Sykes' History of Persia - Heritage Institute

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6o HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. The French Government despatched two expeditions, the first of which, under Dieulafoy, who was accompanied by his gifted wife, took up, in 1884, the work of Loftus, and discovered that the palace of Darius had been destroyed by fire and that, more than a century later, Artaxerxes Mnemon had raised on its ruins a still more splendid edifice. Loftus, Dieulafoy merely continued the and it was reserved for another excavations Frenchman of to complete the achievements of his fellow-countrymen by discovering Elam and its history in the lower strata of the same mound. The Four (Quarters of Susa.—To the traveller crossing the level plains, the mounds of Susa appear to rise to a great height, and it is not difficult to imagine how imposing they must have been crowned with splendid edifices and probably set in palm-groves amid a sea of waving corn, the whole picture being backed by range after range of grim mountains rising in sombre majesty to snow-capped peaks. To-day the city is represented by desolate mounds covering a considerable area on both banks of the Kerkha. This river flowed past the citadel, and the space now existing between the Shaur and the Kerkha was covered with buildings, which have been partly demolished by the wayward river. De Morgan divides the ruins into four chief quarters, mounds : (i) The Citadel, which was the fort in Achaemenian corresponding with the most important times. (2) The Royal City with the palaces of the successors of Darius. (3) The Commercial quarter. (4) The quarter on the right bank of the present course of the River Kerkha. This formerly included the whole of the area now existing between the Shaur and the Kerkha. The so-called Citadel is the smallest in area, but the most important owing to its altitude. It rises 38 metres above the plain and measures 450 metres by 250. It dominates the plain more than its mere height would
PREHISTORIC VASE FOUND BY AUTHOR. ( Natural size. ) (Through the courtesy of Sir C. Hercules Read. ) 6^
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^'^ l*^ CD CO
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A HISTORY OF PERSIA
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^v^J-^' BAS-RELIEF OF CYRUS THE GRE
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x- !^ COPYRIGHT 111 v/,1
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Part of a Persian Hunting Scene. (F
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k A Sphinx. (Gold Medallion from Br
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CONTENTS B Kini Kingdom, 745-606 K
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N) CONTENTS xtii CHAPTER XIV The Pe
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CONTENTS XV CHAPTER XXI PACE The Ba
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^ CONTENTS xvii B.C.—The Battle o
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CONTENTS xix CHAPTER XXXV " ' PAGE
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CONTENTS xxi Literature—The Monar
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XXIV HISTORY OF PERSIA The Sleeping
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ii'} Nasir-u-Din Shah. MAPS Vol. I
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HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. cities, Isf
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HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. To the west
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6 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. in conseq
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, CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE 7 what
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I CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE 9 In vi
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I CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE ii Wind
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CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE 13 and me
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I CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE 15 The
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I CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE 17 west
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„ DESERTS, RIVERS, ETC. 21 off mo
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Afghanistan. DESERTS, RIVERS, ETC.
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Page 70 and 71: 28 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. past, th
Page 72 and 73: 30 HISTORY OF PERSIA Hamadan, the c
Page 75 and 76: „ DESERTS, RIVERS, ETC. 31 donkey
Page 77 and 78: DESERTS, RIVERS, ETC. 33 mentions i
Page 79: OVIS VIGNEI ARCAL, 38 INCHES. (Shot
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Page 85 and 86: „ DESERTS, RIVERS, ETC. 37 and si
Page 87 and 88: Headi'iece of Glazed Stoneware. (Fr
Page 89 and 90: Ill GEOGRAPHY OF ELAM & BABYLONIA 4
Page 91: u •cK,
Page 94 and 95: 44 HISTORY OF PERSIA its source the
Page 101: ^^..?^ S72*>:-„ «pf*'*« ve Z ^
Page 104 and 105: so HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. modern t
Page 106 and 107: 52 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, m Next p
Page 108 and 109: 54 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. approxim
Page 110 and 111: 56 HISTORY OF PERSIA and absorbed t
Page 112 and 113: 58 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. forced t
Page 115: ELAM AND SUSA, THE CAPITAL 59 nativ
Page 120 and 121: ^ dates 62 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap.
Page 123 and 124: ELAM AND SUSA, THE CAPITAL 63 rapid
Page 125 and 126: CHAP. V ELAM, SUMER, AND AKKAD 65 c
Page 127 and 128: ELAM, SUMER, AND AKKAD 67 their cru
Page 129 and 130: ELAM, SUMER, AND AKKAD 69 also reas
Page 131: THE STELE OF NARAM-SIN. Photo Manse
Page 134 and 135: 72 HISTORY OF PERSIA expression and
Page 136 and 137: 74 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. several
Page 138 and 139: Anzanite Tkxt of Shilhak-in-Shushin
Page 140 and 141: 78 HISTORY OF PERSIA Elamite reacti
Page 142 and 143: ill
Page 144 and 145: 8o HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. The Laws
Page 147 and 148: ELAM AND BABYLON 8i the Hammurabi d
Page 149: BOUNDARY STONE, UNFINISHED, OF THE
Page 152 and 153: 84 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap.vi It was
Page 154 and 155: 86 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. by Ninev
Page 156 and 157: 88 HISTORY OF PERSIA The greatest c
Page 158 and 159: 90 HISTORY OF PERSIA or semi - inde
Page 160: 92 HISTORY OF PERSIA ill return he
Page 164 and 165: 94 HISTORY OF PERSIA The Revolution
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THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE 95 by the whole
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9G w
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98 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, vn succe
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loo HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. the Arj
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I02 HISTORY OF PERSIA original Arya
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I04 HISTORY OF PERSIA bronze : but
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^ CHAPTER Part of a Persian Hunting
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io8 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. Persia
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no HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. a langua
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112 HISTORY OF PERSIA abolished, we
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114 HISTORY OF PERSIA to point out
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ii6 HISTORY OF PERSIA and that it w
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IX RELIGION OF MEDES & PERSIANS 117
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RELIGION OF MEDES & PERSIANS 119 Su
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CHAP. X THE RISE OF MEDIA 121 Assyr
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m THE RISE OF MEDIA 123 the frequen
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X THE RISE OF MEDIA 125 route to wh
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THE RISE OF MEDIA 127 arranged that
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THE RISE OF MEDIA 129 their history
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THE RISE OF MEDIA 131 shall lay hol
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Early Lydian Coin. CHAPTER XI MEDIA
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XI MEDIA, BABYLONIA, AND LYDIA 135
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I il
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138 HISTORY OF PERSIA many games. T
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I40 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, xi it i
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142 HISTORY OF PERSIA The founder o
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XII THE HEROIC AGE OF PERSIA 143 ha
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'^^•f^jiJi'^ 'f-r').0*J>f'^f. 'ii
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146 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. of Cyru
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Persian King fighting Barbarians. (
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I50 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. ** of g
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SttuiforcL's Geocj^Esiah^, Londaiv.
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152 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. Anshan,
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154 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. The ove
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156 HISTORY OF PERSIA front of his
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THE RISE OF PERSIA 157 to the rescu
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THE RISE OF PERSIA 159 their develo
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XIII THE RISE OF PERSIA i6i as the
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XIII THE RISE OF PERSIA 163 old wor
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IGH
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.
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1 68 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. marche
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THE PERSIAN EMPIRE 169 Egypt in 521
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THE PERSIAN EMPIRE 171 family ; but
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^^^ •^Cf i I y^ tll^^^- DARIUS AN
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174 HISTORY OF PERSIA of silver. Ba
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176 HISTORY OF PERSIA whereas Rawli
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178 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. of boat
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1 80 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, xiv wa
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i82 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. fine, v
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1 84 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. As thi
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1 86 HISTORY OF PERSIA dice : but,
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1 88 HISTORY OF PERSIA Yakut, and w
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I90 HISTORY OF PERSIA under the Gre
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XV THE ANCIENT PERSIANS 191 by a Gr
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y^y
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194 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. The pal
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THE ANCIENT PERSIANS 195 opposite i
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BRONZE VESSELS FROM KHINAMAN. ifG
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THE ANCIENT PERSIANS 197 but she di
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CHAP. XVI PERSIA AND HELLAS 199 ear
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?cvi PERSIA AND HELLAS 201 Naxos ha
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~f *C^ W *i0i ^^^'- r-Q Mi:^£^^. ^
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204 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Attica
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^\; 206 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. or
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PERSIA AND HELLAS 207 frhumane ; an
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CH. XVII REPULSE OF PERSIA BY HELLA
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XVII REPULSE OF PERSIA BY HELLAS 21
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REPULSE OF PERSIA BY HELLAS 221 whe
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FALLEN PERSIAN STANDARD-BEARER. (Lo
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224 HISTORY OF PERSIA capture of Se
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^ ACHAEMENIAN EaGLE. (From Gold Med
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22 8 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. accord
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230 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. end ; b
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XVIII AFTER REPULSE FROM HELLAS 231
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xvrii AFTER REPULSE FROM HELLAS 233
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Double Silver Siglos—Coin of Sido
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XIX DECLINE OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE 2
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A MOUNTAIN TRACK IN ARMENIA. (From
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242 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. the mod
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ACHAEMENIAN GOLD JUG. (From Treasur
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246 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. The Lat
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DECLINE OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE 249 I
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Tarsus Medallion of (?) Philip of M
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THE RISE OF MACEDONIA 253 resources
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THE RISE OF MACEDONIA 255 a stubbor
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THE RISE OF MACEDONIA 257 of Amynta
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XX THE RISE OF MACEDONIA 259 back,
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I XXI BATTLES OF GRANICUS AND ISSUS
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xxr BATTLES OF GRANICUS AND ISSUS 2
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XXI BATTLES OF GRANICUS AND ISSUS 2
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AGZ
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270 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. exceede
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272 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. XXI mos
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274 HISTORY OF PERSIA not crossed w
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276 HISTORY OF PERSIA grooms in rea
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278 HISTORY OF PERSIA destruction o
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28o HISTORY OF PERSIA sent home loa
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XXII ALEXANDER THE GREAT 281 his we
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I Lion-Gryphon. (Gold Medallion fro
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From a photograph by the Author. RA
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286 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. was inh
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288 HISTORY OF PERSIA of the twenti
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290 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. towns,
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292 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Greek r
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294 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, xxm for
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296 HISTORY OF PERSIA while divisio
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298 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. it reac
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^ I XXIV DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GRE
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300
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302 HISTORY OF PERSIA this explains
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304 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, xxiv an
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3o6 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. without
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3o8 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. This fa
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XXV WARS OF THE *' SUCCESSORS " 309
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XXV WARS OF THE '* SUCCESSORS " 311
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I XXV WARS OF THE ** SUCCESSORS ''
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WARS OF THE "SUCCESSORS 315 after f
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Seleucus Soter. CHAPTER XXVI THE SE
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I XXVI THE SELEUCID EMPIRE 319 anot
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XXVI THE SELEUCID EMPIRE 321 with S
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SPRING IN THE ELBURZ. From a photog
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324 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. closely
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326 HISTORY OF PERSIA them being Eu
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Arsaces II. CHAPTER XXVII THE RISE
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330 HISTORY OF PERSIA kings we have
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332 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Margian
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334 HISTORY OF PERSIA it was not a
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xxvii THE RISE OF PARTHIA 335 type,
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xxvir THE RISE OF PARTHIA 337 Parth
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o y
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340 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Metauru
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342 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. mount t
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344 HISTORY OF PERSIA attacked thei
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346 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. own for
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348 HISTORY OF PERSIA provinces whi
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3S^ HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. regarde
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352 HISTORY OF PERSIA had become pa
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354 HISTORY OF PERSIA he subdued in
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2S6 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. T/ie De
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358 HISTORY OF PERSIA more correct
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36o HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. ordinar
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362 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Empire,
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364 HISTORY OF PERSIA the hordes ro
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366 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. record.
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368 HISTORY OF PERSIA death of Sull
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XXIX PARTHIA, ROME, AND PONTUS 369
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i XXIX PARTHIA, ROME, AND PONTUS 37
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fc Orodes I. CHAPTER XXX PARTHIA AN
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XXX PARTHIA AND ROME 375 taking pit
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XXX PARTHIA AND ROME 377 some three
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XXX PARTHIA AND ROME 379 soldiers i
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Pacorus. CHAPTER XXXI ROME AND PART
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ROME AND PARTHIA 383 to invade Egyp
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XXXI ROME AND PARTHIA 385 the Parth
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XXXI ROME AND PARTHIA 387 in-Chief;
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XXXI ROME AND PARTHIA 389 able effe
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XXXI ROME AND PARTHIA 391 the time.
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CHAP. XXXII RELIGION AND ARCHITECTU
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XXXII RELIGION AND ARCHITECTURE 395
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^ U K
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400 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. "domina
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CH. XXXIII THE STRUGGLE FOR ARMENIA
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XXXIII THE STRUGGLE FOR ARMENIA 405
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THE GORGE OF THE ZAB, (From Wigrams
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4o8 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. the ter
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Artabanus v. CHAPTER XXXIV THE DECL
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412 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. provinc
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414 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. The Cam
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41 6 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. annexe
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41 8 HISTORY OF PERSIA worthy trave
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420 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. ing blo
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Ardeshir I. (Artaxerxes.) CHAPTER X
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424 HISTORY OF PERSIA The Coming of
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426 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. to all
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428 HISTORY OF PERSIA of Ardeshir,
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IXXV RISE OF THE SASANIAN DYNASTY 4
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cH. XXXVI SHAPUR I., CAPTOR OF VALE
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V^^y "-^.:?S
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XXXVI SHAPUR I., CAPTOR OF VALERIAN
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;, from XXXVI SHAPUR I., CAPTOR OF
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XXXVI SHAPUR L, CAPTOR OF VALERIAN
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3 I
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Shapur the Great. CHAPTER XXXVII SH
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446 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. facing
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 447 Singara
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, ' A.D. XXX VII SHAPUR THE GREAT 4
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 451 perforc
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 453 a force
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 455 twelve
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 457 suddenl
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 459 would p
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I XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 461 the a
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CH. XXXVIII STRUGGLE WITH WHITE HUN
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XXXVIII STRUGGLE WITH WHITE HUNS 46
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xxxviii STRUGGLE WITH WHITE HUNS 46
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xxxviii STRUGGLE WITH WHITE HUNS 46
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SILVER DISH OF BAHRAM GUR. (From Tr
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472 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. The Usu
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474 HISTORY OF PERSIA in front of h
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476 HISTORY OF PERSIA cuap. xxxvhi
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478 HISTORY OF PERSIA Sea/ was defe
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p XXXIX CRUSHING OF THE WHITE HUNS
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iHO /^ o
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482 HISTORY OF PERSIA the cavalry o
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484 HISTORY OF PERSIA for more than
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NOSHIRWAN THE JuST. CHAPTER XL NOSH
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488 HISTORY OF PERSIA Belisarius wo
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490 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Noshirw
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492 HISTORY OF PERSIA have felt any
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494 HISTORY OF PERSIA gain of some
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NOSHIRWAN THE JUST 495 and the time
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NOSHIRWAN THE JUST 497 he checked t
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NOSHIRWAN AND BUZUKGMIHR. (From a P
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King trampling a Fallen Foeman. (Sa
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502 HISTORY OF PERSIA other ways. H
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504 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. enormou
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5o6 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Pahlavi
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5o8 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. The rec
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5IO HISTORY OF PERSIA admiration of
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ARCHITECTURE 511 four columns, whic
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SHAPUR RECEIVING THE CYDARIS FROM O
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4" 514 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. a bo
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xLi ARCHITECTURE 515 animation. In
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cH.xui KHUSRU PARVIZ AND HERACLIUS
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xLii KHUSRU PARVIZ AND HERACLIUS 51
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xLii KHUSRU PARVIZ AND HERACLIUS 52
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pLii KHUSRU PARVIZ AND HERACLIUS 52
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til KHUSRU PARVIZ AND HERACLIUS 525
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KHUSRU PARVIZ AND HERACLIUS |cLii 5
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Yezdigird III. CHAPTER XLIII THE OV
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xLiii OVERTHROW OF PERSIAN EMPIRE 5
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XLIII OVERTHROW OF PERSIAN EMPIRE 5
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xTiii OVERTHROW OF PERSIAN EMPIRE 5
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