executive summary 6 The ‘Fit f
Page 8 and 9: Executive summary 8 the data that i
Page 10 and 11: 2. Introduction 10 2.1 The global b
Page 12 and 13: Introduction 12 2.3 International c
Page 14 and 15: Introduction 14 2.5 Structure of th
Page 16 and 17: Work and MSDs in Japan 16 Figure 3.
Page 18 and 19: Work and MSDs in Japan 18 3.2 Defin
Page 20 and 21: Work and MSDs in Japan 20 3.3 The i
Page 22 and 23: Work and MSDs in Japan 22 average t
Page 24 and 25: Work and MSDs in Japan 24 RA affect
Page 26 and 27: Work and MSDs in Japan 26 3.3.4 Spo
Page 28 and 29: Work and MSDs in Japan 28 3.4 Summa
Page 32 and 33: MSDs and government 32 of good heal
Page 34 and 35: MSDs and government 34 Figure 4.1.
Page 36 and 37: MSDs and government 36 deliver bett
Page 38 and 39: 5. MSDs and health care professiona
Page 40 and 41: MSDs and health care professionals
Page 50 and 51: 6. MSDs and employers 50 6.1 Costs
Page 52 and 53: MSDs and employers 52 6.2 The role
Page 54 and 55: MSDs and employers 54 Occupational
Page 56 and 57: MSDs and employers 56 The most freq
Page 58 and 59: MSDs and employers 58 levels of pai
Page 60 and 61: MSDs and employers 60 • Modified
Page 62 and 63: MSDs and employers 62 Box 2. Case s
Page 64 and 65: MSDs and employers 64 lower the mor
Page 66 and 67: 7. MSDs and individuals 66 7.1 Impa
Page 68 and 69: MSDs and individuals 68 Figure 7.1.
Page 70 and 71: MSDs and individuals 70 7.2 MSDs: I
Page 72 and 73: MSDs and individuals 72 and other h
Page 74 and 75: MSDs and individuals 74 Figure 7.4.
Page 76 and 77: MSDs and individuals 76 Cont. Kaize
Page 78 and 79: MSDs and individuals 78 reported wo
Page 80 and 81:
Conclusions and recommendations 80
Page 82 and 83:
References 82 American Chamber of C
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References 84 Dagfinrud, H., Mengsh
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References 86 Hori, Y., Hoshino, J.
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References 88 Matsudaira, K., Hara,
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References 90 Rudwaleit, M., Gooch,
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References 92 Young, A., Dixey, J.,
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Appendix 2: Fit Note Sample 94 Sour
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Appendix 3: Benchmarking grid 96 So
Page 98 and 99:
Appendix 3: Benchmarking grid 98 So
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Appendix 3: Benchmarking grid 100 O
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Appendix 3: Benchmarking grid Refer
Page 104:
We provide: Research Advisory Consu
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