Atmospheric sampling of Supertyphoon Mireille with NASA ...

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1858 NEWELL ET AL: DC-8 SAMPLING OF TYPHOON MIREILLE 1700 1650 ,,,1 .... .... i,, ,,t.,,,I .... I .... I, 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 Hour CUT) 300f,,,, .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ,,, 200[ 100 j.,,,L '"'""'"',, ....... 0 a .... I .... I .... 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 Hour (UT) 100.,,, .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ,,, 75 so 2 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 Hour (U'D 30001, ,,, .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ,,, =soo 2000- 120 - 100 S0 1000- soo- 0"' ,I ....... I 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 Hour (UT) 14 12 10 0 0 240 ,- 200 120 160 0 150 -- 12o 90 o 3o 000 o 1 0 800 600 400 200 0 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 Hour (UT) ß , ß , ** ..3000 540[ 520- 500 E48o[ ,sol- 440t 420- 400 , ß ß .... ? , *******,, oo ß ** , , * * ** * * ** ** 2000 ß 1500 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1000 ß 0 . , ,* ...... , , ***** ß * 50 ,, , 4000 3000 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2000 6 .. . r 4- .... , i., ,i .... i,,, i, ,i,,, i ,i i ,i, ,i .... i .... i 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 100 Ho ) 90 == 80 70 = = [ so 50 20 = = 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 300 - Hour (UT) 250- = = = 200[:- . . 150 ". ." O"100. = = === "= = == = 7 == = == = 50,, B E o "i'g ............... 2' ' i, 3 ., 4 ,I, 515 6 6.5 '" .............. 7 7.5 ' .... ' 800 o 600 400 200 ß ** , ***** *,*** 0 1 2 3 Hour (LIT) ß * * * * 2 3 5 B , , ** *** **% , , *** , ß , ß , 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 HOUR (UT) 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 6 7 8 Figure 4. Time series of selected consfituems for the entire flight for September 27, 1991. B represems boundary layer mn (043242 UT-0315 UT) and E represents time spent in typhoon eye region (4)457 UT-0533 UT). (a) CH4, CO, 03, and H20 mixing ratio from Lyman-ot instrument (plus flight altitude). Resolution of data used: CO and CH4, 5 s; 03, 10 s; H20, 10 s. Co) OCS, CS2, DMS, and SO2. (c) C6H6 (benzene), C2H2 (ethyne[acetylene]), C3H8 (propane), and C2H6 (ethane). (d) CH3OOH (methyl-hydroperoxide), H202 (hydrogen peroxide), and OH from model by Davis et al. [this issue]. (e) NO, NOy, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), and ambient temperature (difference between GIT and Kondo discussed by Crosley [this issue]). (f) Aerosol concentrations. (g) Ratios of acetylene/CO and propane/ethane. (h) Detailed (10 s) temperature, water vapor, aircraft wind speed, and aircraft altitude from 0500 to 0700 UT.
200 180 40 80 0 40 20 800 700 5 4 2 1 loo 90 70 60 "--" 50 1 40 Z 30 20 0 1 lo - o o lO E- 20 50 40 20 10 30 40 50 f I NEWELL ET AL: DC-8 SAMPLING OF TYPHOON MIREILLE 1859 Crcle GA Inst Tech Star Kondo oø o ß o o o o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Qrele GA Inst Teeh Star Kondo o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ** ** ** ** * ** * * ** **, ** x , ** , , ** ** ** ,x ** ** ** 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 HOUR CUT) AEROSOL 05 to 20 / 2 3 4 5 E 6 7 HOUR (UT) .o[ o.o .... .... HOUR T) 0.20[ 0.00 ..... [ .................................................... I 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 HOUR CUT) -25 -30 -35 -48 -45 -50 4 5 3000 1580 1808 580 48 38 lO 14 13 12 11 4 5 Figure 4. (continued) 9 50 55 60 65 70 7 5 50 55 60 65 70 7 5 50 55 60 65 78 75 58 55 00 65 /0 75 HOUR (UT) Intensive sampling was carried out in three regions: the also contains the flight altitude, and Figure 4e includes boundary layer inflow region at about 300 m between ambient air temperature. Time resolution of the data used 0241 UT and 0315 UT; the eye and surrounding wall cloud in Figure 4a is given with the Figure 4a caption. For other region, sampling at about 11.3 and 12 km between 0457 constituents the data are collected at variable intervals and and 0535 UT; and the outflow region (a term used here to are plotted at the midpoint of the collection interval. Each denote the northeast quadrant) between 0550 and 0714 UT. time series set has the boundary layer and eye regions The aircraft-reported winds are plotted in Figure 3a-3c for marked on the time axis. Constituents having their lowest these three regions. Where available, radiosonde winds values in the boundary layer included CO, 03, SO2, C2H2, (see, for example, Figure 3c) and winds from commercial C2H6, C3H8, C6H6, NO, NOy, and PAN. PAN is actually aircraft flights (AIREPs) are also included (see, for below the detection limit; its concentration is very sensitive example, Figure 2). Most of the body of this paper deals to temperature, decreasing at higher temperatures [Singh, with the atmospheric chemistry findings in these three 1987]. Thus indications are that the air entering the regions and their possible interpretation in terms of typhoon from the south in the southeastern sector is clean atmospheric motions. marine air. The marine origin of the inflow was also indicated by the fact that the highest DMS values of the mission occurred in the boundary layer. The higher aerosol concentrations in the boundary layer (Figure 40 are 2. Results of Boundary Layer Sampling thought to be associated with sea salt. In addition to the time series of constituents themselves, time series of ratios of two pairs of constituents which can Time series of selected constituents are examined first be interpreted in terms of air mass age are presented in to place the boundary layer inflow region in proper Figure 4g. As discussed elsewhere [Gregory et al., this perspective. Figure 4 includes time series for the entire issue], an acetylene/CO ratio of 1 suggests emissions only a few (DMS), 802, C2H2, C2H6, C3H8, C6H6, NO, NOy, .days old. These values apply when acetylene is expressed CH3C(O)OONO 2 (peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)), H202, in pptv and CO is in ppbv. The lifetime of acetylene CH3OOH, OH (model calculated), and aerosol. Figure 4a (C2H2) is about 11 days, while that of carbon monoxide is
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