Gschwend%20thesis.pdf

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-8- Page Appendix III. Schwarzenbach et al., 1978 ,....... 229 Appendix IV. Physical Chemical Data for C2~ and .C3-benzenes 245 Appendix V. Mass Spectra of Some Hydrocarbons and Halomethanes References . from Benthic Algae . . , . 247 260
Figure 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 -9- LIST OF FIGURES Western Equatorial Atlantic and Peru upwelling region station locations , . . . . . Temperature, salinity and oxygen vertical distribution southeast of Bermuda. . . . , . .. . . . ,. . . . Page 2-11 Pentadecane vs. chl a in the Peru upwelling region . . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . . 63 2-12 Hexanal, heptanal, and oc tanal vs. oxygen in the Peru upwelling region. . . . . . 68 , . . . . . 2-13 3-1 3-2 3..3 3-4 Temperature, salinity sigma e, nitrate, and chI ~ at station 13, W. Eq. Atl, . . . . . . . . . . . " . . Temperature, salinity and sigm e sections in the Peru upwelling region. . . . . . .. .. Nitrate, phosphate and silicate sections in the Peru upwelling region, . . . . . . . . . . . . II ,. . It . . . Oxygen, chI ~ and phaeophytin sections in the Peru upwelling region. . . . Meta + para xylenes. unknown (mw 108), and pentadecane sections in the Peru upwelling region . . . . EI and CI spectra of ethyl (mw 108) mix off Peru. . . ............. benzene-unknown compound Hexanal. heptanal and octanal sections in the Peru upwelling region . . .. .......... Pentadecane vs. chI a in the Western Equatorial Atlantic . . . . . . .. ..... . . . Mechanism for production of aldehydes from unsaturated fatty acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vineyard Sound region near Chemotaxis Dock (CD). Grob stripper. ,. . . . , . . . , Microcharcoal trap and extraction apparatus. , . Temperature, salinity and rain at CD . . . . 30 35 39 42 44 46 48 5l 55 61 71 76 79 82 86 õ. L, ¡';
Page 1 and 2: VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN SEAWA
Page 3 and 4: -3- concentrations were observed to
Page 5 and 6: -5- analyses. Joy Geiselman collect
Page 7: Approval Page Abstract. . . Acknowl
Page 11: -11- 4-5 O-xylene in Vineyard Sound
Page 14 and 15: -14- background ~ the next two chap
Page 16 and 17: -16- those at room temperature. On
Page 18 and 19: -18-. Table l-l. Ha logenated volat
Page 20 and 21: -zo- They found total n-alkanes (C6
Page 22 and 23: -2Z- alpha-pinene ( ~ ), and limone
Page 24 and 25: -24- Land animals also utilize vola
Page 26 and 27: -26- importance of transport mechan
Page 28 and 29: -28- Recently, methods have been de
Page 30 and 31: -30- Figure 2-1. Station locations
Page 32 and 33: -32- A third set of seawater sample
Page 34 and 35: -34- These analyses provided a lowe
Page 36 and 37: '" ~ ~ ~ o 500 TEMPERATURE (OC) 10
Page 38 and 39: SampIe station/ depth (m) Sargasso
Page 40 and 41: NOj (PM/kg) o 10 20 30 40 chI a (Pg
Page 42 and 43: Figure 2-4. -42- o 0 . o Sections s
Page 44 and 45: -44- Figure 2-5. Sections showing n
Page 46 and 47: -46- Figure 2-6. Sections showing o
Page 48 and 49: -48- Figure 2-7. Sections showing i
Page 50 and 51: -50- and l49 (M+41) ions in the CH4
Page 52 and 53: ~ ~ ~ ~ ii "' ~ ï: "' l¡ Q: 3(' 5
Page 54 and 55: -54- A family of straight chain ald
Page 56 and 57: o 10 6 6.0 100 3.2 1000 . 2.2 0 9.2
Page 58 and 59:
-58- Equatorial Atlantic, does not
Page 60 and 61:
-60- Zsolnay (l973, 1976) has repor
Page 62 and 63:
netS 40 (ng/kg) 20 +24/7 +15/7 30 2
Page 65 and 66:
sample was enriched relative to adj
Page 67 and 68:
-67- On the other hand, a phytoplan
Page 69 and 70:
°2 (m//kg) 2 6 . . . . 4 . . . . .
Page 71 and 72:
-71- Figure 2-13. Mechanism for pro
Page 73 and 74:
-73- fatty acid, hexadecanoic acid,
Page 75 and 76:
-75- In addition, the Cape, and the
Page 77 and 78:
::.',:.:' 71° 70° 69° 68° 67°W
Page 79 and 80:
-79- Figure 3-2. Recirculating stri
Page 81 and 82:
-81- o (heated to 60 C to reduce th
Page 83 and 84:
VOLATILE EXTRACTION ref. Grab and Z
Page 85 and 86:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Hydrographic
Page 88 and 89:
-88- Figure 3-5. Salinity (0/00) ve
Page 90 and 91:
-90- revealing the variation of sal
Page 92 and 93:
.. 1.5 ..E0 1.0 - Ci ci :: 0.5 II'
Page 94 and 95:
-94- Figure 3-7. Chlorophyll ~ (~g/
Page 96 and 97:
-96- Three known incidents of hydro
Page 98 and 99:
~ ( ng/kg) 40 30 20 ._... ~ ? 1 0 .
Page 100 and 101:
~ 4 2 ( ng/kg) o '-+~ ( ng/kg) ~ (
Page 102 and 103:
o to o (\ . -. /..., ., --. o .. (a
Page 104 and 105:
-104- Figure 3-11. O-xylene concent
Page 106 and 107:
-106- Figure 3-12. Electron impact
Page 108 and 109:
-108- (Müller and Jaenicke, 1973).
Page 110 and 111:
30 20 UNKNOWN m.w. 108 10 (ng/kg) o
Page 112 and 113:
-112- Figure 3-14. Naphthalene and
Page 114 and 115:
-114- The naphthalene-to-methyl nap
Page 117 and 118:
-117- with 0.29 for o-xylene and 0.
Page 119 and 120:
nC14 15 10 (ng/kg) 5 o 80 60 n C 15
Page 121 and 122:
"ep¡" 50 40 30 20 10 s...." . . \~
Page 123 and 124:
-123- Figure 3-18. C6-CiO aldehyde
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 3-19. -125- Heptanal concent
Page 127 and 128:
-127- production by the plankton or
Page 129 and 130:
20 18 2 16 ~ "- 14 3 3 3 :- 12 3/ 2
Page 131 and 132:
tf 10-' ~ ~ ct ~ ~ ~ ~ '" .. ~ ~ ~
Page 133 and 134:
15 DMDS (ng/kg) 5 o 35 30 25 DMTS 2
Page 135 and 136:
-135- polysulfide volatiles. Partic
Page 137 and 138:
TOTAL VC (ng/kg) 500 400 300 200 10
Page 139 and 140:
-139- This suggested an anthropogen
Page 141 and 142:
"Also, short range transport and de
Page 143 and 144:
-143- were conducted. Rain samples
Page 145 and 146:
Short-term Temporal Studies. -145-
Page 147 and 148:
40r RAIN RAIN 124 ~ 0 \ . MORNING (
Page 149 and 150:
-149- Figure 4-2. Relative C2- and
Page 151 and 152:
-151- Finally, the diesel-exhause-d
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 4-3. Ratios of C2- and sampl
Page 155 and 156:
Figure 4-4. Salini ty CD taken velo
Page 157 and 158:
-157- Figure 4-5. O-xylene concentr
Page 159 and 160:
-l59- while at other times they wer
Page 161 and 162:
CDsw CDsw 11/10/77 11/22/77 CDsw 10
Page 163 and 164:
-163- Figure 4-6. a-xylene concentr
Page 165 and 166:
-165- The Quashnet River and Sippew
Page 167 and 168:
Sippewissett Quashnet CD Marsh CD C
Page 169 and 170:
r . I , , I . . I · ~_. . . TEMP .
Page 171 and 172:
DATE AIR MEASUREMENTS -171- o-xylen
Page 173 and 174:
-173- but that direct inputs (e.g.
Page 175 and 176:
-175- an atmospheric source did not
Page 177 and 178:
Table 5-1. Date of collection colle
Page 179 and 180:
-179- gas chromatograph equipped wi
Page 181 and 182:
-181- UCON R1 Compound SE54 R1 HB51
Page 183 and 184:
Release rates (ng/gm dry weight/day
Page 186 and 187:
- l86- are shown in parenthese s. T
Page 188 and 189:
-l88- June and September, it may be
Page 190 and 191:
-190- study in some summer samples
Page 192 and 193:
-192- Surprisingly, the Rhodophyta
Page 194 and 195:
-194- Three deep samples (ca. 2000m
Page 196 and 197:
-196- indicated that these hydrocar
Page 198 and 199:
-l98- average year-round sample dat
Page 200 and 201:
-200- hydrogens of the C2- and C3-b
Page 202 and 203:
-202- Application of sensitive sele
Page 204 and 205:
-204- tubing into round bottom flas
Page 206 and 207:
-206- Figure I-I. Stripper used wit
Page 208 and 209:
-208- sample. Sample water was forc
Page 210 and 211:
-ZIO- ionization spectra were acqui
Page 212 and 213:
. . TEMP BLAN K BEFORE SAMPLE 10m 2
Page 214 and 215:
-214- Table I-i. Recoveries (%) of
Page 216 and 217:
-2l6- Table 1-2. Standard deviation
Page 218 and 219:
Grob Methodology -2l8- The methods
Page 220 and 221:
-220- compound m & p xylenes mw 108
Page 222 and 223:
-222- Table 1-4. Recoveries (ng/kg)
Page 224 and 225:
-224- purchased them. Tenax may be
Page 226 and 227:
-226- Appendix II. Hydrographic dat
Page 229 and 230:
-229- Appendix III. Volatile organi
Page 231 and 232:
94 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BROMU
Page 233 and 234:
96 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH. R. H. BROMU
Page 235 and 236:
98 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BROMU
Page 237 and 238:
100 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BRoM
Page 239 and 240:
102 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BROM
Page 241 and 242:
104 Oxygeii compouiids R. P. SCHWAR
Page 243 and 244:
106 R. P. SCHWAKZENRACH. R. H. BROM
Page 245 and 246:
-245- Appendix iv. Physical chemica
Page 247 and 248:
-247- Appendix V. Mass spectra of s
Page 249 and 250:
IS N L~ N r IS N ~Ð :i ,E -i Ji: "
Page 251 and 252:
LD~ E) E) (Y E) LD E) LD N X E) in
Page 253 and 254:
il .. E) N X I E) E) (Y E) il N E)
Page 255 and 256:
CD CD .. r. L. - N ~-'._-----'-----
Page 257 and 258:
E) i N f f ( -455 .- N ~ r t ì igN
Page 259 and 260:
E) E) ~i !D i N --- J -lri r~ 18 r~
Page 261 and 262:
REFERENCES Ackman, R.G., C. S. Toch
Page 263 and 264:
. Cleveland, W. S., B. air pollutio
Page 265 and 266:
-264- Grob, K. and F. ZUrcher. (l97
Page 267 and 268:
-266- Lee, C. and J.L. Bada. (1975)
Page 269 and 270:
-268- N. A. S. (1975a) Assessing Po
Page 271 and 272:
-270- Strickland, J.D .R. and T .R.
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