Rural Income Generation and Diversification - A Case Study ... - Doria

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148 1,050 millimetres, while in the valley it is normally less than 800 millimetres. Tsetse flies in the valley hinder cattle-keeping and reduce the use of oxen for ploughing and transport. The rainfall patterns allow only a single growing season in the Province, starting with the onset of rains in October and ending with harvesting in May-June. Table 29 indicates the timing of the major crop-related activities in the plateau area of Eastern Province. Table 29. Cropping activity and labour use (Eastern Plateau). Month Season for January Planting and weeding February Weeding, harvesting, tobacco planting, vegetables March - April Harvesting tobacco, groundnuts and sunflower May - June Harvesting maize, sunflower and cotton July Shelling and storage August Marketing September Resting October Land preparation November Planting local maize, hybrid maize, beans and pumpkins December Planting of groundnuts,weeding and fertilizer application Source: ICRAF 1988 (cited by Kupanda 1999a) Subsistence and small-scale agriculture are the dominant modes of production. In the late 1980s smallholders occupied 97 per cent of rural households in the Province (Jha et al. 1991). According to the 1990 agricultural census, 95 per cent of farms had less than five hectares of land and the rest between five and 20 hectares: the number of large farms of more than 20 hectares was minute (MAFF 2001a). The total area of maize grown in the Province had been on the decline since the late 1980s, but maize was still the most important crop measured in terms of cultivated area. Cotton, groundnuts and other crops were far behind. Livestock has always played a significant role in Eastern Province. Zambia faced a major fall in livestock production towards the end of the 1990s due to outbreaks of severe cattle diseases such as the Corridor disease and East Coast Fever 60 . This caused a significant reduction in the number of cattle in Eastern Province too, and re-stocking was an extremely slowly process. 60 Interviews conducted in Lusaka and Chipata by the author, 2003.
The present study, also called the Eastern Province Income Diversification Study (EPIDS) in 2003, focused on four districts, one of which was selected from the valley (Mambwe) and three from the plateau area (Petauke, Chipata, Lundazi). The location of the study sites in the districts was determined by the IFPRI 1985/86 study because the aim was to visit the same villages and as far as possible the same households. Table 30 gives some characteristics of each of the selected districts based on the profiles and strategic-development plans prepared for the District Planning and Implementation project during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Table 30. The four districts selected for the EPIDS study in Eastern Province. Mambwe Lundazi Chipata Petauke Area, km 2 4,840 14,058 5,147 18,980 Cultivated land, ha 13,000 154,600 72,070 76,500 Population (2002) 46,419 232,274 358,880 233,684 Rural population (2002) 44,568 220,660 290,693 222,000 Altitude in meters above sea level 600 – 800 600 – 1,200 900 – 1,200 600 – 1,220 Annual rainfall mm 750 – 850 700 – 1,000 850 – 1,050 Mean 980 Location 85 km from Chipata in Luangwa valley 181 km north of Chipata along the Chama road Sources: Kupanda 1999a; Kupanda 1999b; GRZ 2000a, 2000b; ZVAC 2003 Around the provincial capital, Chipata 149 177 km from Chipata, along the Great East Road
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Kaisa Karttunen Rural Income Genera
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University of Helsinki Department o
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CONTENTS 1. Introduction ..........
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Table 6. Percentages of income from
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WFP World Food Programme WHO World
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12 man 2002). These include income-
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14 The following questions were for
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16 of household comsumption is also
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18 Zambian farmers fall into three
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20 impact on rural poverty. Startin
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22 1992 consumer and transportatio
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24 The Government of Zambia (GRZ) i
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26 inadequate monitoring of the act
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28 Distributor Scheme was fully in
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30 as tobacco and cotton the out-gr
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32 households were directly afflict
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34 If it had no control over the m
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36 According to the AHM, a househol
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icultural economy was opened up to
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Similar concerns were shared by Tay
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order to reduce income variablity.
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of infrastructure development, the
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which implies that diversification
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Haggblade et al. (2002) argue that
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In many cases the processing of the
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4.9 Rural income diversification in
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Table 3. Rural income-diversificati
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1990s - made the farmers reluctant
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In addition to asset endowments and
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5.1.2 The 2003 dataset The second s
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clarifying some concepts and assess
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5.2 Methods The theoretical grounds
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able random variables not explicitl
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Incshare 25 or Inclevel 26 = β0 +
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5.2.4 Choosing the estimation metho
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74 Both cash and in-kind income wer
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76 Share of income 100 90 80 70 60
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78 The households considered market
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80 The proportion of income generat
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82 The seasonality effect was clear
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84 Since a lack of money was given
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86 % of income 100 90 80 70 60 50 4
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88 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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90 6.1.7 Grouping households accord
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92 number of adult members, was cri
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94 more likely to use fertilisers a
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96 holds. According to the responde
Page 98 and 99: 98 The following process was follow
Page 100 and 101: 100 6.1.9 The results of the econom
Page 102 and 103: 102 The categorisation of household
Page 104 and 105: 104 Table 20. Determinants of the s
Page 106 and 107: 106 In some cases the former househ
Page 108 and 109: 108 indicated thus an opposite tren
Page 110 and 111: 110 The Simpson diversification ind
Page 112 and 113: 112 tares - the difference being st
Page 114 and 115: 114 which brought more purchasing p
Page 116 and 117: 116 diversification index. Block an
Page 118 and 119: 118 evidence that households had no
Page 120 and 121: 120 such as piecework and forest la
Page 122 and 123: 122 7.2 Changes in the households b
Page 124 and 125: 124 lower soil fertility, and the l
Page 126 and 127: 126 8. Conclusions and recommendati
Page 128 and 129: 128 Rural non-farm activities are l
Page 130 and 131: 130 Politiikkamuutosten seurauksena
Page 132 and 133: 132 References Abdulai, A. & CroleR
Page 134 and 135: 134 CSO. 1997. Living Conditions Mo
Page 136 and 137: 136 Ellis, F., Kutengele, M. & Nyas
Page 138 and 139: 138 Heltberg, R. (mimeo) 2001. Comm
Page 140 and 141: 140 Lanjouw, J.O. & Lanjouw, P. 200
Page 142 and 143: 142 Ruotsi, J., Lindberg, O., Seger
Page 144 and 145: 144 Zulu, B., Nijhoff, J.J., Jayne,
Page 146 and 147: 146 Annex 2. The theoretical framew
Page 150 and 151: 150 Annex 4. Schedule of the field
Page 152 and 153: 152 Annex 5. Three household cases
Page 154 and 155: 154 In the 1970s and 1980s, and eve
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