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-131-<br />
for a study of the effects of passive ssokinq. since tAeir o.e habits<br />
wold tend to eeek any effect due to ervirvneatal sadoe . w<br />
rexgnited that the ideal erwp to be .todiad w a gzoup of ne~<br />
ssoiaexs . It Oeraee avideerc . Fv.ever, that tne pcpulation we rere<br />
werkin9 with waLLd not yield anaqh navar sndtiaq cases in any<br />
Qraccial period of tim . Instead of red,.zinq oar seeQle eize at the<br />
4Werae of statistial paer. it ras dacided to include ex-mmlaers in<br />
the study . 'IDe a+jor prespectiva studies f90-911 have shoyn that the<br />
tisk of lurl cenaer aonq foner su.en can daQense. after 15 to 20<br />
years, to a point sMra it eaerbles the risk of the never .edoen .<br />
a the awrqe thaa-rohsrs Litludad fn oir aaiple had qoit le<br />
yesre prior to thafr lnrticipKion in w sdary .<br />
. ur em ayre,nonetlrless,<br />
that .or raaidial effea of past sndcinq habits ai9ht<br />
still slnw in atr data ud this oonfovd the etfrr- doa to pusive<br />
we cmk threa sapa to enan that oot coselusions veuld nnt be<br />
affeeud by the inclwian of fateer sanMrs . These ane 1) the design<br />
of H+e snudy esraklishd tlrt asas and costols should be setdasf on<br />
tha basis of . .okinq history. 21 sepsnte eatLrtes of effect vera<br />
obtained for asckers a.d fomes ackars, aM 31 We aonttol7.ed in tlro<br />
anslysis for a variable that represented the ne6er of cigarettes the<br />
ex-yndeers used to ada p's day . Oor CeaWts prM".ded evidence that<br />
the Lnel•~sion of Lomer ssWaers was not i'rppsafdau . In no asa did<br />
w f :nd differTCes in t.4e estinates of effect beaeen n.ver and<br />
fotser mokefs Msich .efe aptistically slqniL'.car.l . lbvere'rless . a<br />
:esidul .e!!!^ dus to past Y(awing haolts yas tou4 . ?bcrcr aTrJfeis<br />
http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dsk94c00/pdf<br />
of I ps* of cigarrsew)day rtnrd a statistiolly significant odds<br />
ratio of 1 .30 . It shcold be anFhssised th .t thie effect w.s<br />
cantrolled for in the analysis lea asalained in nudrr 3 . ahaa/ and<br />
therefore is nar to 4 viasd u resporuible for amy effect foad Lor<br />
passive aakin9<br />
1rnt twsiecLas hsw raR[ic4d their sbHis en passive s a kinq<br />
aeluaiwly to w4so. 'Rhis is again related to the fact t1Ht it is<br />
enier to find non-.uking lvq viwr tases aeoy •tmen than mansl<br />
sea . In this Cnin it is iaiplisd to a certain e¢at tlrt results on<br />
tlen be estrapolatad to swn. That i ., lt is aseiasf that own are as<br />
susce ptihle to emiva imental nuka aO wuen, althaqh this is nnt as<br />
easily obetved in a ar/e popolatlin Eeeauaa nsn acquite lung csnwr<br />
ss a mnw,7oe M of their own WdHng . IKIe this prepositicn aeias<br />
sense, ee felt that it de.etv.d to be eusluatd . The findinq ot an<br />
association in srles awid struqthen the evidence of the c.rcinoqaMc<br />
effect of envitomsnc .l sncke. Pa stiNy includes also the largest<br />
Series of n .le nm-m okiig lunq tannr osea 126 .SS of these are<br />
never ~alata .nd 71 .3% an fonrr asnkers/ .<br />
Oor cases •ere drmn fto∎ all di.qnostic ad tmsaes,t facilities<br />
opentinq in the study area . ftrther aierJn for cases .qza perforred<br />
at the t+w yerk State 'Mor 8egistry . bsNpt for a fw cases dq ney<br />
iave left the ares in order to 9a•. erdial ora in other reqioin. w<br />
are centident of fuving detected .11 inddent mses ocarrin9 during<br />
t!e study period . Oot rescnw rate of 161 ean be oarjideral 9ca1 fer<br />
m+t es+umtion .l sWdarls . t+e do net have deu/ . :ed in'or»dciae on
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