Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public

Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11617.html
CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC SLEEP LOSS AND SLEEP DISORDERS 89
TABLE 3-4 Selected Primary Sleep Parasomnias
Name Description
Disorders of arousal associated with NREM sleep
Confusional arousals Individuals display mental confusion or confusional behavior
during or following arousal, typically from SWS
Sleepwalking
Involves a series of behaviors initiated during arousals from SWS
that culminate in walking around in an altered state of
consciousness
Sleep terrors
Typically initiated by a loud scream associated with panic,
followed by intense motor activity, which can result in injury
Disorders associated with REM sleep
Nightmare disorder Recurrent nightmares that are coherent dream sequences manifest
as disturbing mental experiences that generally occur during
REM sleep
REM sleep behavior A complex set of behaviors, including mild to harmful body
disorder
movements associated with dreams and nightmares and loss of
muscle atonia
Recurrent isolated Inability to speak or move, as in a temporary paralysis, at sleep
sleep paralysis onset or upon waking
Other parasomnias
Enuresis
Nocturnal groaning
(catathrenia)
Sleep-related eating
disorder
Sleep-related
dissociative
disorders
Exploding head
syndrome
Sleep-related
hallucinations
Involuntary release of urine
Characterized by disruptive groaning that occurs during expiration,
particularly during the second half of night
Marked by repeated episodes of involuntary eating and drinking
during arousals from sleep
A dissociative episode that can occur in the period from wakefulness
to sleep or from awakening from stages 1 or 2 or from
REM sleep
Characterized by a sudden, loud noise or explosion in the head;
this is an imagined, painless noise.
Hallucinatory images that occur at sleep onset or on awakening
NOTE: NREM, non-rapid eye movement; REM, rapid eye movement; SWS, slow-wave sleep.
SOURCES: Halasz et al. (1985), Terzano et al. (1988), Zucconi et al. (1995), Zadra et al.
(1998), and AASM (2005).
Sleepwalking
Sleepwalking is characterized by a complex series of behaviors that
culminate in walking around with an altered state of consciousness and
impaired judgment (AASM, 2005). Individuals who are sleepwalking commonly
perform routine and nonroutine behaviors at inappropriate times
and have difficulty recalling episodic events. Like confusional arousals, the
prevalence of sleepwalking is higher in children than adults (AASM, 2005).
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