Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public

Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11617.html
SLEEP PHYSIOLOGY 49
Moe et al., 1991; Monk et al., 1995). However, both men and women have
increased stage 1 and decreased REM sleep.
Older people also experience a decrease in melatonin levels, which may
be due to the gradual deterioration of the hypothalamic nuclei that drive
circadian rhythms (Ancoli-Israel, 2005). The inability to maintain long sleep
episodes and bouts of wakefulness may reflect, in addition to other medical
factors, a continuously decreasing sleep homeostasis (Dijk et al., 2000;
Bliwise, 2005). Other prominent factors are the continuous increase in sleep
latency and nighttime awakenings and inconsistency of external cues such
as light exposure (which tends to be low), irregular meal times, nocturia,
and decreased mobility leading to a reduction in exercise (Dijk et al., 2000;
Ancoli-Israel, 2005; Bliwise, 2005).
REFERENCES
Acebo C, Millman RP, Rosenberg C, Cavallo A, Carskadon MA. 1996. Sleep, breathing, and
cephalometrics in older children and young adults. Part I: Normative values. Chest
109(3):664–672.
Adair RH, Bauchner H. 1993. Sleep problems in childhood. Current Problems in Pediatrics
23(4):142,147–170.
Ancoli-Israel S. 2000. Insomnia in the elderly: A review for the primary care practitioner.
Sleep: Supplement 23(1): S23–S30, discussion S36–S38.
Ancoli-Israel S. 2005. Normal human sleep at different ages: Sleep in older adults. In: Sleep
Research Society, eds. SRS Basics of Sleep Guide. Westchester, IL: Sleep Research Society.
Pp. 21–26.
Anders TF, Sadeh A, Appareddy V. 1995. Normal sleep in neonates and children. In: Ferber
RKM, ed. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine in the Child. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Pp. 7–18.
Astrom C, Trojaborg W. 1992. Relationship of age to power spectrum analysis of EEG during
sleep. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 9(3):424–430.
Bach V, Telliez F, Leke A, Libert JP. 2000. Gender-related sleep differences in neonates in
thermoneutral and cool environments. Journal of Sleep Research 9(3):249–254.
Bader G, Gillberg C, Johnson M, Kadesjö B, Rasmussen P. 2003. Activity and sleep in children
with ADHD. Sleep 26:A136.
Beltramini AU, Hertzig ME. 1983. Sleep and bedtime behavior in preschool-aged children.
Pediatrics 71(2):153–158.
Bixler EO, Kales A, Jacoby JA, Soldatos CR, Vela-Bueno A. 1984. Nocturnal sleep and wakefulness:
Effects of age and sex in normal sleepers. International Journal of Neuroscience
23(1):33–42.
Blasi A, Jo J, Valladares E, Morgan BJ, Skatrud JB, Khoo MC. 2003. Cardiovascular variability
after arousal from sleep: Time-varying spectral analysis. Journal of Applied Physiology
95(4):1394–1404.
Bliwise D. 2005. Normal aging. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, eds. Principles and
Practice of Sleep Medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders. Pp. 24–38.
Bunning E. 1964. The Physiological Clock. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Buxton OM, Spiegel K, Van Cauter E. 2002. Modulation of endocrine function and metabolism
by sleep and sleep loss. In: Lee-Chiong TL, Sateia MJ, Carskadon MA, eds. Sleep
Medicine. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus. Pp. 59–69.
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.