The code model of communication: a powerful - SIL International

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iv Contents 4.2. Critiques within linguistics .................................................................................114 4.2.1. Linguistics and Kuhn’s two major senses of ‘paradigm’ ..........................114 4.2.2. Linguistics and Kuhn’s notion of a disciplinary life-cycle........................118 4.2.3. Linguistics and Kuhn’s idea of normal and revolutionary phases.............126 4.2.4. Linguistics and Kuhn’s incommensurability hypothesis...........................128 4.3. The Saussurean paradigm ...................................................................................132 4.4. Normal and revolutionary linguistics..................................................................142 4.4.1. Normal linguistics: Filling in details, adding patches ...............................143 4.4.2. Revolutionary linguistics: Abandoning the code model............................167 4.5. Viewing revolutionary approaches as developmental ........................................181 5. Developing an Alternative ...........................................................................................182 5.1. “If you want to end a war …” .............................................................................182 5.2. A critical evaluation of the code model ..............................................................182 5.2.1. The problem of variation ...........................................................................183 5.2.2. The problem of abstraction ........................................................................194 5.2.3. The problem of meaning............................................................................200 5.2.4. The problem of discourse...........................................................................206 5.3. Other models .......................................................................................................209 5.3.1. Mechanistic models ...................................................................................209 5.3.2. Motor theory ..............................................................................................211 5.3.3. Berge’s four types of communication models ...........................................212 5.3.4. Dance’s helical model................................................................................215 5.3.5. Reddy’s toolmakers paradigm ...................................................................216 5.4. An alternative model of communication.............................................................218 5.4.1. The alternative model ................................................................................219 5.4.2. Alternative model presuppositions ............................................................222 5.5. “But that’s not linguistics”..................................................................................228 5.6. The code model in the future of linguistics.........................................................230 5.7. The code model and alternative model in social context ....................................231 6. Summary and Concluding Comments .........................................................................233 6.1. Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................233 6.2. Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................233 6.3. Chapter 3 .............................................................................................................234 6.4. Chapter 4 .............................................................................................................235 6.5. Chapter 5 .............................................................................................................237 Appendix..........................................................................................................................239 References........................................................................................................................241 Biographical Information.................................................................................................256
Illustrations Figure 2.1. A continuum with simple and conceptual metaphors at opposing poles...................................................................................................................8 Figure 2.2. Jakobson’s communication model (after Jakobson 1960:353).......................15 Figure 2.3. Nida’s communication model (after Nida 1964:121) .....................................16 Figure 3.1. A generic model of communication................................................................28 Figure 3.2. Saussure’s graphic representation of the sign, translation by Harris (after Saussure 1983:[99]) ...............................................................................38 Figure 3.3. Saussure’s diagram of the speech circuit as published in Cours (Saussure 1985:[27]) .......................................................................................42 Figure 3.4. Saussure’s schematic of the speech circuit as published in Cours (Saussure 1985:[28]), with English translation by Harris (after Saussure 1983:[28]).........................................................................................43 Figure 3.5. Three views of the relationship between linguistic and nonlinguistic referents: (a) nomenclaturist/surrogationalist, (b) Lockean, (c) Saussurean .......................................................................................................46 Figure 3.6. Shannon’s model of communication, originally presented as a “Schematic diagram of a general communication system” (after Shannon 1948:381, 1949:5) ............................................................................57 Figure 3.7. Diagram of a speech chain version of the code model, with an information theoretic account of phonetic transmission and reception embedded in the center “links”........................................................89 Figure 3.8. Diagram of a typical version of the code model, with information theoretic components conceptually tangled with other components (C=concept, S=sound pattern; see figure 3.4).................................................89 Figure 4.1. Metonymic continua Kuhn created through his various uses of the term paradigm..................................................................................................98 Figure 4.2. Diagrammatic representation of arboreal and rhizomatic ordering of paradigmatic relationships.............................................................................110 Figure 5.1. Variation as plotted on three dimensions: width, depth, and time. The accounts of historic and geographic variation are distinguished only by perspective and emphasis.................................................................186 Figure 5.2. The alternative model of communication, as applied to monologue ............220 Figure 5.3. The alternative model of communication, as applied to dialogue ................222 Figure A.1. A linguistics department graduate student’s response to the questionnaire (April 7, 1998) ........................................................................239 Figure A.2. A linguist’s response to the questionnaire (This respondent reported having earned an M.A. in linguistics.) (March 28, 1998.) ............................240 v
Page 1 and 2: The Code Model of Communication A P
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240 Appendix Figure A.2. A linguist
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242 References Bernstein, Basil. 19
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244 References Dance, Frank E. X. 1
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248 References Kinneavy, James L. 1
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250 References Makkai, Adam. 1993.
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252 References Pearson, Bruce L. 19
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254 References Stegmüller, Wolfgan
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Biographical Information Perry Loui
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