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-le_<br />
race, sex .-ed,mt3on, or oocluetim between cases and cc,rtiols . Mr;.i<br />
sue-speclfic cancer risk was asscsed, the authors found that exprnad<br />
individuals ILbse married to snokers) were at hiqher risk for cancer<br />
of the Faeasst laa1 .81, of the finele genital organs Iaftil .e), and of<br />
t11r_ efdocine systm IaN-3 .2) . Buad on a wnll nnher of caece<br />
In- :21 it w faad that passive sdkers shaed 1 .9 tiaes the risk for<br />
lunq cancar than these nor espoeed to seemx1herd sso:e . :Tis finding<br />
did net raech sutastial siqaifiona .<br />
There are mainly three grobleiatic features in Safdler'a<br />
cubliwtims that deserve eane atterrticn . The first relates to the ry<br />
in Ndch the results have bern preseitad . In aany instances the risk<br />
!or oncer associated with passive .mki1q is presented for the Mnle<br />
study qeoup . cceprising nm-seokers as well as asoixrs . AItlnugh the<br />
lat•.ier graup carr be tauidered passive mokxrs of their rnm se=Ndary<br />
smki - as well u of the sadot that othem promce - their<br />
inclusion seens inappfepfate, siire the ovatwhele'uq effects due to<br />
direct ssokinq wald tend to distort the effett due eaclmively to<br />
pesaiw amadrq . Saas tables, hwnner, do aeke the distinct .ion<br />
between the two gcoRa, and those ere the ones that are emst<br />
infometive . Secadly . eonfowdinq variables that aey explain the<br />
o0setved associationa were not taken into aemunt . Soae of these<br />
+a:iahies nce exmeure to alcohol, .to ooagational hafards, to dtuqs,<br />
and to sexual and reprcduttive behavior variables . thirdly and<br />
lastly, the fact cnst an asocucien .as tound between passive svoking<br />
and cance-s net previously deserihe7 as tohacm-relaud fhreast .<br />
http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dsk94c00/pdf<br />
syrem : raises srne suspicim . This fiidinq :ay be a<br />
- :o-<br />
crnsaryenc! of the inability to cmtrol for 2mfo,mdrls, aa mectiQatd<br />
am e .<br />
In additim to the epidmloloyic stdies, lahocatnry<br />
irnctiqetions, aloq with clivLLwl and patholoqical observatirns,<br />
have suppcrtad the hypcttesis that lunq cancer and prssiaa ssokL~q<br />
indeed eay be asaoeiated . The smt relevant literature in thne arens<br />
is disc.used in the follorsg paragreEtis .<br />
4 1l.FfJPNSONy INVGYCIfJrfIDNS<br />
mth obaervatimal nd eapesisantal lalrxatory studies iuve<br />
praduoed valuable infornetton on the biologio .l plausibility of the<br />
health effects of pssive sadcEnq . The amat isportsnt findings ere<br />
related to the identifiatfon of orcSnegenic substanees in sider .rea,<br />
smke and the ability of sae sideefie® saoke componefts to enter the<br />
oiqanisw of the passive sw,er f3W5/ . Cigarette a,dce omtaLts ower<br />
ane t)outand substances 116/ . Many of thea . including o¢cinoqelL+,<br />
are present in evan higher mioentrations in sidestzeam mn*e than<br />
mawtream snoke . fbr instmce, Diacthylnitraamine, a petent<br />
carciaoqen in aNaa :s, is 5, twros nore ooncartrated in sidestrsam<br />
meke 1a7-181 Bfweienn, et . al . /191 have estimsted that a nan-<br />
smoke : Mw apaLLi ene hour in a smky coon oay L4ule nitzosamurs in<br />
(Tuantities equivalent to snuking amut 15 cigarettes . aenzola)pirme,<br />
another knan carcinogen in srm asd uu .mals, is present 3 .4 tiaes aa<br />
,r.,;t^, i. ;idcstc~ sneke . F1rthermore, ene ci ;arette nay relmse up
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