Gschwend%20thesis.pdf

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il N E: E: (Y E: il N E: E: N :i.. 0 i E: H il 0 ., E: E: C\ H C\ ,8 ¡ ,. :;'¡' .i :i ,. 0 ., CD s: al ¡: 0 '" 0 0 0 0 .. .. CD .. Ci .. .LCD
REFERENCES Ackman, R.G., C. S. Tocher and J. McLachlan. (1968) Marine phytoplankton fatty acids. J. Fish. Res, Bd. Canada, ~(8), l603-1620. Altshuller, A.P., W.A. Lonneman, F.D. Sutterfield and S.L. Kopczynski. (1971) Hydrocarbon composition of the atmosphere of the Los Angeles Basin-1967. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2, l009-10l6. Anderson, N .R. (1977) Concepts in Marine Organic Chemistry. Proceedings NATO/ONR Symposium Endinburgh, 6-10 September 1977. Marine Chemistry, 2(4-6), 303-643. Armstrong, F.A.J. and G.T. Boalch, (1960) Volatile organic matter in algal culture media and seawater. Nature, 185(4715), 761-76Z. Avigan, J. and M. Blumer. (l968) On the origin of pristàne in marine organisms. J. Lipid Res., ~, 350-352. Barbier, M., D. Joly, A. Saliot, and D. Tourres. (l973) Hydrocarbons from seawa ter. Deep-sea Res., 20, 305- 314. Bellar, T .A. and J.J. Lichtenberg. (1974) Determining volatile organics at microgram - per litre levels by gas chromatography. J. Am. Water Works Assn., 66, 739-744. Beiiari_ T_...t! ~ J...l ..L:L~ht-e.~1'erg ~nd.R.C. Krot1e.r... (197~) The dccurrence of or8.~n~halides. tn...~hlorina ted drinkingwa ters . J. Amer . Water Works Assn., 66, 703-:?9~:. Bertsch, W. R.C. Chang and A. Zlatkis. (1974) The determination of organic volatiles in air pollution studies: characterization of profiles. J. Chromatogr. Sci., ~, l75-18Z. Bertsch, W., E. Anderson and G. Holzer. (1975) Trace analysis of organic volatiles in water by gas chromatography - mass/spectrometry with glass capillary columns. J. Chromatogr., 1l2, 701-7l8. Blumer, M., M.M. Mullin and D.W. Thomas. (1964) Pristane in the marine environment. Helgolaender Wiss. Meeresuntersuch., 10, 187-Z0L. Blumer, M. R.R.L. Guillard and T. Chase. (l97l) Hydrocarbons of marine phytoplankton. Marine Biology, ~, 183-l89. Blumer; M. and W.W. Youngblood. (1975a)Polycyc1ic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and recent sediments. Science, ,188, 53-55. Blumer, M and W.W. Youngblood. (l975b) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment: homologous series in soils and recent marine sedimen ts. Geochim Cosmachim Ac ta, 39, 1303- l314. -Z60-
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VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN SEAWA
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-3- concentrations were observed to
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-5- analyses. Joy Geiselman collect
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Approval Page Abstract. . . Acknowl
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Figure 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7
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-11- 4-5 O-xylene in Vineyard Sound
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-14- background ~ the next two chap
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-16- those at room temperature. On
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-18-. Table l-l. Ha logenated volat
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-zo- They found total n-alkanes (C6
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-2Z- alpha-pinene ( ~ ), and limone
Page 24 and 25:
-24- Land animals also utilize vola
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-26- importance of transport mechan
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-28- Recently, methods have been de
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-30- Figure 2-1. Station locations
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-32- A third set of seawater sample
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-34- These analyses provided a lowe
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'" ~ ~ ~ o 500 TEMPERATURE (OC) 10
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SampIe station/ depth (m) Sargasso
Page 40 and 41:
NOj (PM/kg) o 10 20 30 40 chI a (Pg
Page 42 and 43:
Figure 2-4. -42- o 0 . o Sections s
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-44- Figure 2-5. Sections showing n
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-46- Figure 2-6. Sections showing o
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-48- Figure 2-7. Sections showing i
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-50- and l49 (M+41) ions in the CH4
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~ ~ ~ ~ ii "' ~ ï: "' l¡ Q: 3(' 5
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-54- A family of straight chain ald
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o 10 6 6.0 100 3.2 1000 . 2.2 0 9.2
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-58- Equatorial Atlantic, does not
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-60- Zsolnay (l973, 1976) has repor
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netS 40 (ng/kg) 20 +24/7 +15/7 30 2
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sample was enriched relative to adj
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-67- On the other hand, a phytoplan
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°2 (m//kg) 2 6 . . . . 4 . . . . .
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-71- Figure 2-13. Mechanism for pro
Page 73 and 74:
-73- fatty acid, hexadecanoic acid,
Page 75 and 76:
-75- In addition, the Cape, and the
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::.',:.:' 71° 70° 69° 68° 67°W
Page 79 and 80:
-79- Figure 3-2. Recirculating stri
Page 81 and 82:
-81- o (heated to 60 C to reduce th
Page 83 and 84:
VOLATILE EXTRACTION ref. Grab and Z
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Hydrographic
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-88- Figure 3-5. Salinity (0/00) ve
Page 90 and 91:
-90- revealing the variation of sal
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.. 1.5 ..E0 1.0 - Ci ci :: 0.5 II'
Page 94 and 95:
-94- Figure 3-7. Chlorophyll ~ (~g/
Page 96 and 97:
-96- Three known incidents of hydro
Page 98 and 99:
~ ( ng/kg) 40 30 20 ._... ~ ? 1 0 .
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~ 4 2 ( ng/kg) o '-+~ ( ng/kg) ~ (
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o to o (\ . -. /..., ., --. o .. (a
Page 104 and 105:
-104- Figure 3-11. O-xylene concent
Page 106 and 107:
-106- Figure 3-12. Electron impact
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-108- (Müller and Jaenicke, 1973).
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30 20 UNKNOWN m.w. 108 10 (ng/kg) o
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-112- Figure 3-14. Naphthalene and
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-114- The naphthalene-to-methyl nap
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-117- with 0.29 for o-xylene and 0.
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nC14 15 10 (ng/kg) 5 o 80 60 n C 15
Page 121 and 122:
"ep¡" 50 40 30 20 10 s...." . . \~
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-123- Figure 3-18. C6-CiO aldehyde
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Figure 3-19. -125- Heptanal concent
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-127- production by the plankton or
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20 18 2 16 ~ "- 14 3 3 3 :- 12 3/ 2
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tf 10-' ~ ~ ct ~ ~ ~ ~ '" .. ~ ~ ~
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15 DMDS (ng/kg) 5 o 35 30 25 DMTS 2
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-135- polysulfide volatiles. Partic
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TOTAL VC (ng/kg) 500 400 300 200 10
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-139- This suggested an anthropogen
Page 141 and 142:
"Also, short range transport and de
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-143- were conducted. Rain samples
Page 145 and 146:
Short-term Temporal Studies. -145-
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40r RAIN RAIN 124 ~ 0 \ . MORNING (
Page 149 and 150:
-149- Figure 4-2. Relative C2- and
Page 151 and 152:
-151- Finally, the diesel-exhause-d
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 4-3. Ratios of C2- and sampl
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Figure 4-4. Salini ty CD taken velo
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-157- Figure 4-5. O-xylene concentr
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-l59- while at other times they wer
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CDsw CDsw 11/10/77 11/22/77 CDsw 10
Page 163 and 164:
-163- Figure 4-6. a-xylene concentr
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-165- The Quashnet River and Sippew
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Sippewissett Quashnet CD Marsh CD C
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r . I , , I . . I · ~_. . . TEMP .
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DATE AIR MEASUREMENTS -171- o-xylen
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-173- but that direct inputs (e.g.
Page 175 and 176:
-175- an atmospheric source did not
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Table 5-1. Date of collection colle
Page 179 and 180:
-179- gas chromatograph equipped wi
Page 181 and 182:
-181- UCON R1 Compound SE54 R1 HB51
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Release rates (ng/gm dry weight/day
Page 186 and 187:
- l86- are shown in parenthese s. T
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-l88- June and September, it may be
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-190- study in some summer samples
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-192- Surprisingly, the Rhodophyta
Page 194 and 195:
-194- Three deep samples (ca. 2000m
Page 196 and 197:
-196- indicated that these hydrocar
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-l98- average year-round sample dat
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-200- hydrogens of the C2- and C3-b
Page 202 and 203:
-202- Application of sensitive sele
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-204- tubing into round bottom flas
Page 206 and 207:
-206- Figure I-I. Stripper used wit
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-208- sample. Sample water was forc
Page 210 and 211: -ZIO- ionization spectra were acqui
Page 212 and 213: . . TEMP BLAN K BEFORE SAMPLE 10m 2
Page 214 and 215: -214- Table I-i. Recoveries (%) of
Page 216 and 217: -2l6- Table 1-2. Standard deviation
Page 218 and 219: Grob Methodology -2l8- The methods
Page 220 and 221: -220- compound m & p xylenes mw 108
Page 222 and 223: -222- Table 1-4. Recoveries (ng/kg)
Page 224 and 225: -224- purchased them. Tenax may be
Page 226 and 227: -226- Appendix II. Hydrographic dat
Page 229 and 230: -229- Appendix III. Volatile organi
Page 231 and 232: 94 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BROMU
Page 233 and 234: 96 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH. R. H. BROMU
Page 235 and 236: 98 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BROMU
Page 237 and 238: 100 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BRoM
Page 239 and 240: 102 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BROM
Page 241 and 242: 104 Oxygeii compouiids R. P. SCHWAR
Page 243 and 244: 106 R. P. SCHWAKZENRACH. R. H. BROM
Page 245 and 246: -245- Appendix iv. Physical chemica
Page 247 and 248: -247- Appendix V. Mass spectra of s
Page 249 and 250: IS N L~ N r IS N ~Ð :i ,E -i Ji: "
Page 251 and 252: LD~ E) E) (Y E) LD E) LD N X E) in
Page 253 and 254: il .. E) N X I E) E) (Y E) il N E)
Page 255 and 256: CD CD .. r. L. - N ~-'._-----'-----
Page 257 and 258: E) i N f f ( -455 .- N ~ r t ì igN
Page 259: E) E) ~i !D i N --- J -lri r~ 18 r~
Page 263 and 264: . Cleveland, W. S., B. air pollutio
Page 265 and 266: -264- Grob, K. and F. ZUrcher. (l97
Page 267 and 268: -266- Lee, C. and J.L. Bada. (1975)
Page 269 and 270: -268- N. A. S. (1975a) Assessing Po
Page 271 and 272: -270- Strickland, J.D .R. and T .R.
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