Gschwend%20thesis.pdf

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-162- compound concentrations in air to seawater concentrations of the Cz- and C3-benzenes may be a valid indicator for the longer-term direction of flux. Oyster Pond, Quashnet River, and Sippewissett Marsh. Inland water samples were analyzed for their volatile content. Five samples of Oyster Pond water were acquired in August and September, 1978. This pond is located very near CD and is separated from the coastal seawater by a narrow stretch of land (figure 3-1). The pond is a collecting basin for groundwater and runoff, and releases about 3 X 106 liters of water to the Sound near CD per day (Emery, 1972). Motorboats are not allowed on Oyster Pond. The concentrations of o-xylene in Oyster Pond were consistently found to be lower than those in CD (figure 4-6). Assuming that sinks such as biodegradation or loss to the sediments are no more important in the pond than they are at CD, these .data suggest that the atmosphere. was not an important source of C2- and C3-benzenes to CD at this time. . Since o-xylene is more soluble in freshwater than in seawater, the concentrations in freshwater should be higher than in seawater given an atmospheric source at equilibrium with both (Sutton and Calder, 1975; Appendix IV). After rain, the Oyster Pond concentration of o-xylene increased (30%), while at CD the concentration decreased (25%). This observation indicates that the atmosphere is the source of this aromatic compound to Oyster Pond but not to CD. It also supports the conclusion from the year-round data that rain does not lead to delivery of aromatic hydrocarbons to CD.
-163- Figure 4-6. a-xylene concentrations (ng/kg) in water samples, collected concurrently from CD (solid circles) and Oyster Pond (solid squares) in August and September, 1978. A period of rain is indicated by the crosshatch. The Labor Day holiday weekend (September 2-4, 1978) is indicated. Crosses indicate concentrations expected for seawater in equilibrium with the atmosphere, if Oyster Pond samples accurately reflect atmospheric concentrations.
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VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN SEAWA
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-3- concentrations were observed to
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-5- analyses. Joy Geiselman collect
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Approval Page Abstract. . . Acknowl
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Figure 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7
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-11- 4-5 O-xylene in Vineyard Sound
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-14- background ~ the next two chap
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-16- those at room temperature. On
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-18-. Table l-l. Ha logenated volat
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-zo- They found total n-alkanes (C6
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-2Z- alpha-pinene ( ~ ), and limone
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-24- Land animals also utilize vola
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-26- importance of transport mechan
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-28- Recently, methods have been de
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-30- Figure 2-1. Station locations
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-32- A third set of seawater sample
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-34- These analyses provided a lowe
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'" ~ ~ ~ o 500 TEMPERATURE (OC) 10
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SampIe station/ depth (m) Sargasso
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NOj (PM/kg) o 10 20 30 40 chI a (Pg
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Figure 2-4. -42- o 0 . o Sections s
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-44- Figure 2-5. Sections showing n
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-46- Figure 2-6. Sections showing o
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-48- Figure 2-7. Sections showing i
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-50- and l49 (M+41) ions in the CH4
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~ ~ ~ ~ ii "' ~ ï: "' l¡ Q: 3(' 5
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-54- A family of straight chain ald
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o 10 6 6.0 100 3.2 1000 . 2.2 0 9.2
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-58- Equatorial Atlantic, does not
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-60- Zsolnay (l973, 1976) has repor
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netS 40 (ng/kg) 20 +24/7 +15/7 30 2
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sample was enriched relative to adj
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-67- On the other hand, a phytoplan
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°2 (m//kg) 2 6 . . . . 4 . . . . .
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-71- Figure 2-13. Mechanism for pro
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-73- fatty acid, hexadecanoic acid,
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-75- In addition, the Cape, and the
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::.',:.:' 71° 70° 69° 68° 67°W
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-79- Figure 3-2. Recirculating stri
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-81- o (heated to 60 C to reduce th
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VOLATILE EXTRACTION ref. Grab and Z
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Hydrographic
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-88- Figure 3-5. Salinity (0/00) ve
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-90- revealing the variation of sal
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.. 1.5 ..E0 1.0 - Ci ci :: 0.5 II'
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-94- Figure 3-7. Chlorophyll ~ (~g/
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-96- Three known incidents of hydro
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~ ( ng/kg) 40 30 20 ._... ~ ? 1 0 .
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~ 4 2 ( ng/kg) o '-+~ ( ng/kg) ~ (
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o to o (\ . -. /..., ., --. o .. (a
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-104- Figure 3-11. O-xylene concent
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-106- Figure 3-12. Electron impact
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-108- (Müller and Jaenicke, 1973).
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30 20 UNKNOWN m.w. 108 10 (ng/kg) o
Page 112 and 113: -112- Figure 3-14. Naphthalene and
Page 114 and 115: -114- The naphthalene-to-methyl nap
Page 117 and 118: -117- with 0.29 for o-xylene and 0.
Page 119 and 120: nC14 15 10 (ng/kg) 5 o 80 60 n C 15
Page 121 and 122: "ep¡" 50 40 30 20 10 s...." . . \~
Page 123 and 124: -123- Figure 3-18. C6-CiO aldehyde
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3-19. -125- Heptanal concent
Page 127 and 128: -127- production by the plankton or
Page 129 and 130: 20 18 2 16 ~ "- 14 3 3 3 :- 12 3/ 2
Page 131 and 132: tf 10-' ~ ~ ct ~ ~ ~ ~ '" .. ~ ~ ~
Page 133 and 134: 15 DMDS (ng/kg) 5 o 35 30 25 DMTS 2
Page 135 and 136: -135- polysulfide volatiles. Partic
Page 137 and 138: TOTAL VC (ng/kg) 500 400 300 200 10
Page 139 and 140: -139- This suggested an anthropogen
Page 141 and 142: "Also, short range transport and de
Page 143 and 144: -143- were conducted. Rain samples
Page 145 and 146: Short-term Temporal Studies. -145-
Page 147 and 148: 40r RAIN RAIN 124 ~ 0 \ . MORNING (
Page 149 and 150: -149- Figure 4-2. Relative C2- and
Page 151 and 152: -151- Finally, the diesel-exhause-d
Page 153 and 154: Figure 4-3. Ratios of C2- and sampl
Page 155 and 156: Figure 4-4. Salini ty CD taken velo
Page 157 and 158: -157- Figure 4-5. O-xylene concentr
Page 159 and 160: -l59- while at other times they wer
Page 161: CDsw CDsw 11/10/77 11/22/77 CDsw 10
Page 165 and 166: -165- The Quashnet River and Sippew
Page 167 and 168: Sippewissett Quashnet CD Marsh CD C
Page 169 and 170: r . I , , I . . I · ~_. . . TEMP .
Page 171 and 172: DATE AIR MEASUREMENTS -171- o-xylen
Page 173 and 174: -173- but that direct inputs (e.g.
Page 175 and 176: -175- an atmospheric source did not
Page 177 and 178: Table 5-1. Date of collection colle
Page 179 and 180: -179- gas chromatograph equipped wi
Page 181 and 182: -181- UCON R1 Compound SE54 R1 HB51
Page 183 and 184: Release rates (ng/gm dry weight/day
Page 186 and 187: - l86- are shown in parenthese s. T
Page 188 and 189: -l88- June and September, it may be
Page 190 and 191: -190- study in some summer samples
Page 192 and 193: -192- Surprisingly, the Rhodophyta
Page 194 and 195: -194- Three deep samples (ca. 2000m
Page 196 and 197: -196- indicated that these hydrocar
Page 198 and 199: -l98- average year-round sample dat
Page 200 and 201: -200- hydrogens of the C2- and C3-b
Page 202 and 203: -202- Application of sensitive sele
Page 204 and 205: -204- tubing into round bottom flas
Page 206 and 207: -206- Figure I-I. Stripper used wit
Page 208 and 209: -208- sample. Sample water was forc
Page 210 and 211: -ZIO- ionization spectra were acqui
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. . TEMP BLAN K BEFORE SAMPLE 10m 2
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-214- Table I-i. Recoveries (%) of
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-2l6- Table 1-2. Standard deviation
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Grob Methodology -2l8- The methods
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-220- compound m & p xylenes mw 108
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-222- Table 1-4. Recoveries (ng/kg)
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-224- purchased them. Tenax may be
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-226- Appendix II. Hydrographic dat
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-229- Appendix III. Volatile organi
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94 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BROMU
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96 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH. R. H. BROMU
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98 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BROMU
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100 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BRoM
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102 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BROM
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104 Oxygeii compouiids R. P. SCHWAR
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106 R. P. SCHWAKZENRACH. R. H. BROM
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-245- Appendix iv. Physical chemica
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-247- Appendix V. Mass spectra of s
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IS N L~ N r IS N ~Ð :i ,E -i Ji: "
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LD~ E) E) (Y E) LD E) LD N X E) in
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il .. E) N X I E) E) (Y E) il N E)
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CD CD .. r. L. - N ~-'._-----'-----
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E) i N f f ( -455 .- N ~ r t ì igN
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E) E) ~i !D i N --- J -lri r~ 18 r~
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REFERENCES Ackman, R.G., C. S. Toch
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. Cleveland, W. S., B. air pollutio
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-264- Grob, K. and F. ZUrcher. (l97
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-266- Lee, C. and J.L. Bada. (1975)
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-268- N. A. S. (1975a) Assessing Po
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-270- Strickland, J.D .R. and T .R.
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