Gschwend%20thesis.pdf

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CHATER 5. VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM BENTHIC ALGAE AN SEAGRASS INTRODUCTION Marine benthic algae are known to produce a variety of volatile . org.;nic compounds (chapter I) which may.be secreted, excreted, or released to the surrounding seawater on death, senescence, or structural deteriora- tion. In a year-round study of the volatile organic compounds in the coastal region of Vineyard and Nantucket Sounds, several compounds were suspected to have been derived from benthic algal sources (Schwarzenbach et al., 1978; chapter 3). These included hydrocarbons such as pentadecane and halogenated compounds such as bromoform. This chapter details efforts to assess the input of these volatiles to seawater from benthic algae and seagrass. METHODS Algae and seagrass were collected in the vicinity of Chemotaxis Dock ._- (CD). Table 5-1 gives relevant information. Efforts were made to avoid epiphytized plants, that is, plants on which other species of algae are attached and living. However, it was impossible to exclude all other organisms. The algae were placed in 2-liter reagent flasks filled with seawater and stoppered. The flasks were then anchored on the bottom at CD or stored in outdoor running-seawater tanks at a nearby laboratory. The algae were exposed to ambient sunlight and temperature conditions during incubation. After 24 hours, the flasks were purged for I hour (with tea h L gae ill st n i pace I w ) t i recyc h 1 ear d at i except 200C t ( e hMay samples o at 35 C). The effluent volatile organic compounds were trapped on a char- coal trap which was subsequently extracted with is ~l of CS2 or CH2CI2. Gas chromatographic analyses were made using a Carlo Erba model 255l -176- ;¡-
Table 5-1. Date of collection collected near CD. and the insolation collection. -i 77- and dry weight of benthic algal samples Also shown are the seawater temperature (average for month) at the time of
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VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN SEAWA
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-3- concentrations were observed to
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-5- analyses. Joy Geiselman collect
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Approval Page Abstract. . . Acknowl
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Figure 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7
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-11- 4-5 O-xylene in Vineyard Sound
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-14- background ~ the next two chap
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-16- those at room temperature. On
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-18-. Table l-l. Ha logenated volat
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-zo- They found total n-alkanes (C6
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-2Z- alpha-pinene ( ~ ), and limone
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-24- Land animals also utilize vola
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-26- importance of transport mechan
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-28- Recently, methods have been de
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-30- Figure 2-1. Station locations
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-32- A third set of seawater sample
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-34- These analyses provided a lowe
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'" ~ ~ ~ o 500 TEMPERATURE (OC) 10
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SampIe station/ depth (m) Sargasso
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NOj (PM/kg) o 10 20 30 40 chI a (Pg
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Figure 2-4. -42- o 0 . o Sections s
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-44- Figure 2-5. Sections showing n
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-46- Figure 2-6. Sections showing o
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-48- Figure 2-7. Sections showing i
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-50- and l49 (M+41) ions in the CH4
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~ ~ ~ ~ ii "' ~ ï: "' l¡ Q: 3(' 5
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-54- A family of straight chain ald
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o 10 6 6.0 100 3.2 1000 . 2.2 0 9.2
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-58- Equatorial Atlantic, does not
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-60- Zsolnay (l973, 1976) has repor
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netS 40 (ng/kg) 20 +24/7 +15/7 30 2
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sample was enriched relative to adj
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-67- On the other hand, a phytoplan
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°2 (m//kg) 2 6 . . . . 4 . . . . .
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-71- Figure 2-13. Mechanism for pro
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-73- fatty acid, hexadecanoic acid,
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-75- In addition, the Cape, and the
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::.',:.:' 71° 70° 69° 68° 67°W
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-79- Figure 3-2. Recirculating stri
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-81- o (heated to 60 C to reduce th
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VOLATILE EXTRACTION ref. Grab and Z
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Hydrographic
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-88- Figure 3-5. Salinity (0/00) ve
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-90- revealing the variation of sal
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.. 1.5 ..E0 1.0 - Ci ci :: 0.5 II'
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-94- Figure 3-7. Chlorophyll ~ (~g/
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-96- Three known incidents of hydro
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~ ( ng/kg) 40 30 20 ._... ~ ? 1 0 .
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~ 4 2 ( ng/kg) o '-+~ ( ng/kg) ~ (
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o to o (\ . -. /..., ., --. o .. (a
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-104- Figure 3-11. O-xylene concent
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-106- Figure 3-12. Electron impact
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-108- (Müller and Jaenicke, 1973).
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30 20 UNKNOWN m.w. 108 10 (ng/kg) o
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-112- Figure 3-14. Naphthalene and
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-114- The naphthalene-to-methyl nap
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-117- with 0.29 for o-xylene and 0.
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nC14 15 10 (ng/kg) 5 o 80 60 n C 15
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"ep¡" 50 40 30 20 10 s...." . . \~
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-123- Figure 3-18. C6-CiO aldehyde
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3-19. -125- Heptanal concent
Page 127 and 128: -127- production by the plankton or
Page 129 and 130: 20 18 2 16 ~ "- 14 3 3 3 :- 12 3/ 2
Page 131 and 132: tf 10-' ~ ~ ct ~ ~ ~ ~ '" .. ~ ~ ~
Page 133 and 134: 15 DMDS (ng/kg) 5 o 35 30 25 DMTS 2
Page 135 and 136: -135- polysulfide volatiles. Partic
Page 137 and 138: TOTAL VC (ng/kg) 500 400 300 200 10
Page 139 and 140: -139- This suggested an anthropogen
Page 141 and 142: "Also, short range transport and de
Page 143 and 144: -143- were conducted. Rain samples
Page 145 and 146: Short-term Temporal Studies. -145-
Page 147 and 148: 40r RAIN RAIN 124 ~ 0 \ . MORNING (
Page 149 and 150: -149- Figure 4-2. Relative C2- and
Page 151 and 152: -151- Finally, the diesel-exhause-d
Page 153 and 154: Figure 4-3. Ratios of C2- and sampl
Page 155 and 156: Figure 4-4. Salini ty CD taken velo
Page 157 and 158: -157- Figure 4-5. O-xylene concentr
Page 159 and 160: -l59- while at other times they wer
Page 161 and 162: CDsw CDsw 11/10/77 11/22/77 CDsw 10
Page 163 and 164: -163- Figure 4-6. a-xylene concentr
Page 165 and 166: -165- The Quashnet River and Sippew
Page 167 and 168: Sippewissett Quashnet CD Marsh CD C
Page 169 and 170: r . I , , I . . I · ~_. . . TEMP .
Page 171 and 172: DATE AIR MEASUREMENTS -171- o-xylen
Page 173 and 174: -173- but that direct inputs (e.g.
Page 175: -175- an atmospheric source did not
Page 179 and 180: -179- gas chromatograph equipped wi
Page 181 and 182: -181- UCON R1 Compound SE54 R1 HB51
Page 183 and 184: Release rates (ng/gm dry weight/day
Page 186 and 187: - l86- are shown in parenthese s. T
Page 188 and 189: -l88- June and September, it may be
Page 190 and 191: -190- study in some summer samples
Page 192 and 193: -192- Surprisingly, the Rhodophyta
Page 194 and 195: -194- Three deep samples (ca. 2000m
Page 196 and 197: -196- indicated that these hydrocar
Page 198 and 199: -l98- average year-round sample dat
Page 200 and 201: -200- hydrogens of the C2- and C3-b
Page 202 and 203: -202- Application of sensitive sele
Page 204 and 205: -204- tubing into round bottom flas
Page 206 and 207: -206- Figure I-I. Stripper used wit
Page 208 and 209: -208- sample. Sample water was forc
Page 210 and 211: -ZIO- ionization spectra were acqui
Page 212 and 213: . . TEMP BLAN K BEFORE SAMPLE 10m 2
Page 214 and 215: -214- Table I-i. Recoveries (%) of
Page 216 and 217: -2l6- Table 1-2. Standard deviation
Page 218 and 219: Grob Methodology -2l8- The methods
Page 220 and 221: -220- compound m & p xylenes mw 108
Page 222 and 223: -222- Table 1-4. Recoveries (ng/kg)
Page 224 and 225: -224- purchased them. Tenax may be
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-226- Appendix II. Hydrographic dat
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-229- Appendix III. Volatile organi
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94 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BROMU
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96 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH. R. H. BROMU
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98 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BROMU
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100 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BRoM
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102 R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, R. H. BROM
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104 Oxygeii compouiids R. P. SCHWAR
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106 R. P. SCHWAKZENRACH. R. H. BROM
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-245- Appendix iv. Physical chemica
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-247- Appendix V. Mass spectra of s
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IS N L~ N r IS N ~Ð :i ,E -i Ji: "
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LD~ E) E) (Y E) LD E) LD N X E) in
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il .. E) N X I E) E) (Y E) il N E)
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CD CD .. r. L. - N ~-'._-----'-----
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E) i N f f ( -455 .- N ~ r t ì igN
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E) E) ~i !D i N --- J -lri r~ 18 r~
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REFERENCES Ackman, R.G., C. S. Toch
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. Cleveland, W. S., B. air pollutio
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-264- Grob, K. and F. ZUrcher. (l97
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-266- Lee, C. and J.L. Bada. (1975)
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-268- N. A. S. (1975a) Assessing Po
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-270- Strickland, J.D .R. and T .R.
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