Sykes' History of Persia - Heritage Institute

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222 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. tion from Herodotus indicates that the position of affairs was most favourable to the Persians. The Greek leaders, abandoning the offensive, decided to effect a night retreat to a better position near Plataea. This, the most difficult of all the operations of war, nearly proved disastrous ; for one of the Spartan generals refused to retire for several hours, and the centre, composed of small contingents, lost touch with the wings. Consequently, daybreak found the main bodies of Spartan and Athenian troops out of effectual supporting distance of one another, the former being much nearer the foe ; while the other allies were nowhere to be seen. Mardonius must have believed the battle already won ; for he had about 200,000 Persians and some 50,000 Greeks, to attack at most 100,000 Greeks, who were split up into at least three divisions, none of which was able to support the other. Eager to close, he launched the cavalry, and followed with the " Immortals '* to attack the Spartans, who, finding the omens unfavourable, at first supported passively the showers of arrows. At last the omens changed, and they fiercely charged their lightly armed enemy, with whom at last they came to close quarters. The Persians exhibited splendid courage, but their lack of armour made all their efforts fruitless. The battle was finally decided by the death of the gallant Mardonius, killed at the head of the " Immortals," who fell in thousands around his corpse. The loss of the commander, as so often happens with Asiatic armies, produced a panic ; and the Persians fled in confusion back to their entrenched camp. Meanwhile the Athenians, who were marching to the help of the Spartans, were attacked by the formidable Hellenic contingent of Mardonius, which, however, with the exception of the Boeotians, dis- played little zeal in their assault. Upon its retreat, the Athenians led the way in the successful assault on the stockade, for they were regarded as the engineers of Hellas, and the Spartans were awaiting their arrival. In the Persian camp the slaughter was prodigious. The unnerved Asiatics offered little resistance, and Herodotus relates that only 3000 Persians escaped. He states. ii
FALLEN PERSIAN STANDARD-BEARER. (Louvre Cup from Pettier Douris.) /^-'•VV''**^
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A HISTORY OF PERSIA
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^v^J-^' BAS-RELIEF OF CYRUS THE GRE
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x- !^ COPYRIGHT 111 v/,1
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Part of a Persian Hunting Scene. (F
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k A Sphinx. (Gold Medallion from Br
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CONTENTS B Kini Kingdom, 745-606 K
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N) CONTENTS xtii CHAPTER XIV The Pe
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CONTENTS XV CHAPTER XXI PACE The Ba
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^ CONTENTS xvii B.C.—The Battle o
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CONTENTS xix CHAPTER XXXV " ' PAGE
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CONTENTS xxi Literature—The Monar
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XXIV HISTORY OF PERSIA The Sleeping
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ii'} Nasir-u-Din Shah. MAPS Vol. I
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HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. cities, Isf
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HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. To the west
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6 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. in conseq
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, CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE 7 what
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I CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE 9 In vi
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I CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE ii Wind
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CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE 13 and me
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I CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE 15 The
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I CONFIGURATION AND CLIMATE 17 west
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„ DESERTS, RIVERS, ETC. 21 off mo
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Afghanistan. DESERTS, RIVERS, ETC.
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mam^mm^wsmmmmmmw 2.V
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26 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. taken th
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28 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. past, th
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30 HISTORY OF PERSIA Hamadan, the c
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„ DESERTS, RIVERS, ETC. 31 donkey
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DESERTS, RIVERS, ETC. 33 mentions i
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OVIS VIGNEI ARCAL, 38 INCHES. (Shot
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36 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Of non-g
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„ DESERTS, RIVERS, ETC. 37 and si
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Headi'iece of Glazed Stoneware. (Fr
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Ill GEOGRAPHY OF ELAM & BABYLONIA 4
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u •cK,
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44 HISTORY OF PERSIA its source the
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^^..?^ S72*>:-„ «pf*'*« ve Z ^
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so HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. modern t
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52 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, m Next p
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54 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. approxim
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56 HISTORY OF PERSIA and absorbed t
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58 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. forced t
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ELAM AND SUSA, THE CAPITAL 59 nativ
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PREHISTORIC VASE FOUND BY AUTHOR. (
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^ dates 62 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap.
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ELAM AND SUSA, THE CAPITAL 63 rapid
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CHAP. V ELAM, SUMER, AND AKKAD 65 c
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ELAM, SUMER, AND AKKAD 67 their cru
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ELAM, SUMER, AND AKKAD 69 also reas
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THE STELE OF NARAM-SIN. Photo Manse
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72 HISTORY OF PERSIA expression and
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74 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. several
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Anzanite Tkxt of Shilhak-in-Shushin
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78 HISTORY OF PERSIA Elamite reacti
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ill
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8o HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. The Laws
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ELAM AND BABYLON 8i the Hammurabi d
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BOUNDARY STONE, UNFINISHED, OF THE
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84 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap.vi It was
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86 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. by Ninev
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88 HISTORY OF PERSIA The greatest c
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90 HISTORY OF PERSIA or semi - inde
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92 HISTORY OF PERSIA ill return he
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94 HISTORY OF PERSIA The Revolution
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THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE 95 by the whole
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9G w
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98 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, vn succe
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loo HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. the Arj
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I02 HISTORY OF PERSIA original Arya
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I04 HISTORY OF PERSIA bronze : but
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^ CHAPTER Part of a Persian Hunting
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io8 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. Persia
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no HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. a langua
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112 HISTORY OF PERSIA abolished, we
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114 HISTORY OF PERSIA to point out
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ii6 HISTORY OF PERSIA and that it w
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IX RELIGION OF MEDES & PERSIANS 117
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RELIGION OF MEDES & PERSIANS 119 Su
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CHAP. X THE RISE OF MEDIA 121 Assyr
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m THE RISE OF MEDIA 123 the frequen
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X THE RISE OF MEDIA 125 route to wh
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THE RISE OF MEDIA 127 arranged that
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THE RISE OF MEDIA 129 their history
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THE RISE OF MEDIA 131 shall lay hol
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Early Lydian Coin. CHAPTER XI MEDIA
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XI MEDIA, BABYLONIA, AND LYDIA 135
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I il
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138 HISTORY OF PERSIA many games. T
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I40 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, xi it i
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142 HISTORY OF PERSIA The founder o
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XII THE HEROIC AGE OF PERSIA 143 ha
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'^^•f^jiJi'^ 'f-r').0*J>f'^f. 'ii
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146 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. of Cyru
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Persian King fighting Barbarians. (
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I50 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. ** of g
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SttuiforcL's Geocj^Esiah^, Londaiv.
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152 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. Anshan,
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154 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. The ove
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156 HISTORY OF PERSIA front of his
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THE RISE OF PERSIA 157 to the rescu
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THE RISE OF PERSIA 159 their develo
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XIII THE RISE OF PERSIA i6i as the
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XIII THE RISE OF PERSIA 163 old wor
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IGH
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.
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1 68 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. marche
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THE PERSIAN EMPIRE 169 Egypt in 521
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THE PERSIAN EMPIRE 171 family ; but
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^^^ •^Cf i I y^ tll^^^- DARIUS AN
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174 HISTORY OF PERSIA of silver. Ba
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176 HISTORY OF PERSIA whereas Rawli
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178 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. of boat
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1 80 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, xiv wa
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i82 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. fine, v
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1 84 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. As thi
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1 86 HISTORY OF PERSIA dice : but,
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Page 313 and 314: CHAP. XVI PERSIA AND HELLAS 199 ear
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Page 325 and 326: PERSIA AND HELLAS 207 frhumane ; an
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Page 357 and 358: Double Silver Siglos—Coin of Sido
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I XXI BATTLES OF GRANICUS AND ISSUS
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xxr BATTLES OF GRANICUS AND ISSUS 2
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XXI BATTLES OF GRANICUS AND ISSUS 2
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AGZ
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270 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. exceede
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272 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. XXI mos
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274 HISTORY OF PERSIA not crossed w
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276 HISTORY OF PERSIA grooms in rea
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278 HISTORY OF PERSIA destruction o
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28o HISTORY OF PERSIA sent home loa
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XXII ALEXANDER THE GREAT 281 his we
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I Lion-Gryphon. (Gold Medallion fro
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From a photograph by the Author. RA
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286 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. was inh
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288 HISTORY OF PERSIA of the twenti
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290 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. towns,
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292 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Greek r
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294 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, xxm for
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296 HISTORY OF PERSIA while divisio
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298 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. it reac
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^ I XXIV DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GRE
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300
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302 HISTORY OF PERSIA this explains
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304 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap, xxiv an
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3o6 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. without
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3o8 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. This fa
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XXV WARS OF THE *' SUCCESSORS " 309
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XXV WARS OF THE '* SUCCESSORS " 311
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I XXV WARS OF THE ** SUCCESSORS ''
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WARS OF THE "SUCCESSORS 315 after f
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Seleucus Soter. CHAPTER XXVI THE SE
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I XXVI THE SELEUCID EMPIRE 319 anot
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XXVI THE SELEUCID EMPIRE 321 with S
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SPRING IN THE ELBURZ. From a photog
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324 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. closely
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326 HISTORY OF PERSIA them being Eu
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Arsaces II. CHAPTER XXVII THE RISE
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330 HISTORY OF PERSIA kings we have
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332 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Margian
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334 HISTORY OF PERSIA it was not a
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xxvii THE RISE OF PARTHIA 335 type,
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xxvir THE RISE OF PARTHIA 337 Parth
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o y
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340 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Metauru
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342 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. mount t
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344 HISTORY OF PERSIA attacked thei
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346 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. own for
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348 HISTORY OF PERSIA provinces whi
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3S^ HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. regarde
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352 HISTORY OF PERSIA had become pa
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354 HISTORY OF PERSIA he subdued in
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2S6 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. T/ie De
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358 HISTORY OF PERSIA more correct
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36o HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. ordinar
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362 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Empire,
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364 HISTORY OF PERSIA the hordes ro
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366 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. record.
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368 HISTORY OF PERSIA death of Sull
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XXIX PARTHIA, ROME, AND PONTUS 369
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i XXIX PARTHIA, ROME, AND PONTUS 37
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fc Orodes I. CHAPTER XXX PARTHIA AN
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XXX PARTHIA AND ROME 375 taking pit
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XXX PARTHIA AND ROME 377 some three
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XXX PARTHIA AND ROME 379 soldiers i
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Pacorus. CHAPTER XXXI ROME AND PART
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ROME AND PARTHIA 383 to invade Egyp
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XXXI ROME AND PARTHIA 385 the Parth
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XXXI ROME AND PARTHIA 387 in-Chief;
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XXXI ROME AND PARTHIA 389 able effe
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XXXI ROME AND PARTHIA 391 the time.
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CHAP. XXXII RELIGION AND ARCHITECTU
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XXXII RELIGION AND ARCHITECTURE 395
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^ U K
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400 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. "domina
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CH. XXXIII THE STRUGGLE FOR ARMENIA
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XXXIII THE STRUGGLE FOR ARMENIA 405
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THE GORGE OF THE ZAB, (From Wigrams
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4o8 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. the ter
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Artabanus v. CHAPTER XXXIV THE DECL
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412 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. provinc
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414 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. The Cam
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41 6 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. annexe
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41 8 HISTORY OF PERSIA worthy trave
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420 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. ing blo
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Ardeshir I. (Artaxerxes.) CHAPTER X
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424 HISTORY OF PERSIA The Coming of
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426 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. to all
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428 HISTORY OF PERSIA of Ardeshir,
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IXXV RISE OF THE SASANIAN DYNASTY 4
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cH. XXXVI SHAPUR I., CAPTOR OF VALE
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V^^y "-^.:?S
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XXXVI SHAPUR I., CAPTOR OF VALERIAN
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;, from XXXVI SHAPUR I., CAPTOR OF
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XXXVI SHAPUR L, CAPTOR OF VALERIAN
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3 I
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Shapur the Great. CHAPTER XXXVII SH
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446 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. facing
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 447 Singara
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, ' A.D. XXX VII SHAPUR THE GREAT 4
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 451 perforc
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 453 a force
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 455 twelve
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 457 suddenl
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XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 459 would p
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I XXXVII SHAPUR THE GREAT 461 the a
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CH. XXXVIII STRUGGLE WITH WHITE HUN
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XXXVIII STRUGGLE WITH WHITE HUNS 46
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xxxviii STRUGGLE WITH WHITE HUNS 46
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xxxviii STRUGGLE WITH WHITE HUNS 46
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SILVER DISH OF BAHRAM GUR. (From Tr
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472 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. The Usu
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474 HISTORY OF PERSIA in front of h
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476 HISTORY OF PERSIA cuap. xxxvhi
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478 HISTORY OF PERSIA Sea/ was defe
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p XXXIX CRUSHING OF THE WHITE HUNS
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iHO /^ o
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482 HISTORY OF PERSIA the cavalry o
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484 HISTORY OF PERSIA for more than
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NOSHIRWAN THE JuST. CHAPTER XL NOSH
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488 HISTORY OF PERSIA Belisarius wo
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490 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Noshirw
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492 HISTORY OF PERSIA have felt any
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494 HISTORY OF PERSIA gain of some
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NOSHIRWAN THE JUST 495 and the time
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NOSHIRWAN THE JUST 497 he checked t
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NOSHIRWAN AND BUZUKGMIHR. (From a P
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King trampling a Fallen Foeman. (Sa
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502 HISTORY OF PERSIA other ways. H
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504 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. enormou
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5o6 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. Pahlavi
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5o8 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. The rec
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5IO HISTORY OF PERSIA admiration of
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ARCHITECTURE 511 four columns, whic
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SHAPUR RECEIVING THE CYDARIS FROM O
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4" 514 HISTORY OF PERSIA chap. a bo
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xLi ARCHITECTURE 515 animation. In
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cH.xui KHUSRU PARVIZ AND HERACLIUS
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xLii KHUSRU PARVIZ AND HERACLIUS 51
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xLii KHUSRU PARVIZ AND HERACLIUS 52
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pLii KHUSRU PARVIZ AND HERACLIUS 52
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til KHUSRU PARVIZ AND HERACLIUS 525
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KHUSRU PARVIZ AND HERACLIUS |cLii 5
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Yezdigird III. CHAPTER XLIII THE OV
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xLiii OVERTHROW OF PERSIAN EMPIRE 5
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XLIII OVERTHROW OF PERSIAN EMPIRE 5
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xTiii OVERTHROW OF PERSIAN EMPIRE 5
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