Producing Quality Oat Hay

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Table 6.2 The impact of seed and fertiliser spread and row spacing on plant spacing and theoretical nitrogen concentration in the plant – source Agrilink Agricultural Consultants. Lateral seed spread 2.5cm (1 inch) 5cm (2 inches) 7.5cm (3 inches) Tyne spacing % of surface covered with stems1 Seeding direction Impact on hay quality • Staining and moulds • Colour • Contamination When cutting the crop it is desirable to use the remaining stubble to support the hay off the ground (Image 6.5). This helps hay cure evenly and contamination at baling is minimised. Therefore, choice of seeding direction should take into consideration the direction that the crop will be cut. <strong>Oat</strong> crops can be sown round and round, up and back or diagonally. If sown round and round the ideal is to mow the hay at 90 degrees to the longest paddock length. Those sown up and back should be cut at 90 degrees to the direction of sowing, while diagonally sown crops can be harvested round and round or up and back as cutting will always be at 45 degrees to the seeding row (Figures 6.1a, b, c & d). Image 6.5 Cut stubble should support hay off the ground to improve curing and minimise soil contamination; the choice of seeding direction to cutting direction influences how successfully this is achieved. 17.5cm 22.5cm 30cm 17.5cm 22.5cm 30cm 17.5cm 22.5cm 30cm 7” 9” 12” 7” 9” 12” 7” 9” 12” 17% 11% 8% 33% 22% 17% 50% 33% 25% Theoretical change in Base plant nitrogen status +28% +71% -10% +14% +36% -25% +10% +22% 0% from the base2 1 The higher the percentage the lower the risk of hay hitting the ground and being weather damaged. 2 The greater the negative deviation from the base the better the hay quality. PRODUCING QUALITY OAT HAY 51
Figure 6.1a Sown round and round – cut round and round With this combination more cut hay is likely to fall between the seeding rows resulting in uneven curing, as hay on the ground takes longer to cure than that supported on the stubble. It also means windrowers and rakes have to be set lower increasing the opportunity for contaminants to be picked up with the hay. Super conditioners struggle to pick up hay that has fallen to the ground. Another problem is that seed and fertiliser rates are double on the headlands, therefore plants in this area are likely to lodge, have bleached stems and poorer feed test results due to lower levels of water soluble carbohydrates. (Figure 6.1a) Figure 6.1b Sown up and back – cut up and back at 90 degrees Self propelled or swinging arm mowers allow hay to be cut up and back. This combination of seeding and mowing direction should ensure the majority of hay remains off the ground. Headland areas are minimised and bales made on the headlands can easily be separated. Figure 6.1c Sown up and back – cut round and round Off-set, ‘PTO’ driven mowers can only be used round and round. Therefore to minimise hay damage sowing should be done on the shortest run and mowing round and round. (Figure 6.1b). Figure 6.1d Sown diagonally – cut up and back or round and round Cutting round and round will still result in damage on the headlands. However, sowing diagonally minimises the risk of hay damage as seeding and cutting operations are never in the same direction. 52 PRODUCING QUALITY OAT HAY
Page 1 and 2: Producing Quality Oat Hay
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements Authors Pamela Zwe
Page 5 and 6: The oat hay year planner Between cr
Page 7 and 8: Zadoks Stage Growth Code Activity C
Page 10 and 11: Foreword Growing Oat Hay was first
Page 12 and 13: Chapter 1 Why grow oat hay? Growing
Page 14 and 15: Table 1.1 Gross margin in dollars p
Page 16 and 17: Chapter 2 Is oat hay a viable choic
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 3 What the market wants? Do
Page 20 and 21: Hay for export Over the past five y
Page 22 and 23: Figure 3.5 Overview of the Australi
Page 24 and 25: Objective measurement and chemical
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 4 Disease of oats A wide ra
Page 28 and 29: Leaf and stem diseases - fungi Stem
Page 30 and 31: Septoria Leaf Blotch, Septoria aven
Page 32 and 33: Leaf and stem diseases - bacteria F
Page 34 and 35: Root Diseases - nematodes Nematodes
Page 36 and 37: Root Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus
Page 38 and 39: Take-all, Gaeumannomyces graminis v
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 5 Variety selection for hay
Page 42 and 43: Swan Swan is a tall mid season vari
Page 44 and 45: Seed purchased for sowing to produc
Page 46: Table 5.4a Agronomic and hay qualit
Page 49 and 50: Herbicide residues Some herbicide r
Page 51: Higher plant populations produce hi
Page 55 and 56: oadcast or deep banded at seeding.
Page 57 and 58: Weed control Impact on hay quality
Page 59 and 60: Image 6.8 Pre seeding weed control
Page 61 and 62: Insect control Oat hay crops are da
Page 63 and 64: 62 PRODUCING QUALITY OAT HAY Figure
Page 65 and 66: Ripe grain in hay is undesirable to
Page 67 and 68: Plants leaning at different angles
Page 69 and 70: Curing For every one tonne of hay b
Page 71 and 72: Figure 7.4 The impact of rainfall a
Page 73 and 74: Image 7.7 The windrow before (L) an
Page 75 and 76: Testing moisture content A moisture
Page 77 and 78: Handling can be easier if the bale
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 8 Storage and transport Hay
Page 82 and 83: Time line Spontaneous fires in stac
Page 84 and 85: side of the vehicle to the other, w
Page 86: Producing Quality Oat Hay The marke

Producing Quality Oat Hay

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