north american native orchid journal - at The Culture Sheet

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Brown & Folsom: WILD ORCHIDS OF THE WHITE MOUNTAINS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE AND MAINE The genus CORALLORHIZA has 13 species throughout North America and Hispaniola. One species, C. trifida, is widespread across Eurasia. The plants are entirely mycotrophic and some are thought to be saprophytes. They arise from a coralloid rhizome, hence the name. The entire genus is easily recognizable from its leafless stems, although they may be variously colored, and by their small flowers. Three species and two varieties may be found within the White Mountains region Key to the coralroots, Corallorhiza 1a autumn flowering…2 1b spring and/or summer flowering…3 2a flowers chasmogamous; stems slender, brownish; petals and sepals indistinct, lip fully expanded white with purple spotting; autumn flowering... .....Pringle’s autumn coralroot, Corallorhiza odontorhiza var. pringlei 2b flowers cleistogamous, flower very small, less than 3 mm, autumn flowering.....autumn coralroot, Corallorhiza odontorhiza var. odontorhiza 3a spring flowering, stems green to yellow; lip white with 2 lateral lobes or teeth; plain or (rarely) spotted.....early coralroot, Corallorhiza trifida 3b summer flowering…4 4a stems stout; variously colored; petals and sepals distinct, late spring-summer flowering; sides of lip broadened, flowers open wide.....western spotted coralroot, Corallorhiza maculata var. occidentalis 4b midsummer flowering; sides of lip parallel..... spotted coralroot, Corallorhiza maculata var. maculata 208
Brown & Folsom: WILD ORCHIDS OF THE WHITE MOUNTAINS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE AND MAINE Corallorhiza maculata (Rafinesque) Rafinesque var. maculata spotted coralroot forma flavida (Peck) Farwell–yellow-stemmed form forma rubra P.M. Brown–red-stemmed form Range: British Columbia east to Newfoundland, south to California, Arizona, and New Mexico; in the Appalachian Mountains south to northern Georgia and South Carolina In the White Mountains region: occasional throughout, usually in open woodlands Plant: terrestrial, mycotrophic, 20-50 cm tall; stems bronzy-tan or, in the forma flavida, bright yellow, or in the forma rubra, red Leaves: none Flowers: 5-20; tepals typically brownish or, in the forma flavida, bright yellow or, in the forma rubra, red; lip white, spotted with madder purple; in the forma flavida, unspotted or, in the forma rubra, spotted with bright red; lip with the middle lobe not expanded, the sides obviously parallel; individual flowers 5.0-7.5 mm, the floral parts not wide-spreading and appearing somewhat cupped; individual flowers 5.0-7.5 mm, mentum obscure Habitat: rich mesic and mixed forests Flowering period: late May to July The spotted coralroot is the most frequently encountered species of coralroot found within eastern North America and is widespread and relatively common throughout much of the Northeastern. The variation in the stem color is usually evident in even small populations. Annual populations vary greatly and often colonize disturbed areas. forma rubra 209
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