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Additional <strong>Trade</strong> Challenges: Transport, Transit, and Non-Tariff Barriers<br />
Table 4: route-Wise Comparison of Transaction Cost (TC)<br />
facilitating measures have been taken and the situation on the ground<br />
may well have changed. Nonetheless, the above study provides a useful<br />
benchmark against which fresh estimates can be prepared and compared.<br />
non-Tariff Barriers<br />
distance<br />
(Km)<br />
<strong>Pakistan</strong> has been extremely concerned about non-tariff barriers that it<br />
faces in accessing the <strong>India</strong>n market. <strong>Pakistan</strong> has identified several nontariff<br />
measures (under the sub-group on non-tariff barriers set up under<br />
SAFTA) which it deems trade restrictive. In fact, the imposition of Non-<br />
Tariff Measures (NTMs) is legitimately allowed under various provisions<br />
of the World <strong>Trade</strong> Organization (WTO) to ensure safety and to protect<br />
plant, animal, and human life provided they meet the principle of MFN<br />
treatment and the principle of national treatment. The latter principle<br />
prohibits discrimination between domestic and foreign goods in the application<br />
of these measures. The provisions under the WTO’s Agreement<br />
on Technical Barriers to <strong>Trade</strong> (TBT) permit members to apply measures<br />
largely to manufactured products provided they are not trade restrictive.<br />
| 91 |<br />
Total TC<br />
Cost $ per<br />
Container<br />
Transaction<br />
Cost $/<br />
Container/<br />
Km<br />
land<br />
Delhi-Attari (road-cum-rail)<br />
Delhi-Mumbai-Karachi (rail-<br />
479 415 0.87<br />
cum-sea) 2274 1058 0.47<br />
sea<br />
Mumbai-Karachi 885 576 0.65<br />
Mumbai-Dubai-Karachi 3127 776–976 0.25–0.31<br />
Source: Taneja (2006).<br />
Note: Estimates for transport and other transaction costs were obtained for a 20-foot sea<br />
container. Load costs for land transport were obtained for the same quantity.