TUNNEL ENGINEERING

is not an option, then the tunnel must be
designed to accommodate expected displacements,
and perhaps the surrounding material
may also need to permit relative movement of the
tunnel. Locations of especially critical design in a
tunnel are at changes of inertia and soil properties
(where there will be contrasting responses),
and at joints that might open up and cause
flooding. Ductility in structures is particularly
important for structures to survive and for life
safety.
(Wang, J, ‘‘Seismic Design of Tunnels—A
Simple State-of-the-Art Design Approach,’’
TUNNEL ENGINEERING
Tunnel Engineering n 20.55
Parsons Brinckerhoff Monograph No. 7, 1993.) (St.
John, C. M., and Zahrah, T. F., Aseismic Design of
Underground Structures, Tunneling and Underground
Space Technology, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1987.)
(Chapter 15B Tunnel Structures, ‘‘Structural
Engineering Handbook,’’ 2000 Update for
ENGnetBASE, Edited by Wai-Fah Chen and Lian
Duan, CRC Press, 2000 (www.crcpress.com).)
(Earthquake Analysis, L. C. F. Ingerslev and
O. Kiyomiya, International Tunneling Association
Immersed and Floating Tunnels Working Group,
‘‘State-of-the Art Report,’’ Second Edition, Pergamon,
April 1997.)
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