miya-english-hausa dictionary - UCLA Department of Linguistics

Appendices 54
APPENDIX II: VERB CLASSES
The paradigms in this Appendix illustrate all the forms characteristic for all the verb
classes described in Chapter 4 and all the TAM’s described in Chapter 5. They are
divided into two large formal classes: Verbal TAM’s and Nominal TAM’s (see 5:§1
for this distinction). Within each of these paradigms, the verbs are listed according to the
following eleven classes:
L Ca “L” MONO-VERBS, 4:§1.2.3.4
H Ca “H” MONO-VERBS, 4:§1.2.3.5
L CVCa “L” POLY-VERBS of the final a class
L CVC
L CVC© “L” POLY-VERBS of the final Ø class 4:§1.2.3.1
H H CVCa “H H” POLY-VERBS of the final a class
H H CVC
H H CVC© “H H” POLY-VERBS of the final Ø class 4:§1.2.3.2
H L CVCa “H L” POLY-VERBS of the final a class
H L CVC
L H CVC© “H L” POLY-VERBS of the final Ø class 4:§1.2.3.3
The CVC and CVC” examples of the “final Ø classes” are phonologically predictable
variants, but both are included with Verbal TAM’s to show how tones are distributed
when the verb roots have one and two syllables respectively. With Nominal TAM’s, all
verbs have final -a, thus neutralizing all termination distinctions.
The citation form of the example verbs for each Verb Class is the gerund (4:§2.2).
Gerunds are the simplest reference for tone class. For each class, there is a transitive verb
to illustrate the form with no clitics (Ø Object), the IO Pronoun clitic, and the DO
Pronoun clitic and an intransitive verb to illustrate the Intransitive Copy Pronoun
(ICP). Aside from Imperatives, which by definition can have only subjects which
include 2nd person, the forms are those which would have a non-nominal 3rd masculine
singular subject (‘he VERB’). Type of subject never affects the form of the verb itself.
The pronominal clitics are third masculine singular in all cases except ICP for
Imperatives, which, again, can have only 2nd person subjects. Tones on the third
masculine singular clitics are representative of tones for all clitics whose tones are
determined by lexical verb tone rather than having inherent tone (see 4:§1.2.2 for tonal
classes of clitics).
The illustrative TAM’s are the following: