Gschwend%20thesis.pdf

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-60- Zsolnay (l973, 1976) has reported the correlation of chlorophyll a and nonaromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in seawater samples from the upwelling region off Northwest Africa and in the slope waters between the Gulf Stream and Nova Scotia. This has been taken as evidence for a phytoplanktonic source of these hydrocarbons. Plots of pentadecane concentration versus chlorophyll ~ for the western Equatorial Atlantic and the Peru cruises are shown in figures 2-l0 and ll. If one considers all samples from a region, the correspondence in these parameters is very poor. However, if the sample locations are noted, additional insight may be found. In the western Equatorial Atlantic, 4 of t.he 5 high-pentadecane observations were from shallow samples of the two westernmost stations (l3 and 24). Possibly these sites were populated with a biological community capable of greater pentadecane production than the stations to the east. Similarly, if the Peru upwelling region samples are divided by sample locations, the station 6 samples fall into one region while the other surface samples are found in another. Thus, the relationship of pentadecane and chlorophyll a seems to be dependent on site specific parameters. The station 3 surface samples from the Peru upwelling region were collected at different times of day relative to the other shallow samples (about 18: 00 instead of IO :00 for the 5-m sample and vice versa for the 20-m sample). Time of day appears to affect the chlorophyll ~ and phaeophytin values. These pigments always built up during the day (Gagosian, pers. comm.) and consequently show uncharacteristically high values at station 3/5 m and low values at 3/20 m. Pentadecane seems to vary in the opposite fashion (i. e. , diminishing during the day). Sample 3/5 m had quite low pentadecane concentration relative to other neighboring samples while the 3/20 m n" 1" ¡o ~ r
Figure 2-10. -61- Pentadecane concentrations (ng/kg) versus chlorophyll a concentrations (~g/kg) in seawater samples taken in the western Equatorial Atlantic ocean. Points are identified with the station number followed by the sample depths in meters. , Ë. t i~
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VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN SEAWA
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-3- concentrations were observed to
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-5- analyses. Joy Geiselman collect
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Approval Page Abstract. . . Acknowl
Page 9 and 10: Figure 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7
Page 11: -11- 4-5 O-xylene in Vineyard Sound
Page 14 and 15: -14- background ~ the next two chap
Page 16 and 17: -16- those at room temperature. On
Page 18 and 19: -18-. Table l-l. Ha logenated volat
Page 20 and 21: -zo- They found total n-alkanes (C6
Page 22 and 23: -2Z- alpha-pinene ( ~ ), and limone
Page 24 and 25: -24- Land animals also utilize vola
Page 26 and 27: -26- importance of transport mechan
Page 28 and 29: -28- Recently, methods have been de
Page 30 and 31: -30- Figure 2-1. Station locations
Page 32 and 33: -32- A third set of seawater sample
Page 34 and 35: -34- These analyses provided a lowe
Page 36 and 37: '" ~ ~ ~ o 500 TEMPERATURE (OC) 10
Page 38 and 39: SampIe station/ depth (m) Sargasso
Page 40 and 41: NOj (PM/kg) o 10 20 30 40 chI a (Pg
Page 42 and 43: Figure 2-4. -42- o 0 . o Sections s
Page 44 and 45: -44- Figure 2-5. Sections showing n
Page 46 and 47: -46- Figure 2-6. Sections showing o
Page 48 and 49: -48- Figure 2-7. Sections showing i
Page 50 and 51: -50- and l49 (M+41) ions in the CH4
Page 52 and 53: ~ ~ ~ ~ ii "' ~ ï: "' l¡ Q: 3(' 5
Page 54 and 55: -54- A family of straight chain ald
Page 56 and 57: o 10 6 6.0 100 3.2 1000 . 2.2 0 9.2
Page 58 and 59: -58- Equatorial Atlantic, does not
Page 62 and 63: netS 40 (ng/kg) 20 +24/7 +15/7 30 2
Page 65 and 66: sample was enriched relative to adj
Page 67 and 68: -67- On the other hand, a phytoplan
Page 69 and 70: °2 (m//kg) 2 6 . . . . 4 . . . . .
Page 71 and 72: -71- Figure 2-13. Mechanism for pro
Page 73 and 74: -73- fatty acid, hexadecanoic acid,
Page 75 and 76: -75- In addition, the Cape, and the
Page 77 and 78: ::.',:.:' 71° 70° 69° 68° 67°W
Page 79 and 80: -79- Figure 3-2. Recirculating stri
Page 81 and 82: -81- o (heated to 60 C to reduce th
Page 83 and 84: VOLATILE EXTRACTION ref. Grab and Z
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Hydrographic
Page 88 and 89: -88- Figure 3-5. Salinity (0/00) ve
Page 90 and 91: -90- revealing the variation of sal
Page 92 and 93: .. 1.5 ..E0 1.0 - Ci ci :: 0.5 II'
Page 94 and 95: -94- Figure 3-7. Chlorophyll ~ (~g/
Page 96 and 97: -96- Three known incidents of hydro
Page 98 and 99: ~ ( ng/kg) 40 30 20 ._... ~ ? 1 0 .
Page 100 and 101: ~ 4 2 ( ng/kg) o '-+~ ( ng/kg) ~ (
Page 102 and 103: o to o (\ . -. /..., ., --. o .. (a
Page 104 and 105: -104- Figure 3-11. O-xylene concent
Page 106 and 107: -106- Figure 3-12. Electron impact
Page 108 and 109: -108- (Müller and Jaenicke, 1973).
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30 20 UNKNOWN m.w. 108 10 (ng/kg) o
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-112- Figure 3-14. Naphthalene and
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-114- The naphthalene-to-methyl nap
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-117- with 0.29 for o-xylene and 0.
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nC14 15 10 (ng/kg) 5 o 80 60 n C 15
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"ep¡" 50 40 30 20 10 s...." . . \~
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-123- Figure 3-18. C6-CiO aldehyde
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Figure 3-19. -125- Heptanal concent
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-127- production by the plankton or
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20 18 2 16 ~ "- 14 3 3 3 :- 12 3/ 2
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tf 10-' ~ ~ ct ~ ~ ~ ~ '" .. ~ ~ ~
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15 DMDS (ng/kg) 5 o 35 30 25 DMTS 2
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-135- polysulfide volatiles. Partic
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TOTAL VC (ng/kg) 500 400 300 200 10
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-139- This suggested an anthropogen
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"Also, short range transport and de
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-143- were conducted. Rain samples
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Short-term Temporal Studies. -145-
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40r RAIN RAIN 124 ~ 0 \ . MORNING (
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-149- Figure 4-2. Relative C2- and
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-151- Finally, the diesel-exhause-d
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Figure 4-3. Ratios of C2- and sampl
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Figure 4-4. Salini ty CD taken velo
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-157- Figure 4-5. O-xylene concentr
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-l59- while at other times they wer
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CDsw CDsw 11/10/77 11/22/77 CDsw 10
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-163- Figure 4-6. a-xylene concentr
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-165- The Quashnet River and Sippew
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Sippewissett Quashnet CD Marsh CD C
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r . I , , I . . I · ~_. . . TEMP .
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DATE AIR MEASUREMENTS -171- o-xylen
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-173- but that direct inputs (e.g.
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-175- an atmospheric source did not
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Table 5-1. Date of collection colle
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-179- gas chromatograph equipped wi
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-181- UCON R1 Compound SE54 R1 HB51
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Release rates (ng/gm dry weight/day
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- l86- are shown in parenthese s. T
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-l88- June and September, it may be
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-190- study in some summer samples
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-192- Surprisingly, the Rhodophyta
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-194- Three deep samples (ca. 2000m
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-196- indicated that these hydrocar
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-l98- average year-round sample dat
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-200- hydrogens of the C2- and C3-b
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-202- Application of sensitive sele
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-204- tubing into round bottom flas
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-206- Figure I-I. Stripper used wit
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-208- sample. Sample water was forc
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-ZIO- ionization spectra were acqui
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. . TEMP BLAN K BEFORE SAMPLE 10m 2
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-214- Table I-i. Recoveries (%) of
Page 216 and 217:
-2l6- Table 1-2. Standard deviation
Page 218 and 219:
Grob Methodology -2l8- The methods
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-220- compound m & p xylenes mw 108
Page 222 and 223:
-222- Table 1-4. Recoveries (ng/kg)
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-224- purchased them. Tenax may be
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-226- Appendix II. Hydrographic dat
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-229- Appendix III. Volatile organi
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94 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BROMU
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96 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH. R. H. BROMU
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98 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BROMU
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100 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BRoM
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102 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BROM
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104 Oxygeii compouiids R. P. SCHWAR
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106 R. P. SCHWAKZENRACH. R. H. BROM
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-245- Appendix iv. Physical chemica
Page 247 and 248:
-247- Appendix V. Mass spectra of s
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IS N L~ N r IS N ~Ð :i ,E -i Ji: "
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LD~ E) E) (Y E) LD E) LD N X E) in
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il .. E) N X I E) E) (Y E) il N E)
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CD CD .. r. L. - N ~-'._-----'-----
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E) i N f f ( -455 .- N ~ r t ì igN
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E) E) ~i !D i N --- J -lri r~ 18 r~
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REFERENCES Ackman, R.G., C. S. Toch
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. Cleveland, W. S., B. air pollutio
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-264- Grob, K. and F. ZUrcher. (l97
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-266- Lee, C. and J.L. Bada. (1975)
Page 269 and 270:
-268- N. A. S. (1975a) Assessing Po
Page 271 and 272:
-270- Strickland, J.D .R. and T .R.
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